Index

Topic

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Introduction paper bag

Objectives paper bags industry

Research methodology
finding
Suggestion & recommendation
conclusion
Bibliography

Page
No.

PAPER BAGS INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION
We specialize in producing personalized paper bags which enable you to choose
your desired size, shape, style and color. We offer a competitive price with a high
standard of service and try to respond to the queries of our clients immediately.
Our motto is customer satisfaction and hence we keep a track on the shipments
until it reaches you.
We manufacture and export Bags in diversified and innovative fashion. We are
dedicated to the development of products which work to further eradication of
plastic pollution. These products are bio-degradable and exceptionally durable.
We follow strictly ethical working conditions and a strict Fair Trading Policy.
Our bags can be made in different colours, sizes and shapes. The printing on these
bags are done with utmost care so as to attract people to read the matter on it which
remains the main purpose of a promotional bag. We also provide an opportunity
for you to design your own bag that suits only your need.
Owing to the increased awareness of biologically non-disposable nature of the
Plastics bags, the plastic carry bags are being banned in many cities and urban
centres.
The disposal and recycling of plastic bags have created havoc and a threat to the
Environment. Suitable solution to come out of this difficulty is to replace,
wherever possible, plastic bags with other bio-degradable materials such as
paper bags, cotton bags, jute bags etc., Considering the necessity to solve this
problem there is an immediate demand for paper carry bags, which can be made
in different sizes and thicknesses.

MARKET POTENTIAL

Does paper have a future in the digital age? Ultimately, it is a question best answered
by the needs of the consumers, but based on the global demand outlook, consumers
still want paper well into the 21st century. World demand for paper has doubled in the
past 20 years and it is forecast to double again by the year 2010.
Per capita consumption of paper & paper board in India at 5 Kg is very low compared to
other developing countries like China (17.2 Kg), Brazil (28 Kg) for the year 2000.
Therefore, despite the threat of paperless transaction, scope for paper demand appears
to be bright. In developed nations it is as high as 152 Kgs per annum.
The challenge for the Indian paper industry to meet the ever-increasing demand of
paper, board and newsprint is getting crippled due to shortage of fibers in the country.
The future demand of paper is expected to grow from 5.6 MT at present TO 9.5 MT in
2010 and 13 MT in 2015. Demand for cream wove paper and Map litho paper is
expected to increase by 7-8%. Demand for different kinds of coated paper has
increased by 8% in 2002, duplex board has recorded increase by 6.5%, Kraft paper has
registered a 6% rise in demand and newsprint an impressive 10%. Current world
production of paper is of the order of 283 million tones.
The per capita consumption of paper is 45 kg. Developing countries average at 12 kg
per annum and developed countries at 152 kg per annum.
Paper is an eco-friendly product. It is made from natural raw materials and as an end
product, paper is bio-degradable. Paper has no real competing product. Plastic which
was rated as a substitute for paper has lost the race, being non bio-degradable.
Electronic media, which was considered a threat to the growth of the print media, has
not dampened the growth of paper usage by the print media. Thus there seems to be
no barrier for growth of the paper industry. Among the regions, Asia is expected to
record the highest rate of growth.
There are certain products for which market demand is always accelerated. Paper bag
is also one of such products. In view of Governments proposal for banning plastic bags
and pouches, the demand for paper bags and pouches is bound to increase manifold.
There is export potential for export of paper bags & pouches. The consumption of
paper boards used in packaging industry has been increasing.

PRODUCT USES & SPECIFICATIONS

Paper carry bags are used in all types of trade. Some of them are the following.
- Textile Shops
- Bakeries
- Shoe / Chapel Shops
- Grocery Shops
- Fancy Shops
- Book Shops
- Sweet Shops
- Meat / Fish Shops
- Vegetable Shops
- Stationery Shops
- Hardware Shops
- All departmental shops & consumer shops

The Bureau of Indian Standards has not prescribed any standards for paper carry bags.
IS: 1060-1996 parts 1 to 3 deal with methods of sampling and testing and allied
products for various tests, such as bursting strength, tensile strength etc.

A. TECHNICAL ASPECTS
PRESENT PROJECT
The project proposed is to manufacture paper carry bags. With the machineries
Proposed from indigenous sources about 10,000 bags of different sizes can be
Manufactured per hour.

For this proposed project calculation, on a conservative basis 5000 bags per hour is
Taken as capacity. The total capacity providing on single shift basis is assumed at
40000 bags. The capacity per annum is 120, 00,000 bags.

SIZES OF BAGS
The maximum size bags, which can be manufactured by the machine, are the following:
Paper bags :
(Flat Type)
Paper bags :
(Sachet type)

Paper Carry bags :

Handles :

8cm X 12cm (3.2 X 4)

to
50cm X 50cm (20 X 20)
8cm X 2cm X 12cm (3.2 X 0.8 X 4.8)
to
50cm X 12cm X 50cm (20 X 4.8 X 20)

by fixing the Bottom Board,

All the above sizes
(Eyeleting & tag fixing manual)

The bags may be plain style colour or double colour printed.

PLANT & MACHINERY

The machinery consists of the following:
Fully Automatic Special type paper bag making unit with the following
attachments & accessories.
a) Single Slit Slitting unit to size the paper from big width to small width to
produce small bags with 3 HP Motor
b) Double Colour Flexo printing unit with attachment
c) 3 HP Motor for Main drive
d) 12 Nos Flat type size plates and, 12 Nos Sachet type size plates
e) 48 Nos Size Gear Wheels
f) 12 Nos Stereo rollers
g) One bag cutting machine
h) Eye letting Machine
i) The total cost of the above Plant & Machinery works out to Rs. 7.00 Lakhs from
Reputed indigenous manufacturer

RAW MATERIALS CALCULATION (FOR 120 LAKHS BAGS)

Art paper, woodfree paper, kraft paper; or any paper by requested

The paper bags can be manufactured from different varieties of papers ranging from 44
GSM (Grams per Square Meter) to 160 GSM with Burst Factor ranging from 2 to 30.
Besides Kraft paper, Wrapper paper, Art paper, Butter paper, Wax coated paper also
can be used to manufacture paper bags. The following working is related to a particular
size namely 36cm X 40cm with a centre width of 120 GSM Kraft paper.
Kraft Paper 120 GSM Qty.

Kraft Paper 120 GSM

Qty.

For Bag Size 36cm X 40cm X width 9 cm

MT

Rate

Value
Rs. Lakhs

Requirement per Bag in

gms.

53

Add : Wastage 5%

gms.

Gms

56

672

33000

221.76

Glue

Re.

0.03

Per Bag

3.60

Printing Ink

Re.

0.20

Per Bag

24.00

Eyelets

Re.

0.03

Per Bag

3.60

Cotton Tag

Re.

0.07

Per Bag

8.40

For 120 lakhs Bags

Raw Materials Cost per Bag

261.36

Rs. 2.18

LAND & BUILDING REQUIREMENT

A shed with a floor area of 700 sq. feet on rental basis is adequate.

UTILITIES
Electricity: Power requirement is 6 HP connected load.

Water: Water is required only for human consumption.

MANPOWER
Production

Rs./Month

Total

1. Operators 1

4000

4000

2. Helpers 2

3000

6000

3. Packing-unskilled 2

3000

6000

4. Supervisor 1

5000

5000

5. Office Assistant 1

4000

4000

6. Sales Rep. 2

4000

8000
33000

Add : Benefits 20%

6600
Total 39600
Annually Rs. 4.75 lakhs

IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

The machines are available from supplier within one months period. The project
can be implemented within one month period.

COST & PROFITABLITY ASSUMPTIONS

1. The unit would work for 300 days on single shift basis. The installed capacity is 120
Lakhs paper bags p.a.
2. The selling price is assumed at

Re.2.40 per bag.

3. Raw Materials cost is assumed at Rs. 2.18 per bag as per calculations furnished.
4. Power charges works out to Rs. 2500 per month.
5. Wages & Salaries works out to Rs.4.75 lakhs per annum.
6. Repairs & Maintenance is assumed at Rs. 3000 p.m
7. Depreciation calculated @ 15% on Plant & Machinery on WDV method.
8. Admn. Expenses is assumed at Rs. 20000 p.m.
9. Selling expenses are assumed at Rs1.08 lakhs during first year.
10. Interest on TL is provided at 12% p.a. on reducing balance.
11. Interest on WC is provided at 12% p.a.
12. Income tax is provided at 33.99% on profit.

MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
1. M/s. Yenyeskey Machine Tools, SF No. 362, Thadagam Road (Next to JM Hospital),
Coimbatore-641025. Phone: (0422) 402228 / 434288.
2. M/s. Jandu Engineering Works (Regd.), R-31, Vikas Marg, Shakarpur, Delhi110092. Phone: (011) 2247671.

DEALERS / MANUFACTURERS OF KRAFT PAPERS

1. M/s. Ballarpur Industries Ltd., 2-B, 24, CNC Road, Chennai-600105.
2. M/s. Seshasayee Paper & Board Mills Ltd., Pallipalayam Cauvery PSPO, Erode.
3. M/s. Arihant Paper & Boards, 80, Vellalar Street, Chennai-600058.

4. Besant Paper House, 64(New 90), Narayana Mudali Street, Chennai-600079.

5. Several other paper dealers in Anderson Street & Bunder Street, Chennai-600001.

COST OF PROJECT

Rs. lakhs

Land & Building-Rental Advance

0.56

Plant & Machinery

7.00

Other Misc. assets

0.50

Pre-op. expenses

0.35

Working Capital Margin

4.48

Total

12.89

MEANS OF FINANCE
Capital

7.64

Term Loan

5.25

Total

12.89

COST OF PRODUCTION & PROFITABLITY STATEMENT

Year

Installed Capacity (No. of bags-in lakhs)

120.00

120.00

120.00

Utilization (%)

60%

70%

80%

Production/Sales-lakh bags.

72.00

84.00

96.00

Selling Rate

Re. 2.40 per bag

Sales Value (Rs. lakhs)

172.80

201.60

230.40

Raw Materials

156.82

182.95

209.09

Power

0.30

0.35

0.40

Wages & Salaries

4.75

4.99

5.24

Repairs & Maintenance

0.36

0.38

0.40

Depreciation

1.18

0.89

0.66

Cost of Production

163.41

189.55

215.78

Administration & Gen. Expenses

2.40

2.52

2.65

Selling Exp.

1.08

1.26

1.44

Interest in Term Loan

0.48

0.36

0.27

Interest on Working Capital

0.93

0.93

0.93

168.30

194.62

221.07

Profit Before Tax

4.50

6.98

9.33

Provision for Taxes

1.53

2.37

3.17

Profit After Tax

2.97

4.61

6.16

Total

ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL

Requirement %

Margin

Bank

Amount

Finance

Raw Marerials 1/2 month

6.53

25%

1.63

4.90

Finished Goods 1/4 month

3.40

25%

0.85

2.55

Debtors 1/2 month

7.20

25%

1.80

5.40

Expenses 1 month

0.20

100%

0.20

0.00

4.48

12.85

17.34

Say Rs. 12.85

CALCULATION OF BREAK EVEN LEVEL

SALES @ 80%

230.40

LESS: VARIABLE EXPENSES

Raw Materials

209.09

Power

0.40

Selling Exp.

1.44

Interest on Working Capital

1.54

212.47
CONTRIBUTION

17.93

FIXED EXPENSES
Wages & Salaries

5.24

Repairs & Maintenance

0.40

Depreciation

0.66

Admn. & General Exp.

2.65

Interest in Term Loan

0.27

9.21
PROFIT

8.72

BREAK-EVEN LEVEL

41%

CASH BREAK EVEN LEVEL

38%

PROFITABILITY RATIOS BASED ON 80%

Profit Before tax

8.72

Sales

4%
230.40

Profit before Interest & Tax

10.53

Total Investment

25.70

Profit after Tax

5.76

41%

75%
Promoters Capital

7.64

Paper manufacture
Industries in the Paper Manufacturing subsector make pulp, paper, or
converted paper products. The manufacturing of these products is
grouped together because they constitute a series of vertically
connected processes. More than one is often carried out in a single
establishment. There are essentially three activities. The manufacturing
of pulp involves separating the cellulose fibers from other impurities in
wood or used paper. The manufacturing of paper involves matting
these fibers into a sheet. A converted paper product is made from
paper and other materials by various cutting and shaping techniques
and includes coating and laminating activities.
The Paper Manufacturing subsector is subdivided into two industry
groups, the first for the manufacturing of pulp and paper and the
second for the manufacturing of converted paper products. Paper
making is treated as the core activity of the subsector. Therefore, any
establishment that makes paper (including paperboard), either alone or
in combination with pulp manufacturing or paper converting, is
classified as a paper or paperboard mill. Establishments that make pulp
without making paper are classified as pulp mills. Pulp mills, paper mills
and paperboard mills comprise the first industry group.
Establishments that make products from purchased paper and other
materials make up the second industry group, Converted Paper Product
Manufacturing. This general activity is then subdivided based, for the

most part, on process distinctions. Paperboard container

manufacturing uses corrugating, cutting, and shaping machinery to
form paperboard into containers. Paper bag and coated and treated
paper manufacturing establishments cut and coat paper and foil.
Stationery product manufacturing establishments make a variety of
paper products used for writing, filing, and similar applications. Other
converted paper product manufacturing includes, in particular, the
conversion of sanitary paper stock into such things as tissue paper and
disposable diapers.
An important process used in the Paper Bag and Coated and Treated
Paper Manufacturing industry is lamination, often combined with
coating. Lamination and coating makes a composite material with
improved properties of strength, impermeability, and so on Equipment
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The whole process involved in the manufacture of paper bags is automatic,
starting with printing and ending with stacking up of finished bags. The
paper roll is initially cut into proper width and they are fed into the printing
unit first. After the printing is done the roll goes into the bag making section
where it is folded, pasted, sheared and stacked. The bags will be plain
bags or sachetted bags with folds in the middle.

machinery
We have acquired latest machinery that is Semi- Automatic, senior
model having the capacity of processing of 6000 bags per Hour with
center pasting. The machinery is capable of supporting 4 color printing .
As part of our motto we use only water colors for the printing of
customers logs, messages and any other printing requirements .

1.Regular Shopping bags:

Can be used to carry any dry items weighing 0.5 KG to 7 KGs-Comes in
different sizes to carry for regular shopping needs.

2. Gifts bags:
Comes in with various colors and designs to gift pack and extremely
useful and stylish to use of return gifting.

3. Customized Bags:
A combination of 40 different shades, using mechanized production
resulting in 5280 variables apart from customized solutions. The
potential to bring out any size variable with manual Production is
immense and the option of printing your Corporate logos/messages.

4. Special Occasion bags:

These come in various shades and sizes to suit the needs of any special
occasion gifting like marriages, Birth days, wedding anniversaries and
any other occasion with an option to print the name of the occasion
along with any other message customers may wish.

Average household savings from switching to reusable

paper Bags
There is significant potential to reduce life cycle environmental
impacts of plastic bag usage in the form of resource consumption,
greenhouse gas, energy, water and litter.
By taking reusable non-woven polypropylene Paper bags when
going shopping and refusing lightweight, single use HDPE
shopping bags, the average Australia household would make a
significant difference to the reducing the impact of climate change
and conserving our energy and water resources.

RENEWABLE

Paper bags are made from a renewable resourcetreesthat help

reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Forests and forest products offset 10 percent of annual US
carbon dioxide emissions.
Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) participants alone plant
1.7 million trees each day in North America.
Two-thirds of the power used to make paper comes from
carbon-neutral, renewable sources.
The fossil fuelnatural gasfrom which plastic bags are
made, and the fossil fuels burned to power the manufacture of
plastic bagsboth lead to a net increase of carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere.

RECYCLABLE

The recovery rate for paper bags is four times greater than plastics.
Paper bags and sacks' recovery rate is 37.6 percent, which
helps keep them out of landfills and extends the fiber supply
according to the EPA.
Plastic bags recovery rate is nearly 10 percent. Plastic bags
are the leading cause of ocean litter and are a major threat to
marine animals.
Every ton of paper that is recovered for recycling saves 3.3
cubic yards of landfill space.
More than 58 percent of the U.S. population has access to
recycling Kraft paper bags. In 2008, 87 percent of the U.S.
population had access to paper and paperboard community
recycling programs.
In 2009, 63.4 percent of the paper used in the U.S. was
recovered for recycling.
COMPOSTABLE

Paper bags decompose, while, depending on conditions, plastic bags

may take thousands of years to decompose, during which time they
present litter problems and are a threat to wildlife, especially marine
life.
Paper bags are ideal as a container to hold compostable waste.
Paper bags are readily compostable, as evidenced by its use
throughout the country in municipal leaf mulching programs.

Under perfect conditions a plastic bag may take a thousand

years to biodegrade, and in a landfill, plastic bags decompose
even slower. If buried, they block the natural flow of oxygen
and water through the soil. If burned, they release dangerous
toxins and carcinogens into the air.

ENERGY EFFICIENT

Paper bags help reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by requiring

less energy to produce.
When comparing a 3:1 ratio of plastic to paper bag, the plastic bag
requires 33 percent more fossil fuel energy through the full life cycle.
On the average, two-thirds of the energy to make paper is carbonneutral or renewable. When biomass such as wood is combusted for
energy, it releases back into the atmosphere carbon dioxide that it had
absorbed from the atmosphere during growth.
When harvested biomass is replanted, the cycle repeats. In contrast,
combustion of fossil fuel is not carbon neutral. In the U.S., carbon sequestered by
forests and products each year is enough to offset approximately 10 percent of
U.S. carbon dioxide emissions that's the equivalent of removing 108 million cars
from U.S. roads each year, according to the EPA

Objectives
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
We aim to plant equal number of trees that had been cut for making paper
Though we are in the business of making eco-friendly bags, we carry a huge social
responsibility. Our primary agenda is to stop customers from using plastic bags
rather than making them buys our own paper bags (if they carry their own
shopping bags we are the happiest). We are planning a large scale plantation of
bamboo trees so that our environment is saved and also the number of trees that
had been cut for paper bag making is equalized by planting new ones.
How much paper bag manufacture beneficial for paper Bag Company?
T o k n o w d e ma n d o f p a p e r b a g mo s t l y i n u r b a n a r e a .
How manufacturing of paper bag is very profitable for business.
To find how the services provided by paper Bag Company are better and
cheaper to their competitors.

Objective of the study

The purpose of this study is two-fold:
1.
To provide a high-level understanding of the environmental
impacts of different kinds of bags, and identify the types and
magnitudes of environmental impacts associated with each kind
of bag through a literature review of four publicly available life
cycle assessment (LCA) studies.
To better understand how the environmental impacts of retail
shopping bags can be reduced, including through means other
than (or in addition to) choice of bag type, such as change in
consumer behavior.

Paper bags are fast replacing the ubiquitous plastic bags. Though paper
bags are cheap and very convenient to use, they are a grave threat to the
environment for this reason government of India and several other
countries are imposing a strict ban on the use of plastic bags. In such a
scenario, there is an increased demand for eco-friendly paper bags.
to make attractive paper bags which are convenient to use and also help
users make a definite style statement. Some handmade paper bags are so
attractive that people buy them to carry gifts and sometime even present
the bag as a gift. Today, handmade paper bags come with sturdy cords
so that they can easily be used to carry even heavier stuff. In addition,
craftsmen are making use of various types of color papers such as floral
paper, leather paper, silk paper and mottled paper to make these look
extremely stylish. Handmade paper bags come in various shapes and
sizes so you can always buy one that suits you or you can choose to keep
a collection for various needs.

VISION GOAL
End the use of wood fiber that threatens endangered forests and other
High conservation value ecosystems.
End the clearing of natural ecosystems and their conversion into
plantations for paper fiber.
Source any remaining virgin wood fibers for paper from independent,
Third-party certified forestry operations that employ the most
environmentally and socially responsible forest management and
restoration practices.
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is currently the only international
certification program that comes close to meeting this goal.
Eliminate widespread use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers in
plantations and fiber production.
Stop the introduction of paper fiber from genetically modified
organisms, particularly transgenic trees and plants with genes inserted
from other species of animals and plants.
Use alternative crops for paper if comprehensive and credible analysis
indicates that they are environmentally and socially preferable to other
virgin fiber sources.

MISSION
Ensure higher profitability than industry average year on year
for continuous growth.
Create working environment for freedom of thought and
innovation.
Hire and cultivate the best people and provide work condition
that energise.
Find solution for customer and add value to their process,
Create a dedicated customer base.
Work as partners with vendors. Ensure integrity and processes
provide them with ease in dealing with us.
Provide optimum ROI to our stakeholder and ensure continos
support.
Invest time, effort and resources to improve the environment
continuously ensure clean and green surrounding for the future
generations.
Develop the community around us by encouraging
entrepreneurship.
Spread the goodwill of our nation around the world.

Research methodology
The Plastic Bag VS Paper Bag Facts
Use-Less-Stuff(ULS) has issued a report comparing plastic and paper
grocery bags. ULS made the following
Steps:
1. Plastic bags generate 39% less greenhouse gas emissions than
uncomposted paper bags, and 68% less greenhouse gas emissions
than composted paper bags. The plastic bags generate 4,645 tons of
CO2 equivalents per 150 million bags; while uncomposted paper
bags generate 7,621 tons, and composted paper bags generate
14,558 tons, per 100 million bags produced.
2. Plastic bags consume less than 6% of the water needed to make
paper bags. It takes 1004 gallons of water to produce 1000 paper
bags and 58 gallons of water to produce 1500 plastic bags.
3. Plastic grocery bags consume 71% less energy during production
than paper bags. Significantly, even though traditional disposable
plastic bags are produced from fossil fuels, the total non-renewable
energy consumed during their lifecycle is up to 36% less than the
non-renewable energy consumed during the lifecycle of paper bags
and up to 64% less than that consumed by biodegradable plastic
bags.
4. Using paper sacks generates almost five times more solid waste than
using plastic bags.
5. After four or more uses, reusable plastic bags are superior to all types
of disposable bags -- paper, polyethylene and compostable plastic -across all significant environmental indicators.

Present research work

Illustrates the whole structure of this research work. A huge
amount of data is required in each phase of a product to
perform Life Cycle Assessment. LCA covers different
aspects of a product from its manufacturing state to its
disposal state. Data in terms of the quantity of raw
materials required, energy needs, and amount of pollutants
and wastes emitted, etc. are needed in each phase of a
product to study the complete life cycle of a product. As
depicted in the data related to manufacturing, transportation
and distribution phases can be obtained from the group of
manufacturers through direct observation of manufacturing
process or data collection through surveys or by
interviewing the responsible staff or by secondary data
from previous studies/ literature. But when it comes to the
usage and disposal phases, the data should come from the
actual users as human and policy dimensions play a crucial
role here. Understanding of human and policy dimensions,
which decide the use and end-of-life scenarios of different
types of shopping bags, is essential to understand the ecoimpact made by them. This research study utilized this
survey as a means to decipher them, which is discussed in
detail here.

Vision of the survey

As stated earlier, the aims of the survey lies in comprehending the
usage and disposal behaviors of different types of shopping bags
under discussion amongst different user groups. Usage and
disposal behaviors are defined as how many times people reuse
different shopping bags, what percentage of shopping bags can be
recycled/ sent to landfill with the existing possibilities of recycling
in their own country and what percentage of shopping bags people
perceive can be reused/recycled/sent to landfill. Also this survey
intends to comprehend the existing recycling options provided by
the government and the willingness of people to support the
governments policies further to improve the possibilities of
recycling. This article reports the survey responses from different
user groups of China, Hong Kong and India.
Respondents of research questionnaire survey
This survey was accomplished among students, home makers,
employed professionals in various fields of different age groups,
who are users of shopping bags and also have knowledge about
their usage and disposal behavior in the countries under discussion.
This survey was mainly aimed at understanding the consumers
perception of reuse, recycle and disposal to landfill, recycling
possibilities with the existing government provisions/policies for
recycling, willingness to support recycling systems/policies to
reduce the percentage of landfill and so on. Convenience sampling
method was chosen for this study and the survey was answered by
100 respondents from China and 125 respondents from India and
Hong Kong. Respondents were contacted by electronic means and
also in person. This survey had 9 questions pertaining to the usage
and disposal of shopping bags and 4 questions pertaining to the
personal particulars of respondents (refer Appendix).

Demographic Profiles of Respondents of Survey

Personal particulars of the respondents from the three countries
chosen for this study are shown in the following illustrates the age
of respondents of survey, from which it can be understood that the
majority of the respondents fall in the age group of 21-30 years in
all the three countries under discussion. The gender of respondents
can be found from, where it can be seen that the majority of the
respondents are females in
Usage and Disposal behavior of Shopping Bags
There are three major aspects in this investigation. They are:
Reusability
Recyclability
Disposal to Landfill
1 Reusability

The concept of reusability can be defined in two ways. One usual

way is reuse of the product as a different one instead of discarding it
into waste. For example, used non-woven bags can be reused as
liners/ supportive covers in dust bins. The second way of defining
reusability, which is usage of the particular product for the same
purpose for which it is originally intended till it reaches its end of
life or discarding stage i.e. simply use the same product many times.
Basically this is imperative since it postpones the stage of discarding
and it delays the start of a new product while the first one is still in
the stage of being used. The first one also holds good as far as
dumping in landfill sites in the early stages is concerned. Even then,
the second category deserves considerable\ appreciation since it is
linked to the economy of an individual, along with the benefits
already discussed.
Therefore, it is the responsibility of manufacturers to employ
suitable raw materials and manufacturing technology for a shopping
bag to be reused many times, and it the responsibility of users to
reuse the bag many times till it can be discarded.

Recyclability
This refers to the conversion of discarded ones after use into new
products. This process involves breaking down the old items and

producing the new products. This helps in the diminution of wastage

of materials which has the potential to be used again and to trim the
consumption of fresh raw materials and other associated benefits of
reduced cost, energy, pollution, etc. Here the government is
accountable for providing policies/provisions which enable people
to be motivated to opt for recycling of products rather than directly
disposing them to landfill. However no one can deny the fact that in
spite of governmental policies, public participation also matters
greatly in augmenting the proportion of recycling.
Disposal to Landfill

A landfill site is the final destination of all products once they can
no longer be used. It is a place for the disposal of waste/garbage by
interment. This is the origination of many problems pertaining to
ecological problems like pollution of water and air, etc. A major
proportion of aspiration of eco- friendliness lies in the prevention of
early entry of any product into landfill till it becomes completely
useless..

findings

Reusable bags have lower environmental impacts than all of

the single use bags

A substantial shift to more durable bags would deliver

environmental gains through reductions in greenhouse gases,
energy and water use, resource depletion and litter.

The reusable, non-woven plastic (polypropylene) PAPER

Bag was found to achieve the greatest environmental benefits

The shift from one single use bag to another single use
bag may improve one environmental outcome, but be offset by
another environmental impact. As a result, no single use bag
produced an overall environmental benefit.

Recycled content in bags generally led to lowering the overall

environmental impact of bags

The end of life destination is crucial, with greater

environmental savings achieved from recycling all bags at the end
of their useful life.

Suggestion and Recommendation

As against plastic bags which cause serious damage to our soil
and overall environment because of their indestructible nature,
paper bags are biodegradable and hence friendly to our
environment. Moreover, while plastic bags are made out of
petroleum a limited resource, eco friendly paper bags are made
out of trees a renewable resource. Besides, once paper is
made, it can be recycled to create more paper goods. So when
you use paper bags you are using a recyclable product and are
not putting your environment in danger. This is why Government
and environmental organizations are increasingly urging people to
replace the use of plastic bags with eco-friendly paper bags.

Recommendation
A more specific marketing strategy of services needs to be developed and followed
up on a continuous basis. This will enable the Centre to provide relevant
information to manufacturers and exporters on market trends.
The research and development should continue with special emphasis on
alternative raw materials and acid free papers. Attention should be given to fibre
preparation with respect to ecology.
The equipment purchases of knotter, vibrating screen (Johnson type), computer
with internet access, pump, drier and photocopier as requested in the workplan is
recommended to complete and enhance laboratory information work.
The Centre should offer certification service for handmade papers to assure
customers and manufacturers of quality. This is of particular importance for acidfree and conservation papers. In this connection, the Centre should consult the
Indian Bureau of Standards.

Conclusions
The result of the present study indicated that most of the
Respondents, regardless of their demographic
Background, are (1) in favor of banning of production,
Distribution and use of these plastic products, and (2)
Aware of the adverse effects of plastic bag wastes on
Environment, animal and human health. However, plastic
Bags are still widely used by the community more than
any other plastic products mainly due to their cheapness.
The survey results and field observations indicated that
the city was seriously polluted by plastic wastes
particularly plastic bags wastes. By and large, it can be
Recommended that various campaigns need to be
organized in order to mobilize the public and other
stakeholders (Government agencies, business
associations,
retailers,
research
institutions,
nongovernmental
organizations
(NGOs),
youth
associations, women associations, religious institutions,
donors

Swot analysis

Strengths

Abundant and cheap labour hence can compete on price

Low capital investment and high ratio of value addition
Aesthetic and functional qualities
Wrapped in mist of antiquity
Hand made and hence has few competitors
Variety of products which are unique
Exporters willing to handle small orders
Increasing emphasis on product development and design
upgradation

Opportunities

Rising appreciation for handicrafts by consumers in the developed

countries
Widespread novelty seeking
Large discretionary income at disposal of consumer from developed
countries
Growth in search made by retail chains in major importing countries
for suitable products and reliable suppliers. Opportune for agencies
to promote marketing activities
Use of e-commerce in direct marketing

Weaknesses

Inconsistent quality
Inadequate market study and marketing strategy
Lack of adequate infrastructure and communication facilities
Capacity to handle limited orders
Untimely delivery schedule
Unawareness of international standards by many players in the

market

Threats
Decline in Indias share due to:

Better quality products produced by competitors from Europe, South

Africa, South Asia, etc.

Better terms of trade by competing countries

Consistent quality and increasing focus on R&D by competing

countries

Better packaging

Stricter international standards

Bibliography

Google.com
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Library base.
Business books