Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Semester II 2014/2015
topics
WALL THICKNESS STUDY &
MATERIAL GRADE SELECTION
Material selection
Corrosion Protection System
Hydraulic & Flow Assurance
Introduction to Stress & Strain on Pipeline
Wall thickness Determination
Buckling [Local & General]
Material selection
Material selection
A. Material & Grade Selection
Generally, pipe material is based on the following criteria:
1.Operating
Material selection
B. Pipeline Material Component Selection
Standard fittings:
Flanges
Valves
Bends
Tees
Bolts&Nuts
Tie-In
Reducer
Valves
Gate valve
Ball Valve
Globe Valve
Tie in
Flange
Swivel Flange
Missalignment
Missalignment flange flange
Smart Flange
Pipeline Components
Flanges:
Subsea use high integrity ring type joints (RTJ)
Pipelines usually use standard ASME/ANSI B16.5 or API
For subsea use swivel ring and possibly misalignment flanges
Tees:
Standard Tee
Inspection pigging of run only possible if branch size is less than 60% of run (No Inspection
pigging from branch)
Barred Tee
Inspection pigging of run possible for all branch sizes (No Inspection pigging from branch)
Normal flow
Normal flow
Normal flow
Normal flow
Normal flow
Grades A25
A
B
X42
X46
X52
X56
X60
X65
X70
X80
STEEL MATERIAL
Baja untuk struktur dengan tempa panas dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai:
Baja karbon (carbon steel),
Baja paduan rendah berkekuatan tinggi (high strength low alloy steel), dan
Baja paduan (alloy steel).
Persyaratan umum untuk jenis-jenis baja sedemikian ini tercakup dalam spesifikasi ANSI / ASTM A6.
STEEL MATERIAL
Baja karbon (carbon steel),
Baja karbon struktural termasuk. dalam kategori karbon lunak. Suatu baja, misalnya A36, memiliki
karbon maksimum antara 0.25- sampai 0.29% tergantung dari ketebalannya. Peningkatan
persentase karbon akan meningkatkan kekerasannya namun akan mengurangi kekenyalannya,
hingga lebih sulit dilas.
Baja karbon dibagi menjadi empat kategori berdasarkan presentase karbonnya:
Karbon rendah (kurang dari 0.15%);
Karbon lunak (0.15-0.29%);
Karbon sedang (0.30-0.59%); dan
Karbon tinggi (0.60-1.70%).
Baja paduan rendah berkekuatan tinggi (high strength low alloy steel),
Kategori ini meliputi baja-baja yang memiliki tegangan leleh dari 40 sampai dengan 70 ksi (275
sampai dengan 480 MPa). Penambahan sejumlah elemen paduan terhadap baja karbon seperti
krom, kolumbium, tembaga, mangan, molibden, nikel, fosfor, vanadium, atau zirkonim, akan
memperbaiki sifat-sifat mekanisnya. Bila baja karbon mendapatkan kekuatan dengan penambahan
kandungan karbonnya, elemenelemen paduan menciptakan tambahan kekuatan lebih dengan
mikrostruktur yang halus ketimbang mikrostruktur yang kasar yang diperoleh selama proses
pendinginan baja. Baja paduan rendah berkekuatan tinggi digunakan dalam kondisi seperti
tempaan atau kondisi normal; yakni kondisi di mana tidak digunakan perlakuan panas.
STEEL MATERIAL
Pertanyaan..
Introduction
Design Codes & Standard
Mechanical Perspective
Internal Pressure Containment
External Pressure Collapse
Local Buckling
Buckle Propagation
Material &
grade select.
Wall
thickness
study
Mechanical design
Subsea Pipeline:
: Stress of a material is the internal resistance per unit area to the deformation caused by applied load
: Strain is unit deformation under applied load.
Normal Stress
sy
sy
Pi
Pe
sR
sL
d
P
s
e
E
d
=
=
=
=
P/A
d/L
s/e (Youngs modulus-modulus elastisitas)
P.L/A.E
Pe
sL
sy
sR
Pi
Pi
Pe
sL
sR
sL
Pe
sL
sy
sR
Pi
HOOP STRESS
Perhatikan silinder bebas dengan jari-jari a ,
ketebalan dinding t , dan panjang L
F P A
L
2 F P ( (a t ) sin d )( dz )
0
0
sin
y y
r a
(
a
)
sin
L
dz
0
2 F P(a t ) sin d dz
0 0
2 F P(a t ) sin d dz 0
0 0
HOOP STRESS
2 F P(a t ) sin d dz 0
0 0
2 F P a sin d dz 0
t
1
a
0 0
2 F P a cos
0
dz 0
2 F P a (1 1)dz 0
0
2 F 2 PaL
F PaL
A Lt
s
F PaL Pa PD
A
Lt
t
2t
HOOP STRESS
LONGITUDINAL/AXIAL STRESS
F P A
Fa P a 2
Fz P a 2 Pa PD
sz
A 2 at
2t
4t
Longitudinal Stress
Longitudinal Stress:
Pressure (two effects dependent on
pipeline restraint)
- Fully restrained pipeline gives
Poissons Effect
- Unrestrained pipeline gives End
Cap Effect
Temperature/Thermal Stress
Bending Stress (Span, lay radius
curvature, residual lay tension)
Poissons Effect:
Hoop stress creates circumferential (lateral) strain
Poissons ratio = lateral strain/longitudinal strain = 0.3 for steel
Fully restrained pipeline cannot move - tensile stress developed
Longitudinal stress (due to Poissons effect) = 0.3 x Hoop Stress
End Cap Effect:
pressure differential acting over internal CSA pipe end (hence End Cap)
unrestrained pipeline at ends (near expansion spool) force (due to End Cap)
= /4. (Di2.Pi-Do2.Po)
Longl Stress (end-cap)
e.g. 6-inch x 14.3mm wt 60 degrees above ambient results in a stress of 145 MPa
full restraint force = 1017 kN or 100 tonnes
to prevent expansion this restraining force would be required
always avoid restraining pipe if possible
typical anchor length = 1 to 5 km and expansion 0.5 to 1.5m
Combined Stress
s e s y s L (s ys L )3
2
0
-600
-600
Principal Stress - h (HOOP)
600
Shear Stress
g
G
= P/A
= tan = d/L
=/g
xy
Line pipe
Corrosion coating
FBE
Adhesive
Polypropelene
at
e
p i ri a l
pa
Concrete coating
M
ut
lim
Se rosi
o
k
Cont
e
(isi) nt
Selimut
beton
ID
Ds
Ds+2tcorr
Ds+2tcorr+2tcc = Dtot
fabrication
Blast Cleaned Pipe (3LPE)
Internal Coating
3LPE Inspection
Pipe Storage
Pipe properties
Coating Cutback
Bahasan Selanjutnya..
3.
Data
Nilai
Pipe Properties
Outside Diameter
81.28
cm
Wall Thickness
1.59
cm
Yield Stress
483
Mpa
12.19
78500
N/m^3
Poisson's Ratio
0.3
0.25
cm
12800
N/m^3
10
cm
30340
N/m^3
35
cm
18853
N/m^3
Water Depth
Var
WALL THICKNESS
Pipeline Section
Allowable
Stress
Zone 1
(Pipeline)
0.72
Zone 2
(Riser & Tie-in Spool)
0.5
Note :
Zone 2, is the region within 500m from
either platform or facility.
Zone 1, otherwise
ZONE
Zone 1
500m
Zone 2
500m
Pipeline Section
Zone 1 (Pipeline)
Zone 2 (Riser & Tie-in Spool)
Remarks
Allowable Stress
>500m
0.72
0.5
LOAD CONDITION
PIPELINE
A
OPERATING (Functional)
OPERATING + 100 YR
ENVIRONMENTAL
HYDROTEST (Functional)
HYDROTEST + 1
ENVIRONMENTAL
5
6
7
ALLOWABLE STRESS AS A
FACTOR SMYS
D
RISER
0.72
0.72
0.5
0.5
0.72
0.96
0.5
0.67
0.90
1.00
0.90
1.00
0.90
1.00
0.90
1.00
0.72
0.96
0.72
0.96
0.96
0.96
YR
INSTALLATION (Functional)
Note 1
INSTALLATION + 1 YR
ENVIRONMENTAL
ONSHORE PIPELINE
X
X
0.6
A: Weight; B: Pressure; C: Temperature; D: Environment; E: Hoop Stress; F: Von Mises Equivalent Stress;
Note 1- Allowable stresses are : 0.72 at Sagbend and 0.96 at Stinger Overbend
Mechanical design
Additional Considerations
Perhitungan 1
Internal Pressure Containment
Hoop Stress:
Pipeline is design to be strong enough to withstand the maximum
tangential (hoop) stress due to internal pressure. This stress cannot
exceed the allowable stress. The hoop stress due to internal pressure
is given by (barlow formulae):
( Pi Pe )
sy
Do
2t
sy
Pi
Pe
Do
t
=
=
=
=
=
ASME B31.8
2 St
( Pi Pe ) D
P
FET t
D
2 S F E T
Where,
D = Outside Diameter of Pipe
E = Longitudinal Joint Factor
e
F = Design Factor
P = Design Pressure (Pi), Pe = Ext Pressure
S = Specified Min. Yield Strength (SMYS)
T = Temperature Derating Factor
t = Nominal Wall Thickness
CR = Corrosion Rate (mmpy)
DL = Design Life (20-25years)
MT = Mill Tolerances (12.5%)
t selected > t req (Lihat Tabel Standard Pipa)
P .g.h
ASME B31.4
t A CR .D L
treq
t tA
(1 MT )
API RP 1111
a)
b)
c)
Pb 0.45( S U ) ln
Pt f d f t f e Pb
Pd 0.80 Pt
Pb 0.90( S U )
Pa 0.90 Pt
Where
D
Di
S
t
U
=
=
=
=
=
D
Di
t
D t
For low D/t pipe (D/t < 15), formula (2) is recommended
Where,
(1)
(2)
DNV 1981
( Pi Pe ).D
t
2. .S .kt
t
Pi
Pe
external pressure
outside diameter
usage factor
kt
DnV OS-F101
The pressure containment shall fulfill the
following criteria:
pb (t
pli pe
g SC g m
2t
2
Pb,s (t )
SMYS .
D t
3
Where
2t
2
Pb,u (t )
SMTS
D t
3
pb (t Min (( pb , s (t ; pb ,u (t
Where,
pb,s(t)
pb,u(t)
pli
gSC
gm
=
=
=
=
=
Perhitungan 2
External Pressure Collapse
API RP 1111
The following criteria must be satisfied:
(Po Pi f o Pc
Where,
Where
Pc
Py Pe
Py Pe
2
t
Py 2 S
D
t
D
Pe 2 E 2
1 v
fo = Collapse Factor
Pc = Collapse Pressure of Pipe
Pe = Elastic Collapse Pressure of Pipe
DnV OS-F101
( pc pe1 (pc
Where
t
2E
D
pe1
1 v2
pp
t
p p 2 S fab
D
Dmax Dmin
fo
D
D
pc pe1 p p f o
t
DnV OS-F101
pc
pe
1.1 g m g SC
Where,
LOCAL BUCKLING
Installation Analysis
As Input to
Buckle Analysis
Layability
The allowable stress for pipeline subjected to both functional and environmental loads during
installation, in accordance with DNV 1981, is 96%. However, for a conservative design margin,
the following stress criteria are adopted in line with standard industry practice:
85% of SMYS
72% of SMYS
Collapse pipe
Propagating Buckling
3. Local Buckling
BUCKLING CHECK
Local Buckling :
Based on DnV 1981
sx
xps xcr
sy
1
yps ycr
Dimana :
300 s y
.
D
s ycr
3. Local Buckling
DNV 1981
a)
b)
c)
s x s x s x
FA
N
sx
A
M
s x 0.72 S
N
3. Local Buckling
DNV 1981
d)
e)
f)
s xcr
sx
sx
N
M
s xcr
s xcr
sx
sx
N
s xcr
s xcr
S 1 0.001 20
t
S 1.35 0.0045
t
3. Local Buckling
DNV 1981
g)
300 s y
1
D / t s ycr
h)
D
s y ( pe pi
2t
i)
j)
s ycr
sx
s
xp xcr
t
E
D t
sy
s
yp ycr
3. Local Buckling
DNV 1981
Where,
x = Longitudinal Stress
xN = Longitudinal Stress (Axial)
xM = Longitudinal Stress (Bending)
xcr = Critical Longitudinal Stress
xcrN = Critical Longitudinal Stress (Axial)
xcrM = Critical Longitudinal Stress (Bending)
ycr = Critical Hoop Stress (Pressure)
BUCKLE PROPAGATION
Propagation Buckling
Propagating pressure based on DnV 1981
t
p pr 1,15 SMYS
D t
Ppr > Pe ----- it is OK
Pe_max
1.15 SMYS
tnom
k D
1k
t
Pbi 0.02 E
D
2.064
Propagation buckling:
Po Pi f p Pp
t
Pp 24S
D
2.4
DnV OS F101
b)
t
p pr 35S fab
D
p pr
pe
g mg SC
2.5
Comparison Table
OD = 914.4 mm; P = 15 MPa; WD = 50 100m;
Content density = 200 kg/m3 ; Wave Ht = 3.8 m
ASME B31.8
API RP 1111
DNV 1981
DNV OS-F101
Internal Pressure
Containment
20.6 mm
20.46 mm
21.93 mm
19.90 mm
External Pressure
Collapse
13.80 mm
13.61 mm
14.25 mm
22.0 mm
21.68 mm
21.35 mm
23.42 mm
21.15 mm
Local Buckling
Buckle Propagation
2.
SEKIAN..
TERIMA KASIH