Mobile Cloud Computing

Mobile Cloud Computing
Lecture03a Mobile Computing
Lecture 03
Mobile Computing

Shiow-yang Wu
ReadingsMobile Computing
M. Satyanarayanan, Mobile computing: the next decade, MCS '10
Proc. 1st ACM Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing & Services:

Social Networks and Beyond, 2010.
G. Forman, J. Zahorjan, The Challenges of Mobile Computing,

IEEE Computer, vol. 27, no. 4, April 1994, pp. 38-47.
M. Satyanarayanan. 1996. "Fundamental challenges in mobile

computing." In Proc. 15th annual ACM symposium on Principles of
distributed computing (PODC '96). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1-7.
Mark Weiser, "Some Computer Science Problems in Ubiquitous

Computing.", Communications of the ACM, 1993.
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Note 1
What is Mobile Computing?

Portable computers?
Computers that can move?
Computing while moving?
Computing about movement?
Wireless vs. mobile computing?

Ubiquitous computing?
Pervasive computing?
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This is NOT Mobile Computing
Mobile Computing 4
Note 2
What is Mobile Computing?
People and their machines should be able to

access information and communicate with each
other easily and securely, in any medium or
combination of media voice, data, image, video,
or multimedia any time, anywhere, in a timely,
cost-effective way.
-- Dr. G. H. Heilmeier, Oct 1992
Mobile Computing 5
MC Definition -- Wiki
Mobile computing is a form of humancomputer

interaction by which a computer is expected to be
transported during normal usage. Mobile computing has
three aspects: mobile communication, mobile
hardware, and mobile software. The first aspect
addresses communication issues in ad-hoc and
infrastructure networks as well as communication
properties, protocols, data formats and concrete
technologies. The second aspect is on the hardware, e.g.,
mobile devices or device components. The third aspect
deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile
applications.
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Note 3
Why Mobile Computing?
People are mobile
Devices are mobile
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Why Mobile Computing?
Migration is important for survival.

Mobility originated from the desire to move either
toward resources or away from scarcity.
Mobile computing is about both physical and logical
computing entities that move.
Physical entities are computers that change locations.
Logical entities are instances of a running user
application or a mobile agent.
Mobile agents can migrate any where over the
internet.
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Note 4
What is Mobility?
A
person who moves
Between
Between
Between
Between
A
different
different
different
different
geographical locations
networks
communication devices
applications
device that moves
Between different geographical locations

Between different networks
Mobile Computing 9
History & Overview
First mobile computing was developed

in 1960
Used by the military forces
Radio operated with large antennas
Two way radios and transmitters were

known as mobile computing.
Today mobile computing is about any

devices that can wirelessly connect to
the internet
PDAs, Laptop, Smart Phone, GPS,
iPad,
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Note 5
Enabling Technologies
Development and deployment of wireless technology and

infrastructure
in-room, in-building, on-campus, in-the-field, MAN, WAN
Miniaturization of computing machinery

. . . -> PCs -> laptop -> PDAs -> embedded
computers/sensors
Improving device capabilities, software development

environments, e.g.,
Andriod: http://code.google.com/android/
iPhone: http://developer.apple.com/iphone/
Windows Mobile
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At Home
WiFi
satellite
WiFi
WiFi 802.11g
UWB
bluetooth
WiFi
cellular
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Note 6
On the Move
Source: http://www.ece.uah.edu/~jovanov/whrms/
Mobile Computing 13
On the Road
UMTS, WLAN,
DAB, GSM,
cdma2000, TETRA, ...
road condition,
weather,
location-based services,
emergency
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Note 7
Benefits (Business & Society)
Business Benefits
Improved Decision Making

Increased Productivity
Reduced Costs
Improved Customer
Relations
Society Benefits
Information available
where, when, and how you
want it
Communication made
easier
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Applications: Everyday Uses
Working at home is
now possible
Ability to receive
information on the
move
Communicating with
someone in another
country
Purchasing
something on the go
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Note 8
Application: Collision Avoidance

at Intersections
Two million
accidents at
intersections per
year in US.
Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tfhrc/safety/pubs/its/ruralitsandrd/tb-intercollision.pdf
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Application: Disaster Recovery

9/11, Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina,
South Asian earthquake
Wireless communication and
mobile computing capability
can make a difference
between life and death !
rapid deployment
efficient resource and energy usage
flexible: unicast, broadcast,
multicast, anycast
resilient: survive in unfavorable and
untrusted environments
http://www.att.com/ndr/
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Note 9
Habitat Monitoring: Example on

Great Duck Island
A 15-minute human visit leads
to 20% offspring mortality
Patch
Network
Gateway
Transit Network
Basestation
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Wireless and Mobile Computing
Driven by technology and vision
wireless communication technology

global infrastructure
device miniaturization
mobile computing platforms
The field is moving fast
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Note 10
MC Outpaces Desktop
Mobile Computing 21
Mobile Music Subscribers
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Note 11
Mobile Device Shipments
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Devices/Users Trend
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Note 12
Ever Growing Numbers of

Mobile Applications
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Natural Evolution of Computing
Mobile Computing 26
Note 13
MC Come of Age
Mobile Computing 27
Comparison to Wired Net.
Wired Networks
Mobile Networks
high bandwidth
low bandwidth variability
can listen on wire
high power machines
high resource machines
need physical
access(security)
low delay
connected operation
low bandwidth
high bandwidth variability
hidden terminal problem
low power machines
low resource machines
need proximity
higher delay
disconnected operation
Mobile Computing 28
Note 14
Why is the Field Challenging?
Challenge 1: Unreliable and Unpredictable Wireless

Coverage
Wireless links are not reliable: they may vary over time and
space
Challenge 2: Open Wireless Medium

Wireless interference
Hidden terminals
Wireless security
eavesdropping, denial of service,
Mobile Computing 29
Challenge 3: Mobility
Mobility causes poor-quality wireless links
Mobility causes intermittent connection

under intermittent connected networks, traditional
routing, TCP, applications all break
Mobility changes context, e.g., location, environment

Need context-awareness
Location-dependent applications
Mobile Computing 30
Note 15
Challenge 4: Portability
Limited battery power

Limited processing, display and storage (resources)
PDA phone
data
simpler graphical displays
802.11/3G
Sensors,
embedded
controllers
Laptop
fully functional
standard applications
battery; 802.11
Mobile phones
voice, data
simple graphical displays
GSM/3G
Performance/Weight/Power Consumption
Mobile Computing 31
Challenge 5: Changing Regulation and

Multiple Communication Standards
cellular phones
1981:
NMT 450
1983:
AMPS
1994:
DCS 1800
analogue
1984:
CT1
1988:
Inmarsat-C
1991:
CDMA
1991:
D-AMPS
1993:
PDC
1992:
Inmarsat-B
Inmarsat-M
1987:
CT1+
1989:
CT 2
1991:
DECT
1998:
Iridium
2000:
GPRS
wireless LAN
1980:
CT0
1982:
Inmarsat-A
1986:
NMT 900
1992:
GSM
cordless
phones
satellites
199x:
proprietary
1997:
IEEE 802.11
1999:
802.11b, Bluetooth
2000:
IEEE 802.11a
2001:
IMT-2000
digital
Fourth Generation
(Internet based)
Mobile Computing 32
Note 16
Research Issues
Wireless Communications
Quality of connectivity
Bandwidth limitations
Mobility
Location transparency
Location dependency
Portability
Power limitations
Display, processing, storage limitations
Mobile Computing 33
Harsh communications environment

Lower bandwidth/higher latency: good enough for videoconferencing?
Higher error rates
More frequent disconnection
Performance depends on density of nearby users but inherent
scalability of cellular/frequency reuse architecture helps
Connection/Disconnection
Network failure is common
Autonomous operation is highly desirable
Caching is a good idea, e.g., web cache
Asynchronous/spool-oriented applications, like mail or printing

Trickle back data when bandwidth is available
Disconnected file systems: CODA (CMU), Ficus (UCLA)

Mobile Computing 34
Note 17
Low Bandwidth
Orders of magnitude differences between wide-area, inbuilding wireless
Variable Bandwidth
Applications adaptation to changing quality of connectivity
High bandwidth, low latency: business as usual
High bandwidth, high latency: aggressive prefetching
Low bandwidth, high latency: asynchronous operation, use caches
to hide latency, predict future references/trickle in, etc. etc.
Heterogeneous Networks
Vertical Handoff among colocated wireless networks
Mobile Computing 35
Heterogeneous Networks
Mobile Computing 36
Note 18
Security Concerns
Authentication is critical
Normal network point of attachment is a wall tap
Wireless access makes network attachment too easy
Exposure to over-the-air wiretapping

Any transmitter can also be a receiver!
Some wireless networks provide secure airlinks
Made more difficult by spread spectrum technologies
Mobile Computing 37
Mobility
Address Migration
Existing applications send packets to a fixed network address
Need to support dynamically changing local addresses as
mobile device moves through network
Mobile IP specification: home environment tracks mobile devices
current location through registration procedure
Route optimization: exploit local caches of <global destination
node addresses, current care-of address>
Location updates:
Forwarding
Hierarchical mobility agents
Other routing issues: e.g., multicast

Mobile Computing 38
Note 19
Mobility
Location Dependent Services

Discovery: What services exist in my local environment? e.g.,
printers, file and compute services, special local applications, etc.
Follow me services: Route calls to my current location,
Migrate my workstation desktop to the nearest workstation
screen
Information services:
Broadcast/push information (e.g., Flight 59 will depart from Gate 23)
Pull information (e.g., What gate will Flight 59 depart from?)
Service migration: computations, caches, state, etc. follow

mobile device as it moves through the network
Privacy: what applications can track user locations?
Mobile Computing 39
Portability
Low Power
Limited compute performance
Low quality displays
Loss of Data
Easily lost
Must be conceived as being network-integrated
Small User Interface

Limited real estate for keyboards
Icon intensive/handwriting/speech
Small Local Storage

Flash memory rather than disk drive
Mobile Computing 40
Note 20
Power Issue
Its all about power!!
Batteries
Weight, volume determine lifetime
Power consumption: CV2
Reduce C by increased VLSI integration and MCM

technology
Reduce V to lower operating voltages: 5 V to 3.3V to
2.5V and below
Reduce by reducing clock frequency, standby and
suspend power modes
Intelligent operation: spin-down disk drives
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Putting It All Together:

Concepts in Mobile Computing
Identification
Subscriber mobility
Terminal mobility
Application mobility
Registration
Authentication: who are you?
Authorization: what can you do?
Allocation: how much will I give you?
Call/Connection Establishment
Mobile Routing: Mobile IP, Cellular System HLR/VLR
Resource Reservations: Reserve channels in advance
Location Update: forward vs. hierarchy
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Note 21
Putting It All Together:

Concepts in Mobile Computing
Mobility
Handoff: when to do it, choice of network
Process Migration: application support
infrastructure that follows the mobile
Privacy and Security
Authentication
Authorization
Encryption: over-the-air security
Mobile Computing 43
ReadingsPervasive Computing
Mark Weiser's slides for the keynote speech "Building Invisible

Interfaces" given at the User Interface, Systems, and
Technologies (UIST) Conference, November, 1994.
Mark Weisers slides from the invited talk: "Does Ubiquitous

Computing Need Interface Agents? No." given at the MIT
Media Lab Symposium on User Interface Agents, October 1992.
M. Weisers paper The Computer for the 21st Century,

Scientific American, Sept. 1991.
M. Satyanarayanan. Pervasive Computing: Vision and Challenges.

IEEE Personal Communications, pp. 10-17, August 2001.
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Note 22
Pervasive Computing
Definition: environments saturated with

computing and communication capability, yet
gracefully integrated with human users.
Scenario: Sending email from the airport

Scenario: Rushing off to a meeting
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Pervasive Computing Challenges

Invisibility
Proactivity
Self-tuning
Effective use of smart spaces
Localized scalability
Masking uneven conditioning
Integration of technologies
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Note 23
Mobile to Pervasive Computing

Remote communication
protocol layering, RPC, end-to-end args . . .
Fault tolerance
ACID, two-phase commit, nested transactions . . .
High Availability
replication, rollback recovery, . . .
Distributed
Systems
Mobile
Computing
Pervasive
Computing
Remote information access

dist. file systems, dist. databases, caching, . . .
Distributed security
encryption, mutual authentication, . . .
Mobile networking
Mobile IP, ad hoc networks, wireless TCP fixes, . . .
Mobile information access

disconnected operation, weak consistency, . . .
Adaptive applications
proxies, transcoding, agility, . . .
Energy-aware systems
goal-directed adaptation, disk spin-down, . . .
Location sensitivity
GPS, WaveLan triangulation, context-awareness, . . .
Smart spaces
Invisibility
Localized scalability
Uneven conditioning
Mobile Computing 47
Mobile Computing-Next Decade
Mobile (and pervasive) computing has already

proliferated into our lives.
What will inspire our research in mobile computing
over the next decade and beyond?
M. Satyanarayanan, Mobile computing: the next

decade, MCS '10 Proc. 1st ACM Workshop on
Mobile Cloud Computing & Services: Social

Networks and Beyond, 2010.
Note 24
Assignment 2 Android APK
Install the Android SDK

Follow any Android tutorial or SDK tutorial on the net
Design an app or any kind to run on the Android
Develop your app with the Android SDK
Deliver your app in the form of an APK file
Due date: Apr 12, 2012
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Note 25

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