ASSIGNMENT IN PSYCHOLOGICAL

ASSESSMENT
TF 8:30 am 11:30 am

AGUILAR, Erica S.
ALEJANDRO, Clark Vincent C.
SANCHEZ, Ningcy Rey M.

Dr. Thelma Santos

TF 8:30 am 11:30 am

Jung's Theory of Psychological Types and the MBTI Instrument

This excerpt is taken from Chapter 1 of the 1985 MBTI Manual: A Guide to
the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. It was based
on the first version of the Manual by Isabel Myers and written by Mary H.
McCaulley, Ph.D. and founding President of CAPT. The Manual was
published by CPP, Inc. The 3rd Edition of the Manual was published by CPP,
Inc. in 1998.
"The purpose of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is to make the theory of
psychological types described by C. G. Jung (1921/1971) understandable
and useful in people's lives. The essence of the theory is that much
seemingly random variation in behavior is actually quite orderly and
consistent, being due to basic differences in the way individuals prefer to use
their perception and judgment."
Perception involves all the ways of becoming aware of things, people,
happenings, or ideas. Judgment involves all the ways of coming to
conclusions about what has been perceived. If people differ systematically
in what they perceive and in how they reach conclusions, then it is only
reasonable for them to differ correspondingly in their interests, reactions,
values, motivations, and skills.
The MBTI instrument is based on Jung's ideas about perception and
judgment, and the attitudes in which these are used in different types of
people. The aim of the MBTI instrument is to identify, from self-report of
easily recognized reactions, the basic preferences of people in regard to
perception and judgment, so that the effects of each preference, singly and
in combination, can be established by research and put into practical use.
The MBTI instrument differs from many other personality instruments in
these ways:
It is designed to implement a theory; therefore the theory must be understood
to understand the MBTI instrument.
The theory postulates dichotomies; therefore some of the psychometric
properties are unusual.

Based on the theory, there are specific dynamic relationships between the
scales, which lead to the descriptions and characteristics of sixteen "types."
The MBTI instrument contains four separate indices. Each index reflects one
of four basic preferences which, under Jung's theory, direct the use of
perception and judgment. The preferences affect not only what people attend
to in any given situation, but also how they draw conclusions about what they
perceive.
ExtraversionIntroversion (EI)
The EI index is designed to reflect whether a person is an extravert or an
introvert in the sense intended by Jung. Jung regarded extraversion and
introversion as "mutually complementary" attitudes whose differences
"generate the tension that both the individual and society need for the
maintenance of life." Extraverts are oriented primarily toward the outer world;
thus they tend to focus their perception and judgment on people and objects.
Introverts are oriented primarily toward the inner world; thus they tend to
focus their perception and judgment upon concepts and ideas.
SensingIntuition (SN)
The SN index is designed to reflect a person's preference between two
opposite ways of perceiving; one may rely primarily upon the process of
sensing (S), which reports observable facts or happenings through one or
more of the five senses; or one may rely upon the less obvious process of
intuition (N), which reports meanings, relationships and/or possibilities that
have been worked out beyond the reach of the conscious mind.
ThinkingFeeling (TF)
The TF index is designed to reflect a person's preference between two
contrasting ways of judgment. A person may rely primarily through thinking
(T) to decide impersonally on the basis of logical consequences, or a person
may rely primarily on feelings (F) to decide primarily on the basis of personal
or social values.
JudgmentPerception (JP)

The JP index is designed to describe the process a person uses primarily

in dealing with the outer world, that is, with the extraverted part of life. A
person who prefers judgment (J) has reported a preference for using a
judgment process (either thinking or feeling) for dealing with the outer world.
A person who prefers perception (P) has reported a preference for using a
perceptive process (either S or N) for dealing with the outer world.
The Four Preferences of the MBTI instrument (Scales)
Index Preferences
Between EI
E Extraversion or
I Introversion
Affects Choices as to
Whether to direct perception judgment mainly on the outer world (E) or
mainly on the inner world of ideas.
Between SN
S Sensing perception or
N Intuitive perception
Affects Choices as to
Which kind of perception is preferred when one needs or wishes to perceive
Between TF
T Thinking judgment or
F Feeling judgment
Affects Choices as to
Which kind of judgment to trust when one needs or wishes to make a
decision

Between JP
J Judgment or
P Perception
Affects Choices as to
Whether to deal with the outer world in judging (J) attitude (using T or F) or
in the perceptive (P) attitude (using S or N)
The Sixteen Types
According to theory, by definition, one pole of each of the four preferences
is preferred over the other pole for each of the sixteen MBTI types. The
preferences on each index are independent of preferences for the other three
indices, so that the four indices yield sixteen possible combinations called
"types," denoted by the four letters of the preferences (e.g., ESTJ, INFP).
The theory postulates specific dynamic relationships between the
preferences. For each type, one process is the leading or dominant process
and a second process serves as an auxiliary. Each type has its own pattern
of dominant and auxiliary processes and the attitudes (E or I) in which these
are habitually used. The characteristics of each type follow from the dynamic
interplay of these processes and attitudes.
Processes and attitudes
Attitudes refer to extraversion (E) or introversion (I).
Processes of perception are sensing (S) and intuition (N).
Processes of judgment are thinking (T) and feeling (F).
The style of dealing with the outside world is shown by judgment (J) or
perception (P).
In terms of the theory, people may reasonably be expected to develop
greater skill with the processes they prefer to use and with the attitudes in
which they prefer to use these processes. For example, if they prefer the

extraverted attitude (E), they are likely to be more mature and effective in
dealing with the world around them than with the inner world of concepts and
ideas. If they prefer the perceptive process of sensing (S), they are likely to
be more effective in perceiving facts and realities than theories and
possibilities, which are in the sphere of intuition. If they prefer the judgment
process of thinking (T), they are likely to have better developed thinking
judgments than feeling judgments. And if they prefer to use judgment (J)
rather than perception (P) in their attitude to the world around them, they are
likely to be better organizing the events of their lives than they are to
experiencing and adapting to them. On the other hand, if a person prefers
introversion, intuition, feeling, and the perceptive attitude (INFP), then the
converse of the description above is likely to be true.
Identifying the MBTI Preferences
The main objective of the MBTI instrument is to identify four basic
preferences. The indices EI, SN, TF, and JP are designed to point in
one direction or the other. They are not designed as scales for measurement
of traits or behaviors. The intent is to reflect a habitual choice between rival
alternatives, analogous to right handedness or left-handedness. One
expects to use both the right and left hands, even though one reaches first
with the hand one prefers. Similarly, every person is assumed to use both
poles of each of the four preferences, but to respond first or most often with
the preferred functions or attitudes.
Henry Murrays Theory of Needs
Murray believed that human action is motivated largely by needs. Those
needs are mostly unconscious, and they influence and drive human
behavior. He defined need as a "potentiality or readiness to respond in a
certain way under certain given circumstances. It is a noun which stands
for the fact that a certain trend is apt to recur" (Murray 1938 p. 124).
Murray assumed that the human natural state is a state of disequilibrium,
and that is why people have needsto satisfy the lack of something. He
divided needs into:
Primary needs (biological needs)need for food, water, air, avoidance of
pain.

Secondary needs (psychological needs, or as Murray called themthe

"psychogenic" needs).
Murray listed 27 psychogenic needs (Scales):
Abasement: To surrender and accept punishment
Achievement: To overcome obstacles and succeed
Acquisition: To obtain possessions
Affiliation: To make associations and friendships
Aggression: To injure others
Autonomy: To resist others and stand strong
Blame avoidance: To avoid blame and obey the rules
Construction: To build or create
Contrariance: To be unique
Counteraction: To defend honor
Defendance: To justify actions
Deference: To follow a superior, to serve
Dominance: To control and lead others
Exhibition: To attract attention
Exposition: To provide information, educate
Harm avoidance: To avoid pain
Infavoidance: To avoid failure, shame, or to conceal a weakness
Nurturance: To protect the helpless
Order: To arrange, organize, and be precise
Play: To relieve tension, have fun, or relax
Recognition: To gain approval and social status
Rejection: To exclude another
Sentience: To enjoy sensuous impressions
Sex: To form and enjoy an erotic relationship
Similance: To empathize
Succorance: To seek protection or sympathy
Understanding: To analyze and experience, to seek knowledge
Murray also developed the concepts of:
latent needsneeds not openly displayed
manifest needsneeds observed in people's actions

 "press"external influences on motivation

"thema""a pattern of press and need that coalesces around
particular interactions."
Murray's 27 needs and the forces that "press" them have been supported by
research. Three of them have been the focus of significant study: the need
for Power, Affiliation, and Achievement.
Thematic Apperception Test
Murray developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), together with his
colleague Christiana Morgan, in the mid-1930s. In 1938, he published
Explorations in Personality, which included a description of the test.
Murray used the term "apperception" to refer to the process of projecting
fantasy imagery onto an objective stimulus. The concept of apperception and
the assumption that everyone's thinking is shaped by subjective, often
unconscious processes provides the rationale behind the Thematic
Apperception Test.
The test consists of a series of provocative yet ambiguous pictures about
which the subject must tell a story. The client identifies with the protagonist
(main character) in the picture and tells a story about them. The test is based
on an assumption that the client actually expresses his own concerns, fears,
desires, and conflicts as reflected in what is going on with the storys main
character. The stories are later carefully analyzed to uncover the clients
underlying needs, attitudes, and patterns of reaction.
Situation test
Murray was the originator of the term "situation test." This type of
assessment, based on practical tasks/activities was pioneered by the British
military. Murray acted as a consultant for the British government (from 1938)
in the setting up of the Officer Selection Board. Murray's previous work at the
Harvard Psychological Clinic enabled him to apply his theories in the design
of the selection processes used by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS),
the World War II forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency, to assess
potential secret agents. The assessments were based on analysis of specific
criteria (such as "leadership") by a number of raters across a range of
activities. Results were pooled to achieve an overall assessment. The

underlying principles were later adopted by AT&T in the development of

Assessment Center methodology, now widely used to assess management
potential in both private and public sector organizations.
Theodore Millons Evolution-Based Personality Theory
Millon has written numerous popular works on personality, developed
diagnostic questionnaire tools such as the Millon Clinical Multiaxial
Inventory, and contributed to the development of earlier versions of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Among other diagnoses, Millon advocated for an expanded version of
passive aggressive personality disorder, which he termed 'negativistic'
personality disorder and argued could be diagnosed by criteria such as
"expresses envy and resentment toward those apparently more fortunate"
and "claims to be luckless, ill-starred, and jinxed in life; personal content is
more a matter of whining and grumbling than of feeling forlorn and
despairing" (APA, 1991, R17). Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder was
expanded somewhat as an official diagnosis in the DSM-III-R but then
relegated to the appendix of DSM-IV, tentatively renamed 'PassiveAggressive (Negativistic) Personality Disorder'.
Millon's personality disorder subtypes
Millon devised a set of widely acknowledged subtypes for each of the DSM
personality disorders:
Sadistic (psychopathic) personality disorder subtypes
Self-defeating (masochistic) personality disorder subtypes
Schizotypal personality disorder subtypes
Schizoid personality disorder subtypes
Paranoid personality disorder subtypes
Antisocial (sociopathic) personality disorder subtypes
Borderline personality disorder subtypes
Histrionic personality disorder subtypes
Narcissistic personality disorder subtypes
Dependent personality disorder subtypes

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder subtypes

Avoidant personality disorder subtypes
Passive-aggressive (negativistic) personality disorder subtypes
Depressive personality disorder subtypes
Exuberant/Hypomanic (turbulent) personality disorder subtypes
Decompensated Personality Disorder
Scales
The MACI test consists of a total of 31 scales: Twelve Personality Patterns
scales (Axis II), eight Expressed Concerns Scales, seven Clinical Syndrome
Scales, three Modifying Indices (which assess particular response styles),
and a Validity scale. The table below lists the inventory's scales. The twelve
personality patterns parallel those of the DSM-III, III-R, and IV. The
Expressed Concerns scales focus on feelings and attitudes about issues that
tend to concern most troubled adolescents. The Clinical Syndromes scales
assess disorders frequently seen in adolescent populations. As noted, in
2006, a series of Facet Subscales oriented to the personologic/clinical
domains have been added to the basic personality scales.
MACI PERSONALITY SCALE (DSM EQUIVALENT)
1
Introversive (Schizoid)
2A
Inhibited (Avoidant)
2B
Doleful (Depressive)
3
Submissive (Dependent)
4
Dramatizing (Histrionic)
5
Egotistic (Narcissistic)
6A
Unruly (Antisocial)
6B
Forceful (Sadistic)
7
Conforming (Compulsive)
8A
Oppositional (Negativistic or Passive-Aggressive)
8B
Self-Demeaning (Masochistic or Self-Defeating)
9
Borderline Tendency (Borderline)
EXPRESSED CONCERNS
Identity Confusion
Self-Devaluation

Body Disapproval
Sexual Discomfort
Peer Insecurity
Social Insensitivity
Family Discord
Childhood Abuse
CLINICAL SYNDROMES
Eating Dysfunctions
Substance-Abuse Proneness
Delinquent Predisposition
Impulsive Propensity
Anxious Feelings
Depressive Affect
Suicidal Tendency
MODIFYING INDICES
Disclosure
Desirability
Debasement
Reliability
Computer programs are available for rapid and convenient machine scoring
in all major computing environments. (Click here for a sample report).
Interpretive reports are available at two levels of detail. The PROFILE
REPORT presents the adolescent's scores and profile, and is useful as a
screening device to identify patients that may require more intensive
evaluation or professional attention.The NARRATIVE REPORT integrates
both personological and symptomatic features of the patient, and are
arranged in a style similar to those prepared by clinical psychologists.
Results are based on actuarial research, Millon's theoretical schema, and
relevant DSM diagnoses within a multiaxial framework. Therapeutic
implications are included.

McRae and Costas Five Factor Theory of Personality

The Five Factor Theory was first introduced by McCrae and Costa (1984)
and is based on the assumption that personality is relatively stable in
adulthood. Generally, the traits that we show at the age of 30 would remain
essentially unchanged into old age. (McCrae & Costa, Personality in
Adulthood) Therefore, assessing personality based on the core traits what
will not change through adult life seemed like a reliable method. There have
been a lot of multi-cultural, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
throughout the past two decades. All of this research has confirmed the
reliability and validity in the NEO Personality Inventory, or NEO-PI (Costa &
McCrae, 1985, 1989) and has postulated there are indeed universal
personality traits that characterize people all over the world.
Based on this extensive research and years of observing and interviewing
people, McCrae and Costa identified the five core traits what describe a
personality:
Neuroticism,Extraversion,
Openness
(to
experience), Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. These are the basic
dispositions that endure through adulthood and shape our behavior and
lives.
Scales
Neuroticism
Calm Worrying
Even-tempered Temperamental
Self-satisfied Self-pitying
Comfortable Self-conscious
Unemotional Emotional
Hardy Vulnerable
Extraversion
Reserved Affectionate
Loner Joiner
Quiet Talkative
Passive Active

Sober Fun-loving
Unfeeling Passionate
Openness to Experience
Down-to-earth Imaginative
Uncreative Creative
Conventional Original
Prefer routine Prefer variety
Uncurious Curious
Conservative Liberal
Agreeableness
Ruthless Softhearted
Suspicious Trusting
Stingy Generous
Antagonistic Acquiescent
Critical Lenient
Irritable Good-natured
Conscientiousness
Negligent Conscientious
Lazy Hardworking
Disorganized Well-organized
Late Punctual
Aimless Ambitious
Quitting Persevering

References:
http://www.capt.org/mbti-assessment/mbti-overview.htm
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Henry_Murray
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Millon
http://www.millon.net/instruments/MACI.htm
http://mindforums.com/the-five-factor-theory-of-personality