The term American dream is used in many ways, but it essentially is an idea that suggests that anyone

in the US can succeed through hard work and has the potential to lead a happy, successful life. Many
people have expanded upon or refined the definition to include things such as freedom, fulfillment and
meaningful relationships. Someone who manages to achieve his or her version of the American dream is
often said to be living the dream. This concept has been subject to criticism, because some people
believe that the structure of society in the US prevents such an idealistic goal for everyone. Critics often
point to examples of inequality rooted in class, race, religion and ethnicity that suggest that the American
dream is not attainable for everyone.

HistoryThe idea of an American dream is older than the US, dating to the 1600s, when people began to
have all sorts of hopes and aspirations for what was a new and largely unexplored continent to European
immigrants. Many of these dreams focused on owning land and establishing a prosperous business that
theoretically, at least would increase one's happiness. During the Great Depression of the 1930s,
authors often wrote about the idealistic American dream, somewhat codifying the concept and
entrenching it in American society.

Stereotypical Dream

The dream for Americans is often portrayed as being perfectly average. For example, some people might
say that it is being married, having two children and living in a three-bedroom home with a white
picket fence. Rather than being based on great wealth or success, this version of the dream might be
based more on avoiding things such as poverty and loneliness.

Improving Upon the Past

Some people say that the American dream represents the desire to live a better life than the previous
generation did and that there is a legitimate opportunity for this to happen. The desire among many
parents is for their children to lead happy lives. This is especially true among immigrants, because many
of them fled extremely difficult circumstances in their native countries.

Criticisms

The idealistic vision of the American dream often disregards discrimination based on a person's race,
religion, gender and national origin, which might inhibit his or her ability to achieve specific goals. Critics
also point out that many versions of the dream equate prosperity with happiness, and that happiness is
possible without wealth or even in poverty. To some people, the American dream might be more about
personal fulfillment than about economic success or owning property.

George Pomutz (in Romanian: Gheorghe Pomu, in Hungarian: Pomucz Gyrgy or Pomutz Gyrgy;
May 31, 1818 October 12, 1882) was a Romanian officer during the Hungarian Revolution of
1848 against the Habsburgs, a general in theUnion Army in the American Civil War, and a diplomat.
George Pomutz was born in the Kingdom of Hungary crownland of the Austrian Empire, in the town
of Gyula (Romanian:Giula), Bks county, to ethnic Romanian parents originally from Scele,
near Braov in Transylvania. He received his primary and secondary education in Hungary, followed by
the Military Academy in Vienna. He specialized in France and became aroyal prosecutor. In 1849 he
emigrated to the United States, arriving in in New York on February 24, 1850, alongside 20
acquaintances. The group of immigrants settled around the town of Keokuk, Iowa, founding a settlement
named "New Buda" located south of the town of Burlington. George Pomutz became a U.S. citizen on
March 15, 1855. He purchased land and a mining concession, the 1860 U.S. Census finding him living
in Decatur, Iowa.
At the beginning of the Civil War, Pomutz enrolled in the Union Army as a first lieutenant in the 15th Iowa
Infantry.[5] He was wounded at the Battle of Shiloh. In May 1864 Pomutz was appointed Provost Marshal
of the 17th Iowa Infantry. In August 1864, he returned to the 15th Iowa Infantry, which he commanded in
the Battle of Atlanta. He was appointed a brevet brigadier general on March 13, 1865.[6]
After the end of the Civil War, Pomutz returned to Keokuk. On February 16, 1866, he was appointed
Consul of the United States in Saint Petersburg, Imperial Russia, serving in that capacity until September
30, 1870. During that period, he was involved in the negotiations for the Alaska Purchase. Later he
became the American consul general in Saint Petersburg, serving from June 17, 1874, until his death
there, in 1882. He was buried in Smolensky Cemetery, Saint Petersburg, Russia but his grave seems to
have disappeared, possibly after the re-purposing of cemetery lands by the Bolsheviks, after the
1917 Russian Revolution.[7]
The Liberty ship SS George Pomutz was named after him. Launched August 3, 1944, the ship served till
1970.
On August 14, 2004, a statue of Pomutz was unveiled at the Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral
in Cleveland, Ohio.
A street in Timioara, Romania bears its name.
Jean Negulesco (born Jean Negulescu; 26 February 1900 18 July 1993) was a RomanianAmerican film director andscreenwriter.
Biography[edit]
Born in Craiova, he attended Carol I High School. In 1915 he moved to Vienna, and then went
to Bucharest in 1919, where he worked as a painter before becoming a stage decorator in Paris. In 1927
he went to New York City for an exhibition of his paintings and settled there.

In 1934 he entered the film industry, first as a sketch artist, then as an assistant producer, second
unit director. In the late 1930s he became a director and screenwriter. He made his reputation at Warner
Brothers by directing short subjects, particularly a series of band shorts featuring unusual camera angles
and dramatic use of shadows and silhouettes.
Negulesco's first feature film as director was Singapore Woman (1941). In 1948 he was nominated for
an Academy Award for Directing for Johnny Belinda. In 1955 he won the BAFTA Award for Best
Film for How to Marry a Millionaire. His 1959 movie, The Best of Everything, was on Entertainment
Weekly's Top 50 Cult Films of All-Time list.
From the late 1960s he lived in Marbella, Spain, where he died, at age 93, of heart failure.
During his Hollywood career and in his 1984 autobiography, Negulesco claimed to have been born on 29
February 1900; he was apparently motivated to make this statement because birthdays on Leap Year Day
are comparatively rare. In fact, 1900 was not aleap year, so there was no 29 February in 1900.
Negulesco's autobiography (in which this claim appears) is appropriately titledThings I Did and Things I
Think I Did.
He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6200 Hollywood Blvd.

George Emil Palade (Romanian: ded

[deorde emil palade]; November 19, 1912 October 8, 2008)

was a Romanian cell biologist. He was described as "the most influential cell biologist ever", [2] in 1974 he
was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, together with Albert Claude and Christian de
Duve. The prize was granted for his innovations in electron microscopy and cell fractionation which
together laid the foundations of modern molecular cell biology.,[2] the most notable discovery being
the ribosomesof the endoplasmic reticulum which he first described in 1955.[citation needed]
Palade also received the U.S. National Medal of Science in Biological Sciences for "pioneering
discoveries of a host of fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells" in 1986, and was
previously elected a Member of the US National Academy of Science in 1961.
George Emil Palade was born on November 19, 1912 in Iai, Romania; his father was a professor of
philosophy at the university and his mother was a high school teacher. George E. Palade received

his M.D. in 1940 from the Carol Davila School of Medicine in Bucharest. He was a member of the faculty
there until 1946, when he went to the United States [3]for postdoctoral studies. There, he joined Prof. Albert
Claude at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.[3]
In 1952, Palade became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He worked at the Rockefeller Institute
(19581973), and was a professor at Yale University Medical School (19731990), and University of
California, San Diego (19902008). At UCSD, Palade was Professor of Medicine in Residence (Emeritus)
in the Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, as well as a Dean for Scientific Affairs (Emeritus), in
the School of Medicine at La Jolla, California.[4]
In 1970, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Renato
Dulbecco winner of 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for discoveries concerning the functional
organization of the cell that were seminal events in the development of modern cell biology",[5] related to
his previous research carried out at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. [6] His Nobel lecture,
delivered on December 12, 1974, was entitled: "Intracellular Aspects of the Process of Protein Secretion",
[7]

published in 1992 by the Nobel Prize Foundation, [8] .[9] He was elected an Honorary Member of

the Romanian Academy in 1975. In 1988 he was also elected an Honorary Member of the AmericanRomanian Academy of Arts and Sciences (ARA).
Palade was the first Chairman of the Department of Cell Biology at Yale University. Presently, the Chair of
Cell Biology at Yale is named the "George Palade Professorship".
At the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Palade used electron microscopy to study the internal
organization of such cell structures as ribosomes, mitochondria,chloroplasts, the Golgi apparatus, and
others. His most important discovery was made while using an experimental strategy known as a pulsechase analysis. In the experiment Palade and his colleagues were able to confirm an existing hypothesis
that a secretory pathway exists and that the Rough ER and the Golgi apparatus function together.
He focused on Weibel-Palade bodies (a storage organelle unique to the endothelium, containing von
Willebrand factor and various proteins) which he described together with theSwiss anatomist Ewald R.
Weibel.[10]
Palade is survived by his wife Marilyn Farquhar, a cell biologist at the University of California, San Diego.[

Romanian Americans (Romanian: Romn American) are Americans who have Romanian ancestry. For
the 2000 US Census, 367,310 Americans indicated Romanian as their first ancestry,[2] while 518,653
persons declared to have Romanian ancestry.[1]Other sources provide higher estimates for the numbers
of Romanian Americans in the contemporary US; for example, theRomanian-American Network
Inc. supplies a rough estimate of 1.2 million which includes third generation descendants, Romanian
Canadians as well as the descendants of other ethnic minorities originating from Romania.[3] There is also
a significant number of persons of Romanian Jewish ancestry, estimated at about 250,000.[4]
The migration of Romanians to the US started in the second half of the 19th century. They came mostly
from the territories that were under AustroHungarian rule: Transylvania, Banat,Bucovina, Criana and Maramure. Some of them came with the
intention to work for some years and to return after raising money, while others decided to remain. Those
Romanians migrated mostly in the industrial centers in Pennsylvania and Delaware, and around the Great
Lakes (Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit etc.) as well. There were also some immigrants fromRomanian Old
Kingdom. For example, in 1905, 7,818 Romanians migrated to the US, including 7,261 from AustriaHungary, 423 from the Romanian Old Kingdom, and the rest came from other European countries. [5] The
migrants from the Romanian Old Kingdom were mostly Jews and they settled mostly in New York. One of
their prominent organizations was theUnited Rumanian Jews of America. 75,000 Romanian Jews
emigrated in the period 1881-1914, mostly to the United States. [6]
During the interwar period, the number of ethnic Romanians who migrated to the US decreased as a
consequence of the economic development in Romania, but the number of Jews who migrated to the US
increased, mostly after the rise of the fascist Iron Guard.
After the Second World War, the number of Romanians who migrated to the United States increased
again. This time, they settled mostly in California, Florida and New York and they came from throughout
Romania.
Over 53% of all foreign-born Romanian Americans came to the US after 1980. [7] Some sources supply
estimates of particular Romanian American community populations which are considerably higher than

the most recently-available U.S. census count. The estimated numbers depend on the reliability of the
estimation method used and how membership of the Romanian American community is defined.
In the 2000 United States census, 340,000 Americans of age 5 years and older (or 0.11% of the total US
population) were identified as speakers of Romanian, ranking it 21st among languages spoken in the US.
Distribution[edit]
Romanian Americans are distributed throughout the U.S., with concentrations found in the east and the
northeast of the country, such as in the states of Indiana, Michigan, Ohio,Illinois, New York, and Vermont,
while in the Southeast, communities are found in Georgia (Metro Atlanta), Florida (South Florida)
and Alabama (Montgomery). There are also significant communities of Romanian Americans in the far
west of the United States, particularly in California (Los Angeles and Sacramento)
and Arizona (Phoenix and Tucson).
Romanian American culture[edit]
Romanian culture has merged with American culture, characterized by Romanian-born Americans
adopting American culture or American-born people having strong Romanian heritage.
The Romanian culture can be seen in many different kinds, like Romanian music, newspapers, churches,
cultural organizations and groups, such as the Romanian-American Congress or the Round Table Society
NFP. Religion, predominantly within the Romanian Orthodox Church, is an important trace of the
Romanian presence in the United States, with churches in almost all bigger cities throughout the country.
American children of Romanian origin are often taught both Romanian and English.
One of the best known foods of Romanian origin is Pastrami.