FLUID MECHANICS LAB

JOB[7]

JOB:
To investigate the validity of bernoullis equation when
application of steady flow of water in a tapered duct.

OBJECTIVE :
To study the terms head, velocity head, pressure head, static head,
total head.
To find out the value of velocity head, static head, total head.
APPARATUS:
Bernoullis apparatus
Hydraulic bench
Stop watch
RELATED THEORY:
HYDRAULIC BENCH:
It is used to measure discharge in bernoullis
apparatus.
HEAD:
It is defined as the energy of fluid particles per unit weight.
VELOCITY HEAD:
The velocity of a fluid expressed in terms of the head
or static pressure required to produce that velocity. It equals
/2 where is the density of the fluid and is the velocity.
K.H = K.E/W
= wv/2g
K.H = v/2g
POTENTIAL HEAD:
Potential energy per unit weight possessed by a fluid is
known as potential head.
P.H = P.E/W
= wh/w
P.H = h(z) = P/
2011-civ-34
Ahmad Talha Wali

FLUID MECHANICS LAB

JOB[7]
PRESSURE HEAD:
Weight of a given height (or depth) of water column at its
bottom end, expressed as 'foot head' or 'meter head.' It is
independent of the amount of water.
Pressure head = Pw/w
= P/ (in term of elevation)
BERNOULLIS EQUATION:
For a perfect incompressible fluid passing steadily in a
frictionless pipe. The total energy head at the any section of
pipe remains constant.

Total energy head at section 1)

h + v/2g + P/
Total energy head at section 2)
h + v/2g + P/
ASSUMPTIONS:

The fluid is ideal.

The fluid is incompressible.
Flow must be steady.
Internal surface of pipe is smooth and frictionless.
Velocity of fluid throughout crossection of pipe remains constant.
Law of conservation of energy is applicable.

NET WORK DONE:

2011-civ-34
Ahmad Talha Wali

FLUID MECHANICS LAB

JOB[7]

1) minus

It is equal to work done by pressure force at section

work done by pressure force at section 2).
Net work done = PAdS - PAdS
=PV - PV
=(P - P)V

LOSS IN POTENTIAL ENERGY:

Potential energy at section1 minus potential energy at
section2.
loss in P.E = mgh - mgh
loss in P.E = w(h - h)
GAIN IN KINETIC ENERGY:
Kinetic energy at section2 minus kinetic energy at
section1.
Gain in K.E = mv/2 - mv/2
Gain in K.E = w(v - v)/2g
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:
Gain in K.E = loss in P.E + net work done
w(v - v)/2g = w(h - h) + (P - P)V
(v - v)/2g = (h - h) + (P - P)/
h + P/ + v/2g = h + P/ + v/2g
h + P/ + v/2g =CONSTANT for any
crossection
this is the ideal energy equation.
STATIC HEAD:
Combination of pressure head and elevation head
determined with the help of piezeometer.
Z + P/
TOTAL HEAD:
Summation of pressure head and elevation head. Pitot tube
is used to determine total head.
For a perfectly incompressible fluid flowing through a
frictionless pipe. The total head remains constant throughout
the pipe.

2011-civ-34
Ahmad Talha Wali

FLUID MECHANICS LAB

JOB[7]
PROCEDURE:
The diameter of all the tubes should be determined at different
crossections.
Determine the time required for the flow measurement of five
litre of water.
Calculate the velocity using velocity discharge relationship
Q = Av
Pressure head will remain the same throughout.
Calculate the total head.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Volume collected = 5 litre
Time for collection = 40sec
Discharge = v/t
= 125 cm/sec
Sr
no.

Tapered
position

Diamet Crossectio
er
nal
(mm)
Area

Veloci
ty
mm/s
ec

Velocity
head
(mm)

Static
head

Total
head

213

213.00
03

25

490.6

2.55

3.3

13.9

151.7

8.24

34.6

11.8

109.35

11.43

66.5

133

133.00
7

10.7

89.9

13.90

98.4

95

95.009
8

10

78.53

15.91

129.01

47

47.013

25

490.6

2.55

3.3

74

74.000
3

2011-civ-34
Ahmad Talha Wali

FLUID MECHANICS LAB

JOB[7]
PRECAUTIONS:
Measure diameter accurately.
Static head must read carefully and eye must be in front of liquid
level.

COMMENTS:
This job is very interesting
In this job we learn how to find discharge, static head, total head
and studied Bernoullis equation in detail.

2011-civ-34
Ahmad Talha Wali