Differentiation Maths

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF
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SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
TOPIC: DIFFERENTIATION
COURSE CODE: AISM-09/M/DIFF
Page 1
Contents- DIFFERENTIATION
Introduction to Differentiation ................................................................................................................ 3
Differentiation as a slope of curve ......................................................................................................... 10
Differentiation by abinitio ..................................................................................................................... 12
Important Differential Formulae ........................................................................................................ 14
General Theorems on Differentiation ................................................................................................ 16
Algebraic Operations on Differentiation............................................................................................. 19
Differentiation of composite functions .............................................................................................. 23
Differentiation of a function given in parametric form ....................................................................... 25
Higher Order Derivatives ................................................................................................................... 25
Differentiation of implicit function ..................................................................................................... 31
Limits using Differentiation: LHospitals Rule .................................................................................... 36
Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................... 45
Page 2
Introduction to Differentiation
Differential coefficient of a function y= f(x) is written as
or f (x) or f (1) (x) and is defined by
f'(x)=
f(x) represents nothing but ratio by which f(x) changes for small change in x and
can be understood as
f(x) =
Page 3
Then f(x) represents the rate of change of y w.r.t. x or in other words f (x)
represents slope of the tangent drawn at point x of the curve f(x).
Let us understand the geometrical meaning of differentiation:
Slope of PQ =
Let point Q approach point P, which the curve = y= f(x) i.e.
0.
Then, we observe graphically that the slope of chord PQ becomes the slope of the
tangent at the point P. which is written as
or f(x).
Since, point Q is approaching point P from the Right Hand side, we obtain f(x +)
as follows:
f(x+)=
(Right hand derivative)
Page 4
Similarly,
f' (x) =
(Left hand derivative)
Note: For a function to be differentiable at x=a, we should have f(a )=f(a+)
i.e.
From the above graphs, one must not infer that a curve is non-differentiable only
at points of discontinuity. Non differentiability conditions also arise when the curve is
continuous and the curve suddenly changes direction. The easiest example of a curve
being continuous and non-differentiable is y=|x| at x=0. However when there is a
smooth change or gradual change in slope or trajectory of curve, the derivative exists.
Page 5
Few more illustrations are given below:
Page 6
Refer to the following graphs:
Page 7
Page 8
In figure (i), f(a) exists and is finite. In figure (ii) both f(a ) and f(a+) exist but
they are not equal. Hence f(a) does not exist. Figure (iii) and (iv) have infinite
derivatives, i.e. f(a) = + and f (a) = respectively. In case of figure (v) we have f(a)
= + and f(a+) = and hence f(a) does not exist.
Note:
Differentiability implies continuity
differentiability
but continuity
does not imply
Let y = f(x) be continuous in (a, b). Then the derivative or differential coefficient of f(x)
w.r.t. x at x (a, b), denoted by dy/dx or f(x), is
.. (1)
provided the limit exists and is finite and the function is said to be differentiable.
Page 9
Differentiation as a slope of curve

Let us first plot the graph of a function y = f(x) and we want to draw a tangent to
the curve at point A whose co-ordinates are (x1, y1). Select a neighbouring point B
whose co-ordinates are (x2, y2). Such that (x2x1) = x and y2y1 = y. AB is a straight
line segment which does not overlap with the portion of the curve cut by it. As point B
approaches y approaches 0) the portion of the curve between AB can be approximated
(to remarkable accuracy) as a straight line segment which overlaps with line segment
AB. Thus in the limit x approaches 0 the line segment AB extended (or line passing
through AB) is called tangent to the curve at point A.
As a matter of curiosity let us look what is the angle the tangent line to curve at
A makes with aaxis
tan
As x approaches 0 (mathematically denoted as x 0) the difference between x2

and x1 become infinitesimally represented by dx.
Page 10
tan =
The value of tan is called slope of the curve at point A. If the slope of curve at
all points is same, the curve is a straight line. The slope at a point on the curve gives
information regarding bending of the curve.
Now if y is a function of x then
of y is called derivative of y with respect
to x or differentiation of y with respect to x is also denoted by f (x), that is
= f
(x)=y2=y1.
Physically
represents the ratio of infinitesimally small change in y to that of
corresponding change in x. in other words
is called the rate of change of y with
respect to x or differential coefficient of a function with respect to x.
Page 11
Differentiation by abinitio
This is also known as Differentiation by definition or Differentiation by Principle.
The fundamental method to find derivatives of a function y=f(x) with respect to x

is called the First principle to find derivatives of a function.
Consider a function y= f(x)
Now if x is incremented by a value x then the value of y also changes (say) by y.
y + y = f(x+x)
Thus the change in value of y, is
y = (y + y) y
The derivative of function y = f(x) at a point (x, y) is the slope of the tangent of
the function at that point.
Hence the derivative of the function y=f(x) is found by the above method.
Page 12
Illustration:
Find the derivatives of the function y=x2 from first principle.
It is given that y=x2
If x is incremented by x then y changes by y
y + y = (x+x)2
The changes in y that is, y can be calculated as
Page 13
Important Differential Formulae

Differentiation of Algebraic, Exponential, Logarithmic, antilogarithmic functions.
1.
(x2)=nxn1
2.
3.
(loge x)=
x >0
Differentiation of trigonometric functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page 14
6.
Differentiation of Inverse circular function
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Page 15
General Theorems on Differentiation
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Chain Rule
If y = f(u) and u = g(x), then
e.g. Let y = [f(x)]n. We put u = f(x). so that y = un.
Therefore, using chain rule, we get
Illustration:
Page 16
Differentiate
y = sec1 by ab nitio
sec y=x
(i)
Let x be increment in x and y be the corresponding increment in y
x+x= sec (y+y)
(ii)
(Equation (ii)Equation (i)) gives
x = sec (y + y) sec y
Applying limits y 0
Page 17
(wrong)
sec y = x
(Given)
1+ tan2 y= sec2 y
tan y =
Sec1 x = y (0, )
Page 18
Algebraic Operations on Differentiation

Yes it is possible to define algebraic operation in differentiation. If u=f(x) and v
=g(x) are Differentiable functions then
(a)
By first principle method
L.H.S.
= R.H.S.
(b)
g(x)
[Product Rule of Differentiation]
Let h(x)=f(x) g(x) h (x) =
Page 19
f(x)
Note:
= R.H.S.
This method can be generalized for product of a differentiable functions as

follows:
(f1, f2, f3, .. fn)= f1 f2 f3 .. fn + f1 f2 f3 fn+f1 f2 f3 .. fn+

. + f1 f2 f3 . fn
(There are n terms on the Right Hand Sides)
Illustration:
y = x4 + 4x3 + 5x 6 then find
(x4 + 4x3 + 5x 6)
Page 20
= 4x3 + 12x2 + 5.1 0
= 4x3 + 12x2 + 5
Illustration:
If y = x log xx. then find
(x log x)
By product Rule on differentiation.
(log x)+log x
(x)1
= log x
Page 21
Illustration:
Find the differentiation coefficient of
y=
Page 22
with respect to x.
Differentiation of composite functions

Let y be a Differential function of u and u is a Differential function of x, then
Let y = g(u) and u = f(x)
Let x be increment in x and u and y be the Corresponding increments in u

and y respectively.
y + y = g(u + u) and u + u = f(x + x)
y = g(u + u) g(u) and u = f(x + x) f(x)
Applying limits
Page 23
Illustration:
y = sin (cot x), y = sin u, u = cot x
= cos u.(cosec2x)
= cos (cot x). cosec2x
Page 24
Differentiation of a function given in parametric form

Let y = f(t), x=g(t) be two Differential function of parameter t. and t= (x) be the
inverse function of function x=f(t) then y= (x)); y is a function of t and t is function of
x
But
Illustration: x=a( + sin ), y = a(1cos ) where is a parameter.
Higher Order Derivatives
is called the nth order derivative of y with respect to x.
Page 25
Illustration:
If x=a (0 + sin),
y = a (1cos), find
x = a ( + sin)
. (1)
And y = a (1cos)
. (2)
Now
Illustration:
If y = (sin1x)2 + k sin1x, show that (1x2)
Solution:
Here y = (sin1x)2 + k sin1x.
Page 26
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we have
Differentiating this with respect to x, we get
(1x2) 2
Illustration:
If y =
, find
in terms of x.
Solution:
Here y =
. Differentiating with respect to x, we get
Differentiating with respect to y, we get
Page 27
Differential coefficient of a function y=u v where u and v are both function of x or u is

a constant and v is a function of x.
Coefficient of a function of the form uv cannot be found directly by using

standard formula and hence in such cases both sides are differentiated after taking
logarithm. This process is called logarithmic differentiation.
Let y = uv
Taking logarithm on both side
ln y=v ln u
Differentiating, w.r.t. x, we get
Page 28
Illustration:
If xy = yx, find
xy = yx
taking logarithm, we get y loge x =x loge y
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get
or
Note: If y=ax, a>0 then
= ax loge a
Page 29
Caution:
While differentiating functions of this form it is always advisable to take

natural log. Also if you have log function with base other than e, then
convert it to the base e before differentiating.
Illustration:
y = log2 log3 log4 x
find
y = log2 log3 log4 x
= (loge log3 log4 x) (log2 e)

y =
=
=
Page 30
Differentiation of implicit function

Working rule to find
are as follows.
1.
Differentiate the given relation between x and y w.r.t. x
2.
Bring all the terms containing
on left-hand side and remaining terms in right
hand side and then find
Illustration:
If xy = x3 + y3
Differentiating w.r.t. x we get
(xy)=
y.1=
or (x3y2)
x3 +
y3
2 +3y2
= 3x2y
Page 31
Illustration:
y = f(x) = x5
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
= f (x)=5x4
Differentiating again with respect to x, we get
f(x)=20x3
Differentiation again with respect to x, we get
f(x)=60x2
and so on.
Note:
can also be written as y or y2
It is known as second ordered differential co-efficient.
Illustration:
Evaluate
Page 32
Where f(x) is a twice Differential function.
= f (a)
Illustration:
Let
y=3 t2 + 2t 1
X = t3 1
Find
and
Caution:
1.
Page 33
2.
3.
4.
= 6t+2
=3t2
For second order derivative, we differentiate again with respect to x.
Page 34
Illustration:
If y = (sin1 x)2, then show that
y = (sin1 x)2
= 2 (sin1x)21
( 1<x<1)
Differentiating again, with respect to x, we get
(Hence Proved)
Page 35
Limits using Differentiation: LHospitals Rule

There are many problems in which when limits are to be evaluated, one gets the
value of expression of the form
and 1, 0,
o.
Is there any way
we can solve above mentioned problem?
All such values defined above are called indeterminate in the language of
mathematics. Such indeterminacy cannot be resolved by the knowledge if limits
only, to overcome such situation one can use LHospital rule
If f(x) and g(x) are Differential functions of x and
1.
If f(a)=0 and g(a)=0 or f(a)=
and g(a) =
then
In general if f(a) = f(a)f (a)= .. fn1(a)=0(or
And g(a)=g(a) = = gn1(a)=0 (or
Where fn(a)0 (or
and gn(a)0, then
Page 36
Note: LHospitals rule is applicable only when the given expression is of the form
Illustration:
Evaluate
=1
Illustration:
Evaluate
(differentiating numerator and denominator)
Page 37
Illustration:
Method 1:
Using LHospital rule we can get the value of limit by differentiating and
numerator separately.
Method 2:
Alternatively, because (x1) factor is common to both Numerator and

Denominator, hence we can write.
Page 38
=1
Enquiry:
If the form if a problem is not

becomes of the form or
or , we can simplify the expression till it
Any form of indeterminacy can be put in the form 0/0 and

. Then L
Hospital Rule can be applied. Let us see how L Hospital Rule can be applied in the
following cases.
Case I.
Let
When indeterminacy is of the form 0
f(x) g(x) = 0,
(f(a)=0, g(a)= )
Page 39
The expression can be modified as
form and L Hospital Rule can be applied.
Illustration:
Find
[0.
form]
= 12 = 1
Case II.
Let y=
If indeterminacy is of the form
[f(x)]g(x) is of the form
Page 40
Then we can write
loge y =
g(x) loge f(x) (now form
(now form)
0 since loge 1=0)
Using L Hospital Rule one gets a value for the limit
(say)
their log y =
or y =
Case III.
y=
is of the form 00.
then expression can be written as
logy=
log f(x) (Now form 0
and expression takes the form
Page 41
since loge0 = )
log y=
By using L Hospital Rule one can evaluate this limit.
Illustration:
Evaluate following limits
(sin x)tan x
(sin x)tan x [00 form]
= A (say)
A = eo = 1
Case IV.
say
is of the form
0.
Expression can be written as
Page 42
log y =
[form 0
since
It can be written as
log y =
form
Using L Hospital Rule we can resolve indeterminacy
Case V.
Let
form
Then such indeterminacy can be resolved by putting the expression in the form
form and then applying LHospital rule.
Illustration:
Page 43
This is of the form
Method 1:
form
Page 44
Solved Examples
Example 1:
i.
ii.
iii.
Solution:
Method 1: i.
Differentiate denominator and numerator separately (apply L Hospital rule)
Again applying L Hospital Rule
applying L Hospital Rule again
Page 45
Method 2: Alternatively
Note:
Many of the problems can be solved with or without using LHospital

rule. However you should always try to solve a problem without using L
Hospitals Rule
ii.
Using L Hospital rule
= loge(a/b)
Page 46
iii.
Applying L Hospital Rule
[differentiating numerator and denominator with

respect to h]
Example 2:
Evaluate the following limits
(i)
(i)
(ii)
Solution:
(i)
Page 47
(ii)
iii.
Page 48
Example 3:
(i)
If g(x)=
find
(ii)
Find value of a, b, c so that
Solution:
(i)
Page 49
But, g (x)=
(ii)
Let f(x) = aex bcos x + cex
And g(x) = x sin x
So,
f(x) should be zero for finite limit of f(x)/g(x)
a+ c = b
L=
. (i)
[0/0 form]
Again using L Hospitals Rule
Page 50
Denominator =
So for finite,
ac=0
a=c
.. (ii)
L=
(using (i) and (ii))
(applying L Hospital rule)
Given the value if limit is 2
Hence 2a = 2
a=1
Page 51
c = a = 1 (from equation (ii))
b = a + c = 1+1=2 (from equation (i))
a = 1, b = 2, c = 1
Example 4:
Find the differential coefficient by the first principle
(i)
y = esin x
(ii)
x tan-1 x
(iii)
cos (log x)
Solution:
(i)
y = esin x;
log y = sin x loge = sin x [
log y = sin x
loge =1]
(i)
Let
log (y + y)log y = sin (x+
Page 52
.. (ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
log (y+
) log y = sin (x +
) sin x
log
log
Dividing both sides by
and taking limit as
We get
Page 53
or
hence
(ii)
where y=f(x)=x tan-1 x
Page 54
(iii)
f(x) =
= sin log x. 1 (1/x)=
Page 55
Alternative method:
f(x) = cos (log x)
Let f(x) = y = cos (log x)
y = y = cos [x + x
And u = log x
u + u = log [x + x]
By definition
f(x) =
As
Page 56
f(x) =
= sin u
= sin u log
= sin u log
= sin u log e1/x
= sin (log x). logee
f(x) =
Page 57
Example 5:
Find differential coefficient of y with respect to x.
(i)
y=
(ii)
(iii)
y = tan
Solution:
(i)
y=
Let log cos x =
y = (differentiating w.r.t. )
Let cos x = t
Page 58
= (sin x)=
= tan x
Method 2: y = (log cos x)1
Page 59
Note: We have applied chain rule.
(i)
y=
Taking loge on both side
log y = log 8x log x8
log y = x log 8 log x
Differentiating w.r.t. x
(iii)
y = tan1
Subtracting x = tan
Page 60
y = tan1 (
= tan1 (sec tan)
= tan1
= tan1
= tan1
y=
tan1 x; by putting the value of
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Example 6:
Find the nth derivative of 1/x
Page 61
Solution:
Let y = 1/x
Then
Thus processing one gets the result as,
Remember: (Such a method is called Successive Differentiation)
Example 7:
Find the nth derivative of 1/x
Page 62
Solution:
(i)
y = log7 (log7 x)
log7 x =
Caution: Since all results in differentiation are to the base e
log7
; (loge 7 is treated as constant w.r.t. x)
(ii)
y=x
y = xy; since powers go upto infinity.
log y = y log x
Page 63
(iii)
y = cos1
= cos1
where
= cos1 [
= cos1 [cos (x )]
Page 64
and
Result:
[you know that cos (cos x)= x
y=x
is a constant w.r.t x
dy/dx = 1 0 =1
Note:
This example shows the significance of simplification in solving problems.

If your approached had been to differentiate directly you would have
never been able to get the result so quickly. Remember your approach
should always be towards getting quick and correct results.
Example 8:
y = x log
, then show that
Solution:
Method 1:
Page 65
.. (i)
from equation (i)
(Hence Proved)
Note:
It is important to note the simplification of the form of dy/dx without

which proof would have not been that easy.
Method 2:
Page 66
xy y =
Differentiating w.r.t. x again, we get
xy + y y =
xy =
(using (i))
x3y =
Method 3: loge
Page 67
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
.. (ii)
taking loge on both sides, we get
loge a=
loge (yxy)
(iii)
differentiating with respect to x, we get
0=
(Hence Proved)
Example 9:
Page 68
y=
then show that
+4)
Solution:
= n tan
= n tan (secn + cosn )
= tan (sec + cos )
Page 69
dy/dx =
(Hence Proved)
Example 10:
Find the derivative with respect to x of the following functions
(i)
y=(
(ii)
y = tan
(iii)
The derivative of tan1
at
then find
with respect to tan1
Page 70
Solution:
(i)
y=
Now at x =
, we get
=8
(ii)
y=
Page 71
y=
y = tan1 (1)+ tan1 (3)
(iii)
y=
Subtracting x = tan
y=
Page 72
Let u = tan1
Subtracting x = sin
u=
u=2
; which is to be eventually evaluated.
Page 73
Example 11:
(i)
y = (ax + by)(x2+c) show that

(2 xy + y)y = 2y (xy + y)
(ii)
f(x)
where p is a constant. Then find
(iii)
if
f(x) at x= 0
where p(x) is a polynomial of degree 3,
Then find the value of
in terms of p(x)?
Solution:
(i)
Page 74
or
y=
) = ax + b
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
Differentiating again, we get
Eliminating
using Equation (i) we get
Page 75
(i)
(ii)
f(x)
Result:
If you are f(x) in determinant form such as
f(x)
Then
f(x)
Page 76
Where ui, vi, wi (i =1, 2, 3) are differentiable functions of x.
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
f(0)
(f(x))at x=0 = 0
(iii)
= p(x)
Page 77
2yy = p (x)2y =
2y =
2y3y = y2p (x) yy p(x)
= y2 p (x) (p (x))2 ; (solve intermediate steps after this yourself)
Example 12:
If x = tan (y/2) log
then prove
Solution:
Page 78
sin y(l + sin y + cos y)
Example 13:
If y =
Prove that
Page 79
Solution:
Given y=
y=
y=
y=
taking log on both side
log y = 3 log x log (xa) log (xb)-log (xc)
Page 80
Page 81

Differentiation Maths

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General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

BRINGiiT on Study Pack

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

Let us understand the geometrical meaning of differentiation:

Let point Q approach point P, which the curve = y= f(x) i.e.

(Right hand derivative)

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

(Left hand derivative)

Note: For a function to be differentiable at x=a, we should have f(a )=f(a+)

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

Few more illustrations are given below:

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

Refer to the following graphs:

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

does not imply

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

Differentiation as a slope of curve

As x approaches 0 (mathematically denoted as x 0) the difference between x2

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

Now if y is a function of x then

of y is called derivative of y with respect

to x or differentiation of y with respect to x is also denoted by f (x), that is

represents the ratio of infinitesimally small change in y to that of

corresponding change in x. in other words

is called the rate of change of y with

respect to x or differential coefficient of a function with respect to x.

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

The fundamental method to find derivatives of a function y=f(x) with respect to x

Consider a function y= f(x)

Now if x is incremented by a value x then the value of y also changes (say) by y.

Thus the change in value of y, is

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

Find the derivatives of the function y=x2 from first principle.

It is given that y=x2

If x is incremented by x then y changes by y

The changes in y that is, y can be calculated as

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

Important Differential Formulae

Differentiation of trigonometric functions

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

Differentiation of Inverse circular function

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

General Theorems on Differentiation

If y = f(u) and u = g(x), then

e.g. Let y = [f(x)]n. We put u = f(x). so that y = un.

Therefore, using chain rule, we get

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

Let x be increment in x and y be the corresponding increment in y

x+x= sec (y+y)

(Equation (ii)Equation (i)) gives

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

Algebraic Operations on Differentiation

By first principle method

[Product Rule of Differentiation]

Let h(x)=f(x) g(x) h (x) =

General Physics AISM-09/M/DIFF

This method can be generalized for product of a differentiable functions as

(f1, f2, f3, .. fn)= f1 f2 f3 .. fn + f1 f2 f3 fn+f1 f2 f3 .. fn+

(There are n terms on the Right Hand Sides)

y = x4 + 4x3 + 5x 6 then find