Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
392
393
Stream
The Caspian region states Aserbaydzhan,
Turkmenistan and lately Iraq with the projects Nabucco and
AGRI [2].
The above presented disposition of the gas suppliers
was a basis of agreement to start the preparation and realization
of the two mega-projects for gas supply of West Europe, namely
South stream and Nabucco.
394
Figure 5. The general configuration scheme of the South stream pipeline project
Figure 6. The Black see branch of the South stream pipeline project
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396
397
WG 3
WG 4
SC 3
Welding consumables
SC 5
SC 6
SC 7
SC 8
SC 9
SC 10
SC 11
SC 12
Soldering materials
398
CEN/TC121/SCI/WG8
CEN/TC121/SC2
CEN/TC121/SC3
Welding consumables
CEN/TC121/SC4
CEN/TC121/SC4/WG1
CEN/TC121/SC5
Nondestructive examination
CEN/TC121/SC5/WG1
Radiography of welds
CEN/TC121/SC5/WG2
CEN/TC121/SC7
CEN/TC121/SC8
Brazing
CEN/TC121/SC9
CEN/TC121/SC9/WG3
Welding curtains
CEN/TC121/SC9/WG4
Testing and marking of equipment for air filtration for welding and allied processes
CEN/TC121/SC9/WG5
CEN/TC121/SC9/WG6
CEN/TC121/WG13
Destructive testing
399
interpret the image and determine the relative quality of the weld.
While radiography is still widely accepted, like any other
technique, it does have its drawbacks and disadvantages,
especially in terms of creating radiation hazards.
Moreover, traditional radiography creates a two
dimensional image or picture of a weld, normal to the radiation
source. As a result, weld cracks oriented perpendicular to the
surface are often not detectable and present a possible failure
mode if unchecked. Conversely, X-ray inspectors, simply
because of a lack of adequate three dimensional inspection data,
sometimes reject perfectly acceptable welds.
400
401
Figure 13. Acoustic pressure and beam configuration distribution associated to each filler zones
402
Table 4. Results of the validation tests between radiography (Se75) and the ultrasonic system
Defect No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Type
Root crack
Lack of Fusion
Lack of Fusion
Root concavity
Porosity
Lack of Fusion
Dimension
R [mm]
67
21
N.D
100
25
64
Dimension AUT
[mm]
90
28
25
104
201
53
Real dimension
93
30
25
105
25
54
Figure 15. Gas Pipe inspection using the integrated inspection system
Firms SONOTRON NDT and RTD offer analogous equipment.
advances in methods of inspection. Of particular importance are
improvements in the speed of inspection, tool accessibility,
inspection range and costs.
403
404
405
Figure 21. Classification of the types of reflectors in the pipeline (a) and scheme of their possible positioning on the pipe (b)
406
)
Figure 22. General appearance of guided acoustic antennas
Figure 23. General appearance of a complex for investigations on detection of flaws in the pipeline by guided waves
407
408
Figure 25. Main types of welded joints carried out when repairing defective pipelines by various technologies
surface using an appropriate procedure and by operations of
polishing, grinding or sand blasting in order to round the edges
and smooth the flaws profile, eliminating the possible microcracks initiated on the flaws and the flaws transformation in longradius curvature grooves, with reduced effects of mechanical
tension concentration; b) pipeline external configuration
rehabilitation, which consists of filling the outside flaws using a
polymeric filler; c) pipeline mechanical strength rehabilitation,
which consists of applying a composite wrap for reinforcement in
the flaws area [8].
Figure 26. The structure of the repairs carried out using composite wraps
409
Table 5. Mechanical features of the composite materials used for repairing pipelines
[1] Hafner M., Karbuz S., Esnault B., El Andaloussi H. Longterm natural gas supply to Europe: Import potential,
infrastructure needs and investment promotion,
Observatoire Mditerrannen de l'Energie OME), available
at: http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/p000963.pdf .
[2] Beloev M., The erection technology challenges for
transnational pipeline projects of the type nabucco and
south stream in the Balkan region, The 2nd South-East
European IIW International CongressWelding, High-tech
Technology in 21st century, Pipeline welding: current
topic of the regionSofia, Bulgaria, October 21st-24th 2010,
p. 11-17.
[8] Prof. Dr. Zecheru Gh., Dr. Eng. Laa E.I., Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Drghici Gh., Assist. M.Sc. Dini A., With and without
welding maintenance technologies for the gas
transmission pipelines, The 2nd South-East European IIW
International CongressWelding, High-tech Technology in
21st century, Pipeline welding: current topic of the
regionSofia, Bulgaria, October 21st-24th 2010, p. 204-209.
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