Anatomy and Physiology

Nervous system
Sensory receptor (sensory input)
Integration (Brain and spinal cord)
Motor output effector
-

Receptor cellsspecialized cell at the end of dendrites

Effector organsmuscles and glands
Intracellular Na= <10
Na exchange with K+ (=intravascular=3.5-5)
Na+ + K pump push the Na+ out; K+ inside the cell
Acetylcholine
Binds to next neyron
Allow Na+ to come in
Depolarization
Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine (major transmitter of the PNS)
- Usually excitatory; parasympathetic effe
Dopamine (Basal Ganglia)
- Restrains, affects behaviors (attention, emotions) and fine movements
- Accessory movement
- Facial expression
Norepinephrine (major transmitter of SNS)
- Excitatory; affects mood and overall activity
Enkephalin, endorphin (Nerve terminals in spine, brain stem, thalamus,
hypothalamus, pituitary gland)
- Excitatory, pleasurable sensation, inhibits pain transmission
- High adrenalin
- Opioid effect
Types of nerves
AstrocytesBlood Brain Barrier
- Endothelial cells are too small
Microglial fights infection if it affects the brain tissue
Parts of the brain

Temproalear
Frontalanalytical thinking, intellect, pre-motor and motor
- Brocas area- expressive aphasia
Parietal
- Wernickes- receptive aphasia
- Global aphasiaall
Cerebrum
Brainstem
- pons
Cerebellum
- coordination
- maintenance of posture and equilibrium
- turning to sides when sleeping
forebrain
- cerebrum
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
1. thalamusstimuli sensory
gate control theory
2. hypothalamus
a. regulates visceral activities by integrating ANS SNSposterior and
internal PNSanterior and medial
ex. Control of body tempanterior heat loss
control of GIT motility and see control of BP
b. behavior and emotional response
c. water balance
sec. ADHstored post pituitary
thirst centerstimulated by osmolality of bld.
d. Secretion of oxytocin
Midbrain
1. Conncects hindbrain and forebrain
2. Reflex center
Righting reflexconcerned and keeping head up
Postural reflexconcerned and position of head in relation to the trunk

Audiovisual reflexescauses head to turn to sound (corpora quadrigemina)

dorsal
3. Origin of CN III and IV (ventralcer. peduncies)
Hindbrain
A. Pons
B. Medulla
1. Vital Centerscardiac, vasomotor, respiratory
2. Reflex activitiessneezing, coughing, vomiting, winking swallowing
3. Cranial nerves arising from medulle9 10 11 12
4. Decussation or crossing center
Brain Stemmedulla, pons and midbrain
Reticular Formationnerve fibers that speread through the upper portion of spinal
cord, brain stem and diencephalons. Coordinates muscle activity and to arouse the
cerebral cortex via the wake center in the hypothalamusinitiates and maintain
alter wakefulness called RAS
Cerebellum
1. Coordination
2. Reflex centers for regulation of muscle tone, equilibrium, posture, orientation
in space
Adiadochokinesiainability to do alternate movements with R and left
Optic chiasmwhere the nerves of the optic nerves cross
- Operations to the pituitary could affect
Movement of the eye
- Rectus muscles (4) lateralmoves laterally
- Oblique (2)inferiorelevates
- TEST: follow fingers
Occulomotordilations, papillary reflex, accommodation reflex (changing the
curvature of the lens)
- Curve when near
- Flat when far
Trigeminal
- Trigeminal neuralgiachewing hard food
Extreme temp
Injection of alcohol
Facial
- Ptosis, movement of face, taste (2/3 of tongue is affected)
Glossopharyngial
- Posterior 1/3 of the tongue, swallowing, parasympa fnx
- Gag reflex
Vagus
- Longest (extends to rectum)
- Parasympathetic
Auto-regulation of blood flow

When cerebral oxygen tension falls below 50mm Hg, the cerebral arteries
dilate to increase blood flow and oxygen delivery BP
- Dec O2 Inc CO2 Dec pH cerebral vasodilation. With age and atherosclerosis
auto regulation les responsive
Blood Brain Barrier
- Tight junctions in the endothelial cells of the brain. Capillaries
macromoluces cannot cross. Astrocytes
Brain
- 15% of cardiac output
- 20% of O2 consumption
- 25% of glucose consumption
- No storage capacity
Oxygen
- Lack of O2 for 10secconfusion
- 4-6 min.COMA
- Brain death irreversible damage
Glucosealmost exclusively the source of energy
- <70mg/100mL= confusion
- <20mg/100mL= COMA
Flow of CSF
Lateral ventricleforacle of Monroeaqueduct
Sinuses
CSF
- Similar to ECF (blood plasma)
- Clear, colorless
- Specific grvity 1.0007
- Minimal WBC no RBC
Intracranial contents
Brain tissue 88%
Intravascular blood 2-11%
CSF 9-10%
Normal ICP 110- 140 mm H2O
- 0-15cm H2O
Lahat ng nerve- mixed nervesensory, motor
1st levelsensory impulses- remove from hot object\
2nd level
3rd levellearned or conditioned reflexes; cerebral reflexbladder and bowel control

Spinal Nerve Plexus

Plexuses
Origin
Cervical
C1-4

Areas supplied
a. Anterior
branch

anterior neck
b. Posterior
branch
posterior neck
c. Phrenic
branchdiaphragm
Brachial