SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

There are three degrees or grades of WASTE WATER

1. Storm Water- from the rain.
2. Grey Water- wastes from laundries, wash basins, sinks, showers, bath tubs).
3. Black Water - water plus human waste solid and liquid, urine, that is flushed out of
toilets and urinals.
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY SYSTEM
1. Soil Pipe- any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closets, urinals, or fixtures
having similar functions.
2. Stack- a general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste, or vent piping.
3. Soli Stack Pipe-a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and liquid waste.

4. Stack Vent-an extension of a soil or waste stack above

the highest horizontal drain
connected to the stack.
5. Vent- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the
circulation of air in a plumbing system and for reducing to
pressure exerted on trap seals.
6. Unit Vent-an arrangement of venting so installed that
one vent pipe will serve two 12) traps.
7. Wet Vent-that portion of a vent pipe through which liquid waste flow.
8. Branch -any part of a piping system other than the main_, riser or stack.
9. Main - the main of any system of continuous piping is the principal artery of the
system to which branches may be connected.
10. Branch Vent- a vent pipe connecting from a branch of the drainage system to a
vent stack.
11 . Waste Pipe '-a pipe which conveys only liquid wastes free ~f ! fecal matter.
12. Drain-a sewer or other pipe or conduit used for conveying ground water, surface
water, waste water, or sewage.
13. Sewer-A pipe or' conduit for carrying sewage and waste liquids.
14. Sewage- the liquid wastes conducted away from
buildings/structures, also of the storm water.
15. Sewerage-a comprehensive term, including all construction for
collection, transportation, pumping, treatment and final disposition
of waste.
16. Cleanout Ferrule - a metallic sleeve, calked or otherwise,
joined to. an opening in a pipe, ir.to which a plug is screwed that
can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or examining the
interior of the pipe.
17. Trap - A fitting or device so constructed as to prevent the passage of air, gas, and
some vermin through a pipe without materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste
water through it.

18. House Drain -that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
receives the discharge from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building
and conveys it to the house sewer. It should have a slope of at least 1/4" to a foot or .
006 for every .30 meter . . (6 mm for every 300 mm).
19. House Sewer-the house sewer is that part of a plumbing system extending from a
point about four (4) or five t5l feet from the inner face of the foundation wall of a building
to the junction with another sewer.
20. House Trap - a trap connected to
loyvest horizontal piping or House
Drain.
21. Relief Vent - a vent the primary
(Fresh Air Inlet) functiOn of whrch is to. provide circulation of air between drainage and
vent system.
22. Public Sewer-a common sewer directly controlled by public authority to which all
abutters have equal rights .of connection.
23. Sipitonage- a suction caused by the flow of liquids in pipes.
24. Spigot-The end of a pipe which fits into a bell. Also a word
synonymously with faucet.
25. Seql-The vertical distance between the dip and crown wire of a
trap.
26. Roughing-In-The installation of all pipes in the plumbing
system that are in partitions and under floors.
27. Finishing - The setting of Fixtures.
28. Sump-a pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained.
29. Shaft-a vertical opening through a building for elevators, dumbwaiters, light,
ventilation, etc.
30. Sleeve-a sheet metal placed when concrete is poured to accomodate future
plumbing pipes.
31 . Pipe Chase-an opening or space to accomodate a group of pipes .
32. Duct -Opening for ventillation circulation of air.

SANITARY DRAIN -receive the

discharges of sanitary and
domestic waste only.
a. Industrial drain -this house
drain receives the discharges
from industrial equipments. Due
to some objectionable acid
waste, this usually terminates
into a separate drainage basin.
b. Storm drain-this receive the
discharges of all storm. Clear water or surface water washes except sanitary wastes
this usually terminate into rivers, lakes, etc.

MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS

1. Galvanized iron (G.U or Steel Pipes made out of a Mild Steel drawn through a die
and welded cast into 6.00 meters long. Its usual life span is from 15 to 20years.However
steel pipe is subject to deposits of salts and lime which gradually accumulate and
eventually choke the flow of water. This type of pipe is corroded by alkaline and acid
water. That is why when used for hot water line, it deteriorates faster than cold water
supply pipe.

2. Plastic or Synthetic Pipe

There are two types:
a. Rigid Type
b. Flexible Type
Rigid Type can be:
1. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
2. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (cPVC)
3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVCI
4. Polypropylene (PPl)
5. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABSI
6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
Flexible Types are:
1. Polyethylene (PEl - Coil Form at 30 meters
2. Polybutylene (PB) up to 150 meters long in coil Form
3. Cast Iron Pipe-This is durable and is conveniently installed in most of the plumbing
needs in building which are less than 25 storeys high because water usually leaks at
joints due to vibrations. Cast Iron is also affected to a certain extent by corrosion caused
by the action of carbon dioxide, sulphur oxide and methane gases forming a solution of
carbonic acid and sulphuric acid which attack the metallic materials, causing a slow
chemical reaction or oxidation to take place forming ferrous oxide, called rusts.

Two Types:
1. SV- For building installations.
2. XV -For underground installations this are extra heavy.

4. Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe-Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon. It is
commonly installed in chemical laboratories where acid waste are being discharged.
5. Asbestos Pipe - made of asbestos fibers and portland cement. The thickness is
twice that of standard cast iron. Most suited for embedment on concrete structures.
6. Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe- Cheapest light inweight, recommended for house
sewer and septic tank installation. It could take slight soil movement without danger of
cracking or pulling out of its joint.
7. Vitrified Clay Pipe-made from clay and with a length of 0. 75 n:aeter treated with
glazed compound. This is highly resistant to most acids and is well suited in
underground installations working either as public or house ~wer, or storm in drain.
Being made of clay. The physical property of this pipe is brittle. It easily cracks when laid
on unstable ground or base.
8. Lead Pipe-one of the oldest plumbing materials. Lead is highly resistant and is very
suitable to underground installation. But because it is poisonous and injurious to human
health, it is never recommended to convey water for human consumption.
9. Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipes- this is better than steel pipe for plumbing
installation,
because it is more resistant. to acid waste than the steel pipe.
10. Brass Pipe - The most expensive of all types of pipe. Made of an alloy of zinc and
copper mixed at a proportion of 15% and 85% respectively. The brass pipe is a superior

material for waste and water installation because ot'its smooth surface aside from its
high resistanc.e to acids.

11 . Copper Pipes-A durable material which is extremely corrosive resjstant-easiestto

install.
Type K - heaviest for underground installations
Type L - Lighter than type k comes in flexible and rigid type
Type M - Thinner and available only in rigid form.

PLASTIC PIPES
Color Coding:
Potable water
Electric Conduit
Industrial System Communication CableSewage System
-

Blue
Orange or Light Gray
Gray
Yellow
Orange Brown

SIZES OF PIPE:
The size of the service pipe connecting the main and the house being served is
governed by the:
a) maximum demand and the
b) probable demand or peak load
MAXIMUM DEMAND-refers to the maximum water discharge for plumbing fixtures
in terms of unit. The maximum demand of water supply is equal to the total fixture
units in the plumbing system wherein one unit is approximately valued at 8 gallons
of water discharge per minute.
PROBABLE DEMAND OR PEAK LOAD Is another factor considered in
determining the size of the water service pipe. The question of how many fixtures
will be used simultaneously is difficult to ascertain. but according to survey.

a. The Fewer the number of Fixtures installed the higher the percentage or
probability of their simultaneous use.
b. The greater the number of'Fixtures installed, the lesser the percentage or
possibility of simultaneous use.
GALLONS OF WATER PER MINUTE GALVANIZED IRON OR PLASTIC PIPE

*NOTES:
a. Doubling the diameter of a pipe line increases its capacity up to 4 times.
b. A 20 mm service pipe can supply 2 branches at 13 mm diameter each it could deliver
up to 10 gals/ min. Sufficient enough to serve UJ> to 10 fixtures.
c. A 25 mm service pipe can supply 2 branches at 20 mm diameter. It can deiiver up to
18 gals/ min and serve 20 fixtures.

TRAPS. VENTS and AIR GAPS

a. TRAPS-The only separation between the unpleasant and dangerously unhealthy
gases in a sanitary drainage system and the air breathed by room occupants is the
water caught in the fixture trap after each discharge from a fixture. Traps are of steel,
cast iron, copper, plastic, or brass except in water closets and urinals which is
integrated vitreous china.

A
depth of 2 in.
(4") are
seal.

minimum
(.05. and a maximum of .10
common standards for water

An exception to the rule that each fixture sh04Jid have ita own trap. Common exception
include two laundry trays and a kitchen link connected}to a single trap (not more thin 31
When fixtures are not always used, the water in traps can evaporate into the alt,
breaking the seal of the trap. especially in floor drains connected to soil piping tool odor
will emanate in the air. (always fill with water)

TRAP SEAL LOSS

This il due to an inadequate ventilation of the

trap wherein the atmospheric minus or plus
pressure affect the installation. Trap seal is
the vertical distance between the dip and the
crown weir of a trap. Also it is the water in the
trap between the dip and the crown weir.

1. SIPHONAGE- the result of a minus pressure in the drainage system. (Pressure is a

force required to move gas or liquid) when a large' amount of water flow rapidly through
the trap, self siphoning is automatically developed and the water content of the trap
(seal) Is absolutely discharged. This is known as a trap seal loss. When the seal is lost,
back flow of gases from the sewer line or septic tank will pass into the trap, funds its
way to the fixture drain outlet and spread into the room.

INDIRECT OR MOMENTUM SIPHONAGE

This type is the result of a minus pressure in the pipe
created by heavy discharge of water from a fixture
installed on a line serving another fixture at a lower floor

2. BACK PRESSURE-This condition is caused by a plus pressure which blows the

water out(of the fixture. It happens usually when a large flow of water drop and form as
slug and compress the air inside the pipe. The compressed air will find its way out
through a weather point. The trap seal will give way and blow out of the fixture.

3. EVAPORATION - This process is a minor problem and less

probable to drain the water inside the trap. Evaporation happens
only on floor drains not regularly used to admit water but is
exposed to extreme temperature.

4. a, CAPILLARY ACTION- This kind ot trap

seal loss seldom happen and is rarely
experienced by homeowners. The condition
is caused bv a suspension of a foreign object
such as a string, rags, strands of hair
extended over the outlet arm of the trap.
b. AIR GAPS AND VACUUM BREAKERS
The proximity of sewage to potable water
at textures is inescapable. It is possible
that sewage could accidentally be
siphoned into pipe carrying potable
water.
c. VENTS-For the admission of air and the
discharging of gases, soil and waste
stacks are extended through roofs, and a system of air vents, larger paralleling the

drainage system is also provided. The Introduction of air near the fixture (and in the case
of loop venting, at the branch soil (line) breaks the possible siphonage of water out of the
trap. Loop venting which permits an air and gases to pass in and out of the soil or waste
branch instead of at its fixture, is fully effective in preventing the siphonage of trap seals.
TYPES OF VENTS:
1. MAIN SOIL AND WASTE
VENT

This is the portion of the soil

pipestack above the highest
installed fixture branch
extended through the roof. It
serves as the te;minal for the
main vent and other vents of
the plumbing installations.
2. MAIN EVENT
Is that portion of the vent
pipe system which serves as
a terminal of the smallest
forms of units and grouped
fixture trap ventilation. The
main vent is connected full
size at their base to the main
soil or waste pipe at or below
the lowest fixture branch and
should extend undiminished
in size above the roof or
should be reconnected with
the main soil vent at least
1.00 meter above the highest
fixture branch.
The main vent also serves as
a relief vent for any back
pressure. It must be free
from offsets to allow free
movement of air. Under this
main vent are other different
types of vents .

3. INDIVIDUAL VENT
Sometimes referred to as back vent. It IS that p ortton ol the vent pipe which serves a
single trap. It should be connected close to the ftx tuw uap as possible, 11 should be
located underneath and back of the fixture and 11 must be connected to the main vent
above the overflow line of the fixture.

4. UNIT VENT
This is that portion of the vent p1pe wh1cll vent1late two .:ixture traps. Usually used in
apartments arranged bact.to back.

5. CIRCUIT OR LOOP VENT

This is employed where two or more fixture traps are installed on a horizontal soil or
waste branch. The use of circuit vent generally reduces the cost of the plumbing
installation.

6. RELIEF VENT
Is installed to ventilate the soil and waste pipe and the connecting branches other than
the fixture traps. Relief vent is provided when waste branches are circuit vented.

7. YOKE OR BY-PASS VENTILATION

On a long vertical soil pipe a relief vent is installed at 3 to 5 floor intervals. In this case,
the relief vent is referred to as the YOKE or by-pass ventilation.

8.

VENTILATION

WET

Refers to the vertical pipe of the plumbing system

used as ventilation of the plumbing, installation and
fixture traps which at the same time receives and
convey liouid waste discharge from the fixtures.
Widely used for small groups of bathroom fixtures
particularly on a one or two storey residential
houses.

9. LOOPED VENT
Used on Fixtures in a room away from partitions. Common to beauty parlors, barbers
shops and dental clinics and surgical rooms.

AR224

BUILDING UTILITIES 1
PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS

RSW PR - 02

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

( PLUMBING TRAPS AND VENTILATION
PIPING SYSTEMS )

DATE GIVEN :
DATE DUE :
DATE SUB. :

10/09/14
10/16/14
10/16/14

REFERENCE:

Architectural UTILITIES 1, Plumbing And Sanitary, The New Ladder Type Curriculum,
GEO'RGE SALINDA SALVAN, 1986

STUDENT:
AQUINO JR. LUVIMIN A.

INSTRUCTOR:
ARCH. IRENE G. FLORENDO