Primary Sources

Ahmaranian, John. Editorial Cartoons of the Armenian Genocide.

Minneapolis, MN: College of
Liberal Arts, 2015. Accessed 25 January, 2015. <chgs.umn.edu>.
This website contained many cartoons that illustrated the American
views of the Armenian
Genocide. We used a variety of the cartoons in our website under the
page of Americas Response and it gave us a better understanding
about American beliefs and ideals regarding genocide.
Armenians Are Sent to Perish in Desert. The New York Times, 18 August
1915. nytimes.com.
Accessed 27 January 2015.
This New York times article from 1915 described perfectly some of the
emotions that Americans were feeling about these events. Disbelief
and horror are two that can be analyzed from the style of writing. It
was thanks to the relay of information in articles such as this one that
helped create such a large impact on the American people and helped
cause awareness which led to more relief from the various
foundations to help the starving population of Armenia. We also used
the headline as an image under the Americas Response page.
Armenian Genocide Quotes. Genocide 1915.
<http://www.genocide1915.info/quotes/>.
Accessed 1 February 2015.
This page contains famous quotes from prolific leaders in both
America as well as overseas. It has quotes from Ronald Reagan,
Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, and many more. We used many
of the quotes from this page to create a dramatic effect throughout
the entire site. The quotes are primary sources since they were all
said either during or in the period right after the genocide.
Armenian Horrors Grow. The New York Times, 18 August 1915.
nytimes.com.
Accessed 29 January 2015.
This New York Times article expresses the dislike from the American
people at the happenings in the Ottoman Empire. It discusses the
increased amount of horrible events that are taking place and it has a
sense of urgency very similar to the posters that the Near East
Foundation released in order to raise money.

Balakian, Grigoris. Armenian Golgotha. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 2010.
This book is an eyewitness account of the happenings in the genocide.
Grigoris Balakian survived the genocide and escaped to America to
write this book to describe the horrible events that he lived through.
This source really helped us understand the horrors of the genocide,
and what it would feel like to live through these events and have all of
your people targeted. The emotions as well as the historical
information worked well together to create a complete story of the
happenings.
The Genocide Project. Oral and Visual Documentation of Survivors of the
Armenian Genocide.
The Genocide Education Project,
<http://www.teachgenocide.org/files/iwitness_Photo_Activity.pdf>.
Accessed 30 January 2015.
This primary source was very crucial in demonstrating how gruesome
the genocide really was. With these stories of genocide survivors, our
website got a whole new dimension of believability and credibility. The
stories really strengthened our topic and helped prove our point about
how the genocide really carried a legacy.
Government Sends Plea For Armenia. The New York Times, 5 October
1915. nytimes.com.
Accessed 30 January 2015.
This New York Times article from 1915 is a prime example of the
American standpoint on
the massacres of Armenians at
the time they were happening. This article speaks to the fact that
Ambassador Morgenthau was instructed by President Wilson to urge
the Turkish government to stop the massacres, because it would
result in loss of good feeling from America.
Habeshian, Vahe. Voices From the Past: Excerpts from Writings of Armenian
Revolutionaries. Watertown,
MA: Hairenik Press, 2014.
This book is comprised of biographies and writings by statesmen,
intellectuals, military commanders, and rank-and-file fedayis
(guerrillas) all apart of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. It is a
primary source because it shows the reflections that these people had

on large ideas and world views about what it was like being apart of
that movement.
Haig Baronian. United Armenian Council of Los Angeles,
<http://www.uacla.com/haig-baronian.html>. Accessed 25 January
2015.
This article was an personal account of a genocide survivor, Haig
Baronian, and it describes a gruesome story about his grandma and
her being brutally murdered when she simply asks what the children
had done to deserve such suffering. We used a good part of his story
under our Horrors page to paint a picture of truly how brutal the
genocide was.
Hoffmann, Tessa, and Gerayer Kouteharian. Images that Horrify and Indict:
Pictorial Documents
on the Persecution and Extermination of the Armenians from 1877 to
1922. Accessed from: <www.genocide-museum.am/> Accessed 1
February 2015.
This photo album, accessed from the genocide museum site, contains
many pictures of suffering children and women. We used many of the
pictures throughout our site.
Mardiganian, Aurora, Harvey Gates, and Nora Waln. Ravished Armenia
(Auction of Souls). Film.
Directed by: Oscar Apfel. New York: First National Pictures, 1919.
This film was released in 1919 and it depicted the story of the survival
of Aurora Mardiganian, who plays herself, and her journey through
the genocide. This film was first released in partnership with the
American Committee for Armenian Relief in order to raise money for
the release. Tickets were $10 per person at a time when tickets were
usually $0.20 or $0.25 in order to raise money. We used a short clip
showing the drowning of men and the attempted rape of women in our
site to provide some powerful visuals.
Morgenthau, Henry. Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, Page &
Company, 1919.

This book is a primary source of memoirs regarding the Turkish

atrocities against the Armenians and against the Greeks. It explains
Morgenthaus relations with the German-Ottoman Empire and it was
useful in studying the leadership aspect of this topic. Since Turkey
was such a close ally with Germany during the war, there were
German officers leading Turkish armies, and this relates to the impact
that the genocide had on the Holocaust too.
Morison, Elting E., ed. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt. Vol. 8, 1954.
This source was cited within the book, The Burning Tigris where Peter
Balakian used a quote from Theodore Roosevelt about the Armenian
Genocide. He used this quote to show how
important the genocide was in terms of World War I.
Says Extinction Menaces Armenia. New York Times. 25 September 1915.
nytimes.com. Accessed
1 February 2015.
This article portrayed the worry many Americans had about the fate of
the Armenians. Americans truly believed that saving the Armenians
were up to them, and these beliefs led to greater help and
involvement in relief funds to help the suffering Armenians.
The Story of the Near East Relief. The Armenian Genocide MuseumInstitute,
<http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/online_exhibition_10.php>.
Accessed 29 January 2015.
This website contained a complete history of the Near East
Foundations involvement in the Armenian Genocide. It is a primary
source because it contained most of the poster ads that the
Foundation released in order to advertise to raise money. These
posters that released in 1915 proved to be powerful in showing the
effort that American relief causes had to help with the genocide, and
further demonstrated the caring culture of the American people.
Toranian, Ara. Tapioca de Ltoile. Nouvelles d'Armnie Magazine.
<http://www.armenews.com/IMG/Tapioca_de_l_etoile.pdf>. Accessed
2 February
2015.

This source provided a plethora of newspaper and magazine comics

that we were able to use in our Ottoman Empire information section.
The comics portrayed the cruelty that the Ottomans implemented in
their treatments of the Armenians.
Secondary Sources
Armenian Genocide. History, <http://www.history.com/topics/armeniangenocide> Accessed
27 January 2015.
This article gave a good comprehensive look at the genocide as a
whole and many of the aspects in todays political world that are
caused because of the genocide. We also used the image as the cover
image for our Historical Context page in our site.
Armenian National Institute. Washington, DC: Armenian National Institute,
2015.
<http://www.armenian-genocide.org/index.html>. Accessed 21
January 2015.
This entire site, devoted to research about the Armenian Genocide,
had great information about all the different aspects of the genocide
and the events surrounding it. We mainly used the articles about the
different leaders on the Turkey side since there was extensive
information on all three Pashas and Mustafa Kemal. We also used
pictures for all the leaders from the site.
Asbarez Staff. UNESCO Lists Armenian Khachkar as Cultural Heritage to
Protect.
<http://asbarez.com/88764/unesco-lists-armenian-khachkar-asintangible-cultural-herit
ge/>. Accessed 26 January 2015.
This source provided us with a stunning picture of a traditional
Armenian Khachkar which is a prominent symbol of Armenia. This
was helpful in portraying our section about the Armenian people.
Balakian, Peter. Black Dog of Fate: A Memoir. New York, NY: Basic Books,
1997.
This book is one of the books that we read cover-to-cover and it
provided an angle on the genocide where the grandchild learns about

the atrocities along with the reader by asking his grandmother

questions. It was a great introductory book to begin our research and
it helped us delve into the horrors of the genocide through a firsthand viewpoint.
Balakian, Peter. The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and Americas
Response. New York, NY:
HarperCollins Publishers, 2003.
This source discusses and analyzes the politics of the Armenian
Genocide and how it relates to America, which is helpful to connect
the happenings in Turkey to countries around the world. Balakian
uses many documents from the time period as well as first person
accounts, so many sources from inside the book were used as primary
sources in our project. Analyzing the bibliography of this book also led
to the discovery of fantastic primary sources that were very helpful.
Cline, Austin. Jews in Jerusalem Must Pay Turkish Governor to Visit
Wailing Wall.
<http://skepticism.org/timeline/march-history/3442-jews-in-jerusalemmust-pay-turkish
governor-to-visit-wailing-wall.html>. Accessed 29 January 2015.
This source was used for its picture of Djemal Pasha. We used this
picture on our leadership section in the website.
Enver Pasha. Soylent Communications,
<http://www.nndb.com/people/705/000113366/>.
Accessed 29 January 2015.
This source was used for its picture of Enver Pasha. We used this
picture on our leadership section in the website.
The Forgotten Genocide: Why It Matters Today. Frontpage Magazine,
<http://www.frontpagemag.com/2013/raymond-ibrahim/the-forgottengenocide-why-it-matters-today/> Accessed 29 January 2015.
This article is from a magazine, and because it is not the most
credible we only used it for developing larger ideas. We also used one
of the photos from the article as a header on our Home Page.

Genocide Recognition By U.S. States. Armenian National Committee of

America,
<http://www.anca.org/genocide/states_map.php> Accessed 4
February 2015.
This source discussed the recognition of the genocide by the different
states in America, of which there are 42. This helped us to see some of
the controversy surrounding the topic. We also used the map of the
states that recognize it under our Legacy page.
Goldberg, Andrew. The Armenian Genocide. Documentary. Directed by:
Andrew Goldberg. United
States: PBS, 2006.
This documentary provided us with a great general overview of the
Genocide. It went into great detail about the context, the aftermath,
as well as the events of the actual genocide. Watching the entire
movie and taking notes helped us create a baseline and a sort of
roadmap where we then delved further into more specific details of
the events.
Greenfield, Daniel. Leader of Country Behind Armenian Genocide Says
Muslims Never Commit
Massacres. <http://www.frontpagemag.com/2015/dgreenfield/leaderof-country-behind-armenian-genocide-says-muslims-never-commitmassacres/>. Accessed 30 January 2015.
This source provided us with a graphic image of a pile of dead
children from the genocide. It was useful to portray the horrors of the
event in our horrors section.
Gust, Wolfgang. The Armenian Genocide: Evidence from the German
Foreign Office Archives, 1915-1916.
Oxford, NY: Berghahn Books, 2013.
This book can be considered a primary source because it analyzes
actual German records from the Office of Foreign affairs during the
time of the Armenian Genocide. This source helps us to see the
German opinions of the Genocide during the time period in order to
see the public opinions while it was happening. However, we did not
look into the actual documents because they did not seem to relate as
much as we thought. Instead, we looked at Wolfgang Gusts analysis
of the Genocide which proved helpful because of his vast expertise.

Hart, James. The Army of the Ottoman Empire in 1683. Sovereign Media,
<http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/the-army-ofthe-ottoman-empire-in-1683>. Accessed 26 January 2015.
We used a picture from this site as the backdrop for the Ottoman
Empire page. The site itself date back too far to relate to our project,
but the painting of Turks riding horses provides a nice visual for the
page.
Image of Turkish Leaders. Freemasonry Watch,
<http://freemasonrywatch.org/pics/ataturk.sivascongress.jpg>
Accessed 5 February 2015.
This is an image of the leaders of the CUP in early Turkey, featuring
Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal) in the forefront. We used this image as a
visual in our Leadership page.
Miller, Geoffrey. British Policy Toward the Ottoman Empire. Straits,
<http://www.manorhouse.clara.net/book2/chapter18.htm> Accessed
on 30 January
2015.
We used an image from this article under the Leadership page. We
did not look at the article itself because it deals with British relations,
and that is outside the scope of our project.
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. <http://turkishtravelblog.com/mustafa-kemalataturk>. Accessed 29
January 2015.
This source was used for its picture of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. We
used this picture on our leadership section in the website.
The Ottoman Empire: 1350 to 1918. Carnegie Corporation,
<http://www.islamproject.org/education/Ottoman_Empire.html>.
Accessed 29 January 2015.
This site provided context about the Ottoman Empire and its decline.
Although it did not relate to the genocide, the context was helpful to
set the stage for the events that led to the genocide. We also used an
image of a map of the empire under our Ottoman Empire page to
show where the empire was located.

Payaslian, Simon. The Armenian Genocide: 1915-1923. Glendale, CA:

Armenian Cultural
Foundation, 2001.
This source gave a general overview of the genocide as a whole and it
helped us write a preface to the genocide in our historical context
page. It even provided journal entries and quotes from survivors of
the genocide.
Sacred Symbol of Armenian Church. Artes Magazine,
<http://www.artesmagazine.com/2013/03/sacred-symbol-of-armenianchurch-national-identity-caught-up-in-regional-politics/>. Accessed 2
February 2015.
This page had pictures of a symbol in ancient armenian Christianity.
We used some of these picture under our Armenian People page to
show just how old the Armenian culture is.
Talaat
Pasha.
<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mehmed_Talat_Pasha.jpg>.
Accessed 29 January 2015.
This source was used for its picture of Talaat Pasha. We used this
picture on our leadership section in the website.
Turks in Canada Celebrate Armenian Genocide. PanArmenian,
<http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/155777/> Accessed 27
January 2015.
We used the image from this article because it is a graphic image of
skulls and bones piled up in the street.
The Young Turk Revolution. Michigan State University,
<http://matrix.msu.edu/hst/fisher/HST150/unit6/mod/young_turk_revo
lution.html>.
Accessed 30 January 2015.
This source provided us with a picture of the Young Turk Party that
we used in our leadership section. The picture features the three
Pashas along with other leaders of the Armenian Genocide.