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Islamic Civilization
Pre-Islamic Arabia
Political Conditions
Islam appeared first In Saudi Arabia (Mecca)
Asabiyya: strongly tribal in organization
the clan spirit
Tribes; Quraish, Aus, Khazraj and Jewish tribes
Tribes were sedentary and nomadic
Absence of political organization in any form
No authority except of their separate tribes
No written laws and order
Economic Conditions
Jews leaders of Arabia were owners of the best lands in Hijaz and had the control
of trade
Slavery was an economic institution of the pre-Islamic Arabs
Economic system
trade flow through Arabia
Caravans traveled to Syria and Yemen
Caravans require protection, which was guaranteed by Mecca leaders who in
return were taking taxes from trades
Mecca was important trading rich city and the Quraish tribe was in charge of
everything
Social Conditions
As all before ancient civilizations, Arabia was also male dominated society
Women sex objects who had no status of any kind
Practice of alive burning of female infants
Prostitution, drinking and gambling were widespread
Religion in Arabia
Period that preceded the birth of Islam was known as the Time of Ignorance or
Jahiliyyah
Belief system of pre-Islamic Arabia had no scriptures and priests
Polytheism of Arabia idolatry and Kabah
Three main goddesses: al-Uzza, Manat and al-Lat
Kabah, formerly built by Abraham and his son Ishmael, became house of 360
idols
So Mecca was both as important spiritual as well as business city
Education
Only few individuals could read and write during the pre-Islamic period
Arts, philosophy, science, technology were not cultivated at all
The greatest intellectual accomplishment of pre-Islamic Arabs was poetry
Seven Odes and Ayyam al-Arab poetic literature
Imru al-Qays
Life of Muhammad
Early Life
About Prophet main sources include the Holy Quran, Hadith and Sirah
Born in 570 CE in Mecca into a Quraish tribe
His father Abdallah died before his birth and his mother Aminah also died
when he was six years old
Muhammad as an orphan was taken care of by his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib
and after his death by his powerful uncle Abu Talib
Abu Talib provided him with the best protection, a protection he would later
need
Muhammad participated in trade and traveled to Syria at the age of 12
During his youth Muhammad was seen as a mystic by his peers, highly
spiritual and often meditating beyond Meccas city limits
Muhammad due to his virtue and wisdom was called "al-Amin" "Honest or
Reliably"
In 595 CE at the age of 25, Muhammad gains respect of a wealthy widow a
forty year old Khadija who married him and provided him with support and
protection
Revelation
In 610 CE at the Mt. Hira Muhammad, at the age of forty, while meditating
was approached by the Angel Gabriel and is commanded to READ!
23 years revelation of the Holy Quran
Preaching
Secret preaching
Conversion of his wife Khadijah. A women was the first convert in Islam
Conversion of the first Muslims such as Ali, Abu Bakr and Uthman
In 613 the first public preaching
Muhammad began to preach in Mecca and was seen as a threat to the Meccan
way of life in general and to the Quraish in particular.
The persecutions of Muslims and humiliations of the Prophet Muhammad by
pagan Arabs
Three year boycott of Muhammads followers
Muhammad was not harmed so long as he had protection- but his uncle, Abu
Talib, would soon die as well as his wife leaving Muhammad extremely
vulnerable
In 615 CE migration to Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
In 621 CE Israa ( a journey from Kabah to al-Aqsa in Jerusalem) and Miraj or
the Night Journey
Establishes Muhammads position in the Prophetic tradition
Also Prophets communication with God Muhammad was profoundly
affected by the experience.
The Hijrah
Due to hostility Hijrah to Medina
2 pledges at Aqabah and allegiance of Medina Muslims
In 622 CE Hijrah or Emigration took place
Muhammad and his followers depart for nearby city of Media (then called
Yathrib)
Muhammad was invited to Medina because of a dispute between its residents. So
Muhammad was proclaimed as a Hakim or an Arbiter
Medina was agricultural city inhabited by pagan Arabs, Jews and Christians
In Medina Muhammad set up a political/religious community based on his
revelations he was receiving from God.
Building of a mosque
Writing of a constitution
Formation of a brotherhood
Protection of Jews in Median
Medina Period
Muhammad given certain rights and privileges as defacto leader of Medina.
Prophet used Islamic principles to govern the city
Began raiding Meccan caravans which angered Meccans and various battles
followed
Jihad- struggle from the verbal non Jahada or to strive; often translated as
holy war.
Three major battles against Meccans in the vicinity of Medina
Uhud (tie),
Husayn, Alis son, was ambushed and assassinated at Karbala near Kufa
Tariq, 710
Constantinople, 717
Umayyad overthrown by the Abbasids in 750 CE
Umayyad remained in Spain until 1493
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Selim I (1512-1520)
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The Safavids
Shah Ismail (1487-1524)
Iran and Iraq
Ottomans
Shah Abbas I (1587-1629)
Shah Hussein (1694-1723)
Politics and Society
Pyramidal political system, shah at the top
Art and literature
Isfahan
Textiles
Painting
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Mughal Empire
Babur (1483-1530)
Humayun (1530-1556)
Akbar (1556-1605)
Gunpowder empire
Religious tolerance
Din-I-ilahi (Divine Faith)
Administration
Legal system
Twilight of the Mughals
Jahangir (1605-1628)
Shah Jahan (1628-1657)
Taj Mahal
Augangzeb (1658-1707)
Reforms
Religious intolerance
Rebellions
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Islam
Meaning of Islam
Aslama "to submit oneself"
Islam means "entire submission to the will of God"
Muslim "one who have submitted himself willingly"
Articles of Faith:
To believe in Allah
Angels
Revealed Scriptures
Messengers
The day of judgement
Free will and predestination
Pillars of Islam:
Creed (Shahadah)
Prayers (Salat)
Fasting (Saum)
Purifying Tax (Zakat)
Pilgrimage (Hajj)
Islamic Sources:
Qur'an and Sunnah
Ijmah "Consensus of Muslim community
Qiyas "Analogy
Ijtihad "Independent decision making"
Legal Schools:
Maliki by Malik b. Abbas;
Hanafi by Abu Hanifa;
Shafi'i by al-Shafi'I;
Hanbali by Ahmad b. Hanbal
Theological Schools:
The Sunnite theological school
Maturidi
Ashari
Salafi
The Shite theological school
Tasawwuf or Sufism or Islamic Mysticism
Inner spiritual dimension of Islam
"Fear" of God and ascetic self denial
Love of God
Spiritual presentation of Islam
Political structure
Caliph; Diwan or advisory council; Vizier or prime minister
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Medicine
Al-Tibb al-Nabawi or Prophetic Medicine laid the foundation of medicine
among Muslims
Muslims founded hospitals around 800, eg. Baghdad Hospital and Mansuri
Hospital in Cairo
Rhazes (d. 932)
Initiated foundation of Mansuri Hospital
Al-Hawi" "The Comprehensive Book"
Ibn Sina or Avicena (d. 994)
Philosopher and physician
"Canon of Medicine was used as a textbook until 17th century
"Book of Healing"
Abu Qasim al-Zahrawi (d. 1009)
On surgery
Contributed the number of surgical instruments
Consider English word taken from Arabic; syrup, soda, julep and alcohol.
Al-Farabi
Al-Ghazali
Devastating refutation of philosophy
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History
Ibn Ishaq
Al-Masudi
Al-Tabari
Ibn Khaldun
Islamic Poetry and Literature
Seven Odes Muallaqat
Ferdowzi (940-1020)
Book of Kings
Rabea of Qozdar
Persian first known women poet
al-Mutanabbi (915-965)
Omar Khayyam,
Rubaiyat
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European inferiority and the significance for Europe of the meeting with Islam
Crusades meeting with Islamic civilization created inferiority
Islamic technology was superior
Muslims could afford luxuries
Military Muslims were stronger
Muslims ruled wide areas
The distorted image of Islam was a projection of the shadow-side of Europe and led to
European self-awareness
Influence material products and technology from Spain
Stimulated sciences
Provoked Europe to form a new image of itself
European debt to the Islamic world
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