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Diagram 1.1 shows the action of node P on the human heart.

Node P

Atria wall

Diagram 1.1
(a) i) Name node P.
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[1 mark]
ii) Based on Diagram 1.1,explain the function of node P.
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[2 marks]
(b) The blood circulates through the arteries, capillaries and veins.
Veins have valves, but arteries do not.
Explain why.
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[2 marks]

(c) State where do the blood in the following blood vessels flow to.
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i)blood vessels Q:
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ii) blood vessels R:
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[2 marks]
(d) Diagram 1.2 a) shows a healthy coronary artery.
Diagram 1.2 b) shows the coronary artery of a person with cardiovascular
disease. The coronary artery supply blood to the heart muscles
Thrombus

Diagram 1.2 a)

Diagram 1.2b)

(i) Name deposit X.

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[1 mark]
(ii) Explain how deposit X and thrombus lead to cardiovascular disease.
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[2 marks]
2
a) Explain why clotting process is important to humans. Give two reasons.
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[2 marks]
b) Describe how a blood clot forms when blood vessels are damaged.
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[5 marks]
3

Diagram 3.1 shows the flow of blood and lymph in human body.

Diagram 3.1
(a) Name R and S
R :...............................................................
S : ...............................................................
[2 marks]
(b) Explain the formation of lymph in R.
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[3 marks]
(c) Explain the importance of lymphatic system in human
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[2 marks]
(d) Two individuals P and Q were injected to acquire immunity. The level of
antibody in the body of individual P and Q is shown in Diagram 3.2 and
Diagram 3.3

Diagram 3.2
(i)

Diagram 3.3

Name the type of immunity obtained by individual P and individual Q.

P : ..............................................................................................................
.
Q : .............................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(ii)

State two differences between the type of immunity obtained by

individual P and individual Q based on Diagram 3.2 and Diagram 3.3.
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[2 marks]

Table 1 shows a schedule of immunisation given for every new born until 2
years old in Malaysia.
Age
Types of Immunity
New born
Tuberculosis (B.C.G)
Hepatitis B
First dose
1 month
Hepatitis B
Second dose
2 month
Triple Antigen
First dose
Polio
3 month
Triple Antigen
Second dose
Polio
5 month
Triple Antigen
Third dose
Polio
6 month
Hepatitis B
Third dose
9 24 month
Germans measles
Table 1
(e) Based on table 1, describe why every parent must obey that schedule to
ensure that their babies are safe from certain diseases.
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[3 marks]
5

Diagram 4.1 shows a defence mechanism in the human body.

Diagram 4.1
a)

i)Explain how this mechanism works to combat pathogen.

[6 marks]
ii)Explain what will happen to the immunity of an individual after she recovers
from chickenpox infection.
[4 marks]

b)

Diagram 4.2 shows a human circulatory system.

Diagram 4.2
i)The human circulatory system consists of circulation R and S. Describe each
circulation.
[4 marks]
ii)After completing a 10km run, Alis blood pressure increases. Explain the
mechanism involved in the regulation of Alis blood pressure.
[6 marks]

(a)(i)
(ii)

b)

(c)(i)
(ii)
(d)(i)
(ii)

a)i)
b)

a)
b)

c)

Sinoatrial node
Acts as pacemaker.
It generates impulse to both atria and causes atria to
contract. Blood is forced into ventricles
Arteries receive blood directly from the heart and the blood
is under pressure
Hence they do not have valves to impede the flow
For veins, blood pressure is low and flow is slow
Valves in the veins prevent back flow of blood.
To all parts of the body except lungs
To the lungs
Cholesterols
Lumens of arteries are narrowed and
less oxygen supplied to the heart. Heart tissues damaged /
angina
Prevents excessive loss of blood during injury.
It prevent infection by covering the open wound
When the blood vessels are damaged, the damaged tissues
together with platelets release thrombokinase
The enzymes converts a protein called prothrombin into
thrombin in the presence of calcium ions
Thrombin converts the soluble protein fibrinogen into
insoluble threads of fibrin
The fibrin mesh to form a clot and dries to form a scab
R : Lymph capillary
S : Lymph node
-The high hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of the
capillaries
-forces blood constituents except large molecules diffuse out
(through capillaries) into spaces between the cells / to
form tissues fluid
-At Venous end of capillaries where the hydrostatic pressure
is low
-90% of tissues fluid returned to circulatory system and 10%
diffused into lymph capillaries to form lymph.
- Transport fatty acids and glycerol from lacteal to
circulatory system
- Maintain the fluid balance in the body by returning
excess interstitial fluid to the blood stream
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d)i)
ii)

e)

a)i)

ii)

Defence of the body by exposing the bacteria and virus

to white blood cells
P : Artificially acquired active immunity
Q : Artificially acquired passive immunity
- Artificially acquired active immunity is obtained
through an injection with a vaccine while artificially
acquired passive immunity is obtained through an
injection with a serum which contains a specific
antibody.
- AAAI does not result in immediate immunity against a
disease while AAPI results in immediate immunity
against a disease
- AAAI usually last for a long time as the body produces
its own antibodies while AAPI last only for a short
term/time as the body does not produce its own
antibodies
- To stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies
- To enhance the production of antibodies until it reaches
the immunity level
- To enable the lymphocytes to have memory to the same
type of pathogens
- Able to respond more rapidly to the presence of the
pathogens
- phagocyte is attracted by the chemicals released by the
bacteria or damaged cells
- phagocytes move towards pathogens
- phagocytes extends pseudopodia and engulf the
pathogen
- ingestion of pathogen form phagosome/phagocytic
vacuole
- Lysosomes fuse with phagosomes and release
lysozymes into the phagosome
- pathogens is killed by lysozymes
- phagocytes release the digested product from the cell
recover fr. cp. infection, ability to produce antibodies
agst future attack
first expose cp pathogen, antigen stimulate immune
response
immune system produce antibody specific to antigen
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b)i)

ii)

recovery, immune to pathogen lymphocyte remains

in body
gains permanent immunity agst cp after recovery - active
immunity
R- pulmonary circulation
-deoxygenated blood fr. right ventricle pumped to lungs
via pulmonary arteries
-Oxygenated blood back to left atrium via pulmonary vein
S- systemic circulation
- oxygenated bld at high P fr. left ventricle to aorta rest
body ( excp lungs)
- deoxygenated blood returns to right atrium via superior
vena cava
( for head and arms), and inferior vena cava ( from the
legs / rest of body)
- After a 10 km run, Alis blood pressure
- baroreceptors in arch of aorta + carotid arteries are
stimulated
- results rate of nerve impulse transmitted to
cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongata
- cardiovascular centre sends nerve impulse to
effectors
- cardiac muscles has lower force of contraction
- results lower heartbeat rate + lower cardiac output
- smooth muscles of arteries relax + lowers resistance
of blood flow
- widening of blood vessels - vasodilation
- Blood pressure is back to normal l

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