Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Just one example of the dramatic changes that have occurred in the profession of
pharmacy over the course of history has to do with the minimal educational
requirements for the pharmacists. These requirements vary from country to
country, but in the United States, up to the start of the __20th__ century ,
apprentice training was the only requirement. Apprentice training meant
working for a period of _1 or more__ years under the supervision of an
experienced pharmacist (today we use the term preceptor) __ for __minimal or
no__ pay.
The educational requirements for American pharmacists were gradually, but
continuously expanded throughout the 20th century, so that by the start of the
_21st__ century, the minimal requirement had become: minimum 6 years leading
to PharmD degree
o Two additional requirements are being discussed by U.S. pharmacy
schools as potential and emerging trends for the future?
1. Before you can get into PharmD degree, have to have Bachelor of
Science (BS) degree (4 year degree, similar prereq to get into med
school)
2. Minimum of 1 year of residency (post-pharmD) for any clinically
oriented career in pharmacy
Mail order became commonly available in the 1970s, a major change in the
profession. The effect this had on pharmacy is it posing additional competition to
retail pharmacy in general.
When did humans first get the idea to use medications to treat diseases?:
Humans have used drugs/medicines as far back as we can note, in prehistoric
times. Its an innate (inborn) characteristic of humans, to use substances to treat
various illnesses and disease and conditions.
ICE MAN: case of spontaneous mummification in central Europe in 1991, dating
to 3000 B.C., based on a tree fungus using tree fungus as an antibiotic to
treat infection
o Spontaneous vs. Anthropogenic mummification (indefinite preservation of a
corpse):
Anthropogenic: the intentional act of preserving a body
1
DISEASES OF TODAY: not documented in ancient times but are major causes of
morbidity/mortality today
HYPERTENSION (HTN): high blood pressure; dont have proof it existed in ancient
times but we believe it did; we are certain its much more prevalent today because
its an age-related disease, but we have drugs to treat hypertension today
PARKINSONS DISEASE: neurodegenerative disease, first described in 1817, age
related
ALZHEIMERS DISEASE: neurodegenerative disease, age related
INFECTIOUS DISEASES (IDs): prevalence in ancient/prehistoric times vs. modern
times
o In early times, there was lower population density so you were less likely to
get the flu from somebody close to you who sneezed or something
o They didnt know anything about the germ theory of disease and lacked
modern sanitation in early times
THEORITICAL BASIS FOR DISEASE CAUSATION (ETIOLOGY) OR TREATMENT IN
THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATONS OF THE MIDDLE EAST
ACUPUNCTURE: The selected insertion, with rotation, of very thin needles into selected
pressure points on the body
Ayurvedic Medicine & Pharmacy, together with Traditional Chinese Medicine &
Pharmacy, represent the eastern system of Medicine & Pharmacy, which is
contrasted with the western system of Medicine and Pharmacy, also referred to as
the allopathic system.
Eastern medical and pharmaceutical practices have been incorporated to some
degree into Western Medicine in the form of CAM, the acronym for
complementary and alternative medicine
India as an ancient civilization:
o Date of origin 3000 BC, one of the ancient civilizations
o Extended Regional Influence Pakistan, Napal, Sri Lanka
o Religions that originated in the Indian Civilization as related to the origin of
the practice of Ayurvedic Medicine :
Hinduism The origins or Ayurvedic Medicine are in the ancient
Hindu writing in the Sanskrit, one of the traditional languages of India,
and still the dominant religion of modern India.
Buddhism a religious tradition that originated in India, but became
more widely adopted in China.
9
Did not have general anesthetics, would have to hold the patient down
because of the pain
Also had a system of preventing infection: applied materials to prevent
excessive blood flow, stopping the buildup of infection
Ex: Otoplasty (repairing ear) and Rhinoplasty (nose job)
Definition:
Metals used: heavy metal salts like Pb, Hg, As either as sulfides or oxides; felt that
it made the medications more powerful; US has concerns about the toxicity
Prevalence of metals in Ayurvedic products sold in the United States:
Arguments pro and (mostly) con regarding the toxicity potential of Ayurvedic
products used in the U.S.
o FDA caught Ranbaxy people faking the quality control data that they submit
to the FDA
o Reluctance to get involved in India,but on the other hand, the large
population (that could soon overtake China) just cant ignore that kind of
market but will be cautious of patent issues and quality control
Concerns over Indias failure to recognize international patents of
pharmaceutical companies:
o In India, less restricted patent laws, easier to take brand name product and
make it a generic
Concerns about widespread counterfeiting of pharmaceuticals: India and
China
GINGER (Zingiber officinalis) A typical spice in India. Used in CAM (in U.S.) to
promote GI health; to treat N&V, and to prevent motion sickness. Possibly other
uses; e.g., arthritis.
INDIAN HEMP Cannabis Sativa or Marijuana [several varieties of the
marijuana plant are indigenous to India.]
o Hemp is a botanical cousin of marijuana, both the same species of
cannabis plant. However, hemp has a much lower content of THC
(tetrahydrocannabinol) the pharmacologically active compound in
marijuana. Hemp has important industrial applications in cosmetic
production. Its production in the U.S. is currently restricted, but the
restrictions are being challenged.
o Cannabis (marijuana): traditionally used in India, goes back to ancient times,
for making rope and clothing and carpets, cosmetics, etc; Hemp has low
conc. of cannabis in the product
o Marijuana written in ancient Ayurvedic and Chinese writings
o HASHISH: A resin expressed (extracted) from the marijuana plant. The resin
is then dried and used as a more potent form of marijuana with greater
psychoactive properties.
INDIAN SNAKEROOT or Rauwolfia Serpentina (active ingredient: Reserpine)
the root, which contains the pharmacologically active ingredient reserpine,
resembles a serpent.
o Its use in Ancient Ayurvedic Medicine extensively used from ancient
times to promote cardiovascular health.
o Its introduction into the U.S. pharmaceutical market in the 1950s
first as standardized root; then as the pharmacologically active ingredient,
Reserpine, marketed in the U.S. as Serpasil; first effective drug for
hypertension in capsule form, effective in controlling blood pressure
o Its historic place in the annals of cardiovascular
pharmacotherapeutics
12
o Its action in the depletion of catecholamines (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) causes reduction in vascular resistance, relaxes the blood
vessels, reduces resistance, reduces blood pressure
o Current role in pharmacotherapy not widely used today because (used
somewhat) weve come out with many more effective modern drugs to treat
hypertension
In treating hypertension, run into resistant hypertension (hard to
control the blood pressure even with a drug, so have to add another
drug, and sometimes a third); sometimes reserpine is added in as one
of the drugs to treat this resistant hypertension
13