AIM

To construct the Full Wave Rectifier.

MATERIAL
A step Down transformer [3 volts ] , two junction diodes ,
condenser , connecting wire .

PRINCIPLE
It works on the principle that a junction diode offers low
resistance when it is forward biased and high resistance when it is
reversed biased .

EXPLANATION
The two diodes are connected in such manner that if one diodes
gets forward baised as in first half cycle of A.C. input , the other
gets reversed baised on in first half cycle the potential difference
at the end of secondary coil is higher than that of lower end. But,
during next half cycle of A.C. input the first diode gets reversed
baised and the second half the potential difference at lower end
of secondary coil is higher than that of lower end .
Since , current during both the half cycles flows from right to left
through the load resistance R the outputduring both the half
cycles will be of same nature . Where , R Junction is the resistance
offered by p-n junction. In forward baised , R Junction << R and
in reversed bias R junction >> R .

DIAGRAM

THEORY
Suppose that during first half cycle of the input cycle , upper ends
of S coil is at positive potential and the lower end is at negative
potential. The junction diode D1 will get forward biased , while the
diode D2 get reversed baised. The conventional current due to
the diode D1 will flow along the path of full arrows.
When the second half of the input cycle comes , the situation will
be exactly reversed. Now , the junction of the diode D2 will
conduct and the conventional current will flow along the dotted
arrows. Thus , in a Full Wave Rectifier the output is continuous but
pulsating in nature which can be made smooth by using a filter or
condenser.

PROCEDURE

A step down transformer is taken and one end of secondary

coiltransformer connected top- section of D1 with the help of wire.

Similarly the other end the secondary coil of transformer

was connected top junction of the diode D2 as shown in
figure.
Then, the two diodesD1& D2 were joined to each other.
A condenser was joined across central tapping of
secondary coil of the transformer & across n- junction of
diodes.
The current through the resistance in each half is given
by the relation

AIM
To study of desigh LOGIC Gates using Diodes, Resistance and LED.

APPARTUS
Four Diodes, Four resistance, Two cardboards, For LED connection
wires and Battery eliminator.

THEORY
AND GATE:
In this logic gate there are two input A & B which operate such a
way that output is high only when both the inputs are high.Logic
Level whether high or low in the out put is indicated by use of
LEDs. Symbol and truth table for AND gate are below:

NOTGATE:
In this case input & output are in parallel.It having only
one input In this case input is high when input is Low and
output is low when input is high . A symbol and truth
table For a gate are below:

PROCEDURE
{A} We connect A and both to such that both the input
are Low record it as it is and O if it is Low.
{B} A to O & B to O are connected such that A si low
and B is record output.
{C} A to P and B to O are connected such that A is high
and B is low, record the output.
{D} A to P and B to P are connected such that both are
high record the output.

OR GATE :
In this logic gate there are two input A & B which operate
in such a way that the output is high if one of the end is
high. A symbol and truth table for such a gate are below :

LOGIC GATE :
A gate is Digital Circuit that Follows certain relationship between
the input voltage. So they are generally known as Logic
gate.There are three basic logic gate OR, AND & NOT each basic
logic gate is indicated by a symbol, The function of a logic gage is
defined either by a truth that shows all possible input
combinations and corresponding outputs of by a Boolean
Expression.

TRUTH TABLE :
The function of a logic age is defined either by a truth
table that shows all possible input combinations and the
corresponding outputs or by a Boolean.

BOOLEAN EXPRESSION :

A Boolean Operator is a statement giving the relation

between the output and certain variables, like{+,-}.

CONCLUSION
On the basis of above observers we conclude that the
output For AND GATE is high only for both the high input.

PRECAUTION
1. The connection should be done as indicated in the
circuit.
2. The biasing of the diodes in the circuit should be
carefully done and rating of current for then should
not be exceed by 5 volts.