1

INTRODUCTION

Chronic kidney disease is defined as a reduced glomerular filtration rate,

increased urinary albumin excretion, or both, and is an increasing public health issue.
Prevalence is estimated to be 8-16% worldwide. Complications include increased allcause and cardiovascular mortality, kidney-disease progression, acute kidney injury,
cognitive decline, anemia, mineral and bone disorders, and fractures. Worldwide,
diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease, but in some
regions other causes, such as herbal and environmental toxins, are more common. The
poorest populations are at the highest risk. Screening and intervention can prevent
chronic kidney disease, and where management strategies have been implemented the
incidence of end-stage kidney disease has been reduced. Awareness of the disorder,
however, remains low in many communities and among many physicians.
Globally, Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a key determinant of the poor health
outcomes for major NCDs. CKD is a worldwide threat to public health, but the size of
the problem is probably not fully appreciated. Estimates of the global burden of the
diseases report that diseases of the kidney and urinary tract contribute with 830 000
deaths annually and 18 867 000 disability-adjusted life years (DALY), making them the
12th highest cause of death (1.4% of all deaths) and the 17th cause of disability (1% of
all DALY). This ranking is similar across World Bank regions, but, among developing
areas, East Asia and Pacific regions have the highest annual rate of death due to
diseases of the genitourinary system. National and international renal registries offer an
important source of information on several aspects of CKD. In particular, they are useful
in characterizing the population on renal replacement therapy (RRT) due to end-stage

renal disease (ESRD), describing the prevalence and incidence of ESRD and trends in
mortality and disease rates. According to this analysis, the most recent available data
indicate that the prevalence of ESRD ranges from 2447 pmp in Taiwan to 10 pmp in
Nigeria. However, there is paucity of renal registries globally with an international
standard for registry data collection, especially in low- and middle-income countries,
where, in addition, the use of RRT is scarce or non-existent, eventually making it difficult
to compare ESRD results. (http://www.academia.edu, Date retrieved on Dec 12, 2014)
Nationally, MANILA, Philippines - In 2003, the Department of Health reported that
the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among adult Filipinos was 2.6 percent
(or 2.6 out of 100 adult Filipinos). Recent research suggests that CKD prevalence has
worsened, affecting one in 10 adult Filipinos. In 2012, the National Kidney and
Transplant Institute cited kidney failure as the ninth leading cause of death among
Filipinos.Consistent with worldwide statistics, the Philippine Renal Registry reports that
diabetes is the leading cause of CKD at 44.6 percent, with hypertension as the runnerup at 23 percent. Early detection and treatment can often keep chronic kidney disease
from

getting

worse

(http://www.philstar.com/science-and-

technology/2013/04/18/931777/chronic-kidney-disease-prevalent-among-pinoys,

Date

retrieved on Dec 12, 2014)

Locally, DAVAO CITY June 21 (PIA) - to inform health workers on the importance
of urinalysis in preventing kidney diseases, expert nephrologists will share today their
inputs to about 80 health workers from various provinces and municipalities nationwide.
Data showed that Chronic Kidney Disease V affects some 10,800 Filipinos yearly. Each

year 30,000 to 40,000 CKD V patients need to undergo dialysis. There were 7,109 CKD
V patients recorded at the NKTI in 2007. (http://archives.pia.gov.ph, Date retrieved on
Dec 12, 2014)
The researchers have observed that people nowadays are fond of eating foods
rich in sodium content and it inevitably results to different kidney diseases one of which
is Chronic kidney disease. In line with that, we student nurses would like to know the
other factors that would likely predispose or precipitate an individual to acquiring
Chronic Kidney Disease which is also present here in our locality. Furthermore we
would also like to know the different treatment and management, may it be nursing,
medical or surgical and the lifestyle changes that the person should make to prevent
acquiring such disease.

OBJECTIVES
The primary concern of this study is to further enhance our understanding
of Chronic Kidney Disease in congruence with the learned concepts, as well as broaden
the knowledge of the patients who are suffering from this type of illness and those
people who are high risk of acquiring this, and that we may share our knowledge for the
primary prevention and simple interventions of the disease.
Specifically, this study would like to:

Give a brief introduction about Chronic Kidney Disease.

Present the clients demographic data and health history.

Present the Physical Assessment made on the client.

Present the different laboratory results or test done to the client with its
interpretation.

Review and discuss the normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary System.

Discuss the signs and symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease and identify which
has been manifested by the patient.

Present the etiology of Chronic Kidney Disease and identify which is related to
the patients case.

Explain the Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease.

Find out the needs of the patient. Design and formulate an effective Nursing care
plan for each, which is also related to the clients case and for the most prioritized
problem.

Itemize the various drugs prescribed and under the patients treatment regimen
with information relevant to the patients condition by a Drug Study.

Determine the prognosis of the patient with the following criteria: duration, onset,
precipitating factors, willingness to take medications, environment, and diet.

Design a Discharge Plan that the client may use upon discharge to the hospital.