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INTRODUCTION:-
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PRINCIPLE OF CRDi IN GASOLINE ENGINES:Gasoline or petrol engines were using carburetors for supply of air-fuel mixture before the
introduction of MPFI system .but even now carburetors are in use for its simplicity and low cost.
Now a days the new technology named Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) is in use for petrol
engines. The GDI is using the principle of CRDi system. Now let us examine the various factors
that lead to introduction of GDI technology.
The fall of carburetor:- For most of the existence of the internal combustion engine, the
carburetor has been the device that supplied fuel to the engine. On many other machines, such as
lawnmowers and chainsaws, it still is. But as the automobile evolved, the carburetor got more
and more complicated trying to handle all of the operating requirements. For instance, to handle
some of these tasks, carburetors had five different circuits:
1: Main circuit Provides just enough fuel for fuel-efficient cruising
2 : Idle circuit Provides just enough fuel to keep the engine idling
3 : Accelerator pump Provides an extra burst of fuel when the accelerator pedal is first depressed,
reducing hesitation before the engine speeds up
4 : Power enrichment Provides extra fuel when the car is going up a hill or circuit towing a trailer
5 : Choke Provides extra fuel when the engine is cold so that it will start effortlessly.
In order to meet stricter emissions requirements, catalytic converters were introduced. Very
careful control of the air-to-fuel ratio was required for the catalytic converter to be effective.
Oxygen sensors monitor the amount of oxygen in the exhaust, and the engine control unit (ECU)
uses this information to adjust the air-to-fuel ratio in real-time. This is called closed loop
controlit was not feasible to achieve this control with carburetors. There was a brief period of
electrically controlled carburetors before fuel injection systems took over, but these electrical
carburetors were even more complicated than the purely mechanical ones.
At first, carburetors were replaced with throttle body fuel injection systems (also known as single
point or central fuel injection systems) that incorporated electrically controlled fuel-injector
valves into the throttle body. These were almost a bolt-in replacement for the carburetor, so the
automakers didn't have to make any drastic changes to their engine designs. Gradually, as new
engines were designed, throttle body fuel injection was replaced by multi-port fuel injection (also
known as port, multi-point or sequential fuel injection). These systems have a fuel injector for
each cylinder, usually located so that they spray right at the intake valve. These systems provide
more accurate fuel metering and quicker response.
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To solve this problem, diesel makers prefer to add turbocharger. It is a device to input extra air
into the cylinder while intake to boost up the power output of the engine. Turbochargers top end
power suits the torque curve of diesel very much, unlike petrol. Therefore turbocharged diesel
engines output similar power to a petrol engine with similar capacity, while delivering superior
low end torque and fuel economy.
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The common rail injection system has a high pressure pump which operates continuously and
charges a high pressure rail of fuel. The fuel is led from this rail to the injector mounted on the
cylinder head through lines (thin pipes). The engine directly drives the pump of the Common
Rail system. The generated pressure is independent of the injection process unlike conventional
injection systems.
The injector is solenoid operated. The injection occurs when the solenoid is energized. The
quantity of the fuel injected is directly dependent on the duration of the pulse when the injection
pressure is constant. Sensors on the crankshaft indicates its position and speed to the ECU, and
so ECU controls the timing of injection and its frequency.
Fuel from the tank is lifted by the low pressure pump and passed through the filter. The pump is
generally run by an electric motor independent of the Engine Speed (rpm).
In the rail pressure regulator, the spring force and the electro-magnetic force generated by the
coil regulates the pressure. The pressure is controlled by ECU. The common rail also has a
pressure sensor and a pressure limiter attached to the rail.
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3)Electronically Controlled Unit Injectors :An electronic control unit (ECU) receives electrical signals in the form of current or voltage
from various sensors installed in various components of fuel injection system. It then uses the
stored data to operate the injectors, ignition system and other engine related devices. As a result,
less un-burnt fuel leaves the engine as emissions, and the vehicle gives better mileage. Typical
sensors for an electronic fuel injection system includes the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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THEREFORE , CRDi works on intelligently controlling the diesel engine by using electronic
sensors and microprocessors. It replaces complex mechanical arrangements with advanced and
more efficient electronic systems hence increasing the performance and efficiency of the engine.
DISADVANTAGES OF CRDi :1. Since it makes use of delicate electronic systems, therefore it cant be used in old vehicles
having conventionally designed engines.
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