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CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT

AIM AND THEORY

TOOL AND MATERIAL

PROCEDURE

DATA OBSERVATION AND

CALCULATION

5-6

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

ENGINEERING SURVEYING

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PAGE

PROJECT 1 : LEVELLING

AIM:

To measure and investigate the height of structure laboratory.

THEORY:

Levelling is a general term used in land surveying that applies to

vertical measurements
Vertical measurements are made and referenced to datum, as
elevations
The reference datum might be an arbitrary elevation chosen for
convenience or a very precise value determined after lengthy studies
The standard reference datum used throughout California is mean sea
level, based on the National Geodetic Vertical Datum.
Three methods used to measure differences in elevation are direct
vertical measurement, trigonometric levelling, and differential
levelling.
It is important to understand the procedure, equipment and note
keeping format used for each method.
Levelling is the determination of the elevation of a point or difference
between points referenced to some datum.
A surveying operation carried out to determined the elevation of points
or to find the difference in elevation of points.

ENGINEERING SURVEYING

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TOOL AND MATERIAL:

TOOL
i.

Tilting level
A surveyor's level with a bubble mounted on the telescope and a provision for

ii.

telescope must be precisely aligned.

Features: Clear and easy surveying, high durability, reliable performance.
Tripod stand
A tripod stand is a device used to support any one of a number of surveying

iii.

iv.

slight tilting of the telescope and level.

The upright axis of the unit does not need to be vertical, but the level and

instruments, such as theodolites, total stations, levels or transits.

Features: Customized colors are welcome, with needle locking device, high

precision and portable item.

Staff (Levelling Rod)
A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminum rod, the
use of which permits the determination of differences in elevation.
Staff bubble
Air bubbles are used to ensure staff erected vertically.
Usually placed on the side of the staff.

PROCEDURES:
1. Place the staff over point A and point B of structure laboratory.
2. The instrument was set up and prepared for the fly levelling process at random distance.
ENGINEERING SURVEYING

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3. A staff was placed on the Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) and take a sight on the staff,
that reading is called Back Sight (BS).
4. Then, move the staff to a new position at point A and take the reading, this will be a
Intermediate Sight (IS).
5. Move the staff to a next position at point B and take the reading, this will be second
Intermediate Sight (IS).
6. The staff was then placed at the electric pole to get Fore Sight (FS) reading.
7. After that, move the instrument to a new position at the centre of field and take the
reading on the previous position of the staff. This position of staff is known as Change
Point (CP) and this reading will be Back Sight (BS).
8. Move the staff to a new position at point C and take the reading, this will be third
Intermediate Sight (IS).
9. Then, move the staff to a next position at point D and take the reading, this will be fourth
Intermediate Sight (IS).
10. The staff was then placed near the fire hydrant to get Fore Sight (FS) reading.
11. After that, move the instrument to a new position and take the reading on the previous
position of the staff. This position of staff is known as Change Point (CP) and this
reading will be Back Sight (BS).
12. The reading is taken at the same Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) as Fore Sight (FS) to
finally complete the flying process.
13. The readings that were taken, were all recorded.
14. The data collected, was then calculated to find the Reduced Level (RL), rise and fall,
correction and correction RL.

DATA AND OBSERVATION:

STATION
1
2
3
4
5

B.S

I.S

F.S

RISE

FALL

R.L

(m)
0.80

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)
43.035
43.735
43.705
42.605
43.700

0.100
0.130
1.24

0.700
0.030
1.100

1.230
0.145

ENGINEERING SURVEYING

1.095
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CORR. CORR.
(m)
+0.128
+0.128
+0.128
+0.256

REMAKRS

RL (m)
43.863
43.833
42.733
43.956

TBM (43.035m)
A
B
C.P
C

6
7
8

0.120
1.02

0.025
0.985
1.230

0.865
0.210

43.725
42.860
42.650

+0.256
+0.256
+0.385

43.981
43.116
43.035

D
C.P
E

CALCULATION:

DATA:
STATION

BS
(m)

0.8

2
3
4
5
6
6
7

0.128
1.24

IS
(m)

FS
(m)

RISE(m)

FALL
(m)

R.L(m)

CORR.
(m)

CORR.
RL
(m)

43.035
0.10
0.13

0.7
0.03
1.10

1.23
0.145
0.12

1.02

1.095
0.025
0.985
1.23

0.865
0.21

43.735
43.705
42.605
43.700
43.725
42.860
42.65

+0.128
+0.128
+0.128
+0.256
+0.256
+0.256
+0.385

43.863
43.833
42.733
43.956
43.981
43.116
43.035

CALCULATION:
Height difference between T.B.M with point A
= 0.8 0.10
= 0.7 m
Point A higher than the T.B.M, the positive (+ ve) listed in the column rises
So 0.7 is located at column rise
Height difference between point A with point B
= 0.10 0.13
= (-0.03)
Point B lower than the point A, the negative (- ve) listed in the column fall
So (-0.03) is located at column fall
To find reduce level from point A
Reduce level from point A = Reduce level T.B.M + Rise
= 43.035 + 0.7
= 43.735 m

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REMARKS

TBM
43.035
Titik A
Titik B
(C.P)
Titik C
Titik D
(C.P)
Titik E

 To find reduce level from point B

Reduce level from point B = Reduce level T.B.M + Fall
=43.735 + (-0.03)
= 43.705 m
To find a correction:
=Point E - Reduce level from T.B.M
= 42.65 43.035
= (-0.385) / 3
= 0.128 m
Station 1 = 0.128 m
Station 5= 0.128 x 2
= 0.256 m
Station 7= 0.128 x 3
= 0.385 m
To find a correction reduce level
Station 1 = 43.735 + 0.128
= 43.863 m
Station 5= 43.700 + 0.256
= 43.956 m
Station 7= 42.65 + 0.385
= 43.035 m

CONCLUSION:
For the conclusion, we can know about a procedure to reading of the levelling. We can get any
knowledge to setup the level of land and to study the shape of earth surface. Accurate reading
sometimes there is an error in the reading; the earth is not flat or uneven terrain. besides that,
there is an error in the way in setting up tools. To study the shape of earth surface at the area on
the topography map and to find difference in level between two points.
We also can use tachymetry to rapid surveying, by which the positions, both horizontal and
vertical of points on the earths surface relatively to one another are determine without using a
chain or tape a separate levelling instrument. We can use tachymetry to prepare of topographic
map where horizontal and vertical distances are required to be measure.

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And last, we can know about a procedure to reading of the compass. We can get any knowledge
to setup the level of land and to study the shape of earth surface. Accurately reading sometimes
there is an error in the reading; the earth is not flat or uneven terrain. Besides that, there is an
error in the way in setting up tools.
From that we will get an objective of this project.

REFERENCE:
TOOL

ENGINEERING SURVEYING

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TILTING LEVEL

STAFF (LEVELLING ROD)

Tripod Stand

Staff bubble

ENGINEERING SURVEYING

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