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The voltage, current, and impedance are related in the following ways:
= = = ( + )
= =
= =
=
( )
=
( )
Using these expressions, the complex power () can be expressed in several ways:
=
2
2
| |2
=
= ( ) =
=
=
( )
2
= ( )
= | |2 =
=
=
| |2
||2
2
We see that the phase angle of the complex power is just the phase angle of the impedance. Also,
2
( + )
= | |2 = + =
2
2
and =
.
so that =
2 + 2
2
2 2
+ 2
=
=
where the power factor is pf = cos( ) = cos( ). The power factor is leading if < 0, i.e.
current leads the voltage for an RC load. The power factor is lagging if > 0, i.e. current lags the
voltage for an RL load.
The reactive power () is given by:
= sin( ) = Im{} = sin = 1 pf 2
A useful relation, if we are given the average power and power factor and want to know the complex
power is:
1 pf 2
= + = (cos + sin ) = 1 + = (1 + tan ) = 1
pf
1 2
used for a lagging pf (RL load), and the sign is used for a leading pf (RC load).
Similar to the Thvenin and Norton equivalent circuits in the (purely resistive) DC circuit case,
= , =
where
= ( // ) ,
+
, =
=
,
+
+
= + = , = + = .
The equation for the average power absorbed by the load is (Note, the factor of goes away if
were using effective values.):
=
1
1
cos( ) = cos
2
2
( + )2 + ( + )2
cos =
2 + 2
( + )2 + ( + )2
+ 2
Using the previous expressions, the average power absorbed by the load is
=
2
1 2
1 | |2
1
=
.
2
2
2
2 | + |
2 ( + ) + ( + )2
, =
2
1 2
=
.
2
8
2
2
Note, under the constraint that = 0 , MAPT occurs when = = | |2 =
+
.