S ta g e 1

w e e x p e rie n c e
lig h t tra n s itio n a l
s le e p

Psychology Reviewer
Chapter 5 Nature of Consciousness
Two modes of Consciousness

Active motivated searching

Passive merely receptive attitude

re v ita liz e s th e
m e m o ry.
d a y d re a m in g .
REM

Three Characteristics of Consciousness

Personal
Subjective
Constantly changing

Three factors which determine whether an

event or object may be noticed

m o re
s ta b le
s le e p
o c c u rs
S ta g e 2

Surprise
Intensity
Change

Altered state of consciousness is any

manner of being conscious other than being
fully and normally awake.
Daydreaming involves planning, thinking, of
ways to solve current problems, or recalling
past memories.
Sleep sleep in human beings is governed by
the circadian rhythm. (8 hours or 1/3 of an
entire day)
Electroencephalogram instrument
measures brain waves during sleep.

g ro w th
h o rm o n e is
re le a s e d
S ta g e 3

REM rapid eye movement stage, the stage

which we dream the human eyeball will tend to
move side to side. (90 120 minutes)
Scanning hypothesis eyes move as the
dreamer observes the activity unfolding in the
dream.

We repeat the cycle 5 times in entires

night sleep.

Dream content

that

Consciousness the human mind is like

an iceberg only 10% is above the
surface and the 90% is submerged
under water

Manifest content it dramatizes the hidden

desires and wishes
Latent content real meaning of the dream
Bizarre features it arises as the mind tries to
conceal the truth.
Sleep Orders
Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep:

Insomnia the condition of no sleep (In

no, Som sleep)

Disorders of excessive sleep:

Sleep apnea lack of air, you woke up

catching your breath
Hypersomnia excess sleep, sign of
depression
Narcolepsy inability to stay awake

Disorders of the sleep wake schedule:

Jetlag
Work-shift problems

Dysfunctions associated with sleep stages:

Nightmares
Sleep-walking (somnambulism)
Sleep-related bed-wetting

Hypnosis condition which a person has little

will of his own, and acts according to the
suggestions of the hypnotist.
Greek word means sleep
Hypnotic induction it is a procedure to
induce a hypnotic state used by hypnotists.
Conditions for hypnosis to work:

Subject is open
Rapport bet. Hypnotist and desire to
cooperate by subject
Subject engages in fantasy, imagery
Unwillingness to accept has lesser
chances to be hypnotized.

Hypnotic phenomena:

Loss of spontaneity
Selectivity
Reduced reality testing
Enactment of unusual roles
Posthypnotic suggestibility
Posthypnotic amnesia

Meditation the mediator focuses on a single

stimulus.

Zazen practiced by Japanese Zen

Buddhists, they focus on the normal flow
of their breathing w/o trying to control it.

Benefits of Meditation:

Neutralization of the stresses of daily life

Enriches experiences
Enhances overall contentment

Biofeedback the ability of the meditator to

control particular body processes such as heart
rate.
Psychoactive drugs
Drug anything taken into the human body for
medicinal effects.
Types of drugs that act on the brain/mind:
Depressants slows awareness

Heroin an opium derivative or opiate

from the opium poppy plant. Source of
the morphine. Medically a painkiller or
anesthesia.
Barbiturates sedates the user making
him relaxed, more sociable or irritable.

Stimulants stimulates, heightens arousal

and increase alertness.

Amphetamines used by people

engaged in strenuous activities
Cocaine decrease fatigue increases
energy

Addiction to these may result to paranoid

schizophrenia.
Methamphetamine hydrochloride / shabu the
poor mans cocaine.
Milder forms are nicotine in cigarettes and
caffeine in coffee.
Hallucinogens causes
experience hallucinations.

person

to

Marijuana

cannabis
sativa
(tetrahydrocannabinol or THC)
Lysergic acid or LSD comes from
fungus which grows from wheat and
other grains.

Chapter 6 Intelligence

Intelligence Quotient

Theories of Intelligence

Stanford Binet IQ score:

1. Alfred Binet

IQ = metal age / chronological age x 100

Intelligence is a general capacity that

encompasses all mental abilities.

When IQ declines the possible causes are:

2. Spearman
Factors Analysis based on the assumption
that there are mental abilities that seem to
be relatively independent of one another.

Intelligence factor present in

every individual but in diff. amounts.
Specific factors certain abilities

3. Louis Thurstone
Intelligence could be broken down into a
number of primary abilities.

Verbal
comprehension

understand meaning of words.

Word fluency think of words
rapidly
Numerical work with numbers
Space visualize space form
relationships
Memory recall verbal stimuli
Perceptual speed grasp details
quickly
Reasoning find general rule on the
basis of presented circumstances

Chronic illness
Drinking problems
Un-stimulating lifestyles

A test has to be reliable (if taken repeatedly)

and valid (when it measure what it claims to
measure)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS III)

Measured
by
solving
puzzles,
assembling objects, completing pictures
and other non-verbal tasks.

Aptitude
abilities.
IQ Score

Description

140+
130 140
120 130
110 120
90 110

Genius
Very superior
Superior
High average
Normal
or
average
Low average
Borderline
defective
Mild
mental
retardation
Moderate
mental
retardation
Severe
mental
retardation

80 90
70 80
50 70
25 50

4. Sternbergs
intelligence

Triarchic

theory

of

Three factors:
Componential intelligence
analytical
thinking,
abstract
reasoning and measured in
intelligence tests.
Experiential
intelligence

insightful and creative thinking

Contextual
intelligence

practical know-how

capacity for learning

Below 25

certain

Intelligence
level

Can complete
grade 3 - 4
Incapable of
school
learning
Incapable of
learning and
requires close
supervision

Causes of Mental Retardation

1. Phenylketonuria genetic disorder
characterized by mutation in the gene.
2. Chromosomal aberration

o Down syndrome flaws from

parents egg or sperm cells
o Fragile X syndrome sex linked
w/c affect boys 1 out of 1200.
3. Infection, radiation or toxic substances
during prenatal period
4. Prenatal factors such as head injury or
oxygen deprivation resulting in
o Microcephaly skull fails to
grow
o Hydrocephaly build up of
cerebrospinal
fluid
which
damages and enlarges brain
5. Poor nutrition, frequent pregnancies or
frequent absences of adult male in the
home.
Giftedness those children who possess an
untrained and spontaneously expressed
natural ability in at least one ability significantly
beyond that typically seen in children of the
same age.
Signs of giftedness
1. Tendency to seek out and identify w.
other children and adults
2. Ability to absorb info. Rapidly
3. Early fascination with explanations and
problem solving
4. Talking complete sentence as early as
2-3 yrs. of age
5. Unusually good memory
6. Talent in art, music or number skills
7. Early interest in books
8. Showing kindness, understanding and
cooperation to others.
Howard Gardners
intelligence

theory

of

Chapter 7 Learning
Learning change in behavior which results
from experience.
Classical conditioning (Ivan P. Pavlov)

Instrumental conditioning (Edward Lee

Thorndike) responses became instrumental in
receiving a reward.

Stimulus response theory theory of

connectionism

Thorndikes laws of learning

Law of effect
The strength of a connection is
influenced by the consequences of
response.
Law of Exercise
Repetition of a response strengthens its
connection with the stimulus while
disuse weakens it.

Law of Readiness
The maturation is necessary for the
desired learning to be welcomed w/o the
possibility of being irritated.

Law of Belongingness
The connection is increased if the paired
stimuli are familiar or common with the
quality
of
belongingness
(eating
veggies)

Multiple

Linguistic intelligence
Logical mathematical intelligence
Musical intelligence
Bodily kinesthetic intelligence
Spatial intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence
Intrapersonal intelligence

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Unconditioned response (UR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS) and
Conditioned response (CR)

Operant conditioning (Burrhus F. Skinner)

-

Focused on the behaviors produced by

the response
Reinforcement is the key element in
skinners S-R theory.
Positive reinforcer strengthens the
desired response
Negative reinforce results in
increased freq. of the response when its
withdrawn.

Social learning theory (Albert Bandura)

-

Learning within the social context

Principle of social learning theory

-

Individual seeks
Individual wants
Individual fears

These forces are directed towards:

Learn by observing others

Learning can occur w/p change in
behavior
Cognition affects learning
Social learning theory bridge for
transition bet. Cognitive learning and
behaviorist theories

Intrinsic motivation a person does

something for no obvious tangible reward.

Different individuals are often the models of

behavior of others

Extrinsic motivation does something in

order to receive a particular tangible reward.

Observer reinforced by model

By third person
Imitated behavior leads to reinforcing
consequences
Consequences of models behavior
might
affect
observers
behavior
explicitly

Conditions necessary for effective modeling to

occur
-

Attention
Retention (remember)
Motor reproduction (replicate)
Motivation (desire)

Implications of SLT
-

People learn by observation

Knowing consequences can increase
appropriate and decrease inappropriate
behavior
Modeling serves as alternative for
teaching new behavior
Appropriate behavior must be shown
and inappropriate not shown
People exposed to a variety of other
models
Self regulation provides an effective
method for improving behavior

He seeks wealth
He wants peace
He fears illness

Motivational constructs
3 unobservable motivational concepts

Need lack of something required for

optimal adjustment
Drive energy level mobilized by the
person as a result of being deprived of
the goal object
Incentive objects that people are
motivated to obtain (goal objects /
incentives)
Incentive value of the object
motivating characteristics of a particular
goal object relative to other objects in
the same gen. class.

Theories of Motivation
1. Motivational Cycle three components
Need physiological deficit.
Drive discomfort one experiences arising
from the need.
Goal state which you seek in order to
satisfy a need
2. Freudian
Libido life instinct that stems from
inherent tendency of all creatures to
survive.

Chapter 8 Motivation & Emotion

Active driving force:

Mortido deaths instinct that mans

tendency toward destruction of property,
other people or himself.
Five directions of the libido:

Narcissism or self-love
Object love focused towards other
people
Introversion avoid too much
social contact by being alone
Fixation obsession love that is
infinite
Sublimation human beings have
animalistic instincts and desires, a
public display of which would not be
acceptable to society

3. Superiority and Compensation (Alfred

Adler) all human beings possess some
form of inferiority or defect.
Overcompensation people who are
hostile to competitors, anti-social,
domineering and some even end up as
delinquents or criminals.
4. Hedonism point toward pleasure
seeking as the reason behind all
behaviors.
5. Rationalism all actions are directed
by his reason.
6. Homeostasis

bodys
inherent
tendency to maintain a constant internal
environment. There must be equilibrium.
7. Instinct (William McDougall) all our
thoughts and behavior are caused by
inborn instincts.
10 primary instincts:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

Acquisition
Construction
Curiosity
Flight
Gregariousness
Pugnacity
Reproduction
Repulsion

9) Self-abasement and self-esteem

The Origin of Motives
Motives originates either from a biological
source (water or food) or from environmental
influences (social acceptance)
Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Self-actualization: to find self-fulfillment

and realize ones potential
Aesthetic needs: symmetry, order, and
beauty
Cognitive needs: to know, understand,
and explore
Esteem needs: to achieve, be
competent and gain approval and
recognition
Belongingness and love needs: to
affiliate with others, be accepted and
belong
Safety needs: to feel secure and safe
out of danger
Physiological needs: hunger, thirst and
so forth

Classification of motives
1. Physiological motives gained at birth
not learned
Need
Food
Water
Sex
Rest & sleep
Shelter
&
Temperature
Activity
Pain drives

Description
Hypothalamus
Anti-diuretic hormone
More goal oriented
8 hours everyday
Proper Lessens vulnerability
to harm and disease
Very energetic
Sensitivity to pain
hyperalgesia
Maternal drives
The need to have
children
Sexual behavior necessary for
reproduction (female estrogen &
progesterone / Male testosterone)
Estrous cycle signals when a female is
fertile

Mate only once in their life wolf & eagle

Hetero means different
2. Psychological and Social Motivation
Independence connotes freedom
Affection and belongingness
social contact is essential in the
normal emotional growth of a child.
Achievement, social, recognition
and self-esteem to feel good
when he does deeds for his fellow
men.
Self-esteem the sense of self-worth of
a person, how much he respects
himself.

Emotions comes from the Latin word

emoverse which means to stir up
Theories on Emotion
1. John B. Watson
Three main emotions already present in
the newborn:
Fear crying
Anger thrashing
Love smiles
2. James Lange
We do not run because we are afraid,
we are afraid because we run
3. Cannon Bard it claims the thalamus
send signals of the cerebral cortex and
the rest of the body upon the instigation
of an emotion-instigating stimulus
However based on studies limbic
system and the hypothalamus are
responsible for emotional responses,
NOT the thalamus.
4. Schachters two factor theory that
emotions have 2 ingredients:
Physical arousal
Cognitive label

Robert Zajonc emotional reactions are

sometimes faster than our interpretations of a
situation.
Richard Lazarus some emotional responses
do not necessitate conscious thinking.
Development of emotional patterns

Imitation family & cultural influences

are passed on
Understanding person uses his logic
to understand the possible effects of
certain actions
Conditioning certain emotions can be
learned through conditioning

Ten physiological reactions to emotions

1. Respiration breathing cycle
2. Pupillary constriction pupils of eyes
constrict when angry
3. Blood variations blood pressure
varies
4. Galvanic skin response (GSR)
measured by psycho galvanometer
which electrical resistance determines
whether electricity will travel fast or slow
through the material
5. Muscular reaction tension and
tightening of muscles
6. Salivation anger decrease saliva
production causes dry mouth
7. Glandular activity hormones
8. Gastrointestinal motility fear causes
diarrhea, throwing-up and etc.
9. Goose bumps hair stands, minute
bumps appear on the surface of skin
10. Metabolic rate metabolism is
responsible for the amount of heat, that
body gives off
Fear helps us realize we are in danger.
Adrenaline w/c gives us extra strength.
Paranoia or Anxiety extreme fear
Happiness motivated to succeed. When we
are happy, we are more willing to help others.

Positive psychology if you do well for

others like family, there is a tendency to feel
good as a result
Anger is always disruptive and may result to
hypertension.
Sadness if lingered longer than normal way
may result to depression.
Guilfords steps toward emotional maturity
1. Avoid emotion provoking events
2. Change the situation friend than
enemy
3. Increase skill for coping the situation
4. Re-interpret the situation
5. Keep working toward your goal
6. Find a suitable outlet
7. Develop a sense of humor laughter
makes everything bearable
Emotional intelligence by Daniel Goleman
4 areas of emotional intelligence
1. Self-awareness ability to identify
ones feelings
2. Self-management

possessing
emotional control
3. Social
awareness

ability to
empathize with others feelings
4. Relationship management ability to
inspire others towards a common
mission

Prepared by Yvette Pauline Joven