Coinage of Cilician Armenia / by Paul Z. Bedoukian

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Coinage of Cilician Armenia
By PAUL Z. BEDOUKIAN
THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
NEW YORK
I962
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY
THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
PRINTED IN GERMANY
AT J. J. AUGUSTIN - GLUCKSTADT

NUMISMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS
Number 147
NUMISMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS
is devoted to essays and treatises on subjects relating
to coins, paper money, medals and decorations.
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE
ALFRED R. BELLINGER, Chairman
THEoDoRE V. BUTTREY, JR.
JoHN V. A. FINE
THOMAS O. MABBOTT
EDITORIAL STAFF
SAwYER MCA. MossER, Editor

HowARD L. ADELSON, Associate Editor
7t
27 i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ., J *
FOREWORD V
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS X
SURVEY OF PUBLICATIONS ON ROUPENIAN COINS
MAP 2
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
THE COMING OF THE ARMENIANS TO CILICIA 3
THE BARONIAL PERIOD OF CILICIAN ARMENIA 5
THE ARMENIAN KINGDOM OF CILICIA 9
TRADE AND COMMERCE OF CILICIAN ARMENIA 25
ARMENIAN TERMS USED FOR VARIOUS COINS 43
THE COINAGE OF THE ROUPENIANS 50
DESIGN AND STYLE OF COINS 56
INSCRIPTIONS ON ROUPENIAN COINS 65
COINS FROM THE PERIOD OF PRINCES 67
THE GOLD COINS 68
COINS ISSUED BY THE KINGS 76
LEVON I 76
HETOUM I 82
LEVON II 86
HETOUM II 89
SMPAD 90
GOSDANTIN I 91
LEVON III 91
OSHIN 92
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LEVON IV 94
GUY LUSIGNAN (GOSDANTIN II) 95
GOSDANTIN III 95
LEVON THE USURPER 97
GOSDANTIN IV 98
LEVON V LUSIGNAN 99
FORGERIES 101
SURVEY OF COLLECTIONS OF ROUPENIAN COINS I03
vi Table of Contents
METROLOGY I08
SOME STATISTICS
THE CORPUS I27
ARRANGEMENT OF THE CORPUS 128
PRINCES I29
PRINCE LEVON II 129
GOLD COINS I30
LEVON I 13
HETOUM i (hetoum-zabel) 227
LEVON II 29
HETOUM II 3*4
SMPAD 25
GOSDANTIN I 334
LEVON III 6
OSHIN 353
LEVON IV 368
GUY LUSIGNAN (GOSDANTIN II) 380
GOSDANTIN III 382
LEVON THE USURPER 395
GOSDANTIN IV 399
LEVON V LUSIGNAN 40S
POST ROUPENIAN 4
INDEX OF LEGENDS 411
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GENERAL INDEX 49
FOREWORD
The establishment of an Armenian dynasty in Cilicia (10801375)
led to one of the most interesting periods in the long history of the
Armenian people. The wealth of material from the Cilician kingdom
and the historical data available from Armenian and European sources
encouraged the writer to attempt this work on the coinage of Cilician
Armenia.
The early numismatic studies of Brosset and Langlois are pri-
marily of historical interest since they contain a large number of errors.
Sibilians book, written in 1877, is fairly accurate, with the exception
of the section on the latter period of the kingdom; but it is limited in
scope, and being written in Armenian, is not comprehensible to most
numismatists. Since there is no adequate publication in a Western
language on the coinage of Cilician Armenia, the writer hopes that
the present work will serve a useful purpose.
In the past, published material consisted for the most part of
drawings of coins. Brosset's work contains 17 drawings, Langlois', 70,
Sibilian's, about 130, and Basmadjian's, about 50, all of the latter being
taken from Morgan's book on the History of the Armenian People.
The drawings are generally badly made and the inscriptions are often
not copied accurately. The present volume contains the photographs
of some 51o Roupenian coins, few of which have previously appeared
in print.
In order to have the corpus as complete and accurate as possible,
it was necessary to examine first hand all the coins in the important
collections whenever this was feasible. Fortunately, most of the
coins are gathered in a limited number of collections. This mission

took the author to Europe in 1958, and some 4ooo rubbings were
obtained of coins in several collections within a period of three
weeks. The following method of obtaining clear rubbings was found
to be most practicable. Hard rubber sheets were attached to the
upper and lower jaws of a blank corporation seal, which was used
as a hand press. By folding aluminum foil and placing the coin in the
vii
viii Foreword
fold, it was possible to obtain over one hundred impressions per
hour. The impressions were very clear, photographed satisfactorily,
withstood repeated careful handling, and could be filed like stamps
in albums or kept in envelopes for reference purposes.
Most vital to the task of assembling the corpus was the acquisition
of rubbings of the collection of the Mekhitarists in Vienna. This col-
lection, consisting of nearly 2400 pieces, is by far the largest and most
valuable in the world. Gathered for the most part by Father Sibilian
about a hundred years ago, it includes many rarities and some unique
specimens. The author is particularly grateful to his Grace, Arch-
bishop Mesrob Habozian, the chief Abbot of the Mekhitarist order in
Vienna, for his generosity and assistance in making available the
entire collection so that rubbings could be made of the 24oo coins.
Without the inclusion of this important collection, this work would
have suffered greatly. The same encouraging cooperation was given
by the Mekhitarist order in Venice, where the chief Abbot, Arch-
bishop Oulouhojian, readily granted the writer permission to make
rubbings of their collection of nearly 600 pieces, among them some
unique coins. The writer is particularly grateful to Father Nerses
Nersessian for his active assistance in the preparation of the rubbings.
Special thanks are also due to M. Jean Babelon and M. Georges
Le Rider for their cooperation in getting aluminum impressions made
of the collection of Roupenian coins in the Bibliothque Nationale.
Dr. John Walker and Mr. G. K. Jenkins of the British Museum
graciously permitted me on very short notice to examine their inter-
esting collection of coins of this period and to obtain rubbings.

The writer was most fortunate in securing rubbings of three im-
portant collections in France: that of Mme. N. Kapamadji of the
Maison Florange in Paris, of M. Kamer Baghdadlian of the Galeries
Kamer in Cannes, and of M. Albert Achdjian of Galeries Chirvan in
Paris.
The collections of Armenian coins in the Near East seemed to be
beyond reach. But here again, willing hands undertook the arduous
task of preparing rubbings. Mr. Garabed Sanjian of Beirut, Lebanon,
provided rubbings of the large and valuable collection of the Mar-
dikian Museum of the Armenian National Cultural Society in Beirut.
Another important collection, that of Prof. Asbed Donabedian of
Beirut, was made available by the owner, who personally made the
Foreword ix
rubbings of his entire collection. The well-known coin dealer, M. Ar-
menak Poladian, of Beirut, sent paper rubbings of the hoards of
Levon and Hetoum-Zabel. Examination of the latter, in conjunction
with a hoard in the ANS collection, made it possible to establish a
chronological order of classification of the Hetoum-Zabel trams. Prof.
A. A. Ebeyan of Beirut submitted rubbings of the coins in his
collection for inclusion in the corpus. Father Berard Marthaler
kindly made arrangements with Miss Nakriman Olcay, curator of
non-Islamic coins at the Istanbul Archeological Museum, to have
impressions prepared of the Armenian coins in the collection of that
Inuseum.
The corpus includes the Roupenian coins in the Asiatic and the
Hermitage Museum in Leningrad. Special thanks are given to
Prof. A. A. Bykov and Prof. E. Dobrovoleskii for sending me
rubbings of the two collections. The existence of a unique copper
coin of Gosdantin III struck in Tarsus establishes the fact that
both silver and copper coins were struck in this mint. This coin
is in the Hermitage Museum. Prof. K. Ghafadarian and Mr. Kh. Mou-
shegian of the Numismatic Division of the State Museum in Soviet
Armenia supplied rubbings of the trams and double trams of Levon I
and of the trams of Hetoum-Zabel, numbering over one hundred pieces.
On this side of the Atlantic, the writer is indebted to the late
Kegham Kalajian" of New York for his ready willingness to permit
rubbings to be made of his entire collection, and to Mr. H. Kurdian
of Wichita, Kansas, who prepared and sent rubbings of his coins.
The corpus also includes the collection of Roupenian coins of the

American Numismatic Society, as well as the writer's own collection.
It is estimated that the Roupenian coins in public and private
collections number less than 12,000. On this basis, the present corpus,
listing over Io,000 coins, covers over eighty per cent of the coins
above ground.
The arrangement of the corpus presented many problems. None of
the Roupenian coins carries the date of issue, and it was therefore
necessary to adopt an artificial method of classification. After much
experimentation, a uniform system of classification was chosen,
applicable to all of the coins of this period. The method consisted
* The major part of this collection is now in the State Historical Museum
of Erivan, Soviet Armenia.
X Foreword
essentially of listing each type of coin issued by a ruler and arranging
its variants in the order of completeness of the legend on the obverse.
Each obverse legend was accompanied by varieties of the legend on
the reverse. It is hoped that this simple classification will enable the
reader to locate any coin speedily and without much difficulty.
During the course of writing this book, it was frequently necessary
to seek the advice of various members of the staff of the American
Numismatic Society, and the author wishes to take this opportunity
of expressing his special appreciation to Dr. George C. Miles for
reading the first draft of the text and for his many very helpful
suggestions. In addition, all the Arabic inscriptions on the bilingual
coins of Hetoum were studied and classified by Dr. Miles. Sincere
thanks are also due to Mr. Sawyer McA. Mosser for his assistance
during the preparation of the text and corpus. On numerous occa-
sions, the author had to call on Mr. Henry Grunthal and Mr. William
L. Clark for advice, and the library work was greatly facilitated by
the whole-hearted cooperation of Mr. G. H. North and Mr. Richard
P. Breaden.
To Prof. Sirarpie Der Nersessian the writer wishes to express his
thanks for her careful reading of the manuscript and for the many
corrections and valuable suggestions which she made.
Finally, the author would like to express his gratitude to Mr.
R. W. Johnson, the photographer of the ANS, for obtaining such
clear photographs from the aluminum impressions, and of course to
J. J. Augustin for coping with this manuscript, with its numerous

unusual field marks and legends.
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS
AACollection of Mr. Albert Achdjian, Paris, France.
ADCollection of Prof. Asbed Donabedian, Beirut, Lebanon.
ADONTZN. Adontz, L'aeul des Roubniens, Byzantion X (1935),
pp. I8523.
ADLERJ. G. C. Adler, Museum Cuficum Borgianum Velitris, Romae,
I782. Ist part. pp. 6162, I59. Nummus Arabico-Armenus, Pl. XII, C.
ALISHANL. M. Alishan, Sissouan. Venice, 1885. (In Armenian).
[<. T. lll zul, Uhunl ul, <ulliuqpn. Hhi li <uyhuhui, 'iLhhhqy fil-
lr nl, Uhuqnp, 'lh'infrinhh, 1885]
ALISHANL. M. Alishan, Sissouan ou l'Armno-Cilicie. Description go-
graphique et historique, avec carte et illustrations. Traduit du texte
armnien. Venice, 1899.
ALISHANL. M. Alishan, L'Armeno-Veneto, Compendio storico e docu-
menti delle relazioni degli Armeni coi Veneziani. Primo periodo, secoli
XIIIXIV. 2 vols. Venice, 1893.
ALISHANL. M. Alishan, Hay-Vened. Venice, 1896. (In Armenian).
[<. T. UI zul. <uy-'16'bhin hull'8uppisni Hhi kp <uyng hl- lhlhinhuj
| d.?-7 hi H db-2 7upu, lhlhinh4, 1896]
AMAsiatic Museum, Leningrad, U.S.S.R.
ASSISES D'ANTIOCHEAssises d'Antioche, reproduites en Franais et
publies au sixime centenaire de la mort de Sempad le Conntable, leur
ancien traducteur armnien. Venice, 1876.
AVKERIANH. Avkerian, Explanation of Measures and Weights of the
Ancients, Venice, 1821. (In Armenian). [3. $. Uliqhpfrui, Fuguinpni -
Hii i Qunig hi- 'izn ng Luullrug, lln uginpq nl-Hhul bulhhulini-,
h/nphlug y b- G hpuhulgi y, 'lh'infrinh4,1821.]

BAR HEBRAEUSBar Hebraeus, Chronography, 2 vols., Oxford, 1932.
Trans. E. A. Budge.
BARTHLEMYA. de Barthlemy, Nouveau manuel complet de numis-
matique de moyen ge et moderne. Paris, 1851.
X1
xii Bibliography and Abbreviations
BASMADJIANK. J. Basmadjian, Numismatique gnrale de l'Armnie.
Venice, 1936. (In Armenian). ['i. 8. Ruulinghui, <uyuhui,
uq Sulump "Pulliuzhinn-Ehlh, 'lli'uhulh, 1936]
BASMADJIANK. J. Basmadjian, Leo V Lusignan, Paris, 1908. (In
Armenian). ['i. 8. Ruu/u?/rub, lil-ni, b. In "Fukuit, "uphu, 1908.]
BEDOUKIANP. Bedoukian, The Coinage of Constantine III and IV,
Kings of Lesser Armenia, The American Numismatic Society
Museum Notes VI (1954), pp. 193199.
BEDOUKIANP. Bedoukian, The Bilingual Coins of Hetoum I, The
American Numismatic Society Museum Notes VII (1957), pp. 219230.
BEDOUKIANP. Bedoukian, Two Hoards of Hetoum-Zabel Trams,
The American Numismatic Society Museum Notes VIII (1958),
pp. I45-180.
BEDOUKIANP. Z. Bedoukian, The Coins of Constantine I (1298 to
1299), King of Cilician Armenia, Handes Amsorya, LXXII (1958),
pp. 381390. (In Armenian.) [9. Q. "inn Mhui, 'ih/Mlin/ Puqu mp
'inuintuhtli, U. R. (12981299) 'purukpp, Zuuq tu lllliophuy, 26,
'll hibu, 1958, #. 381390].
BEDOUKIANP. Z. Bedoukian, What were the Armenian Coins Called
Bissancios Stauratos,? Handes Amsorya, LXXIII (1959), pp. 241
to 250. (In Armenian.) [2. 7. Winn, huh, // Fiz khi, ,Bissancios
Stauratos" 'insni ul 3'ih/fifty <uyuhuit, "pulf 'uhpg,<uilt ku Ulliophus{/,
4%. Ilifflihu, 1959, , 8. 241250.]
BEDOUKIANP. Z. Bedoukian, The Gold Coins of the Armenian
Kings of Cilicia, Handes Amsorya, LXXIV (1960), pp. 1627. (In
Armenian.) [9. Q. "inn Mhuib, 'ih/ hihn/ <"ty Puqu "phhp.m. /luhhapu-

Tuhpg, &miut lullophuy, 4%, Lhhuuu, 1960 48. 1627.]
BEDOUKIANP. Z. Bedoukian, The Origin of the Designs of the
Levon I Coins, Handes Amsorya, LXXIV (1960), pp. 525-534. (In
Armenian.) [3. Q. "inn Mhuib, l/rl-nl, ll. Puqun npfiu "unlikputnutfit,
Uiuqn il, <uilt u liliophuy, 3%. 'll hibu, 1960, #. 525-534.]
BLANCARDL. Blancard, Le besant d'or sarrazinas, Memoire de
l'Acadmie des Science, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Marseilles, 18771878,
pp. I5I-I94.
BMCollection of the British Museum, London.
BNBibliothque Nationale, Cabinet des Mdailles, Paris. The three col-
lections of Roupenian coins found in this museum consist of the
former Schlumberger collection (about 370 coins), the Vogue col-
Bibliography and Abbreviations xiii
lection (over Ioo coins) and the Cabinet des Mdailles collection (near-
ly 1oo coins). In the Corpus the coins of all three are denoted by BN.
BORRELLH. P. Borrell, Restitution a Hthum I et Isabella, sa
femme, d'une mdaille attribue par Sestini a Hthem I et Lon III,
roi d'Armnie, Revue Numismatique, X, pp. 451-458.
BROSSETM. Brosset, Monographie des monnaies armniennes, St. Pters-
bourg, 1839. (Extrait de Bulletin de la classe historico-philologique de
l'Acadmie Impriale des Sciences de St. Ptersbourg, 1839, VI, No. 34,
pp. 33-64.)
BROSSETM. Brosset, Histoire du Bas-Empire, Nouvelle dition, Cor-
rige et augmente d'aprs les historiens orientaux, par Saint Martin et
continue par M. Brosset, 21 vols. (Paris, 18241836): XVI, p. 26,
Silver coin of Levon I, wrongly attributed to prince Levon I (II23);
XVI, p. 305, A copper coin of a Moslem ruler which was previously
attributed in error to Mleh; XVII, p. 43, Eight copper coins of
Levon I from the cabinet de M. le duc de Blacas; XVII, pp. 324
to 325, Six copper coins of Hetoum I from cabinet de Paris and
four of duc de Blacas. An unpublished bilingual coin of Hetoum-
Kaikobad; XX, p. 5Io, An unpublished silver coin of Oshin from
cabinet de M. le duc de Blacas.
BROSSETM. Brosset, Rapport sur un voyage archologique dans la
Gorgie et dans l'Armnie, St. Ptersbourg, 185o.
BUCHENAUH. Buchenau, Der Bracteatfund von Seega, Marburg, 195.
BUCHONI. A. C. Buchon, Recherches et matriaux pour servir a une
histoire de la domination Franaise au XIII, XIVe et XV sicles,
Paris, I8II.

CAHENC. Cahen, La Syrie du Nord l'poque des Croisades, et la princi-
paut franque d'Antioche, Paris, 194o.
CALEYE. R. Caley, Estimation of Composition of Ancient Metal Ob-
jects. Utility of Specific Gravity Measurements. Analytical Chem-
istry, XXIV (1952), pp. 676681.
CAPPELLETTIG. Cappelletti, L'Armenia, Firenze, 1841.
CATALOGOCatalogo della collezione d'un distinto numismatico . . . di
monete . . . della Georgia e dell' Armenia, Firenze, 1888. (From
Sibilian XII.)
CATALOGUECatalogue de monnaies du moyen ge composant la col-
lection du prince Al. Troubetzkoy, Paris, 186o, p. Io. Royaume ar-
menien de Cilicie, I-5. (Sibilian XIII.)
xiv Bibliography and Abbreviations
CHAMCHIANM. Chamchian, History of Armenia, Venice, 3 vols. 1781
to 1786. (In Armenian.) [U . Quil'zhuil, quinifu Ghri, <uyng, 'll bhin4
17811786, 3 uinnp.
CHAMICHM. Chamich, History of Armenia, from B.C. 2247 to the year
of Christ 178o. Translated from the Original Armenian by Johannes
Avdall, Calcutta, 1827.
COLOPHONSColophons of Manuscripts from the Fifth to the Seventeenth
Century, Antelias, Lebanon, 1951. [?-uphqfl. ll. Hul}nq hhnu,
6zuinuhuipuil, p 2hn uqpug, b. 'hupni y Ulil zh d (? 'hup, Uli HHL Hulu,
lppuihuil, I95I.]
CORPUS NUMMORUM ITALICORUM Vols. VI and VII, Rome,
I922.
CRUSADESA History of the Crusades, Vol. I. Edited by Marshall
W. Baldwin, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1955.
CUPERIG. Cuperi, In Lactantium, de mortibus persecutorum notae, Ed.
P. Bauldri, Trajecti ad R. 1693. (See Migne, Petrologiae Cursus Com-
pletus, Series Prima, Paris, 1844, VII, p. 48o.)
D'AIXAlbert d'Aix, Recueil des Historiens Croisades, Historiens Occi-
dentaux, Paris, 18441895, Vol. IV.
DARDELJ. Dardel, Chronicles, Recueil des Historiens des Croisades,
Documents Armniens, II, Paris, 1869.
DE BEAUMONTA. de Beaumont, Recherches sur l'origine du blason et en
particulier sur la fleur de lis, Paris, 1853.
DER GHAZARIANH. Der Ghazarian, A Copper Coin of Prince Levon II,
Pazmaveb, Venice, 192o, p. 167; Zouartnotz, Paris, 1930, pp. 409 to
4Io. (In Armenian.) [4. Slip luquphuil, lhl ni, h luulf "Llib4

hpulle , Fuqiliul Hul, 'll bhin4, 192o, H? 167. 2nLuplifung,uphq ,
1930, 4 P. 409-4Io.]
DER NERSESSIANS. Der Nersessian, Armenia and the Byzantine
Empire, Cambridge, Mass. 1947.
DER NERSESSIANS. Der Nersessian, Manuscrits armniens illustrs,
des XII, XIIIe et XIVe sicles, Paris, 1936.
DESIMONIC. Desimoni, Actes passs en 1271, 1274 et 1279 l'Aias
(Petite Armnie) et Beyrouth par devant des notaires gnois, Archives
de l'Orient Latin, Paris, 188I, pp. 434-534.
DU CANGEC. D. Seigneur Du Cange, Histoire de S. Louys, par le sire
de Joinville, Paris, 1668.
EBCollection of Prof. A. A. Ebeyan, Beirut, Lebanon.
Bibliography and Abbreviations XV
ERState Museum of Armenia, Erivan, Armenia, U.S.S.R. The coins
cited in the Corpus contain all the double trams which were part of
the hoard of Daphne. These were donated to the State Museum of
Erivan by Mr. Armenak Poladian of Beirut, Lebanon.
ERACLESRecueil des Historiens Croisades, Historiens Occidentaux,
Paris, 18441895, Vol. II (L'Estoire de Eracles).
FONROBERT-Verzeichnis von Mnzen und Denkmnzen der Jules Fon-
robert'schen Sammlung, Berlin, 1878. (Armenien, No. 48444873.)
GAMALOV-CHURAEVS. A. Gamalov-Churaev, Classification of
Roupenian Coins (According to C. Sibilian), St. Petersbourg, 1923. (In
Russian.) [C. A. TaMaMob-UlypaeB, KIIacchdowkauwa PyeHMICKMx
MoHet IIo K. CM6MUIAHy, TleTep6ypr, 1923.]
GARABETIANB. M. Garabetian, The Roupenian Coins in the Museum
of the Mekhitarian Congregation, St. Lazare, Venice, Pazmaveb, CX,
Venice, 1952, pp. 155168. (In Armenian.) [7. Hupuuthukuit, U.
Tuquipm. Puiu Tupuiuli, Mkm-Pfuhuil, Trull uhpg, Fugiliu//ut, Ed.,
l/ru/ru//, 1952, #8. 155168.]
GARABETIANB. M. Garabetian, The Lion on the Armenian Coins,
Hask, Annual Number, Antelias (Lebanon), 19491950, pp. 265-293.
(In Armenian.) [7. 'lupuuthukuit, Unh &g <uy 'pull ulipni l'ny,
&uu/. <uyuzhnului, Suphalipe, lugh, huu, lhpuihuih, I949-1950,
3. 265-293.]
GARABETIANB. M. Garabetian, The Hoard of Daphne, Hask, Annual
Number, Antelias (Lebanon), 19491950, pp. 1621. (In Armenian.)
[7 'lupuukinkuh, Surpukh Tipuliughling, &uuh, Auyuithnului,
Sup/r?/pip, lludh, huu, lipuihui, 19491950, #3. 1621.]

GARABETIANB. M. Garabetian, The Origin and Development of Ar-
menian Numismatics, Hask, Antelias (Lebanon), XIX, 1950, pp. 274
to 280. (In Armenian.)[7. Hupuukinhuih, zuyuhui, Mulliumhuin Ph-
u, Uugn J", n- 3up?ugu-Ug, &uu/, d/, l'h'// huu, liguibulu,
1950, 48.274280.]
GARABETIANB. M. Garabetian, An Outline of Armenian Numis-
matics, Pazmaveb, CIX, Venice, 1951, pp. 317324. (In Armenian.)
[7. 'rupuukinkuh, /hpm uth& <"y "fulfu?hinn (Hruil, Quintln, Idhuib,
fugilial ul, BP. lhuku.h4, 1951, 3. 317-324.]
GELZERH. Gelzer, Abriss der byzantinischen Kaisergeschichte. In
K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur, Zweite Auf-
lage (Mnchen, 1897), pp. 911-1067.
xvi Bibliography and Abbreviations
GRIERSON-P. Grierson, **A Rare Crusader Besant with the Christus
Vincit Legend,' The American Numismatic Society Museum Notes VI
(1954), pp. 169-178, Pl. XVIII, 1-2.
GROUSSET-H. Grousset, Histoire des Croisades, 3 vols., Paris, 1948
GROUSSET-H. Grousset, Histoire de l'Armnie, Paris, 1947.
GUILHIERMOZ-P. Guilhiermoz, "Note sur les poids des moyen ge,'
Bibliothque de l'cole des Chartes, LXVII (19o6), pp. 161-233,
4O2-45O.
HABESHIAN-H. Habeshian, "A Half Tram of Oshin,' Azadanard
Weekly, No. 34, Constantinople (Istanbul), I9II, p.544. (In Ar-
menian.) [&. & uuq42hul, 02 fil Puquinpfih ihuuq puul, Ulquunuuliupun
Gupudu dhp d, du 34, %n fu, 1911, 4 S. 544.]
HAGOPYAN-V. A. Hagopyan, Minor Chronicles of the XIII to XVIII
Centuries, Vol. II, Erivan, Armenia, U.SS.R., 1956. Institute of
History, Academy of Sciences, Armenian SS.R. [ l. Ul. &utnfuih,
dululu4uqpndflibhp XIII-XVIII "). ). & uj utul U. lJ. I).
*hunn djmlihhpf Uluq hrulbuf lunulfin juil Fhuufunnn. bphuil,
1956.]
HAYASTAN-Hayastan, Armenian Numismatics, 1851, No. 33-85. (In
(Armenian) (Sibilian XII). [&uyuuunuh, & uju4ul Tpuuliuqifunn dfh,
1951. Ph. 33-85.]
HE-Hermitage Museum, Leningrad, U.SS.R.
HEYD-W. Heyd, Histoire du commerce du Levant, 2 vols., Leipzig 1936.
HK-Collection of Mr. H. Kurdian, Wichita, Kansas, U.S.A.
IBN AL-ATHIR-Ibn Al-Athir, Kamel-Altevarykh (Selections with
French Translations), Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Historiens

Orientaux, Vol. I. 1872, pp. 187-744.
INDJIDJIAN-G. Indjidjian, Report on Armenian Coins, Tarabadoum,
Venice, 1827, Vol. 7, pp. 239-24o. (In Armenian.) [T. Fihhxhuil,
&uj4uuh 7pull hp, Tupuuquunnd Ihhhunf4, 1827. &np. B. 4g.
239-24O.]
IORGA-N. Iorga, Brve Histoire de la Petite Armnie, Paris, 193o.
IS-Istanbul Archeological Museum, Istanbul, Turkey.
IS-H-Mersin hoard of Levon I trams in IS.
KAREKIN-Karekin I. Catholicos, Colophons of Manuscripts, Vth to
XVIIIth Centuries, Antelias, Lebanon, 1951, Vol. I. (In Armenian.)
d* Tup. & ump. U. Uhdhp buu, lfpubul, I95I.]
Bibliography and Abbreviations xvii
KBCollection of Mr. Kamer Baghdadlian, Cannes, France. This col-
lection was formed by the father of Mrs. Kamer Baghdadlian, the
late Mr. Nishan Kalebjian.
KHACHIGYANL. S. Khachigyan, Colophons of Fourteenth Century
Armenian Manuscripts, Erivan, Armenia, 195o. U.S.S.R. Institute
of History, Academy of Sciences, Armenian S.S.R. [l. U. hu, H4 juil,
d'? 'Pupp uyhpi 2hn uqphp| <h2uinuhupuilibhp, $uyhuhul, U. U. /P.
?inni Hynllibhph llhuq hilkuyh Quinilin Hyuil, Fuuinhunni-in. bpb |uil,
I950.]
KKCollection of Mr. Kegham Kalajian of New York.
KRAFTA. Kraft, Jahrbcher der Literatur, Wien, 1843, CIII. Anzeige-
Blatt fr Wissenschaft und Kunst, CIII, pp. I-29. (Beschreibung
armenischer Mnzen der rupenischen Dynastie in Cilicien.)
KUNSTHISTORISCHES MUSEUMKunsthistorisches Museum in
Vienna. This museum possesses a small collection of Roupenian coins
which includes a rare silver tram of Constantine I, thought to be the
only specimen in existence until quite recently.
KUNZC. Kunz, Secondo catalogo di ogetti di numismatica, Venezia, 1855.
(III, p. 57, Monete di Re d'Armenia della Dinastia Rupena.)
LA CROZEM. V. de La Croze, Histoire du Christianisme d'Ethiopie et
d'Armnie. Haie, 1739.
LANGLOISV. Langlois, Chronique de Michel le Grand, Venice, 1868.
LANGLOISV. Langlois, Cartulaire, Le trsor des chartes d'Armnie, ou
cartulaire de la chancellerie royale des Roupniens, Venice, 1863.
LANGLOISV. Langlois, Numismatique de l'Armnie au moyen ge,
Paris, 1855.

LANGLOISV. Langlois, Lgende Arabe d'une monnaie bilingue
d'Hthum, Revue Archologique, VII (185o), pp. 22o-233.
LANGLOISV. Langlois, Sur les monnaies des rois armniens de la
dynastie de Roupne, Revue Archologique, VII (185o), pp. 262275,
357-368, 416-426, Pl. I44, I47, I48.
LANGLOISV. Langlois, Sur une pice indite d'Ochine (Cuivre),
Revue Archologique, VIII (1851), pp. 225232.
LANGLOISV. Langlois, Sur quelques monnaies indites ou peu con-
nues, Revue Archologique, X (1853), pp. 467475, Pl. 222-223.
LANGLOISV. Langlois, Sur deux monnaies indites de Lon II,
Revue de la Numismatique Belge, 1866, pp. 474-477. Pl. XVIII.
xviii Bibliography and Abbreviations
LASDVERDTSIAristages Lasdverdtsi, History, Eye Witness Account of
the Seljuk Invasions (9891071), Venice, 1844 and Alexandropol
(Leninakan), Armenia, 1893. (In Armenian.) [lphunu'u l'uu" /-
Apurgh.<ht Fuulfil du/iuhuhuffy Quinlin Phili, (989107I). lbhinh/,
1844. U/h.puuib"polio L, 1893].
French Translation: E. Prudhomme, Histoire d'Armnie par Aris-
tagues, Paris, 1864.
LEBEAUSee M. Brosset, Histoire du Bas-Empire.
LELEWELJ. Lelewel, Notes in Gnie de l'Orient by L. L. Sawasz-
kiewicz, Bruxelle, 1846, p. 214, Pl. XI. 94, 95.
LOPEZR. S. Lopez and I. W. Raymond, Medieval Trade in the Mediter-
ranean World, New York, 1955.
MACLERF. Macler, Cambridge Mediaeval History, 1936, Vol. IV.
MANANTYANH. Manantyan, A Critical Treatise of the History of the
Armenian People, 4 vols. Erivan, Armenia, 19441960. Published by
the Institute of History, The Academy of Sciences, Armenian S.S.R.
(In Armenian.)[4.U'uihuilt huiu, Ruhului, Shun-E/ni, <"y dinin! ("th
Quintlhi-Ryuib, 4.4"p. bphilub, 19441960 4.U.U./k. %hirn. E/nihhph
l/u?huhu, Quinlin-Ryuil, Fuuinhinnlin].
MARCARS. Marcar, Description of a Copper Coin of Leo, King
of Armenia, Madras Journal of Literature and Science, Madras,
1851.
MARCO POLOG. Pauthier, Nouvelle Biographie Gnrale, Paris,
Vol. XL, 1866, pp. 637659.
MARSDENW. Marsden, Oriental Coins, London, 1823.
MAS LATRIEL. de Mas Latrie, Histoire de Chypre, 3 vols. Paris, 1852

to I86 I.
MATEOS OURHAIETZIMateos Ourhaietzi, History (952-1136), Je-
rusalem (1869) and Vagharshabad, Armenia (1898). (In Armenian.)
["uniliu-Phth Ulum/J^nuf /I-n-Suykg. Ty, bpm uuqu, 1869; Luquip-
2uulum, 1898.] French Translation: E. Dulaurier, Matthieu d'desse,
Paris, 1858. French and Armenian Versions: Recueil des Historiens
des Croisades, Documents Armniens, I. Paris, 1869.
MERTENSE. Mertens, Der Brakteatfund von Nordhausen, Halle,
I929.
MIGEONG. Migeon, Manuel d'art Musulman, Paris, 1907.
MMCollection in the Mardikian Museum, Armenian National Cultural
Society, Beirut, Lebanon.
Bibliography and Abbreviations xix
MNATSAGANYANA. Sh. Mnatsaganyan, Armenian Decorative Art,
Erivan, Armenia, U.S.S.R. 1955. (InArmenian.)[U.6.U'huguhuiyuib,
<"y Up:/humb 3up?uibhutibhp, bphilub, I955.]
MONTGOMERYCompte de Montgomery. See Pembroke.
MORGAN-Jacques de Morgan, History of the Armenian People, Trans-
lated from the French, Hairenik Press, Boston, 1952.
NKCollection of Mme. Nadia Kapamadji, Paris, France.
NUBARBibliothque armnienne Nubar. The collection of this library
consisting of about fifty Roupenian coins and formerly belonging to
Catholicos Sahag of Sis, contains a rare copper coin of Prince Levon II
and also a bilingual half tram of Hetoum I-Kaikhusrew.
STRUPJ. strup, Catalogue des monnaies Arabes et Turques, Copen-
hagen, 1938.
PBCollection of the author, New York.
PEGOLOTTIFrancesco di Balduccio Pegolotti, La pratica della marca-
tura, Ed. by Allan Evans, Cambridge, Mass. 1936.
PELLERINJ. Pellerin, Lettres de l'Auteur des recueils de mdailles de
Rois, du Peuples et de Villes, Paris, 1770.
PEMBROKET. Pembroke et Compte de Montgomery, Numismatica
antiqua in tres partes divisa, London, 1746.
PETIT-M. Petit, Histoire gnrale des peuples, Paris, 1925.
PHPoladian Hoards. The author was fortunate in securing from Mr. Ar-
menak Poladian of Beirut the paper rubbings of two hoards, one of
Hetoum I and the other of Levon I. Part of the Levon hoard was
purchased by the author.
POLO see Marco Polo.

RAYMONDI. W. Raymond, see Lopez, R.S.
R.H.C. D.A.Recueil des Historiens Croisades, Documents Armniens,
2 vols. Paris, 18691906.
REINAUD-J. T. Reinaud, Descriptions des monumens Musulmans, Paris,
I828.
ROYAL CHRONICLEA hand copy of a manuscript by the late Prof.
Robert P. Blake of Harvard University. The original presumably
written in the XII-XIV century, is in the Mekhitarian library in Venice.
RUNCIMANS. Runciman, The History of the Crusades, 3 vols. Cam-
bridge, England, 19511954.
SABATIERJ. Sabatier, Descriptions gnrale des monnaies byzantines,
2 vols. Paris, 1862. (Reprint Graz, 1955.)
XX Bibliography and Abbreviations
SAMUEL ANETSIS. Anetsi, History from 1126 till the 17th Century,
Vagharshabad, Armenia, 1895. [Uuilh 'L luhgh, 'luTupoultuin,
1895.] French Translation: M. Brosset, Collection d'historiens ar-
mniens, vol. II, St. Ptersbourg, 1876. (Tables chronologique de
Samuel d'Ani.)
SAKISIANA. Sakisian, Page d'art armnien, Paris, 1940.
SANUTOM. Sanuto, In J. Bongars, Gesta dei per Francos, 1611. Fidelim
Crucis Lib. II, Pars IV.
SARREF. Sarre, L'Art de la Perse ancienne, Paris, 1922.
SAULCYF. de Saulcy, Numismatique byzantine, 2 vols. Metz, 1836.
(Essaie de classifications des suites monetaire Byzantines.)
SAULCYF. de Saulcy, Numismatique des Croisades, Paris, 1847.
SCHLUMBERGERG. Schlumberger, Archives de l'Orient Latin, Paris,
I88I.
SCHLUMBERGERG. Schlumberger, Numismatique de l'Orient Latin,
Paris, 1878.
SCHLUMBERGERG. Schlumberger, Mlanges d'Archologie Byzantine,
Paris, 1895.
SCHLUMBERGERG. Schlumberger, Monnaies des princes Chrtiens
d'Orient, Leon II roi d'Armnie, Revue Archologique, XXX (1875),
N.S. XVI, pp. 345349. (Description of a billon of Levon I struck in
Antioch and also an unpublished half double tram of Levon I.)
SESTINID. Sestini, Lettere e Dissertazione Numismatiche, sopra alcune
medaglio rare della Collezione Ainsliena. Livorno, 1779. (Description
of a Toros coin in the Ainsley collection, III, p. 147.)
SESTINID. Sestini, Lettere e Dissertazione Numismatiche, etc., Disser-

tazione sopra alcune monete Armene dei Principi Rupenensi, Livorno,
1789, II, pp. 2255, Pl. I, II.
SESTINID. Sestini, Lettere e Dissertazione Numismatiche, etc., Sopra dei
Monete Armene dei Principi Rupenensi, Livorno, 1790, IV, Lettere
VIII, p. 84.
SIBILIANC. Sibilian, Classification of Roupenian Coins, Vienna, 1892
(Written in 1877, but published in 1892 with extensive additions by
K. V. Kalemkiarian (In Armenian). ['i. Uhuth/huih, Muuu-npm-Ahli,
/km-Pfuhuit, "pullig, llibiihu, 1892.%pm u 1877 Fu Hi Sulm u 1892 Fi,
fugiliu/Jh 8tul him ifuhpn/ Q. l. luth/Phulphuibh inq#.]
SIBILIANC. Sibilian, Unpublished Coins of the Roupenian Kings,
Europa, Vienna, 1851, No.46, 48: 1852, No. 2,9,11,16. (In Armenian.)
Bibliography and Abbreviations xxi
['i - UhuthLhuil. f /km (fuhui, Puqu mphhp.m. UFligh- <hiliu 99pu an upulin-
u& Tru/ukp, , befnulu, 1851, Gh-e 46,48; 1852. Ph-P 2, 9, 11, 16.]
SIBILIANC. Sibilian, Numismatique armnienne, Revue de l'Orient,
Paris, XII, 1860, pp. 193203.
SIBILJANC. Sibiljan, Beschreibung von XVII noch unedirten
Mnzen der Armenisch-Rupenischen Dynastie in Kilikien, Sitzungs-
berichte der philos.-histor. Classe der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Wien, 1852. VIII, p. 275.
SMITH-H. R. Smith, A Meeting of East and West, Semitic and
Oriental Studies, University of California Publications of Semitic
Philology, XI (1951), pp. 423427.
SMPADConstable of the kingdom of Cilicia. Chronicle 9521274 and
continuation until 1331. Armenian text published in Moscow in 1856,
Paris in 1859 and a recent text in Venice in 1956. French translation
V. Langlois, Chronique de Sempad (extrait), St. Ptersbourg, 1862.
[U./hum Uutupuuthull, Suphalipe, 'lhukshi, 1956.]
SPINELLID. Spinelli, Monete Cufiche, bettute da principi Longobardi,
Normanni et svevi del regno delle due Sicilie, Napoli, 1844.
STRZYGOWSKIJ. Strzygowski, Die Baukunst der Armenier und
Europa, 2 vols. Vienna, 1916.
SURMEYIANA. Surmeyian, The Psalter of King Oshin, Written in
1319. Chronicle, Antelias, Lebanon, 1933. (In Armenian.) [lpinul lug."
Ur-P. Uh-pi/h/ub, thupualif 02 [i. Puqu mphu du/ia7/pp/h, I319.
l'h&hl Ruu, lipuihuih, 1933]
TRISTAN-J. Tristan de Saint-Amant, Commentaires historiques con-
tenans l'histoire gnrale des empereurs, impratrices, caesars et tyrans

de l'empire romain. 3 vols. Paris, 1644.
TROUBETZKOY-Al. Troubetzkoy. See Catalogue des monnaie etc.
VARTAN-Vartan, History, from the Beginning till 1265, Venice, 1862.
(In Armenian.) [Zulu.pm if i, Quinl/in (J/ruit, luptuouy 'luptuuthsh,
"l/ru/ru/4, 1862.]
VMCollection of the Mekhitarian Museum in Venice, Italy.
VON FALKEO. von Falke, Kunstgeschichte der Seidenweberei, 2 vols.
Berlin, 1913.
VON WELLENHEIM-Verzeichniss der Mnz- und Medaillen-Sammlung
des L. Werzel von Wellenheim, Wien, 1845. (Armenische Knige aus
dem Hause Rupenin Cilicien, No. 1205612060, II. Abtheilung, p. 570.)
WMCollection of the Mekhitarian Museum in Vienna, Austria.
SURVEY OF EARLIER PUBLICATIONS
ON ROUPENIAN COINS
The first mention of a Roupenian coin was apparently made in
1644 by Tristan" who included a drawing of a bilingual coin of
Hetoum-Kaikhusrew in his extensive work on numismatics. Tristan
was able to translate (although incorrectly) the Arabic inscription on
the coin but could not decipher the Armenian side, although he knew
the characters were Armenian. The drawing of this coin was done so
poorly that it is impossible to read the Armenian inscription. Some
twenty-four years later, Du Cange referred to Tristan's bilingual
coin, but ascribed it to a Persian monarch. The coin was again briefly
mentioned about twenty-five years later by Cuperi who more or less
summarized the statements made by Tristan and Du Cange. It was
not until 1739, nearly a hundred years after Tristan's publication,
that La Croze" attempted to decipher the Armenian inscription. Al-
though La Croze incorrectly read it as Thagavor Thagavoratz
Haiotz (The King of Kings of the Armenians), he apparently had
the assistance of some one with a good knowledge of Armenian be-
cause the incorrect version is grammatically accurate, and his faulty
interpretation may have been due to the poor condition of the coin.
Finally, in 1782, Adler" reproduced another bilingual coin of Hetoum-
Kaikhusrew, and succeeded in reading the inscription correctly.
The first Roupenian coins bearing entirely Armenian inscriptions
were apparently first described in a catalog of the St. Petersburg
(Leningrad) Museum in 1745." The description there is as follows:
* Tristan, pp. 5889.
* Du Cange, p. 238.

* Cuperi, p. 480.
* La Croze, pp. 339344.
* Adler, pp. 612, Pl. XII, No. C.
* Musei Imperialis Petropolitani. Vol. II (1745) p. 452. The author is
deeply grateful to Prof. A. Bykov of the Hermitage Museum for locating
this reference after a search in various libraries of Leningrad. Only after
receiving Prof. Bykov's report was it possible to determine that this was
xxii
Survey of Earlier Publications on Roupenian Coins xxiii
1. Rex adversa fronte, coronatus, sedens, dextra crucem, sinistra scept-
rum, seu simile quid tenens.
LEON CZAAR HAIWEZ (i. e. Armeniae). A. Insignia regni:
EX. MISERICORDIA DEI
2. Similis, crassus susus.
3. Duae figurae coronates flantes crucem tenent.
HEETOM CZAAR HAIWEZ. A. Leo gradiens, supra quem crux.
EX. MISERICORDIA DEI Nimmus susus.
Although the inscriptions were read incorrectly, the descriptions are
clearly of the two trams of Levon I and the one of Hetoum-Zabel.
A good reproduction of a copper coin of Levon I appeared in Pem-
broke and Montgomery's treatise published in 1746, but the authors
unfortunately listed it erroneously as a Runic coin. In 1762, Pellerins
reported the existence of six copper coins of Levon I with Armenian
legends, but could not read the inscription. Shortly thereafter, before
the publication of the second volume of his work in 1770 he noted
an engraving of a similar coin in a publication which described the
collection of the Marquis de Savorgnan. It is presumed that this
catalog was published sometime between 1762 and 1770, as Pellerin
did not see it in time to make use of the information in his first
volume. By 1770, the Mekhitarian Fathers in Venice had published
a number of Armenian books, thus introducing the language to
Western readers, and Pellerin was then able to read, though not
most likely the first report in print of Roupenian coins, with the exception
of the bilingual coin of Hetoum I. In his monograph on Roupenian coins,
Brosset lists the following references:

Museum imp. Petrop. 1745, II, Pl. III, p. 452;
Corsini, Dissertation de Minnisari aliorumque Armeniae regum nummis,
Liburni, 1754, 1756;
Froelich, Dubia de Minnisari aliorumque Armeniae regum nummis. Vienna,
1754; Alter, Miscellen, p. 138; Mionnet IV, pp. 451458. Brosset adds that
the last author deals with ancient Armenian coins with Greek legends and
not with coins of the Roupenian period. His remarks would lead one to
believe that the others dealt with Roupenian coins. Froelich's book is con-
cerned only with some pre-Christian period coins and not Roupenian coins.
It is regrettable that it was impossible to check either Corsini or Alter, but
a remark by Langlois (p. 1) would lead one to believe that only the first
dealt with Roupenian coins.
* Pembroke and Montgomery, IV, Part 4, Pl. XL.
* Pellerin, p. 218.
* Pellerin, pp. 112147, Pl. I. Nos. 6, 7, 8.
xxiv Survey of Earlier Publications on Roupenian Coins
accurately, some of the variations of the inscriptions on the copper
coins of Levon I.
In 17811786, Chamchian" published his monumental History of
Armenia in three volumes. This study, published in Armenian, was
later translated into English." In his work, Chamchian mentions
that the Roupenians struck gold, silver and copper coins, and gives
several illustrations.
In 1789, Sestini wrote a treatise on the coinage of the Roupenians
and briefly discussed the history of the dynasty. He listed thirteen
coins of which two were Serbian and erroneously identified as Ar-
menian. A year later, Sestini gave a description and engraving of a
half-tram of Zabel-Hetoum and of a new copper coin of Levon I. It
may be mentioned here that Sestini also reproduced an engraving
of a coin which he ascribed to the Roupenian king, Toros. This is one
of several instances in which a coin has been attributed to this king.
Unfortunately, Sestini's pictorial representation was so poor that it
is impossible to decipher the inscription. How did Sestini manage to
obtain so much data on the history and coinage of the Roupenians?
The answer is given by Father Indjidjian" in a report appearing in
1827 in an Armenian publication. Apparently, in 1788, when Lord
Ainsley saw Father Indjidjian in Constantinople (Istanbul), he
showed him a large number of unidentified coins and insisted on
our identifying and classifying these coins. It became necessary to
make a chronology of the Roupenian kings to give to Sestini, the
numismatist, and also to make models of the old and new forms of
Armenian letters which Sestini used in his Italian treatise. Sestini

himself acknowledges" the invaluable help given him in this phase
of his work. It becomes obvious that Father Indjidjian was probably
the first to possess some knowledge of the coinage of the Roupenian
dynasty, and it is unfortunate that he made no attempt to publish
his studies.
* Chamchian, History of Armenia, Vol. III, p. 365.
* Chamich, History of Armenia.
* Sestini, 1789, II, pp. 2255, Pl. I, II.
* Sestini, 1790, IV, p. 84.
* Sestini, 1779, III, p. 147.
* Indjidjian, p. 23940.
* Sestini, 1790, p. 84, Lettere VIII.
Survey of Earlier Publications on Roupenian Coins xxv
Within the next fifty years, the coinage of the Roupenians received
increasing attention. Buchon" described the design of some Armenian
coins in his discussion of the coins of Cyprus. Brosset, the noted
armenologist, first discussed a number of Roupenian coins which
included an unpublished bilingual coin of Hetoum-Kaikobad and
an unpublished silver coin of Oshin; and later, in 1839, published a
monograph in which he listed about sixty coins in various Russian
and French collections. This work did much to arouse interest in the
coinage of the Roupenian period. At a later date, Brosset reported
on a silver coin of Gosdantin.
Apart from a passing remark on a coin of Levon I by Cappelletti
in his History of Armenia, the next important contribution was made
by Kraft in 1843. His work contains a good review of the previous
publications on the subject, with appropriate comments on their con-
tents and shortcomings. According to Marcar (45), this article has
been published in book form. Kraft discusses at some length the
coinage and history of the Roupenian kingdom and lists 59 coins, of
which 29 belonged to the Royal Museum in Vienna, 23 to the col-
lection of Father Timoni, and 7 to the Mekhitarian Museum in
Vienna. The article was well illustrated and included a silver coin of
Gosdantin I. Following Brosset's and Kraft's treatises, Roupenian
coins began appearing in some catalogs. One published in 1845 listed
seven silver and copper coins of Levon I and Hetoum I* and an-
other, published in 1878, listed a sizable collection of the coins of the
various rulers39 coins. Other contemporary catalogs also in-
dicated the interest in this field.

Buchon, pp. 403-405.
* Brosset, Histoire du Bas-Empire, XVI, p. 26, 305; XVII, p. 43;
* Ibid., XVII, pp. 324325;
* Ibid., XX, p. 510.
* Brosset, Monographie des Monnaies Armniennes.
* Brosset, Rapports sur un Voyage Archologique dans la Gorgie et dans
l'Armnie, II, p. I4.
* Cappelletti, pp. 178181.
* Kraft, pp. 1-29.
* Von Wellenheim Catalogue, p. 570.
* Fonrobert's collection, p. 294.
* Kunz's Catalogue, 1855, p. 57; I have not seen the catalog of Prince
Troubetzkoy's collection, and this reference is copied from Sibilian XII.
xxvi Survey of Earlier Publications on Roupenian Coins
The earlier literature gave more prominence to the copper coins.
Later on, possibly because of the discovery of various hoards of silver
coins, the situation was reversed. In 1845, three silver coins of Zabel-
Hetoum were reported by Borrell. The following year, another
silver Zabel-Hetoum was described by Lelewel, along with a coin
of Levon IV with an Arabic surcharge. In 1847, Saulcy illustrated
a coin of Levon V which he ascribed to Cyprus, and another Arme-
nian coin with an illegible inscription.
After 1850, there was a period of intense activity in the field of
Armenian numismatics. Outstanding contributions were made by
Victor Langlois who also elucidated the relationship of the Roupenian
kingdom with the western world, and by Father Sibilian whose re-
searches and activities in the cause of Armenian numismatics far
surpassed Langlois' work in scope and accuracy. Langlois, writing in
French, familiarized Europeans with this branch of numismatics, and
Sibilian, writing in Armenian, placed the coinage on a firm foundation.
It is significant that Sibilian's work remained a classic for nearly a
hundred years.
In his earlier papers, Langlois reported the complete reading of the
bilingual coin of Hetoum-Kaikhusrew. He later published a general
review of the subject, listing all the known collections, both public
and private. He also speculated on the origin of the designs of the
coinage of the Roupenians. In another article, Langlois discussed
the two reports on coins attributed to Toros. In 1851, he reported
a copper coin of Oshin and published three articles summing up
the existing knowledge on Roupenian coins. Two years later, he pub-

lished an extensive article listing hitherto unknown or little known
coins. These studies by Langlois were brought together in book
form in an important publication entitled Numismatique de l'Ar-
* Borrell, p. 451, Pl.
* Lelewel, pp. 214, Pl. XI, No. 94, 95.
*Saulcy, Numismatique de Croisades, 1847, Pl. XIX, Nos. 5, 7.
* Langlois, Revue Archologique, 1850, pp. 22023.
* Langlois, ibid. pp. 262-271; 357368; 416426; Pl. I44, 147, I48.
* Langlois, ibid. pp. 416426.
* Langlois, ibid. 1851, pp. 225232.
* Langlois, ibid. 1851, pp. 262-274; 357368; 416426 and 3 plates.
* Langlois, ibid. 1853, pp. 467475, Pl. 222, and 223.
Survey of Earlier Publications on Roupenian Coins xxvii
mnie au Moyen Age. It was a notable contribution, but as Sibilian
pointed out some years later, it contained no less than sixty-nine
glaring errors, and in the light of our present knowledge, this number
can be multiplied many fold. In 1866, Langlois also reported on a
hitherto unpublished double tram of Levon I. This coin with the
lion turned right had the complete inscription on both sides
(Corpus No. 16).
During this same period, Sibilian wrote several important articles.
Father Sibilian was a member of the Armenian Roman Catholic
Mekhitarian order in Vienna, an order established in 1717 in St. La-
zare, Venice, by Mekhitar of Sebastia. In 1811, some members of the
order moved to Vienna. Both branches of the order have made ex-
tremely valuable contributions to Armenian culture. The Mekhitarists
today have large collections of Armenian books and an impressive
number of ancient Armenian manuscripts. Vienna possesses by far
the largest collection of Roupenian coins, and the collection in Venice
is also important. Scholars have long depended on these two establish-
ments for their source of information on Armenian studies. Neither
Sestini nor Langlois could have carried out their studies without the
active assistance of the Mekhitarists.
Sibilian can be considered the father of Armenian numismatics.
His writings were based on exhaustive studies and have proved re-
markably accurate. On Sibilian's death Schlumberger wrote, le
Pre Cl. Sibilian, qui connaissait admirablement cette branche de
l'archologie armnienne et qui lavait tudie la fois en patriote fer-
vent, et en numismatiste distingu n'est plus.

Sibilian was born in Constantinople (Istanbul) on February 17,
1824, and joined the Mekhitarist order in Vienna in 1838. Encouraged
by Chief Abbot Azarian, he took an active interest in Armenian coins
and by 1846 had begun a treatise on the coinage of the Roupenians.
As he felt that there was insufficient material in Vienna for a satis-
factory study, he journeyed to Armenia and neighboring countries in
search of numismatic material. Thus, in addition to his religious
duties, he spent much time in writing on numismatic and historical
* Langlois, Numismatique de l'Armnie au Moyen Age, Paris, 1855.
* Langlois, Revue de la Numismatique Belge, 1866, p. 474., Pl. XVIII.
* Schlumberger, Archives de l'Orient Latin, 1881, pp. 675678.
* See F. Kalemkiarian's Preface to Sibilian's book, XVII.
xxviii Survey of Earlier Publications on Roupenian Coins
subjects. He died in 1878, at the age of 54, as a result of an illness
contracted during his travels. He was unable to write the exhaustive
treatise on Roupenian coins which he had planned, but did complete
his Classification of Roupenian Coins written in Armenian in 1877
and published in 1892 with extensive notes by Father K. H. Kalem-
kiarian of the same order. It included a bibliography of early refer-
ences on Armenian coins. Although limited in scope and inaccurate
in its treatment of the latter period of the kingdom, this has served
as a standard reference to this day.
In 1851 and 1852, Sibilian wrote a series of six papers on un-
published Roupenian coins." These papers were incorporated in an
extensive article which appeared in German in a Viennese publica-
tion." At a later date, Sibilian published additional information on
his numismatic findings.
Other publications of this period include a note on a copper coin of
Levon I," on Hetoum-Zabel silver coins* previously discussed by
Borrell, and a general treatise on Roupenian coins" in an Armenian
journal.
In 1875, another famous numismatist, Schlumberger, made a
number of important contributions to our knowledge of Roupenian
coins. He was the first to publish a coin of Levon I struck in Antioch
in Latin characters." In the same article he first described a half
double-tram of Levon I. Shortly thereafter, again for the first time,
Schlumberger reported on a gold coin of Levon I." Schlumberger
* Sibilian's book is the only reference work on the coinage of Cilician
Armenia, and it is unfortunate that it has never been translated into a

Western language.
* Sibilian, Europa, Vienna, 1851. Nos. 46, 48, 1852, No. 2, 9, II, 16.
These articles, originally appearing in a newspaper, were added to Sibilian's
book and thus made available to the general reader.
* Sibiljan, p. 275, and reprinted in book form.
* Sibilian, Revue de l'Orient, 1860, XII, p. 193203.
* Marcar, Madras Journal of Literature and Science, 1851, p. 151. It is
curious that the photograph of this copper coin as printed is a mirror image
of the usual Levon I coins. This is probably due to an error in printing
since no other reverse inscription and image coins have been reported.
* Barthelemy, pp. 403, 446, Pl. XIII.
* Hayastan, No. 3385 (in Armenian).
* Schlumberger, Revue Archologique, 1875, pp. 345349.
* Schlumberger, Archives de l'Orient Latin, 1881, pp. 675678.
Survey of Earlier Publications on Roupenian Coins xxix
had an important collection of Roupenian coins, which eventually
found its way to the Bibliothque Nationale in Paris.
In 1865, Father Alishan of the Mekhitarist Order in Venice pub-
lished his monumental treatise, Sissouan, on Cilician Armenia. He
devoted a full section to the coinage of the kingdom and discussed at
some length the commercial relationship of the kingdom with the
Mediterranean countries. Numismatically, the value of his work is
important in that it was the first to contain a description of the copper
coins of the princes Gosdantin, Toros and Levon II, and also of the
gold coin of Gosdantin I. His work was translated into French
in 1899.
Active interest in the coinage of the Roupenian dynasty seemed to
wane after Alishan's work, and for the next fifty years there were no
publications of importance. The discovery of several copper coins of
Prince Levon II prompted several articles elucidating the inscription
on them. In 1936, Basmadjian" published his general treatise on
the numismatics of Armenia, in which he gave an account not only
of the Roupenian coins but also of coins struck on the soil of Greater
Armenia by earlier Armenian kings and by the Mohammedan in-
vaders, beginning with the Arabs. He also gave descriptions of coins
pertaining to Armenia, including Roman coins with the inscription
Armeniacus, Armenia, etc., and of the coins of many Byzantine
emperors of Armenian origin. This volume, however, added little new
data to the numismatic knowledge of the Roupenian period.
In the past few years, there has been renewed activity in the field
of Armenian numismatics and considerable progress has been made.

Of particular interest are publications by Garabetian who, in his
travels through Europe, catalogued a number of collections and
wrote an account of the collection in the Mekhitarist Museum in
* Alishan, Sissouan (in Armenian), 1885.
* Alishan, 1899.
* Der Ghazarian, Two articles in Armenian publications listed in the
Bibliography.
* This book, written in Armenian, contains a section on Roupenian coins.
Unfortunately, the author has taken little care in preparing this section
and has not availed himself of the numismatic material to be found in
various museums. All of the drawings are taken from Jacques de Morgan's
book History of the Armenian People.
xxx Survey of Earlier Publications on Roupenian Coins
Venice. Of special value is a description of the hoard of Daphne,
discovered near Antioch, which contained a large number of rare
types of double-trams. Other interesting and informative articles by
Garabetian include a lengthy treatise on some aspects of the design
of Roupenian coins and bibliographical surveys on publications
dealing with the study of Armenian numismatics.
In describing a hoard found in 1874 in Cilicia, Sibilian pointed out
the similarity in styling between the Levon coins (written lb"/") and
those of Guy (13421344) and Gosdantin III (13441364). He sug-
gested that it was most likely that these coins were all made by the
same die-maker. Garabetian was apparently the first to attribute
the Levon (lb'l/Tu) coins to Levon the Usurper who ruled from 1363
to 1365. It was only after the discovery of the Chronicle of Dardel in
1883 that the existence of the rule of Leo the Usurper became known.
This information was therefore not available to Sibilian. Metrological
data obtained by the writer in support of Garabetian's theory are
given elsewhere in this book.
More recently, a number of studies have been published which have
helped to clear up a few of the problems concerning the coinage of the
Roupenians. It had hitherto been impossible to distinguish the coins
of Gosdantin III and Gosdantin IV from each other. This has now
been made possible through a critical examination of the weights and
specific gravities of a large number of coins of these two rulers. Since
the Roupenian coins bear no dates, it is not possible to classify the
coins of each ruler chronologically according to their order of issue.
However, by comparative studies and examination of two large

* Garabetian, Pazmaveb, No. 79, 1952, pp. 155168. Garabetian has
prepared the catalogs of the collections in the Bibliothque Nationale in
Paris, the Mekhitarist Museum in Vienna and Venice, and also the small
collection of the Bibliothque Armnienne Nubar in Paris. These catalogs,
duplicates of which are in Garabetian's possession, are not available to the
student, possibly pending publication.
* Garabetian, Hask, Annual Number, 194950, pp. 1621. This valuable
hoard, formerly the property of Mr. Armenak Poladian of Beirut, Lebanon,
was donated to the State Museum in Erivan, Armenia.
* Garabetian, Hask, Annual Number, 194950, pp. 265-293.
* Garabetian, Hask, 1950, pp. 274280; Garabetian, Pazmavab, 1951,
pp. 3I7-324.
* Bedoukian, ANS Museum Notes, VI (1954), pp. 193199, Pl. XX.
Survey of Earlier Publications on Roupenian Coins xxxi
hoards of Hetoum-Zabel trams, an order of issue was assigned to the
different types of these coins.
Other publications include an historical study on the causes of the
issuance of bilingual coins by Hetoum I, the identity of bissantios
stauratos mentioned by contemporary writers with the trams of
Levon I and Hetoum-Zabel, and an account of the coinage of Gos-
dantin I." Another publication" established the authenticity of the
gold coins of this period by pointing out the existence of authentic
silver trams struck with the same dies as the gold coins. A more recent
article discusses the origin of the design of the coins of Levon I.
* Bedoukian, ANS Museum Notes, VIII (1958), pp. 145180, Pl. XXXIX.
58 Bedoukian, ANS Museum Notes, VII (1957), pp. 219230, Pl. XXX.
* Bedoukian, Handes Amsorya, 1959, pp. 241250 (In Armenian).

* Bedoukian, Handes Amsorya, 1960, pp. 525-534 (In Armenian).

COINAGE OF CILICIAN ARMENIA
As a " ' " o .
A.
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-1
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Cilician
./ S Y R 1 A
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Gorigos t- P/ ~1 - A.
- 2-/ O Baghris
Seleucia |- M Z/ S>''
s EEE STY Bellan
Af (#77 Syrian Gates
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\ Antioch O Aleppo
Aw

MAP OF CILICIAN ARM ENIA
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
THE COMING OF THE ARMENIANS TO CILICIA
It is a curious fact that a territory which did not belong to Armenia
until the early part of the eleventh century became the seat of an
Armenian dynasty which was the first to issue a series of coins bearing
Armenian characters. Previously, the rulers of Greater Armenia had
struck coins patterned after early Greek coins, and ones bearing Greek
legends. The historical events leading to the founding of the Rou-
penian dynasty in Cilicia are briefly reviewed here to give background
to the coinage of this period.
Following the decline of the power of the Caliphate of Baghdad at
the beginning of the ninth century, a number of independent or semi-
dependent principalities were formed in Armenia. Of these, the
Bagratids of Ani were the most powerful and founded a kingdom in
885 which lasted until IoA5. Unfortunately, the existing feudal system
in Armenia made it impossible for the rival principalities to combine
and form a sufficiently powerful state capable of resisting the machi-
nations of the Arab and Byzantine empires. The rulers of both empires
saw to it that Armenia was kept in a constant turmoil through petty
quarrels among the various kingdoms, of which there were six in the
ninth century. Even the ruler of Ani, crowned king of kings and so
acknowledged by the caliph and the emperor of Byzantium, exerted
only a nominal influence beyond his feudal holdings.
Although there were a number of semi-independent principalities,
large sections of Armenia were under Byzantine rule. The Byzantine
emperors encouraged the Armenian nobility to settle in various parts
of the empire, especially in Cappadocia and Cilicia, and numerous

high diplomatic and military positions were given to Armenians.
Gradually, Byzantium adopted a policy of subjugating the in-
dependent kingdoms of both Armenia and Georgia, a policy carried
out at times through military or diplomatic measures, and often by
offering to the nobility rich lands and high offices within the bound-
aries of the empire. An outstanding example of this trend was the
1* 3
4 Coinage of Cilician Armenia
transfer of the Armenian king, Senekerim of Vaspourakan, in the
year 1021, to the district of Sebastia with a large portion of his
subjects.
In the long run, the policy of shifting populations in order to erase
nationalistic tendencies proved to be short-sighted and disastrous.
With the coming of the Seljuk Turkish tribes from Central Asia, it
proved to be a decisive factor in the downfall of the Byzantine empire.
The native elements which had long protected the eastern lands of the
empire were weakened and leaderless, so that there were no estab-
lished forces left to check the advance of the Seljuks.
The Seljuks forced the Armenians to move from their ancestral
homes, and in Iofia, Gagik, the king of Kars, exchanged his kingdom
for some lands in the Taurus mountainsthe cities of Dsamentav,
Laria, Amasia and Gomana, together with a hundred villages, and
like Senekerim, moved with a large portion of his nobility and
population."
By 1086, the Seljuks had conquered not only Armenia but a very
large part of Asia Minor. Only in the mountainous districts of Greater
Armenia were the people able to survive. In the mountains of Cilicia
and in certain cities, the Armenians were left without the protection
of Byzantine forces, and their historical antagonism towards the
Greeks forced them into measures leading to independence. A Byzan-
tine general of Armenian descent, Philaretus, already held large
territories in northern Syria and eastern Cilicia, including Antioch.
Possibly Philaretus had ambitions of establishing an Armenian
kingdom, and he encouraged Armenians to come and settle in his

lands. The Danishmends had captured Sebastia and put an end to
Senekerim's kingdom. Some of the noblemen who held lands as
vassals of Senekerim apparently came to Cilicia and settled in the
mountainous regions. Roupen, who claimed to be related to the
Bagratid kings of Ani, held Partzrbert and the surrounding territory
as an independent ruler. There were numerous other Armenian rulers
in Cilicia, who professed loyalty to the Byzantine emperor and be-
longed to the Greek Orthodox rather than the Armenian National
* An excellent account of these events, including conditions before the
coming of the Seljuks and the short-sighted policy of Byzantium, is given
in the first part of Manantyan, Vol. III (in Armenian) and also in Grousset,
Histoire de l'Armnie des Origines Io?I, pp. 34I-635.
Historical Introduction 5
Church. Thus, at the beginning of the eleventh century Oshin held
Lampron and the surrounding territory; Tatoul held Marash; Gabriel,
Melitene, and Toros, Edessa. Kogh Vasil, who belonged to the Ar-
menian National Church, held extensive lands around Gaban and
Kesoun.
Apparently, the times were not propitious for Philaretus to form a
kingdom, and the position of many of the above rulers was precarious
in the face of the advancing Seljuk tide. Only one of the princes,
Roupen, succeeded in maintaining his rule and began a dynasty which
ruled over Cilicia for nearly three hundred years.
THE BARONIAL PERIOD OF CILICIAN ARMENIA
RouBEN (10801095) profited from favorable circumstances and
managed to consolidate his position. Taking advantage of the political
situation when both the Byzantines and the Seljuks were busy with
their own difficulties, Roupen extended his holdings. It is highly un-
likely that he issued any coins, since he ruled only over a small
mountainous territory.
GosDANTIN I (Io95IIoo) succeeded his father, Roupen. It was
during this period that the first wave of Crusaders arrived, and the
Armenians established close ties with them as natural allies against
both the Byzantines and the Seljuks. The Armenians actively assisted
the Crusaders by supplying them with necessities during the siege of
Antioch. It is not likely that Gosdantin issued coins, although a
unique specimen, badly worn, with the inscription only partially
legible, has been attributed by some to Gosdantin.
ToRos I (IIoo1123) felt himself sufficiently strong to come down

from the mountains and capture the important city of Anazarpus
from its Byzantine ruler. With the help of Kogh Vasil, he was able to
successfully fight off the Seljuk attacks and extended his territory
considerably.
By this time, the Armenians were beginning to play a part in the
internal struggles of the Crusaders. Toros helped Baldwin II of Edessa
in his wars against the Emir of Mosul. When Baldwin became the
king of Jerusalem, Joscelin of Courtenay succeeded him. Joscelin was
the brother-in-law of Toros, and the relationships were friendly. On
the other hand, both Toros and Kogh Vasil were forced to war against
Tancred, who had ambitions of establishing a Norman kingdom in
Cilicia. There are no coins left from Toros, and in all probability
none was issued.
LEvoN I (11231138) succeeded his brother. He was an ambitious,
energetic man, and in a short time captured the Byzantine cities of
Mamistra, Adana and Tarsus, and extended his boundaries to the
Mediterranean Sea. He had a quarrel with Bohemond II of Antioch
and in alliance with the Danishmend emir, Ghazi, defeated him.
Bohemond was killed by the Danishmends. Thereafter, Antioch went
to Count Raymond and thus became more French than Norman in
its ruling class. Raymond, in turn, managed to capture Levon through
a ruse and gave him his freedom only after Levon agreed to cede the
towns of Mamistra and Adana to his captor. Upon gaining his free-
dom, however, Levon recaptured the cities and prepared to resume
his feud with Raymond. Matters would have become worse had not
Levon's nephew, Joscelin of Edessa, arranged for a truce and a
friendly peace.
Probably the real reason the two adversaries decided to make
peace was the realization that a storm was breaking over their heads.
The Byzantine emperor, John Comnenus, who had always considered
both Cilicia and northern Syria as Byzantine territory, looked upon
the establishment of the Norman principality of Antioch and the
formation of an independent Cilician Armenia as outright acts of
rebellion.
In 1137, the Emperor reached Cilicia with a large army and
managed to capture not only the main cities, but also Levon and his

wife, who was the sister of Baldwin of Edessa, and their two sons,
Roupen and Toros. Two other sons, Stephen and Mleh, were with
Joscelin of Edessa and thus escaped capture. The prisoners were
carried to Constantinople where Levon, broken hearted, died within
a year. One son, Roupen, was killed by the Byzantines, but Toros
escaped and returned to Cilicia after an absence of seven years.
TOROS II (II44II68) reached Cilicia, and upon hearing of his
arrival, the Armenians gathered their forces under him. In a short
time, Toros became master of Cilicia. A second attempt by the
Byzantines to subdue the Armenians failed. The emperor's son,
Andronicus, even though supported by local Armenian rulersOshin
of Lampron and Tigran of Bragan, who were vassals of the emperor,
suffered a crushing defeat. The prisoners were allowed to obtain their
freedom by paying high ransoms.
As a last resort, the Byzantine emperor Manuel coaxed Sultan
Masd of Konya to attack Toros. The Sultan was defeated by the
combined forces of the Armenians and the Templars. Following these
successes, Toros extended his territory by capturing Isauria from
the Sultan.
The Byzantines this time promised large sums to the prince of
Antioch, Reynald of Chatillon, to attack Cilicia. The results were
indecisive, and when the emperor failed to pay for the war expenses,
Reynald joined Toros and the two invaded and pillaged Cyprus.
As a last measure, the Emperor came to Cilicia with a large army.
Reynald came begging the forgiveness of the Emperor, and Toros
retired into the mountains. Eventually, through the intervention of
Baldwin III of Jerusalem, peace was established whereby Toros
swore allegiance to the Emperor and was named Pansebasdos by
the latter.
This was the last major interference on the part of the Byzantines
in the affairs of Cilicia, although there were several attempts by local
Byzantine governors to defy the will of Toros. In the bitter struggles
that ensued, Toros crushed their power and forced many of them to
leave Cilicia.
There is a thick coin or medal, probably struck by Toros II.
In addition, a small copper coin attributed to this prince recent-
ly came into the possession of the author. It bears the name of
Toros. As Toros II had considerable power and holdings, it is quite

possible that he struck coins, although only the two coins men-
tioned above are known to be in existence.
MLEH (11691174). Although Toros had left a young son as his heir
under the care of the Bail Thomas, his ambitious brother, Mleh, ob-
tained the assistance of Nr-al-Din of Aleppo in whose service he had
been in the latter part of Toros' reign, and became ruler of Cilicia. He
was a man of curious qualities. He had at one time joined the order
of the Templars and had fought the infidels with distinction. He then
joined the Moslems and fought the Christians. His hatred of the
Byzantines knew no bounds, and he decimated the Greek population
* Alishan, Sissouan, p. 378. See Pl. I.
of Cilicia. He took every opportunity to rob the rich, including the
church and its dignitaries. His reign became unbearable, and the
Armenian princes finally assassinated him. Mleh was buried in the
monastery of Medskar, which he had built during a period of reli-
gious fervor.
Alishan mentions that Mleh struck coins, but unfortunately could
not recall his source of information. He might possibly have had in
mind Brosset's* attribution of a certain coin to Mleh, but Langlois*
has shown it to belong to some other ruler in Asia Minor.
RouPEN II (11751187). The princes elected Roupen, the son of
Stephen, as the successor of Mleh. He was a capable ruler, determined
to put an end to the elements still recognizing the suzerainty of the
emperor of Byzantium. Roupen laid siege to Lampron, whose rulers
were powerful princes still considering themselves the vassals of
Byzantium. Lampron's ruler appealed to Antioch and a conference
was arranged. Bohemond of Antioch treacherously held Roupen
prisoner. However, Roupen's brother continued the siege of Lampron
and forced its lord, Hetoum, to arrange for the release of Roupen.
The latter was released upon payment of a ransom of 30,000 dinars
and the cession of the cities of Adana and Mamistra to Antioch. Soon
after his release, Roupen and Levon recaptured the two cities and
arranged for the purchase of Tarsus. It appears from these trans-
actions that the payments were made with either Byzantine or
possibly Arab money, since no coins of Roupen have been found. One
cannot, however, entirely exclude the possibility that Roupen struck
some coins since both his predecessor and his successor issued coins.

LEvoN II (as Prince or Baron, 11871199). When Roupen decided
to retire from active life and spend his remaining days in a monastery,
he turned over the reins of government to his younger brother, since
he had no living male heir. Levon proved to be the most capable and
ambitious of the Roupenians. He now had a large and powerful
country and he planned the establishment of a new Armenian dy-
nasty. Since it was the custom to receive the crown either from an
emperor or the Pope, Levon took steps to explore all avenues. Ac-
cording to Nerses of Lampron, a crown was promised by Frederick
Barbarossa because of the help rendered to the Crusaders by the
* Brosset, Hist. du Bas-Empire, XVI, p. 305.
* Langlois, Num. de l'Armnie au moyen ge, p. 34.
Armenians. It was indeed a shock to Levon when he learned that
the aged Emperor had accidentally drowned in the river Calycadnus
in Cilicia.
In 1196, an appeal was made to Frederick's successor, Henry VI,
while the latter was in Milan. The Emperor, having plans for a new
crusade, promised a crown to Amalric of Cyprus and to Levon. In the
meantime, Levon arranged a rapprochement between the Armenian
National Church and the Roman Church, in spite of the violent
opposition of the Armenian people and the Bishops. The superficial
agreement between the two churches won Pope Celestine III's
support for a crown for Levon.
In September, 1197, the Imperial Chancellor, Conrad, Bishop of
Hildesheim, came to Nicosia and crowned Amalric king of Cyprus.
Both the Pope and Emperor Henry were in favor of giving a crown
to Levon. Although the Emperor died in January II98, soon after
his death his Chancellor, Conrad of Hildesheim, came with the Papal
legate, Conrad of Mittelsbach, Archbishop of Mainz, to Tarsus and
a great coronation ceremony took place on January 6, 1199. The
Armenian Catholicos, Gregory Abirad, placed the crown on Levon's
head and anointed him as king while Conrad gave him a royal sceptre."
THE ARMENIAN KINGDOM OF CILICIA
Levon became king and nominally a vassal of the German emperor.
During his lifetime, Levon became embroiled in struggles with
Antioch which weakened the Christian cause. Levon had extracted
a promise from Bohemond III of Antioch that of the two heirs,
Raymond and not Bohemond IV of Tripoli would succeed the father.

In his efforts to enforce the promise, Levon laid siege to Antioch in 1203
but was forced to withdraw upon the approach of Al-Zhir Ghzi of
Aleppo. In 1208, he managed to capture the town but the citadel held
and eventually the Armenian forces were withdrawn. In 1216, he
finally captured the city, including the citadel, and established his
great nephew Raymond-Roupen as prince of Antioch. However, in
1220 Raymond-Roupen was ousted by his uncle, Bohemond of Tripoli.
* For further details of the history of this period see Runciman's History
of the Crusades, Grousset's Histoire des Croisades, and A History of the
Crusades edited by K. M. Setton. Among the Armenian publications
Alishan in his Sissouan gives the most detailed account of this period.
IO Coinage of Cilician Armenia
In his last years, Levon suffered a severe reverse in his struggles
against his hereditary enemy, the Sultan Kaikaus of Konya. The
Armenian army under Constable Gosdantin suffered a calamitous
defeat and many of the nobility were taken prisoner. The aged Levon
was barely able to force the retreat of the Sultan by invading the
latter's territory and was later compelled to conclude a peace treaty
on the Sultan's terms in order to secure the release of the prisoners. It
was this treaty that most likely eventually led to the striking of
bilingual coins by Hetoum."
Besides the limited number of gold coins, thousands of silver and
copper coins struck by Levon have reached us. He also struck coins
in Antioch to commemorate his victory.
ZABEL AND HETOUM I (12261271). Levon left a three year old
daughter, Zabel, as his only heir. The inevitable struggles for suc-
cession began. The first pretender to the throne was John of Brienne
of Jerusalem, who claimed priority over Zabel because of his lineage
from the early Roupenians. The Armenians appealed to the Pope
who warned John not to interfere in Armenian affairs on pain of ex-
communication. The second pretender, Raymond-Roupen, managed
to gather some adherents and seized the city of Tarsus. However,
Constable Gosdantin succeeded in capturing him and caused his
death in prison in 1222.
Gosdantin then offered the throne to the fourth son of Bohemond
of Antioch, probably in the belief that an alliance with Antioch would
serve as a deterrent to the sultan of Konya, Kaikobad, who had
earlier invaded Cilicia. The eighteen year old Philip promised that he

would join the Armenian National Church, abide by the regulations
and customs of the court, and make no effort to introduce Latin
customs. However, a year or two after his marriage to Zabel, Philip
began disregarding his promises and replaced many of the Armenians
in court with Latins. When it was discovered that he was also secretly
sending the royal treasures to his father in Antioch, the outraged
Armenian princes seized the young king and imprisoned him in the
fortress of Till-Hamdoon late in 1224. His father refused to return the
treasures, and Philip died in prison shortly thereafter, probably as a
result of poisoning.
* Bedoukian, ANS Museum Notes VII, pp. 219230.
Historical Introduction II
It is curious that although Philip was king for three years, we have
no coins issued by him.
Gosdantin was now the real ruler of the land and the head of the
Hetoumians, the second most powerful family after the Roupenians.
He obtained the consent of the Catholicos, the head of the Armenian
Church, and the majority of the barons to marry his son Hetoum to
Zabel. This marriage joined the two families and had a stabilizing
influence on the kingdom. Gosdantin made peace with the neigh-
boring countries and promised the sultan of Konya that he would
strike some bilingual coins in accordance with Levon's agreement
with the sultan. The peace treaty was probably signed in 1228 and
lasted until 1245, when the Armenians allied themselves with the
Mongols, thereby incurring the enmity of the Seljuks. No bilingual
coins were issued after 1245.
Hetoum proved to be a very capable ruler and took steps to con-
solidate his kingdom. His alliance with the Mongols saved the Ar-
menians from the attacks of the Seljuks and the Mamluks of Egypt.
When the Khan of the Mongols, Guyuk, died, and a new Khan,
Mongka, was elected, Hetoum set out in person to Karakorum, then
the center of the most powerful realm the world had ever known, and
was received with great honors by the Khan. Hetoum obtained con-
cessions for the Christians and his kingdom, and returned with
promises of assistance against his enemies.
For a while, the Khan's brother, Hulagu, carried out some success-
ful campaigns against the Mamluks, but gradually the tide turned
against him. In 1266, the Mamluk sultan, Baibars, captured most of

the Crusader towns and threatened Cilicia. Aware of the danger,
Hetoum left his two sons, Levon and Toros, to guard the country and
set out to seek the assistance of the Ilkhan Abagha of Tabriz. The
Mamluk forces overwhelmed the outnumbered Armenians, and in the
fight Toros was killed and Levon was captured. One Mamluk army
sacked the towns of Ayas, Adana and Tarsus, and another one ad-
vanced on Sis, burning the town and looting the treasury. It was a
disaster from which the Armenians never fully recovered.
Hetoum returned too late with a small Mongol army. He was
forced to conclude a treaty with Baibars in which he ceded some
frontier forts, thus leaving the southern defenses in a very weak
position.
I2 Coinage of Cilician Armenia
The crown prince, Levon, was released in exchange for a prisoner
of the Mongols who was Baibars' favorite. Levon returned to his
country, and the aged Hetoum retired to a monastery. This was in
1269 and the following year Levon was crowned king.
Hetoum had continued his predecessor's policy of striking silver
coins of a high degree of fineness. A limited number of bilingual coins
were struck as previously mentioned, in compliance with the treaty
with the sultan of Konya. Later in his reign, Hetoum struck copper
coins similar to Levon's, as well as coins of lesser size and weight.
LEVON II (12701289). Levon was crowned king on January 6, 127I,
in the church of St. Sophia, in Tarsus. He faced a difficult period
since the country had suffered from the attacks of the Mamluks and
Baibars was threatening the complete destruction of the Crusader
principalities and the Armenian kingdom. In 1272 Baibars invaded
Cilicia, and in spite of the stubborn defense, succeeded in capturing
Adana and Mamistra. His efforts to capture Sis failed and on his
retreat, he sacked the city of Ayas. His successes and the failure of
the Mongols to help the Armenians encouraged Baibars to march into
Asia Minor in an effort to incite the Seljuks to revolt against the
Mongols. He defeated the Mongol garrison but retreated upon the
advance of the main Mongol army. On his return, he was harassed by
Levons forces and died near Damascus.
The Mongol Khan Abagha wreaked vengeance on the Seljuks by
slaughtering untold thousands. He then asked Levon to become the
ruler of this vast domain, but Levon, seeing the impossibility of
governing hostile peoples with his very limited forces, wisely rejected

the offer. In the years 1280 and 1281 there were several bloody en-
counters between the Mamluk and Mongol-Armenian forces, without
conclusive results.
The new sultan of Egypt, Qaln, continued his attacks on Levon.
The constant wars were costing dear and seeing that the Mongols
were no longer in a position to help him, Levon sought peace and
accepted the terms set by the Mamluksan annual tribute of half a
million takvorins of which half was to be paid in cash, the remainder
in horses, mules and iron bars." The peace gave the Armenians a
breathing spell. The port of Ayas prospered since it was the only
* Langlois in his Cartulaire, pp. 217231 gives the original Arabic text of
this treaty along with its French translation.
Historical Introduction I3
Christian port open to the vast Mongol hinterland for trade and the
duties from goods shipped and received made possible the payment
of the annual tribute.
During the eleven years of peace, the country recovered and cul-
tural institutions were encouraged. Large numbers of manuscripts
were prepared and distributed to churches and monasteries which
were seats of learning. Some of these have survived and include the
finest examples of Armenian art as indicated in the illuminated
manuscripts.
Levon died on February 6, 1289. Of the eleven children born to
him, nine were living at the time of his death. His five sons fought
among each other and at one time or other each managed to occupy
the throne. Of the two daughters, Zabel married the brother of the
king of Cyprus and Rita became the empress of Byzantium. The
other two daughters married Crusader princes.
HETOUM II (12891293, 12951296, 12991301, 13011306), TOROS
(12931295), SMPAD (12961298), GOSDANTINI (12981299). Levon II
left his kingdom to his eldest son, Hetoum II, who, however, pre-
ferred a religious life to that of governing his land. In the first years
of his rule, the Mamluk sultan, Qaln, and later his son, al-Ashraf,
destroyed the remnants of the Crusader principalities so that by 1299
all of the coastal cities were captured and much of the population put
to the sword. The southern and eastern borders of Cilicia were left
open, with no friendly powers to protect them. When al-Ashraf in-
vaded Cilicia, Hetoum was forced to sue for peace and surrendered
a number of border forts to the enemy.

In 1293, Hetoum retired to the monastery and turned over his
kingdom to his next brother, Toros. Two years later, however, at the
insistence of the princes as well as Toros, Hetoum again undertook
the task of ruling the country. During this period, Toros apparently
did not attempt to issue coins since he was not crowned king.
In 1296, Hetoum and Toros left for Constantinople to attend the
wedding of their sister with Michael, the son of Andronicus Palaelogus,
and the country was left in the care of the next brother, Smpad.
Smpad soon declared himself king with the consent of the Catholicos
and some of the princes, and consolidated his position by paying a
visit to the Ilkhan Ghzn who recognized his claim to the throne.
When his brothers returned from the wedding, he had them im-
prisoned. Toros was later killed and Hetoum partially blinded. These
deeds caused the next brother, Gosdantin, to rebel against Smpad,
and in the ensuing struggles, Gosdantin managed to capture the city
of Sis, imprison Smpad, and set Hetoum free. The blind Hetoum was
quite willing to let his brother Gosdantin rule the country. The fol-
lowing year, however, Hetoum recovered his eyesight, and the princes
again appealed to him to rule the country. Gosdantin, not willing to
give up the throne, liberated his brother Smpad and the two set out
to eliminate Hetoum. The country was with Hetoum as the lawful
king, and with the assistance of the Templars and Hospitallers who
were his vassals and held forts in Cilicia, Hetoum emerged victorious.
The two rebel brothers were captured and sent to Constantinople,
where they eventually died.
The Ilkhan Ghzn, now having become a Moslem, declared him-
self Sultan, came to Syria with an army, and with the help of Ar-
menian forces won a resounding victory over the Mamluks. Hetoum
was able to recover much lost territory, including the important
border fortress of Till-Hamdoon.
In 1301, the Mamluks gained control of Syria, and again invaded
Cilicia, laying waste the lowlands. The Mongol-Armenian forces met
defeat, and Cilicia was repeatedly attacked. Hetoum appealed to the
Khan to send a Mongol force to defend the southern borders. The
Khan complied and a token Mongol force under Pilarghou was
stationed near Anazarpus. Hetoum left the problems of state to his
appointed successor, and in 1305 again retired to a monastery.
LEvoN III (13011307). Hetoum II had appointed his brother Toros'

son, Levon, as co-ruler on June 29, 1301, so that he could eventually
retire to a monastery. Although the coronation of Levon took place
on July 30, 1306, he was in fact recognized as king of the Armenians
from 1301 on, and in at least one instance, he is referred to as king
in a contemporary manuscript dated 1302. It is therefore logical to
date his rule from 1301 and to assume that his coinage extends over
the period of 13011307. The silver coins of Levon III are sufficiently
numerous to rule out the possibility that they could have all been
struck from his coronation in 1306 until his death, November 17, 1307.
In addition to the external forces burdening the kingdom, religious
controversies within the country began to create a turmoil which soon
* Hagopyan, pp. 193194.
divided the land into two antagonistic camps. The coming of the
Crusaders had helped to establish an Armenian kingdom in Cilicia,
and its ruling family had formed close ties with the leaders of the
Crusader principalities. Intermarriage between the Armenian and
Crusader nobility was very common. In order to strengthen their ties
with the Crusaders, the Armenian kings attempted to bring about a
rapprochement between the Armenian National Church and the
Church of Rome. Nevertheless, although the Armenian royalty was
partially Latinized as a result of the frequent intermarriages, the
common people and most of the princes remained staunch adherents
of the National Church. A meeting was held in March of 1307 in Sis,
in an effort to find common theological grounds for the union of the
two churches. Many of the high clergymen of Cilicia, hoping that such
a union would lead to a new Crusade, advocated union with the
Catholic Church. The clergymen from greater Armenia, however,
opposed such a union, considering it tantamount to Latinization of the
Armenian nation. Typical of events in the Middle Ages, religious
feelings ran high and the nation was torn in two.
Perhaps at the instigation of the nationalists, Hetoum and Levon
were called on false pretexts by the Mongol general, Pilarghou, to
attend a meeting, and then were treacherously murdered (No-
vember 17, 1307). It was ironic that Hetoum should die at the hands
of a man who at his own request had been sent by the great Khan to
help him stave off the Mamluk attacks.
osHIN (13081320). Upon hearing of his brother's murder, Oshin
went to Anazarpus and drove out the Mongol general. The latter, on

Oshin's complaint, was recalled by the great Khan and decapitated
for his deed. Oshin then declared himself ruler of the land, and was
crowned the following year in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Tarsus.
During Oshin's reign, several religious meetings were held in an
effort to find a solution to the problem of rapprochement between the
two churches. At first, Oshin took stern measures in an attempt to
force the nationalist elements to comply with his wishes and went to
the extent of exiling or imprisoning those who opposed him. However,
seeing the futility of his efforts to join the Armenian and Roman
churches, he had the wisdom to permit matters to take their natural
course and henceforth pursued the middle road to avoid religious
controversies.
During the years 13141315, external enemies again invaded Cilicia.
An incursion by some Anatolian tribes was successfully repelled by
the Lord of Gorigos in the westernmost part of Cilicia. The following
year, the Mamluk Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, captured Malatia
(Melitene). Oshin still controlled considerable territory, larger in area
than the former Crusader principalities. The loss of Laranda to the
Mamluks in 1316 brought about the gradual shrinking of the boundaries
under the attacks of the Mamluks. Two years later, the Qaramnids
invaded the western parts of the land, but were beaten back by the
Lord of Gorigos (also named Oshin). Determined to destroy the last
remaining Christian power on the mainland, the Mamluks entered
Cilicia with a large army in 1320 and began ravaging the land. The
Armenian army was no longer able to meet the enemy in the open,
but under the able leadership of the Bail Oshin and Constable Gos-
dantin, it surprised the enemy, slaughtered 6000 of them near Ayas,
and forced the Mamluks to flee. King Oshin did not live to see this
victory, having died shortly before this eventon July 20, 1320.
There are a limited number of Oshin's coins, bearing an Arabic
surcharge struck in the name of Al-Nsir. It is probable that these
represent coins in the royal treasury which Oshin's successor used to
pay tribute to the Mamluks, who then overstruck Nasir's name. The
tribute money, consisting mostly of Levon IV coins, most likely in-
cluded some takvorins of Oshin.
LEvoN IV (13201342). Oshin was succeeded by his only son, Levon,
who was ten years old at the time of his father's death. Of the four
regents who had been appointed, Oshin, the Lord of Gorigos, became

the actual ruler of the country, and eventually married his daughter
to the king.
The Mamluk attacks continued. The Armenian forces were often
compelled to fight back from the mountains and fortified points since
they were not able to face the enemy on open ground. Eventually, at
the intervention of the Khan in Persia, the Mamluk sultan consented
to a fifteen year peace on condition that the Armenians pay an annual
tribute of 1,200,000 takvorins, half the income from the port of Ayas,
and half the income from salt revenues. "
* See a report on this treaty in Langlois Cartulaire p. 232233.
* Most of the Armenian coins having an Arabic surcharge belong to
Levon IV although a small number are from Oshin. About one quarter of
Had Levon shown some wisdom in managing the internal affairs
of the country, the nation might have survived and even prospered.
Unfortunately, internal dissension weakened the land. The regent
put to death the king's sister and her two children, and these acts so
aroused the king's anger that he had Oshin and his brother de-
capitated. Levon then put to death his queen, who was Oshin's
daughter, and married the daughter of Frederick II of Sicily, who had
a large income.
Levon's efforts to establish a closer relationship with the west
angered Al-Nsir, who then persuaded the Emir of Aleppo to invade
Cilicia in spite of the existing peace treaties. Levon was forced to
conclude a new treaty which gave all the land east of the Djehiun
river to the Egyptians, including the highly profitable port of Ayas.
This treaty, signed in 1337, spelled the end of the Armenian kingdom.
Not learning his lesson, Levon raised the question of unity be-
tween the Armenian and the Roman Catholic churches. Religious
feelings again ran high, and the nationalist elements, finding the
actions of the king intolerable, assassinated him on August 28, 1342.
GUY LUSIGNAN (13421344). With the death of Levon IV, there
being no heirs, the male royal line of Roupen-Hetoum became extinct.
Levon had designated as his successor his nearest of kin, Guy Lu-
signan, the son of his paternal aunt, Isabel (who was the wife of
Amaury of Lusignan, Count of Tyre, nephew of Henry II of Cyprus).
At the time of Levon's death, Guy was in Constantinople. The nobles
and clergy agreed to call him to the throne, and in the meantime,
appointed Guy's brother John as guardian of the throne until Guy's

arrival. Guy consented to become king with understandable re-
luctance, since the country was in dire straits and needed outside
help for survival.
Guy arrived with a force of three hundred soldiers and was crowned
in October, 1342. Guy, or Gosdantin II, as he was called by the Ar-
menians, was a good soldier and he refused to continue payment of
tributes to the Moslems. In the ensuing fights, Guy proved his mettle,
managing to keep his territory intact, and during his short reign made
no payments. This, considering the conditions at the time, was an
accomplishment of some merit.
the coins (takvorins) of Levon examined had a surcharge bearing Sultan
Nasir's name.
Guy, however, was French in spirit, and most likely felt little kin-
ship with the Armenians. The fact that his mother and two brothers
had been put to death by Oshin during the reign of King Levon IV
did not increase his love for the Armenians. Mindful of the necessity
of obtaining help from the Pope, he proceeded to send ambassadors
to Avignon in an effort to bring about the union between the Roman
and Armenian churches. The court took on the appearance of a Latin
house, and the king surrounded himself with French speaking cour-
tiers, who held the highest positions in the land.
The assassination of earlier rulers who had behaved in a similar
manner did not seem to deter Guy. The Armenians did not feel that
he was their chosen king, and strongly believed that a union with
the Roman church would result in the loss of their identity. Under
the leadership of a nobleman, by the name of Oshin, the Armenians
attacked and killed the king, along with his brother and the three
hundred soldiers who had come to Armenia as the king's bodyguard.
There is not much information to be found about Guy in contem-
porary Armenian manuscripts. One has to rely on Dardel's report and
also records of communications between the king and the Pope when
negotiations were being carried on to bring about a union between
the two churches.
The fact that the king's French name, Guy, and not the Armenian
name, Gosdantin, appears on his coins, perhaps indicates a lack of
consideration on his part of his subjects feelings. On the other hand,
Guy was a good soldier, and had he lived, he might have been able
to strengthen the country militarily and economically by resisting the

demands of the Moslems.
GoSDANTIN III (13441363). After the assassination of Guy (Gos-
dantin II), the Armenian nobles chose as their King the eldest son of
Baldwin, the Lord of Neghir and head of a powerful family of the
realm. The crown thus passed to a person who although distantly
related to the royal house, was not of royal blood.
In order to consolidate his position, Gosdantin III thought it
prudent to eliminate all those who by their family relationships to
the Hetoumians or Lusignans might have prior claim to the throne.
He imprisoned the wife and two young children of Guy's brother,
John de Lusignan, and may have planned to cause their death, but
the mother, aware of their peril, escaped and fled with her children,
Bohemond and Leo, to the court of Cyprus. The young Leo, then
aged two, was destined to be the last king of Cilician Armenia.
With a native Armenian as their ruler, the people and princes were
content for a while, but reports indicate that negotiations for
an understanding between the Roman and Armenian churches con-
tinued.
In 1347, Gosdantin gained possession of the important port of
Ayas, with the aid of the Knights of Rhodes. This victory was short-
lived, however, since in the same year the Egyptian fleet blockaded
the city and finally captured it. Simultaneously, the Turcoman tribes
from Asia Minor attacked the country and managed to capture the
fort of Baberon near Tarsus. As if these disasters were not sufficient,
the Asiatic plague swept over Armenia and on to Europe, causing the
death of countless millions.
The final blow came in 1360 when Sultan Al-Nsir's army under
the leadership of Sayf al-Din, the Emir of Aleppo, captured the cities
of Adana and Tarsus and devastated Sis. An Egyptian garrison was
placed permanently in Adana and Tarsus, and thus these two cities
were lost to the Armenians.
Gosdantin was left only in possession of the inland mountainous
regions of the country. All of the cities and countryside adjacent to
the sea were in the hands of the enemies. Even the fort of Gorigos
was captured by the Qaramnids but it was later regained by Peter I
of Cyprus and thereafter belonged to Cyprus and not Armenia.
It may be of interest to note that at this time the Emir of Aleppo
had coins struck in Tarsus in the name of Sultan Al-Nsir.

Gosdantin was powerless to oppose the relentless attacks of his
enemies. In the meantime, Peter I of Cyprus had ambitions of either
becoming the king of Armenia or placing the nephew of the former
King Guy on the throne. He was able to find some encouragement for
his plans among the Armenian princes, who, no doubt discouraged by
the reverses of Gosdantin, hoped to regain some of the lost possessions
with outside assistance.
Peter took the elder nephew of Guy, named Bohemond, and set
out to Avignon in 1362 in the hope of persuading the Pope to crown
Bohemond as king of the Armenians. Unfortunately, Bohemond
became ill in Venice and died shortly thereafter, the claim to the
throne thus passing to his younger brother, Leo. The Pope in a letter
2*
2O Coinage of Cilician Armenia
given to Peter and addressed to the Armenians, dated April 3, 1365,
exhorted the Armenians to accept Leo as their true king.
While these events were taking place in Europe, Gosdantin died
and a Levon, who was probably Gosdantin's son, claimed the throne.
LEVON THE USURPER (13631365). Although Gosdantin III died in
1363, Gosdantin IV did not ascend the throne until 1365. In the two
intervening years, it appears that another person, usually referred to
as Levon the Usurper, occupied the throne. Contemporary Armenian
historians make no mention of this Levon, but it seems possible that
he was a son of Gosdantin III.
Basmadjian" considered this possibility and pointed out that
Gosdantin himself mentioned in 1345 that he had two sons named
Oshin and Levon. Alishan mentions the chronicler, Avedik of Amida,
who said that one by the name of Levon became king and there
was much disorder in the land. Alishan, however, did not believe
that any children of Gosdantin III were alive in 1363, and this point
is made quite clear in one of his publications. Dulaurier states that
in a Gospel belonging to Gosdantin III, dated 1345, Levon is men-
tioned as being one of the king's sons. The Greek historian, Ma-
khaeras," reports that in 1360 the Armenian throne was in the hands
of Levon who had two hundred castles and towns. The discrepancy
of three years in the dates may not be significant.
Although historical evidence seems to be rather meager in support
of the existence of a Levon who ruled from 1363 to 1365, there is
ample numismatic evidence to indicate that such a king did exist
and did issue coins.

GoSDANTIN IV (13651373). It is not known just why Levon the
Usurper resigned and permitted the son of Hetoum of Neghir to be
crowned king under the name of Gosdantin IV, in 1365. Most likely,
political pressures made it impossible for him to remain on the throne.
The new Gosdantin was well aware of his difficult situation and
was in constant touch with Peter I, the vigorous king of Cyprus. It
appears that in 1367 an agreement was reached between the two kings
* Basmadjian, Leo V Lusignan, p. 27.
* Alishan, Sissouan p. 544 and 560.
* Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Documents Armniens, Vol. I p. 714
and 707. See also Khachigyan, p. 343.
* See Basmadjian, Leo V Lusignan, p. 24, footnote I.
Historical Introduction 2I
to attack Ayas. Peter approached Ayas and captured the city, but
was unsuccessful in his attempts to enter the Citadel fort. Gosdantin
on his part was not able to reach Ayas, and after waiting eight days,
Peter returned to Cyprus. The inability of Gosdantin to make a
contact by land indicated his military weakness, and the enemy was
already well established in the lowlands between Sis and Ayas.
The Armenians, including the king, were quite willing to have Peter
as their king in the hope of obtaining some military assistance. A
delegation followed Peter who had again gone to Europe in the hope
of obtaining aid from the kings of Europe. The Armenian delegation
met Peter in August, 1368 in Venice, and offered him his long sought
throne of Armenia. Peter hurried back to Cyprus in order to enter
Armenia. After having settled some urgent matters in Cyprus, he
got ready to sail for Cilicia, but was murdered by one of his courtiers
on July 1, 1369. Peter thus never did become king of the Armenians
and Gosdantin continued to reign. Langlois assertion that he saw
a silver coin of Peter, King of the Armenians, must be dismissed, as
the coin must either have been a forgery or a mistake was made in
its identification."
In the meantime, the Moslems were relentlessly pressing their
attacks on the Armenians and Gosdantin's realm now consisted
solely of a small landlocked territory around Sis and Anazarpus.
Even these small holdings were constantly under attack, and in 1369
the enemy succeeded in setting fire to Sis itself. The attacks were
repeated in the following year and the Emir of Aleppo succeeded in
capturing the city. This apparently referred to the lower city, as the

Citadel always remained in the hands of the king and his armed
forces, who regained the city after the retreat of the enemy.
To some, the only solution to their desperate situation seemed to
be a close alliance with Cyprus and the Western powers, and constant
efforts were made to find a suitable person for the throne of Armenia
who could save the country.
Leo appears to have been actively inciting the pro-Western party
in Cilicia to depose Gosdantin IV and place him on the throne. A
* Langlois, Num. de l'Armnie au moyen ge p. 9697. Pl. IV, No. 9.
* Sibilian expressed these views (p.69). The coin which Langlois pictures
was in the collection of Dr. Orta in Adana, Cilicia. This collection was
eventually dispersed and sold and no trace of the Peter coin was ever found.
delegation which arrived in Cyprus in 137273, inviting Leo to the
throne, did not achieve its purpose because at that time Peter of
Cyprus was still alive and had ambitions of adding Armenia to his
holdings. For this reason, Leo could not openly accept the offer. Soon
after the return of the delegation to Sis, Gosdantin IV was murdered
(1373, April) and the widow of Gosdantin III was elected Regent.
LEvoN v LUSIGNAN (13741375). After the murder of Gosdantin IV,
a second delegation, empowered by letters from the Catholicos and
princes, came to Cyprus and asked Peter II to permit Leo to ascend
the throne of Armenia. As mentioned earlier, Leo was the grandson
of Amaury and Isabel Lusignan. His father, John, had been called
from Cyprus by Levon III to become the constable. John was related
to the king, being his cousin on his paternal uncle's side. John was
well liked for his ability and understanding. He was married to a
daughter of King George VII of Georgia and had earned the trust of
the Armenians. It was no wonder then that he had been selected as
the Regent until the accession of Guy to the throne. John died in
1342, leaving five children, of whom the youngest was Leo, aged two.
When Gosdantin III, who was not of royal blood, ascended the
throne, he had, in an effort to eliminate all pretenders, imprisoned the
young Leo with his mother and elder brother. Eventually, they
escaped to Cyprus, the older brother died, and Leo was left as the
sole claimant.
Peter of Cyprus, having an eye on the throne, refused to grant Leo
permission to accept the offer of the Armenians. The delegation, after
receiving some orders from Leo, returned to Sis with the greatest

difficulty. In the meantime, the Genoese had entered Cyprus, Peter
was assassinated, and Leo was imprisoned. After paying a heavy
ransom, which included loss of all of his and his wife's wealth, Leo
succeeded in getting permission to sail to the Cilician fort of Gorigos,
still possessed by Cyprus.
Leo arrived in Gorigos on April 2, 1374. He was planning a course
of action when he learned that the Genoese planned to take him back
to Cyprus to face charges of attempting to take Cyprus from the
Genoese. Forewarned of these charges, Leo placed his mother and
his wife in safe hands in Gorigos, and with 25 horse, Ioo foot soldiers,
and two guides, headed towards Sis, avoiding all possible contact
with the Moslems. He reached Sis safely, and the Armenians, being
notified of his approach, welcomed their new king. Leo reached Sis
on July 26, 1374, and a few days later had his family brought to Sis.
As Leo's wife was approaching childbirth, the coronation ceremonies
were postponed. Twin daughters were born to Leo. The coronation
took place on September 14, 1374, in the presence of the Catholicos
and a Latin bishop. Leo, being a Roman Catholic, had intended to be
crowned and consecrated according to the Latin rites, but in view of
the opposition of the nationalist Armenians, agreed to have two
ceremonies. He was crowned first by the Latin bishop and then by
the Catholicos, as Levon V, King of the Armenians. This dual cere-
mony was the only course open to Levon, but it apparently antag-
onized the nationalist elements who had long resisted any efforts to
introduce Latins or Latin customs to the Armenian court.
Levon further antagonized them by giving high positions to his
lieutenants. Prior to his arrival, the ruling elements in the city had
been paying tribute to the Moslems as the price of being left in peace.
Levon was quite willing to continue the payment of this tribute until
he could organize his newly acquired realm.
The enemy, possibly at the instigation of the nationalist element,
laid siege to Sis. Two Moslems leaders, Dd Beg and Abu-Bakr,
after a three month desultory siege, agreed to withdraw upon pay-
ment of a tribute. Within the city of Sis, religious feelings had
reached a high pitch and the thought of a Catholic king with a
Catholic ruling hierarchy had become unbearable to the nationalists.
Many of them preferred to live under the domination of the king of
Egypt rather than Levon.

The nationalists secretly wrote to a former Armenian prince, Ashot,
the nephew of Gosdantin IV, who had turned Moslem and gone to
the court of the Sultan of Egypt, asking him to come to Cilicia and
establish himself as their king. Ashot informed the Sultan of the turn
of events, and Sultan Melik al-Ashraf (13631377) commanded Abu-
Bakr to capture Sis. Abu-Bakr laid siege to the city with a force of
15,000 on January 5, 1375. Again at the invitation of the nationalist
group, the Emir of Aleppo, Al-Nsir Ashiqtimr Abu-Bakr, joined
with another force of 15,ooo on February 24. Levon retired to the
citadel and decided to fight to the end. At this point, the nationalists
made an effort to capture or assassinate the king, but were un-
successful. Levon saw the hopelessness of this situation and decided
to accept Eshiktimour Al-Nasir's offer of safe conduct if he sur-
rendered. Upon surrendering, Levon was received with great honors
by the victor and was sent to Cairo with his queen and fifteen nobles.
The surrender took place on April 16, 1375, thus ending the Rou-
penian rule in Cilicia which had begun some three hundred years
earlierin Io80.
Levon was eventually released at the intercession of Armenian
notables in Cairo, went to Europe, and after making numerous un-
successful attempts to obtain military aid from western rulers to
regain his kingdom, died in Paris in 1393.
17 The History of the latter part of the Roupenian kingdom was clarified
only after the discovery of the chronicle of Dardel in 1883. Dardel became
the confessor of Levon V Lusignan and wrote an account of the kingdom
with special emphasis on the latter periods. The chronicle was published

in Recueil des Croisades, Documents Armniens, Vol. 2.
TRADE AND COMMERCE OF CILICIAN ARMENIA
The geographical position of Cilicia offered special advantages for
the development of trade with the Mediterranean nations and with
countries on the Asiatic mainland. Traders of many lands used the
Cilician ports for their commercial activities, and the country bene-
fited from this source of revenue.
The coastline of Cilicia possessed a number of fine harbors. A
thirteenth century writing and a map by Sanuto" describe the coastal
cities and harbors of Cilician Armenia. Starting from the easternmost
city and moving westward, Sanuto mentions Ayas (Lajasso, ancient
Aegae), portus Pallorum (also known as portus de Pallibus, Portella
(MR/k'u), and by similar names in medieval records), Mamistra
(Armenian Messis, ancient Mopsueste), Adana and Tarsus (Armenian
Darson), Gorigos, as well as several others of lesser importance. All of
these localities played an important role in the commercial activities
of the Roupenian kingdom.
Ayas became an extremely important port of commerce, especially
during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. With the disappear-
ance of the Crusader principalities in the east, much of the trade
between Europe and the vast Asiatic hinterland passed through this
busy port, where many nations and races mixed, giving it the char-
acter of an international city. The Genoese, Venetians, and other
nations had permanent establishments in this city and enjoyed
special trading privileges. The portus Pallorum, shown in a number of
medieval maps, was mentioned in various contemporary commercial
transactions as having the main customs house of Cilician Armenia.
Although the role of Ayas as the main port gradually overshadowed

the activities of the portus Pallorum, it is apparent from the notarial
acts that the latter was still used by ships from Genoa and Barcelona
in 1274 and in 1300. Sanuto stated that the portus Pallorum was
Sanuto, Crucis Lib. II, Pars IV, p. 88.
* Desimoni, p. 436.
*Desimoni, I, pp. 451, 473,474475; II, 2, 40.
25
situated ten miles (Italian) west of Ayas, between Ayas and the river
Pyramus (Djehiun). Desimoni mentions other sources supporting
this location.
Ten miles further was the mouth of the river Pyramus (Djehiun)
and a short distance inland on the river was the important city of
Mamistra. The river Sarus (Sehiun) at that time flowed into the sea,
very close to the Pyramus, and formed a common entry to the sea."
The important city of Adana was situated on the Sarus a short
distance from the sea. Both Adana and Mamistra were thus on navi-
gable waters and ships were able to use these two ports for commerce.
Further west was the river Cydnus, and several leagues inland on the
river was the populous city of Tarsus. Records indicate that as late
as 1322, it was possible to approach the city by water. For example,
it was stated that in 1288 Levon II refused the Genoese permission
to enter Tarsus, but that in 1322, when the Egyptians captured Ayas,
Genoese and other European ships were forced to use the port of
Tarsus. The silt brought down by the rivers from the mountains has
changed the coastline, and today the three cities are removed from
the sea, no longer near navigable waters. Another important port was
Gorygos, on the sea. This port had long been used for commercial
activities.
There were also roads for caravans to travel by land. Caravans
coming from Aleppo, carrying goods brought from the lands bordering
on the Indian ocean, passed Antioch and crossed into Cilician Armenia
through the Beilan pass in the Amanus mountains." The road led
through the important centers of Ayas, Portella, Mamistra, Adana

and Tarsus, then turned north to the pass of Gouglag in the Taurus
mountains. The passage was controlled by the powerful fortress of
Tarbas, which protected the frontier facing the domain of the Seljuk
sultan of Konya. It also had a custom house and collected duties on
merchandise leaving or entering the country. A second trade route
leading caravans from the northeast, coming from the Asiatic heart-
land, entered the country near Marash and reached the coastal cities.
This road was controlled by another powerful fortress, Gaban, which
like Tarbas, collected duties on goods entering or leaving the country.
* Rec. Hist. Croisades, Doc. Armniens, I, xlii, xliii.
* Rec. Hist. Croisades, Doc. Armniens, I, xlff.
* Heyd, pp. 367368.
Trade and Commerce 27
While the Armenians were engaged in the struggle to take control
of Cilicia, the political situation naturally did not encourage the
development of trading activities. With the coronation of Levon I
(II99), and the establishment of a large and well organized kingdom,
commerce began to flourish.
Genoa and Venice, the two most active trading nations of the
Mediterranean, immediately sent ambassadors to Levon's court
seeking trade agreements. The Genoese were the first to conclude
such an agreement, and a treaty was signed in March, 1201, be-
tween Levon and the Genoese ambassador, Ogerio di Pallo. The
Genoese obtained exemptions from paying duties on materials im-
ported or exported by them. They were also granted the right to have
residences and commercial establishments in Sis, Mamistra and
Tarsus. They had their own churches in Mamistra and Tarsus and
were allowed to build one in Sis. In addition, they had the right to
have their own officials manage and protect Genoese interests and
settle jurisdictional disputes.
About six months later, a somewhat similar treaty was signed with
the Venetians. They were granted the right to have residences and
business establishments in Mamistra, but no mention is made of such
privileges in the cities of Tarsus or Sis. They had the same exemptions
from duties on imports and exports, but they did not have a consul
or bail to protect their interests and settle disputes among themselves.
Although at this time, the Genoese appeared to have secured more
privileges and freedom of action, the situation was reversed later on,
and in the fourteenth century, the Venetians overtook the Genoese

in their dealings with Cilician Armenia.
It is interesting to note that the privileges granted to the Venetians
stipulated that gold or silver brought to the country would be duty
free, except when these precious metals were imported for coinage
purposes, in which case the Venetians would pay the same duty as
they did in Acre. Curiously enough, this point is repeatedly made in
subsequent privileges granted to the Venetians by Hetoum I in 1245,
Levon II in 1271, Levon III in 1307, and Levon IV in 1321. This
suggests the possibility that the Venetians struck gold coins in
* Langlois, Cartulaire, pp. IO4Io8.
* Langlois, Cartulaire, pp. Io9112.
* Langlois, Cartulaire, pp. I43, 151153, 167168, 182184.
Armenia, of the type struck in Acre, in imitation of Arab coins. These
have not yet, however, been differentiated from similar coins struck
in Crusader principalities. Possibly the bissancios sarracinales
d'Armenie mentioned on numerous occasions in notarial acts of
Ayas, referred to such coins."
The privileges granted to the Genoese were renewed in 1215" with
additional advantages, especially with respect to their holdings in
Tarsus. Although the Genoese were permitted to trade within the
kingdom without paying duties, there were four strategically located
districts within the kingdom which maintained the right to impose
duties, independent of the king's regulations. The barons who held
these localities were listed as: Hetoum of Tabaria, Adom of Gaston,
Vahram of Gorygos, and Levon of Gaban. The identity of Hetoum
and the exact location of Tabaria are not known definitely. Tabaria
was most likely the fortress of Tarbas, near the pass of Gouglag,
which controlled the passes into the sultanate of Konya. Tabaria was
held by a Smpad in 1198, and is mentioned again in 1210 by Levon I
in a decree made to the Hospitallers. The fort of Gaston (Armenian,
Baghras), was situated just north of Antioch and commanded the
pass of Beilan." Gorygos was the well-known port facing Cyprus,
and ideally situated for trade with Konya. Gaban was another
fortress, northwest of Marash, situated on the trade routes to and
from Armenia and the northeast. It is obvious that the barons
holding these strategic positions enjoyed considerable autonomy, even
to the extent of taxing commerce. Levon's promise to eliminate
the duties exacted in these districts as soon as he could indicated

that he had not yet established absolute control in his newly formed
kingdom.
It is unfortunate that no documents have been found listing the
goods that passed through Armenian ports during these early years.
However, it is obvious that both the Venetians and the Genoese
found their trade profitable since they took great pains to have their
* Desimoni, pp. 434-534.
* Langlois, Cartulaire, 126128.
* Rec. Hist. Croisades, Doc. Armniens, I, xcvii, p. 637.
* Rec. Hist. Croisades, Doc. Armniens, I, p. 637, Langlois, Cartulaire,
p. II6.
* Rec. Hist. Croisades, Doc. Armniens, I, p. 171.
* Rec. Hist. Croisades, Doc. Armniens, I, xxv, p. 483.
privileges renewed. In 1245, Hetoum and Zabel renewed the privileges
granted to the Venetians," who now had holdings in Ayas as well as
Mamistra.
An event took place in 1268 which threatened to end the amicable
relations existing between the Armenians and the Genoese. The
Genoese admiral, Luchetto de Grimaldi, following an argument with
the captain of a galley at Gorigos, seized the ship by force. The galley
was laden with valuable merchandise and the owners protested to
Hetoum, demanding restitution. The king thereupon severed relations
with Genoa and cancelled all privileges until the injured parties were
given satisfaction. Genoa sent envoys to settle the matter, and finally,
an agreement was reached with the Genoese delegate, J. Palavicino,
whereby all claims were settled for the sum of 22,797 Armenian
besants and seven charatos. The Armenian besants were the trams
of Hetoum-Zabel, and the charatos, the copper coins (kardez) of
this period. It is unfortunate that the materials and their values are
not listed in contemporary documents.
The privileges of the Venetians were renewed in 1271 by Levon II,
and it is mentioned that at this time the Venetians had a consul or
bail to take care of their interests.
Ayas was now becoming increasingly important as a trading center.
In 1271, Marco Polo set out from Ayas on his famous voyages. He
remarked that Ayas was a prime port for all types of spices.
Ample evidence exists of the extensive trading activities of the
Genoese during this period. The notarial acts of Ayas, as reported by
Desimoni shed much light on this subject. The acts, covering mainly

two years, 1274 and 1279, mention the commercial activities of the
Genoese, Pisans and others. They give information on the existence
of a hospital of the Teutonic knights, a pier belonging to the Templar
knights, ships belonging to the Hospitallers, etc. These documents
are extremely valuable in that they mention the various currencies
* Langlois, Cartulaire, pp. I43145.
* Langlois, Cartulaire, 149151; Desimoni, p. 441 lists individual pay-
mentS.
* Kardez is the Armenian for charatos.
* Mas Latrie, II, pp. 7477.
* Langlois, Cartulaire, pp. 15I-153.
* Marco Polo, Paulthier, I, pp. 15, 18, 34.
in use and sometimes give their equivalent values. The English trans-
lation of several of these acts are found in a recent publication.
In December of 1288, Levon II renewed the privileges granted to
the Genoese. In this document, we have an extensive list of materials
imported and exported, the duties paid for them, and other relevant
information indicative of the trading activities of the Genoese. The
whole document is of sufficient interest to be presented here in its
English version; the original Armenian and Latin versions, along
with a French translation, are given by Langlois.
PRIVILEGES ACCORDED TO THE GENOESE BY LEVON II,
DECEMBER 23, 1288
In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, Amen. This is
our sublime and royal order, the invariable decree of Levon, true servant
of God, and by His grace and mercy, king of all the Armenians, which we
have accorded to the Genoese, whom God preserve, upon the request of
the illustrious and wise lord, the honorable consul of the Genoese, on this
side of the sea, Benedicti Zacarie, the perfect and trusted friend of our
kingdom. The Genoese merchants will be treated as follows: in all the
cities in our possession, the duties and taxes paid will be the same as in
Ayas, except where otherwise indicated, for materials which are sold on
the market through an agent, or at home; i.e., they will pay only the
brokerage fees. For the wine which they sell in barrels or in jugs, or the oil
which they sell in barrels or jars without weighing, they will not pay any
duty except a sales tax of one tram per barrel. For slaves purchased in our
country and exported from our country, formerly on payment of duty,
they will henceforth not pay any duty; but if they purchase Christian

slaves, they will vow that the slaves will not be sold to Moslems or to
persons who are willing to sell them to Moslems. On lumber, for which
they paid a duty of 18 kardez per barzounag, 4 kardez per filakh, 13 kardez
per double filakh, and one per cent, these duties are maintained with the
exception of the one per cent. On wheat and barley which they imported
by sea, paying a duty of four per cent including the broker's commission,
they are not to pay the four per cent, but the broker's commission is main-
tained. On animals taken out of our country, for which they were paying
four trams (bissantios stauratos) on each horse or mule, five new trams per
donkey, three new trams and one kardez per head of cattle, four kardez
for each sheep, six kardez for a buffalo hide, and six kardez for a cattle
hide, they will no longer pay any duties, nor will they pay duty for poultry
and eggs brought into or taken out of the country. The anchorage tax of
* Lopez and Raymond, pp. 171,224.
* Langlois, Cartulaire, pp. 154160.
Trade and Commerce 3I
two new trams per ship's mast, which they paid at the estuary of our
rivers, is cancelled. On cattle which they buy, they are to pay no duty
except brokerage fees. On iron which they buy, they will pay but one per
cent. For the passage of a ship, they will pay half a new tram per load. If
the belongings of a Genoese are stolen, and the goods recovered, irrespec-
tive of the nationality of the thieves, there will not be a charge of a third
for the recovery of the goods. The merchants who receive goods, and are
obliged to open their cases and register their belongings, will no longer be
required to open their cases, to mark them, or to register their belongings.
When a Genoese merchant arrives, and it is not known whether he is
Genoese or the son of a Genoese, the consul and his assistants will decide
whether he is Genoese or the son of a Genoese. The consul will then send
his envoy with his staff to the customs house in order to liberate him and
to write in our records the name of the consul and his witnesses, so that
the belongings of a merchant will not have to be held until one goes to the
customs at Tarsus to bring this permission to the captain of the port. If a
Genoese dies without a will, our officers will not have the right to lay hands
on his belongings, and the commune (of Genoa) will obtain it and dispose
of it as it sees fit. The tax for passage between Ayas and Gouglag is fixed
in the following manner: a camel load of silk will be charged 25 new trams;
silk cloths, 25 new trams for a camel load. On indigo and botanicals, with
the exception of pepper, ginger and brazilwood, they will pay 25 new trams
for a camel load, 19 new trams for a mule load, and 16 new trams for a
donkey load; for pepper, ginger and brazilwood, 20 new trams for a camel
load; for all textiles from France, be they fine or coarse material, or all
toile, coarse or fine, they are to pay 20 new trams per camel load; and for

all materials for which they pay 20 new trams for a camel load, they are to
pay 15 new trams for a mule load and 12 new trams for a donkey load. For
cotton, sugar, mercury, coral, lead, copper, and others, they are to pay
15 new trams for a camel load, 12 for a mule load, and 9 new trams for a
donkey load; for soap, Io new trams for a camel load, 8 for a mule load,
and 7 for a donkey load. And from this moment on, and in the future, may
no one subject to our royal power, be he great or small, have the audacity
to oppose our royal and sublime ordinance, or to cause any vexations to
the Genoese commune, may God protect it, by exacting other taxes or
impositions. And everything shall remain as we have ordained. It is for
this reason that we have accorded our royal and sublime ordinance, our
august decree, and in order to give it more authority, we have sealed it
with our sublime signature, in the year 737 of the Armenian era, the year 2
of the little era, the 23rd of December. May this ordinance be confirmed
by the Will of God. It was written by the efforts of the chancellor Hetoum,
humble servant of God and of the holy king who has granted this privilege.
If a Genoese living in our kingdom possesses hereditary goods, be it from
his wife or a gift from our kingdom, and if he dies without a will or hered-
itary descendants, his goods, with the exception of hereditary possessions,
will go to the Genoese, and the latter will revert to our domain.
The Venetians, on their part, were becoming increasingly active in
trading. Numerous documents of Venice covering the period from
1200 to 1340 are indicative of this fact. There is mention of a bail of
Venice in Armenia in 1274 to supervise and protect the interest of
Venetians. Thereafter, it appears that there was a Venetian bail in
residence in Armenia until the end of the kingdom. In 13031304, an
event took place which threatened to disrupt the commercial relations
of Venice with Armenia. For some unknown reason, the Venetians
attacked and captured the fort of Ayas and pillaged it. In retaliation,
the Armenians cancelled the privileges granted to the Venetians
and it took several years of negotiations before the matter was
settled and full compensation was made by the Venetians for the
damages incurred. The payments for the goods confiscated are
itemized in a document dated 1307.* This document written in
medieval Italian is of sufficient interest to be presented here in its
English translation.
SUMS RECLAIMED FOR DAMAGES INCURRED BY THE WENETIANS
I. For the canopies which were received from him by
them from the royal palace for the Venetian galleys 18,535 trams
One crossbow carried at the chest level received from
the royal arsenal for the above-mentioned ships of the
Venetians . . . . . . . . . . . . . IOO trams
Two crossbows of horn . . . . . . . . . 50 trams
One bow for arrows . . . . . . . . . . I5 trams
Two measures of buckram . . . . . . . . 40 trams
One measure of cotton . . . . . . . . . 20 trams

Three measures of canvas . . . . . . . . 45 trams
One pennant . . . . . . . . . . . . I5 trams
Five canvas cuirasses . . . . . . . . . . I50 trams
Five pieces of armor (similar to cuirass) . . . . 200 trams
Four thousand bolts . . . . . . . . . . 460 trams
TOTAL Io95 trams
Also the king paid Andree Senuto and Paul Maureceni
for three days (use) of the above-mentioned galleys and
for the embassy which they sent to the king . . . 6757 trams
25 Alishan, Armeno-Veneto, vols. I, II.
* These sums are obviously in new trams, and not the old trams of Levon I
and Hetoum-Zabel, which were heavier and of higher silver content.
II. The following were received or stolen from the inhabitants of the royal
palace by the above-mentioned galleys:
One wallet from a woman named Rita . . . . . 8 trams
Denarii . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 trams
One hundred takvorins . . . . . . . . . 77 trams
One skirt . . . . . . . . . . . . . I5 trams
One shirt of cotton . . . . . . . . . . 8 trams
One cushion (pillow). . . . . . . . . . . I5 trams
One half-ounce of silk-floss . . . . . . . . 5 trams
One cloak of silk floss, twelve pairs of hose . . . 24 trams
Two serviettes (towels) . . . . . . . . . 2 trams
One cotton sheet . . . . . . . . . . . IO trams
One copper basin . . . . . . . . . . . IO trams
One shirt and one cudgel. - - - - 7 trams
Two hams . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 trams
Two shoulders of hog . . . . . . . . . . 3 trams
TOTAL 490 trams
Also the following were received from Georgio Guardiani:
Denarii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 trams
One priest's vestment . . . . . . . . . I5 trams
One maniple (vestment) . . . . . . . . . 5 trams
One cushion of silk-floss . . . . . . . . . 2 trams
One boy's flowered silk robe . . . . . . . . 20 trams
Two hams . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 trams
Thirty silver . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 trams
One empty canvas sack . . . . . . . . . 2 trams

One garment . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 trams
One coarse altar cloth . . . . . . . . . 5 trams
One youth's shirt of silk floss . . . . . . . I2 trams
One napkin (or towel) . . . . . . . . . 2 trams
One silver crucifix . . . . . . . . . . 20 trams
One canvas sack . . . . . . . . . . . 4 trams
One cotton canvas sack . . . . . . . . . 6 trams
TOTAL 340 trams
Also the following was received from one by the name Tros Johaim:
Denarii . . - - - - - - - 58 trams
One woman's black mantle . . . . . . . . 50 trams
Two women's cloth shirts . . . . . . . . 50 trams
One cotton skirt . . . . . . . . . . . I2 trams
One Cyprian skirt . . . . . . . . . . . 20 trams
One sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 trams
One horn crossbow . . . . . . . . . . 50 trams
One boy's skirt of cendal - - - - - 20 trams
TOTAL 268 trams
* Apparently referring to a purse containing a sum of non-Armenian coins.
* The original document often gives incorrect totals.
34
Also the following was received or robbed from Theros Paidar by the
above-mentioned galleys:
Denarii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26o trams
Two embroidered pillows . . . . . . . . 20 trams
One copper pan . . . . . . . . . . . IO trams
One chest half full of horseshoes . . . . . . 30 trams
1700 nails for shoeing horses . . . . . . . 22 trams
One knife for paring hooves . . . . . . . . 2 trams
One iron bar . . . . . . . . . . . . I tram
One hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 trams
TOTAL 35I trams
Also the following was received from Stephen Casseri by the above-
mentioned galleys:
Two robes, one man's robe, one woman's . . . . IIO trams
Thirty brachias of cloth . . . . . . . . . 90 trams
One Cyprian coverlet . . . . . . . . . . 80 trams
One embroidered shirt . . . . . . . . . 15 trams
TOTAL 295 trams
Also the following was received from Gregorio Gazar by the galleys:
One embroidered silk purse . . . . . . . . 30 trams
Denarii in said purse . . . . . . . . . . 5I trams
Four small basins . . . . . . . . . . . 40 trams
Two gold rings . . . . . . . . . . . 40 trams
One metal cap . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 trams
One casque . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 trams

TOTAL 189 trams
Concerning the debit of Marini Signuoli we agree with
Baron Ossino Bassiliensi of the sum of . . . . . 15ooo trams
To Sir Bindo Sechamarenda by the oft mentioned galleys:
Denarii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6IO trams
Two sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 trams
Two cotton skirts . . . . . . . . . . . 24 trams
Two pieces of cotton . . . . . . . . . . 40 trams
Fifteen (canella) of gold thread . . . . . . . 48 trams
One silver collar - - - - - - - - - IO trams
Three cushions . . . . . . . . . . . 24 trams
One sparrow-hawk from the nest . . . . . . 2O trams
Three women's shirts . . . . . . . . . . 30 trams
One embroidered woman's shirt . . . . . . . 30 trams
Two shirts, one hose . . . . . . . . . . 20 trams
Two shirts, two hose . . . . . . . . . . 16 trams
Four napkins (or towels) . . . . . . . . . IO trams
Trade and Commerce
35
One wooden container
One dagger . . .
One napkin (or towel)
One silver wand (or key).
One matalacius . - -
One woman's camelot garment
One camelot garment .
Three caps .
Two knives . .
One pair of boots .
One carpet .
One woman's skirt
One purse of samite
TOTAL
From Bertucio by the above-mentioned galleys:
One sack
One warmer
TOTAL
From Pisano, Count of Argenta:
Denarii . - - - -
Two measures of buckram
One napkin - -
TOTAL
From Lady Margaret:
Denarii . - - -

One Cyprian coverlet .
One camelot garment . - -
Three silver collars (or necklaces)
One golden gorget
One measure of buckram
Nine measures of material - -
TOTAL
From Father Vasilli:
Denarii . -
One long cloak
One carpet . - -
TOTAL
From Janna Zachii:
One hatchet (or battle axe) .
One sword . . . . . .
One cape -
TOTAL
20 trams
20 trams
4 trams
3 trams
8 trams
50 trams
50 trams
3 trams
6 trams
IO tramS
4 trams
IO tramS
2 tramS
II34 trams
4 trams
IO tramS
I4 trams
I4I trams
19 trams
3 trams
164 trams
IOO trams
8o trams
50 trams
I8 trams
2O tramS
From Baron Ossino, Lord of Gaban, brother of the king through his
representatives:
One measure of patterned material .
Three hatchets (or axes) . * - -
One canvas sack . . . . . . . . . .
TOTAL
From Herucho from his bank
Trams
One silver ring
TOTAL
From Constantio:
Two doublets and a priest's shirt
From Yeusef de Baldaco:
One cloak - - -
From Vasillo Gressacans:
One carpet .
One cloak - - - - - - - - - -
One shirt and one pair hose . . . . . . . .
TOTAL
These debts are noted later:
Pantaleonus owes to one Squire Theroso Janni
The aforesaid Theros has for this, one white coverlet,
one woman's overgarment of camelot, one boy's shirt
of purple cendal, one copper container, and one wooden
container.
Also Pantaleonus owes to one Squire Avertaza

Also he owes to one by name Constantino Vassarabam,
the bazaar chief for supplies . - - - - -
Also he owes to one by name Messor Hauranni for
supplies - - - - - - - - - - -
SUM TOTAL OF THE DEBTS OF PANTALE.ON US
Sir Paulus Moroceno owes the aforementioned Messori
Hauranni for supplies . . . . . . . . .
Marchetus Guillelmo, nephew of Sir Marci Guillelmo
and the Lord Marcie, owes the wife of Bonasere
The aforementioned Marchus Guillelmo owes for a
golden buckle . . . . . . . .
Also for four golden rings
2I trams
6 trams
5 trams
32 trams
I6 trams
4 trams
20 trams
34 trams
25 trams
I6 trams
I6 trams
IO trams
4I trams
300 trams
SUM TOTAL
30 trams
77' trams
60 trams
467; trams
30 trams
IOOO trams
2OO trams
I00 trams
300 trams
It was only after full reparations had been made that Levon III
renewed the former privileges of the Venetians.
The Genoese and Venetians were not the only nations carrying on
extensive trade in Armenia. As noted above, the Pisans were compen-
sated for damages. The merchants of Montpellier were permitted to
trade in 1314, upon payment of duties amounting to two per cent
on imports. This privilege was renewed by Levon IV in 1321. A
similar privilege was granted to the Sicilians in 1333. Earlier records
also mention the Catalans and merchants from Marseille trading in
Armenia.80
The renewed privileges granted to the Venetians on March 1, 1321,
mention that they had establishments in all the principal cities: Sis,
Mamistra, Adana, Tarsus and Ayas. It was again stipulated that a
duty was to be paid on precious metals imported by the Venetians
if these metals were to be used for striking coins. The duty was at the
same rate as paid in Acre. Furthermore, in this case, Levon wanted
half the silver brought into the country for the royal mint. Levon
needed this silver to strike takvorins in order to pay the heavy in-
demnities demanded by the Egyptians.
The increase in commercial activities on the one hand, and the
deterioration of the political situation in Armenia on the other hand,
caused a number of misunderstandings to arise between the Venetians
and the Armenians, and strained their amicable relations. The
Venetians complained of mistreatment, abuse of their privileges, and
laxity of Armenian officials in protecting Venetian interests. The
Armenian king, Levon IV, was anxious to encourage commercial

activities since they were his main source of income, and enabled him
to pay the heavy tributes demanded by the Egyptians. It was not
surprising, therefore, that full satisfaction was given to the demands
of the Venetians and their privileges reaffirmed and extended. In a
document of 1333 written in Latin which is given below in its
English translation, we note the scope of activities of the Venetians.
* Langlois, Cartulaire, pp. 180181; Mas Latrie, II. 118, 122.
* Alishan, L'Armeno-Veneto, II, p. II. Hay-Vened, p. 109.
* Langlois, Cartulaire, pp. 191-192.
* Langlois, Cartulaire, pp. 193194; Mas Latrie, III, p. 726.
In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, Amen. Levon, by the
grace of God and His help, King of all the Armenians, powerful and sub-
lime descendant of the family of Roupen, son of Oshin, king of the Ar-
menians, departed and resting under Christ. With respect to the petitions
and requests of the great and glorious Doge, Sir Francis Dandolo, and the
Venetian Commune, through the honorable mediary and faithful am-
bassador whom they have appointed to our royal majesty, to wit, Sir
Jacob Trivisano, we grant these petitions to all Venetians and their de-
scendants in addition to the rights and privileges which we have previously
granted through a document sealed with the golden seal; in the same
manner we allow and confirm these new grants to them which they have
sought from our royal majesty.
I. That all Venetians of Venice and their descendants be allowed, with
their goods, to enter into, remain in, and retire from our country, which
is guarded by God, without any harm or hurt.
II. That those Venetians and their descendants from Venetian terri-
tories, to wit, Crete, Black Sea, Coron, Modon, and their other territories,
these, above mentioned should be treated in accordance with the con-
stitution concerning their privileges.
III. That to those Venetians who manufacture garments of camel hair,
and reside in our dominions, we extend to them the following privilege
through our prerogative, that what they or their descendants produce be
free of the royal jurisdictions concern their trades, and no one shall do
them injury.
IV. That those Venetians who manage an establishment for the sale of
wine in our dominions, shall no longer pay that tax which our officials

receive from them, namely, one takvorin weekly; but if they shall not sell
wine in the agreed upon measures and shall construct measures that are
greater or smaller, our officials shall have the power to fine them according
to the degree of the offense, but they shall bring no greater harm nor hurt
against them.
V. That when Venetians should deal and transport wine or unfermented
grape juice, that law has been rescinded whereby they pay one new tram
per container; this law has been granted for we are most gracious to them.
VI. That what they gave under that law in the city of Tarsus for the
import and export per load, and the traffic in tanned hides, shall be similar
in the port of Tarsus, for we are most gracious to them.
VII. That all Venetians of Venice and their descendants be able to buy
and transport camel wool or other merchandise whatsoever outside of our
dominions, in accordance with what we have granted to them in the other
list of privileges.
VIII. That with respect to that law whereby they gave a measure of
cloth per bale, they shall no longer do so for we are most gracious to them.
* It is clear from this statement that the city of Tarsus at this time had a
port separate from the city proper.
IX. That the Venetians should not be forced by our officials with respect
to the purchase of grain and salt, nor anything else, nor shall they make
them work by violent means.
X. If there be a theft of the goods of the Venetians and the thief be found
out, he shall be hailed into our courts and imprisoned; the stolen goods
shall be returned to their owner, but the thief shall remain to fulfill the
punishment ordered by our court. If any of our people or subjects shall be
a debtor to one of the Venetians, either through a debt proper or as a guar-
antor of a debt, he should free himself of his debt and repay when he will
be able. Indeed, the above-mentioned Venetians shall be esteemed honored
and safeguarded in person and property by our royal majesty and our
officers, and as of now, and verily, no one shall have the power from our
royal majesty to add to the privileges in respect to great or small matters,
or to resist our decrees, but they shall remain firm and ratified in particular
and in toto as we have decreed above without contradiction or resistance
by anyone, and in confirmation of the above we affix and seal with the
golden seal of our majesty. Granted in the year of our Lord 1333, and
according to the reckoning of the Armenians, the year 782, tenth day
of the month of November, under the chancellorship of the honorable
Sir John.
LEVON, King of all the Armenians
In a last communication addressed to the Venetians in 1341,
Levon IV disclosed that he had forced the Saracens living in Armenia
to leave the country, and that the sultan of Egypt demanded pay-
ment of all debts owed to his subjects, holding Levon responsible for
the debts of the Venetians also. Fearful of renewed invasions by the

Mamluk sultan, Levon paid the Egyptians the sum of 27,ooo tak-
vorins. Of this sum, 16,ooo takvorins were owed by the Venetians,
and the balance by the Armenians.
It was during this latter part of the existence of the Armenian
kingdom of Cilicia that Francesco di Balducci Pegolotti, of the power-
ful Florentine banking house of Societas Bardorum, wrote extensively
on the commercial activities of the Mediterranean countries including
Cilician Armenia.
The chapter on Armenia gives a clear picture of commerce in
Armenia and also of the currency used. It is reproduced here in its
English translation.
* Pegolotti, pp. 5963.
ARMENIA
Armenia by itself, that is to say, Ayas of Armenia, is where a great deal
of trading takes place because it is on the sea, and merchants from many
places reside there.
Pepper, ginger, sugar, cinnamon, incense, brazilwood, lac, cotton, and
all gross spices, iron, copper and tin, are all sold in Ayas in ruotoli, one
ruotoli being equal to 15 occhia, and 33 ruotolis to one catars of Armenia.*
Silk and all fine spices are sold in occhia, 12 occhia being counted as one
ruotoli, which is known as the market occhia.
Gold is sold by the pesi and 50 pesi is counted as one mars of Armenia.
Silver is sold by the mars which is equal to 50 pesi.
Skins are sold by a weight of marchio and 40 weights are needed to give
an ara of skins.
All linen and textiles are sold by the hundred cannes," and the prices
are so many besants and denars, ten takvorins being one besant.
Soap, wool and camel hair are sold in ruotoli, one ruotoli being 15 occhias.
Grain is sold in Ayas in Armenia in gross moggio" and marzapanni, and
also in subtle moggio and marzapanni, one moggio being Io marzapanni.
Red silk is sold by the occhia which weighs 11o direms.
Oil is sold by the barrel as it is.
The Byzantine besant is counted Io silver takvorins, the takvorin
Io denars of Armenia, and the denar, 4 poghs.
THE AMOUNT PAID BY THE ARMENIAN MINT FOR A MARS OF SILVER
Per mars of Sardesco, II4 takvorins and I denar.
For a piatta with the seal of Venice, 113 takvorins and I denar.
For a lega of Tornesi grossi, III takvorins.

For a lega of Gigliati, IIo takvorins and 5 denars.
For a Bracciali, that is to say, Buenmini, IIo takvorins and 2 demars.
For a sterling, Io9 takvorins and 5 denars.
For a vergha with the seal of Genoa, Io9 takvorins and 5 denars.
For a vergha with the seal of Venice, Io9 takvorins and 5 denars.
The Raonesi silver of Sicily, Io9 takvorins and 5 denars.
* We have left unchanged Pegolotti's spelling of weights and measures.
The subtle pound of Venice was somewhat less than 320 grams (see Gui-
lhiermoz, pp. 16I-133,402450). On this basis, since one ruotoli was equal
to 20.2 subtle pounds of Venice (see below), the weight of ruotoli was about
6460 grams and one catars of Armenia 213.180 kilograms. The occhia at
I/I5 of a ruotoli was about 430 grams.
* One marc of Venice (see Guilhiermoz p. 447) was about 240 grams. Since
Ioo marc of silver of Venice was equal to Ioff.5 marc of silver of Armenia, the
Armenian silver marc was about 225 grams and the pesi about 4.5 grams.
"Alishan, Sissouan p. 377 gives the length of a canne as being equal to
2.15 meters.
* Again Alishan gives a figure of 129.407 liters for a moggio.
Trade and Commerce 4I
The Armenian mint strikes a silver coin which is called takvorin (tac-
colini), which contains 8 fine ounces of silver per pound, and 91 takvorins
are counted per marchio.
DUTIES PAID ON SALE OF GOODS IN ARMENIA
The Genoese and the Venetians are free of duty, as are the Sicilians,
who pay nothing on goods brought in or taken out, with the exception of
the mars which is weighed, and they pay one per cent of the weight.
The Compagnia de Bardi is free, and pays nothing throughout the king-
dom, neither on bringing in nor on taking out goods, without trouble or
limitations. The Florentines or any other persons of whatever language or
city, cannot raise an opposition to the Compagnia except when the fault
is with the company. Supporting this, there is a privilege, with the golden
seal of the king of the Armenians, granted in Armenia on the tenth day
of the month of January, in the year of our Savior, 1335.
This privilege for the Compagnia, Francesco Balducci succeeded in re-
ceiving, having come to Cyprus in the service of the Compagnia.
The Pisans pay 2 per cent of the value of the goods exported or imported.
The Compagnia de Peruzzi of Florenze, the Catalans, and the Provencals
pay 2 per cent on imports and exports.
All others pay 4 per cent on imports and exports.
COMPARISON OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF ARMENIA
WITH THOSE OF OTHER COUNTRIES, AND PRIMARILY WITH VENICE
One ruotoli of spices of Armenia is exchanged with 20 subtle pounds and
3.25 ounces of Venice. 49 ruotoli of cotton in Armenia are equal to 9 subtle
pounds of Venice. One occhia of silk or fine spices of Armenia is the equiv-
alent of I subtle pound and 4 ounces of Venice. Gross thousand measure

(migliaio) of Venice is 76 or 78 ruotoli in Armenia, or 20.5 catars of Ar-
menia. Ioo mars of silver of Venice is 106.5 mars of Armenia. 315 Venetian
braccia of textile equal Ioo canne of Armenia. II subtle pounds of Venice
are equal to Io pounds of Ayas in Armenia.
Transportation costs of materials brought to Armenia from Venice or
to Venice from Armenia, in ships of the Commune of Venice, are at the
rates given below: For gross textiles and linens, on a bale of 350 peso
grosso of Venice, the charge is 6 silver soldi grossi of Venice. For fine
textiles and linens, the charge is 6 soldigrossi for a bale weighing 260 pounds
grosso of Venice. Copper, tin, and iron6 soldi grossi for a migliajo grosso
of Venice. Silverone per cent.
Spun gold or spun silver, or similar articles3 per cent per case. All
spices13 soldi grossi for a subtle migliajo. Cotton-13 soldi grossi per
subtle migliajo.
Camel hairtwo per cent in an armed galley and 1.5 per cent in a mer-
chant ship.
SugarIo soldi grossi per subtle migliajo.
WITH GENOA
One ruotoli of spices in Armenia is equal to 20 Genoese pounds. Five
pounds of silver of Genoese weight is equal in Armenia to 5 mars. 7.5 ruotoli
of Armenia is equal to a Genoese catar.
Pegolotti gives similar comparative values with various cities
and countries, including Nimes, Montpellier, Majorca, Seville in
Spain, Bruges in Flanders, London, Apulia, Messina in Sicily, Sivas
in Turkey, Accre, Famagusta in Cyprus, etc.
The amount of trade transacted was considerable. In the year 1312,
the Venetian bail at Ayas wrote that 27 or 28 Venetian merchants
carried out business amounting to 400,000 new trams.
In 1323, the Sultan of Egypt captured and destroyed Ayas. He
then permitted its reconstruction, provided the Armenians paid an
annual indemnity of 1,200,ooo takvorins, with an additional Ioo,000
from Ayas. The fact that the Armenians were able to pay such a
heavy indemnity can be attributed directly to the revenues derived
from Ayas and other ports.
After the destruction of the Crusader principalities, the Egyptians
continued relentlessly their attacks against the Armenian kingdom.
Ayas had already been pillaged twice as early as 1266 and 1275. It
was captured again, and destroyed in 1322 by Nasir Mohammed of
Egypt. During the ensuing peace, the port was rebuilt, but the Sultan
would not permit the reconstruction of the sea fort which protected
the city. The city was captured again and destroyed in 1337. This
time, the Egyptians would not even permit the rebuilding of the walls
of the city, thus leaving it to the mercy of the enemy. Finally, in 1347,

the city was taken over by the Mamluks and thereafter remained in
the hands of the enemy. After this date, the Armenian kingdom was
cut off from the sea and became land-locked territory. The enormous
trade carried on for nearly two centuries ended, and the seaports of
Cilicia ceased to be of any importance in international commerce.
* Alishan, Sissouan, p. 386.
ARMENIAN TERMS USED FOR VARIOUS COINS
The coinage of the Roupenian period has been best covered in
works by Langlois, Alishan, Basmadjian and Sibilian.* The first
three authors dwelt at some length on the names given to Armenian
coins, but unfortunately they chose to list the names given to gold,
silver and copper coins of ancient times, thereby leading the reader
to believe that these names also applied to Roupenian coins. Much
confusion has resulted from this and an attempt will be made here
to clarify the picture.
The following tabulation lists the names given to gold, silver and
copper coins by the authors mentioned above:
Gold Coins Silver Coins Copper Coins Uncertain
Tenarl, 3 Silver tahegan', " Tank!, * Taccolinil
Byzant", * Tahegan sbidag Kardez*, * Bissancios
Tahegan", *, * Tram1, 2, 3 Tenar2, 3 stauratos
Rouge", * Old tram? Half-tram
Bysantii New tram 2, 3 Poghl, *, *
stauratii Half-tram?
Bissancio Double tram?
sarracinati Byssantii
d'Armenie stauratii"
Gold pool Staurats
GOLD COINs. As mentioned in the previous section, the Roupenians
probably did not issue gold coins for circulation but merely struck a
small number of these for distribution on special occasions. The names
given to the gold coins, therefore, could not refer to the few gold
pieces struck by the Roupenians.

* Langlois, Num. de l'Armnie au Moyen Age, Paris, 1855, pp. 9-15.
* Alishan, Sissouan, pp. 378-386.
* Basmadjian, Num. Gnrale de l'Armnie (in Armenian), pp. 134-135,
Venice 1936.
* Sibilian, Classification of Roupenian Coins, Vienna, 1892.
43
TENAR (8nvptov, "bull/", denarius) was the name usually given to
silver coins in ancient times. The word 8mVptov was translated from
the Bible as tenar or tahegan, and numerous instances of the use of
both tenar and tahegan are listed by Avkerian." On one occasion,
tahegan, vosgi (gold) and tenar were used interchangeably.
BYzANT (Rh211.7, besant) was the name commonly used in the
coinage of the East during the Middle Ages. When accompanied by
the word gold, it denoted the gold coins of the Arabs or Byzantium.
The notarial acts of Ayas" contain numerous references to instances
where besants of various types were used in commercial transactions.
For example, bissantios quadraginta duos sarracinales ad iustum
pondus Syrie, bissantios ducentos veteres auri Babilonie bones, et
legales, atque iusti ponderis ad generale pondus terre Egypti, bis-
santios centum duodecim et dimidium sarracinales Acconis ad gene-
rale pondus Acconis or bissantios quadragintos quinquaginta
Tripolitos.
TAHEGAN (8nvaptov, MlAbill', denarius) was a measure of weight
as well as the name of a silver coin. Shiragatzi, writing in the seventh
century, states that tahegan was the name given to a silver or gold
coin, and lists numerous references of early times where it denoted
either gold or silver coins. In more recent times (A.D. 972), Matthew
of Edessa" mentions that Arab gold of 30,000 tahegans was taken
out of Baghdad or 40,000 tahegans of Arab gold.
RouGE (garmir, ill/'U'h'/') of course refers to the color of the coin,
indicating that it was gold. Thus, Smpad mentions that 500 garmir
was paid for the assassination of Mawdd. It is interesting to note

that in his description of the same event (in the year 1113) Matthew
of Edessa" states that 500 tahegans were paid. Vartan mentions that
the sultan of Egypt, Baybars I al-Bundukdri, invaded Cilicia and
finding the Armenians unprepared, captured and sacked the city of
Sis. The Egyptians located the royal treasury and found a container
which had 600,000 garmir. Unfortunately, Vartan does not make clear
the type of gold coin he had in mind. In any case, it represented a
* Avkerian, pp. 7174.
* Matthew of Edessa, 1869, pp. 9, 26, 181, 363, 410.
* Smpad, p. 141 (1956 Edition of Venice).
* Vartan, p. 161.
Armenian Terms 45
huge sum for those days. Samuel of Ani" speaks of Iooo tahegan
garmir which Ayyb, the father of Saladin, said his son will give to
the man for predicting the birth of a male child. In the chronicles
attached to the Psalter of King Oshin of Cilician Armenia," it is
mentioned that in the year 1260, the Turkomans captured the lord
of Beirut and sold him for 20,000 garmir. This event has also been
reported by another source. It is thus seen that the term garmir
was used for a particular gold coin which the writer had in mind, and
in all of the cases mentioned above, it referred to a foreign gold coin.
Not a single reference has been found in contemporary literature
using the word garmir for a Roupenian coin.
BYSANTII STAURATII will be discussed under silver coins.
BISSANCIO SARRACINATI D'ARMENIE. The numerous notarial acts
of the Armenian port of Ayas" make frequent mention of this coin,
along with the bissancio sarracinati of Acre, Tripoli, Syria, Egypt,
etc. Since these acts speak of transactions involving hundreds and
often thousands of bissancio sarracinati d'Armenie, it would seem
that they are gold coins of the type issued by the Crusaders in the
East. In all likelihood, some of the gold coins ascribed to the Crusaders
were struck in Armenia by the Venetians, as indicated in the privi-
leges granted by the Armenian kings in the years 1201, 1245, 1271
and 1307, giving the Venetians the right to issue coins on the same
terms as they enjoyed in their coinage in Acre. As reported by Schlum-
berger Sibilian held a similar opinion. Unfortunately, it has not yet
been possible to find a means of identifying the gold bissancio sar-
racinati coins of Armenia and differentiating them from the other

gold coins in pseudo-cufic writing struck by the Crusaders in several
eastern cities. The notarial acts of Ayas indicate that the value of the
Armenian sarracinat besant was in 1274 ten sous or half a Genoese
pound, and in 1279, nine and a half sous." Since these besants were of
an entirely different type and struck by the Venetians, they are con-
sidered outside of the scope of this work.
GoLD Pool (Vosgi pool, fll/ih R/IRL) is listed by Basmadjian as one
of the names given to gold coins. It is probably a name given to
* Samuel of Ani, R.H.C. Documents Armniens, I, p. 453.
"Surmeyian, p. 98.
* Hagopyan, vol. I, p. 82, vol. II, p. 71.
* Schlumberger, Archives de l'Orient Latin, p. 677.
certain gold coins, but unfortunately Basmadjian does not give the
source of his information.
SILVER COINs. These are of far greater importance than the gold
or even the copper coins, since they constituted the backbone of
national and international trade.
SILVER TAHEGAN or TENAR (Greek: 8nvptov, Latin: denarius).
This name was employed since antiquity for the silver coins currently
in use. As mentioned above, Anania Shiragatzi," writing in the
7th century, said that tahegan and tenar were identical and were
used either as a measure of weight or a measure of coinage. Although
they sometimes denoted gold coins, especially when written as gold
tahegan or gold tenar, they were much more often used for silver
coins. In Biblical translations, the Greek 8nvoptov is always trans-
lated as tahegan, and occasionally the word tenar was used inter-
changeably with tahegan. During the time of the Crusaders and
before the establishment of the coinage of Cilician Armenia, tahegan
was used for dinars. Thus, Matthew of Edessa said that through the
intervention of Kogh Vasil, the Armenian prince, the release of
Bohemond was made possible by payment of the sum of Ioo,ooo tahe-
gans to the Danishmends. This sum is given as Ioo,ooo dinars by
Albert D'Aix, as besants by Runciman, pices d'or by Grousset,
and michelots (gold coins of Michael VII Ducas of Byzantium) by
Blancard." In another instance, Baldwins release was obtained for
the sum of 30,000 tahegans. Another writer gives the figure as
as 30,ooo dinars. Vartan wrote that when Saladdin captured
Jerusalem, he permitted each man to buy his freedom for the sum of

Iotahegans and each woman, five tahegans. Smpad, in his Chronicle
stated that every inhabitant wishing to leave was to pay one Egyptian
tahegan, and those who wished to remain were assessed one red
tahegan. Runciman gives the figures as ten dinars for a man, five for
* Albert D'Aix, pp. 3336, 610612.
* Runciman, Vol. II, p. 38.
* Grousset, Vol. I, p. 398.
* Blancard, pp. 151194.
* The Royal Chronicle, p. 172.
* Bar Hebraeus, I, p. 243.
* Vartan, History, p. 135.
* Smpad, Venice 1956, pp. 199200.
* Runciman, Vol. II, p. 465.
Armenian Terms 47
a woman and one for a child, while Grousset quoting Eracles
states that the amount to be paid was ten besants per man, five per
woman, and one per child. Ibn al-Athir gives the figures in dinars
ten for men, five for women, and two for children, while an Armenian
source mentions ten tahegans for men and five for women.
In Hagopyan's Minor Chronicle the word tahegan occurs in
six places, apparently referring to silver coins in circulation at dif-
ferent periods, and in at least one instance, three different documents
speak of the same transaction using either the terms tahegan or
tram.27
It would therefore appear that tahegan was the name given to
silver coins in general rather than to the silver Roupenian coins. The
latter were most likely known as trams.
TAHEGAN SBIDAG or SBIDAG. Sbidag means white, and tahegan
sbidag may have been a silver tahegan, as differentiated from tahegan
vosgi (gold). Sometimes one of the words was omitted, and prices
would be given in terms of tahegan, vosgi or sbidag (the latter often
abbreviated as sdag. or sb.). In the years 12561260, tahegan, tram
and sbidag were used by the same writer indiscriminately, all
apparently denoting the same type of silver coin. Even earlier, in
1224, the word sbidag was used for a silver coin. In Khachigyan's
Fourteenth Century Colophons, the word sbidag is mentioned no less
than twelve times, generally for coinage other than Roupenian.
Nevertheless, this term came into more common use in later periods
and appeared frequently in fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth
century writings, to denote the silver coinage of the writer's particular

locality, be it Greater Armenia, Asia Minor or the Crimea.
TRAM (Greek 8pxXuh, Latin drachma) was another word used for
silver coins, often interchangeably with tahegan or sbidag. It is
* Grousset, Vol. II, p. 813.
* Eracles, II, p. 91.
* Ibn al-Athir, p. 701.
* Khachigyan, p. 135.
* Hagopyan, pp. 3, 135, 143,346, 381,398.
* Hagopyan, p. 143.
* Hagopyan, pp. I42-I43.
* Karekin I. Catholicos, p. 838.
* Hagopyan, pp. 463,476, 497, 528,570,577.
noteworthy that the word tram was used more often during the
Roupenian period in manuscripts written in Cilicia. However, Vartan
speaks of the payment of a sum of 300,000 trams in the year 1045.
In Khachigyan's Fourteenth Century Colophons, tram is mentioned
on nine occasions. It is significant that Levon's payment of tribute
to Nasir is described as 600,000 trams rather than as tahegans or
sbidags.
NEw TRAMs (daremos novos) and OLD TRAMs (daremos vetere) were
mentioned on numerous occasions by Genoese notaries in 1274-1279."
The fact that these words were used to refer to coins in circulation
supports the belief that the Roupenian silver coins were called trams.
The earlier coins of Levon I and Hetoum I, being heavier and having
a higher silver content, were worth more and were known as daremos
vetere as differentiated from the coinage of Levon II which had a
lesser silver content.
HALF TRAMs (iku M'll/) were coins having half the weight and half
the value of trams.
DouBLE TRAMs (b/"I'l/'ll/) were issued only by Levon I and had
twice the weight and value of the trams.
BYSANTII STAURATI or STAURATS have been discussed at some
length in a later chapter. The word, staurat, meaning cross, referred
to the prominent cross on the silver coins of Levon I and Hetoum I.
The Bysantii staurati, therefore, were the silver besants or trams of
these two kings.
TAKvoRINs (Pll?/lh/m/F) were the debased silver coins issued
during the latter part of the Roupenian dynasty and will be discussed

in the next chapter.
COPPER COINSTANK, TENAR or KARDEZ, and POGH. These coins
are described later in greater detail.
TANK (o0}\og, obolus, 'N' R) in ancient times was a measure of
weight as well as the name of a coin. Shiragatzi states that six tanks
were equal to one tram. The word tank often appears in the Armenian
translation of the Bible. There were both silver and gold tanks.
TENAR or KARDEz apparently referred to the medium-sized copper
Roupenian coin. Although the tenar or denar was usually the silver
* Vartan, History, p. 101.
* Bedoukian, Handes Amsorya, LXXIII, 1959, pp. 241-249.
Armenian Terms 49
coin, it also denoted a copper coin. Thus, Pegolotti states clearly
that one Taccolini (takvorin), was worth ten denars. Therefore, the
denar which he mentions was the copper coin used in Armenia around
1340. References dated about 1260 use the word kardez for the copper
COinS.36
POGH (po)\\g, follis, b/I'l) was used in ancient times as a general
name for small copper coins. When Pegolotti stated that one denar
was worth four folli, he may have meant that one large copper coin
was equalin value to four small coppers of Oshin, Levon IV or Levon V.

*Assises d'Antioche, p. 61.
THE COINAGE OF THE ROUPENIANS
The Armenian dynasty in Cilicia issued literally millions of silver
and copper coins, of which about twelve thousand can now be found
in museums and private collections. In addition, ten gold coins are in
existence and are mentioned in the corpus. There are also records of
seven others which have been lost or destroyed.
The different types of coins struck during this period are as follows:
GoLD coins (Vosgi, fll/ih). The ten gold coins in existence today
are of a type similar to the silver coins of this dynasty. For want of a
better name, they are simply called vosgi, or gold. Certain pecu-
liarities in design and uncommon variations in weight, coupled with
the fact that so few have survived, have led the writer to believe that
these were not struck for circulation but rather as gifts which were
distributed on special occasions.
SILVER COINs. Approximately two thirds of the Roupenian coins
which have survived are in silver, and these constitute the most im-
portant and interesting portion of the coinage of this period.
The silver coins can be conveniently divided into several classes:
Double tram (Yergtram), b/"'M'll/
Half double tram (Guess yergtram) 'iku b/"I'lf'll/ b
Quarter double tram (Karort yergtram) RU/km/" b/"I'M'll/ on I
Coronation tram (Odzman tram) 00 l/'ll', 'M'll/
Bilingual tram and half-tram issued by Hetoum I
Tram or Old tram, 'M'll/', also known as besant staurat issued by
Levon I and Hetoum I
Half-tram (Guess tram), thu M'll/
New tram (Nor tram), u/l/ ?/'lllf issued by Levon II

Takvorin (Pll'MR/m/F) silver coinage of all kings after Levon II
Billonstruck by Levon I in Antioch (bearing Latin characters), and
the small coins issued by Hetoum II.
Issued
The double tram and its smaller denominations constitute a distinct
class which is different from the usual coinage of Levon I. These coins
50
Coinage of the Roupenians 5I
are comparatively rare and were issued for a short time only, probably
in Tarsus. The above names were given in order to distinguish them
from trams or half-trams, although the half double tram is actually
a tram, and the quarter, a half-tram.
The coronation tram is unique in its design since it is the only coin
depicting the coronation of a monarch. It is noteworthy that no half-
trams of this type have been found as yet.
The bilingual trams of Hetoum I are rather rare and on one side
have an Arabic inscription in recognition of the nominal suzerainty
of the Seljuk sultans of Konya." Bilingual half-trams are very rare.
The trams of Levon I and Hetoum I are the commonest types of
coins of the Roupenian dynasty. Over half of the silver coins in
existence belong to this class. A cursory examination of trams will
show that there is a dominant cross on one side of the coin. In
coins struck by Levon I, the cross is flanked by two lions rampant
regardant, while coins of Hetoum I show the cross held by the king
and queen.
It is not surprising that contemporary writers referred to the tram
as besant staurat or the besant with a cross, and also daremos
vetere or old tram, thus differentiating it from the later silver coins
of less value. A document listing commercial privileges granted to the
Genoese by Levon II in 1288 discloses that the duty for exporting a
horse or a mule was four - - which was translated in the con-
temporary Latin text as bissancios stauratos, a donkeyfive new
trams, an oxthree new trams and one kardez, a sheepfour kardez.
The document also explains that the duty for pepper, ginger and

other spices is determined by the weight carried by the animal. The
duty for a mule load is given as nineteen new trams, and for a donkey
load, sixteen new trams, thereby establishing a degree of relative
values for mules and donkeys. Obviously, four staurats were worth
somewhat more than five new trams. It will be seen below that the
silver content of four trams or staurats of Levon I and Hetoum I was
slightly higher than that of five new trams around 1288. One can
therefore reasonably assume that the besant staurat was the tram
of Levon I and Hetoum I.
* Bedoukian, ANS Museum Notes VII, 1957, pp. 219230. Pl. XXX.
* Langlois, Cartulaire, p. 154.
* Bedoukian, Handes Amsorya, LXXIII, 1959, pp. 241-249.
4*
Numismatists have long been puzzled and misled by the marriage
contract of the daughter of Hetoum I, Euphemia, to Julian, the Lord
of Sidon, in 1252." In this contract, it was stipulated that Hetoum
would give a dowry of twenty-five thousand besans sarrazinas au
pois d'Acre, of which the king was to pay seventeen thousand
besans sarrazinas al pois d'Acre, ce que nosauronse so quiremendra
chascun besans a sa valor, so e aire qui quatre besans de nos staurat por
un besant sarrazinas. Here it is made clear that one gold besant of
Acre was to be considered equal to four of the king's staurats. The
Acre besant weighed about three grams and contained about 65 per
cent gold or two grams of gold. Since the relative value of gold to silver
was about ten to one in those days," it is apparent that the gold
besant was equal to about twenty grams of silver. The silver trams of
Hetoum I contained about 2.5 grams of silver. Hence, it would take
eight (not four) staurats to equal a gold besant. This irregularity has
led both Langlois" and Alishan to suppose that the staurat was a
coin as yet undiscovered, or a very large silver coin. It is the opinion
of the writer that a mistake may have been made in copying the
original document (all efforts to obtain a photostat copy of this docu-
ment have failed), or that Hetoum, having promised a dowry of
25,000 gold pieces, had stipulated that part of this sum was to be paid
at the rate of four staurats per gold of Acre. It is obvious that the
besant staurat was a very common silver coin used in large numbers,
and the only such coin issued by Hetoum was the common tram.
Such arrangements were not uncommon and it is not necessary to
assume that they indicated an international rate of exchange. It is

also interesting to note that the tram of Levon I and Hetoum I is
often called daremos vetere as distinct from the new tram da-
remos novos of Levon II.
* Langlois, Carulaire, p. 146.
* An Acre besant of the type Schlumberger, Pl. V, No. 24, was given to public
analysts. It assayed sixty-five per cent gold in content. It is interesting
that the same gold percentage was obtained by taking the specific gravity
of this coin and assuming that the metal was a mixture of gold and silver.
* Desimoni, p. 438, Vol. I.
* Langlois, Numismatique de l'Armnie au moyen ge, pp. 1213.
* Alishan, Sissouan, pp. 382383. See also Desimoni, p. 526, LXI.
* Desimonicites numerous instances where the terms daremosvetere, daremos
novos and bissancios stauratos are mentioned in commercial transactions.
Coinage of the Roupenians 53
The half-trams were half the weight and value of the trams and
were similar in design and type. While many trams are of barbaric
style, indicating that they were manufactured carelessly under pres-
sure, the half-trams are usually of good design and workmanship.
These coins were not made in any quantity and few have survived.
The half-trams are therefore quite scarce.
The new tram was obviously a coin of Levon II (12701289) since
it is frequently mentioned in documents written during his reign.
There is also historical evidence indicating the gradual debasement
of this coin, and this is matched by metrological data obtained by
the author.
We thus find that in 1273, eight new trams were the equivalent of
one sarrasin besant. In 1279 (May Io), it took nine new trams to
equal one sarrasin besant, whereas in 1284 the accepted rate was
ten new trams.
Other records indicate the international value of the new trams.
According to a Genoese notarial act of 1274, 177 new trams were
counted as being equal to Io Genoese livres or 200 sous. In an earlier
record (about 1260), when the Assisses d'Antioche was translated,"
44 new trams were considered equal to 36 sous. The latter were pro-
bably the coins of the Crusaders.
The continued debasement of the new trams is evidenced by the
fact that in 1289 ten new trams were worth 35 Venetian soldi, the
latter sum being the equivalent of one bissancio saracinato, and in
13131316, it took twelve new trams to equal this amount.
A few other available records throw light on the value of

Armenian coins of this period. In 12991300, Ioo new trams were
equal in value to 27 besants of Cyprus. In 1307, in a settlement
for damages, 77 new trams were listed as being equivalent to Ioo
takvorins.
Examination of the weight and silver content of various new
trams of Levon II bears out a debasement which accounted for the
reduction of their value on the international market.
Desimoni, p. 456, XXIII.
* Assises d'Antioche, p. 28.
* Alishan, Armeno-Veneto, II, p. 53.
* Alishan, Sissouan, p. 383 (No source reference given).
* Langlois, Cartulaire, p. 171.
It is curious that although Levon II reigned for nineteen years,
his coins are relatively scarce. A possible explanation may be that
the wide variations in the silver content made transactions difficult,
and that most of his silvers were eventually melted to make the more
uniform coins of his successors.
The takvorins (literally translated as belonging to the king) were
the coins of Levon III, Oshin, Levon IV, and the three Gosdantins.
These coins were gradually debased, until finally the percentage of
silver was reduced to less than 50 per cent, and the weight of the coins
reduced from three to two grams. As a result, the takvorins of the
Gosdantins were actually worth considerably less than half of the
trams of Levon I or Hetoum I.
Contemporary writings give numerous instances where takvorins
(taccolini) were used in commercial transactions. As mentioned above,
in 1307, Ioo takvorins were declared to be worth 77 new trams. In
1223, the Egyptians exacted a tribute of 1,200,000 takvorins an-
nually from the Armenian king. According to Pope John XXII, this
was equal to 50,000 florins." In 1333 (June 17), a communication
from the Doge of Venice stated that 24 takvorins were to be regarded
as equal to a gold ducat." In the same year, 12 grossis of Venice were
worth 13 takvorins, which in turn were equal to 2 bissancios albos
of Cyprus.
In 13401342, Pegolotti" wrote that Il bisante de Romania si
conta X taccolini d'argento; il taccolini vale den. X de Erminia, e il
denaro valle IV folleri. He further states that the Armenian royal
mint struck coins made of an alloy containing eight ounces of silver

per pound, and that 91 taccolinis were made from a marc (226.26gms.)
of alloy. This composition was verified by metrological data obtained
by the author.
Billons were struck on two special occasions. The first billon was
struck by Levon I in Antioch, in Latin characters, to commemorate
his capture of the city. The coin is very similar in appearance to the
contemporary Crusader coins of Antioch. The other coin was struck
by Hetoum II who issued no silver coins.
* Alishan, Sissouan, p. 384 (No source reference given).
* Alishan, Armeno-Veneto, II, p. 107.
"Alishan, Armeno-Veneto, II, p. 102.
Coinage of the Roupenians 55
A detailed examination of the names, weights and titre of the
silver coins is given in the section under metrology.
COPPER COINs. Apparently, three types of copper coins were struck
by the Roupenians:
Tank (N1,7) Large copper coins struck by Levon I and Hetoum I.
Tenar or Kardez (RU/"Sk8) Medium-sized copper coins of Hetoum I,
Levon II, Hetoum II, Smpad and Levon III.
Pogh (4/7?) The small copper coins of Oshin, Levon IV, Guy, Gos-
dantin III and later kings.
Sibilian expresses the opinion that all of the copper coins were
called Pogh, even though there was a gradual decrease in their size
and weight. He states that no half or quarter poghs were issued, but
offers no proof in support of this statement. In a document dated
1288, there are several instances where various sums are given in
new trams and R/., the latter obviously being an abbreviation of
kardez, the name given to the copper coins in circulation at that time.
In the Assises d'Antioche the word kardez (RUPS53) is written
out in full in Armenian. It is stated that one sol was equal to 12 kardez,
and 36 sols to 44 new trams, thus making a new tram equal to about
9.5 kardez at that time. Since the Assises d'Antioche was written
around 1260, the relative values refer to that period. This would
indicate that an old tram was probably worth 12 kardez, and since
the tank weighed twice as much as a kardez, it was twice as valuable,
and six tanks were most likely worth one old tram. Pegolloti, writing
in 1340, mentions that one takvorin was worth ten denars, and one
denar was worth four folli. A denar was the Latin term for kardez,

and folli, for poghs.
We have chosen the name tank for the large copper coins of Levon I
and Hetoum I. It is unfortunate that no documents have been found
of that period which use the word tank for the large copper coins.
However, in previous periods, tank was a name commonly given to
copper coins, and six tanks were worth a silver coin. As noted above,
six large copper coins were equal in value to one old tram of Levon I
or Hetoum I. Hence, it is reasonable to assume that they were called
tanks.
* Assises d'Antioche, pp. 6061.
* Avkerian, p. 77.
* Alishan, Sissouan, p. 370. Also in Langlois, Cartulaire, pp. 170175.
DESIGN AND STYLE OF COINS
The designs of the coins issued by the Roupenians exhibit so many
variations that one is inevitably led to speculate on their origin.
LEvoN I. On the obverse of all the silver coins of Levon I (with
the exception of the coronation coins), the king is seated on a
throne ornamented with lions heads. He wears a crown and a royal
mantle on his shoulders, usually has a cross in his right hand and a
fleur de lys in his left. On most of the coins, the king's feet rest on a
footstool.
Langlois calls this design an imitation of the coins of carlins
d'Anjou and of blancs d'argent de Chypre, but there is little
similarity between the coins of Levon I and the Anjou silver coins,
and the Cyprus silver coins referred to were all issued much later.
In a lengthy study, Garabetian points out that the royal seal of
Louis VI (11081137)* bears a marked resemblance to the obverse of
the coins of Levon I. There are earlier seals of French kings where
the king is seated on a throne, holding a cross or lily in the right hand,
and an orb in the left hand. Garabetian concludes erroneously that
although such a design had appeared previously on royal seals, it was
first used on coins by Levon I.
Alishan approached the truth when he stated that this design
differed from the Byzantine and Near Eastern coin types, but re-
sembled German types. This thesis was developed further in an
article by Smith" who points out that Levon's promotion from prince
to king came through the German emperor, Henry VI, and speculates
on the possibility that the die on the obverse was a German design.
The similarity of this design to that of the bracteates of Augsburg

* Schlumberger, Num. de l'Orient Latin, Pl. VII.
* Garabetian, Hask Annuaire, 194950, p. 272.
* Petit, pp. 193,210.
* Smith, pp. 423427.
56
Design and Style of Coins 57
was also brought out. There is little doubt that the obverse of Levon's
trams was patterned after contemporary bracteates in circulation
during the reign of Henry VI. Mertens publication" contains re-
productions of the bracteates of Henry VI (whose liege Levon was),
which are very similar to the obverse of the trams of Levon I.
Historically, all this is in agreement with recorded events. Levon
had asked Frederick Barbarossa for the crown and had obtained his
consent. After Frederick's death, the promise was fulfilled by his
successor, Emperor Henry VI. Levon thus became nominally a vassal
of Henry and it was perhaps in gratitude that he placed the Em-
peror's coin design on his trams. The design was in general use in
Germany during this period and even earlier.
On the obverse of the few coronation coins, we find Christ standing,
and the king, wearing the royal mantle, is kneeling with the crown
on his head. Between the head of Christ and the king there is some-
times a ray of light descending from the sky, or the figure of a dove,
and occasionally an arm or hand extended toward the king's crown.
Langlois, Sibilian" and Alishan mention that this design was copied
from the coins of the Venetian Doges. However, Venetian coins of
this type were apparently first struck by Dandolo XLVIII in 128o
to 1289, almost ninety years after the coronation of Levon I.", *The
derivation of the design of Levon's coronation coins must therefore
be sought elsewhere.
There are a number of well-known types of Byzantine coins on
which Christ is seen crowning the standing emperor. Possibly, the
coronation coins may be considered modifications of the Byzantine

types, but the Armenian types present sufficient differences in design
to be considered original.
The reverse of most of the trams of Levon I has a very unusual
designa cross between two lions rampant regardant. Langlois' sug-
gestion that such designs appeared on Mohammedan articles such as
7 Mertens, Pl. VIII, XII.
* Buchenau, Pl. 24, No. 20 (541, 542).
* Sibilian, Classification of Roupenian Coins, p. 8.
* Corpus Nummorum Italicorum, Vol. VI, VII, p. 27, Pl. 1, 23.
* Marco, Coinage of Venice.
* Sabatier, p. 126, Pl. XLVI, Io; p. 169, Pl. L, 11, etc.
mirrors and served as models for Levon's coins must be rejected since
the designs to which he refers are mythical figures bearing little or
no resemblance to the lions found on the coins." Neither Sibilian
nor Alishan comment on the origin of the design of the two lions,
and Garabetian's lengthy article" does not shed any light on this
problem.
Since this design seems to have appeared for the first time on
Armenian coins, one is perhaps justified in stating that it was an
original contribution to numismatic art.
The lion, in its multitudinous forms, has been in widespread use in
the Near East since antiquity. In the famous ruins of Persepolis
dating 500300 B.C.," one finds lions walking, standing up against
figures of men, walking and facing, etc. On numerous textiles of the
seventh and eighth centuries A.D., there are lions seated with the tree
of life between them, and lions standing and facing the tree of life, etc.
The idea of using lion motifs was adopted by the Moslems and
eventually spread to Europe. The mantle of Roger II of Sicily (1133)
was decorated with two lions attacking camels, with the tree of life
between them. Lions standing and facing are also seen in a Seljuk
silk fabric of the 12th century.
Von Falke traces the development of designs on fabrics from
earliest times. Many of the lion motifs shown in illustrations dating
from the fifth to seventh centuries bear a close resemblance to the
lions on the coins of Levon. In all cases the lions flank the tree of life
rather than the cross as in the case of Levon's lions.
It should be recalled that the lion was native to southern Armenia

and was hunted by the nobility. Neither the lion nor its use in orna-
mental designs was new to the Armenians. In Greater Armenia,
figures of lions appeared on buildings, city walls, and even churches.
There is a lion walking on the main city gate of Ani, the capital city
of the Bagratids. Strzygowski gives an illustration of an Armenian
throne which shows two lions facing each other.
* Reinaud, Vol. II, Pl. VIII, and p. 394.
* Garabetian, Hask Annuaire, 194950, pp. 274293.
* Sarre, pp. II, 17, 39, 52, 556, 98, 108, II23, 128, etc.
* Migeon, pp. 381, 395,417.
* Von Falke, pp. 40, 54, 68, 7077, 80, 90, 105, 13104, 162, etc.
* Strzygowski, p. 811.
De Beaumont describes lions in a position very similar to that in
the coins of Levon, flanking the tree of life. He claims that this illus-
tration was taken from a twelfth century Armenian Bible which he
saw at the Armenian Mekhitarist Monastery in St. Lazare, Venice.
In a Gospel of II93 there is a good example of rampant regardant
lions. In a comprehensive treatise recently published on illustrations
in Armenian manuscripts derived from vegetable and animal life,
there are numerous instances of lions shown in various positions. One
illustration taken from a fourteenth century manuscript shows the
lions rampant regardant as on a Levon I coin.
It may be concluded that the design of lions rampant regardant
was not uncommon in the Near East but that the adoption of the
cross in place of the tree of life was an innovation peculiar to the
coinage of the Roupenians.
The double tram of Levon and its smaller denominations, (also a
few rare coronation coins) have on the reverse a lion walking or
holding a cross. While it is true that the lion appeared on some of the
bracteates, the lion on Levon's coins has a characteristic design and
it is significant that in this instance, the lion is holding a cross or is
accompanied by a cross. This lion design may again be considered an
original contribution to numismatic art, and it is found on the coins
of most of the succeeding Roupenian rulers. One is reminded of the
Agnus Dei Crusader gold coins wherein the lamb appears holding a
pennant. These coins were most likely issued half a century after
the coins of Levon I, but the substitution of a lion holding the cross
instead of the usual lamb holding the cross, cannot be overlooked in

connection with the design of Levon's double tram types.
The agnus dei appears on a rare copper coin attributed to
Raymond II of Tripoli (11521187), but the lamb is walking and is
not holding the cross. The agnus dei, holding a cross, also occurs
in the Armenian Gospel of Venice of the year II93.
* Beaumont, Pl. X, 6, 7, pp. 523.
* Der Nersessian, Manuscrits Armniens Illustrs, Pl. XVIII, Fig. 40.
* Mnatsaganyan, p. 396, No. 7374.
* Schlumberger, Num. de l'Orient Latin, Pl. XIX, 9. See also Grierson,
ANS Museum Notes, VI, 169176, Pl. XVIII, 12.
* Schlumberger, Num. de l'Orient Latin, p. 103, Pl. IV, 8.
* Der Nersessian, Manuscrits Armniens Illustrs, Pl. XXIX.
COPPER COINS. Levon I issued a large number of copper coins of
more or less uniform size and weight. On the obverse of these coins
appears the leonine head of the king with a crown, and on the re-
verse, a long cross with two stars.
Langlois states that the obverse of Levon's copper coins was
patterned after the coins of the Norman kings of Sicily. There seems
to be very little relationship between these two types, however, as
the Sicilian coins show a lion's head, whereas Levon's coins show the
leonine head of the king, with beard, crown, etc. It would therefore
appear that here again, Levon chose a design of some originality.
The reverse of Levon's copper coins, having a Patriarchal or Cal-
vary cross and two stars, appears to be related in design to some
Byzantine coins, but the introduction of stars indicates a degree of
originality in the design of these coins.
HETOUM I. With the ascension of Hetoum to the throne, a definite
change took place in the type of coinage. The double lion design dis-
appeared, and there was a tendency to imitate oriental types of
coinage, possibly indicating a weakening of the influence of the Cru-
sader principalities and a strengthening of the Mohammedan elements
surrounding the Armenians.
The most common silver coins were the trams. The reverse of these
coins shows a lion either holding a cross or accompanied by one. The
lion stands rightward, facing front, sometimes holds the cross as in
the coins of Levon, and sometimes walks with one paw in the air
(lion passant guardant), the cross behind him. There is no doubt that
this is a continuation of the coin design of Levon.

The obverse of these trams, however, is unique in that it shows the
king and queen facing each other, wearing royal vestments, and both
holding the same cross. The representation of the queen's image on
the coin was obviously in recognition of the fact that she was of
royal lineage, whereas Hetoum was the prince consort, crowned king.
As Langlois points out, such a representation of a king and queen
appeared on a Byzantine coin of Constantine XIII Ducas and Queen
*Langlois, Num. de l'Armnie au moyen ge, p. 47.
Spinelli, p. 33, 721.
* Schlumberger, Num. de l'Orient Latin, p. 91, Pl. XLIII, 45.
Design and Style of Coins 6I
Eudocia (10591067). The designs, however, are by no means
dentiical.
Another type of silver coin issued by Hetoum (in comparatively
small numbers) shows on one side the king on horseback, wearing a
crown and holding a sceptre. The horse is facing right in all cases.
The coin design showing the king on horseback was used on many
coins from the earliest times. Coins with an equestrian design were
issued by Kilij Arsln (11561188) of Konya and by his successors,, *
and this fact may have influenced Hetoum's choice of design for his
bilingual coins.
coPPER COINS. The copper coins of Hetoum also present novel
features and differ from those issued by Levon. Indeed, unlike Levon's
coppers, all of which were of the same type and of uniform size,
Hetoum's coppers represent several varieties and two distinct sizes.
There are the large copper coins of Hetoum, of about the same
weight and diameter as Levon's, with the king, on the obverse, seated
on a simple throne or on a throne ornamented with lions, wearing a
crown, and holding a sceptre in the right hand and a cross or orb in
the left. This design is apparently a variation of the obverse of Levon's
silver coins. The reverse of these copper coins bears a Greek or Potent
(Jerusalem) cross, with many types of field marks. The cross can be
found on some Byzantine coins as well as on numerous coins struck
by the Crusaders"an indication of the king's Christian faith.
Hetoum also issued a smaller version of these large copper coins.
A variation of this small copper shows the king on a throne orna-
mented with lions, as on the obverse of Levon's trams, but the

execution is less careful.
A second type of small copper coin is also found in great numbers.
On the obverse, the king is on horseback. The design is very much
like that of the bilingual silver coins, but it has not been executed
with as much artistic skill. This is obviously a case where the design
* Saulcy, Numismatique Byzantine, Pl. XXV, 1.
* Sabatier, pp. 1689, Pl. L, 9.
* Bedoukian, ANS Museum Notes VII, pp. 219230, Pl. XXX.
* Marsden, pp. 8890, Vol. 1, Pl. VI, No. LXXXIII.
* Ostrup, p. 128, Pl. IV, No. 1312.
* Sabatier, Vol. II, Pl. LI, 3.
* Schlumberger, Num. de l'Orient Latin.
of the silver coins was merely transferred to the copper coins. The
reverse has the usual cross with various field marks.
LEVON II. On the obverse, the silver coins of Levon II are all of the
equestrian type issued by Hetoum I, with various field marks, and
exhibit no new features. The reverse of these silver coins also follows
the design used by his predecessors. The lion is walking or standing
in either direction.
The obverse of the copper coins shows a lion walking left, or in rare
cases, walking right. In all previous cases of silver coins with a single
lion, the lion was represented facing front, crowned, and either
holding a cross or accompanied by one. The lion on the copper coins
of Levon II does not face front, and is quite different in styling from
the lions appearing on the coins of the German emperors. It closely
resembles, however, the walking lions appearing in architectural de-
signs in greater Armenia, and quite likely the lion motif on Armenian
coins came from greater Armenia rather than elsewhere. The reverse
of the copper coins has the cross with various stars or lines as field
marks, reminiscent of the copper coins of Hetoum I.
HETOUM II. The coinage of Hetoum II presents certain pecu-
liarities as a result of political circumstances and personal eccen-
tricities of the king. He did not issue silver coins and contented
himself with striking copper coins and billons bearing his name.
The small billons resembles some of the contemporary Crusader
coins. The obverse shows the king's head executed in a style similar
to that of the coins of Guy de Lusignan of Jerusalem (11861192).
Jean de Brienne (12121225), and Henry I of Cyprus (12181253).

On the reverse is the usual cross, not unlike the one on the coins of
Henry I.
The copper coins of Hetoum also show the Latin influence. On the
obverse is the head of the king, similar in style to the coinage of the
kings mentioned above. The reverse has a cross with ornamental
leaves at its base. This distinctive, ornamented cross appeared on the
earlier coins of the counts of Edessa, and on the coins of Latin em-
perors of Constantinople (12041261).
In another variety of copper coins, the king is seated in typical
oriental fashion, wearing a crown, his right hand at his breast and
* Strzygowski, pp. 285, 286, 295, 540, 811.
* Schlumberger, Num. de l'Orient Latin, Pl. IV, 25, 31, Pl. VI, 8, 9.
* Ibid., Pl. I, 8, 9, 14, 15.
his left holding a sceptre or cross. Designs of this type have appeared
on the coinage of several Moslem rulers in Asia Minor and Syria, e.g.
on the coins of Urtuqis of Mardin (Nsir al-Din Urtuq Arsln
628 H. or 12301231 A.D.). On the reverse there is an ornamented or
simple Greek cross.
SMPAD. The coins of Smpad do not exhibit any novel features. The
silver coins are rather poor imitations of those of Levon I, the main
difference being that in most cases the king's left hand is above the
knees, holding a mace which extends over the left shoulder. The coins
have been executed with little care. The equestrian design of the
copper coins is apparently derived from the bilingual coins of He-
toum I. The reverse has the usual cross but in the field there are four
lilies or figures resembling doves in flight.
GoSDANTIN I. It is interesting that although Gosdantin's rule lasted
less than a year, he nevertheless struck gold, silver, and copper coins
of unusual and distinctive designs.
There are records of two different types of gold coins.", * On the
obverse of both, the king is on horseback, facing right, and holding a
sword in his right hand. This design, although reminiscent of the
equestrian coins of Levon II and Hetoum I, shows marked dis-
similarities, in that instead of a mace or similar object being held
over the king's shoulder, the king here holds a raised sword in his
right hand as if ready to strike.
On the reverse, one type bears a pictorial representation of a fort
or castle with a single turret. The other type shows three turrets. The
reverse styling is similar to that of the coins of some of the Crusader

princes, and of several kings of Cyprus.*
The obverse of the silver coins is like that of the gold coins. The
reverse shows the king standing and wearing a crown and royal robes,
holding a sword in his right hand and a cross in his left. The idea of
representing victory for justice by a cross and sword is not entirely
new. The die-maker has done his best to represent Gosdantin's image
on all of his coins. Somewhat similar, though cruder coins of this
type, were issued by the counts of Edessa about a century earlier.
40 Urtukis of Mardin, B. M. Oriental Coins, Vol. III, No. 469 (1877).
* Basmadjian, Num. Gnrale de l'Armnie, p. 165.
* Bedoukian, Handes Amsorya, 1958, pp. 381390.
43 Schlumberger, Num, de l'Orient Latin, Pl. IV, V, VI.
44 Ibid. Pl. I, I2; Pl. XIX, 2.
LATER KINGs. It would be repetitious to enumerate the coinage of
each ruler beginning with Levon III to the last king, Leo V Lusignan,
as the styling and design vary only slightly during this period. All of
the silver coins of Levon III, Oshin, Levon IV, Guy (Gosdantin II),
Gosdantin III, Levon the Usurper, and Gosdantin IV, show on
the obverse the king on horseback, with various mintmarks, and
on the reverse, the lion walking right, with a cross in the field above
the lion.
The styling and execution of the coins of each succeeding king de-
teriorated gradually, so that the silver coins of the last two Gosdantins
are often poorly shaped and present a greyish appearance because of
their low silver content.
Only the billons of Levon V Lusignan show a different styling, re-
sembling the billons of Hetoum II, and probably patterned after the
coin design of Crusader kings.
The size of the copper coins decreased as time went on. The coins
of Levon IV, Guy and Gosdantin III, are very small and are monoto-
nously similar. On the obverse, the king is seated on the throne,
usually holding a cross in his right hand and a fleur de lys in his left.
A simple Greek cross appears on the reverse. In design, these copper
coins represent an evolution of the large copper coins of Hetoum I.
They are quite scarce.
Both Levon the Usurper and Gosdantin IV abandoned the striking
of small copper coins (poghs), but used instead silver coin (takvorin)
type dies for their copper coinage. Levon's copper coins have the
letter /9 in the field in all cases so far encountered. Gosdantin IV

also issued copper coins similar in design to the silver takvorins,
with the letter /9 in the field, but some do not have this mark.
Possibly, these were struck at a later period.
Only in the copper coins of Levon V, who was a Lusignan of
Cyprus, is there a variation in styling. The copper coins are quite
small in size. On the obverse, there is the characteristic lion of Cyprus,
walking right or left, and on the reverse, a cross."
* Since Sibilian attributes no coins to Levon the Usurper, all copper coins
with lb"l/l, and field mark / are listed as belonging to Levon V. In general,
Sibilian is incorrect for the period of 13441375, when dealing with the
coinage of Gosdantin III, Levon the Usurper, Gosdantin IV and Levon V.
* Schlumberger, Num. de l'Orient Latin, Pl. VI, 23, 26; Pl. VII, 9, 12,13.24.
INSCRIPTIONS ON ROUPENIAN COINS
With the exception of the small number of bilingual (Armenian-
Arabic) coins of Hetoum I, and the rare billons of Levon I (Latin
characters), all of the coins of the Roupenian dynasty bear Armenian
characters and inscriptions.
Although very few non-Armenians are familiar with the Armenian
language and alphabet, the reading of the inscriptions on the coins
can be mastered by anyone with a little practice. The Armenian al-
phabet was designed around 405 A.D. by an Armenian clergyman, and
is admirably suited for the language. Each letter carries a single sound
which is the same in any word.
Moreover, the inscriptions on the coins of the different rulers are
fairly uniform. By memorizing a few types of inscriptions, one can
recognize and identify most of the Roupenian coins.
The Armenian alphabet consisted of thirty-six characters (three
others have been added more recently and do not, of course, appear
on the Roupenian coins). The type and form of the script on the coins
are known as Yergatakir (b/"ill/0/1%h/') and are similar to the uncial
script used in some contemporary and earlier manuscripts.
It was common practice to use combined letters or ligatures on
coins, documents, etc. The most commonligatures were combinations of
the letters 0 and / to given (OR) as in Pll'UR/T (TAKAVOR) instead
of foll'UR/l/ and 0 and R to give /h (OU) as in UUS/NW/18 instead of
Ul/S/1/0/18 (ASDOUDZO). Other ligatures are seldom found on coins.
TRANSLITERATION OF THE ARMENIAN ALPHABET
U u A bar # / E ever
f P. P. mild p ( p, I ever

% 7 K mild k /* [J T tank
7, 7 T mild t d; d. Zh azure
h E ever h I in
2 7 Z z l. L L 1
h; [u Khich (German) 2 : Ch mild ch
O & DZ Birds /k n R r hard
'i M G go U u S S
& S H hair 'l I V v
9 & Ts tsar S in D d
T. 7 Gh Paris (French) / p R r race
z & J George 8 y Ts tsiang
U if M m R - U or V in ligatures
8 J Y y ul au or beau
L L N n n' ou or poor
& 2. Sh shoe hi iu or puny
/7 m O or 4 + P park
9 : Ch church * P K kick
% in B b
Three later additions
0 o O or
$bFf
/. meaning and
The inscriptions on the Roupenian coins follow a general pattern.
Usually, the abbreviated form of the full inscription appears on the
coins, as seen from the examples given below.
Since the Armenians call themselves <ll8 (HAY, pronounced
HIGH), the word &ll608 (HAYOTS), meaning of the Armenians
appears on most of the coins, with numerous abbreviations.
The following illustrations will facilitate the reading of the legend

on most of the coins of this period.

COIN ILLUSTRATIONS IN ABOVE DIAGRAMS REDUCED
FROM ACTUAL SIZE

COIN ILLUSTRATIONS IN ABOVE DIA GRAMS REDUCED
FROM ACTUAL SIZE
COINS FROM THE PERIOD OF PRINCES
From Io8o to 1199, eight successive Roupenian princes ruled over
some part of Cilicia. Levon II, the last of these princes, began his rule
in 1187, and was crowned king in 1199.
A few coins of this period have survived, although it is not known
whether all of the princes struck coins. The collection of the Biblio-
thque Nationale in Paris contains some coins which have been
attributed to Armenian rulers of Asia Minor. These coins do not bear
an inscription, and one has been placed in the corpus."
In the Mekhitarian Museum of Venice, there is a rather interesting
specimen with a worn legend. Alishan, who was the first to describe
this coin, attributed it to either Gosdantin I (Io95Io99) or to Toros.
A coin of unusual thickness, now in the Mekhitarian collection in
Vienna, is attributed to Toros I (11291137). On one side, it has the
ruler's name, and on the other, a cross with various unintelligible
signs. A different specimen, obviously a coin, recently came into the
author's possession.
The author recently acquired a small copper coin with the ins-
cription /9/1/00 which was attributed to Toros II.
Alishan, in his book Sissouan, mentions that Mleh had struck coins
jointly with Nr al-Din of Aleppo, but adds that he does not recall
the source of his information. It is possible that he had in mind a
remark by Brosset concerning a coin struck by a Mohammaden ruler
in Asia Minor.*, *
In all likelihood, some of the later princes struck coins as they were
quite independent and controlled extensive territories, comparable to
the Crusader principalities.

Most of the coins which we have from this period were struck by
Prince Levon II, who later became the first king of Cilician Armenia.
Ten of these are known to exist in public and private collections,
and there is a record of one which has been lost."
* Morgan, p. 193. * Alishan, Sissouan p. 378. * Lebeau, XVI, p. 305.
* Langlois, Num. de l'Armnie au moyen age, p. 34.
* Garabetian, Pazmaveb, JulySept. 1952, p. 156. According to this article
a specimen belonging to Dr. Der Ghazarian of Aleppo has been lost.
5* 67
THE GOLD COINS*
The existence of a total of sixteen Armenian gold coins of the
Roupenian dynasty (IoSo1375) has been reported at various times
in the past.
Langlois in 18551 mentioned a gold coin of Gosdantin I (1298 to
1299). This coin belonged to Peter Markar Alishan, and after his
death in 1834 in Constantinople, was given to the museum of the
Mekhitarist Fathers in Venice, where it is to be found today.
A second gold coin, struck by Levon I (II991219) was reported
by Schlumberger in 1881, with a full description.
Father Alishan, the son of Peter Markar Alishan, and a member of
the Mekhitarist Monastery in Venice, mentioned another variety of a
gold coin of Levon I in his monumental treatise on Cilician Armenia.
This publication appeared in Armenian in 1885 and in French
in 1899."
Thereafter, more extensive listings of the known gold coins of this
period were given in Sibilian's book. It is indeed unfortunate that
this book, the only worth while publication on the coinage of the
Roupenian period, appeared only in Armenian, and was therefore
of little use to most numismatists. Sibilian wrote his manuscript in
1877 and it is obvious that at that time he was only familiar with the
gold coin of Gosdantin I. When the book was published in 1892, the
editor, Father Kalemkiarian, made many additions to the text in-
cluding a listing of the reported gold coins. On pages 1314 of this
book, Father Kalemkiarian quoted excerpts from a letter written on
* This section on gold coins duplicates essentially the author's article in
ANS Museum Notes X, pp. 113120.

* V. Langlois, Numismatique de l'Armnie au moyen ge (Paris, 1855).
* G. Schlumberger, Archives de l'Orient latin, Vol. I, pp. 675678, 1881,
Paris.
* L. M. Alishan, Sissouan, (Venice, 1885) (In Armenian).
* L. M. Alishan, Sissouan ou l'Armno-Cilicie. Description geographique
et historique, avec carte et illustrations. Traduit du texte armnien.
(Venice, 1899.)
* C. Sibilian, Classification of Roupenian Coins (Vienna, 1892) (In Ar-
menian).
68
The Gold Coins 69
the 24th of December, 1885, by Serovpe M. Alishan, Father Alishan's
brother, who was then a well-known numismatist in Constantinople.
This letter is of interest in that it lists all the gold coins known to the
writer. A free translation of the relevant passages follows:
I. I have in my possession an old letter written to my father by
Father Phillippe of the Mekhitarists, who recalls that they had a gold
coin of Levon which was destroyed in the great fire of Pera in 1831.
2. A gold coin of Gosdantin which belonged to my father.
3. A gold coin of Levon was found upon the death of Djanig Amira."
Its whereabouts now unknown.
4. Many years ago a friend of mine saw a gold piece in the pos-
Session of a monk in an Armenian monastery in Caesarea.
5. A gold coin of Levon I, which is now in Venice and is illustrated
in Sissouan.
6. One in possession of Schlumberger brought from Caesarea.
7. A gold coin of Levon sold in Caesarea which eventually found
its way to Rollin.
8. I know of another one, possibly from Caesarea.
I know of these eight only. The last four being similar, it is possible
that a group of these have been found, possibly along with the silver
coins of Levon I which we received from Father Sibilian. I am in
doubt and consider the possibility of the ones written Ibhu being
forgeries. One lip of the king is missing but possibly the ancient die
cutter made it as such, as it is.
At a later date, a few other gold coins were discovered and these
were also reported by Serovpe M. Alishan.

9. A gold coin of Levon in possession of someone in Constantinople
which is identical with numbers 7 and 9.
Io. A gold coin of Levon-Hetoum, now in the Mekhitarist Museum
in Venice.
11. A gold coin of Levon in the Bibliothque Nationale in Paris.
"In a footnote on page 13 of Sibilian's book, Father Kalemkiarian men-
tions that he obtained a copy of the letter written by Father Philippe to
Serovpe M. Alishan, in which this coin is described with some detail. It is
obvious from this letter that it belonged to Levon II.
"The death of Djanig Amira occurred between 1850 and 1860.
*The firm of Rollin-Feuardent, dealers in coins and medals, ended its
activities in 1920's.
7o Coinage of Cilician Armenia
I2. Another one found identical with No. Io.
13. A gold coin which was offered for sale to the Bibliothque Na-
tionale but was not purchased by the latter because it was identical
with their piece No. 11.
Basmadjian in his book published in 1936, lists the thirteen coins
mentioned above, and adds three others known to him:
14. A gold coin of Levon I in Rollin's possession.
15. A gold coin of Levon I in the collection of N. Kalebjian.
16. A gold coin of Levon I in the collection of H. Habeshian.
No other gold coins have been reported since that date; with
the exception of a second gold coin of Gosdantin I in the Istan-
bul Museum which is identical with No. 2. It is interesting to note
that 5, 7 and 9 are identical, also 6, II and 13. Basmadjian does
not give a detailed description of his three pieces.
Recently, Garabetian" claimed that all the gold coins were for-
geries, with the exception of the Gosdantin piece. He does not give
reasons for this statement, but promises to return to that question at
a future date. To the best of the writer's knowledge, no further report
has been published on this subject.
During the course of preparation of the corpus on the coinage of this
period, the writer examined most of the important existing collections
and obtained rubbings of over Io,ooo specimens. Among these were ten
gold coins, consisting of four types as follows:
LEVON I
[Half Double Tram Type]
Obv. Ibh/7, foll?-ll/-/l/ All118

Rev. Ill// '10R/RW, UUSAU/18
I. 4.80 gms. Bibliothque Nationale [No. 6 of list]
II. 5.30 gms. Bibliothque Nationale [No. II of list]
III. K. Baghdadlian, Cannes [No. 15 of list]
* K. J. Basmadjian, Numismatique gnrale de l'Armnie (Venice, 1936)
(In Armenian).
* B. Garabetian, Pazmaveb, Nos. 79, 1952, p. 166 (Venice, Italy) (In
Armenian).
The Gold Coins 71
LEVON I
[Two Lion Tram Type]
Obv. 1b.ht, /NIQUIR/l/ Allfl6
Rev. Will/P/17/lk/fu lll/S/N 0/1
IV. 6.3 gms. Bibliothque Nationale [No. 7 or 9 on list]
V. 6.25 gms. Vienna Mekhitarist Museum [No.7 or 9 on list]
VI. 7.ogms. Mme. N. Kapamadji, Paris [No. 7 or 9 on list]
7.ogms. Venice Mekhitarist Museum (?) [No. 5 on list]
LEVON I.-HETOUM I
[Tram Type]
Obv. lb/7, foll%llR/l/ 3UBX/13+
Rev. &b//7/l/ /NIQUR/7 <ll3/18
VII. 5.3 gms. Vienna Mekhitarist Museum [No. 12 of list]
VIII. Venice Mekhitarist Museum [No. 10 of list]
GOSDANTIN I
Obv. 1/7US!","kh", /3% &ll3/18
Rev. UU/18 RB/"), A PUQU/m
IX. 3.6 gms. Venice Mekhitarist Museum [No. 2 of list]
X. 3.65 gms. Istanbul Archeological Museum [Turkey]
It is thus seen that of the sixteen coins listed above, No. I was de-
stroyed in the fire, Nos. 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, Io, II, 12 and 15 are known to be
in the collections mentioned above. No. 5 was apparently in the Mekhi-
tarist Museum in Venice, but on a recent visit I was not able to find
it, nor does Garabetian" mention it in describing the collection of
this museum.
It is also possible that coin VI is one of the sixteen listed. The

number lost or unreported is therefore five, and it may be that some
of these were duplications. The existence of coin X was discovered
only recently.
Although over 12,000 silver and copper coins of this period are
known to be in existence, there are few gold coins because these were
struck in very limited numbers, and only on special occasions.
Levon I, being the first and most powerful king, may have struck the
greatest number of gold coins. One can reasonably expect some day
to find gold coins of the regular Hetoum-Zabel tram variety. The
Levon I-Hetoum I gold coins were undoubtedly struck by Hetoum
(12221270). The loss of the unique gold coin of Levon II is indeed
unfortunate, and it is hoped that others will be discovered at some
future date. The existence of a gold coin of one of the sons of Levon II
indicates that the custom of striking gold coins continued at least
until 1289. The possibility of finding gold coins of the succeeding
rulers, Oshin and Levon III, should not be excluded.
It may be well to point out here that the Levon IHetoum I gold
piece has been erroneously attributed to Hetoum I-Levon II. This
error was first made by Kalemkiarian and repeated by Basmadjian
and Garabetian. The Levon side of the gold coin is identical with that
of a number of silver trams struck by Levon I. As a matter of fact,
there is an illustration of this tram in Sibilian (Pl. I, No. 11) as well
as of the gold Levon IHetoum I coin, although because of the poor
work on the part of the artist who prepared the drawings of this book,
the two do not appear identical.
Some of the reasons put forth in support of claims that the gold
pieces are forgeries are as follows:
I. The gold coins are not uniform in weight.
2. In the case of the silver trams, there is a free movement of
the die positions, whereas the die positions are rigid in the gold
coins.

3. The authentic Gosdantin gold coin has a design different from the
silver pieces, whereas in all other gold coins, the design is similar
to the silver trams.
4. There are silver trams having a design similar to that of the gold
pieces, indicating that the forger copied the die for the gold coins
from these trams.
At first glance, these arguments may seem plausible, but the
counter arguments appear to be more valid.
1. The gold coins are not of uniform weight because they were struck
as tokens commemorating certain occasions. They were not in-
tended for circulation or trade.
2. The uniform position of the dies may be due to the greater care
The Gold Coins 73
taken in striking these small issues. As can be seen from the illus-
tration, however, the first six are tt, the seventh and eighth are ty,
while the Gosdantins are A and M.
3. It appears that the dies used for the gold coins were also used to
strike some silver coins. While it is true that there are no silver
trams having the Gosdantin gold design, it must be remembered
that very few silver trams are known to exist from this king who
ruled for less than a year, mostly being struck from different dies.
It may therefore be too much to expect to find a tram struck from
the gold coin die.
4. The fact that there are silver trams having designs identical with
those of gold coins can certainly be interpreted as evidence sup-
porting the authenticity of the gold coins.
It may be worth mentioning that in the past, those who studied
Armenian numismatics expressed no doubts regarding the authen-
ticity of the gold pieces. Langlois, Sibilian, Kalemkiarian, Alishan,
Schlumberger and Basmadjian never questioned it. Quite recently,
the Chief Abbot of the Mekhitarist Congregation in Vienna, Arch-
bishop M. Habozian, wrote to me that he had called in two experts
to examine the two gold pieces in their collection, both of whom
declared the coins to be genuine. At a recent meeting, Dr. Paul Balog
informed me that he had had the opportunity of examining the gold
coins at the Mekhitarist Museum in Venice, and that he considered
them to be genuine. The ten gold coins described in this paper were
carefully examined by the writer and all appear to be authentic. In
style and workmanship they resemble the genuine trams of this

period.
In addition, it may be recalled that the records on some of these
gold coins date back to the beginning of the nineteenth century when
very few Roupenian coins were known to exist. It is most un-
likely that forgeries of this caliber would be made at a time when very
little was known about these coins and few people were particularly
interested in them.
A gold coin struck in the name of two kings would have imme-
diately aroused suspicion if it had been the work of a forger.
Although these considerations support the view that the gold coins
are genuine, they constitute circumstantial evidence rather than
proof of their authenticity.
The writer felt that if silver trams of indisputable authenticity
could be found which were struck with the same dies used for the
gold pieces, it could then be concluded that the latter were struck
during the same period and were genuine. The possibility that original
dies were found and used later for the gold coins was eliminated be-
cause it seems extremely unlikely. Of the thousands of dies used
during the Roupenian dynasty, none has come to light, and the
chances of a forger finding several in good condition six hundred years
later would appear to be very slight indeed.
As mentioned earlier, it is quite possible that a silver Gosdantin
coin identical with the gold piece [No. 8] will never be found because
of the extreme rarity of these coins. Of the other three types, it was
our good fortune to find trams from four out of the six dies used in
the gold pieces.
Gold coins I, II and III are all from the same die [Corpus No. 5]. We
have found two trams from the same die, one in the Bibliothque Nation-
ale (BN) and the other in the museum of the Venice Mekhitarians (VM).
We have not been successful in locating silver trams made from
the die of gold coins IV, V and VI.
Coins VII and VIII offer the strongest support to the authenticity
of the gold pieces. The Levon side is of a unique design and is presum-
ably from a die made especially for the gold issue (No. 6). It is readily
distinguishable from the usual tram types and we were able to find no
less than fifteen trams of this type, all from one die, that of the gold
piece. It is even more interesting to note that the fifteen trams had on
the reverse four varieties of the usual two lion-cross design used on

the common trams of Levon I."
The reverse of the gold coin shows the common type of lion holding
the cross found on the reverse of the Hetoum-Zabel trams. Fortu-
nately, a single specimen struck from this die was found in the writer's
own collection (No. 7).
The existence of these authentic trams struck from the same die
as the gold coins proves beyond a reasonable doubt that these gold
coins are genuine.
* Many additional ones found in the Mersin hoard of Levon I trams in
the Istanbul Museum.
* P. Bedoukian, Handes Amsorya, LXII, 1958, pp. 381390 (Vienna,
Austria) (In Armenian).
The Gold Coins 75
FORGERIES
In the past few years, a number of new gold coins have appeared
on the market, all struck from the same die. These pieces, of which
at least eight are known to the author, are obvious forgeries. Their
average weight is only 2.5 grams, which is less than even that of the
silver trams, the design and workmanship are poor, and unlike those
of the regular silver coins. The writer was informed on several in-
stances that these were made recently by a jeweler in Antakya
(Turkey) and placed on the market. An illustration of this forgery is

given corpus No. 775.
COINS ISSUED BY THE KINGS
THE COINAGE OF LEVON I
In studying the coinage of Levon I, one is confronted with a number
of interesting problems, such as the reason for the issuance of the
single lion types, and for the occurrence of so many obverse and re-
verse varieties. It is also at present impossible to arrange the many
different types of coins in a chronological order.
All of the silver coins, with the exception of the double trams and
a few rare coronation types, are of the two-lion design. Perhaps the
relatively rare series of double trams and their smaller denominations
were struck in Tarsus before the establishment of the mint in Sis. The
explanation for the change in the die to the two-lion design coins, and
for the scarcity of the double trams (single lion types) is not known.
The idea of issuing a coin having twice the usual value and weight
of the ordinary silver coins in circulation in the Mediterranean area
and Europe seems to have originated with Levon. It did not become
popular, probably because the people were used to the regular
Byzantine and Arab silver coins, and found the large coin too much
of a novelty. It is noteworthy, however, that Levon issued this type
of double tram along with half and quarter denominations having
approximately 5.5, 2.8, and 1.3 gram weight respectively. Since the
single lion design appears only on these coins and a few rare coro-
nation types, while the great majority of the remaining coronation
types have the two-lion design, it is reasonable to assume that the
single lion types were the first coins issued by the king. It appears,
although this point is by no means certain, that Levon was crowned
king in II96, but it was not until II99 that he was anointed in the

presence of the head of the Armenian church, the Catholicos Abirad
and the Pope's legate, Conrad the Archbishop of Mainz. Possibly the
double trams were issued between 1196 and 1199, followed by the
coronation coins.
The double trams are rare. The corpus of this book lists only
96 double trams, over 130 half-double trams, and only three of the
76
Coins Issued by the Kings 77
quarter-double trams. Less than ten of these bear the full inscription of
Obv. lbf/T, Pll'll R/l/ Ul/'bull6, &ll3/18
Rev. Ill//.7/IA/Nill/fu IIIIS/NAT/8
while the majority have the abbreviated inscription of
Obv. Ibh/T, /*k/ Ul/'bullt, Allfl
Rev. Ill/P/17/nh/2,fu ll.JS/R/18
with a small number having intermediate inscriptions. It is note-
worthy that whereas the half-double trams bear the abbreviated in-
scription, the quarter-double trams, because of insufficient space,
have only
Obv. lb/i/1", /NIQ.
Rev. IIR/l/ All 5/18
There are several copper double trams in existence, all of which are
mentioned in the corpus. They have been examined by the writer and
appear to be genuine. Apparently a small number of these coins were
struck for circulation. There are, however, no copper coins of the half
and quarter tram type.
Schlumberger" describes a gold seal of Levon I, attached to a royal
charter probably issued in 1207, which is somewhat similar in design
to the double tram, although differing in the inscription.
Various field marks found on these coins are most likely marks of
the die-maker rather than marks indicating periods of issue, since the
same marks in each class appear on coins having different inscriptions.
Although the variations in the inscription are not considered in-
dicative of different dates of issue, they serve admirably as a method
of classification. In the corpus the most complete obverse inscriptions

of each class are listed first, giving all the available variations of the
reverse in scriptions. This is followed by the next most complete
obverse inscription with its reverse variations, etc.
The coronation trams are unique in that they were struck only by
Levon I, possibly to commemorate the beginning of an Armenian
dynasty as well as the coronation itself. These coins show the anoint-
ment of the king in January, II99, and were most likely all struck
that year. On the obverse is seen the letter 8 which may be an ab-
breviation of 8hl/0/U, the Armenian for Jesus, or may simply be a
field mark. The coronation coins having a single lion on the reverse
"Schlumberger, Mlange d'Archologique Byzantine, p. 164:
represent the transition from the single lion to the double lion tram
which Levon later issued. It is interesting that the design of the cross
seen between the two lions is different in styling from the cross designs
of the common trams of Levon, and one might consider this a forma-
tive period before definite cross types became established.
No half trams of the coronation type are known to exist.
The common trams of Levon were struck during his entire reign
and probably for several years after his death until the coronation of
Hetoum I as king. During this entire period, there was an evolution
of design and type, but since none of the trams bears a date, it is
impossible to assign precise periods of issue.
The absence of a uniform inscription on the coins appears to be
due to the failure of the die maker to produce dies having a uniform
inscription. As a result, some of the coins have inscriptions which lack
letters at the end. It is noteworthy, however, that most of the coins
have the standard inscription with few missing letters, and these are
executed with greater care than the ones missing more letters. In
general, this is true of the majority of coins issued by the rulers of
this period.
Not having a definite sequence of issue, it was necessary to create an
artificial system of classification. Sibilian in his classic treatise points
out the main variations of Levon's trams based on the obverse in-
scription of the coins and on styling. He observes that in a hoard of
500 trams, there were almost fifteen main varieties, each exhibiting
further differences by minor variations in design and inscription.
Sibilian also points out that some of Levon's coins are artistic in

design, others less artistic, and some, barbaric. He concludes that
there was a gradual deterioration in the artistic workmanship of
Levon's coins in the latter years of his reign.
Recently, Garabetian adopted a new system of classification based
on the cross design of the coins. He proposes that a new cross design
was used each year, and that each die maker adopted a definite in-
scription on the obverse side, varying the inscription on the reverse
for each month of the year. It should therefore be possible to establish
the month and year of issue of a given coin, as well as the die master
responsible for its design. Such asystem, however, would have demand-
* Garabetian, Pazmaveb 1952, p. 160.
ed a degree of exactitude unknown in those days. The main thesis
that a new cross design was chosen each year for all the coins seems
untenable for several reasons. We find a number of cross designs on
the coronation coins, yet it is not likely that there was any occasion
to strike coronation coins year after year and it is logical to assume
that the cross design was a mint mark used by the die-master.
Furthermore, certain coins, such as the ones with the inscription
Ibh/7, Pll'UR/l/ Allll8 have a unique characteristic design not
used with any other type of inscriptionobviously the work of one
die-master during a specific period. Although the reverse presents a
large number of different cross designs, it is improbable that coins
struck over a considerable period of time can so closely resemble
each other on the obverse. It seems more reasonable to assume that
coins with almost identical inscriptions, design and workmanship,
were made within a limited period of time, perhaps a year, in spite
of the many cross designs on a given type.
A critical examination of the trams of Levon and comparative
studies of combinations and permutations of different varieties sug-
gested a classification based on the obverse inscription. In the corpus
of Levon's coins, each type is listed under the inscription of the ob-
verse, and the variety of the type by the inscription on the
reverse.
Coins having the same inscription on the obverse but having
different designs and workmanship are not considered as belonging
to the same type and are listed separately since they were undoubtedly
a different issue. This is not a common occurrence.

The obverse of the coins exhibits a uniformity which serves admi-
rably for their classification, but the existence of so many variations
of the same inscription on the reverse is difficult to explain. It may be
said that the various cross designs are the work of different die-
masters, but how does one account for the manifold inscriptions ac-
companying each cross design? Garabetian's suggestion that each
variation represents a month of the year cannot be readily accepted
since there are more than twelve varieties of reverse inscriptions. It
is not impossible that while the obverse was indicative of a specific
type issue, the cross designs on the reverse differentiated the die-
masters, who paid little attention to the completeness of the in-
Scription.
In examining over three-thousand trams of Levon I, one is struck
by certain peculiarities of design and legend. There appear to be
three main types of crosses, each with their numerous variations. It
is significant that two of these are associated with the artistic types
of coins while the third is invariably found in the semi-artistic or
barbaric style coins. These facts suggest that periodically there was
a change in the design of the coins, and quite likely, both styling and
workmanship deteriorated towards the end of the king's reign.
In the corpus of Levon I coins, the single lion coins appear first.
These are followed by the half trams. This was done in order to
facilitate the examination of these small coins. Actually, the half
trams are patterned after the trams and there are a number of types
in existence, the majority being the artistic type. It is curious that
while over three-thousand trams are listed in the corpus, the half
trams number less than twenty-five.
It is probable that the coins issued after the coronation series were
the trams bearing the inscription Ibh/T, Pll'M' lll/b, 4ll608. These
are the only trams having the word lll/'bu, reminiscent of the double
trams. Furthermore, the style of the cross on the reverse is somewhat
different in type and execution from the common crosses of the
regular trams.
Following these early issues of the special types, the corpus lists
a large number of coins, all of the artistic type. There seems to be no
particular significance to the spelling of the king's name, and the
coins having Ibh/T, Ibhu, Ib/T, or Pll'NIR/T, Pll'UR/l/ and <ll3/18,
<ll/18, Zll38 are very similar in styling and execution, indicating that

the different spellings were acceptable at least for coinage purposes.
Of course, each spelling is placed in a different section in order to
follow the system of classification adopted. A relatively small number
of coins have abbreviated versions of the word &ll3/18, such as <ll3/7,
<ll3, 4/78, &ll, and these are placed in a different section in order to
follow a uniform classification system. Similarly, various spellings
such as <lll/U6, &ll3/18/1, &ll3ll/18 are all placed in different sections
and an index listing the various obverse inscriptions is to be found
at the end of the book.
Some coins depict a rather ornate king seated on the throne. These
coins are easily distinguished from others and it is interesting that
the reverse cross mark is always of the barbaric type. Similarly, the
Coins Issued by the Kings 8I
coins having a star instead of a cross in the inscription circle, con-
stitute a definite class, and all have a cross of the barbaric type.
There is also a very large class of badly executed coins which defi-
nitely are of the barbaric type and belong to the later issues.
Following these main types, the corpus lists errors, rarities, coins
in which the king is holding the fleur-de-lys in the right hand, and the
cross in the left, instead of vice-versa. Here again, some seem to be of
a certain type or issue but there are individual pieces which belong to
definite types mentioned elsewhere in the corpus, in which the die-
maker made a mistake and placed the cross in the wrong hand. These
constitute rarities.
An examination of the legend discloses a certain evolution of styling
and execution. In the earlier types listed, the letters are clear cut and
artistic in style. With the exception of a few coins, the semi-barbaric
and barbaric types have less carefully executed letters, and in all
cases the letter U is inverted to 9. In the later issues, one notices
inverted and half-finished letters indicative of the carelessness of the
die-maker.
While there is a definite deterioration in the styling and execution
of the coins toward the end of the king's reign, the weight and fineness
of his silver coins seems to have suffered little, if at all.
The copper coins of Levon (tanks) are generally large and fairly
uniform in weight. As in the case of the silver coins, it has been found
convenient to classify them according to the obverse inscription. The
main classes are distinguishable by the number of dots on the king's
crown. There seems to be some relationship between the crown design

and the general styling of the coins. A further differentiation of classes
was made according to the design of the monarch's hair. We thus have
one class with five dots in the crown of the king, another with five
dots and a single curl in the hair, a third with five dots and two curls
in the hair, etc. This classification repeats itself with the crown having
six, seven or more dots.
It should be noted here again that in the absence of some definite
means of arranging the copper coins in chronological order, we have
chosen an arbitrary means of classification in order to make it pos-
sible to locate a single coin easily.
A more precise classification of both the silver and copper coins,
preferably based on their chronological order of issue, must await the
discovery of hoards. It is unfortunate that although several hoards of
Levon's trams have been reported in the past, there is no accurate
record of these hoards to make their study possible.
While the great majority of coins struck by Levon I consists of the
silver and copper coins mentioned above, there are two other series
which are of special numismatic interest.
When Levon captured Antioch in 1216 and appointed his great-
nephew Raymond-Roupen as the ruler of the city, he struck coins
commemorating the occasion. These coins, resembling the regular
coins of Antioch, are very rare. They are in Latin characters and
bear the inscription, LEO DEI GRATIA REX ARMENIOR, or its
variation. Four of these coins are listed in the corpus.
The gold coins of Levon I, along with other gold coins of this
period, were discussed at some length in the previous section.
THE COINAGE OF HETOUM I
The silver and copper coins issued during the long reign of Hetoum
do not have the large number of varieties of types found in Levon's
coinage, but they do show considerable originality in design and
styling. The most important differences occur in the design of Hetoum's
common trams, the limited issues of bilingual coins, and the two de-
nominations of copper coins, with their several distinct types.
On all the coins of the Roupenian rulers, the obverse shows the
king's image and name. In Hetoum's coinage, on the obverse Hetoum
and Zabel hold a cross with the inscription ill/'0'10R/ hku, U8 k in
its many variations. On the reverse there is a lion either holding a
cross or walking, with the cross above the lion, and the inscription

&b//nhl/ /l/'llh/l/ All&/18. The side bearing the image of the king
and queen was called the obverse simply because the inscription lent
itself to the adopted system of classification.
The obverse showing the king and queen openly acknowledged the
fact that the queen was of royal lineage and that Hetoum was her
consort. It is noteworthy that although Zabel died in 1252, all of
Hetoum's silver coins bear the image of both the king and queen,
indicating that he continued to strike coins of this design until the
end of his reign in 1270.
The lack of proper records of the hoards of Levon's trams has made
it impossible to arrange the numerous types in chronological order.
Fortunately, however, the acquisition in 1958 of a substantial hoard
by the American Numismatic Society and the rubbings acquired of
another large hoard belonging to A. Poladian in Beirut, Lebanon,
have facilitated the arrangement of Hetoum's trams in the order of
issue of certain types." By comparing the two hoards, one of which
was buried during the middle of Hetoum's reign, and the other shortly
after the king's death, it was possible to arrive at the following order
of issue.
NUMBER OF COINS
A.N.s. HoARD | *
HOARD
Group I Obv. Cross with star
Rev. Lion holding cross 8 I2
Group II Obv. Cross with dot
Rev. Lion holding cross I2 9
Transition period of mixed dies I 2
Group III Obv. Cross with dot
Rev. Lion walking 46 II2
Group IV Obv. Plain cross
Rev. Lion walking 4O IO8
Group V Obv. Plain cross
Rev. Star under lion I6 -
Group VI Obv. Plain cross
Rev. Star under lion
No cross 7 -
Group VII Obv. Plain cross

Rev. No star under lion
No cross 24 -
Last issue type Group VII with name Levon 2 -
Undeciphered 7 37
I63 28O
Here again, as in the case of Levon's trams, a gradual deterioration
in styling and workmanship is apparent, and the coins struck toward
the end of Hetoum's reign are indeed barbaric in style and poor in
workmanship when compared with the beautiful and carefully struck
* Bedoukian, ANS Museum Notes, VIII, pp. 145180, Pl. XXXIX.
6*
coins of the first issues. The silver content of all the coins, however,
is quite high, being of the order of 90 per cent, and the weight is
uniformly around 3 grams.
The half trams are similar to the trams and fall into various groups,
although they were not struck in great numbers. Only about fifty of
these are listed, as against nearly two thousand trams. The majority
of the half trams are of the artistic type and are listed in one group
in order to facilitate their study.
The corpus is arranged according to the completeness of the ob-
verse inscription in each group, with variations of the inscription of
the reverse. The obverse inscription types are listed in the index.
The existence of a number of trams with the name LEVON instead
of Hetoum is noteworthy. Most likely, these were struck shortly after
Hetoum's death but before the die makers had time to prepare new
designs for the coinage of the new king, Levon II.
The bilingual coins of Hetoum form a separate and distinct class.
They bear Armenian letters on one side, Arabic on the other, and
were struck during the reign of the Sultans of KonyaKaikobad and
Kaikhusraw (12361245) as a token of Hetoum's nominal acceptance
of their suzerainty." The small number of these coins and the obvious
care taken in their execution attest to the fact that they were struck
to commemorate and comply with certain agreements.
The Hetoum-Kaikobad coins were probably issued from 12281236,
and although they are well executed, they are less artistic than the
coins of Hetoum-Kaikhusraw (12371245). The Hetoum-Kaikobad
coins bear no date and were struck in Sis. The early issues of Hetoum-

Kaikhusraw likewise are not dated and resemble somewhat in styling
the Hetoum-Kaikobad coins. A marked change in styling in the
direction of artistry took place in the year H. 637 and thereafter the
Arabic side bore a date along with the sultan's name and the in-
formation that it was struck in Sis.
An attempt to classify the Hetoum-Kaikobad coins in chronological
order by means of die sequences was unsuccessful because of in-
sufficient material available. On examination of these coins, especially
the dated Hetoum-Kaikhusraw coins, it became apparent that the
same field marks continue with succeeding years, indicating that
these field marks denote die-makers' marks rather than issues. In all
* Bedoukian, ANS Museum Notes, VII, pp. 219230, Pl. XXX.
the Hetoum-Kaikobad coins, the Armenian inscription is consistently
&b//nhl/ All?AIR/l/ All&/18 and this continues with the early issues of
Hetoum-Kaikhusraw. Subsequently, this type as well as <b/9/7/U"
Pll'UR/T &ll3/18 appeared each year. In only a few instances, possibly
because of an error on the part of the die-maker, is the full legend
lacking.
The bilingual half trams are quite rare. Less than a dozen are listed
in the corpus, as against 225 of the bilingual trams. They are all
placed together to facilitate examination.
The copper coins of Hetoum have a wider range of types than those
of Levon. The large ones, similar in size and weight to the tanks of
Levon, show on the obverse the king seated on a throne adorned with
lions, holding an orb or cross in the left hand and a staff shaped like
a lily in the right. The throne design was later simplified and became
a form of conventionalized lions, then merely two legs of a throne, and
finally, a single post on each side. The four types are readily distin-
guishable from each other.
The smaller copper coins, being about half the weight of the tanks
(NIt'), have been called kardez (RUPSh9), by contemporary writers."
There are three types: the equestrian, which shows the king on horse-
back, and is somewhat similar in design to the bilingual coins but
crudely executed, and two other types which are merely smaller
versions of the tanks.
In his discussion on the copper coinage of Hetoum, Sibilian comes
to a number of interesting conclusions. He notes that in the case of
the tanks, the obverse is more or less uniform, whereas the reverse

has different types of crosses of which he lists some fourteen varieties
(the corpus lists additional ones). Sibilian further notes that the
styling of the lettering is identical with the bilingual coins of Hetoum-
Kaikobad. Also, the word /l/'NIR/l/ is never spelled /l/'NIR/T on the
tanks of Hetoum, nor on the bilingual coins of Hetoum-Kaikobad.
The similarity of the pecular shape of the letters 8 and / on these
two classes of coins is striking, and the indication is unmistakable
that they were the work of one die-maker. Sibilian also points out the
similarity of styling and field marks between the equestrian copper
coins and the Hetoum-Kaikobad silver trams. Again the word,
* Langlois, Cartulaire, pp. 154-161.
* Assises d'Antioche, p. 61.
takavor, is invariably written Pll'UR/l/". It may thus be concluded
that the large tanks and the equestrian kardez coins were the first
issues, and belong to the period of Hetoum-Kaikobad.
The kardez where the king is seated on a bench-like throneand
of these there are manybears a striking degree of similarity to the
Hetoum-Kaikhusraw coins. The styling of the letters is identical and
king is usually written as Pll%ll//7. The similarity and peculiarities
of the letters R, U", /7 on the two classes are striking.
It thus appears that the large tanks were first struck along with
the equestrian smaller coppers. These were followed by the small
copper coins where the king is seated on a bench-like throne, and
finally by the smaller coins which bear a design reminiscent of the
tanks. The corpus of the copper coins is arranged in this order.
THE COINAGE OF LEVON II
The coins of Levon II show a uniformity in style both in the silver
and copper coins.
On the silver coins, the obverse represents the king on horseback,
wearing a crown and holding a sceptre, cross or mace in his right hand.
The horse is always facing right, either galloping or walking. The
design is apparently evolved from the equestrian coins of Hetoum.
On the reverse there is a lion walking or standing in either direction,
facing front. Above the lion there is a cross with varying designs.
The coins of Levon II represent a period of transition from that of
the old trams of Levon IHetoum I, with their very high silvercontent
of around 90 per cent, weighing about 3 grams, to the takvorin type,
weighing about 2.5 grams and having a silver content of less than

60 per cent.
This gradual debasement within a short period of eighteen years,
is obviously related to the political and economic conditions of the
country. The comparatively few trams of Levon II, weighing about
3 grams and having a silver content of about 90 per cent, were most
likely issued during the first year or two of his reign. Shortly there-
after, the country was ravaged by Baibars and it is probable that
Levon decided to debase the coinage to about 2.8 grams weight, and
about 80 per cent silver. The next group of coins, weighing around
2.6 grams, with a silver content of 6070 per cent, belonged to the
latter part of his reign after the Mongol-Armenian defeat at Homs and
the eventual payment of heavy annual tributes to Qaln.
Levon reigned for eighteen years and must have issued a very large
number of coins for use in his extensive national and international
commerce and for the huge tribute demanded by the Egyptians. It
is therefore puzzling that relatively few of his coins are in existence
today.
In the writer's opinion, it is possible that the constant debasement
of Levon's coins made it difficult to use them in commercial trans-
actionscoins struck at different periods varied considerably in real
value. These coins may eventually have been melted to strike tak-
vorins of more or less uniform weight.
Furthermore, Levon's successor, Hetoum II, did not issue silver
coins, and in the course of their fratricidal struggles, Hetoum's
brothers, Smpat and Gosdantin I, issued only a very small number of
silver coins, while there are no coins from Toros. Consequently, from
the time of the death of Levon II until the accession of Levon III to
the throne in 1301, a period of twelve years, the silver currency in use
was probably that of Levon II. These circumstances probably de-
pleted the supply of coins issued by Levon II.
The silver coins are classified according to their inscription and
styling. It is significant that in most of the heavier and high silver
content coins, the lion on the reverse is facing left, and with few
exceptions, the inscription reads, Levon King of all the Armenians,
Ib/", /NIQUR/l/ UU'bull3, All3/. Most of the poorer coins have the
lion facing right, and the inscription, in its various abbreviated forms,

reads Levon King of the Armenians, lbh/T, Pll'UR/l/ All/18.
It is also to be noted that where the inscription contains the word
all, lll/'bullt, the king's name is spelled Leon Ib/Tu, whereas it is
always written as Levon (1bRff) on the other coins. This may of
course be due to an effort to have more space for the longer inscription.
Some of the high silver content coins exhibit considerable artistic
merit in their styling and execution. The low silver content coins are
somewhat poorly made, indicating the necessity of issuing large
numbers under pressure.
In the corpus the trams are arranged in the usual order, based on
the completeness of the inscription on the obverse, with the reverse
variations. Since the coins with the longer inscription and the lion
turned left are of a much higher silver content, they are listed first,
followed by coins of the transitional period, and finally by the coins
having a lower silver content and the lion turned right. As in the case
of the two previous monarchs, there is again a gradual deterioration
in styling and workmanship, and also a debasement in the weight and
silver content of the coinage.
It is curious that only two specimens of half trams have survived.
There is another one which is struck with a half tram die on the ob-
verse and a full tram die on the reverse. The remainder, numbering
about thirty, are half tram blanks struck with tram dies. The only
way of indicating their type in the corpus was by relating them to
the tram types.
Basmadjian mentions the existence of numerous half trams, 8mm.
in diameter, belonging to this monarch. These coins are not known to
the writer, nor are they mentioned in Sibilian's book.
The copper coins of Levon are about the same size, or slightly
smaller than the small coppers of Hetoum I. The lion is walking left
and is not facing as in the case of the silver coins. On the obverse, the
king's name is spelled either lb/7, or lbh/7, as on the silver coins. On
the reverse, the usual inscription is 6Publil / RUQUAR, h Uhl, but on
a small number of coins the word &llSlll is used instead of the usual
GPublil. The latter is the more vulgar term and means more nearly,
made, whereas the former is the correct term for struck. It is
also curious that the lion is sometimes on the obverse and sometimes
on the reverse of the coin.
The copper coins are badly struck and many of them had to be

excluded from the corpus simply because it was impossible to decipher
the legend. As Sibilian has pointed out, the copper coins were struck
for internal trade and did not require the same degree of care in exe-
cution as the silver coins which were used in international trade and
for payment of indemnities. The latter, therefore, had to be of accept-
able quality.
The great majority of the copper coins of Levon II have one type
of cross on the reverse, whereas the copper coins of his two prede-
cessors exhibited many types of cross designs on the reverse. No large
copper coinstankswere struck by this monarch or by any of his
successors. In a few rare cases, the lion is walking right instead of left.
THE COINAGE OF HETOUM II
In spite of his long, intermittent reign, Hetoum did not issue silver
coins. There are a small number of billons from him, resembling the
Crusader billons in size and workmanship. He did, however, strike a
large number of copper coins. As mentioned previously, Hetoum pre-
ferred the life of the monastery and did not wish to be consecrated
king. This fact may serve as an explanation of the lack of silver coins
from this monarch.
The billons are only 15 mm. in diameter, weighing less than one
gram. Since there is insufficient space for a complete inscription, the
full wording, &b//nhl/ All'ilhm/ UU'bul3, Allm is broken into
&B/9/7/l/ /9/1%ll/s/l/ on the obverse, and lll/'bull#, &ll3/18 on the re-
verse, and the lettering is usually incomplete. On the obverse, the
head of the king is shown, wearing a crown, and on the reverse, a
cross with various field marks.
The copper coins are of two main types, and were probably struck
at different periods. In view of the fact that the copper coins gradually
decreased in weight with succeeding kings, it is likely that the slightly
heavier type was an earlier issue.
The heavier coins show on the obverse the king's head, crowned,
facing, and are rather poorly executed, with considerable variations
in the styling of the head. On the reverse, there is a decorated cross,
very much like the ones seen on the coins of the Latin kings of Con-
stantinople.
The other type of copper coin shows on the reverse the king seated
in oriental fashion, wearing a crown and holding a staff in the right

hand. On the reverse is the Greek cross, with slight variations in design.
The copper coins of Hetoum II are possibly the most carelessly
executed coins of the Roupenian dynasty. The lettering is seldom
legible and quite often the die has been struck off center. The in-
scriptions, &b//mNU /l/QUR/l/ Allm and Chubul h RUQUAR, h Uhl/
are to be found on most of these coins, with the exception of a few
which have <b/0/1/\l/ /011%ll/-/1/ &ll3/78 on both sides, and some which
have omitted the word, <ll3/78.
Although Hetoum's brother, Toros, was entrusted with managing
the affairs of the land for over two years, Toros was not crowned king
and ruled simply as the king's representative. It is for this reason that
no coins were struck bearing the name of Toros. Of the three instances
where a coin of Toros is mentioned, the lettering of the coin mentioned
by Sestini, is so worn that it bears no resemblance to the word, Toros.
De Saulcy's" representation of a Toros coin is also of very uncertain
inscription. There remains the third specimen, which Langlois" says
he saw while travelling through Cilician Armenia, with the inscription
clearly legible as /x/l/'0U Pll'M/ All3/18 and on the reverse, publl
h RU'lll:Ru h Uh. In view of the fact that no coins of Toros have been
definitely identified, it must be assumed that Langlois may have been
mistaken in his reading of the inscription on the so-called P/1/0U
CO111.
THE COINAGE OF SMPAD
As mentioned earlier, while Hetoum and Toros were away visiting
their sister, the Empress Rita of Byzantium, Smpad took advantage
of their absence and declared himself King. In order to consolidate
his claim, he visited the Khan and obtained his consent. At the same
time, he issued silver and copper coins bearing his name.
The silver coins of Smpad are rare, and this led Sibilian to speculate
that they were melted at a later date in order to erase the memory of
the rebel king. The silver coins are reminiscent of the ones issued by
Levon I, perhaps in an obvious effort to declare the legitimacy of
his claim.
On the obverse, the king is seated on a throne decorated with lions
and is holding a cross with the right hand, a mace with the left. On
the reverse is the usual Levon I design of two lions rampant regardant
and the cross between them. The inscription is also similar to Levon's,

with the exception of the use of the name Smpad.
The copper coins of Smpad are common and considerably smaller
than the coppers issued by previous monarchs. They are all of one
type with the exception of variations in the inscription. On the ob-
verse the king is on horseback walking right and holding a mace in
his right hand. On the reverse there is the usual Greek cross with
four lilies or doves in flight in the four corners.
* Sestini, Livorno, 1779, III, p. 147, Table III, No. 11.
* Saulcy, Num. de Croisade, p. 174, Pl. XIX, 7.
* Langlois, Num. de l'Armnie au moyen ge, p. 69, Pl. II, No. 12.
Coins Issued by the Kings 9I
THE COINAGE OF GOSDANTIN I
As Gosdantin reigned for less than a year, it is not surprising that
he struck only a limited number of coins, and these are extremely
rare. They are of great numismatic interest because of the beauty and
originality of their designs and the unusual inscriptions attesting to
the fact that Gosdantin was now the king. It is also interesting that
he struck two different types of gold coins. These are discussed in the
chapter on gold coins.
The silver coins of Gosdantin are also extremely rare, there being
only twelve in existence. On the obverse, the king is on horseback
holding a sword, with the inscription 'imuSU','khly, mu /\!'}/m 2/8
and its variations. On the reverse, the king is standing and holding
the cross with the left hand, the sword with the right, and the in-
scription reads: 'ill/'0'10R/f, U.8 k /l/MT (By the will of God he is
King), perhaps declaring that with the sword and cross he has become
king and is the lord of the city of Sis.
Gosdantin's copper coins are also very rare. On the obverse the
king is shown standing and holding the cross in his left hand, the
sword in his right, as on the silver coins, with a similar inscription.
On the reverse, there is again the usual Greek cross with the in-
scription & Publ NITI', Uhly 5.
THE COINAGE OF LEVON III
The relatively short reign of Levon III accounts for the compara-
tively small number of coins left by him, although they are by no
means SCarCe.
The silver coins are of one type, representing the king on horseback,

facing and walking right, holding a staff in his right hand. Various
field marks, often consisting of letters, distinguish the different issues.
On the reverse there is the usuallion walking right but not facing, with
a cross above the lion. Numerous variations of the inscriptions l'bh/Tu
Pll'UR/l/ All/18 andhlll h RUQUIR, h Uhl are listed in the corpus.
The silver coins of Levon III exhibit marked deterioration, both in
weight and in silver contentcoins weighing 2.3 grams and having
less than 50 per cent silver are quite common. The styling is also
poorer than that of the earlier kings but the workmanship is fair and
definitely superior to that of later kings.
The copper coins also show a definite reduction in size, and although
the lettering indicates some care in the preparation of the dies, most
of the coins are so poorly struck that only rarely does one find a
copper coin properly struck and in a good state of preservation.
On the obverse the king is seated oriental fashion, crowned and
holding a staff in the right hand, a cross in the left hand, similar to
the copper coins of Hetoum II. On the reverse is a Greek cross with
a number of variations in design.
Again as with the copper coins of Hetoum II, in some cases the
inscription on both sides is Ibh/1, Pll'UR/l/ All&n, although it is
generally incomplete. In others, the reverse inscription is 6Publl P
*II'll R. h Uhl).
All of the silver coins of Levon III are takvorins, and slight varia-
tions in size should be attributed to the gradual debasement of the
coinage which continued to occur until the fall of the kingdom.
Basmadjian mentions half trams of Levon III. Nevertheless, no
half trams belonging to this king have come to our attention and it
is possible that Basmadjian may have had in mind some of the
smaller sized trams.
THE COINAGE OF OSHIN
Since Oshin reigned for over 12 years, it is not surprising to find
a large variety of coins of this period. A rare type of coin shows on
the obverse the king seated on a throne almost identical in design to
the coins of Levon I, except that it has a field mark which appears to
be a hand blessing the king, and another field mark like an E found
commonly on the coins of Levon III. On the reverse is a cross flanked

by two lions similar to the coins of Levon I. Except for the name of
the king, the inscription is also similar to the coins of Levon I. As
Sibilian points out, these coins show great artistic care in their exe-
cution and since there are very few in existence, they were probably
struck in the first year or so as coronation coins, and possibly the
design was chosen to impress upon the people that he was the suc-
cessor of the great King Levon.
The remainder of the multitude of silver coins of Oshin are smaller
and of poorer design, and in appearance resemble those of his prede-
cessor Levon III. On the obverse, the king is on horseback, facing and
walking right. The field marks are mostly letters or combinations of
letters. The various designs obviously indicate different issues. On the
reverse, there is again the usual lion walking right with a cross in the
field. The inscription presents some novel features in that for the
first time, aside from the words hubll, Ghulll or hlbl., we come
across a new variation, namely Ghullo. This variation appears only
on the coins of Oshin, so that it is possible to ascribe any silver coin
to Oshin if it bears the word Ghull", even though the rest of the in-
scription, including the king's name, is not legible.
Although Sibilian indicates that there was a further decrease in the
size and silver titre of Oshin's coins as compared with those of
Levon III, metrological studies show that in general, the coinage of
Oshin was slightly superior to that of his predecessor, both in weight
and in silver content. This may have been the result of more stable
political conditions in the country during his reign.
As in the case of Levon III, no half trams of Oshin are known to
be in existence. Basmadjian mentions a report on a well-preserved
half tram of Oshin, and judging from the description, this was a
half tram of the coronation type. It is unfortunate that this single
specimen has been lost and no others have been discovered.
There are a number of takvorins of Oshin with an Arabic surcharge.
Since most of the coins having a surcharge belong to Levon IV, it is
quite possible that some of Oshin's coins fell into the hands of the
Arabs, along with the coins of Levon IV, and were surcharged for
circulation in Arab countries.

The copper coins of Oshin are definitely of a different type from
the coppers of the previous kings. They are very small, weighing only
I.31.5 grams, and are thus easily distinguishable from the copper
coins of the preceding rulers. While the coppers of Levon I and the
larger coppers of Hetoum I are designated as 'NI'u' (tank), and the
succeeding smaller coppers as fll/'Sk8 (kardez), the copper coins be-
ginning with Oshin represent a third class known as p!" (pogh).
On the obverse of all the copper coins, the king is seated on a
throne holding a lily in one hand and a cross in the left hand, very
much as in the silver coins of Levon I. The inscription URht,
* Basmadjian, ibid., p. 171. Reference to an article by H. Habeshian in
the weekly Armenian Paper Azadamard, 1911, No. 34, p. 544.
Pll?llh/l/ All&/18 is usually incomplete. On the reverse, there is always
a Greek cross, often with various field marks. As in the case of the
common silver coins, we have the inscriptions & Publl, Ch'ubl,
Ghull etc. Because of their small size, few of the copper poghs of
Oshin have survived, and these usually in very poor condition.
THE COINAGE OF LEVON IV
The silver coins of Levon IV show considerable similarity to those
of his father, Oshin. The styling, poor workmanship, and type of
lettering are so much like the coins of Oshin that were it not for the
difference in the king's name, it would be difficult to distinguish one
from the other. Here again, on the obverse there are various com-
binations of letters which probably indicate different issues. Although
the coins of Levon IV are somewhat similar to the earlier Levon III,
the coins of these two kings can be readily distinguished as the former
are definitely smaller and also bear letters as field marks on the
obverse.
Metrological studies indicate that there was about a ten-per-cent
decrease in the weight of the coins from Oshin to Levon IV, with
probably little change in the silver content.
It appears that the dies were used for as long as possible since
there are very few coins on which the full writing is legible. On most
of the coins, only part of the letters are visible, but so long as the
field marks are clear, it is possible to classify them. The inscriptions
are fairly uniformon the obverse, Ibh/, /l/QUR/l/ All&m or
lbf/T, /ll'}llR/l/ All&n, and on the reverse, Ch'ubll h Rll'll Ru h Uhl),
the word Sis usually appearing in an abbreviated form.

Because of his relatively long reign, Levon IV issued a large
number of coins. Approximately one-third of the coins examined by
the author were in such poor condition that they could not be placed
in the corpus. A considerable number of coins of Levon IV bear an
Arabic surcharge and could not be included because of the obliter-
ation of the field marks. These were probably part of the tribute paid
to the Egyptians.
The copper coins of Levon IV, called b/I'l (pogh) are about the
same size and type as those of Oshin, weighing around 1.3 to I.5 grams.
On the obverse, the king is seated on a throne or a divan, holding a
cross with the left hand and a mace with the right. With the ex-
ception of a few rare coppers of one type, all of these copper coins are
approximately 1718 mm. in diameter. On the reverse there is
always a Greek cross, usually plain, but at times, decorated.
The inscription, seldom complete, is lbf/7, foll'UR/l/ Alln on
the obverse, and on the reverse, publ (or Chubul) h RUQUAR), h Uhu.
THE COINAGE OF Gl Y LUSIGNAN
During his short reign of two years, Guy had little time to issue
coins in large numbers. Consequently, his silver coins are quite rare,
and there are only two copper coins in existence.
The silver coins are similar to those of Oshin or Levon IV. On the
obverse, the king is on horseback, facing and walking right, and
holding a mace in his right hand. In the field there is usually a circle
or a dot. The inscription generally reads 'ih Pll'UR/l/ All&/18. On the
reverse, the lion is walking right and above in the field there is the
usual cross. The inscription is as usual & Publl h RUQUAR), h Uhl, which
is seldom complete.
The copper coins of Guy are almost identical with those of Levon IV
and it would be impossible to distinguish them from each other were
it not for the king's name. On the obverse, the king is seated on a
throne holding a cross in one hand, and fleurs de lys in the other.
On the reverse, there is a cross, usually ornamented. The inscription
is similar to the one on the silver coins.
THE COINAGE OF GOSDANTIN III
Until quite recently, it was not possible to distinguish between the
coins of Gosdantin III and his successor, Gosdantin IV, since both

the inscription and the appearance of the coins of these two kings
were similar. Sibilian, in his classic treatise, is very indefinite and un-
certain about the identification of the coins of these two kings and
ascribes only a few coins of considerable rarity to Gosdantin III who
ruled for nineteen years, and the balance to Gosdantin IV who ruled
for only eight years.
Metrological studies of the coins of these two kings showed that
they could be divided into two distinct classes, those having specific
* Bedoukian, ANS Museum Notes VI, pp. 193199 Pl. XX.
gravities of over 9.50 and those having specific gravities under 9.30.
Further examination of these two classes of coins indicated clearly
that the ones with lower specific gravity, being more debased coins,
belonged to the later king. Data obtained from a hoard and certain
historical facts substantiate this method of identification based on
specific gravity determinations.
The coins of Gosdantin III are rather poorly made, and their low
silver content often gives them a greyish appearance. The usual design
shows on the obverse the king on horseback, facing and walking right,
holding a mace with the right hand. On the reverse, a lion is walking
right with a cross in the field above the lion. The field marks serve to
distinguish the coins of Gosdantin III from those of Gosdantin IV.
In the former, on the obverse there are circles, dots, letters or an L
shaped sign, while the reverse usually has dots, at times letters, and
often no marks. In the case of Gosdantin IV, both the obverse and
the reverse have either L or S shaped signs. The coins of Gosdantin III
never have both an S on the obverse and an L or S on the
reverSe.
While the inscription on the obverse of the coins of Gosdantin III
is an abbreviation of 1/7USULT.hu, /9/1%ll/s/l/ &ll3/78 and the reverse
bears an abbreviated form of &publl h RUQUAR, h Uhl (or SU/U/Tu),
the reverse inscription of Gosdantin IV is much more uniform, being
&Publil (or Ghull, &publ) h RUQUAR, h Uhl), almost always complete,
though very badly executed.
The reverse inscription on some of the Gosdantin III coins to the
effect that they were struck in Tarsus (Armenian Darson) is of in-

terest as it indicates that a mint existed in that city. Only on these
few coins do we find the inscription, Struck in the city of Tarsus.
The majority of the coins of this kingdom carry the inscription,
Struck in the city of Sis. The question therefore arises as to whether
the Tarsus mint existed previously and whether some of the coins of
the earlier kings were struck there even though they do not so state.
Aside from these debased silver coins, Gosdantin struck some
copper coins also, but, unfortunately, very few of these are in exist-
ence. In styling and appearance, these copper coins are very similar
to the coins of Oshin and Levon IV.
A copper coin of Gosdantin III struck in Tarsus is found in
the Hermitage museum. This specimen indicates that both silver and
copper coins were struck in the Tarsus mint. Recently, a second
specimen from the same die came into the author's possession.
THE COINAGE OF LEVON THE USURPER
As pointed out by Sibilian," and later by Garabetian," the coins
of Guy, Gosdantin and Levon the Usurper, because of their styling
and inscriptions, can be grouped under one period.
All of the silver coins are of one type, with the usual inscription
Ib"l/I'l All?-ll/-/7 <ll8/18, on the obverse and Ch'ublil / R.I'll Ru h Uhl),
on the reverse, with the customary variations and abbreviations. On
the obverse, the king is on horseback facing and walking right,
holding a mace in his right hand. On the reverse, there is a lion
walking right. The lion usually has hairy legs or a hairy mane, a
design characteristic of the lions of Guy and of Gosdantin III, but
not of Gosdantin IV.
A rare type of takvorin of Levon the Usurper has the inscription
Ib"l/7, All?-ll/-/7 <ll6/78 on both sides.
Metrological data show that while the coins of Levon IV weigh
around 2.32.45 grams, those of Levon the Usurper weigh 2.0 to
2.3 grams. It is significant that the coins of Guy and Gosdantin III
are in the range of 1.92.2 grams. One might comment that perhaps
usurpers took greater pains in the execution of their coins than did
legitimately instituted kings.
Sibilian describes a hoard of 120 coins found in 1874 between
Cilicia and Konya, consisting of:
II coins of Oshin

36 coins of Levon IV
17 coins with the inscription lb"l/",
4 coins of Guy
47 coins of Gosdantin III
He comments that the coins with the inscription lb"l/Mu have a
circle and on careful examination and comparison with the coins of
Gosdantin III, it becomes apparent that they are the work of the
same die maker. The difference in appearance and styling of the
letters from those of Levon IV is discussed. Sibilian concludes that
these lb"l/ru coins must be contemporary of the Gosdantins. These
* Garabetian, Pazmaveb, 1952, p. 167.
were indeed remarkable observations and indicate the keenness of
Sibilian's mind. It was, however, impossible for Sibilian to accept the
theory of the rule of a king by the name of Levon between 1363-1365
because of the lack of sufficient historical evidence in his time.
Garabetian" ascribes all the coins with the inscription lb"l/T, to
Levon the Usurper.
This opinion has been substantiated by metrological data obtained
by the author. There seems to be little doubt that these coins can be
attributed to Levon who reigned for approximately two years.
While the copper coins of Gosdantin III continue the size and
design of those of his predecessors, Levon the Usurper did not issue
these small copper coins. Instead, he appears to have employed dies
similar to the ones used in the silver coinage. This is the first time
that silver coin type dies were used to strike copper coins, and this
practice continued during the reign of his successor, Gosdantin IV.
The copper coins can be distinguished from the silver coins not only
by their metallic content but also by the field marks. All of the copper
coins in existence have the letter P as a field mark.
Sibilian attributes these copper coins to Levon V Lusignan. Since
they bear no resemblance to the copper coins of this last king, and
are similar in appearance and styling to the coins of Levon the
Usurper and also his successor, there is no reason to ascribe them to
Levon V.
Sibilian has listed these copper coins as being silver. While it is
true that some of them have a greyish appearance possibly due to the
admixture of other metals with copper, scratching them with a knife

and taking their specific gravity established the fact that they are
copper.
THE COINAGE OF GOSDANTIN IV
As mentioned previously, the coins of this king bear considerable
resemblance to those of Gosdantin III. It is now possible to definitely
identify both of these by their inscriptions and field marks.
It is rather surprising that a considerable number of the coins of
Gosdantin IV have survived. The kingdom was limited to a very
small area, but apparently fairly large numbers of coins were struck
in order to pay the tribute constantly demanded by the enemy. The
royal treasury was most likely in possession of considerable wealth,
and was able to buy peace temporarily by payment of tribute in
Armenian currency.
On the obverse of the coins, the king is as usual on horseback,
facing and walking right. In his right hand he holds a mace. On the
reverse, there is a lion walking right and a cross above the lion in the
field. The inscription on the obverse shows considerable variation in
the spelling of 'iml/SUVRP, All?AIR/l/ All&m but on the obverse it is
surprisingly uniform, being Ch'ublil (or Ch'ubl, Chull) h RUQUAR, h
Uhl), in complete form. Such complete inscriptions are seldom to be
found on the coins of Gosdantin III.
Perhaps the simplest way of distinguishing the coins of the two
kings is to examine the field marks. Those of Gosdantin IV have an L
or S mark on both the obverse and reverse of the coins. On the ob-
verse the mark is usually under the king's horse and on the reverse,
under the lion's feet.
The styling and workmanship of the coins are quite poor. Because
of their low silver contentless than half silverthe coins are usually
greyish in appearance.
Gosdantin IV followed the practice of Levon the Usurper in
striking copper coins with dies similar to the type used for silver coins,
with the field mark P. Most of the copper coins are poor specimens
and it is quite likely that because of their appearance few have been
saved or collected.
The copper coins without the field mark / resemble the silver
takvorins so closely in design and styling that there is little doubt

that both belong to the same monarch.
THE COINAGE OF LEVON V LUSIGNAN
Leo Lusignan entered Cilicia at Gorigos on April 2, 1374, reached
Sis on July 26, 1374, was crowned king on September 14, 1374, and
surrendered his kingdom on April 16, 1375.
It will be seen from this that his total stay in Sis was less than nine
17 Dardel (p. 147) mentions that when Levon V surrendered, the royal
treasury contained precious stones and two crowns valued at half a million
gold tahegans. This report, possibly exaggerated, indicates that the royal
treasury was not empty.
IOO Coinage of Cilician Armenia
months, and he was king for only seven months. It is interesting that
while Dardel" mentions that Levon ruled for seven months, two
Armenian historians state that he reigned for eleven monthspos-
sibly considering him as the lawful ruler from the day of his entry
into Cilicia.
It is not to be expected that in this brief period of time Levon had
much opportunity to design and strike coins. He undoubtedly did
issue some coins for use in commercial transactions as he had to pay
tribute to the enemy with the coins remaining in the royal treasury.
Only about thirty-five coins of Levon V are known, and of these,
ten are silver and were often called billons. The billons weigh less
than a gram, and the copper coins about one gram, making them the
smallest coins struck during the entire history of the kingdom.
The surviving specimens indicate that a variety of types were
struck. Undoubtedly, their small size has contributed to their dis-
appearance.
It is curious that on the billons we not only have the usual in-
scription lbf/", Pll'llR/l/ All&m, but also lbf/T, Pll'UR/l/"
'ill/'07//h/ fu and lh/T, /9/1%llR/l/"ll/'bull&i, <ll3. The title,
Levon, King of all the Armenians, seems hardly appropriate for
one who ruled a small town and its environs for such a short period.
The title King of all the Armenians appears only on the coins of
Levon I and Levon II.
The design on the obverse of the billons represents the king's head,
somewhat reminiscent of Hetoum's billons, and on the reverse there
is the usual Greek cross with its variations.

The copper coins have on the obverse a lion, which as Sibilian has
pointed out, resembles the lion of Cyprus rather than the Armenian
lion on earlier coins. The obverse has the usual inscription Ibh/),
Pll'NIR/l/ &ll3/), the reverse Ch'ubll h Rll'll Ru Uhl) or lll/'bullt,
<ll3/78. Possibly, some of the dies used for the billon coins were also
employed in striking the reverse of the copper coins.
* Dardel, p. 707.
* Rec. Croisades, Documents Armniens, Vol. 1, p. 685. See also Bas-
madjian, Leo V Lusignan, p. 52.
FORGERIES
Surprisingly few instances of forgeries of Roupenian coins have
been reported in the past. The lack of information about these coins,
coupled with a limited demand, probably made forgeries financially
unattractive.
One of the earliest known forgeries is a coin of Levon I which bears
a number of characters on the reverse indicating a date. Although
none of the Roupenian coins showed dates, the possibility that these
letters represented a date was the subject of considerable speculation
by early writers. There are three specimens of this forgery,
all from the same mold, although due to difficulties in casting, they
appear somewhat different on first glance. Sibilian pointed out that
these coins were cast and not struck, and were in appearance obvious
forgeries.
Another forgery of Levon I is a copper coin which the editor of
Sibilian's book represents as a different type of coin. This coin, of
which there are three specimens in the Mehkitarian Museums of
Vienna and Venice, is so different from all the other copper coins that
it is obviously a forgery struck with a very crudely made die. There
are two varieties of this curious coin.
Because of the increased interest in Armenian coins, a large number
of forgeries of Levon I trams have recently appeared on the market.
These have apparently been struck with a die and then flattened
between rollers to give the coin a very flat surface. Their general
appearance, the lack of height in the letters, etc., make the identi-
fication of these forgeries a simple matter.
Of more serious concern to the public are forgeries of gold coins

which have been offered for sale in the past few years. A jeweller in
Antakya, Turkey, has apparently made a die of a Levon I type of
* Cappelletti, p. 180.
* Kraft, Plate.
* Langlois, Num, de l'Armnie au moyen ge, p. 43.
4 Sibilian, Classification of Roupenian coins, p. II.
IOI
IO2 Coinage of Cilician Armenia
coin, and has been striking gold coins and some silver coins with it.
Eight gold and two silver coins struck with this die have come to the
attention of the writer who now has one of each in his possession. The
workmanship of this die is good but to the trained eye the styling is
unlike that of the Roupenian coins. The obverse is well done, although
the king is slightly off center and to the right. The reverse is much
poorerthe lions lack the naturalness of the genuine coins and the
inscription is wholly different from the common types. In addition,
while the gold coins of Levon I weigh between 5.5 and 6.5 grams, the
weight of the forgeries is around 2.5 grams, thus being less than that
of the silver coins. A close examination of some of these coins revealed
signs of filing of the high points of the letters in the legend.
It is interesting that all of these forgeries are of Levon I coins. The
explanation may lie in the fact that more is known about the coins
of this popular king than about those of the succeeding rulers.
One might add that it is rather difficult to pass forgeries of Rou-
penian coins as genuine, if for no other reason than the fact that the
appearance of several coins from the same dies would immediately
arouse suspicion. In a collection not forming part of a hoard, the
chances of finding two coins from the same dies are very small indeed.
In the writer's collection of several hundred Hetoum-Zabel trams,

there is only one instance of two coins struck from the same dies.
A SURVEY OF REPORTED
COLLECTIONS OF ROUPENIAN COINS
It is difficult to keep abreast of collections not in public institutions,
as private collections are not well reported and are very often dis-
persed without a permanent record.
When writing his treatise, Brosset' studied about sixty coins in
Russian and French collections. He specifically mentioned the
following:
Muse asiatique de l'Acadmie et l'Institut asiatique du departe-
ment des affaires trangres, a St. Ptersbourg.
Cabinet des mdailles, Paris
Collection of Duc de Blacas, Paris
Collection of Mr. Reichel in St. Petersbourg
The plates in Brosset's publication were from the Russian col-
lections.
Shortly thereafter, Kraft published a very interesting account of
the coins found in Vienna. These included:
29 coins in Mnz- und Antiken Kabinette, Vienna
23 coins belonging to Father Timoni
7 coins found in the Mekhitarist Museum in Vienna
Some ten years later, in 1850, Langlois" gave a more extensive list
of collections:
Cabinet des Mdailles de la Bibliothque Nationale
Collection Marquis de Lagoy, Aix
Duc de Blacas
Baron Chaudruc de Crazannes of Castel Sarrazin
Mekhitarian collection, Venice

Mekhitarian collection, Vienna
* Brosset, Monographie des Monnaies Armniennes, p. 45.
* Kraft, pp. 1-29.
* Father Timoni's collection is now in the Vienna Mekhitarian collection.
See Sibilian, p. XVI.
* Langlois, Revue Archologique, 1850, p. 268.
IO3
The Royal Museum in Vienna
The Royal Museum in Berlin
The British Museum
Hermitage Museum in St. Petersbourg
Reichel Collection in St. Petersbourg
Lord Ainsley's collection in Constantinople
The collection of Borrel in Smyrna (Izmir)
Langlois comments that the Russian collections are very rich.
Writing in 1877, Sibilian" stated that he had examined the following
collections:
Mekhitarian collection in Vienna (700 pieces)
Mekhitarian collection in Venice
Royal Museum in Vienna
Royal Museum in Berlin
Museum of St. Petersbourg
Museum of Florence
Collection of the Duc de Blacas
A private collection in Constantinople"
Sibilian adds that the number of Roupenian coins which he ex-
amined reached three thousand, the greater portion of which ap-
parently belonged to the Mekhitarist Museum in Vienna and the
private collection in Constantinople.
Father Kalemkiarian" who edited Sibilian's book and made
numerous additions to it, mentioned the following collections ex-
isting in 1892:
Mekhitarian collection in Vienna

Mekhitarian collection in Venice
Royal Museum in Vienna
Royal Museum in Berlin
Musee des Mdailles de la Bibliothque Nationale in Paris
Museum of the Duke of Gotha
* Sibilian, Classification of Roupenian Coins, p. XVI.
* For some reason, throughout Sibilian's book, the noted numismatist is
mentioned without giving his name. The person referred to was Serovpe M.
Alishan, the brother of the noted author of the monumental work, Sissouan,
Cilician Armenia. He was apparently a well-known collector, and judging
from the remarks made by Sibilian, must have had a collection numbering
in the hundreds.
* See Sibilian, Classification of Roupenian Coins, p. 6.
Collections of Roupenian Coins IO5
British Museum
Asiatic Museum in St. Petersbourg
Museum of Echmiadsin in Armenia
Museum of the Armenian Monastery in Jerusalem
Schlumberger collection*
The collection of an Armenian numismatist"
The first and the last two were apparently the most important
collections known.
The next list of collections was mentioned by Basmadjian in 1936,
consisting of the following:
Armenian library in Constantinople
Collection of Adrbed in Leninaken (Armenia)
Collection of A. Pachajian in Paris"
Collection of Hovhannesian in Paris"
Berlin State Museum
British Museum
Collection of Kalebjian Brothers in Paris
State Museum in Cairo
Muse des Mdailles de la Bibliothque Nationale in Paris
State Museum in Erivan, Armenia
Museum of the Armenian Monastery in Jerusalem
Collection of M. Mooradian 18
Museum of Echmiadsin in Armenia
Collection of J. Matossian in Cairo"
Injoujian Brothers collection in Paris
The private collection of the King of Italy

Asiatic Museum in Leningrad
Hermitage Museum in Leningrad
Collection of G. H. Basmadjian in Paris"
Museum of Constantinople (Istanbul)
Museum of Kiev
Kremlin Museum (Moscow)
Collection of H. Habeshian in Paris17
* The important Schlumberger collection is now in the Muse des Mdailles
de la Bibliothque Nationale.
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20 As far as can be ascertained, none of these col-
lections is now in existence.
IO6 Coinage of Cilician Armenia
Collection of M. Eretzian in Aleppo, Syria"
Collection of Mutafoff in Paris 19
Collection of Der Ghazarian in Aleppo, Syria
Collection of the Catholicos Sahag of Sis, now in Lebanon
Mekhitarist Museum in Vienna
Mekhitarist Museum in Venice
Vienna Museum
Kelekian collection in Paris
Since 1936, there has been little change in the collections of public
institutions, but a number of very important private collections have
been acquired. The corpus of this book is based on the following col-
lections, in decreasing order of specimens listed.
Mekhitarist Museum in Vienna
The author's collection in New York
A. Donabedian collection in Beirut, Lebanon
Mardikian Museum in Beirut, Lebanon
Mekhitarist Museum in Venice
Musee des Mdailles de la Bibliothque Nationale in Paris
The Archeological Museum in Istanbul
A. Poladian collection in Beirut, Lebanon
H. Kurdian collection in Wichita, Kansas
The American Numismatic Society's collection in New York
K. Kalajian collection in New York
A. Achdjian collection in Paris
British Museum
Mme. N. Kapamadji's collection in Paris

K. Baghdadlian collection in Cannes, France
Hermitage Museum in Leningrad
Asiatic Museum in Leningrad
Part of the Erivan State Museum collection in Armenia
J. Guevrekian collection in New York
The collection of Prof. A. A. Ebeyan, Beirut, Lebanon
*This collection is now in the State Museum of Armenia (Erivan). See
Garabetian, Pazmaveb, 1952, p. 156.
* This exceedingly important collection of the famous antique dealer,
Kelekian Khan, was given to the writer for a nominal sum by his son,
Mr. D. Kelekian. I wish to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Kelekian
for his generosity in encouraging my study of the coinage of this period.
Collections of Roupenian Coins IO7
In addition to the above-mentioned collections, the writer has had
the opportunity of examining the collections or rubbings of the
following:
Ashmolean collection in Oxford, England
Nicholas Jamgochian Collection, Los Angeles, California
K. Khantamour collection in Hollywood, California
C. Tarzian collection in Union City, New Jersey
Armenian Patriarchate collection in Jerusalem
H. Hazarian collection in New York
L. Keshishian collection in New York
T. Amirian collection in Boston, Mass.
The following collections are known to exist but were not available
for examination. They are therefore not included in the corpus.
An important private collection in Damascus, Syria
Part of the coins in the State Museum of Erivan, Armenia
Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna

Part of the A. Poladian collection in Beirut, Lebanon
METROLOGY
The Roupenian dynasty started with an ambitious system of
coinage in both copper and silver, the latter being of three denomina-
tions: double trams (5.5 gms.), trams (2.9 gms.), and half trams
(1.5 gms.). This system apparently proved impractical. The double
trams were dropped first, and eventually, as the coinage deteriorated,
the half trams were also abandoned.
The trams thus became the main silver currency of this dynasty,
and their gradual debasement is graphically presented in Graph I. It
will be seen that a stable coinage existed during the period of Levon I
and Hetoum-Zabel. While these rulers were only two of the fourteen
monarchs who issued coins, their reign covered a period of seventy-
four years (II961270), as against a total of one hundred and seventy-
nine years (11961375), the duration of the Roupenian dynasty as a
kingdom. Moreover, as it was the most prosperous period of the
kingdom, the coins are not only of uniform weight but also have a
uniformly high silver content. Of the 7886 silver coins mentioned in
the corpus, some 5925 belong to these two rulers.
It is seen that the silver coins of Levon I and Hetoum-Zabel were
nearly 3.ograms in weight and contained 90 per cent silver. During
the reign of Levon II, there was a decline to about 2.6 grams and
70 per cent silver. The rebel kings, Smpad and Gosdantin I, appar-
ently raised the standards appreciably, but since they struck only a
small number of coins, this constituted but a feeble attempt to
maintain the former standards. Thereafter, the coins gradually de-
creased in weight from 2.5 grams to 2.0 grams, and the silver content
from 5060 per cent to less than 40 per cent during the reign of

Gosdantin IV.
A somewhat similar situation exists in the copper coinage. The
large tanks of Levon I and Hetoum I (7.2 grams) soon gave way to
the smaller kardez of Hetoum I, Levon II (4.5 grams), followed by
another decline in weight (3.5 grams) during the period of Hetoum II.
Thereafter, the copper coinage was further reduced in size to poghs
Io8
Metrology IO9
(about 2.0 grams) and continued declining until towards the end of
the dynasty, the weight was I gram or less.
The determination of the silver content of the trams by taking
their specific gravity is at best approximate and admittedly subject
to error, but it does give a satisfactory overall picture. In making these
determinations, the obviously corroded specimens or those subjected
to fire, etc., were not used, and it is probable that a graph based on
actual chemical analysis would result in a similar curve. The error is
undoubtedly greater in the later coins because, judging from their
appearance, they contain metals other than silver and copper. It is
important to keep this in mind since the method used in assigning
the silver content was on the assumption that the coins were made
entirely of a mixture of silver and copper.
With few exceptions, the coins used in metrological studies were
from the author's own collection. As this collection is a rather large
one (over 1300 pieces) gathered over a period of years, it represents
the average condition of the coinage of the period under consideration.
NO. OF WEIGHT NO. OF SILVER CONTENT
TYPE OF COIN SPECI- HIGH LOW AVER. SPECI- HIGH LOW AVER.
MENS MENS
LEVON I
Double trams 5 5.55 5.56 5.46 5 98 84 95
Half double tram I4 2.88 2.45 2.69 9 93 83 89
Half trams 5 I.32 I.06 I.25 2 98 86 92
Coronation 5 2.88 2.66 2.8o 4 98 83 89
L. A. lll/'bu <. 9 2.91 2.54 2.84 3 94 81 89

1. *. Alln 18 3.20 2.52 2.98 5 94 79 87
L. A. &ll38 4 3.00 2.53 2.83 I 88 85
Lhl, /9. 3. 8 3.03 2.85 2.96 4 96 83 90
1. ^ll?IIR/l/ 4. 9 3.04 2.46 2.76 3 95 82 90
I./NI'll R/T 3. 25 3.I7 2.42 2.82 Io 96 75 87
L. A. Alll/U8 9 3.05 2.79 2.91 I 88 88
1. foe. <ll/78/7 4 2.93 2.78 2.85 3 90 82 87
1. ^. 4. (Foot turned) 5 3.02 2.87 2.96 2 87 81 84
L. f. 4. (Ornate) Io 3.15 2.56 2.99 3 96 84 90
1. ^. <. 36. 23 3. IO 2.55 2.86 Io 93 83 88
L. f. 4. (Barbaric) 23 3.0I 2.56 2.90 9 92 81 87
1. P. &. A I4 3. IO 2.63 2.89 9 89 83 85
* Caley, Analytical Chemistry, 1952, p. 676.
IIO Coinage of Cilician Armenia
NO. OF WEIGHT NO. OF SILVER CONTENT
TYPE OF COIN SPECI- HIGH LOW AVER. SPECI- HIGH LOW AVER.
MENS MENS
Copper Coins (Tanks)
1. ^. 4. (5 dots) 8 8.8 6.7 7.4
1. ^. 4. (6 dots) 3 7.5 6.3 7.0
1. ^. 4. (6 dots+ 6 8.6 6.6 7.6
I curl)
HETOUM-ZABEL
Trams
Bilingual Io 3.00 2.74 2.84 3 94 90 QI
Half trams 6 I.50 I.40 I.46 2 93 87 90
Lion holding cross >k 46 3.Io 2.83 2.96 2O 95 90 92
Lion holding cross 34 3.15 2.82 2.95 3 92 88 90
Lion walking-cross 67 3.30 2.82 2.96 17 98 89 92
Lion walking-cross 50 3.20 2.80 2.94 2I 94 86 91
Lion with cross
and star I5 3.04 2.80 2.91 3 84 82 83
Lion with no cross
with star 9 3.08 2.80 2.94 I 90 90
Lion with no cross,
no Star 17 3.04 2.8o 2.88 2 90 86 88
Copper coins (Tanks)
Throne, lions adorned 14 8.6 5.2 7.2
Throne, convention-
alized lions I4 8.9 5.0 7.0

Throne, two legs
on each side 9 9.7 7.0 7.6
Throne, two posts 5 8.3 5.7 6.5
Kardez
Equestrian I2 6.0 3.4 4.6
Throne adorned 7 5.5 3.6 4.5
King seated 25 5.0 3.5 4.3
LEVON II
New Trams
Half trams
Lion turned left 3 I.45 I.4I I.43 2 84 83 84
Half trams
Lion turned right 3 I.33 I.29 I.30 2 63 50 57
* Broken or excessively worn specimens were omitted and only those
weighing 2.80 grams or over were listed.
Metrology
III
TYPE OF COIN
Lion left
1. *. Ul/'bu <ll/7
Lion left
1. P. lll/'bu <ll
Lion left
1. ^. lll/'bu <ll
Lion right
1./0. <ll6h/18
Lion right
I./. All&R/
Lion right
1. ^. <ll3U8
Lion right
L. A. All&/7
Lion right
L. />. <ll3U
Kardez
Obverse:
Reverse:
Obverse:
Reverse:
lion
CrOSS
CrOSS

lion
Billon
Kardez
King's head
King seated
Takvorins
Poghs
Takvorins
Poghs
Takvorins
Poghs
NO. OF WEIGHT
SPECI- HIGH LOW AVER.
MENS
9 2.93 2.67 2.85
6 2.87 2.4I 2.60
5 2.80 2.34 2.67
2 2.43 2.35 2.39
2 2.88 2.50 2.69
3 2.55 2.50 2.53
3 2.76 2.42 2.59
3 2.68 2.00 2.42
4 4.9 3.5 4.I
5 6.5 3.2 5.0
HETOUM II
6 o.75 o.6o o.66
I3 5.2 2.7 4.0
I3 3.8 2.0 2.9
SMPAD
5 2.88 2.50 2.67
I5 2.3 I.5 2.0
GOSDANTIN I
3 3.O 2.6 2.8
6 2.7 I.9 2.4
LEVON III
7 2.57 2.20 2.30
IO 5.7 2.4 3.3
NO. OF SILVER CONTENT
MENS
6 90
5 79
4 75
II2
TYPE OF COIN
Takvorins
Poghs
Takvorins
Poghs
Takvorins
Poghs
Takvorins
Poghs
Takvorins
Poghs
Takvorins
Poghs
Takvorins
Poghs
NO. OF
MENS
25
LEVON THE USURPER
I3
WEIGHT
OSHIN*

2.75 2.26 2.49
I.55 I.I5 I.4
LEVON IV4
2.60 2.26 2.36
2.I I.2 I.47
GUY
2.34 I.94 2.07
I.2O I.20 I.20
GOSDANTIN III
2.I.9 I.75 2.04
I.35 I.25 I.30
2.4I 2.00 2.20
I.90 I.I5 I.45
GOSDANTIN IV
2.45 I.87 2.15
2.25 I.40 I.85
LEVON V
O.75 0.55 0.70
I.05 O.65 O.86
N.O OF SILVER CONTENT
MENS
I2 65 52 62
I3 65 53 59
I7 63 41 51
Less than 40% (Specific
gravity 9.I to 9.3)
* Only those weighing 2.25 grams or over were taken.
* Only those weighing 2.25 grams or over were taken.

GRAPH I
Silver
--------- Copper
#$
Number of Silver and Copper Coins
GRAPH II
---|"
-----|y
|-*- -oNwl
-*--)-
-:#>$-C|
---
| O- Q./-!
--*>
#--- )}!
|"-*}|
-DQs N.
#-/- |-/ )
-*-
=#y-o|mits|
--\\li
|?OOW
-VJ-and-
:OO-r
-> *pe
up
P-|-ate
ic
oJind
bJCi
X-&
8070
60

---
Weight and Silver Content of Trams
Circles indicate upper and lower limits.
I-
54
Weight of Copper Coins

GRAPH III
O\
|A
..)
$/|\
-"
SOME STATISTICS
In the preparation of this work, the author depended for the most part on actual rubbings made of the coins
rather than on published material which, unfortunately, is often unreliable.
In the following pages, tabulated analyses are given of the coinage of each ruler and the specimens found in
various collections. A summarized version of these tables is also given for the entire corpus.
WM PB AD MM VM BN PH HK AN KK AA BM NK KB MS8 IS9
LEVON I
Antioch billon I I I I 4
Double trams 18 7 I 3 12 12" 3 6 2 I 3I 98
Half double tr. 24 20 2 12 II 2I 3 4 I 2 I 32 I I34
Quart. double tr. I I I 3
Half trams 4 5 I 2 3 3 I I I 2I
Coronation trams 73 5 6' 4 11 6 I 3 37 I 67 6 8 I33
I. All?/l/ ill/'b', 4. 20 II 5 2 6 I I 3 I 4 I I 3 4 49 II2
1. O. All&/18 90 40 16 19 23 I9 7 22 5 3 3 2 5 18 344 619
1. P. &ll38 II 6 3 2 2 4 I 2 I I I I I I5 5I
lbhu /9. 4. I5 I2 2 3 5 4 I I I I 2 I 2 24 74
l. A. All/18 I25 33 2 7 23 2 23 6 2 2 2 7 I 2 23I 468
l. A. Allll/8 17 9 6 5 II 3 38 89
1. P. &ll/18/7 etc. I2 7 2 3 2 I 36 63
* Includes two copper specimens. "Includes one copper specimen. Includes trams with one lion.

8 Includes ER, AM, HE, EB and JG collections. * Includes IS and IS-H (Hoard of 1600 Levon I trams).
WM PB AD MM VM BN PH HK AN KK AA BM NK KB MS
1b/7, p. 4II/78/7 etc. 8
1. P. &. (Foot turned) 35
l. P. &. (Ornate) 24
l. A. &. 36. 5I
l. P. &. J. 34
1. P. &. (Non-artistic) 64
1. P. &. (Dist-design) 21
1. ^. <ll3/7 2I
l. />. <ll? I6
1. P. 4/18 17
l. P. &ll" or <ll IO
Miscellaneous I3
Lily in right hand I8
Errors and oddities I4
Undeciphered 74
ToTAL 830
Five dots on crown 24
Six dots on crown 23
Seven or eight dots 6
323
II
5 36

74 I54 306
LEVON I
I3
I2I
3 II I 2
2III
9 25 8 3
25I
I32
522
82I
2I
III
I3
2 I5 9 3
92 97 90 26 37
LEvoN ICopper Tanks
545
6 2 Io
I3
7I3
8III
2I
I8
25
I8 I28
53
3 4.
IS
2I
Five dots, one curl I
Six dots, one curl 30
Five dots, two curls 14
Six or seven dots
Bilingual Kaikobad 2810
Bilingual Kaikhusrew 5810
Half trams 17
Lion holding cross
with star 26
Lion holding cross
with dot 27
Lion walking, cross
with dot I32
and two curls 4
Undeciphered 4I
TOTAL I43
WM
10 Includes half-trams.
"Unfortunately the rubbings of VM and KB trams were accidentally mixed and consequentely all placed under VM.
I2
49
PB
36
62
I4
37
AD
II
26

62
6 9 12 4 3
2345
I9 8 I3 20 4
37 38 46 32 II
MM VM10 BN PH HK AN
HETOUM-ZABEL
4 12" 5 3
6 22 20 I 8
338II
2I 6 3 I2 I 9
I8 4 8 I4 7 I4
26 I9 23 III 9 40
KK
II
AA
17
BM
I3
3 29
NK KB
I2
MS
30
39
45
IS
#.
PB AD MM VM BN
45
I5
17
WM
Lion walking, plain
CrOSS 62
Star under lion
with cross 7
Star under lion
InO CrOSS 6
Lion with no star
InO CrOSS 4
Misc. rarities I
Undeciphered 2O
TOTAL 388
Throne adorned with
lions (tank)
Throne with conven-
tionalized lions
Throne of four legs,
no star on obverse
Throne on two posts
28
69
40
17
255
I2
I6
II
86
I2
2I
IO
89
17

17
PH HK AN
HETOUM-ZABEL
Io 17 II2
II
4 I6 Io
8I IO6 260
IO 34
I6
IO
27
38 163
HETOUM ICopper
992
17 25
I4 6
II
92
II 3
2I
KK AA BM NK KB MS
37
45
30
17 I9
King on horseback
(kardez) 28
Throne adorned with
lions (kardez) I6
King seated (kardez) 29
Undeciphered 47
TOTAL 274
Hetoum-Levon II I
Half trams 5
Lion turned left 28
Lion turned right 35
Undeciphered 5
TOTAL 74
Kardez 22
Undeciphered I2
TOTAL 34
Billon 6
I8
IO
32
39
I50
I6
2O
43
IO
22
2I
49

I2
I23
2O
27
22
66
24
IO
39
I5
7o
17
22
43
LEVON IISilver
LEvoN IICopper
I5
IO
HETOUM IIBillon
I2
WM PB AD MM VM BN
King's head 35
King seated 47
Undeciphered
King's head I6
Undeciphered
King seated I3
TOTAL III
Trams 6
Kardez 4
Levon I type I
Trams 7
TOTAL 8
I5
I6
I3
50
I6
I2
I5
I4
57
I3
HETOUM IICopper

I88
I65
2 3 IO
3I
4 20 24
GOSDANTIN ISilver
GosDANTIN 1Copper
SMPADSilver
PH HK AN KK AA BM NK KB MS
IS
IO4
I05
67
322
IO
2I
32
4I
Kardez
Undeciphered
TOTAL
Takvorins
Takvorins
Undeciphered
TOTAL
Kardez
Undeciphered
TOTAL
Coronation coin
Takvorins
Takvorins
Undeciphered
29
I2
4I
63
69
43
I5
2I
24
45
2O
I3
26
5I
I3
17
27
I2
I3
I4
I3
27
17
22
22
45
IO

I3
SMPAD-Copper
95
I3 6
22 II
LEVON IIISilver
I2 I3
I2 I4
LEvoN IIICopper
8I
83
OSHINSilver
I8 3
II
II
II
I2
Takvorins with
Arabic surcharge
TOTAL
Poghs
PoghsUndec.
TOTAL
Takvorins
Takvorins
Undeciphered
Takvorins
Arabic surcharge
Arabic surcharge
King's name not
legible
TOTAL
WM PB AD MM VM BN
46
I6
22
45
55
65
50
17
I2
89
IO
I9
27
23
I8
2I
89
40
I9
IO
24
93
2I 4

IO
OSHINCopper
LEVON IVSilver
I2
2O
PH HK AN
KK AA BM NK KB
MS
II
IO
I4
* It is assumed that most of the coins in this column are Levon IV. Some, undoubtedly belong to Oshin.
IS
I3
I9 295
37
Poghs
Poghs
Undeciphered
TOTAL
Takvorins
Poghs
Takvorins
Takvorins Undec.
TOTAL
Poghs
34
23
86
II
I2
24
33
I5
I4
22
17
I2
29
LEvoN IVCopper
GUYSilver

I2
GUYCopper
GOSDANTIN IIISilver
262
353
5 II 5
GoSDANTIN IIICopper
IO
I3
80
IOI
46
I4I
86
227
2I
Takvorins
Takvorins undec.
TOTAL
Poghs
Takvorins
Takvorins undec.
TOTAL
Poghs
Billon
Poghs
WM
26
27
46
54
25
PB AD MM
I3
I5
39
2O
59
IO
26
52
78
I2
23
3I

VM BN PH HK AN KK
LEVON THE USURPERSilver
6I
8I
25
LEvoN THE USURPERCopper
GoSDANTIN IVSilver
I2 I
6I
I8 2
GOSDANTIN IVCopper
LEVON VBillon
LEVON V-Copper
AA BM NK KB
II2
II2
I2
I3
MS
IS
75
I8
93
I4
I47
I27
LEVON I.
Silver
Copper
HETOUM-ZABEL
HETOUM. I.
LEVON II.
HETOUM II.
GOSDANTIN I.
SMPAD
LEVON III.
OSHIN.
LEVON IV.
GUY.
Silver
Copper
Silver
Copper
Billon
Copper
Silver
Copper
Silver
Copper
Silver
Copper

Silver
Copper
Silver
Copper
Silver
Copper
WM
830
I43
388
274
74
34
III
4.
4I
69
58
46
22
55
4I
323
49
255
I50
43
22
50
45
24
26
65
I4
WM PB AD MM VM BN PH HK AN KK AA BM NK KB MS IS
GOSDANTIN III.
Silver 86 33 22 29 5 II 5 I 7 7 8 I3 227
Copper II 6 I I I I 2I
LEVON THE USURPER
Silver 27 15 Io 12 8 I 2 5 I I 2 5 4 93
Copper 5 3 2 3 I I4
GOSDANTIN IV.
Silver 54 59 78 31 2 18 2 6 I 3 IO IO 274
Copper 25 8 6 I 2 3 45
LEVON V. Billon 7 3 2 I I I4
Copper 6 5 4 1 I I I I9
Silver 1662 924 451 536 462 317 357 154 222 III 89 80 87 36 41o 1988 7886
Copper 777 399 37I 16I 128 20I 2 175 40 41 38 47 17 54 95 21 2567

TOTAL 2439 1323 822 697 590 518 359 329 262 I52 I27 I27 IO4 9o 505 2009 IO453
Statistics
I25
The corpus, therefore, exclusive of counting errors, contains the fol-
lowing:
UNKNOWN RULER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
PRINCE TOROS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
PRINCE GOSDANTIN (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
PRINCE LEVON II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O
GOLD PIECES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO
LEVON I . . . . . . . . . . Silver . . . . . . . . . . 4089
Copper . . . . . . . . . 470
HETOUM-ZABEL . . . . Silver . . . . . . . . . . 1836
Copper . . . . . . . . . 977
LEVON II . . . . . . . . . Silver . . . . . . . . . . 324
Copper . . . . . . . . . I50
HETOUM II . . . . . . . . Billon . . . . . . . . . 17
Copper . . . . . . . . . 32O
SMPAD . . . . . . . . . . . Silver . . . . . . . . . . 4I
Copper . . . . . . . . . 2O4
GOSDANTIN I . . . . . . Silver . . . . . . . . . . IO
Copper . . . . . . . . . 2I
LEVON III . . . . . . . . . Silver . . . . . . . . . . 222
Copper . . . . . . . . . I49
OSHIN . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver . . . . . . . . . . 295
Copper . . . . . . . . . 72
LEVON IV . . . . . . . . . Silver . . . . . . . . . . 399
Copper . . . . . . . . . IOI

GUY . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver . . . . . . . . . . 46
Copper . . . . . . . . . 2
GOSDANTIN III . . . . . Silver . . . . . . . . . . 277
Copper . . . . . . . . . 2I
LEVON THE USURPER Silver . . . . . . . . . . 93
Copper . . . . . . . . . I4
GOSDANTIN IV . . . . . Silver . . . . . . . . . . 274
Copper . . . . . . . . . 45
LEVON V . . . . . . . . . . Billon . . . . . . . . . I4
Copper . . . . . . . . . I9
FORGERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - I2
POST ROUPENIAN (?) . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - I3
TOTAL IO,503

THE CORPUS
ARRANGEMENT OF THE CORPUS
The corpus is arranged in a chronological order of rulers.
The coins of each ruler are given in the order of completeness of the
inscription on the obverse. Under each obverse inscription, the re-
verse inscriptions are listed beginning with the most complete legend
and ending with the least complete one. Various types of coins issued
by the same ruler but having the same obverse inscription are listed
under different headings. An index of legends appears at the end of
the corpus.
Wherever possible, the weight (in grams) and the percentage silver
content of the coin are given, along with the location of that specimen.
The number following the citation indicates the number of coins of
that type in a particular collection. Thus, 2.9 (88%), PB; WM (9),
specifies that the type of coin in question weighs 2.9 grams, has a
silver content of 88%, and is in PB collection; also, that 9 specimens
of that type of coin are in WM collection. The citations are explained
in the bibliography section.
The * mark indicates that the specimen is illustrated. The location
of the specimen is also indicated by * mark preceding the citation.
The corpus is numbered consecutively, each type variation being
given a different number. Those of the same variety, though not
necessarily from the same die, are given a single number.
Since there was no fixed die position in striking the coins of this
period, the die positions have been omitted.
Listing of the diameters has also been omitted since there were
often considerable variations in each type and the specimens were
not always perfectly circular. A sufficient number of coins are illus-

trated, however, to indicate the size and shape of most types.
Practically all of the photographs were taken from aluminum paper
impressions. At first glance they appear to lack contrast, but on
examination with a magnifying glass will show much of the detail of
the coin.
I28
PRINCES
*1 Attributed to Toros II (11451169).
Obv. II////Jhl(?) /m/mu
Rev. Undeciphered
*PB(1).
Ia UNKNOWN PRINCE."
Legend Undeciphered
BN(1).
*2 UNKNowN PRINCE. Attributed to an early Roupenian prince,
possibly Gosdantin I (Io95Io99) or Toros I (Io991129).
Obv. ///////ull&#/////
Rev. /////7/'4LIRR///
*VM(1).
*3 TOROS I (Io99II29) or TOROS II (II451169).
Obv. ////iuh 5 /k/.
Rev. Various marks and characters.
*WM(1); PB(1) (Legend clockwise)
PRINCE LEvoN II. (11871199)
[Later King Levon I]
*4 Obv. Ib'l/T, Ull/\ll 118
Rev. 0/"kh USb.bl.ukh
* Morgan, History of the Armenian People, p. 193. Although this coin is
placed among the Armenian coins in the Cabinet des Mdailles, it is im-
possible to assign it definitely to this period.
* Alishan, Sissouan, p. 378. This appears to be a genuine coin and bears
some resemblance in styling to the early Crusader coins. The condition of
the coin does not permit a reading of the inscription.

*Although listed as a coin in various numismatic books, this is a rather
thick specimen and bears little resemblance to the coins of this period. It
may be a medal rather than a coin struck for circulation. A second specimen,
apparently a coin, was recently seen by Prof. A. Donabedian in Beirut.
* The existence of so many specimens indicates clearly that Levon had
9 I29
WM [Vienna Mekhitarian Museum]
VM [Venice Mekhitarian Museum]
*AD [A. Donabedian Collection, Beirut, Lebanon]
. MM [Mardikian Museum, Beirut, Lebanon]
NL [Bibliothque Nubar, Paris]
. BN [Bibliothque Nationale, Paris]
BN [Bibliothque Nationale, Paris]
ER [State Historical Museum, Erivan, Armenia]
PB [P. Bedoukian, New York]
. DG [Formerly in possession of Dr. Der Ghazarian
of Aleppo, Syria, now lost]"
GOLD COINS2
LEVON I
*5 Obv. Lhm, Pll'UR/l/ All&/18
Rev. Will//.T.M.R/0/#, Ill/SRU/18
*BN(2); KB(1).
*6 Obv. l.b.ht, /ll'NIR/l/ All&/18
Rev. Ill//.7/mk/fu lll/S/ho/)
WM(1); *BN(1); NK(1); VM(1)(?).
*7 LEVON I HETOUM I
Obv. lb/), foll?-ll/-/l/ All24 / 8+
Rev. &b/9/TRU /NI'llh/7 <ll3/78
WM(1); *VM(1).
*8 GOSDANTIN I
Obv. 'i/US/","kh", /7% &ll3/18

Rev. UU/18 RB/"", l. AlI'll/m
*VM(1); IS(1).
established a mint or made use of the existing mint before his coronation.
All of the coins examined were quite worn but a careful examination
revealed that they were struck with more than one die.
1 Garabetian, Pazmaveb, July-Sept. 1952, p. 156.
* For a discussion of the gold coins, see p. 68.
Levon I I3L
LEVON I
[Crusader Type Coins Struck in Antioch]
9 Obv. LEO DEI GRATIA1
Rev. REX ARMENIOR
*IO Obv. LEO DEI GRATIA
Rev. REX ARMENOR
*WM(1).
*II Obv. LEO DEI//////
Rev. REX. ARMENOR
*MM(1).
I2 Obv. LEO REX2
Rev. ARMENOR
BN(1).
DOUBLE TRAMS
Lh/Tu /NIQUIR/l/ III/'bullt, All 5/18
*13 ill/010R/bill/full USmR/18 Rev. No field mark.
5.48, (84%), *PB, PB(1); ER(1); VM(1); WM(1); MM(1).
*14 ill/I'lmk/bluff, UUSmR/18 Rev. Field mark h, to
left of lion.
*VM(1); KB(1); BN(1).
*15 ill/I'lmh/bluff, UUSmRwn Rev. Field mark C to
left of lion.
*VM(1).
*163 ill// '10R/ bluff, UUS/IRWI18 Rev. Lion facing right
and field mark /h to
right of lion.

*BN(1).
1 Schlumberger, Revue Archologique, N. S. 16, 3oe. p. 345349, 1875,.
mentions this coin, but its present whereabouts is unknown to me.
* Apparently, this is the coin described as a second variety in Basmadjian,
. I48.
lion facing right is most likely an error on the part of the die-maker
It is noteworthy that the lion facing right is also found in the half double
trams of which four are listed: Nos. 66 and 67.
9*
*17 ill/I'lmk/bf, LusmRwm3 Rev. Field mark A to
left of lion's tail.
PB(1); *NK(1).
18 ill// ?/mh/bf, LIUS/Thir/18 Rev. Cinquefoil to left
of tail.
ER(1).
*19 ill/m/mk/ft uusmRwns Rev. No field mark.
5.55, *KK; WM(2); ER(1); BN(1).
lbf/7, p.7/ Ill/'bull3, Alln
20 'ill// '1/1/./bf, LIUS/IRT/18 Rev. Dot under lion.
Obv. Dot under fleur
de lys.
VM(2).
*21 ill//7/1/./b/#, III/S/\hb/18 Rev. Cinquefoil over
lion.
*AN(1).
22 ill//11/mh/bf, lll/S/IRU/18 Rev. No field mark.
ER(1); HE (1).
*23 Ill/010R/f, UUSmR/18 Rev. Cinquefoil to left
of lion.
5.44, (98%); 5:55, (98%), *PB; 5.40; 5.50, KK;
WM(5); VM(2); AN(2); BM(1); ER(9); MM(1); BN(2);
HE(I).
24 Ill/010R/f, UUSmRwm3 Rev. No field mark.
5.36, (98%), PB; WM(1); NK(1); BN(3); ER(2).
*25 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmRw/18 Rev. Cinquefoil to left
lion.

of lion and ,, above
5.47, (98%), PB; 5.25, *KK; WM(3); ER(6); VM(1);
BN(2); EB(1).
Levon I I33
26 ill/'0'10R/ fu ll.US/IRU/18 Rev. Cinquefoil to right
of cross.
ER(1).
*27 ill/I'lmk/f, III/SmR/18 Rev. Cinquefoil to left
of lion and dot over
and under lion.
4.65; 5.35, KK; *WM(2); VM(2); ER(4); BN(1); EB(1);
PB(1).
*28 ill/'07/1///#, IUS/IR//18 Rev. Half moon to left
of lion and dot to right
of lion's tail.
ER(1); *BM(1).
29 ill/I'l/R/F, UUSmRw/18 Rev. Half moon to left
of lion and dot to left
of front paw.
WM(1).
3o ill/'0'10//ft, UUSmR/18 Rev. Dot under lion's
tail.
WM(1); VM(1).
31 ill/'0'10R/f, UUSmRw/18 Rev. Cinquefoil under
lion's tail and three
dots under lion.
VM(1).
32 ill/I'lmk/fu UUSmRw/18 Rev. Cinquefoil to left
of lion and dot above
lion.

AD(1).
33 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmRwn Rev. Cinquefoil to left
of lion.
lbf/11, foll'UR/l/ 3UB/78
*34 ill/I'mh/bft, UUSilkw/18 Rev. Cinquefoil over
lion.
*ER(1).
*35 ill/I'lmk/fu III/SmRw/18 Rev. Dot to right of lion.
*MM(1).
DOUBLE TRAMS OF COPPER"
lbf/iu (''}/ lll/'bull3, All#08
36 ill/I'lmk/ft III/SmRwn& Similar to 23.
WM(2).
37 ill/I'lmk/fu IIUSmR/18 Similar to 27.
BN(1).
HALF DOUBLE TRAMS
lbf/T, /NIQUIR/l/ All&/18 b
*38 ill/I'lmk/fu IIUSmRw/18 Rev. Cinquefoil to left
of lion and dot under
tail.
*VM(1).
39 ill/I'mh/f, Ill/S//w/18 Rev. h. to left of lion
and dot to left of tail.
ER(1); BN(1).
lbf/11, foll'UR/l/ 3U.8/78 /
4o ill/010R/fu III/SmRw/18 Rev. Field marks as in
49.
2.80, KK; ER(2); AN(1); MM(1).
41 Ill/'07/1///#, III/S/10/18 Rev. Field marks as in
49.
VM(1).
* The existence of these copper double trams is puzzling especially in view
of the fact that no coppers of half double trams have been discovered so

far. They may be forgeries although they appeared to be struck with a die
similar to the silver coins. These are the only copper coins of Levon I
struck with a die used for silver coins. There is however a single specimen
of a copper coin of Hetoum-Zabel coin (No. 1421) and a copper coin of
Oshin (No. 1936) struck with silver coin dies.
Levon I I35
42 ill/07/1/.hfu IIUSAw/18 Rev. Field marks as in
49. Note error in legend.
ER(1).
Ibh/TL /NIQUIR/l/ Allm
*43 "ill/I'l/lh/bluff, UUS/IRWIl Rev. No field mark.
*WM(2); VM(2); ER(1); BM(1); BN(2).
*44 Ill/I'lmk/fu UUSmRw/18 Rev. No field mark.
2.75; 2.45; 2.70, (83%); 2.77, (89%); 2.73, *PB; PB(3);
WM(5); ER(8); AN(2); VM(1); MM(4); BN(8); IS(1).
45 ill/'0'10R/ fu lll/S/IRufl Rev. Cinquefoil to left
of lion.
2.58, (91%), PB; ER(1); BN(1).
46 ill/I'l/R^f, UUS/IRWIl Rev. Field marks as
in 38.
VM(1).
47 'ill/'07/1//f, UUSmRw/18 Rev. h. to left of lion.
WM(2); ER(1); VM(1); AD(1); MM(1).
48 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmRwns Rev. Il to left of lion.
AD(1).
*49 ill/'0'10R/ft, UUSmRw/18 Rev. h. to left of lion
and dot above lion.
2.65, KK; PB(1); ER(4); *WM(3); BM(1); MM(2);
BN(2); HE(1).
50 ill/'0'10A/f, UUSmRwn& Rev. Dot to left of lion.
ER(1).
51 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmRw/18 Rev. Cinquefoil to

left of lion and dot
under tail.
ER(1).
136
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
*60
6I
*62
63
till// '10R/ fu ll.JSUR/18
2.90, PB.
ill/I'l/l/r/fu IIUS/10//18
WM(1).
"ill// ?///0ft, UUSAF/18
Rev. Field mark as
in 49.
Rev. Field markasin.62.
Rev. Field markasin.62.
2.79, (90%); 2.72, (93%); 2.60, (88%); 2.66; 2.63,
PB; WM(5); ER(2); MM(2); BN(3).
'ill/'0"/"R/>Ru II.USA" (18
Rev. Fieldmarkasin 62.

2.77, (89%), PB; WM(4); ER(3); VM(1); NK(1); BN(2).
till//.T.M.R/9/#, IUSAF/18
WM(1).
'ill/P/11/1///#, Ill/S/10/l
WM(1); PB(1); ER(1).
Ill//11/1/0/if', LIUS/.7/)
ER(2).
"ill//.7////#, IUST/18
WM(1); VM(1).
'ill/'0'10///#, IUST/18
*BN(1).
till/I'l/R//#, IUSR/18
VM(1).
"ill/P/11/1///#, IUSR/18
*MM(2).
'ill/I'l/l/r/fu UUS/18
2.88, (90%), PB; ER(1).
Rev. as above but
till/MIT/IR/\,.
Rev. No field mark.
Rev. No field mark.
Rev. Field mark as
in 49.
Rev. ff to left of lion
and dot above lion.
Rev. Field marks as
in 49.
Rev. h. to left of lion.
Rev. Field mark as
in 49.
Levon I I37
64 ill/I'l/IR/f, IIUSRU/18 Rev. Field marks as
in 62.
VM(1).
*65 ill/I'lmk/bft.(?) UUSmirn Rev. No field mark.
*BN(1).
66 ill/MIT/IR//#, IUSmh/18 Rev. Lion turned right.
Lion and field mark
mirror image of 49.
2.66, (84%), PB; 2.55, KK.
*67 ill/'0'10R/f, UUSmRm Rev. As above but with-
out dot over lion.
*AA(1); BN(I).
HALF TRAMS
Quarter Double Trams."
*68 Obv. lb/i/1", foll?. Rev. No field marks.
Rev. Ilh/l/ 3UB/78
1.27, (92%), PB; ER(1); *BM(1).
Regular Half Trams
Ibh/T, PUQUR/l/ 3U8/18 H
69 urinnleft uusman #-
HE(1).
* Sibilian, p. 78, shows a drawing of a quarter double tram which Schlum-
berger had copied from a specimen in Markar Alishan's collection. The
whereabouts of this coin is not known at present. A single specimen was
found in the Daphne hoard and the author's coin came from the Kelekian
collection. Judging from Sibilian's drawing, the author's coin may be the

Markar Alishan specimen. The origin of the British Museum's specimen
is not known.
lbf/", /NI'llh/l/ 3UBll h
*70 upmakes, uusnRun #-
*VM(1).
Ibh/Tu /NIQUIR/l/ All3/18
*71 upmaleft uusmund -H.
1.32, (98%); 1.30, PB; 1.30, KK; *WM(1); VM(1);
AD(1); MM(1).
'72 unmaleft uusman #H
*WM(1).
lbf/T, 0ll'll R/T &ll3/18
'73 unmalest uusmans '+
1.06, (86%), PB, PB(1); *WM(2); VM(1); BN(3).
74 ill/010R/ft, UUSmirn ++
MM(1).
Ibh/T, /NI'll R/T &ll36
75 ill/I'lmk/fu UUSORT/ #+
*KB(1).
Ibh/7t, All?-ll/-/7 <ll31
*76 ill/I'lmk/f, UUS (++- Rev. Lions and cross
inverted as in 32I.
1.25, *PB.
* It is interesting that this errorinverted cross and lionsoccurs on a

number of trams: Nos. 673680.
Levon I I39
CORONATION TRAMS
Single lion type
lh/77, (NIQUIR/l/ Alln
76al ill/'07/h/ft US # 0.1%m
WM-H (1).
*77 ill/'07/h/fu III/SIN008
*AD(1).
77a ill/I'l/lh/ft, UUSm/
WM-H (3).
77b turninh/f, uUSmun(?)
WM-H (1).
77c ill/I'lmk/fu UUSn
WM-H (3).
Ibh/T, /NI'll R/T &ll3/18
*78 ill/I'lmk/f, UUS
2.75, KK; *VM(1); BM(1); NK(1).
Ibh/7, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll3/7
78a ill/'0"/IR/f, UUSn
HM-H(2)
*79 ill/I'l/ih/fi, UUS/
2.88, (83%), *PB.
8o ill//.7/IA/f, Ill/S
WM(1); AD(1).
Ibh/7, foll?-IIR/7 <ll#
81 ill//11/1///#, IUS
WM(1); WM-H(I).

1 All the coronation trams in the Vienna Mekhitarian Museum marked
WM-H appear to be part of a hoard.
Two lion type"
lbf/T, foll'UR/l/ 3UB/18 H
[Letters in obverse field]*:
82 upinnhof, uUSI (Su) (-|- Obv. As in 84.
MM(1).
lbf/TL /NIQUIR/l/ 3U8/18/
*83 lupinnhof, uus (Su) ()----.
*WM(1).
*84 turninhof, uus (8L) (-|-
*VM(1).
Ibh/), foll'llh/l/ All/18
*85 upninhof, uus (8x) [H+-:
*WM(1).
86 Tupinnhof, uus (83)] (+-
EB(1).
Ibh/T, foll'UR/T &ll&/
87 lu//11/k/fu UUI (8) (H
WM(2).
Ibh/", /ll'}llh/l/ Allfl 1
[No letters in obverse field]:
*88 ill//.7/mh/ft, UUS/ (-F:
2.85, (98%), PB, *AD(1); HE(1); WM-H(I); HE(1).
* The crosses on the reverse of the coronation coins representing a number
of varieties, are quite distinct and different from the crosses found on the
ordinary trams of Levon I.
* One might assume that the letters 8 and l stand for 8PU/lhU (Jesus)

and UUS/IRllo (God).
Levon I I4I
Ibh/TL /NIQUIR/l/ All/18
*89 upmni/f, uusmkoms (----.
*WM(1); BN(1).
*90 upmanpf, uusnRwns (---.
NK(1); *VM(1); WM(1); MM(1).
91 Rupmml/ft uusmnon (----. Obv. As in 104.
WM(1); WM-H(2).
*92 lupinnhof, uusmkum (F:
*WM(2).
93 lipinnhof, uusmnon (t+-: Obv. As in 111.
MM(1); IS(1).
94 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmR. (H. Obv. As in 89.
WM(1).
94a ill/I'lnhof, UUSmR (-|-: Obv. As in 96.
MM(1).
95 turn"mh/f, uusmrit (-|--. Obv. As in 90.
BM(1).
*96 upmanoff, uusman ( : .
*NK(1).
96a ill/I'mh/f, uusmko (---. Obv. As in 104.
HE(1).
97 lipinnhof, uusmao (-F: Obv. As in 96.
BM(1).
97a turninhof, uusmrit (----. Obv. As in 111.
WM-H(I).
98 ill/I'l/R/ft, UUSml (----. Obv. As in 96.

NK(1); AD(1).
99 ill/I'l/ih/ft, UUSml (---. Obv. As in 90.
WM(1).
99a ill/I'l/R/ft, UUSm' (---. Obv. As in 104.
WM-H(I).
Ioo ill//17/nh/2,fu IIUS/ (-K & Obv. As in 96.
WM(1).
IoI ill//.7/mh/FL IIUS/) |-|-: Obv. As in 89.
NK(1); AN(1).
Io2 ill// ?/l/r/ fu ll.JS/) (-|-: Obv. As in 111.
BN(1).
103 ill/'0'10R/F, UUS/ (H. Obv. As in 90.
WM(1).
*104 ill/I'lmk/fu UUS/ (-F-4
*AN(I); HE(1); WM-H(I).
Io5 Ill/'0'10R/ft, UUS/ (---. Obv. As in 89.
WM(1).
Io6 ill//17/nh/2,fu III/S/ (----. Obv. As in 89.
AA(1)
Io6a ill/P/11/1/.//#, Ill/S/. (----. Obv. As in 111.
WM-H(1).
107 ill/I'lmk/f, UUS (-F : Obv. As in 90.
WM(1).
Io8 ill//.7/mh/ fu ll.JS (----. Obv. As in 90.
WM(2).
Io9 ill/'07/h/fu Uus (++-: Obv. As in 90.
WM(1).

IIo ill//.7/k/) fu ll.US (-|- Obv. As in 104.
WM(1); VM(1); IS(1); WM-H(2); JG(2).
Levon I I43
*III ill/P/11/mk/ft, UUS (-|-:
2.86, (90%); 2.66, (83%); 2.72, PB; 2.95, KK(1);
*NK(1); WM(6); VM(2); HK(1); AD(1); BN(1);
WM-H(2).
II2 ill/'07/1//ft, LIUS (----. Obv. As in 89.
BN(I).
Ibh/1%, All?UR/T &ll3/18
*113 ill/I'l/R/NIR, UUSmR (-|--
*WM(1).
*114 ill/I'lmk/f, UUS/ (-F:
*NK(1); BM(1).
115 ill/I'l/ih/ft, UUS (----. Obv. As in 114.
WM(1); VM(1); BM(1); WM-H(3).
II6 ill/010R/ fu ULS (---. Obv. As in 111.
WM(2); AN(1).
II6a ill/'0'10R/ full US ( ... Obv. As in 111.
WM-H(2).
II6b ill/I'l/mk/fu IIU |--|--: Obv. As in 114.
WM-M(1).
Ibh/TL /NIQUR/m &ll3/.
117 Ill/'0'10R/ft, UUS/ (----. Obv. As in 118.
VM(1).
*II8 fill//.7/IA/ft, UUS (----.
*WM(1); BM(1); BN(2).
II8a ill/'0'1/lh/ fu lll/S |--|--. Obv. Three ray light
descending.

HE(1).
Ibh/]", /NIQUIR/T &ll/18
119 turm"/"pf, uusmrit (----. Obv. As in 120.
VM(1).
119a turninhof, uusmi, (---. Obv. Similar to 88.
WM-H(1).
*120 ill/-/17/lk/fu III/S/m/, (----.
*VM(1).
121 ill/I'l/R/fu III/S/NA #H-: Obv. As in 120.
3.00, KK.
lbf/17, All'll R/T &ll#
*I22 ill/P/I'l/mh/fu ULS (-F:
*WM(1); VM(1); WM-H(I).
122a ill// '10R/>Ru lll) (-|-:
2.88, PB(1).
TRAMS
lbf/11, foll?/7 Ul/'b'l Allm
123 ill/I'l/R/F, UUSmRwm3 ++ Short cross.
2.54; 2.91; 2.67, PB, PB(1); IS-H(I).
124 urnaleft uusmong 4-H -
KK(1); VM(I); IS-H(2).
*125 unmaleft uusmans '+-
2.90, PB; 2.75, *KK; WM(6); IS-H(3); IS(3); JG(1).
126 ill/'07/1/2/2/#, Ill/S/NAT/18 #
WM(5); AD(2); KB(1); HK(1); ER(1); HE(1); IS(3).
127 upmanoff, uusnfirms ##-

AD(1).
Levon I I45
fo
128 Wurmanef, uusmong #.
MM(1); IS-H(1).
128a urinnleft uusmona 4H
IS-W(4); IS(1).
128b Wurmneft uusmund 4-F
AM(1).
120 urinnleft uusovna (4
2.83: 2.91, (81%), PB, PB(1); 2.60, KK; AA(1);
IS-H(4); IS(1).
130 urinnleft uusmong '-'-
WM(1).
130a urinnleft uusmund 4+
IS(1).
I 3ob 'ill/'07/mk/?ft, UUS/ht/13 ++-
IS(1).
131 Wirinnleft uusman #H
2.90, (93%), PB; WM(1); IS-H(2).
132 unmaleft uusman #H
VM(1); AD(1); BM(1).
132a 'ill//.7/mh//, LIUS/NAT/, #+
IS(1).
132b urmanent uusman #-F.
IS-H(I).
132c urmanef, uusman ##

IS-H(I).
132d urinnleft uusmnon ##
IS-H(I).
133 ill/I'l/R/F, UUS/10/18 *H.
3.00, (94%), PB, HK(1); IS(1).
*134 upmmleft uusmine ##
*AD(1); WM(1); AN(1); BN(1); IS-H(I); IS(1).
135 ill/I'l/R/F, UDS/W/18 #+
2.85, KK; IS-H(2); IS(1).
136 ill/I'l/R/f, UUS/ho/1 ++ Short cross.
2.75, KK; PH(1).
137 upmaleft uusman ##
WM(1); VM(1); KB(1); IS-H(I); IS(1).
137a upmaleft uuskune 4+-
IS-H(I).
138 urmanent uusman #H
2.83, PB, IS(1).
138a urnaleft uusmin '+-
IS-H(I).
Ibh/T, Oll?/m lll/'b', 'll/)
139 ill/I'lmk/fu UUSmR/18 #+ Short cross.
VM(1).
140 upmaleft uusmund 4-H.
VM(1).
*141 urmaleft uusmund 4H
*WM(1); VM(1).
141a upmmleft uusmong 4-H.

IS(1).
Levon I I47
142 upmakes, usions & H Short cross.
AD(1); IS-H(1).
lbf/T, /NIQ/m lll/'b', 'll8
*143 urmaheft uusmond #H
*WM(3); IS-H(I); IS(1).
144 'ill/'0'1/MR/F, UUS/IRWI13
MM(1).
144a ill/I'llmh/fu IIUSnRT/18
IS(2).
WM(1); MM(1).
146 ill/I'l/mk/f, UUSINE/
HK(1).
146a ill/'0"/"R/F, UUS/ht/1
IS(1).
W#
##
145 'ill/I'l/R//#, IUS/Rm #+ Short cross.
W#
#+
lbf/", /NIQUIR/l/ All3/18 h"
[Non-artisticwith footstool]
147 'urmanoff, uusmans (++--
2.95; 2.88, (80%), PB; WM(2); MM(1); IS-H(8); IS(2).
*148 urinnleft uusmans (++-

*VM(1).
149 turninhof, uusmagne (++--
WM(1).
* The letter k often appears as /.
* In practically all non-artistic coins the letter 7 is inverted and appears
like an inverted 8.
re"
149a 'll/I'mhof, uUSmh908 (++-
IS-H(I).
149b lupirinhof), UusnRS/6 (++-
IS-H(I).
149c ill/I'lmk/fu Uusimhn (++-: Obv. Sometimes 3 dots
under fleur de lys.
IS-H(4).
150 lupinnipf, uusmism (++-:
WM(1).
151 turninhof, uusmi,90 (++--.
AN(I); MM(1).
152 turm"/"pf, uusmi,80 (++-:
2.63; 2.79, (83%); 2.75, PB; MM(1); IS-H(I).
153 ill/I'mh/fu UusnR80 (++-:
3.Io, PB.
154 lupinnhof, uusmham (++-
2.83, (84%), PB, HK(1); IS-H(I).
155 upmakoff, uusmism (++-
MM(2).
156 upman/fu uusmham (++-
PB(1); IS-H(I).
156a turninhof, uusmi,8m (++-.
IS-H(I).
157 upinnipfit uusmans (++-
KK(1).
158 ill/P/17/1//ft, UUSORS (++- Obv. Three dots under

CIOSS.
2.91, (89%); 2.89, (83%), PB; PH(I).
Levon I I49
159 "ll"/"10//ft, UUSmR8 (++- Obv. Three dots under
cross or fleur de lys.
VM(1); KB(1).
160 ill/mmhof, uusmns (++-
WM(1).
160a ilirminhof, uusmns (++-:
IS-H(I).
16ob Wurmaheft uusmns (++-:
IS-H(3).
160c turmhoff, uusme (++-:
IS-H(1).
Ibh/r, All'UR/l/ 3U806 1
[Non-artisticno footstool]
161 Wirmneft uusmagne (++--
WM(3); VM(2); IS-H(7).
162 'ill/'07/1///#, IUS/kg/18 (++- Obv. Three dots to right
of fleur de lys.
2.92, (86%), PB, IS-H(I).
163 Wirmnest uusmans (++-
WM(1); IS-H(2).
164 "ll"/"Pft uusmi,608 (++- obv}Three dots under
fleur (de lys.
VM(1).
165 Surmineft uusmagne (++-
WM(1); IS-H(1).
165a Wurmanef, uusmagne (++-:

IS-H(1).
* Sometimes the footstool is barely visible.
165b lupinnipf, uusmagn (++-:
IS-H(2).
165c lupinnhof, uUSmh908 (++-:
IS-H(2); IS(1).
166 Wurman/fu UusnR80 (++-: Obv. Sometimes dot to
left of cross.
2.93, (83%), PB; VM(2); IS-H(2); IS(1).
167 upmanof, uusnR80 (++-
WM(1); IS(1).
168 upmnhof, uusmism (++-
WM(2); VM(1).
169 lupinnhof, uusmh90 (++-
VM(1).
17o upmah/f, UUSmR80 (++-
VM(1).
*171 upmnhof, uusmism (++- Obv. Three dots to right
of fleur de lys.
2.81, (83%), *PB.
171a turninhof, uUSmh90 (++-:
IS-H(4).
171b lupinnhof, uUSmh90 (++-
IS(1).
*172 Murmaheft uusm" (#-
*AA(1); IS-H(I).
173 ill/I'lmk/fu UUS/19 (++-
WM(1); IS-H(I).

174 ill/I'l/R/ft, UUS/19 (++-
VM(1); WM(1).
Levon I I5I
175 'ill// '10R/ F. LUS/19 (++---
2.86, PB, WM(1); IS-H(I).
175a ill/'07/0R/?fu UIUS/19 (++-i
IS-H(I); IS(1).
175b ill//11/mk/fu IIUS/19 (++-:
IS-H(I).
Ibh/1, Pll'UR/l/ 3UB/18 H
[Ornate obverse]
*176 ill/I'l/R/RW, UUSmh908
PB(2); *BM(1).
176a ill"/"mhof, uUSmin (++-
IS-H(I).
177 ill/mmhof, uusmham (++-
VM(1); IS-H(I).
178 unmanoff, uusman (++--
WM(1).
179 ill/'07.0R/ft IIUS/RAgn (++-
PB(1).
lbf/1, Pll'NIR/l/ All3/18 H
[Star instead of cross in the inscription circle]
180 ill/mmhouf, uusmans (.---
WM(1); IS-H(2); IS(1).
181 ill/m/mk/ft uusmisms (#. Obv. 1 for k
WM(1); IS-H(1).
*182 ill/010R/ft uusmh908 (++-

*VM(1), WM(1); MM(1); IS-H(I); IS(1).
183 ill/mmhof, UUSmlign (#:
WM(1)(?).
184 ill/I'lmk/f, ul/Smh908 (-F-
BN(1).
185 'ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmR80 *(++- Obv. 1 for k
PB(1); WM(1); VM(1); AD(1); IS-H(2).
186 ill/I'lmk/f, ul/SmR80 *(++-
3.10, PB; WM(2); IS-H(I).
187 lupirinhof, uusmhn -(+-
WM(1); BN(1); AD(1); IS-H(I).
lbf/7, foll%llh/7/ &llfl "
(Artistic style)
187a Wurmanent uusmond (-|--
IS-H(1).
187b urmanef, uusman #H
IS-H(2).
187c hurmaheft uusm" &H
IS-H(I).
187d urmanef, uusa" (#-
IS(1).
Ibh/1%, All?AIR/7 &ll/18 /
188 ill// '10R/ Fu ll.USmh/18 #+
WM(2).
188a burmanef, uusmnon' '+

IS(2); IS-H(4).
Levon I I53
188b urmnest uus" &H
IS-H(1).
*189 urinnleft uusmn, '--
*WM(4); VM(2); KB(1); IS-H(5).
Ibh, All'UR/l/ All&ng 1
(Artistic style)
199 urmanent uusmona 4H
WM(2).
1998 Wirmnest uusman #E
IS(1).
190b Wirmneft uusm', '+
IS(2).
1bR, All?AIR/l/ zu08 H
*191 urmanef, uusmong (#--
*WM(1).
lbf/7, foll%llh/l/ All&III/6
[Distinctive designno footstool]
*192 hurmaheft uusmnon (++-:
2.94, PB, *WM(I); MM(1); IS-H(3); IS(2).
193 urm"/"ft unsmo (1H:
WM(2). -
194 Wirm"/"ft unsmo (1H
3.05, PB; WM(1); AD(1); MM(1); IS-H(I).
194a Wirmneft unsaku (4-H -.

IS-H(1).
194b Ill/'0'10R/f, UUS/10 (++-:
IS(2).
lbf/17, Pll?-ll/-/7 <ll#UU81
[Distinctive designwith footstool]
195 lupinnhof, uusnRm.: (++-: Rev. Non artistic.
WM(1); IS-H(I).
*196 upmnipf, uusmnon (++:
WM(2); PH(I); *AD(1).
196a lupinnhof, uusnRun (++-:
IS-H(3).
197 upmnhof, uusmn, ... (++:
2.95, PB.
198 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmR. (++:
2.86; 2.85, PB; AD(1); WM(1); IS(2); IS-H(2); HE(1).
199 upinnhof, uusm" (4-#-:
WM(1).
200 turninhof, uusnRW (4-H.:
NK(1); MM(1); IS(1); S-H(I).
201 upmml/fu unsm" -: (++-:
2.95, PB; WM(2); IS-H(3).
201a upmnhof, unsmit5 (++-:
IS-H(2).
201b lupinnhof, unsmit (++-:
IS-H(2).
202 'ill/P/11/mh/*f, II/SR. (++-:
2.79, PB; WM(1); NK(1); IS-H(I).

* All of the crosses seem to have a in the middle, whenever uncertain it
was omitted.
Levon I I55
lbh/7, All?ll R/T &ll{}ll/8
[Two dots on obverse]
203 upinnheft uusnRuns (++-- Rev. Non artistic.
MM(1); IS-H(3).
204 Wurmahof, uusmann (++-:
WM(1).
*205 upmanoff, uusmin (++-:
2.87, (88%), PB, *WM(2); AD(3); MM(1); IS-H(4).
205a Surman/ft uusa" -: (++-:
IS-H(1).
205b lupinnhof, uusa" ("H.:
IS-H(3); IS(1); JG(1).
206 Wurmaneft uusm" (1+-.
WM(2).
206a lipinnhof, unsmit (++-:
HE(1).
206b 'lipinnhof, uusm (4#-:
IS-H(I).
207 ill//.7/IA/f, L.J.Sm. (++-:
2.95, PB.
lbh/7, pl!'}llh/l/ Allm/]
207a Wurmanent uusmund 4-H -
IS-H(I).
*20s urinnleft uusmund 4-F
PB(1); *WM(2); VM(1).
208a ill/'07/1/.//#t, UUS/h/13

IS(1); IS-H(3).
209 upinnipf, uusman #H
WM(1); VM(1).
210 upmakes, uusman #H
2.93, (90%), PB, HK(1); MM(1); IS-H(2).
211 upinnheft uusa" (#-
WM(1); MM(1); IS(1); IS-H(1).
212 upmanef, uusm, '+
PB(1); KK(1); WM(1); IS-H(1).
212a unmaleft uusm &#-
IS-H(1).
Ibh/, /NIQUR/T &ll/18/
212b urmanef, uusm" (#-
IS-H(1).
212c upmakes, uusm, '+-
IS-H(2).
212d upmmleft uusm, #E
IS-H(7).
Ibh/", /\I'll R/T &ll/18/1
213 upmanoff, uusmons & H.
WM(1).
*214 upmakes, uusm", "-H
2.84; 2.78, (82%), PB, *WM(4); IS-H(7).
214a upinnheft uusm (1H:

IS-H(I).
Levon I I57
2I4b ill// '10R/ fu IIUS/
IS-H(6).
lbf/7, /ll'}ll//m &llll/18
215 lirman/ft uusmnon (++-:
HK(1).
*216 Wrmhoff, uusmn; (4H:
2.74, PB, *VM(1); IS(1).
216a Wurmanent uusman (H
IS-H(I).
217 Wurmahpf, uusmn; (4H:
MM(1).
218 urman/ft unsaku (4H:
WM(1).
219 ill/'07/1//ft, II/S/mlity
WM(1); IS-H(1).
220 ill/'07/1///#, IUSU/ #+-
2.95, PB.
lbh/7), /NI'llh/l/ &ll3/8L.
"221 ill/mmhoff, uusmi, (++-(?)
*WM(1).
lbh/7, /ll%llh/l/ All3/1/18
221a turninheft uusmin (++-:

IS-H(I).
Ibh/1%, All QWIR/l/ Allfl
[Artistic style]
221b urmanefluusmune 16+
IS-H(I).
*222 upmaleft uusmong '-H-
2.85; 2.90, (87%); 2.64, PB, PB(5); KK(1); AD(3);
NK(1); KB(2); BM(1); PH(4); HK(8); *WM(17);
MM(1); BN(3); IS(1); EB(3); IS-H(32).
223 upmaleft uusmong {
KK(1); WM(1).
224 upmakes uusmund 4-H.
3.10; 2.95, PB, AA(1); WM(1); KK(1); IS-H(3).
225 unmaleft uusmune 4+
2.99, (94%); 3.00, (98%); 2.94, PB; WM(5); AD(2);
KB(1); PH(I); MM(2); IS(1); IS-H(16).
226 unmaleft uusmune 4-H -
2.95, PB; WM(8); VM(3); AD(1); HK(1); MM(1); PB(1).
IS-H(II).
227 unmaleft uusmong 4-H -
WM(1); AA(1); AD(2); MM(1); IS(1); IS-H(6).
228 unmaleft uusmans '+-
2.92, PB; WM(5); BM(1); AA(1); AD(1); BN(1); IS-H(4).
229 urinnleft uusmong #
WM(2); HK(1); VM(1); IS(2); IS-H(4).
230 upmakes, uusmiums ##.
AN(1).

231 ill/I'l/mh/f, UUS/IR//18
KB(1); HK(1).
Levon I I59
232 unmaleft uusmund 4-F
BN(I).
232a unmaleft uusmong '+-
IS-H(I).
232b urinnleft uusmond 4-H -
IS-H(2).
233 unmaleft uusmong '+
3.05, PB, PB(1); AD(1); WM(4); AN(1); VM(1);
PH(I); MM(1); BN(3); ER(1); IS(5); IS-H(8); JG(5).
234 upinnleft uusmong 4-#
2.83, (80%); 3.20, PB; WM(1); AD(1); MM(2); BN(1);
IS(1); IS-H(3).
235 ill/010R//#, IIUSINE/18 ++-
AD(1); IS-H(3).
235a upmanoff, uusmans 4H
IS-H(3).
235b ill/010R/8R, UUSORT/11 ++-
IS-H(2).
235c upmakes, uusmnon & H.
IS-H(I).
236 unmaleft uusman #-H
2.90; 2.40, PB, PB(2); VM(5); WM(4); HK(3); AD(3);
AN(1); MM(2); BN(6); IS(2); IS-H(21).
237 unmaleft uusman #-
WM(4); PH(1); IS-H(4).

238 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmRm #-
PB(1); HK(1).
239 ill/mT/mk/fu uUSmhn ++-
3.Io, PB; MM(1); IS(1); IS-H(2).
240 upinnhof, uusman #H
ER(1); IS-H(4).
24oa upmaleft uusmum #-->
IS-H(4); JG(1).
240b urmanef, uusman ##
IS-H(1).
249c upmanes, uusman #H ''," " " "
IS-H(I). CrOSS.
241 upmanef, uusman #H
2.87, (79%), PB; WM(9); VM(2); AD(1); MM(1); ER(2);
IS(4); IS-H(12).
242 upmanpf, uusman #H
WM(1); IS-H(I).
243 upmanoff, uusmine #H
2.89, (83%), PB; MM(1); IS(3).
243a upmanof, uusmans '+
IS-H(2).
243b upmmleft uusmrs -#-
IS(1).
243c upmakes, uusmine #-H.
IS-H(I).
244 upmales, uusm" &H-
3.05, PB; WM(10); HK(4); VM(1); AN; KK(1): MM.(3);

BN(1); IS(3); IS-H(12).
Levon I I6I
244a Wurmanef, uusm" #-H-
IS(1).
245 upmanef, uusmn; "+
WM(1); *VM(1); IS-H(1).
246 upmaleft uusmn, '+
WM(1); IS-H(5); HE(1).
247 'ill/I'lmk/fu II/SmR.
ER(1).
248 ill/m/mk/f, unsmit,
PB(1).
249 ill/I'mh/f, UUSmirn
HK(1); IS-H(1).
250 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmirn
WM(I); BM(1); IS-H(2).
251 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmh ++-
3.1o, PB; WM(2); IS(1); IS-H(4).
252 turninh/fu UUSnk #+
VM(1); NK(1), WM(1); BN(2); IS(1); IS-H(I).
253 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmh
WM(1).
254 ill/I'l/ih/fu UUSUl
VM(1).
255 Ill/m/mk/f, uUSIrv
WM(1); VM(1); MM(1); IS-H(I).

255a ill/I'l/ih/f, UUSmw
IS-H(1).
I i.
*256 up/ 10R/F, UUSn {-|- on very small 6.
*VM(3); WM(1); IS-H(22); JG(1).
257 turm"/R/f, UUSU #H
PB(1).
257a turn"mh/f, UUS/ ++
IS-H(3).
258 ill/I'lmk/fu IIIS ++
WM(2); VM(2); IS-H(13).
258a ill/I'l/R/F, UUI {-|--
IS-H(1).
258b ill/I'l/R/F, UU #-
IS-H(3).
lbf/ft, All?AIR/l/ All&m
[King's crown entirely within circle]
*259 upmnh.of, uusmRom ++-
PB(1); *WM(1); IS-H(2).
260 upmanes, uusmong #-H-
2.95, PB, PB(1); WM(3).
26, upmmlet uusmune 4-H -
WM(1); AN(1); KB(1); IS(1); IS-H(I).
262 upmanes, uusman #-
VM(1); BN(1).
263 upmmleft uusm', '+-

WM(1).
Levon I I63
lbf/ft, All?/IR/l/ All3/18
[Cross entirely within circle]
264 upmnhof, uusmkum (H-:
3.1, PB, HK(1); IS-H(4).
265 lupinnhof, uusm" ("H.:
3.05, PB; MM(1); IS-H(7).
*266 ill// '10A/0ft, IILSU/ (++-:
2.90, *PB; IS(1); IS-H(I).
lbf/7, foll?-ll/-/l/ Allfl
[Rev. Coronation type cross]
266a ill// 'l/lh/?ft, UUS/mhf, [-i-
JG(2).
266b turninhof, uusmum (-|--
IS(1).
266c ill/m/mk/fu uUSINW (-|-
IS(1).
266d ill/010R/ft uusmi, (-i-
IS(1).
Ibh/T, /NIQUIR/l/ &ll3/18
[King's left foot turned outward]"
[Reverse non-artistic]
*267 lupinnhof, uusmagne (++-
2.99, (87%), PB; *WM(1); MM(1); IS-H(5).
268 turmm/0.6% uusmagne (++-
WM(1); MM(1).
1 It is noteworthy that while the obverse represents a distinctive and
11*

characteristic design, the reverse shows several varieties.
269 lupinnhof, UusnR808 (++-:
2.90, PB; WM(1); IS-H(2).
270 tupink/fu UUSmR808 (++-:
WM(2); IS-H(1).
271 upmannpfu uusmi,808 (++-
2.87, (81%), PB.
272 lupinnipf, uusmi,60 (++-
WM(2).
273 upmnipf, uusmism (++-
WM(1); VM(1).
274 ill/I'lmk/fu UUSm80 (++-
PB(1).
lbf/T, INIQUR/l/ Allm
[King's left foot turned outward]
[Rev. artistic]
*275 upinnhof, unsmium (++-:
2.95, *PB; WM(2); AD(1); MM(1); IS-H(2); JG(1).
*276 turn"mh/fu UUSmRw (++-:
2.95, PB; *WM(4); VM(2); IS-H(3).
277 upmanoff, uusmin (3-H:
2.83, PB; IS-H(I).
278 upninhof, unsmit5 (++-
3.02, PB; MM(1).
279 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmir (++-:
PB(1).
280 ill//11/mh/?fu lll/S/10. (++-

WM(1).
Levon I I65
*281 ill//17/nh/-fi, UUS/IR (++-:
*WM(2); MM(1); IS-H(2).
282 upmmhoff, uUSRTG) (++-:
WM(1).
*283 ill//11/mh/ft, Ilmilo (++-:
*NK(1).
283a ill/'0'10R/ft, UUSR (++-:
IS-H(I).
lbf/", "l'UR/l/ Alln
[Ornate designwith footstool]
*284 turninhof, uusmi,808 (++-
*WM(6); VM(2); NK(1); HK(1); MM(2); IS-H(2).
285 'ill/I'l/R/ft, UUSmR908 (++-
PB(1); WM(1); AA(1).
286 Tupinnhof, uusmagn (++-
3.02, PB; IS-H(2).
287 lupirinhof, uusmagne (++-
3.05; 2.93 (90%); 2.56; 2.98, (96%), PB; WM(2); IS(1);
IS-H(6).
288 ill/m/mk/fu Uusimh908 (++-
WM(1); IS-H(4).
288a ill/MIT/IR//#, Ill/S/IR8/18 (++-
IS-H(7); AM(I); JG(1).
/ Rev. Artistic cross.
288b wn" UIUS/IR//71 ++-)
-H(2).

289 turninhof, uusmham (++-
3.15, PB, PB(1); VM(1); NK(1); AD(1); AA(1); VM(2);
MM(1); IS-H(4).
290 ill/mmhof, uusmham (++-
3.11, (84%), PB, PB(1); KK(1); WM(1); NK(1);
PH(I); MM(1); IS-H(3).
291 ill/mmhof, uusmnan (++-.
WM(1).
292 'urman/ft uusmnan (++--.
VM(1).
293 lipinnhof, uusmnan (++-
WM(1).
294 ill/'0'10R/8R, UUSINE/ #+, Rev. Artistic cross.
2.95, PB.
lbf/T, /NIQUIR/l/ 3116/18
[Ornate designno footstool]
*295 turmhoff, uusmi,808 (++-
*WM(2); MM(1); IS-H(2).
296 up/rinhof, uusmagne (++--
WM(3); VM(1); HK(1); IS-H(5).
297 flipinnhof, uusmagn (++-
WM(1).
298 Turmahoff, uusmagne (++-
WM(1).
299 turninhof, uusman (++-
MM(1); IS-H(I).
300 turmmhoff, uusmism (++---
3.05; 3.05, PB; WM(2); AD(1); IS-H(4).
3ooa ill/I'lmk/fu UusnR80 (++-:

IS-H(1).
Levon I 167
lbf/T, /NIQUIR/l/ All&/18
[Star instead of cross in inscription circle]
301 turmhoff, uusmlign (+-
or ill//11/mh/?fu, UUS/IRT/18
2.90, PB, PB(1); WM(3); MM(1); BN(1); IS(1); IS-H(9).
302 ill/I'lmk/fu II/IS/IRU/18 *(+-
2.96, (87%), PB; AD(1); IS-H(2).
*303 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmR/18 *(++- Obv. Sometimes star to
or 'ill//.7/mh/fu III/S/Th908 left of cross.
3.04, (93%); 2.88, (93%), PB, PB(3); *VM(5); WM(3);
AD(3); KB(1); MM(1); BN(3); IS(2); IS-H(15).
304 qu/n^n//f, uusmRom (H-.
or ill/I'l/Th/9R, IIJS/TR908
2.86, (89%); 2.82, (88%), PB, PB(1); WM(3); BM(1);
AD(1); IS(2); IS-H(5); JG(1).
305 upfrink/f, uUSmRms *(++-
or ill//.7/mh/fi, UUS/Th9/18
WM(2); VM(1); AN(1); IS(1); IS-H(I).
306 ill/m/mk/ft uusmRwns "(t+-
or 'ill/07/h/ fu ll.US/TR908
WM(2).
307 Iufn"mh/f, uusmRom (+-
or ill//h10//f, UUS/IR9/18
WM(1); MM(1).
308 ill/I'lmh/f, UUSmR/13 *(#-
or ill/I'l/Th/f, LIUS/IR9/18

MM(1); IS-H(2).
309 upmnipf, uusmRwn *(-F-
or 'ill// '10A/ft, UUSOR8/1
3.oo; 2.54; 2.70, PB, PB(3); KK(1); VM(1); WM(1);
BN(1).
31o ill/I'lmk/f, uusnRwn *(++-
or 'ill//.7///fu III/S/IRSI)
PB(1); WM(13); VM(1); HK(1); MM(1); BN(1);
IS-H(15); HE(2); EB(2).
311 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSnRm *(+- Rev. Sometimes dot
On 'i
3.05; 3.oo, (85%); 2.85, PB; WM(3); MM(1); IS-H(3).
*312 ill/'0"/h/f, UUSmRm *(s-H-. Rev. Sometimes dot
or 'ill/P/I'l/lh/ fu ll.US/Th9/1 On 'i
2.85, (83%); 2.96, (88%), PB; *WM(5); AA(1); MM(2).
IS-H(8).
313 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmRm *(H-.
or 'ill/P/17/l/r/fu lll/S/IR8/)
2.95; 3.10; 2.86, (90%), PB; WM(1); KK(1); IS(2);
IS-H(18).
314 Ill/'0'10R/ft, UUSmRwn *(H-
or 'ill/-/17/l/r/fu IIIIS/IRS/
AA(1); BN(I); HE(1).
314a ill/'0'10R/fu UVS/IR/ >{++-
IS-H(I).
314b lup/rink/fu uusnRwn *(#-
IS(1).
Ibh/7, foll?-ll/-/l/ 3UB/78
[No footstool]
315 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmR808 (#
WM(1); IS-H(I).

316 ill/010R/f, uUSmRom (++---
or 'ill/'0'10R/ fu ll.JS/IR8/18
2.55, PB; AD(1); IS-H(2).
Levon I 169
317 Ill/010R/f, UUSmRn "(t+-
or 'ill/'0'10R/RW, IIIIS/]h9/13
WM(3); MM(1).
318 ill/07/1//f, uusmRwns (++-
or 'ill/'0'l/lh/9/#, IUS/Th9/13
2.59, PB; NK(1); IS-H(I); JG(1).
3.18a ill/'0'0//f, UUSmRn "(++-
IS-H(4).
*319 ill/'0'0N/f, UUSmhn -(+.
3.10, *PB; IS-H(2).
319a ill/07/1//f, UUSnh90 *(s--
IS-H(2).
320 ill/'0'10R/fu IIUSURI/ *(*
2.84, PB.
lbf/it, foll?IIR/l/ 3UB/781
*321 ill/I'lmk/ft uusmnon (++-" Rev. Inscription
upside-down.
Obv. Different dies.
2.80, *PB; WM(1); MM(1).
321a ill"/"mk/ft uusnRon (++-- * Rev. Inscription
upside-down.
Obv. Different dies.
IS(2); IS-H(I).
lbh/l', All?AIR/l/ Allm
[With footstoolnon-artistic]
*322 turninhof, uusmans k (++--

*WM(2); VM(2); PH(I); MM(1).
* See other examples in Nos. 67368oc.
*323 upmml/ft uusmagn (++-
2.94, PB; *WM(2); VM(1); AD(1); PH(I); MM(1).
IS-H(4); JG(1).
324 turninhof, UUSmh908 (++--. Obv. Sometimes with
dots.
PB(1); WM(4); PH(3); AD(1); KB(1); HK(1); MM(3).
IS-H(Io).
325 upmanpf, uusmagne (++-->
2.95, PB; AN(1).
326 turmhoff, uUSmin (++-
2.95, 2.77, PB, PB(1); PH(I); IS-H(4).
327 turmmhoff, uusmi,908 (++-
BM(1); VM(1); IS-H(2).
*328 ill/m/mk/fu UusnR808 (++- Obv. Three dots to right
of fleur de lys.
WM(2); *VM(1); AD(1); IS-H(3); JG(1).
329 lipinnhof, uusm/Sm3 (++---
3.01, (81%), PB; VM(5); WM(2); MM(2); IS-H(7).
330 upmakes, uusmagne (++---
WM(1); NK(1); AD(1); IS-H(1).
331 ill/m/mk/fu UUSmR808 (++-
3.oo, PB; WM(1); BN(I); IS-H(2).
332 Illfirinhof, uusmagn (++-
VM(1); BN(1).
333 ill/m/mk/fu uusmagne (++---
2.95, PB.
of one.

334 ill/mmhof, UUSmh908 (++--- Obv. Star under cross
MM(2); IS-H(I).
Levon I 171
335 ill/m/h/ft uusmR808 (++- Obv. Three dots to right
of fleur de lys.
MM(1); IS-H(I).
336 turmmhoff, uusmagne (++-
BN(1); IS-H(I); EB(1).
336a lupinnhof, uusmagne (++-:
IS-H(2).
336b ill/m/mk/fu Uushmgm (H-# Rev. Two dots with
IS-H(I). CrOSS.
337 ill/I'mh/fu UusnR80 (++-:
2.90; 2.93, (92%); 2.93, PB; WM(2); VM(1); PH(I).
8).
338 'll/m/mk/ft uusmh90 (++-#
2.94, (89%); 2.83, PB; WM(1); PH(2)
*339 ill/'0'10R/fu IIUSmR90 (++--- Obv. Some with four
dots under fleur de lys.
2.78, (85%), PB; *WM(4); VM(2); IS-H(7); HE(1).
34o ill/m/mk/fu uusmR80 (++-:
WM(2); VM(1); HK(1); PH(I).
341 ill//17/7R/>R. U.JS/m/g/n (++- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys.
2.85, PB; WM(1); VM(2); PH(I); IS-H(3).
342 lipinnhof, uusman (++-
PB(1); VM(1); AN(1).
343 ill/m/mk/fu Uusimh90 (++-
PB(1); WM(1); VM(1); MM(1); IS-H(2).

344 upmahof, uusman (++-
2.91, PB; VM(1); HK(1); MM(1); IS-H(6).
345 upman/fu uusmnen (++-
VM(1).
346 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmR80 (++--. Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys.
WM(1).
347 turninhof, uusnR80 (++-->
VM(1); IS-H(3).
348 upninhof, uusmh90 (++-
HK(1); BN(1).
349 upmnhof, uusmism (--.
MM(1).
350 lupinnhof, uusman (++-
MM(1).
351 upmnipf, uusmh90 (++-
BN(1).
352 upmnhof, uusmnan (++--.
BN(1).
353 upmanhof, uusmism (++-
BN(1).
354 upmannpfu uusmism (++-
PB(1); IS-H(I).
354a Wurmahpf, uusmism (++- Obv. Star to left
of cross.
IS-H(I).
355 turm"/"pf, UUSmh9 (++-.
VM(2); WM(1); PH(I); AD(1); MM(1); IS-H(5); IS(1).
356 ill/I'l/R/f, UUSmh9 (++- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys.

WM(1); VM(1); IS-H(2).
357 ill/I'l/R/F, UUSmR8 (++-
VM(2).
Levon I
358 ill/*/17/l/, /oft, UlJS/h?
VM(3); IS-H(2).
359 'il/f/17/l/, /oft, UllJSmh?
VM(2); MM(1).
36o 'il////'10hp-fi, lllJS//ng
VM(1); MM(1).
36I ill/''/''l/lhp-fi, llJS/hg
PB(1); IS-H(2).
36Ia 'nll///"M/h/of, UllJS/hg
IS-H(1).
362 'il/f/17/lh/of, ll, SU/g
MM(1).
363 'il/f/17/l/, /oft, UllJS/m3/)
PH(1).
364 ill/P/10///n/of, UllJS/19
WM(2).
365 'il/f/17/l/, /of, UlJS/ng
VM(2).
365a 'il//*/17//h/of, UllJS/79
IS-H(1).
365b ill///l///pfl, llJS/19
IS-H(2).
366 illfirmMpf,uusene (?)
(+++--
(++--:
(++--

(+++-
(++-:
(++--
(+++-
(+++-
(++-
I73
Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys and to
right of cross.
fleur de lys.
Obv. Dots under fleur
de lys.
de lys.
de lys.
de lys.
WM(1).
367 ill/I'l/R/ft, UUS/9 (++- Obv. Dots under fleur
de lys.
WM(2); MM(2).
368 ill/I'l/R/RW, UUS9 (++-
MM(1).
369 ill/'0'10R/ft, UUS9 (++-
PB(1); IS-H(5); IS(1).
Ibh/1%, All?AIR/l/ Allm
[Semi or non-artistic]
[No footstool]
*370 "upmmleft uusmans (++--
*VM(1); PH(I); IS(1).
371 ill/'0'10R/8R, UUSmh908 H (++- Obv. Three dots to right
of fleur de lys.
WM(1); VM(1).
372 rupinhof, uusnR908 K (++-: Obv. Three dots above
fleur de lys.
WM(1).
372a turninhof, uusmi,908k (++-
IS-H(I).
373 "ill/I'l/mh/ft, UUSmh908 (++-. Obv. Dots above cross
and fleur de lys.
WM(1); MM(1); IS-H(3).
374 turninhof, uusnR808 (++--- Obv. Sometimes with
three dots.
WM(1); VM(1); KB(1); IS-H(10).

*375 'll/I'lmk/fu UusnR808 (++- Obv. Sometimes with
three dots.
*KK(1); PH(2); MM(1); IS-H(3).
Levon. I I75
376 hurmannr, uusmngne (---
KK(1); PH(1); VM(1); IS-H(5).
377 burminner, uusmngne (--
PH(1); IS-H(2).
378 hurmannr. uusmngne (--
3.oo, PB; IS-H(1).
379 ufnunhef, uUSnngne (-H Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys.
VM(1); IS-H(3).
38o tilff"nhf, lUSnh9m8 (-H- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys.
VM(1); IS(1); IS-H(5).
38oa burmninnr, uusmngne (--:
IS-H(7).
38ob hurmannpf, uUSnngne (-
IS-H(2).
381 hurmann ef, uusnhgn (-- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys.
2.96, (88 %), PB; WM(7); VM(1); HK(1); PH(1);
IS-H(6).
382 hunnhef, uusnhgn (-H- Small 8.
2.90; 2.92, (89%), PB; PH(3); AD(1); HK(1); MM(1).
IS-H(5).
383 burminner, uusmngn (---
284, (83 %), PB; PB(1); WM(2).
384 burmannr, uusmngm (-H-

WM(1); VM(1).
385 burmanner, uusningn (--
2.90, PB; WM(1); PH(1); HK(1); IS-H(14).
386 up/70hpf, UUSmit5m (H----. Obv. Three dots above
fleur de lys and some-
times to right of cross.
WM(4); MM(1); IS-H(6).
387 ill//.7///ft, UUSmh90 (++- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys.
WM(2); VM(1); MM(1); IS-H(2).
388 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmR90 (++--- Obv. With or without
dots.
WM(1); VM(1); AD(1); IS-H(4).
389 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmh90 (++- Obv. With or without
dots.
VM(2); WM(1); BN(2); IS-H(2).
390 upmnipf, uusnign (++-:
VM(1); IS-H(I).
391 upninhof, uusmagn (++-
VM(1).
392 upmnhof, uusmham (++-
2.90, (91%), PB, IS(3).
393 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmh90 (++-
HK(1); IS-H(6).
393a ill/I'lmk/fu UusnR80 (++-
IS-H(5).
393b lupinnipf, uusmnn (++-:
IS(1); IS-H(I).
393c ill/m/mk/fu Uusimh90 (++-

IS-H(1).
394 'ill/'0'10R/8R, UUSmh9 (++-
WM(4); VM(5); PH(I); IS-H(7).
Levon I 177
395 ill/mmheft uusmns (++-
WM(2); VM(1); IS-H(2).
396 turninhof, uusmns (++-
VM(2); IS-H(4).
396a ill/m/mk/ft uusmR8 (++-
IS-H(3).
396b turmmhoff, uusmns (++---
IS-H(I).
396c turm"/Reft uusmns (++-
IS-H(I).
397 "ill/'0'10R/RW, UUS/19 (++- Obv. Three dots above
or to right of fleur de
lys.
KK(1); PH(I).
398 ill/I'l/R/ft, UUSm9 (++- Obv. Three dots above
fleur de lys.
WM(1); IS(1); IS-H(5).
399 ill/'0'10R/RW, UUS/19 (++-
VM(1).
399a 'ill/'0'10R//#, IUS/19 (++-:
IS-H(2).
399b lupirinhof, uusme (++--.
IS-H(3).
399c turm"/"ft uusme (++-
IS-H(2).
399d turm"/"ft uusms (++-:

IS-H(2).
399e ill/mmhoff, uusms (++-
IS-H(I).
4oo ill/'0'10R/f, UUS/19 (++- Obv. 4/78/78.
2.56, (83%), PB.
401 ill/'0'10R/ft, UUSml (+
WM(1).
402 ill/I'l/R/F, UUS$ (++- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys.
MM(1).
Ibh/I'l /NI'll R/T &ll#/18
[Artisticwith footstool]
402a turninhof, UUSmRwn #H-
IS-H(3).
403 ill/I'lmk/fu UUS/ht/13
AD(1).
404 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmRwn
IS-H(I).
404a ill/I'lmk/fu UUS/Nm
MM(1); IS-H(7).
404b Ill/'0'10R/F, UUS/Rwn
IS-H(I).
404c Ill/'0'10R/fu UUS/Rwn
IS-H(I).
*405 ill/I'l/R/F, UUSmRU
*VM(1); MM(1).
405a ill/I'l/R/F, UUSmR
IS-H(4).

405b ill//11/1//ft, UUS/IRU
IS-H(1).
Levon I I79
405c ill/010R/ft, UUSmir #--
IS-H(3).
405d urmanes, uusm {-|--
IS-H(2).
405e upmaleft uusm! :---
IS-H(I).
406 ill/'0'10R/F, UUSI) 4H
WM(1); IS-H(7).
406a ill//.7/k/f, IUS/ #+
IS-H(3).
406b ill/010R/f, UUS ++
IS-H(2).
Ibh/7, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll#/18
[No footstoolartistic]
407 upmanef, uusa" ++-
HK(1); IS-H(2).
4oza urmanent uusm" (#--
IS-H(3).
*408 Murmaleft uusm", "---,
*WM(3); VM(2); IS-H(I).
498a Wurmaheft uusmn, '+
IS-H(2).
408b upinnleft uusm', '+
IS-H(I).
409 ill/'0'10R/f, UUSml ++-

WM(1); VM(1).
I8O Coinage of Cilician Armenia
41o ill/'0'10R/f, UUSm/
HK(1).
41oa ill/I'lmk/fu IIUSmR
IS-H(8).
41ob ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSnk
IS-H(4).
41oc ill/'0'10R/ft Ul/Snk
IS-H(I).
41od ill/I'l/mk/fu III/S/T"
IS-H(3).
41oe ill/'0'10R/F, UUSmir
IS-H(2).
411 ill/'0'.0//ft, UUS/
WM(2); HK(1); VM(1); IS-H(1).
4IIa Ill/I'l/IR/F, UUS ++-
IS-H(I).
lbf/T, AlI'll R/T &llm
[With footstool and artistic cross within circle]
*412 upmanoff, uusmko (1+-:
2.95, PB; VM(2); *WM(1); AA(1); MM(1); IS-H(2);
HE(1).
413 ill/'0'10R/8R, IUS/ht, (-F
WM(1).
414 Ill/'0'10R/8R, UUSUR (++-:

WM(1); HK(1).
415 ill/I'l/mk/fu Ul/S/NA (#s
WM(1).
Levon I I8I
lbh/7, foll%UR/7 <ll3/18
[With footstool and non-artistic]
416 Tupinnhof, uUSmN808 (++-:
VM(1).
416a 'll/m/in/fluusnR808k (++-
IS-H(I).
417 lipinnhof, uusmagn (++-
2.92, (84%); PB; VM(3); IS-H(1).
418 upmnhof, uusmagne (++-:
2.79, (92%), PB; VM(1); MM(1); IS-H(3).
419 turm"/"pf, uusmh908 (++-
HK(1).
420 upfrinhof, uUSmh908 (++- Obv. Dots under fleur
de lys.
MM(1).
420a Supmnhof, uusmh908 (++-:
IS-H(I).
42ob turninhof, uusmagne (++-:
IS-H(I).
420c lupinnhof, uusmagn (++-
IS-H(I).
421 upninhof, UUSmh90 (++---
2.59, (87%), PB.
422 urmaneft uusnign (++-- Obv. Sometimes three
dots under fleur de lys.
KK(1); WM(2); VM(1); ER(1); IS-H(7).

*423 upmanpf, uusman (++-
WM(1); *VM(1); IS-H(4).
423a Surman/fu uusman (++-:
IS(1); IS-H(I).
424 lupinnhof, uusmR8 (++-
VM(2); IS-H(2).
425 'lipinnipf, uusmi,9 (++-
VM(2); IS-H(I).
426 Ill/010R/ft, UUSmh9 (++-?
VM(1); IS-H(5).
427 turmmhoff, uusmns (++- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys.
VM(1).
Ibh/", /NIQUR/T &ll3/181
[No footstool and non-artistic]
428 turmmhoff, uUSmit505 k (++---
VM(1).
429 upmnhof, uUSmlems (++--.
2.94, (80%), PB; PH(I); WM(1); IS-H(I).
430 upmnipf, uusm/808 (++-
WM(1); PH(I).
431 turmhof, uUSm/808 (++- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys.
VM(1); IS-H(I).
431a upmnipf, uusm/808 (++-:
IS-H(2).
431b lupinnhof, uusnigms (++-
IS-H(1).

* Sometimes the dot at the end of the cross is very faint.
Levon I
I83
432 upinnhof, uusmham (++-
VM(1); IS-H(2).
433 turmmhoff, uusmham (++-
WM(2); MM(1); IS-H(9).
434 turninhof, UUSmh90 (++-
MM(1); IS-H(2).
434a Wurmahpf, uUSmh90 (++-
IS-H(4).
434b lupinnhof, uusm/gm (++-:
IS-H(I).
434c ill/I'lmk/fu Uusimham (++-.
IS-H(I).
434d up"/"Aff, uusnRm (++-
IS-H(I).
435 ill/I'l/R/RW, UUSm/? (++-
VM(1); IS-H(4).
436 ill/'0'10R/F, UUSm/9 (++-
VM(1); IS-H(I).
437 ill/I'l/lh/fu IIIIS/1/9 (++-
VM(1); IS-H(I).
*438 ill/'07/1///#, IUS/19 (++-:
*WM(1).
439 ill/I'l/mk/fu UUS/19 (++-:
WM(1).
440 ill/I'l/R/F, UUS/19 (++-

WM(1); IS-H(1).
440a ilirmineft uusms (++-
IS-H(1).
fleur de lys.
fleur de lys.
44ob urmanef, uusm #H
IS-H(I).
Ibh/", /9/1%llh/m &ll3/18
[Distinctive designno dot on l]
441 lupinnhof, uusnRun (++-:
WM(1).
*442 ill/I'l/R/8R, UUSmR. (++-:
2.60, (77%), PB, *AD(1); WM(1); IS(1); IS-H(1).
443 turmhoff, uusmnu (*H.:
2.58, PB; MM(1).
444 Ill/'0'10R/8R, UUSORT (++-:
AD(1).
444a Wrm/liff, uusmu (*H.
IS-H(I).
445 ill/'07/1//ft, UUS/10 (++-:
2.95, PB.
445a turninhof, usnubi (++-:
IS-H(I).
445b lupinnhof, usnub (++-:
IS-H(2).
Ibh/7), All?-ll/-/7 <ll#/18
[Dot on l]
*446 upinnhoff, uusm" ("H.:
WM(2); *HK(1); VM(2); IS-H(5).
* The artistic cross on the reverse may indicate transition from one type

to another.
Levon I I85
447 turninhof, uusmn; (4-H..
WM(1).
448 ill/I'l/mh/*F, UUS/\r (++-:
WM(1); BN(1).
IRR/T, /NIQUIR/m &ll3/151
[Inverted bdot on l]
*449 upmanof, uusa" ("+:
*WM(4); VM(1); IS-H(2); IS(1).
450 lupinnhof, uusmu (++-:
3.10, PB.
451 ill/I'l/R/ft, UUSmir (++-:
2.95, PB; VM(1); IS-H(1).
*452 ill/I'l/R/RW, U.8/Uw (++-:
*WM(2); MM(1); IS-H(2).
453 turmmhoff, usnub (H:
WM(1); MM(1).
IRR/T, 6/1%llh/m &ll6/18
[Inverted bdot on lno footstool]
454 Ill/'0'10R/ft IIUS/IR908 (++--.
WM(2); IS-H(1).
*455 turninhof, uusmagne (++-:
WM(1); *HK(1).
lbh//, /NI'll//7 <ll6/18
456 ill/'0'10R/ft, UUSmRm (H-
or 'ill//.7//h/ fu UUS/IR8/1
AD(1); WM(1); IS-H(1).

* It is often impossible to tell whether there is a dot in the middle of the
CroSS Or not.
457 upmml, of, uusmRon *(#-
or ill//.T.M.R/9R, Ill/S/lh90
3.05, PB; WM(1); IS-H(I); JG(1).
458 upn"mh/f, uUSnRon "(H-.
or ill/I'l/Th/fu lll/S/Th90
2.7o, (83%), PB; WM(3); IS-H(4); AM(1).
Ibh/Tu /NIQUR/l/ 3U/18
[Obverse and reverse artistic]
459 turninh/f, UUSmRwfl
WM(2); IS-H(1).
459a turninhof, UUS/Rm t-F-
IS-H(1).
460 upmanof, uusman #E
WM(5); VM(1); PH(I); IS-H(7).
461 upmakes, uusman #H
WM(3); IS-H(2).
462 upmanpf, uusmn, '+
WM(3).
463 upmmleft uusm" ++-
2.46, (92%); 3.09; 2.66; 2.74, PB; VM(I); PH(3).
464 upmanpf, uusm" {-|--
2.81, (82%), PB.
464a Wurmmlet uusm" (#-
IS-H(4).
*65 upmmleft uusm", "--

3.04, PB; WM(15); PH(4); "AA(1); VM(1); AD(1).
IS-H(28); HE(1).
Levon I 187
466 Wurmanef, uusmn, '+-
2.77; 2.60, (95%); 2.72, PB; WM(1).
467 unmaleft uusm", "---,
BN(1).
467a urinnleft uusa", "--
IS-H(4).
468 ill/010R/f, UUSmR ++--
WM(1); VM(I); IS-H(3).
468a urmanent uusmn "+
IS-H(5).
469 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmir #+ ?)
WM(1).
469a ill/I'l/R^f, UUSmir ++-
IS-H(2).
47o ill/'0'10R/8R, UUS/ #+
WM(1); VM(1); BN(1); IS-H(I).
47oa ill/'0'10R/fu III/SI) ++-
IS-H(2).
lbf/I', 'll'UR/l/ All/18
[No footstoolartistic style]
47ob upmakes, uusman #-H-
IS-H(4).
470c urinnleft uusmn; "+
IS-H(5).

471 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmRw #-F
PH(I); MM(1); IS-H(4).
472 wn": " *H-
I}.
472a Wurmanef, uusa" (#-
IS-H(I).
*473 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmR
PH(I); *NK(1); IS-H(I).
473a upinnheft uusmi, 6F
IS-H(I).
474 ill/'0'10R/fu III/Smtr #-F-
WM(1).
475 ill/I'l/mk/f, UUS #+
WM(1).
Ibh/77, foll%llh/7/ All/18
*476 ill//.7/k/f, UUSmR908 (++-
*WM(1); PH(I); MM(1); IS-H(5).
477 upmnhof, uusmagne (++-
AD(1); IS-H(2).
477a upmanoff, uusmagne (++-
IS-H(2).
478 upmanef, uusman (++--
WM(1); IS-H(3).
479 lupinnhof, uusmi,60 (++-
WM(1).
479a ill/I'lmk/fu UusnR9" (++-

IS-H(I).
Levon I 189
480 Ill/I'l/R/RW, UUSmh9 (++-
VM(1).
481 upmnhof, uusmh9 (++-
HK(1).
481a upmanpf, uusng (++-
IS(1).
lbf/T, /NIQUIR/l/ All/18
[Star instead of cross in inscription circle]
481b ill/I'l/R/F, UUSmR908 (H-.
IS(1); IS-H(I).
*482 urninhof, uusnR80 (-|--.
*PB(1); WM(1).
482a 'll/'0'10"/fu UusnR80 (-K-
IS(1); HE(1).
482b ill/010R/f, uusmR80 (-F-
IS-H(I).
lbf/T, /NI'll R/T &ll/181
[Obverse semi-artisticreverse artistic]
483 turmanef, uusmune 8H
2.92, (84%), PB; VM(1); AA(1); PH(I); WM(1); IS-H(2).
484 Wirmneft uusmond (++-
2.42, PB; PH(I); IS-H(7).
*485 upinnheft uushion 4-H.
2.83, 3.17, (96%), PB; WM(4); *NK(1); BM(1); HK(1);
KK; VM(2); IS-H(4).

485a unmaleft uushion #-
IS-H(I).
1 In some cases it is <ll/18.
486 upmaleft uusm" #H
WM(1).
486a upmmleft uusm" &H
2.91, (94%), PB; KK(1); WM(1); NK(1); PH(I);
IS-H(4).
486b wn": " #+
487 upmakes, uusmn, '+-
2.77, (91%); 2.88, PB; NK(1); IS-H(5).
488 upmakes, uusm" (#-
2.89, 293, PB; WM(7); VM(1); PH(2); IS-H(8).
489 ill/I'l/R/ft, UUSmR. ++-
WM(1); PH(I); IS-H(I).
400 urinnleft uusm" &H
2.75, PB.
|- Y .
491 urmaneft uusm" &H
WM(3).
492 ill/I'l/h/f, UUSm/ #-
2.87, (91%), PB; WM(3); MM(1); IS-H(II).
493 Ill/'0'10R/f, UUSm/ ++-
WM(2); IS-H(I).
494 ill/'0'10R/f, UUSm/ #+
VM(1).
495 'ill/'0'10h/f, UUSm/ #+
3.06, PB; WM(2); PH(I); IS-H(3).

496 ill/'0'10h/f, UUS/10
2.76, (91%), PB, PH(I); IS-H(2).
Levon I I9I
497 Ill/'0'10R/f, UUSmir ++-
WM(3); VM(3); IS-H(6).
498 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmir #-:
2.86, PB; VM(1); WM(1); IS-H(5).
499 unmaleft uusm, 4+-
KB(1).
500 urmanef, uusm, '+
VM(1).
501 ill/'0'10R/F, UUSmir #+
VM(2).
502 ill/I'l/mk/fu III/Sm #+-
2.76, PB; WM(7); VM(1); IS-H(6).
503 ill/I'lmk/fu III/SI) #+-
2.36; 2.87; 2.47, PB; WM(4); NK(2); IS-H(5).
504 Ill/'0'10R/F, UUS/ ++
WM(2); PH(I).
505 ill/I'lmk/fu UUSn *H.
WM(4); VM(I); IS-H(2).
505a ill/I'lmk/full/Sn ++
IS-H(2).
Ibh/TL /NIQUIR/T &ll/18
[No footstoolreverse artistic]
507 upmakes, uusmong '-H-
WM(1).
508 burmanef, uusmans '+'

WM(2).
509 ill/'0'10R/F, UUS/Rm
WM(1).
51o ill/I'l/mh//, LIUS/IR//
WM(1).
5II ill/'07/0R/RW IIUS/ht/
WM(1).
512 ill/'0'10R//#, IUS/NAF'
WM(1); IS-H(4).
513 ill/'0'10N/F, UIUS/IRV
2.92, PB.
514 ill/010R/8R, UUS/R7.
WM(2); IS-H(2).
515 ill/'0"/"R/8R, UUSmhtr
WM(2).
516 ill/'0'10R/8R, UIUS/10.
WM(4); PH(I); IS-H(I).
*517 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmir #+
WM(2); *HK(1); IS-H(2).
517a urmaleft uusm, '+
IS-H(I).
518 ill// ?/ R/RW, III/SI) #+
WM(1); VM(1); IS-H(3).
519 ill/'07/h/fi III/Sn *H-
PH(2).

520 ill/I'l/R/RW, UUS/ /
WM(1); IS-H(I).
Levon I I93
521 ill/'0'10R/F, UDS #+
HK(1); IS-H(3).
521a ill/'0'10R/8R, UUS #+
IS-H(2).
lbf/77, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll/18
[Obverse and reverse non-artistic]
522 turmhoff, uusmagne (++-:
WM(3); MM(2); IS-H(I).
*523 turninhof, uusmagne (++-:
WM(1); *BM(1); IS-H(5).
524 Illfirinhof, uusmn008 (++-i.
WM(1).
525 'lipinnhof, uusmagne (++--.
2.91, (78%); 2.83, (87%), PB, WM(2); NK(1); PH(I);
IS-H(4).
526 ill/I'lmk/fi, UUSmh908 (++- Obv. Three dots to
right of fleur de lys.
VM(1).
527 Ill/m/mk/fu Uusimh908 (++-
WM(1).
528 upninkoff, uusmnon (++-
WM(2); MM(1)?.
529 ill/'0'10R/f, UUSmR8 (++-:
HK(1); IS-H(2).
53o ill//.7/k/f, III/S/19 (++-
2.93, (87%); 2.73; 2.97, PB; WM(6); VM(2); PH(I);

IS-H(4).
531 ill/'0'10//ft, UUS/19 (++-:
WM(1).
532 ill/I'l/lh/ft, UUS/19 (++-:
WM(1).
533 ill/'0'10R/F, UUS/19 (++-:
MM(1).
lbh/T, 6/1%llh/m &ll/18
[No footstoolnon-artistic]
534 turninhof, uusmagne (++-:
WM(1); IS-H(3).
534a lupinnipf, uusmagne (++-
IS-H(2).
534b Ill/mmhof, uUSmh908 (++-
IS-H(I).
535 upmni/ft uusmagn (++-
WM(1); IS-H(I).
535a turmm/06, uusmnen (++-
IS(1); IS-H(4).
535b lupinnhof, uusmnan (++-:
IS-H(I).
*536 Ill/'0'10R/RW, UUSOR8 (++---
*WM(2); HK(1).
536a Wurman/fu uusmns (++-
IS-H(3).
536b lupinnhof, uusung (++-
IS-H(I).
537 ill/'07/1//ft, UUS/19 (++-
2.78, (75%), PB.

538 ill/I'l/R/F, UUS/19 (++-
WM(1); IS-H(3).
Levon I I95
539 ill/'07/k/f, UUS/19 (++-
IS-H(I).
539a ill// ?/ R/2 ft, UUSS/ (++-
IS-H(I).
lbh/1, foll'UR/m &II/6
[Star in inscription circle]
540 ill/'0'10N/ft uusmRms (+-
or 'ill/?/77/7R/0/#, III/S/IR/13
WM(2); IS-H(I).
541 ill/'07///ft, UUSmRwn *(H-
or 'ill/'07/1///#, IUS/NAS/)
WM(1); IS-H(I).
*542 ill/'0'10R/ fu IIUSmh9 *(++-
HK(1); *MM(1).
lbf/T, All?AIR/l/ All 88
[Artistic style]
543 upmaleft uusmong #-
PB(1).
544 'ill/'07/1/2/9/#, IIDS/IRV/"3 #+
2.90: 2.90, PB, PB(1); WM(2); AA(1); PH(I); HK(1);
IS-H(3); JG(1).
*545 'ill//.7/7A/ft, III/S/TRm #+
*WM(1).
546 urinnleft uusmund 4-F
KK(1); AD(1); HK(1); WM(4); VM(1); KB(1); MM(1);

BN(1); IS-H(3).
13
547 upmanpf, uusman #H
WM(3); AN(1); IS-H(2).
548 upnink/fu UUSmRwn #H
AD(1); IS(1).
519 upmanpf, uusman #-H-
2.53, PB; VM(1); MM(1); BN(3); IS(1); IS-H(2).
550 wn": " ++-
I).
551 upninkoff, UUSmun ++-
3.oo, (88%), PB; WM(1).
551a upmakes, uusman #-H-
IS(1); IS-H(2).
Ibh, All'UR/l/ Allfl
[Artistic style]
*552 upinnipf, uusnRome 4-H -
2.95; 3.01, (92%); 2.96, (96%) PB, PB(1); "WM(4),
VM(I); AN(I); HK(1); PH(I); AA(1); KK(1); HE(1):
EB(1); IS(1); IS-H(6).
553 wn" *H.
I).
554 upmakes, uusmund 4-H.
WM(1);MM(1); IS-H(I).

555 rupink/f, UUSmRom ++-
3.01, (90%), PB.
556 upmakes, uusmund 4-H.
MM(1).
Levon I I97
557 ill/'0"/"R/>ft, UUS/ht/13 ++-
PB(1); WM(4); VM(3); BN(1); IS(2); IS-H(2).
557a urinnleft uusman, 4-H - Rev. Dot to left of cross.
IS-H(I).
558 ill/'0'10R/fu UUS/Thr/) #+
2.95; 2.93; 3.03, PB, PB(1); WM(2); AD(1); IS-H(3).
559 unmaleft uusmum 4H
MM(1); IS-H(I).
560 unmaleft uusman #H
2.85 (83%), PB, PB(1); WM(2); AA(1); BN(2); IS(1);
IS-
(2).
561 ill/'07/h/ fu IIUS/\rm
WM(2); NK(1); AD(1); IS(1); IS-H(3).
562 wn": :* ++-
I).
563 wn": : #+
I).
lb/7, foll%llA/l/ All&/18
564 ill/'0'10R/>f IIDS/IR (++-
WM(1).
*565 'ill//.7/"R/0/#, IUS/ (+
2.76, (88%), PB, PH(I).
566 turmhof, uusmann (++-

MM(1).
Ib/), /NIQUR/T &ll3/18/n
567 turm"/R/f, UUSmR. #+:
WM(2); IS-H(I).
sk
568 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmir ++-
2.84, (88%), *PB; WM(5); MM(1).
Ibn, bu'ukm/ <u&#m +1)
569 upmanpf, uusmagne (++-
MM(1).
569a turninhof, uusmagms (++-
IS-H(2).
57o ill/mT/mk/f, UUSmR80 (++-
WM(2); MM(2); IS-H(1).
571 upmanpf, uusmism (++-
VM(2).
571a upmnhof, uusman (++-
IS-H(6).
571b lupinnhof, uus908 (++-
IS-H(3).
571c ill/I'lmk/f, UUSm? (++-
IS(1).
*572 upm/h/ft, UUS$n (++-
*WM(5); VM(1); IS-H(4).
573 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSm #--
AD(1).

1 The gold coins of Levon-Hetoum are of this type.
Levon I I99
573a ill/I'l/mk/ft, UUS9 (++---
IS-H(2).
573b ill/I'l/lk/fu IIUS (++-
IS-H(I).
lbf/T, All?-ll/-/l/ Alln
[Artistic]
573c ill// ?/h/f, UUSmR (-|--
IS-H(I).
574 ill/010R/8R, UUSmR
HK(1); IS-H(I).
574a ill/'0'10R/fu III/Smir
IS(2); IS-H(4).
574b Ill/'0'10R/f, UUSmir {-|--
IS-H(1).
575 Ill/I'l/ih/fi, UUSn #H
AD(1); IS-H(3).
*576 ill/I'l/R/F, UUS ++
*WM(2); VM(1); IS-H(9).
lbf/TL /NIQUR/l/ All&n
[Non-artistic]
577 upmnhof, uusmagne (++-:
VM(1); BN(1).
578 upfrinhof, uUSmh90 (++- Obv. Ornate design.
MM(1).
579 lupinnhof, uusm/gm (++-

2.70, PB.
2OO Coinage of Cilician Armenia
580 upmanpf, uusman (++-
VM(1).
581 ill/010R/f, UUS/90 (++-:
KB(1).
582 ill//10/mN/ft, UUSmh9 (++-- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys.
MM(1).
*583 upmml,0ft uusmR8 (++- Obv. Three dots under
CrOSS.
*VM(1); HK(1).
Ibh/]", /NIQUIR/l/ 3UB/
[Dot on l]
583a upmanoff, uusmnon (++-:
IS-H(I).
584 upmakes, uusmn; (++-:
VM(1); HK(1); IS-H(3).
584a Wurmahoff, unsmit (++-
IS-H(3).
585 'ill/I'l/lh/f, UUSITU (++-:
WM(1).
lbf/it. All?AIR/l/ All&n
[Right foot turned outward]
*586 ill/I'lmk/fu UUSnty (++-:
(Inverted S)
*NK(1).
586a turninhof, uusmi, (++-:

IS-H(I).
Levon I 2OI
586b ill/I'mh/f u8mush(?) (++-:
IS-H(I).
Ibh/T, All?AIR/7 &ll3/.
587 ill/I'l/lh/ft, UUSmhtr
WM(1); PH(1).
588 ill/I'l/R/f, Ill/Snk #+
PH(I).
589 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSU/ #+
VM(1).
590 ill/'0'10R/f, UUS/ *H-
WM(1).
*591 ill/I'l/R/F, UUS/ #-
*WM(2); IS-H(3).
592 ill/I'l/R/F, UUS
WM(1); IS-H(7).
lbf/7, foll%llh/m &ll3/7
[Artisticno footstool]
*593 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmR.
2.86, (82%), *PB.
594 urinnleft uusm", "-H
WM(1).
595 ill/I'l/R/F, UUSmRw #+.
PH(I).
596 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmR *H.

3.02, (83%), PB; WM(2); VM(1); IS-H(9).
2O2 Coinage of Cilician Armenia
597 ill/I'lmk/fu UUSnk *H-
WM(3); VM(3).
598 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmR s
WM(3); VM(2); IS-H(I).
599 ill/I'l/R/RW III/Smir #+-
WM(4).
6oo ill/'0'10N//#, Ill/S/10. #+:
WM(1); IS-H(9).
60I 'ill//.7/mh/?f, lll/S/ ++-
WM(1); IS-H(I).
lbf/T, foll'UR/n 4llm
602 turm"mk/ft uusmR808 (++-:
MM(1).
602a up/70//ft uusmi,80 (++--.
IS-H(I).
602b lupinnhof, uushman (++-:
IS-H(I).
lbf/T, 0\ll \llh/l/ Alln
[Obv. Somewhat ornaterev. non-artisticno footstool]
*603 ill/mT/mk/f, UUSmh9m/ (++- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys. Ornate
design.
*VM(1); NK(1).
603a turninhof, uusmagni (++-

IS-H(I).
Levon I
203
603b upmanof, uusmnant (++-
IS-H(3).
604 turninhof, UUSmh90 (++-
VM(1); IS-H(I).
604a Wurman/fu uusmnan (++-
IS-H(I).
604b upmanoff, uusmham (++-
IS-H(I).
605 ill/'07/mh/?f UUSORS (++-
VM(2); WM(1).
606 upmnhof, uusang (++-
VM(1).
Ibh/7t, foll%UR/l/ All?:
fleur de lys.
fleur de lys.
fleur de lys.
[Dot on lleft foot turned outward]
606a turninhof, uusmu (43:
(Inverted S)
IS-H(4).
*607 Ill/'0'10R/F, UUSOR (++-:
*WM(1); AD(1).

608 ill//.7/k/./#, IUSITT (++-:
MM(1); JG(1).
609 ill/I'l/h/f USmir (4-#:
(Inverted S) -
2.80, (78%), PB; WM(1).
610 urmanef, uusm"?) (++-:
WM(2).
Ibh/T, foll'llh/l/ All&
[Left foot turned outward)
61oa turmmhof, uusmR808 (++-:
IS-H(I).
61ob turm"mh"ft uusmh9 (++-:
IS-H(3).
611 ill/'0'10R/*f, UUS/ (++-:
WM(1).
Ibh/T, foll'll R/T &ll3
[With footstool and artistic]
612 upmakes, uusnRun #H
HK(1); VM(1).
*613 ill/I'mh/ft, UUSIR ++-
*WM(1).
614 Ill/010R/F, UUS/ #+
VM(1); IS(1); IS-H(6).
615 Ill// '10R/F, UUS *H
HK(1); IS-H(3).
Ibh/r, 0.1%ll//m &ll61)
[Non-artistic]
615a turninhof, uusmans (++-
IS-H(2).
616 upinnhoff, uusmham (++-
KK(1); WM(1); VM(2); IS(1); IS-H(7).

* The letter 8 in <ll3 is often very small and simplified into a line.
Levon I 205
617 ill//.7/mk/f, UUSmh9 (++-
VM(1).
618 ill/-/17/nh/2,fu IIDS/IR: (+
WM(1).
*619 ill/'0"mk/f, ul/Sm/ (#>
*WM(2).
62o ill//.7/mk/fu ll.JS// (-|--
WM(1); VM(1).
621 ill/'0'1/lh/9/#, Ill/S/) (+
WM(2); VM(1); IS(1).
622 ill/'07/1//ft, US/ (+
PB(1); WM(1); PH(5).
623 ill/I'l/lh/ft, UUS (+
2.83, (85%), PB; MM(1).
lbf/TL /NI'llh/m 2/8
[No footstool and artistic cross in circle]
624 upman/fu unsmium (++-:
KK(1); IS-H(4).
625 upfrinhof, unsmium (++-
MM(1); IS-H(2).
626 upmanoff, uusmn; (4-H.:
WM(3); MM(1); IS-H(6).
*627 upmnipf, unsmit (++-
*WM(1); IS-H(2).
628 turman/fu uusuku (++-:

WM(2).
lbf/I'l, foll?-ll/-/l/ All
[No footstool and non-artistic]
*629 upmnhof, uusmisms k (++- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys.
*WM(1).
630 ill/'0'10R/f, UUSm/ (++- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys.
VM(1).
Ibk, Pll'IR/n 4081)
631 upmakes, uusm" (#--
PB(1); WM(2); VM(1); PH(I); MM(1); IS-H(13).
632 ill/'07/1//ft, UUSm/ ++-
2.66, (84%); 2.38, PB; WM(5); PH(2); VM(1).
633 ill/I'lmk/fu UUSm/ ++-
MM(1); IS(1); IS-H(6).
633a burmanef, uusn {-H-
IS-H(5).
*634 ill/I'l/R/f, UUSmir #-
2.83, (92%); 2.84, PB; *WM(10); VM(4); PH(I);
AN(1); MM(1); IS-H(23).
635 'ill/I'l/R/8R, UUSmir ++-
PH(2).
635a urmanef, uusm, (-|--
IS-H(2).
636 ill// '10R/f, UUS/ #-
2.90, 2.92, PB, HK(2); PH(2); NK(1); IS(1); IS-H(5).

1 In some cases it is 4/78.
Levon I 2O7
636a ill/010R/F, UUS/ #+
IS-H(1).
Ibh/TL /NI'llh/l/ &II/)
*637 ill/'0'10R/ft, UUSmR8 (++- Obv. Three dots under
*VM(1). fleur de lys.
Ibh/T, /NIQUIR/m &ll/)
638 upman/fu uusmns (++-:
WM(1).
*639 ill/I'l/R/ft, UUS/19 (++-
*VM(1).
640 hl/'0'10R/8R, UUS/19 (++-:
PH(I); IS-H(I).
Ibh/T, /NIQUIR/n 4ll/
[With footstool and artistic cross]
*641 ill/I'l/R/ft, UUS/ ++
*WM(1).
Lh/7, foll%ll//7 &ll/
[With footstool and non-artistic cross]
642 upman/fu uusmagn (++-
WM(1); IS-H(2).
Ibh/Tu /NIQUIR/l/ All
[With footstool]
*643 ill/010R/ft, UUSmR9 (++-(?)
*VM(1).
644 ill/I'l/ih/fi, UUS/9 (++-

WM(1).
lbf/", /NIQUIR/T &II
[With footstool and artistic]
645 Ill/010R/f, UUS/ #-F-
WM(2); IS-H(3).
*646 ill/I'lmk/f, UUS #-F-
*WM(1); IS(1); 1S-H(5).
Ibh/", foll'UR/T &ll
[No footstoolartistic cross]
647 ill/I'lmk/f, UUSn #+
ER(2); IS-H(6).
*648 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUS #+
*WM(2); VM(1); HK(3); IS-H(6).
Ibh/", /NIQUR/T All
[With footstoolnon-artistic cross]
649 ill/I'l/ih/fi, UUS/190 (++-
2.76, (82%), PB, IS(1); IS-H(I).
Ibh/11, All?AIR/T &ll
[No footstoolnon-artistic cross]
649a turninhof, uusmi,808 (++-
IS(1).
*650 turmmroft, uusnR80 (++-
*WM(1); VM(1); IS-H(4).
651 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmh9 (++-

HK(1); IS-H(5).
Levon I 209
652 ill/P/17/lh//, UUS/19 (++-
VM(1); MM(1); IS-H(3).
Ibh/T, /NIQUIR/m 2/
[No footstool and artistic cross]
*653 ill//.7/k/f, UUS/ #+-
*WM(1); IS-H(6).
654 ill//70//ft, UUS #-F-
MM(1); IS-H(2).
lh/7, foll?-ll/l/ 3UB/18
*655 'ill//.7/k/fu UUS/IR #+
*WM(2).
656 ill/'07/1//ft, UUS/ (+
WM(1).
Ibh/7, foll'U/l/ All 5/78
[No footstoolnon artistic]
656a turninhof, uusmnan (++-
IS-H(2).
656b lupinnhof, uusmag (++-
IS-H(I).
lk, ll%ll/l/ Allm
*657 upmaleft uusmund 4-F
PB(1); VM.(3); *WM(2); HK(1); MM(1); IS-H(2).
657a urmanent uusmune 6F
IS-H(I); IS(1).

14
2IO Coinage of Cilician Armenia
657b ill/01/nh/f, UUSmRm ++ Rev. Dot to left Of
CrOSS
IS-H(I).
657c upmaleft uusman #-
(IS(1); IS-H(I).
Ibh/7, foll?-ll/-ll/l <ll#
658 Ill/'0"/h/ft, UUSmir #H
PH(I); IS-H(I).
*659 ill/010R/f, UUSm/ #-
*PB(1); IS-H(2).
lbh/", /NIQ/l/ All3/18
660 upmml,0ft uusmham (++- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys. Two dots
under cross.
VM(2); IS(1).
*661 upninhof, uusmns (++- Obv. Three dots under
fleur de lys. Two dots
under cross.
3.06, (89%); 2.85, (88%), *PB, PB(1); VM(1).
Lily in Right Hand
Ibh/T, All?-ll/-/l/ All#08
[King's left foot turned outwardno footstool]
*662 upmannpf, uusmagne (++-:
WM(1); *PB(1); IS-H(I).
662a up/ri/npf, uusmi,808 (++-

WM(1); MM(1).
Levon I 2II
662b Turninhof, uusmagn (++-
IS(1); IS-H(2).
662c lupinnhof, uusman (++-:
WM(1); VM(1).
662d Tupmnhof, uusman (++-
JG(1).
662e upmanpf, uusng (4-# ?
WM(1).
Ibh/TL /NIQUIR/l/ All 3/18
[Dot on l]
[King's left foot turned outwardwith footstool]
662f upmanoff, uusm" (1+:
2.83, PB.
lbf/1%, 0.1%llh/m &ll3/18
[King's left foot turned outwardwith footstool]
*663 upmnhof, uusmn; (4H:
*WM(1).
Ib/TL All?AIR/l/ All&/18
663a Surmah/ft uusmagne (++-
IS-H(I).
664 turninhof, uusmnon (++-:
KK(1); WM(1).
664a ill/I'lmk/fu UusnR80 (-F.
IS-H(2).
*665 upmml/ft uusmit (++-:
2.90; 2.95; 2.90, (90%), *PB; PH(1); IS-H(2).

I4
2I2 Coinage of Cilician Armenia
665a hurmanoff, unsmo 4+
IS-H(I).
665b ill/'0'10R/8R, II/SRU. ' ++-
IS-H(I).
lbh/T, 0\ll \llh/l/ All&I)
[King's left foot turned outwardno footstool]
665c ill/I'lmk/fu UUSmir (++-:
(Inverted S)
IS-H(I).
665d ill/I'l/mk/f U.8/NISR (++-:
IS-H(2).
lb/7, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll3/1
*666 'll/010R/f, ul/SnR808 (+-(?)
*WM(1).
666a Olipinnhof, uUSmh908 (++-
IS-H(2).
666b upmakes, uusa" (#-
IS-H(I).
667 ill/I'l/R^f, UUSUR, ++
3.05, PB; WM(2); IS-H(I).
Ibhm, bu'uhm &u:8.6%
*668 upmnipf, uusm" (4-H.;
*WM(1).
669 ill/mT/m/s/fu unut, (++-:

WM(3); AN(1); AD(2); IS-H(2).
Levon I 2I3
670 upman/fu unusu (++-:
WM(1).
Ibh/), /\ll \ll R/T &ll&/1.
*671 ill/I'lmh/f, Ilmuw (++-:
*WM(2).
Ibh/I'l, foll%ll-R/R/2 &ll-
*672 upmnhof, uusmu (++-:
3.05, *PB; WM(2); IS-H(1).
Errors, Oddities, Etc.
[Non-artistic style]
673 Obv. Ibh/, /NIQUR/l/ 3U8/18 H Rev. Inscription
Rev. Will//.7/mk/fu IIDS/Th908 :H) upside down.
HK(1).
*674 Obv. Ibh/, /NIQUR/l/ All&nd 5 Rev. Inscription
Rev. Will//.7/mk/fu IIUS/Th9/18 -#4) upside down.
*WM(1).
674a Obv. Ibh/, /l/'NIR/l/ All3/18 H Rev. Inscription
Rev. Will/"/"Mih/?fu IIUS/Th9/18 ++) upside down.
IS-H(1).
675 Obv. Ibh/T, AI'llR/l/ All/18 Rev. Inscription
Rev. Tupinoff,(?) uusmkung k ---!) upside down.
VM(1).
675a Obv. Ibh/T, PUQUR/l/ 4113/18 Rev. Inscription
Rev. Will/P/I'l/lh/?fu lll/S/Th9/] -#4) upside down.
IS-H(2).
675b Obv. Ibh/T, 0.1%llR/l/ All&/18 Rev. Inscription

Rev. Will/'07/1///#, Ill/S/IRG/7 -H) upside down.
IS-H(1).
675c Obv. Ibh/1, Pll'MIR/T &llm Rev. Inscription
Rev. Will/I'l/mh/fu III/S/IR// --H) upside down.
IS-H(4).
*676 Obv. Ibh/1, Pll'Ujim All308 Obv. Two, with three dots
Rev. Will/'0'1/l/i/ fu ll.US/IRT 4) underfleur delys.
Rev. Inscription upside
down.
HK(1); *VM(2); IS-H(4).
*677 Obv. Ibh/", "I'llh/l/ All/18 Rev. Inscription
Rev. Will/P/17/l/r/fu III/S/IRG/18 --H) upside down.
WM(1); *VM(1); IS-H(9).
*678 Obv. Ibh/T, PUQUR/T &ll/18 Rev. Inscription
Rev. Ill/'07/IAPF, UUSOR/1 -*H)" upside down.
*WM(1).
678a Obv. Ibhm, Pll'Uhm/ Alln Rev. Inscription
Rev. Will/MIT/IR/2 ft, UUSOR8 -*H)* upside down.
IS-H(I).
679 Obv. Iblin, Pll'NIMT All&n: Rev. Inscription
Rev. Ill/P/17/l/r/fu UUSORT/) -H) upside down.
WM(1).
68o Obv. lbf/", /NIQUIR/l/ All3/18 Rev. Inscription
Rev. Ill// ?/ R/RW, U.J.Smh/) -*H)* upside down.
BN(1); IS-H(I).
68oa Obv. Ibh/T, Pll'UR/T &ll3/18 Rev. Inscription
Rev. Ill/P/I'l/mh/?fu ll.US/lh9/ H)* upside down.

HE(1).
Levon I 2I5
*681. Obv. l.bh/", /NIQUIR/l/ All3/18
Rev. II/'07/]h/?ft, UUS/IR//18 (++-:
PB(2); *WM(2); IS-H(2).
682 Obv. lbf/iu, /ll'llh/m &ll#/ (++-:
Rev. 'ill/'0'10R/9/#, Ill/S//
WM(1); HK(1).
*683 Obv. bh/ru/, /NIQUIR/l/ All3/18
Rev. Wurmahoulf unname k (++-
*WM(1); IS-H(2).
683a Obv. bh/Tuh /l/QUIR/l/ 3UB/m3
Rev. 'ill/'/'l/R/8R, UIUS/Aff/13 (++-
IS-H(3).
683b Obv. bh/TL/ /NIQUIR/l/ All/18
Rev. Wurman/fuusnRome 5 (++-
IS-H(I).
683c Obv. bh/luh Pll'llh/l/ 3UB/18
Rev. 'ill///l/lh/fu IIUS/IRT/) (++-
IS-H(I).
684 Obv. Ibh/", /NIQUR/l/ All
Rev. 'ill/'07/1//NIIR II/mh908 || (++-
WM(1).
685. Obv. Lh/, /NIL'll//m &II/18
Rev. 'ill/P/I'l/IR//#, Ill/S/R& (++-
WM(1).
*686 Obv. Ibh/T, Pu'ukm/ All&ng 4
Rev. 'llR/I'l/lh/?fu lll/S/Th9/18 (++---

*WM(1); IS-H(2).
687 Obv. Lhm, Pll'UR/l/ All&nd
Rev. Wilf' ('10R/ fu ll.JS/IR8/18 H (++--.
WM(1); IS-H(I).
687a Obv. Ibh/T, Pll'UR/l/ Allm
Rev. Wilf/I'l/mh/0/#, IUS/19
IS-H(I).
688 Obv. lbf/TL /NI'llh/l/ All&/18
Rev. Will/'0"/"R/RII, USAF/
VM(1).
689 Obv. Iblin, All'UR/l/ All&nd
Rev. 'ill/'0'10R/NIFL lll/Sm/
PB(1).
690 Obv. Lhm, Pll'NIR/T &ll608
Rev. Will/P/17/lh/?ft, lll/S/199/18
2.83, PB.
691. Obv. Ibh/T, PUQUR/l/ All&nd (
Rev. Will/'07/1/2/#, I, IIUS/IRI, H-
WM(1).
692 Obv. Ibh/r, Pll'UR/l/ All&mU
Rev. Ill/'0"/"R/9tl|URL II& #+-
MM(1).
693 obv. thm, pu'unnr zunivi K-H
Rev. Will/I'l/l///#, IUSm/ Rev. Crowns on both lions
heads.
WM(1).

694 Obv. Ibh/T, PUQUR/l/ 3U8ll6
Rev. Ill/P/I'l/lh/. . . . ++-
PB(1).
694a. Obv. Ibh/", /l/'NIR/l/ All/18
Rev. Will//.7/]h//, LIUSM.88/18 (++-
IS(1).
Levon I 217
694b Obv. Ibh/T, AII'll R/T &II6/18
Rev. 'ill//.7/k/./ft, III/S/ (++-
IS-H(I).
COPPER COINS TANKS
lbh/7, foll%llA/l/ All&R/78
[Two dots on crown]
695 clubul P Tutu', butu +++
PB(1).
lbh/7, foll%llh/l/ All&h/18
[Five dots on crown]
*696 Blulu. I funusu pupu +++
*WM(1).
*697 onwill b2utu', pupu +++
*KB(1); EB(1).
698 Ch'ublil / NITU%, h Uhly +++
BN(1).
"600 BPubul P fulllful up +++
*WM(1).
700 BPubul b Qutuqu b up +++
KB(1).
lh/T, /NI'llh/l/ All&R/18
[Five dots on crown and single curl]
701 & Publl h RUQUAU h Uhl/ +H:-
MM(1); BN(1).
X-
702 & Publl h RUQURU h Uh +++

MM(1); BN(2).
lbh/T, foll'NIR/l/ All&R/18
[Five dots on crown and two curls]
x:
*703 clubl p funusu pupu +++||
PB(1); KK(1); WM(5); *VM(1); KB(1); HK(2);
AD(1); BN(1); HE(1).
X:
704 & Publl h : J U hl/ +++||
7.2, -
705 publil / fu'll RU h Uh ++#||
KB(1); AD(1).
Ibh/T, /NIQUIR/l/ Allh/18
[Six dots on crown]
706 Chubul h fu'll RU p UPU +++
PB(1); WM(5); AD(2); BN(1).
*707 chubu p qu'u', pupu +++
*WM(1); EB(1).
708 clubill b Qutuqu pupu +++
WM(1); BN(1).
*709 clubl p?ulu', pupu +++
WM(4); VM(2); BM(1); KB(1); *AD(2); MM(1); HE(1).
710 clubl I fuTufu b up +++
WM(3); VM(1); BM(1); AA(1); JG(1).
7II Ch'ubll h : h up ++:-
I}.

712 CFLll h QUT II'', p UU +++
7.1, PB; EB(1).
Levon I 2I9
x-
*713 Chubill h QUT II'', h UU +++
*WM(1).
714. publl h QUTII'', h U +++
WM(1).
Ibh/7, foll?-ll/-/l/ Allh/18
[Six dots on crown and single curl]
*715 clubul h fuTufu pupu ++:-
7.4, *PB; MM(1).
X-
716 &publil h Ru'll RU h Uhl, +++
6.5, PB; WM(4); HK(2); BM(1); AN(1).
t.
717 Chbul h RUQUER UPU +++
WM(1).
*718 Chubul h fulllfu h Up +++
83; 8.6; 6.6, PB, PB(2); KK; WM(9); AN(2); VM(2);
HK(2); KB(2); AA(1); AD(1); BM(1); MM(2); *BN(5);
EB(1).
719 clubull fuTufu p up +++
8.1, PB, KB(1).
lbf/n), /ll'}llR/l/ Allh/18
[Seven dots on crown]
720 clubl p?uTu% pupu +++
WM(1); BN(I); JG(1).

721 clubul b Qutu', pupu +++
WM(1); VM(1).
lbf/T, foll'UR/l/ 3UBR/18
[Seven dots on crown and single curl]
*722 clubul h funusu pupu +++
*MM(1).
723 Chubul P Ru'll RU h Uh +++
MM(2).
Ibh/T, /ll'}llh/l/ Allh/18
[Eight dots on crown]
*724 &publil h Qu'll!?", h Uhl, +++
*BM(1); WM(1).
725 clubul b Qutu% upu +++
HK(1); WM(1).
lbh/", /NIQUIR/l/ Allm
*726 clubul b Qutu', pupu +++
*WM(1).
Ibh/T, 0.1%llh/l/ All/16
[Five dots on crown and two curls]
xt
727 Chubut b fuTufu pupu +++
WM(4); VM(2); HK(2); AA(2); AD(2).
728 clubull funusu pupu +++
WM(2); AA(1).
729 Chubul h fulllfu h Uh +++

KK(1); WM(3); HK(1); AA(1).
Levon I 22I
lbf/7, Pll?-ll/-/7/ 4LI3/78
x-
*730 &Rubl h fuTufu (?) +++
6.3, PB, *VM(1).
lbf/h, foll%llh/l/ All&R/)
x-
'73 onwu "futuru tupu ++:-
6.8, PB, *WM(5); AD(i); MM(1); BN(1).
x-
*732 Publ.l. h "MITU9-U h Uhly +++
$9,74; 7.6; 7.3. PB; WM(8); KB(2); AA(2); AN(2);
*AD(2); VM(1); BN(1).
733 GPubll h RUTURU h Uh +++
AN(1); AD(1); MM(1); IS(1); EB(1).
734 & Publl h QUTIQU h Uh +++
7:0; 7.0, PB; WM(3); VM(3); AD(1); MM(1); BN(4);
HE(1).
735 hlbl.l. h RUTII:RU h U +++
KB(1).
x-
736 &Rubll h QUTIQ-U h U +++
8.8, PB; WM(2); AN(1).
lbf/7, foll?-ll/-/7/ 3UBR/7
X-

*737 &hull h PUQUI/U h . h Uh +++
WM(1); *BM(1); MM(1).
Ibh/T, PUQUR/i/ -U8R/l
738 clubull funusu pupu +H:
*WM(1).
739 clubull futuru tupu +H
HK(1).
>{r
*740 clubul h unu'u pupu ++#||
7.35, PB, *NK(1).
740a clubull unu'u put +++
EB(1).
Ibh/ri, All QWIR/l/ 3UBR0
712 onwill b futuru tupu +++
MM(1).
743 opulul brunusu pup(?) ++:-
MM(1).
Ibhm, All QWIR/l/ All&R/
[Six dots on crown]
744 Chubul h full RU p Uhl, +++
WM(1); AD(1).
745 obutu b unu'u tupu +++
63; 7.5, PB, HK(1); WM(1); BM(I); VM(1); NK(1).
746 onwu b Qutu', butu +++

WM(1); NK(1).
Levon I 223
747 onwill b futifu b up +++
VM(1); MM(1); BN(1).
748 obubul p qu'uqu b up ++:-
KK; 7.1, PB; VM(3), WM(3); KB(1); BN(4).
Ibh/7, foll'UR/l/ All&R/
[Six dots on crown]
x-
*749 obutu P futury pubu H+||
*AN(1).
750 clubill b Qutuqu pupu H+||
AD(1).
x.
75 onwill b fulllfu pupu ++#|
WM(1).
lbf/T, All?AIR/l/ All&R/
x-
752 onwu "fulfu pupu ++:-
7.4, PB; KK(1); WM(3); AD(1).
753 Ch'ublil h RUTURU h Uh +++
WM(3); VM(2).
lbf/T, /NI'llh/l/ All&R/
X-
754 & Publil h h Uh +++|

5.I., -
Ibhm, Pll'MIR/l/ All&M
[Six dots on crown and two curls]
755 onwulf funusu pupu ++#|
WM(2).
Ibhn, All'NIR/l/ All&R/l
[Seven dots on crown]
*756 obulu, p funusu pupu +++
*VM(I); WM(1); BN(1).
757 Chubul P Ru'll RU P Up +++
VM(1); WM(1).
Ibhm, pu'llh/l/ Allh/l
[Seven dots on crown and two curls]
X:
75s opilul I funusu pupu Hll
WM(1).
Ibhn, 0.1%llh/l/ All&RU
*759 &pubul h fulllful Uhu +++
7.9, *PB; WM(1).
Ibhn, 0.1%llh/l/ All&RU
[Six dots on crown and two curls]
X:
760 aluul p funusu pupu +++ll

WM(1).
Levon I 225
lbf/n), /NI'llh/l/ Allh
x-
*k s
761 &publil h RIITU-RU h Uhl, +++
8.o, *PB, PB(1).
x-
*762 &pubu, p unu'u pupu +++
*VM(1).
Lh/7, foll?-ll/-/l/ Allh
763 &publil h RII'll RU h Uh +++
WM(1); MM(1); IS(1).
Ibh/TL /NI'llh/l/ Allh
[Six dots on crown]
764 clubu, p funusu pupu +++
VM(2); KB(1).
Ibh/7, foll'UR/l/ Allh
765 clubull funusu pubu ++:-
PB(1); WM(3); KB(1); AD(1); BN(1); HE(1).
766 &publil / RUTURU h Uhl/ +
9.2, PB; WM(1).
767 &Publil / RUQUARU h Uh +++
5.1, PB, PB(3); KK; WM(4); AD(3); VM(3); KB(2);
15

KB(2); BM(1); BN(2); EB(1).
768 clubull futuru b up ++:-
WM(2); VM(1).
769 Chubul h full RU h U +++
KK(1); BN(1).
Ibh/T, 6/1%llh/l/ Allh
[Seven dots on crown and single curl]
770 chubuy h funusu p up ++:-
BN(1).
FORGERIES
*771 Obv. Ibhm, Pu'ukm &lllub
Rev. Ill//.7/mk/f, /13%zil? I
[Silver]; *WM(3).
*772 Obv. Ibhm, Pu'ukm/
Rev. Ch'ubll h Rll'll Ru Uhl/
*773
[Copper]; *WM(3).
*774. Obv. Lhm, Pu%m urb, zun
Rev. Will/'07/1/./0/#, Ill/S/MU/18
[Silver]; PB(1); HK(?).
*775 Obv. (bhm, Pu%m urb, zun
Rev. Will/MIT/IR/2 ft, UUS/TW/18
[Silver]; PB(1). [Gold]; *PB(1); WM(1); AA(3); AN(I);

BM(1).
Hetoum I 227
HETOUM I
BILINGUAL TRAMS
HETOUM - KAIKOBAD
&b/9/7RU /NIQUR/l/ All 808
x+
*776 --> |8& suis J.M >eck-il out-il Obv. Field mark. * >
2.79; 2.74; PB; 2.76; KK; AN(3); AA(3); NK(2);
BM(3); AD(3); MM(2); VM(8); *WM(18); BN(5);
HE(3); EBOI); JG(1).
*777 -%|8& 2L: |& Myech-lo\al-ll Obv. Field mark. .#S.
+x
2.90, (90%), PB; *WM(3); BM(1); NK(1).
+-
*778 8 & 3.15 &M Serb-lout-ll Obv. Field mark. ~~
/9II'll/TR/*
WM(2); *NK(1).
779 -also as 13.4-loud on Field mark 4 -
WM(1); HE(2). *
*780 -<1% as le."...allow- on Field mark 4'-
&b/0/1/l/ /NIQ &ll08
*MM(1).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ Allm
--
*781 Scroll|2,->5 & 21: ...ll dul-J Scroll Obv. Field mark. >
2.74, PB; KK(1); *WM(1).

*-
*782 Scroll, - a slas allow- Scrollow Fieldmark 4
*VM(1).
783scroll' - 3 as "ou-lScrollow Fieldmark 4's
*VM(1).
+-
*784Scroll, --, -, *.dou-Mscrollow Fieldmark 4'-
*MM(1). *
15*
HETOUM KAIKHUSREW
[Without date]
&b/0/IRU (NIQUIR/l/ All 5/18
[Epigraphy similar to Kaikobad coins]
*785 - J.M., U.M &l= |cke's dul-Ji Obv. Field mark.
lis &
MM(1); VM(1); *WM(1); BN(1).
*786 - |&M, L.M &l= |ckey Cul-i Obv. Field mark.
alis &
*WM(4); VM(1); AN(I); BN(1).
*787 - J.M., U.M.&l= |cke's out J. Obv. Field mark.
*VM(2); WM(1); AD(1).
*788 - J.M., U.M &l= |ckeS, dual-J Obv. Field mark.
2L: c.
*WM(2).
*789 J.M., U.M &l= |cke Si Sulli Obv. Field mark.
21: 3
*BN(1).
790 - |&M, L'All cl|ckeS, cul-J Obv. Field mark.
*&
BN(1).
791 3-5 |&#12 U.M &l= |ckey dul-J Obv. Field mark.
*L* c.
WM(1).
HETOUM KAIKHUSREW
&b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/l/ All/.

792 Year 6(3]x U.M.&l= |ckey ou l-J Obv. Field mark.
* c \,-#|J.M.'
WM(1).
Hetoum I 229
*793 Year 637 C. : : - J-- ~~ :- Obv. Field mark. -->
*BN(1). + 1-
&b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &llfl3
*L* c |2-5 |&al U.M &l= |ckeSi Ju-l
* Year 6 . 2. Obv. Mint mark. 4-
794 y --g ~
*l- 3
2.89, (92%), PB; 2.90, KK; AN(1); *WM(5); VM.(3);
NK(1).
*795 Year 637 2 C- * - U-- ~~ Obv. Field mark. ~
CA:): *-
&l- 3
2.61; 2.76; 3.00, (90%); 2.83; 2.94, (94%), *PB; 2.80,
KK; WM(9); MM(1); VM(2); AN(1); AA(1); BM(1).
*796 Year 637 3 & 4-J-- ~~ Obv. Field mark. *>
c:};
&l- 3
*VM(1).
797 Year 637 3 &- *- J-- ~~ Obv. Field mark. -->
c:}; * :

cx): *-
*- :
WM(3); NK(1); *AN(1).
CA: -/

799 Year 637 2 C-4- U- -5. Obv. Field mark. *S
&l- 3 A.
VM(1).
HETOUM KAIKHUSREW
&b/9/7AU /NIQUIR/7 &ll3/78
[Style of lettering intermediate between Kaikobad
and Kaikhusrew coins]
*8oo Year 637 * C- <-- U-- ~~ Obv. Field mark.
&l- 4.
KK(1); *AN(1); WM(1).
801 Year 637 3 & 4-J-- ~~ Obv. Field mark.
*l- 3
WM(2); BM(1); JG(1).
802 Year 637 3 C- * - L-- ~~ Obv. Field mark.
cx):
*l- 3
WM(1).
*803 Year 637 2 C- <-- U-- ~~ Obv. Field mark.

cx): *
&l- 3
*VM(1).
809 Year 639 2 C. C. J-- ~~ Obv. Field mark. -*>
c:): * *
&l- 3 <
BN(1).
81o Year 639 * G - J-- ~~ Obv. Field mark. .*-*-
CA:): *
&l.-->
BN(1).
*8II [Armenian epigraphy similar Obv. Field mark. -->
to 805 of year 637] * *
3 & 2 J-- **
cx):
*l- 3
*VM(2).

812 Year 639 ; :- U-- " -> Obv. Field mark. --
*l- >
3.00, (90%), PB.
813 Year 639 * c :- J-- ~~ Obv. Field mark. -->
cy): 4-
&l- o
VM(1).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &llfl
*814 Year 640 * - U-- " -> Obv. Field mark.
coax!
&l- 3
AN(1); *HE(4); BM(2); AA(2).
*815 Year 640 <-- U-- ~~ Obv. Field mark.
co->
*l- 3
*WM(9); AN(1); WM(1); NK(1).
816 Year 640 <-- U-- ~~ Obv. Field mark.
c:*2]
*l- 3
WM(1).
816a Year 640 <-- U-- ~~ Obv. Field mark.
ca-21
*:l.-->
PB(1).
&b/, //RU /NIQUIR/m &ll#08
817 Year 641 - *- U-- ~~ Obv. Field mark.
co-2'3
*l- 3
WM(1).
818 Year 641 -- ~ U-- ~~ Obv. Field mark.
co-2' 3
 Obv. Field mark.
co-2 3
*:1-3
KK(1); *BM(1); HE(1).
Hetoum I 233
820 Year 641 3 *- :- J-- ~~ Obv. Field mark. -->
co-> -j- .
*:::- 3
VM(1).
*82I Year 64I 3 -> *- ! - 2 Obv. Field mark. 3 +
4 -: ~
*l- 3
VM(1); MM(1); *AD(1); BN(1).
822 Year 641 3 -> <- J-- ~~ Obv. Field mark. A-
co-> * *
&l.--> X-
WM(2).
*823 Year 641 3 *- :- J-- ~~ Obv. Field mark. -->
*l- 3 &-> * *
*l- 3
*AD(1).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ All&/18
*824 Year 642 3 #1 - J-- ~~ Obv. Field mark. -->
*l- >
*WM(2); MM(1); BN(2).
<b/9/7/l/ /NIQUR/m 2/18/78
826 Year 642 3 #1 - J-- ~~ Obv. Field mark. -->
*827 Year 642 3 & 4-J-- ~~ Obv. Field mark. -->

*BM(1); BN(1).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. All&/18
*828 Year 643 3 -> <- J-- ~~ Obv. Field mark. -*-
co-> <!-

3L-8] *
*VM(1).
HETOUM - KAIKHUSREW
BILINGUAL HALF TRAMS
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3/18
*839 |cal, 541 &l= |cke's oual-l. Obv. Field mark. -->
2: & 2 - *
J-- */->
1.36, PB; VM(2); *HK(1); BN(3); NB(1).
*840 |cal U.M &L= ckeS out- Obv. Field mark. -->
lis & 3. * * *
J--- *, *
*AA(1); BN(1).
84I |c.'', 'All cl: ckeS out-l. Obv. Field mark. 24-
* c > --5 -- e.
J-- "A"
AD(1).
HETOUMZABEL
TRAMS
Cross with starlion holding cross

till/'07/1/2/9'hh'.", Il b
*842 &b//mN/ Pu'uhm &ll6m8 !-4-
2.88 (90%); 3.oo (95%), PB; *MM(1).
843 &b//mNU All?AIMT All306 }-k-
2.89 (90%, PB.
844 &b//U Pll'NIR/T &llm -i-4-
2.94, PB.
Will/P/11/lh/2-hh'.", l8 bi
*845 &b//l/U Pll%ll R/T &ll/18 [5] +*-
2.94 (94%); 3.06 (95%), PB; WM(3); PH(I); AP(2);
VM(I); "AN(I); MM(1).
846 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T All&m [b] +!*-
".
3.oo; 2.90; 2.87 (95%), PB; WM(2); MM(1).
847 &b/mN/ Pu'uhm &um [b] +*- :bmRU (AN).
WM(1); AP(1); PH(I); AN(1).
848 &b//nhl/ /l/NIR/T &ll3/18 [5] ++--
PH(2); AP(2); WM(1); VM(1); JG(2).
849 &b//l/U Pll'llMP Allm [k] ++--
3.05, PB; AA(1).
850 &b//mNU All'NIR/T &ll3/18 [b] +!--
AN(1); PH(I); AA(1); IS(1).
851 &b//lhu /NIQUR/m 2/188 #%-
2.78, PB.
852 &b/9/lhu /NI'll R/T &ll60 +*-
AP(2).
853 &b///l/ /NIQUR/T &llm ++-k- Rev. Field mark C
PB(1); WM(3); NK(1); PH(1).
854 &b/9/lhu /NIQUR/T &ll60 -i-k- Rev. Letter 4 with or

without dot.
WM(1); AP(1); NK(1).
855 &b/mNU Pu'uhm &um 44-x-
WM(1).
* The letters in parenthesis are the last letters on the obverse.
Hetoum I 237
856 &b//mN/ /NIQUR/T &IIB/ -#k- Rev. &b/P/1U and
&b/, /l/U".
3.02 (91%); 2.98, PB.
856a 3b//lhu /NIQUR/T 2U8 [5] ++-- Rev. With C) and
sometimes dot under
<
.301; 2.90; 2.96; 3.00; 3.00; 2.56, PB, AP(3); WM(I);
VM(1); IS(2).
856b &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3 +-K-
3.10, PB.
856c &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll ++-K-
MM(1); BN(1).
856d &b//nhl/ /NIQU/n 4U. *k-
3.03; 3.04; 2.89, PB, PB(1); AP(1); AN(1); MM(1).
'ill/I'l/lh/2-hR), ll
*857 &b/mRU ou'llMr Alln; +#-
2.94 (92%); 2.64 (90%), PB; *KK(1); AN(1).
'ill//.7/k/.-P. L. Lln h
*858 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m 2/8/ ++*- Rev. &b//l/ with dot
over 4. Dot under
second 4.
2.98; 2.92, *PB, AP(2).
859 &b//mNU Pll'NIR/m 2/18/ ++-*- Rev. No dots on 4.
MM(1).
860 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3 ++--
AN(1); MM(1).

'ill/010R/2-hl, U.8 k
861 &b//lhu /NIQU//m 2/18/18 ++--- Rev. L.
AP(1).
*862 &b//nhl/ /l/QUR/T &llm ++--- Rev. Dot.
2.83 (90%), PB; *WM(1).
Will// ?/ R/-hull, 8 b
863 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll308 ++--
AP(2); PH(I); AD(2); BM(1); AA(1).
Will//.7/Th/2-hl, l b
*864 &b/mNU Pu'uhm &ll68 ++--
2.95, *PB.
*865 &b//nhl/ Pll'NIR/m 2/88 ++-'-
*BN(1).
till/I'l/m/,hh'.", l b
866 &b//mh/7/NI'll R/T &ll6/18 ++-- Rev. U
2.92, PB; WM(1); BM(1); PH(I).
867 &b/mRU pu%uhm &un --->|- Rev. Pll%ll/7, U
PH(I).
*868 &bennu Pu'uhm &un it- Rev. Pu'um, o
*AD(1).
869 &b/mNU Pll'UMr &ll&f 44'- Rev. U
&b/9/1U".
2.99; 3.04, PB.
870 &benhir Pu'ulum :u6 +-- Rev. o
2.87, PB, AP(1).
871 &b//NU Pll'UM" <ll3 ++-- Rev. 0
- &b/0//U".

3.07 (94%); 2.42, PB.
Hetoum I 239
till//7/1/0ph'u', U3
871a &b/mNU Pu'llMr All&nd ++--
EB(1).
*872 &b/nhl/ Pu'uhm &llm ++-- Rev. - and #.
2.96 (92%); 2.81 (85%); 2.49, *PB; WM(1); PH(I);
MM(1).
till//.7/1/2-hui, U8 l;
873 &b//nhl/ /l/NIR/T &ll/18 ++-- Rev. U and k.
2.61, PB.
*874 &bpmRU pu'uhm &um ++-- Rev. Pil'ilur.
2.85 (94%); 2.88 (90%); 3.06 (92%); 3.07 (90%), PB;
WM(1); *AA(1); AN(1); MM(1).
875 &b//nhl/ Pll'NIR/T &ll3/18 +*-
3.oo (92%); 2.62 (93%); 2.88, PB, PH(1); AP(2);
HK(1); MM(2); ER(1); HE(1); IS(1).
876 &b//nhl/ /l/'NIR/T Allm +#- Rev. &b/fll/'.
2.87, PB, AP(I); WM(1); JG(1).
877 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll608 +4*- Rev. II'llMr.
PH(I); AN(1); MM(3).
878 &b/mNU Pu'ukm zum ++-*-
AA(1); EB(1).
878a &b/mNU Pu'uhm &ll60 -#*-
JG(1).
879 &b/nhu Ru'ilhm &88 ++--
WM(1); MM(1).
880 &b//7RU' foll?-ll/-/7 <ll68 -i-4>e-

PB(1); WM(2); AA(1).
881 &b/9/1AU /NIQUR/T &ll0 +---
BN(1).
882 &b/, //RU /NIQUIR/7 <ll3/7 ++-- Rev. U, dot under &
of Allf).
2.87 (91%), PB.
883 &b///U All?AIR/T &llm ++--- Rev. Dot under both
<'s; and over first 4.
3.Io (93%); 2.92 (95%); 2.69 (94%); 3.07 (90%), PB;
KK; WM(1); BM(1); AD(2); VM(1); AA(1); MM(1).
884 &b//lhu /NIQUAm &lln +k- Rev. Dot under both
<'s.
MM(1).
885 &b//nhl/ /\IQUIR/T &IIB/ ++-- Rev. Dot underboth <'s.
2.90; 2.60, PB, AA(1).
886 &b/9/l/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3/" +:-- Rev. U and k.
AN(1).
886a 3b/nhl/ /l/MIM" <ll3/ ++--
JG(1).
887 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll3 ++*- Rev. U, dot under
two 4's.
3.12; 2.90, PB, AP(2); VM(1); AD(1); MM(1).
888 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3 ++---
WM(1); VM(1); MM(1).
'ill/'l/l/i/ -ph'u', ll 5
889 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll&m ----
MM(1).
*890 &b//mNU All'ilhm &ll3/ ++-k- Rev. Dot over first and
under second 4.

&b//nl/
MM(1).
Hetoum I 24I
'ill/'l/lk/). -ph',', l8
891 &b//NU Pll'UR/T Allm +4*- Obv. Some with dot
Over W.
2.92, PB, AP(1); AD(1); WM(1).
*892 &b//nhl/ Pll'NIR/T All&n 44-
PH(I); *WM(2).
893 &b/mN/ /NIQUR/m 2/18 ++*- Rev. Pll%ll/T.
2.80 (92%), PB.
Cross with dotlion holding cross
'ill/I'l/mh/-PR, Il k [or b|
*894 &b//mN/ RUQUR/T 2U808 +--- Rev. Dotunder both 2's.
2.82, PB, AP(I); AD(1); *AN(1).
895 &b/9/1MU Pll'UR/P 4U.808 +- Rev. Dotunder both 4's.
[thin 8]
WM(3); AP(2); HK(1); AA(2); PH(1); AN(1).
896 &b//nhl/ Pll'NIMP All08 +- Rev. No dots under 4.
PH(I); AD(1); MM(1); BN(1).
897 &b/9//il/ Pll%ll R/T &lln +- Rev. Dots over and
under first 4.
AP(3).
898 &b//l/l/ Pll'NIR/P &ll3/18 +- Rev. One dot under
first 4. Obv. Dot over 1.
PH(I); BN(1).
899 &b//nhl/ Pll'NIR/T &ll3/18 +--- Rev. Sometimes lion
with double cross.
KK(1); WM(2); AN(1); AA(1).

900 &b/mNU ou%ujim zun +--- Rev. Lion cross some-
times with bar.
2.90, PB; KK(1); WM(2); AD(1); HK(1); MM(1).
901 &b//mNU All?AIR/T &ll3/18 +4- Rev. Dot under first 4.
2.76, PB, AP(2); PH(2).
902 &b//mNU Pll'NIR/T Allm +*- Rev. Double cross.
WM(1); AA(1); MM(1).
903 &b//nhl/ Pll'NIR/T &llm +*- Rev. Cross does not
extend under lion.
Shape of 'I like K.
WM(1); AP(1).
904 &b//nhl/ All'NIR/T All&/18 +---
2.98, AN; PH(I); WM(1).
905 &b//nhl/ All'UR/T &ll3/18 +--- Rev. Dot in field.
3.05, AN.
906 &b//mNU All'UM" <llm +:- Rev. Double cross and
dot in field.
2.48 (87%), PB; MM(1).
907 &b///U /NIQUR/T All&m +- Rev. Double cross and
dot in field.
VM(1).
*908 &b//nhl/ Pll'UR/T All8 [b] ++--- Rev. Sometimes double
CTOSS.
2.83, *PB; WM(1).
909 &b/mNU Pu'uhm &ll6 +- Rev. Dot under
second 4.
PB(1); HK(1).
910 &b//lhu /NIQUR/T &llm +- Rev. Dot under second
4. Obv. 'I like h.

2.50, PB.
911 &b//nhl/ /l/'NIR/T &llm +- Rev. Field mark S.
2.79, PB, AD(1); MM(1); BN(1).
912 &b//l/l/ /l/'NIR/T All&n +4-
MM(1).
Hetoum I 243
913 &b//NU All'Ujim All/ +- Rev. Field mark S.
2.95; 3.08 (92%); 3.15, PB, AP(5); PH(I); WM(3);
AD(1).
914 &b//mNU (NIQUM" &ll6/ +- Rev. Field mark S.
MM(1).
915 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll3/. +(- Rev. Field mark S.
ER(1); HE(1); EB(1).
916 &b//mN/ /NIQUAm &ll +- Rev. Field mark S.
MM(1); BN(2).
'ill/'0'10R/9hh'.", l8
917 &b/mNU Pu'uhm &806 -(e Rev. S and dot under
both 4's.
KK(1); MM(2); EB(1).
*918 &b/mN/ "I'llMr &lln' +6s Rev. S.C.
*AA(1).
919 &b/mNU bu'llMr Alln t-- Rev. Dot in field.
WM(1).
920 &b//NU All?AIR/m 2/80 +(4s- Rev. SC and dots under
both <'s.
3.07; 2.88, AN; KK(1); BM(1); AD(1); HK(1); WM(1);
MM(1)
921 &b/mNU Pu%UM" &ll +(4s- Rev. S and dots under
both 4's.
2.99 (88%), PB, BM(I); HK(1).
till// '1/1/0hhu", ll
922 &b//l/U Pll'NIR/T &ll3/18 +:- Rev. With or without

dot under H.
PH(2); HK(1); AD(1); WM(3); BN(1); ER(2).
16*
922a &b//lhl/ Pll%llh/P &llfl 4- Rev. 'I like K, with or
without dot under one
or both &'s.
2.72; 2.85 (92%); 2.88; 2.90, PB; 2.72; 2.86; 2.86, AN;
PH(2); AD(2); KK; WM(2); VM(1); AP(3); MM(1);
BN(1); HE(2); AM(1).
922b &b/9/hl/ Pll'UR/T &ll38 +:-
WM(1); BM(1); AP(1).
*923 &b//NJ /NIQUR/T All&n ++--- Rev. Dot under first &
in WM.
WM(1); *MM(1).
924 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m 2/8 ++---
3.10, PB; WM(1); AD(1).
'ill// ?/1/2-hl', ll #
925 &b//nhl/ Pll'UR/P &ll3/18 +- Rev. &b//l/
2.87; 2.78; 3.oo; 3.00, PB; WM(3); AP(3); VM(1);
BM(1); AD(1); MM(1); BN(1); IS(1); JG(1).
926 &b//l/l/ Pll'UR/P &ll3/18 +:- Rev. U%UR/T
2.90 (85%), PB; JG(1).
927 &b//nhl/ Pll'UR/T &llm3 +:-
2.95, AN(1); BN(1).
*928 &b//NU All'Uhm &ll36 +- Rev. &b/9/"U" />ll'NL/7
3.oo, PB; *WM(1); MM(1).
929 &b///U /NIQUR/T &ll68 ------
2.90, PB; 3.03, AN; MM(1).
930 &b///U Pll'ilhm &ll3 +---

3.oo, PB; PH(I).
Hetoum I 245
'ill/'07/110 hl, U8
*931 &b//lhU /l/'llMr &ll3/18 +- Rev. Dot under 3 and
after 8.
3.10; 2.85; 2.99 (90%); 2.91; 2.96; 2.88; *PB; AN(1);
WM(1); HK(1); AP(1).
932 &b//mN/ Pll'NIMP All3/18 +- Rev. II'll R/T. Dot
under 4.
3.01; 2.99, PB; KK(1).
933 &b///U Pll'NIR/T Alln +- Rev. &b/9/1U".
2.89, PB.
934 &b//nhl/ /'ll NIR/T All&n +-
3.Io, PB.
Lion holding cross to lion walking [Transition dies].
'ill/'0'1/1//-hul, l b
935 &b//l/U Pll'NIR/T All&/18 + Rev. Dot under first or
second 4. Lion holding
CTOSS.
VM(1); AA(1).
'ill/MIT/m/,-h','l ll b
*936 &b//lhu /NIQUR/T All&/18 + Rev. Lionholding cross.
2.98, *AN; PH(1).
937 &b/9/1/\l/ Pll'UR/7 <ll6/78 +3 Rev. Lion holding cross.
MM(2); WM(1).
lill/'07/1/-/.hht, ll b
938 &b//nhl/ /l/QUR/T &llm &+ Rev. Lion walking.
NK(1).

*939 &b/mN/ /NIQUM" <ll6 &#- Rev. Lion walking.
*PH(1).
Cross with dotlion walking"
'ill/'07/1/2/9-hh'.", Iln H
*940 &b/mNU Pll'MIM" &ll3 * Obv. Dot and half-
InOOn.
*WM(3).
'ill/'0'10R/9hhu", ll k
941 &b//mN/ Pll'NIMT All&nd +6
PH(I).
942 &b//nhl/ PUQUR/T &ll6m8 ++--- Rev. Cross does not ex-
tend under lion.
WM(1); AP(1); AD(1); AA(1).
*943 &b//nhl/ Pll'UR/T &llmo ++-
2.89 (92%); 2.69 (93%); 2.89 (93%); 2.99 (91%); 2.76;
3.02, PB, PH(2); WM(2); AD(1); *BM(1); HK(2);
MM(1).
944 &b//NU /l/'NIR/T &llm +-
2.88, AN; 2.90, PB; WM(1); AP(I); HK(1); VM(1);
BN(1).
945 &b//lhu /NIQUR/T &ll3/. +:--
WM(1); AD(1); AP(1).
946 &b//nhl/ /NIQUM" &ll3/. ++---
WM(1).
947 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll6/
2.90, AN; 2.65, PB, PH(I); BN(1).
948 &b/nhl/ Pu'ukm zur +- Rev. &b/P//U".
2.99 (90%), PB.

949 &b//nhl/ All'ilhm &ll3 +---
AD(1); AA(1); PH(1).
* Sometimes the dot on the cross is so indistinct that it is difficult to
determine whether the coin should be placed in this class.
Hetoum I 247
950 &b//nhl/ All?AIR/n 4118
PH(I); AP(I); WM(1).
951 &b//nhl/ All?AIR/T &II6 ++---
PH(I); WM(1); MM(1).
952 &b//KU All'UR/T &ll ++-e-
PB(1); AD(2); HK(1).
953 &b/20AU All'UR/m 2/18 H2-
BN(1).
954 &b///U All'NIR/T &ll +:--
PH(2); WM(1).
955 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll +(-
3.20, PB.
956 &b//l/U All'UR/T &L +-e-
AP(1).
957 &b//mN/ /NIQUR/T 4 +---
AA(1).
'ill/'0'10R/-hh'.", Il
*958 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m 2/8/18
3.08, AN; 2.88; 2.75; 2.79, *PB; WM(2); AP(2); PH(I);
AD(1); MM(1); IS(2); JG(1).
'ill/'0'l/l/r/hul, l b
959 &b//NU Pll'UM" <llm 4-(-
2.96, PB, AP(1); WM(3).
960 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &llm 3-(-
2.85; 2.95; 2.45, PB.
961 &b//NU All'UR/T &ll3

PB(4); WM(2); PH(I).
*962 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &Il +(-
3.02, AN; PH(2); *AA(1); HK(1).
963 &b///U 0\!'}llMr All +(-
PH(I); MM(1).
964 &b/mNU Pu'llMm 3L +(-
PH(2).
965 &b/mNU Pu'uhm/ 3 4-(- Rev. Dot on both <'s.
PH(I); AA(1); IS(1).
*966 &b/nhl/ Pu'ukm/ 3 &- Obv. Half-moon.
Rev. /9WI'llh/7/".
*AA(1).
till// '1/]h/9.hht.", Il
967 &b/mNU Pu'uhm &ll &+- Rev. Dots in field.
2.90, PB; WM(1).
'ill// '10R-/*bh", l R.
968 &b//nhl/ ou'llMr &llm +-e-
BM(1).
969 &b/nhl/ Pu'uhm &8/ ++---
PH(2).
*970 &b/nhl/ Pu'uhm &u &#- Rev. Sometimes dots in
field.
2.93 (89%); 2.91, PB; 2.87; 2.72, AN; PH(2); AP(1);
*BM(1).
971 &b/mRU ou'llh/m 2/8 ++---
PH(I).
972 &b//lhu /NIQUR/T &ll6 (X-e-
VM(1); AD(1); ER(1).
973 &b//NU All'UMP All +-

PH(2).
974 &b//NU pu%UR/T All ++---
WM(2).
Hetoum I 249
975 &b//lhu /NIQUAm All +---
PH(2).
976 &b//lhu /NIQUAm All 23-
WM(1).
976a 3b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m. All &#---
IS(1).
977 &b//lhu /NIQUR/T &l, ++---
WM(1).
978 &b/mNU pu%uhm & +---
AN(1).
'ill/'07/1/-/*ph', U8
979 &b//lhu /NIQUR/T &Il +---
KK(2); 2.88, AN; PH(I).
98o3b//mNU Pll'NIR/T All 4-3-
PH(2).
'ill/'07/1/-/.ht, UB I,
981 &b//mNU Pll'}ll//. All&/18 +-
PH(1).
982 &b//mN/ /NIQUR/T &llm +----
PH(I); WM(1); IS(1).
983 &b///U /u?/IR/T &u8m ++--
2.82, PB; WM(2); PH(1); VM(2).
984 &b//mNU All?AIR/T &llm ++---
ER(1).
985 &b/mNU Pu'llMT zu/
3.20, PB; PH(3); AP(4); WM(2); AD(2); HK(2);

VM(1); MM(1); IS(1).
986 &b/mNU Pu'uhm &u8/ --Fo-
NK(1); PH(1).
987 &b/mN/ /NI'llMr &ll6 +---
2.68; 2.53, PB; 3.03, AN; PH(2); WM(2); VM(2);
NK(1); BM(1); BN(1).
988 &b/nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll3
2.95 (83%), PB; PH(4); KK(1); WM(9); VM(2); HK(1);
AD(1); 2.89, AN; MM(1); IS(1).
989 &b//mNU /l/'NIMT All3 ++---
PH(I).
990 &b/nhl/ /NIQUR/T All +F---
2.93, AN.
991 &b/mNU Pu'uhm &Il &#---
2.79, AN; PH(2).
992 &b//NU Pll'NIR/T All.' :-e-
ER(1).
993 &b/nhl/ Pll'UM" <ll +---
3.05; 2.80, PB; 2.89, AN; PH(4); WM(1); HK(1);
BN(1).
994 &b/mRU /'ll'UM" All %-
PB(1); PH(I); WM(1).
995 &b/mNU Pll'NIMT All ++---
2.78, AN.
*996 &b/nhl/ /NI'llMr &ll +F---
*WM(2).
997 &b//nhl/ Pll'UR/T All +(-
AD(1).
998 &b/mNU Pu'uhm &u. #- Rev. Dots in field.

MM(1).
999 &b//nhl/ Pll'NIR/T &l, +F---
PH(I); WM(1); HK(1).
Iooo &b/9/NAU" /NI'll R/7 <l, +---
WM(1).
Hetoum I 25I
IooI &b/9/l/l/ /NIQUIR/n 4 +---
PH(I).
'ill/'07/]h0h'U.8 H
*IOO2 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m &ll3/. #-
2.76, AN; *WM(1); MM(1).
Ioo3 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. All %-
WM(1).
Ioo4 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &L &---
2.91, AN(1).
'ill/'07/Th0 hut, l8
Loos &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m. All&p -e-
PH(I).
IOO6 &b/9/1/l/ /NI'llh/m &ll3/. >3:e-
PH(3); WM(1); BM(1); HK(1); MM(1).
Ioo6a &b/9/7/U" Pll%llR/T &ll/ +-
JG(1).
Ioo7 &b//nhl/ All QWIR/m 2/8 +---
3.30; 3.00; 2.91 (90%), PB; PH(3); 2.94; 2.74, AN;
WM(2); BN(1).
Ioo8 &b/9/mN/ /NIQUR/T &ll# &#- Rev. Dots in field.
2.87 (97%), PB; KK(2); AP(3); VM(3); WM(2); AA(1);
PH(2); 2.98, AN; MM(1); ER(2); IS(1).
Ioo9 &b/90AU /NIQUR/T &ll *X-e-
2.64, AN; PH(I); WM(2); AD(2); VM(1); HK(1);
MM(1); BN(1); ER(1); HE(1).
IoIo &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll& &{-

2.89 (91%), PB; KK; BM(1).
IOII &b/0/7RU /NIQUR/7 <ll# ++---
PH(I); IS(1); EB(1).
IoI2 &b//nhl/ /\ll'UR/7 <ll# +-
2.88; 2.71; 2.77, AN.
IoI3 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll ++---
2.91, AN.
*IoI4 &b//NU All'ilhm &ll' #-e-
*WM(1); AD(1); ER(1).
IoI5 &b//l/U /NIQUR/T &ll #:--
3.04, PB; PH(3); AP(1).
IOI6 &b/0/ihl/ /NIQUIR/7 &ll -e-
PH(2); WM(5); AD(1); BN(2); ER(1); IS(1).
IoI7 &b//lhu /NIQUhm &ll :-e-
PH(1).
IoI7a 3b//NU /'ll'UR/T &ll ++---
AN(1).
IOI8 &b//nhl/ /NI'll R/T &l, ++---
AN(1).
IoI9 &b/9/0KU Pll'Uhm &L #--
AP(1); WH(I); MM(1).
IO2O &b/9/l/l/ /NIQUIR/7 < -j-F---
AN(1).
Io21 &b//nhl/ /NI'llh/n 4 ++---
PH(I).
Io22 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/n 4 *- Rev. Sometimes
/0'll?-ll/-/7/".
2.92 (98%), PB; 2.86, PB; WM(1); HE(I).
1023 &b//lhu /NIQUIR/T 4 :-e-

WM(1).
Hetoum I 253
'ill/'0'10R-0.ht, Il A
Io24 &b//lhl/ /?ll'}llR/T &ll3/18 +:-
3.15, PB; WM(1).
Io25 &b/9//l/ /NIQUR/T All&n ++- Rev. &b/0/1U"
2.80, PB, PH(I); BN(1).
Io26 &b/9/7/l/ /NIQUR/7 <ll/)
3.07 (92%), PB; WM(1).
1027 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/p &lln ----
AN(1).
IO28 &b/0/7RU /ll'UR/7 All&/) +:--
ER(1).
Io28a &b/9/7RU /NIQUIR/7 <ll#/. +(-
IS(2).
1029 &b//nhl/NIQUR/T &II.8 ++e-
2.95; 2.93 (90%), PB, PH(3); AP(I); WM(2); AD(1);
MM(1); BN(2); ER(1).
1030 &b//l/U /l/QUR/m. All? ++---
2.69; 2.96, AN; PH(2); WM(2); AA(1); AD(r); MM(1);
BN(1).
Io31 &b//l/U /l/QWIR/m. All# +(-
PH(2); WM(1); VM(1); AA(1); AD(2).
Io32 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &II6 ++---
KK(1); WM(3); VM(1); HK(1); AA(1); MM(1); IS(1).
1033 &b/9/l/U /NIQUR/T All *:::--
2.75, AN; PH(2); AP(I); WM(1).
Io94 &b/9/mN/ /NIQUIR/T &ll& <!---

2.99, AN.
*Io35 &b//l/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll." +:--
3.05, *PB; KK(1); PH; PH(I); WM(4).
Io36 &b///l/ /NIQUR/m. All" ++-e-
BN(1).
1036a 3b/nhl/ All'ilhm &' +(-
JG(1).
1037 &b//mNU All'ilhm &ll ++---
2.94; 3.oo, PB; WM(1); MM(1); ER(1).
1038 &b//nhl/ All'UR/T All ++---
WM(2); PH(2); AP(1); BN(I); IS(1).
1039 &b//NU Pll'UM" <ll +:--
2.79, PB.
Io40 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll +(-
PH(2); WM(1); MM(1).
1041 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll (3+---
BN(1); IS(1).
1042 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T All (X-e-
WM(1).
1043 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &l ++-e-
WM(3).
Io44 &b//nhl/ /NI'll R/T &L +---
PH(1).
1045 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T 4 ++---
WM(1); BN(1).
1046 &b//nhl/ All'ilhm & *D--
2.94, AN.
1047 &b//l/l/ All'Uhm & +(-
MM(1).
"ill/P/10/110 hl, U.8
Io48 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &Il +-e-

WM(1).
Io49 &b//nhl/ /NIQUM" <ll #-
PH(1); AA(1).
Hetoum I 255
'ill/'07/1/2-hh'.", l8 H
Io50 &b/9/1NU Pll'UR/7 &ll6/18 &-
KK(1); HK(1); AN(1); WM(3); PH(1).
1051 &b/mNU Pu'uhm &llm +(-
WM(2); BM(1); BN(1); HE(1).
Io52 &b//mNU All'NIR/T &ll3/18 +-
MM(1).
1053 &b//NU Pll'UM" <llm" +(-
PH(I).
1054 &b/mN/ /NIQUR/T &ll30 +--
AA(1).
1055 &b/mNU All"MIM" <llm +(-
HK(1); IS(1).
1056 &b//NU /NIQUM" &ll3/. ++---
PH(I); AD(1); BN(1).
1057 &b/mNU Pll'MIM" &ll3/ +(s-
WM(1); PH(I).
1058 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll6/ <!---
2.85; 2.93, AN; WM(1).
1059 &b/mNU Pu'uhm &ll3/. +- Rev. &b/Pfll/
ER(1).
IO60 4b/0/IRU' foll'UR/7 <ll3 +---
PH(3); WM(2); HK(1); BN(1).
Io61 &b/0/1/U" /01%IIR/7 <ll# %---
2.86, AN; PM(1); KK(1); BM(1).
IO62 &b//7RU /9II'll//7 <ll# ++---

PB(1); PH(2); WM(1); IS(1).
*1063 &b//NU Pu'uhm &ll ++---
# 2.57 (94%), PB, PH(2); AP(1); WM(4); *VM(1);
I}.
1064 &b//mNU Pll'UM" <ll6
WM(1); MM(1); BN(1).
1065 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll' +---
PH(I).
IO66 &b/, /TRU foll?-ll/-/7 <ll." &#-e-
BN(1).
1067 &b//NU All'ilhm &ll' ++---
BN(1).
IO68 &b/, /Thl/ foll?-ll/-/7 <ll <!---
2.87 (92%), PH; 2.89, AN; VM(1); HK(1); PH(I);
WM(2); AP(I); MM(1).
1069 &b/nhl/ Pilquhm &ll +:--
PH(I).
1070 &b/mNU Pll'NIR/T &ll (24-3-
PH(I).
1071 &b/mRU /NIQUAm &l +-e-
2.81(90%), PB, PH(3).
1072 &b/mRU pu%llhm &L :-9-
PH(I).
1073 &b//nhl/ Pll'UR/T 3. #-
WM(1).
1074 &b/mRU /NIQUR/m 3: +(-
MM(1).
1075 &b//nhl/ All'ilhm & ++---
3.06 (94%); 3.02, PB; WM(1); AP(1); IS(1).
1076 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T 4 +-e-

3.04 (94%), PB; AA(2); WM(1); BM(1); VM(1).
1077 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T 4 +(-
WM(1); AA(1).
1078 &b/mlur Pll'IR/T 4 (3-3-
WM(1).
Hetoum I 257
'ill/'07/1/2-hui, U8 l;
Io79 &b//lhl/ All'UR/T &ll6/18 &#-
WM(3); ER(1).
1080 &b/mN/ Pu'ulum zun 4-(-
PH(I).
Io81 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T All&f <!---
WM(1).
*Io82 &b//nhl/ /N1%llh/m &ll# #-e-
KK(1); "AA(1); WM(1); MM(1); IS(1).
1083 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m &ll3 ++---
PH(1).
Io84 &b//NJ /NIQUR/T &ll3 3-)- Obv. Half moon and
dot.
WM(1).
Io85 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T 4./ 3-e-
WM(1).
'ill/'0'1/1/0ph', l A
Io86 &b//nhl/ /NI'llh/m &ll #-e-
2.80, AN.
Io87 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll +(-
WM(1).
'ill/'07/1/2-hui, Il0 ||
IO88 &b/0/1/l/ /9II'll R/T &ll# #--
2.95, PB; ER(2).
1089 &b//nhl/ All?UR/T 4 -e-
MM(1).

till// '10/-put, l80
Io90 &b//nhl/ /NIQUM" &ll& {2}-e-
AD(1); IS(1).
17
Io91 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll' (3-e-
AD(1); AN(1).
Io92 &b//nhl/ Pll'UR/m. All (3-e-
3.00, PB.
1093 &b//mN/ /NIQUR/n 4 (33
MM(1).
1094 &b//NJ /NIQUAm/ &-e-
2.75, PB.
'ill/'07/)/9.ht, Il A.
*10954b*mhu Pu'uhm &usp 4-(-
*AD(1).
1096 &b/mNU All?AIR/T &ll6 +{--
3.13, AN; PH(3); WM(2); AP(1); AA(1); HK(1).
1098 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/n 4 ++---
WM(1).
"ill// '110 hl, ll
Io99 &b//mNU Pll'UR/T All&f +4- Rev. &b/fll/
WM(1).
IIoo &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll ++---
3.06 (93%), PB; 3.04, AN; PH(I); WM(3); MM(1).
IIoI &b/9/]hl/ /NI'llh/m &l --|--
2.78, AN.
'ill//.7/11hh'.", Il A
IIO2 <b/0/IRU (NI'llh/7 <ll# ++---

AP(1).
Hetoum I 259
'ill/'0'10Rpt, Il A
*IIo3 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. All&/ &#-e-
2.84, PB, *WM(1); BN(1).
IIo4 &b//NJ /NIQUR/m 2/8 #-e-
3.02 (92%); 2.84, PB; WM(4).
Cross without dotlion walking
'ill/'0'10R/-hh'.", Il A
*IIo5 &b/9//l/ /NIQUIR/m. All&n ++
2.70, PB; 2.97; 2.80, AN; AP(2); *WM(1); MM(1);
BN(1); HE(1); EB(1).
1106 &b//mNU Pu'uhm &un 2~
MM(1).
1107 &b//mhl/ /NIQUR/T All&n :--
ER(1).
1108 &b//l/U /NIQUR/m 2/8/. -Hi--
2.90 (90%), PB; WM(1).
IIo9 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. All&p +:-
2.94 (93%); 2.85, PB, PH(2); AP(1).
IIIo &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m 2/3 3-4-
BN(1).
IIII &b//lhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3 +:-
2.67, PB: KK(1); 2.85, AN; PH(4); AP(2); VM(2);
HK(1); BN(1); IS(2); JG(1).
III2 &b/9/mN/ /NIQUIR/m. All& *}+
2.81 (94%); 2.79 (91%), PB, PH(9); AP(2); WM(6);
VM(2); HK(1); AD(2); AN(1); BN(2); HE(1).

1113 <b/9/1NT /NIQUIR/m. All ++
2.67, PB, PM(1); VM(1).
17
'ill// 'l/lh/8-hh'.", ll
III4 &b//l/U Pll%ll//. All&f &#
PH(I).
"ill//.7/mh/2-hl', Il A.
III5 &b//l/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll6/" ++-
PH(I).
*III6 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll# ++-
*WM(2); PH(I).
1117 &b//mN/ /NIQUR/T &ll3 ++
3.15, PB; MM(1).
'ill/'/'l/m/3-hkul, ll k
III.8 &b/0/1/\l/ /011%ll//7 <ll6/78 &
PH(I).
1119 &b//nhl/ Pll'NIR/T &ll3/18 +
2.93; 2.86, AN; ER(1).
1120 <b//l/U Pll'UR/T &ll6/18 +3
WM(1).
II2I &b/0/1/l/ /NIQUR/7 &ll3/. -
2.86 (91%); 2.90, PB; PH(I).
1121a &b//lhu Pll'NIR/T All&/ &
IS(1).
II22 &b//l/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll# (3-
2.80, PB; 2.89, AN; PH(2); WM(2); ER(1).
*II23 &b//nhl/ All QWIR/T &II6 ++-
*WM(2); VM(1); HK(1); PH(1).
1124 &b//nhl/ Pll'UR/T &ll ++-

PH(2).
Hetoum I
26I
1125 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. All? +
PH(I); AP(1); WM(1); HE(1).
1126 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m 2/8 +:-
WM(1); PH(1).
II26a &b//hl/ /NIQUIR/m 2/13 (#-
HE(2).
1127 &b//NU /NIQUIR/m &ll (3-3-
PH(2); MM(2); IS(1).
1128 &b//l/l/ /NIQUR/m. All +:-
PH(I).
1128a &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m. All &-3
JG(1).
1128b &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m. All *H-
IS(1).
1129 &b/0/1/U /NIQUR/7 &l :-
WM(1).
'ill/'0'100phy, U8 H
1130 &b//lhl/ /NIQUR/m. All& --(
PH(2).
'ill/'0'10/-Put, U8m 5
1131 &b//'AU All?AIR/m 2/8/. 4:-
AD(1).
1132 &b/9//l/ /NIQU//m 2/8 &
3.05, PB; PH(2); MM(1).
1133 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. All (3-

2.75, PB.
1134 &b//NU /NIQUIR/m. All :-
2.83, AN; WM(1).
1135 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &l (23-
3.03 (90%), PB; 2.39, AN.
1136 &b//nhl/ Pll'NIR/ 3
WM(1).
*1137 &b//l/l/ / l'UR/l/ [No < 3
*WM(1).
'ill/'07/1/0hul, ll/1
1138 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m 2/8/ *
AP(1); AN(1).
"ill// '100Fu, U8 l;
1139 &b//ih/m Pll'UR/T &ll3 &:- Rev. With or without
dots, in field or under <.
2.95; 2.92 (92%); 2.88 (92%), PB; KK(1); PH(I);
AP(3); WM(1); AD(1); AN(1).
*1140 &b//lhu /NIQUR/T &ll/ (24:-
PH(I); AP(2); *WM(2); AA(1); AD(1).
1141 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll *:::-
3.15, PB.
1142 &b/mNU All?AIR/m 3L &#-
PH(I); WM(1).
'ill/P/I'l/lh/.hku", ll
1143 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll3/. &# Rev. Four dots in field.
PH(I).
'ill/'0'10/-/.hht, UB :
II44 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll30

WM(1).
Hetoum I 263
II45 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T All 4
PH(2); AD(1).
II46 &b//l/l/ /NIQUIR/m 2/18 &-
AD(1).
*1147 &b//nhl/ /'ll'UR/m 2/18 &# Rev. Sometimes dots in
field.
PH(2); *WM(1).
II48 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m 2/8 +-
ER(I).
1149 &b//nhl/ /NIQUjim All <!-3
2.98, AN; 2.93 (86%), PB, PH(2); AD(1); BN(1).
1150 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T All l-
PH(6).
1151 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll (>3-
PH(2); HK(1).
1152 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &l *:::-
PH(I).
1153 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &l 4
MM(1).
1154 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T 4 ++-
?(1).
'ill/'0'1/lh0.hhl, U3
1155 &b//l/U /NIQUR/m 2/18
PH(3); WM(1).
1156 &b//nhl/ All?AIR/n 4118 &:-
WM(1).

1157 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll :-
PH(2); AP(I); BN(1).
1158 &b/mN/ /NIQUIR/m &L :-
PH(I).
'ill//.7/ThPhul, U8 ||
1159 &b/mRU Pu'uhm &llm ++-
2.81, AN; PH(I); IS(1).
II60 &b/3/RU /NI'll R/T All&/7 ++-
WM(2); AP(1); EB(1).
II61 &b/, /l/l/ /NIQUR/77 &ll#0 l-
AN(1).
II62 &b/8/IRU (NI'll R/T &ll3/? +(
2.91 (86%), PB; 3.06; 2.81, AN; AD(1).
1163 &b/90AU /NIQUR/T &ll6/ *H-
2.96, PB, HK(2); PH(2); AD(1).
1164 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m 2/18/ -H-
BN(2).
1165 &b//nhl/ All'UR/T &ll <!--
2.75; 3.20; 2.90, PB; KK (1); 2.65; 2.85; 2.97, AN;
PH(2); AP(2); WM(8); AD(2); BM(2); AN(1); MM(2).
II66 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll& <!--
2.72, AN; WM(2); PH(2); ER(1).
1167 &b//mNU All?AIR/m 2/8 3-
PH(I).
II68 &b//nhl/ /NI'llh/m &ll +F-
3.07 (90%); 2.71 (95%), PB; PH(1).
1169 &b/mNU Pu'uhm &ll :-
PH(2).
1170 &b//mNU All'Uhm &ll +(
2.75, PB; PM(2); WM(1); IS(1).

1171 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T All <!-
2.72, AN; AP(1).
1172 &b//nhl/ Pll'UR/T &ll 44-
BN(1).
Hetoum I 265
1173 &b//nhl/ /l/'NIR/T &l :-
2.83 (93%), PB.
*1174 &b//mNU All?AIR/T &l }-F-
*WM(1).
1175 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/n 4 +F-
WM(1); AP(1).
1175a &b/mNU /NIQUR/n 4 3-i-
IS(1).
till/07/Th0 hl, ll&
1176 &b//nhl/ All?AIR/m 2/18/16 4-s
WM(1).
1177 &b//NJ /NIQUR/m 2/18/ @# Rev. Sometimes dots in
field.
2.93 (92%), PB; WM(1); AP(1).
1178 &b//RU All?AIR/n 4118 $ Rev. Dots in field.
3.Io, PB.
1179 &b//mNU All?AIR/m 2/18 :-
ER(1).
1180 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3 (#-
ER(2).
II81 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T All H-
2.83 (94%), PB.
1182 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll6 &#-
PH(3); AP(1); WM(2).
1183 &b//l/l/ All'UR/n 4118 (3-
AN(3); KK(1); HK(1).

1184 &b//mNU Pu%llMr &ll6 &{
WM(1)
1185 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll :-
PH(2).
1185a &b//mN/ /l/'NIR/T All (X-
IS(1).
*II86 &b//nhl/ /NI'll R/T &l (4:-
3.04 (94%), *PB.
1187 &b/nhl/ pu%uhm & Q4
2.90, AN; AD(1).
till// ?/Th0 hl, U3 l;
*II88 &b/, /ThU" foll'UR/7 <ll3/" ++-
PH(I); WM(1); *VM(1).
1189 &b//nhl/ /l/QUR/m 2/8/ 3
PH(I); AP(1); WM(1).
1190 &b/mRU ou'llhm &ll3/. :-
PH(I).
1191 &b/nhl/ /u'llhm &ll3/. ++-
PH(2).
1192 &b//NU All'NIMT All3 ++-
2.90; 3.00 (95%); 2.87 (89%); 3.01, PB; KK(1); PH(7);
AP(1); WM(3); VM(2); HK(2); BM(1); AA(1); NK(1);
AN(1); BN(2); IS(2).
1193 &b/nhl/ /NIQUAm All
KK(1); PM(1); WM(1).
1194 &b/nhl/ Pilquhm &ll3 *X-
2.90; 2.92 (88%); PB; PH(3); 2.86; 2.92; 3.04, AN;
AP(1); AD(1); HK(1).
1195 &b//lhu /NIQUR/T &ll3 ++-
3.12 (94%), PB, PM(1); WM(1); HK(1); AP(1); MM(1);

BN(1).
1196 &b/mNU Pll'uhm &ll3 4-3-
2.91 (91%), PB; KK(1); 2.85, AN; AP(I).
1197 &b//l/l/ All?UR/T &ll3
AP(1).
Hetoum I 267
1198 &b/mNU (NIQUAm All& <!-
2.88, AN; AN(1).
1199 &b//nhl/ All?AIR/m. All3 4-4-
2.57 A.N.
1200 &b//nhl/ /NI'llh/m &ll" (X-
2.65 (92%), PB.
I2OI &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll" ++-
AP(I).
1202 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll & Rev. First one 4/0/1/\l/".
2.92 (90%); 2.77, PB; PH(4); AP(2); WM(2); AN(1);
BN(1).
1203 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m &ll +(
PH(3); WM(1); AD(1); BN(1); IS(1).
1204 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll H-
PK(1); AP (1); AA(1).
1205 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll <!-
PH(2).
I2O6 &b/7/IAU foll'}ll//7 <ll +-
ER(1).
1207 &b///l/ /NIQUR/T &ll &#-
PH(I).
1208 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m &ll ++-
MM(1).
1209 &b//l/U Pll'UR/T &l <!-
2.93 (94%), PB.
I2IO &b/9/7/U" foll'UR/7 &l. *X-

PH(I); AD(1); BN(1).
I2II 35/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/7 <l. ++-
AP(1); VM(1).
1212 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &l (X:--
BN(1).
1213 &b//mNU /NIQUR/n 4 +{-
PH(I); WM(2); AA(1).
1214 &b//nhl/ All'UM" & ++-
PH(1); VM(1).
lill/'0'l/lhhul, ll6 k
1215 &b//mNU All'NIMT All&/ Q4
IS(1).
1216 &b/0/1/\l/ /NIQUR/T All& *:-
ER(2); IS(1).
Star under lion-with cross
till// '10K/9hkul, ll H
1217 &b/mNU Pu'uhm &ll3 -
2.95, AN.
1218 &b/9/mhl/ All?ll R/T 4 :-e-
2.90, AN.
1219 &b/nhu Ru'uhm & +-e-
WM(1).
till/MIT/IR-/-hul, l h
1220 4b//nhl/ /*ll'UR/T &ll3(?) +
WM(1).
till//.7/mh0 hut, UB
1221 &b//nhl/ /NI'll R/T &ll3/. <!-3-
2.90 (84%), PB, AN(I); AD(1).
1222 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll6/1 +:--

AD(1).
Hetoum I 269
1223 &b//l/l/ All?AIR/T &ll3 *H-
BN(1); ER(1).
1224 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll *}-
2.92, AN.
*1225 &b//nhl/ /NIQUAm & <!-
2.87, *AN.
'ill/'0'10A0 ht, UB :
1226 &b/9/TRU /NIQUIR/T &ll 4-
2.91 (83%), PB.
1227 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &l <!-
WM(1); BN(1).
1228 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/n 4 +-
2.60, AN; WM(2).
1229 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/l/ 3 3+-
2.75, AN.
1230 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ 4 *-
PB(1).
1231 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m/, *}-
2.93 (82%), PB.
"ill/'0'100.ht, l8 k
1232 &b//nhl/ All NIR/l/ All -
2.97, PB.
1233 &b//l/l/ All?AIR/T 4 |-
BN(1).
1234 &b//l/U Pll%ll//l/ [No 4] ...

2.75, AN.
till/0100 hu ll.8
1235 &b/nhl/ Pll'UM/ 3 *
BN(1).
1236 &b/mNU Pll'UR// (?) *H
2.80, PB.
Will/I'l/Th0 hl, ll
1237 &b//NU Pll'UR/l/ All +-
2.84, AN.
1238 &b//mNU All'ilhm &l <!-
2.84; 2.90, AN.
1239 &b/mNU All?AIR/n 4 <!-
3.00; 2.72; 2.76; 3.04, AN.
*1240 &b/nhl/ All'UM" [No 3) +-
2.89, *AN.
Rev. Undeciphered PB(1).
till/I'l/)R/>ht, ll&
*1241 &b/mNU All'ilhm & &-
*WM(1).
1242 &b/, UQUR/l/ Allm <!--e-
WM(1).
Star under lionno cross
Will/P/I'l/lh//9.ht, ll3 h
*1243 &b//RU All'ilhm/ 3 *}-

WM(2); *AA(1).
Hetoum I 27I
'ill/'0'100 hl, l h
1244 &b//NU /l/'NIR/T 4 <!-
2.73, AN; BN(1).
1245 &b/mNU All'UR// <!-
WM(1); BN(1).
"ill/I'l/Th0 hl, ll
1246 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/l/ 3 l-
2.82, AN; WM(1).
*1247 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/l/ <!-
3.08 (90%); 2.95, *PB; KK(1); 2.66; 3.03, AN; WM(2).
1248 &b//NU /NIQUR// (3-2-
3.01, AN.
'ill/'0'100 hl, ll
1249 &b//nhl/ All QWIR/l/ 3 *H.
2.82, AN.
*1250 &b//NU /NIQUR// <!-
2.79*, AN; HE(1).
1251 &b//NJ /NIQUIR// Q-2-
3.OI, AN.
'ill/I'l/)R/>ht, Il A
1252 &b///l/ /NIQUR/l/ 2 --
AN(1).
'ill/'0'1/)h/h), l
1253 &b//nhl/ Pll?AIR/T &ll(?) +

AD(1).
1254 &b/mN/ /NIQUAm/ <!---
2.94, AN.
No star and no cross
till// 'lmk/h), l8 H
1255 &b//mNU /NIQUR/l/ All/ <!-
ER(1); HE(1).
1256 &b//nhl/ /'ll NIR/l/ 4 4-
2.83; 2.81, AN; ER(1).
1257 &b/mRU Pu'ukm/ <!-
AN(1); ER(1).
1258 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/ <!-
2.86, AN; ER(1).
*1259 &b/mNU Pu'ukm *H-
2.72; 2.97, *AN.
Will// '1/1/-/.ht, l8
I260 &b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/l/ &ll +: Rev. &b/Pfll/".
2.75, AN.
I26I &b/3/7/l/ /NI'll R/7/? &l. + Rev. &b/Pfll/.
2.82, AN; WM(1).
I262 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ & *H:-
2.84; 3.08; 2.72, AN.
1263 &b/mNU All'UM/ 3 + Rev. &b/0/1U or
&b//nhl/
2.81; 2.87; 2.62, AN; ER(1).
1264 &b//nhl/ All?AIIll/0/ ++---
MM(1).

1265 &b//nhl/ All'UR// <!-
2.88; 2.60; 2.70; 2.77, AN; WM(2).
Hetoum I 273
1266 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m/ H-
NK(1).
*1267 &b//nhl/ Pll'Uhm <!--
2.86; 2.81, *AN.
I268 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/7 <!-
2.79; 2.99; 2.99, AN; AA(1); ER(I); IS(1).
till/'0'100 hl, l h
1269 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIRI) <!-
2.66, AN.
"ill/I'lf-0.ht, Il
1270 &b//NU All'UR/T &l <!-
2.68 (93%); 2.54; 2.75; PB.
till/010/-h/h), U8
1271 &b/mNU Pu'ukm/ +(-
AN(1).
Ill// ?/1R/9.ht, ll
1272 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ 4L <!---
2.85 (86%), PB.
*1273 &b/mNU Pu'uk/ <!-
2.88 (90%), PB; WM(1); *AA(1).
HALF TRAMS
'ill// '100-hh 'u', ll
*1274 &b/mNU All?AIR/T &ll&m 4'-
1.46 (93%), PB; WM(3); *NK(1).

18
'ill/'07/1/9ht, Il A
1275 &b/9/1NU All'll R/T &ll68 -#k-
WM(3); MM(I); JG(1).
1275a &b//NU All'NIMT All38 +-- [&b//U)
HE(1).
*1276 &b//mhl/ Pll'UR/T 3UB8 -i-'k-
*AD(1).
'ill/'07/1/2-hRul, ll3
1277 &b/P/MRU Pll%llh/7 <ll6/l <!--
BN(2); HE(1); IS(2).
1278 &b//l/l/ /NIQUR/m &ll3 +k-
BN(1).
Cross with dotlion holding cross.
'ill//7'1/7R/0hh'.", Il b
*1279 &b//nhl/ All?AIR/T &llm +-
1.25, KK; *WM(4); VM(1); AD(1); HK(1); MM(1);
BN(3); HE(1).
1280 &b//lkl/ /NIQUR/m. All ++---
NK(1); AD(1).
'ill/010R/-Put, U8 k (?)
I28I &b/0/1/l/ /9/1%llh/7 <ll3/78 +-
HE(1).
'ill/010/0pht, U8 H
1282 &b/9/hl/ /91%llh/m &ll3 +---

VM(1).
Hetoum I 275
'ill/'0'100ht, Il A
*1283 <b//mhl/ /NIQUR/T 4UB/18 +-
1.50, *PB.
1284 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T All8 +---
AD(1).
Cross with dotlion walking
'ill/'07.0/0ph',', U8 H
1284a &b//lhu /NIQUIR/m. All& ++-e-
1.42, PB.
'ill/'07/10 hut, U8 H
1285 &b//nhl/ All'UR/7 &ll <!---
I.II, PB.
'ill/MIT/)0.ht, Il
*1286 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/n 4 <!---
1.40 (87%), PB, *WM(1); AA(1); BN(1)(?).
'ill/'0'1/7//0/it, ll
*1287 &b//nhl/ /NIQUAm & *:-:
*WM(1).
'ill/'07/)/9.ht, II?
*I288 &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. All3 ++-
1.50, *PB; WM(1).
*1289 &b/mNU Pu'uhm & +-
*AN; WM(3); VM(1).

18*
1290 &b//nhl/ /l/'NIR// + (?)
MM(1).
1291 &b/mN/ /NIQWIR/T #-
BN(1).
No crossno star
"ill/P/I'l/1//>ht, ll
*1292 &b/mN/ /NIQUAm ----
*WM(1).
'ill/P/11/10 hl, ll
1293 &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m ++-
ER(1).
COPPER COINS TANKS1 2.
King seated on throne adorned with lions
&b/9/7/U" /NIQUIR/l/ All08
1294 CFLll h NI'll!'}}, h Uhly k L:
AD(1). P #
* The circle surrounding the king is usually a solid line, and on rare oc-
casions, dotted. On the reverse, all specimens examined had a solid circle.
* It is interesting to note the gradual simplification of the throne design.
At first the throne was adorned with lions, reminiscent of the silver coins
of Levon I. This was followed by a simpler throne with conventionalized
lions, which themselves underwent a progressive simplification. Then came
a simple throne, bench-like, with two posts on each side, and finally, a
simple bench-like throne with one leg on each side. This progressive
evolution may be represented as follows:

5-? R ff
Hetoum I 277
*1295 publil I NITU% h Uhl/ *#
8.3; 7.9, PB; AN(I); KK(2); WM(5); VM(2); HK(3);
AD(3); *BM(1); KB(1); MM(2); BN(1); AM(1); HE(1);
EB(2).
1296 &publil h NITI', h Uhl, # Obv. Solid or dotted
a \\ circle.
7.I; 6.7; 6.1; 7.5; 7.9; 5.2; 7.4; 8.3; 5.6; 7.3, PB, PB(1);
KK(1); AN(1); WM(19); VM(7); HK(5); AD(6); AA(3);
BM(1); MM(4; BN(8); JG(3); IS(1); HE(1); EB (3).
*1297 Chubul h QuTu% h UU #
*AA(1); HK(1) * \\
1298 &publil I NITI', h Uh >|<
KK(1); WM(2); AD(1).
1299 &Publl h NITU94, h U Sk
WM(1). * \\
*13oo &publil h MITU% h Uhl/ #
6.7, *PB; AA(1); WM(1).
1301 &Publil / NIQU% h Uhl/
AD(1). %
&b/9/mhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ All&/):
1302 publil h MITU%, h Uhl/ \le
Sk
8.6, PB, HK(2).
1303 GPublil / NI'll!'), h Uhl & B.
AA(1). x \x
King seated on throne decorated with conventionalized lions

&b/0/1/l/ /NI'llh/l/ All&/18
*1304 Chubul P NITU% h UPU #.
8.7; 8.2, PB; WM(12); VM.(3); BM(2); HK(2); AD(2);
MM(1); BN(6); IS(1).
*1305 & Publ.l. h NITI', h Uhl, i: Obv. No star in field.
*WM(2). *A*
1306 clubill b Qutu% buy #.
7.8, PB, PB(1); WM(5); AD(3); AA(1); MM(3);
BN(7); HE(1).
***
*1307 &publil / NIQU%, h UUU #.
7.3; 7.5, *PB; WM(2); BM(1).
*W*
1308 Chubul I NITU% h Uhu h :
WM(3); HK(1); AD(1); MM(1); BN(1).
*Y*
1309 clubull Tutu' pupu " +
6.o, PB; WM(2); BM(1).
*131o Ch'ublil / N1%ll!'. I Ubu h #. Rev. Note misspelling
*T QUQQUIQ.
*KK(1); WM(1); AD(1).
1311 51%bul P Tu'u', pubuhu sit.
HK(1). %T
1312 publil h NITII'', h Uh i:
WM(1). *A*
1313 publl h NITU', h Uhl/# i. Rev. Note star at end
*A* of legend.
WM(1); AD(1).
***

*1314 Chull h NITI', h Uhuhl/ #. Rev. Ghull.
PB(1); WM(2); VM(1); *MM(I); JG(1).
1315 pull h NITI', h Uhl/h Eit. Rev. Ghull.
WM(1). *A*
1316 Chull h MITU% h Uhl/ it. Rev. Ghull.
WM(1). *A*
Hetoum I 279
1317 &Publil h RII'lllf, h Uh sit.
WM(1). *A*
1318 GFLll h RUQUIR, f U it.
WM(1). *A*
1319 &Publil / RUTII R, it.
WM(1). *A*
1320 GPublil P Tu'u', pupul S.
WM(1); AD(1). *AN
*1321 & Publl h NITI', h Uhl/ .#
*WM(4); AD(1); MM(1); BN(1).
iz.
\e
1322 pubu, p qu'u', puu :
6.1, PB; WM(1); VM(1); AA(1); AD(1); BN(1).
1323 Ch'ubll h NITU%, h Uh #
VM(I); MM(1). ZAN
1324 Ch'ublil / NI'll!?', h Uhl/ .# Obv. No star in field.
AD(3); WM(2); VM(1).
1325 Publl h QUTII'', h UU #. Obv. No star in field.
8.9, PB; WM(1); VM(1); HK(1); HE(1).
1326 &publl h QUTU9, UUU Siz
PB(1). *\\
1327 &Publl h NIQU%, h Uhl/ *K
PB(1); WM(3); MM(3); BN(1)
*1328 &Publil h QUTU%, h Uhl/ SK Obv. No star in field.

*KK(1); VM(2); WM(1); JG(1); EB(2).
*1329 &Publil / MUTII'', h Uhl, "Le
WM(4); *BM(1). *A*
1330 CFLll h NITII'', h Uhl/ #
PB(1); AD(2); MM(1).
1331 CFUbl.l. h NITU%, h UU # Obv. No star in field.
MM(1).
1332 publil h NITU% h Uhl/ #
7.o; 5.8; 5.6; PB; WM(7); AD(5); HK(1); BN(3).
1333 CFLll h QUT II'', h UPU # * Rev. Star at end of
* ty legend.
AD(1).
* | *-
*1334 CFLll h QUTU%, h Uhl/ #
8.1; 5:7, PB; KK(1); *WM(5); VM(1); MM(3); BN(2);
IS(1).
1335 CPublil / NITII'', h Uhl/ *
KK(1); WM(1).
1336 Ch'ublil h NITI', h Uhl/ #
5.o, PB; VM(4); WM(2); MM(1); EB(1).
1337 &publil / QUTU%, h Uhl/ #
WM(4); VM(2); HK(1).
<b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/l/ All&n
1338 &publil / MI'll!'), h Uhl/x NL Obv. No star in field.
* \\ Rev. Cross at end of
legend.

WM(1).
Hetoum I 28I
1339 Chubul F QUTU%, h Uhl, >|< Obv. No star in field.
WM(2); BN(2).
134o & Publ.l. h QUT II'', h Uh # ow. No star in field.
WM(1); BN(1).
134oa & Publl I QUT II'', h U >|< Obv. No star in field.
HE(1).
King seated on throne having two legs on each side
&b/0/1/l/ /NIQUR/l/ 3UB/78
1341 Chubul h QUTU%, h Uhl/ >|<
9.7; 8.5; 7.o; 6.8; 6.2, PB, PB(2); WM(15); VM(4);
BM(3); AA(2); HK(5); AD(7); MM(2); BN(2); JG(1);
EB(1).
1342 Publil / ?/I'll!?', h Uhl/x SL. Obv. Cross at end of
# legend.
AD(1); BM(1).
1343 Ch'ublil / MITU%, h UU N lar
AD(1). #
*1344 Chubul h NITU%, h Uh
KK(1); *WM(3); VM(2); HK(1); EB(1).
\le Obv. No star in field.
>|<
1345 CPublil h NITI', h Uhl/ #
7.7; 7.8, PB; WM(2); VM(1); NK(1); HK(1); AA(1).
1346 Ch'ublil h NI'll!'}}, h Uhl/ #
WM(I); BM(1); AD(1).
1347 Ch'ubll h NI'll!'}}, b Uhl/ 3%.

WM(1); AA(1). % Wye
1348 Ch'ublil h NITU%, h Uhl/ --
KK(1); WM(4); VM(2); BM(1); HK(2); MM(1); BN(I);
HE(1).
1349 &Publil h NITU'), h Uh %
BM(1).
*1350 GPLll h QUT II'', h Uhl/ \lar Obv. Decorative de-
* \\ sign 5 to left of king.
7.8, "PB; AN(2); WM(1); VM(2); AA(1); BM(1); AD(2).
135oa & Publl h NITII'', h Uh #
HE(I). * \\
&b/9/7/l/ /NIQUR/l/ 3UB/):
1351 CFLll h QUT II'', h Uhl/ >|<
WM(2); VM(1); AD(1).
&b/9/7RU /NIQUIR/l/ 3UB
1352 hlll h QUTIQ: h Uhl/ >|<
WM(7); AD(1); AN(1); NK(1); MM(3); BN(2).
1353 GPubll h \ll'll!'}\, h Uhl/k NY, Rev. Star at end of
# legend.
BN(1).
1354 6Publil / MITU'k', h Uhl/ >|-
WM(2); VM(2); AA(1).
*1355 publil h NITU'', h Uhl/ -

7.4, PB, *WM(2); HK(1); BN(1).
Hetoum I 283
King seated on throne of one post on each side
&b/0/1/l/ /NIQUR/l/ 3UB/18
1356 Chubul h NITU%, h Uhl/ *#.
6.o, PB; WM(2); AA(1).
1357 & publl I NIQU%), h Uhl).". # Rev. Three dots at end
x \x of legend.
WM(1); BN(1).
*1358 Chubul h MITU%, h Uhl/ +:
*KK(2); WM(3); HK(1).
1359 &publil h NIQU%, h Uh #
PB(2). -
*136o Chubill h NITI', h Uhl/ *W/ C-
8.3, PB; WM(4). * \ ^
1361 CFLll h NITII'', h Uhl/
6.4, PB, HK(1). -
&B//nhl/ /NIQUR/l/ 3UB:
*1362 publl h MITU%, h Uhl/ +:
AN(1); *WM(5); VM(1); AD(2).
1363 publl h \ll'U%), h Uhl/x &W: Rev. Cross at end of
*#.
legend.
6.o; 5.7, PB; WM(1).
1364 &publl h NITU%, h Uhl/ #
WM(1). *A*
KARDEZ
King on horseback

&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ 4113/18
*1365 publil h NITII'', h Uhl/ : Obv. Sometimes star
*A*. or cross in field.
4.3, PB, *WM(2); VM(1); AD(2).
1366 Ch'ubll h NI'll!'}'', h Uhl/
4.4, PB; WM(1)
1367 Chubul h QUT II'', h Uh
WM(1); VM(1).
\le Obv. Sometimes star,
* \\
dot or cross in field.
VM(I); AM(1).
\lar
* \\
1368 Ch'ublil / NITII'', h UU \lar
MM(1). * \\
1368a Ch'ublil h NI'll!'}\, h' U \le
EB(1). #
1369 GPublil h Qu'll', h Uhl, # Obv. 3b/9IP.
3.7, PB. a \x
137o Chubul P QUT II'', h (?) - || -
AD(1). #
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ All&n:
1371 Chubill h Qu'll', h Uhl/ \le Obv. Sometimes star
>|<
in field.
WM(3); AD(1).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUR/l/ &ll#17
*1372 hlbl h QUTU% h Uhl, x" | x Obv. Sometimes star
*#.

or dot in field. Legend
does not always start
at point of cross.
6.0, PB; WM(2); VM(1); MM(1); *NK(1).
1373 Ch'ublil / NITI', h Uh *#.
HK(1); VM(1). x \x
*1374 CFLll h QUTU% h UPU >|< Obv. Sometimes star
* \\ or dot in field. Legend
does not always start
at point of cross.
3.4; 4.2; 4.4; 4.4, PB; AD(4); WM(6); MM(1); BN(3).
Hetoum I 285
1375 Ch'ublil h NITU%, h Uhly: #
* \\
WM(1).
1376 CFLll h MI'll!'}}, h Uh
Rev. Two dots at end
of legend.
\le
* \\
WM(2); HK(1); BN(2); EB(1)
1377 &publil h NITU%, h U
\lar
* \\
KB(1); MM(1); EB(1).
1378 Chubul h NI'll!?", h Uh
HK(1).
1379 &publl h NITU%, h Uh
WM(1).
138o & Publ.l. h QUTII?, h Uhl/
BN(1).
*|*
# Obv. 20/i/Il/".
x \\
&B/0/7/l/ /9/1%llh/l/ 4118
1381 GPUBll h QUTII?, h Uhl/
WM(3).

1382 hlbl.l. h QUT II'', h Uh
WM(1).
1383 & Fublil h QUT II'', h U
WM(I); JG(1).
1384 CFLll h QUTIQ,' I Uh
KK(1); WM(2).
1385 Ch'ublil / ?/ITU', h UU
4.3; 4.2, PB.
1386 Ch'ublil h NITU%, h U
WM(1); BM(1).
x lik Obv. Dot in field.
Ak
Obv. Dot in field.
Obv. Dot in field.
::::#
aft#:::;
1387 hubl h QUT II', P, UPU
Obv. Dot in field.
Obv. Dot in field.
* \\ Obv. Dot in field.
2.9, PB, PB(1); VM(2).
*1388 CPubll h NI'll!?", h Uh #
5.1, *PB; MM(1) * \\
1389 &publil I NITI', h Uhl/ NIX
5.5, PB; WM(1). **
1390 Chubul h Qu'll', h Uh(?) *H:
4.2, PB; AD(1).
&b/0/1/.l/ /NIQUR/l/ All
*1391 Chubul h Qu'll', p Up H
PB(1); *MM(2).
1392 publl h NITU%), h Uhl, -
PB(1). #
King seated on benchlike throne
&b/0/1/l/ /ll'll R/T &ll6/78
*1393 Chubul P Ru'll Fu h Uhl, NQ Obv. Rarely inverted
>'. U or 8.
4.2; 4.5; 5.I; 3.6; 4.2; 3.8; 3.5; 4.2; 4.5, PB, PB(1);
*KK(5); WM(10); VM(1); BM(1); HK(5); AD(6);
MM(3); BN(10); JG(1); EB(1).
*1394 &Publil h NITU%, h Uhl, >'.
4:5; 4.3; 3.2; 5.o; 3.6; 4.1; 4.0, PB, PB(2); *KK(1);
WM(7); AA(1); BM(1); MM(2); BN(2); AD(4); JG(1).
1395 publil h QUTU%, h Uh \O
MM(1). #N.
*1396 Ch'ublil h QUTU%, h U >'.

4.6; 4.3; 4.4, PB; WM(3); VM(1); BM(1); HK(2);
*AD(2); BN(3).
Hetoum I 287
1397 & Publl / QUT II'', h L #.
4.4, PB; WM(1); AD(1).
1398 & Publil h NITI', h #.
4.1, PB(2); NK(1), WM(1); VM(1); AD(3).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUAm All&n
*1399 Ch'ubll h QUTII?, h L #.
WM(1); VM(1); HK(1).
14oo & Publ.l. h QUT II'', h \O
WM(2); AD(2). >#
&b/9/hl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3.
1401 & Publl P QUTIQ,t, h Uh \|J
5.o, PB. *N.
1402 & Publl h QUTU91, h U >'.
4.I; 3.9; 4.2, PB; WM(4).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m 2/3
1403 Ch'ublil h NI'll!?", h Uh NR)
4.95, PB. >''
&b//lhu /NIQUIR/m. All
1404 & Publl h NITU%, h U \Q

AD(3). #
&b/0/1/.U. foll?-ll/-/l/ All?/18
1405 Publ h . . . . . . . h U. U SK Rev. Ch'ubl.
VM(1); AD(1). * \\
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ All&/)
1406 & Publ h NITI', h Uhl, >|<
4.6; 5.6, PB, PB(1); AA(1); MM(1); JG(1).
*1407 &Publ h QUT II'', UPU *\le
*WM(1); HK(1). *.
1408 &publ h NIQU%, h Uh
>
&
4.9, PB.
1409 &publ h NIQU%, h UU \lar
HK(1). a \\
141o publ h NITI', h U \lar
3.9, PB; WM(1). * \\
1411 CFLll h QUTII'', h Uhl/ J Obv. Star in field.
WM(1). #
1412 publil h NITII'', h UU NJ (?) Obv. Star in field.
MM(1). ZIN \ . . .
&b/, /l/l/ /NIQUIR/l/ All?
*1413 &publl h NI'll!?", h U >'.
PB(1); *WM(1); VM(1).
1414 &Publ h NIQU%, h Uhl/ -.

WM(1); VM(1); MM(1).
1415 publ h QUTII'', h Uhl/ >|<
3.6, PB, PB(5); WM(5); VM(1).
Hetoum I 289
*1416 &Publ h QUTII?, h Uh S.
*WM(3); MM(I); JG(1); PB(1).
1417 &publ h NIQU%, h UU *
HK(1); PB(1). * \\
1418 &publ h NITU%, h U
>|<
HK(2). * \\
&b/0/1/l/ /NIQUR/l/ All
1419 &publ h NITI', h Uhl/ #
5.45, PB; WM(2); HK(1); AD(1); AA(2); KB(1).
1420 &Publ h NITI', h U SK
3.6, PB; AD(1); BM(1).
Rev. Uncertain BM(1).
UNIQUE COPPER COIN
[Struck with a silver tram die]
*1421. Obv. Ill/'0'10R-0.ht, Il
Rev. &b/9/1AU (NIQUIR/n 4ll
4.60, *PB.
ERRORS
1422 Obv. & Publil h \ll \ll', h Uhl/
Rev
*1423 Obv.
Rev
. Ch'ublil I, NITII'', h Uhl/ #
VM(1).

Ch'ubll h RII'll R Uhl/
*\te
. Chubill h fulllf UPU(?) #
*PB(1).
19
LEVON II
TRAMS
Coins with HetoumZabel design
'ill/010/-/.ht, l k
*1424 lbh/T, Pll%llh/l/ All&/18(?) k +-
*WM(1).
upmnhop, us
*1425 lbf/T, PUQUR/l/ All&n *}+-
*AN(1).
1426 Ibh/T, All?AIR/l/ All& <!-
AN(1).
till// ?/ R-R/9.h., U.8
1427 lbf/1, PI'llh/l/ 3 +(-
KK(1); AD(1); PB(1).
Typical Levon II designlion turned left.
Rev. Ch'ubll h QUT. . . ), Uhl Rd l/MU U
*VM(1).
*1428 Obv. Ibnt, All?AIR/l/ UUbul3. . . . .8U &
Ib/T, /NI'llh/l/ ill/'bulll <ll3/.
*1429 Chubul h fulllf, h Uhl, \nt.

2.93 (90%) *PB; WM(1); AA(1); AD(1); MM(1).
Levon II 29I
*1430 CFLll h RUQUR, h Uhl/ * Ilf-
2.86 (86%), 2.71, *PB; 2.47, KK; WM(1); AA(1);
AD(3); VM(1); MM(2); AM(1); JG(1).
1431 &publil h RU'll Ru h UU \nt
V BN(1).
M(1); WM(1);
1432 publil h RUQUAR, U * Flf-
VM .
(I).
1433 GPublil h RUTII RP), h Uhl h K Flf-
2.92 (82%), PB; AD(1).
*1434 GPublil h RUTIFR, h Uhl p k Ilf
2.90 (82%); 2.93, *PB; 2.90 (80%), KK; VM(1);
MM(1).
1435 publil / Ru'll Ru h Uhl, k
2.90 (83%), PB; VM(1); MM(2); BN(1).
1436 Ch'ublil h RUQUAR), h Uhl/\, ', % T
AD(1); MM(1); EB(1).
1436a Ch'ublil / RUQllf, h UPU K Ilf
JG(1).

19
-l-
1436b & Publil h RUTII R, h Uhl, PU k Tl I
HE(1).
Ib/), foll'UR/l/ III/'bullt, AllU
Obv. Inscription
* starts to right of
*1437 chubul h fulllf, h UPU Puh king.
*MM(1).
1438 Chubill h Ru'll Ru h Uhl p k Ilf
MM(1).
Ib/, /NIQUIR/l/ III/'bull3, All".
1439 Chubill h RUQUAR, h Uhl, \nt.
VM(1).
Ib/, /NIQUIR/l/ UU'bull, &ll3/.
1440 chubul h fnuft, h Ubu \nt.
2.71 (78%), PB.
1441 &publil / RUQUAR, h Uhum \nt.
MM(1).
*1442 &pubill h fulllf, h Uhl/ \r + Rev. Inscription
starts at tail of lion.

*MM(1).
Levon II 293
lb/, /NIQUR/l/ III/'bullt, All3
1443 Ch'ublil h fl!'ll Ru h Uhl/ \lf
HK(1).
lbff, All'UR/l/ III/'bullt, All3
1444 Ch'ublil / RUQUAR, h Uhl/ \nt. Obv. II'llh/7/".
2.57 (65%); AN(1).
1445 publil / RUTUR), h UPU Obv. Inscription
K starts to right of
* CrOWn.
BN(1).
1446 CFLll h RUTIlf, h Uhu hl/ Knt.
2.41 (75%), PB, IS(1).
1447 &publil / fulllf, h Uhl p Obv. Inscription
* starts at horse's
head.
MM(1).
1448 &publl h RUTUR, h Uhly, k *If
2.87 (79%), PB; MM(1).
1449 GPublil / RU'll Ru h Uhl/ ^n+.

WM(1); MM(2).
Kn + Obv. Field mark
1450 & Publl h RUQUAR, h Uhl/ under horse.
WM(1).
1451 Chubul h fulllf, h Uhl/ \lf Obv. No field mark.
2.73 (77%), PB; WM(1).
*1452 publil h fulllf, h Uhl/ Obv. Field mark
2\" under horse and
*}} two triple dots
in field.
*WM(1); HK(1).
Ib/T, All?UR/l/ lll/'bullt, 4U/
*1453 CFLll h RUTUR, h Uhly pl/ Obv. King holding
\* double cross. Field
mark and some-
times dot.
*KB; MM(1).
1454 6Publil h RUTUR, h Uhl, fi Obv. King holding
.V* double cross. Field
mark and some-
times dot.
2.67 (65%), KK; WM(1); VM(1); AA(1); AD(2); AM(1).
double cross. Field
mark and some-
times dot.
1455 Ch'ublil / RUTII R, h Uhl, K Obv. King holding

IV*
VM(1); AD(2); MM(2).
1456 &publl h Ru'll Ru h Uhl h k Ilf-
BN
(I).
Levon II 295
<
1457 & Publil h RUQUIR, h Uhly h K Flf
MM(1).
1458 &publl h FUTUR, h Uhuhl h Obv. King holding
.V* double cross. Field
mark and some-
times dot.
KB(1); BN(1).
1459 &publl h RUTIlf, h Uhl, Obv. King holding
\* double cross. Field
mark and some-
- times dot.
2.67, KK; WM(1); VM(I); JG(1).
lbff, 81%llR/l/ III/'bull&t, 4U [or ". U]
<
1460 &publl h RUTII R, h Uhly pl/ x Ilf-
WM(I); JG(1).
1461 Chubul h RUQUIR, h Uhly pl/ \nt.
2.78 (65%), PB.
<
1462 publl h RUTIIR, h Uhly h & Ilf
2.75, AN; 2.68 (50%), PB; VM(1); HK(1); BN(1);
IS(1).
<
*1463 publl h RII'll RV h Uhl/ K Ilf-

2.80 (75%), *AN; WM(4); VM(2); BM(1); KK(1); IS(1).
1464 Ch'ublil / RUTII R, h Uhly pl/ \lf
MM(1).
1465 Ch'ublil h RII'lllfi, h Uhly h ^n+.
BN
(I).
1466 & Publ.l. h RUTII:ft, h Uhl/ Wrlf-
NK(1).
1467 Chubill h RIITU-R), h UU \nt.
(I).
WM(2); BN(I); AM
1468 Chubill h fulllf, h Uhl h(?) Obv. Field mark
k dot or circle.
WM(1).
1469 &publil h fulllf, h Uhl p Knt.
2.34 (54%), PB; BN(1).
1470 &publil h RII'll RV h Uh \nt.
BN(1).
lb/T, foll%ll All/ U'bull, 2U
*1471 Ch'ublil h RUTII:#, h Uhl h \nt.

WM(1); *VM(2).
Levon II 297
lbff, Pll'UR/l/ IIITbill.3%, 3
<
1472 Publil / RU'lll:Ru h Uhly h \nt.
M(2); VM(1).
Ib/Tu /NIQUR/l/ III/'bull&t, ".
Uhl) hU J, K lf.
(I).
1474 6Publil / RUTII R, h Uhly h \ni.
PB(1).
1475 Bhubul h futus, pubu Kni.
WM(2).
1476 Chubill h RIITU fu hl/h Kni.
MM(1).
<
1477 & Publl h RUQUIR, h Uhly h \nt.
MM(1).
1473 & Publil h RUTIIf, h
NK(1); MM
Ib/77, foll?-ll/-/7/* III/'b'LII5%,
<
*1478 Ch'ublil h RUQUIR, h Uhly h K Ilf

2.57, PB; WM(2).
1479 Chubul P RUTUR, h Uhl/ x Flf-
WM -
(I).
1480 Chubul P RII'll Ru h Uh \ Ilf
AD(2).
1481 Chubul P Ru'll Ru h Uhl, x Ilf
MM(1).
Ib/T, 6/1%llh/l/ lll/'bull&
*1482 pubul h fulllf, h Uhl, \nt.
*KB(2).
1483 Chubul P Ru'll fu h Up \nt.
VM(1).
Transitionmixed dies
Ib/TL /NIQUR/l/ lll/'bull3, All3
*1484 clubill b fulllf, pubu \in
*WM(1); AD(1);
Rev. Uncertain 2.85, PB.
Ibh/", /ll'UR/l/ All&R/
*1485 clubull fulf, pubu \nt.

*BM(1).
Levon II
299
lbh/T, foll%llR/l/ All&I)
1486 & Publl h RUTII R', h UU \nt.
2.93 (92%), KK.
1487 Chubul h RUTII R, h UU Ani.
2.50 (49%); 2.33 (48%), PB.
Ibh/T, /ll'NIR/l/ &lll/
1488 &publl h RITU-R), h Uhl/ Ani.
WM(1).
Ani.
1489 &Publil / RUTUR, h UU * \t.
2.91, KK; WM(3); VM(1).
Ani.
*1490 &publl h RUTII R, UU * \t-
*AD(1).
Lion turned right
lbh/7, foll%llA/l/ Allh/78
1491 GPubl.l. h NITII'', h Uhl/ \in
2.43 (65%), PB; WM(2); VM(1); MM(1).
1492 htbl/l h NITU%, h Uhl/ \ firl

AA(1).
3OO Coinage of Cilician Armenia
\ + T Rev. Lion holding
*1493 obubul h fulllf, pubu y CrOSS.
2.35 (50%), PB; WM(4); *VM(3); AA(1); MM(2);
BN(1).
1494 6Publil h fulllf, h UPU \ in
PB
(I).
\ Rev. Crowned lion
1495 pubul h fulllf, h Uhll: | | holding cross.
PB(1).
lbf/n), /NIQUIR/l/ 3UBR/)
\ + T Rev. Lion holding
1496 clubl I fulllf. I upu y CrOSS.
2.88 (77%), PB.
1497 &publil h RUQUAR, h Uhl, A. in
2.50, PB.
1497a Chubul P RU'll Ru h Uhl, \in
HE
(I).
lbf/it, /NI'll R/l/ All/18
1497b Ghubill h fulllf, h Uhl/ k _f I

IS(1).
Levon II 3OI
Ibh/", /NIQUIR/l/ AllU8
*1498 &publil h RuTuft, h Uhl, \fr
2.50 (72%); 2.54 (62%), *PB; 2.80, KK(1); WM(3);
VM(3); AD(1); MM(1); IS(1).
1499 &publil / MITU%, h Uhl, \in
2.55 (61%), PB, BM(1).
Ib/V/I", foll'UR/l/ Allll
15oo Ch'ublil h RUTII R, h Uhl/ \ f Il
AA
(I).
lbf/7, foll?-ll/-/l/ Alln
*1501 &publl h RUTUR, h Uhl/ N in
2.56 (59%), KK; 2.42, PB; WM(3); VM(2); AD(1);
HK(1); NK(1).
1502 publil / NIQU%), h Uhl/ X in
2.76 (72%), PB; VM(1); MM(1).
1503 Ch'ubll h RUQUEF, h Uhl/ \in
2)

WM(2); VM(2).
1504 Ch'ublil h NI'll!'}}, h Uhl/ \ in
WM(2); HK(1); MM(1); IS(1).
1505 publil h NI'll!?", h Uhl/ \+n
WM(1).
*1506 Ch'ubll h RII'lllfi, h Uhl, R+n
*AD(1).
^)
>k
1507 Ch'ublil h \ll'U%, h Uhl/ \, in
BM(1).
Ibh/T, /NI'llh/l/ Alll/
R-
1508 Ch'ublil h RUTII R', h Uhly h , firl
VM(2); IS(1).
1509 Ch'ublil h fulllf, h Uhly * in
2.oo (72%); 2.59 (52%), PB; WM(4); AD(1); MM(1);
AA(1); HE(1).
^)
>k
151o Ch'ubll h RUTII R', h Uhl/ \, in
2.52, AN.
- D -l-

15II Ch'ublil h RII'll f\, h Uhl/ M. _||
AD(1); BM(1).
Levon II 303
1512 hlbl.l. h RII'll Ru h Uhly h N. tr.
WM(2); VM(1); AA(1).
1513 CFLll h RU'll Ru h Uhl/ Nin
WM(3); IS(1).
1514 & Publl h RUQUIR, h Uhl/ \in
2.23 (50%); PB(1).
*1515 Publ.l. h RUQUIR, h Uhl/ R. _f IT
2.28 (60%); PB(1); 2.68, AN; WM(4); VM(5); *AD(1);
MM(1); BN(1); JG(1); IS(2).
1515a & Publil P RII'll fu h Uhl/ \in
IS (1)
1516 & Publil h RUQUR, h Uhl/ \ _f I
VM(1); KB(1); AA(1); MM(1); BN(2).
1517 &publil h RuTuft, h Uhl/ \in
PB(1); WM(2); VM(1); AD(1).
1518 Ch'ubl h RUTII R, h Uhl, \in

M(1).
1519 &Publil h fulllf, h Uhl/ \ + T Rev. Lion holding
CrOSS.
2.64 (54%), KK.
1520 &publil h NITU%, UPU h \ _f IT
MM
(I).
1521 Ghull h NIQU%, h Uhl/ \in
BN(1).
HALF TRAMS
*1522 Obv. Ibnth /l/'NIR// \
Rev. Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru Uhl/
AN(I); *MM(1).
*1523 Obv. Ibh/th /l/'NIR// \
Rev. Tram lion on small flan.
1.41 (84%), *PB.
Tram dies struck on small flans
*1524 Obv. Type I433, *I437, I446, I464 K
Rev. Lion [] t

1.43 (83%), *PB; 1.45; KK; VM(1); AD(2); BN(1).
Levon II 305
*1525 Obv.
Rev.
*1526 Obv.
Rev.
1527 Obv.
Rev.
1528 Obv.
Rev.
1529 Obv.
Rev.
1530 Obv.
Rev.
*N*
Type I453, I458 K
Lion | | |
*BM(1); WM(1).
Type I487, 1489 \,
*I50I, 1502, 15II, 1512 * \l-
Lion | |
WM(1); *BM(1).
Unknown tram type %
Lion | | |
NK(1); MM(1).
Type I457, I460, I462, 1472, k
1477, *1478
Lion T

BN(1).
Type 1497, *1515 o
Lion | |
1.29, PB, AN(1); VM(1).
Type 1479, 1481, *1485, I495, \
I5I9
Lion | | |
WM(1).
2O
306
1531. Obv.
Rev.
*1532 Obv.
Rev.
*1533 Obv.
Rev.
1534 Obv.
Rev.
1535. Obv.
Rev.
1536 Obv.
Rev.
Type *1526
Lion
_f I
WM(1); KB(1); 1.33, PB; BN(1); HE(1).
Type *1506, 151o
i.
Lion
*WM(1); MM(1).
Type *I498, 1503, 1505, 1520 \
in
Lion
*PB(1); NK(1).
Type 1516, 1517 \

Lion | |
VM(1).
Type *1533 \
Lion | |
1.26, PB.
Type 1496 \
Lion | |
MM(1).
Levon II 307
*1537 Obv. Type 15oo, 1508
Rev. Lion | | |
*MM(1).
1538 Obv. Type *1526
\.
Rev. Lion | | |
BN(1).
1539 Obv. Type 1534, 1516, 1517 \
Rev. Lion | | |
BN(1).
COPPER COINS KARDEZ
Obverse lion and reverse cross.
Ibh/T, foll%llh/l/ All&/18U
*1540 &publil h RII'll RV h Uhl/1 # Obv. Lion walking left.
* \x Rev. Cross with four
*WM(1). stars.
Ibh/7t, All?-ll/-/l/ 3U.8/18/
1541 &publil / RU'll Ru h Uh XVIX Obv. Lion walking left.
*\* Rev. Cross with four
AD(2). Stars.
1541a & Publl h RUTUR), h U x * Obv. Lion walking left.
x \k Rev. Cross with four
StarS.

EB(1).
* In the copper coins of this king the letter R usually appears as /".
* With rare exceptions, the stars are five pointed.
2o."
Ibh/T, All?llR/l/ &ll#08
1542 &pubul P RUQUR, h Uhl/ .# Obv. Lion walking left.
*A* Rev. Cross with four
Stars.
BM(I); BN(1).
1543 Chubul P RII'll Ru h Uh x * Obv. Lion walking left.
# Rev. Cross with four
Stars.
AD(2); NK(1).
*1544 6Publil h RUQUR, h U x * Obv. Lion walking left.
Stars.
*VM(1); HK(1).
Ib/T, /NIQUR/l/ All&m
*1545 publil / fulllf, h U x * Obv. Lion walking left.
- # Rev. Cross with four
StarS.
3.5, *PB; WM(1).
Ib/TL /9II'llh/l/ AllUU
1546 & Publil h RUQUR, h Uhl/ x * Obv. Lion walking left.
*# Rev. Cross with four
Stars.
KB(1); BN(1).
lbf)", /NI'llh/l/ Allh/)
1547 &publil / RUQUAR, h Uhl/ # Obv. Lion walking left.
Sk we Rev. Cross with four

Stars.
WM(1).
Levon II 309
Ib/", All?llh/l/ 3UBU/
*1548 Ch'ublil I RII'll Ru h U Obv. Lion walking left.
XY-k
"k" Rev. Cross with four
Stars.
4.9, PB; *BM(1); AD(1)
Rev. Uncertain HM(1).
lb/17, ANI'll R/l/ 3UB/U
1549 & Publil / RUQUEF, h U &# Obv. Lion walking left.
>kur Rev. Cross with four
Stars.
WM(1).
Ib/T, 6/I'llh/l/ Alll)
1550 &publl h RU'll Ru h Uh x Obv. Lion walking left.
StarS.
WM(1); AN(1); AD(1); BN(1).
1551 Ch'ublil / RII'll Ru h U Obv. Lion walking left.
Rev. Cross with four
Stars.
Rev. Uncertain.
3.6, PB; 3.9, PB; WM(1).
Ibh/T, foll'UR/l/ All&I)

*1552 publil h RUQUAR, h x * Obv. Lion.
# Rev. Cross.
*AN(1).
Rev. uncertain. MM(1).
- - - - - - - - - - - - <ll#Uhl/
1553 &publil / RUQUAR, h Uhl (?) x\x Obv.
*\x Rev
BN(1).
Ibh/TL All?-ll/-/l/ All 8U/
Rev
1554 Chubill h RUTII R, h Uh x [x Obv.
AD(1); WM(1); BN(1).
lbf/it, foll?-ll/-/l/ Alll/
1555 Rev. Uncertain. # Obv.
*k}\k
Rev
MM(1).
lbf/1, Pll'UR/l/ &ll6/
1556 &publil h RITU-R), h U # Obv.
*\x
Rev
PB(1); WM(1).
Ib/), foll'llh/l/ All/
1557 CPublil h RUQUAR, (?) x -k Obv.
Skuk Rev
AD(1); MM(1).
Ib/), foll'Ilh/l/ 289
1558 &publil h RUQUAR), h U # Obv.
* \k

Rev
Lion.
. Cross.
Lion.
. Cross.
Lion.
. Cross.
Lion.
. Cross.
Lion.
. Cross.
Lion.
. Cross.
KB(1).
Levon II 3II
Obverse cross and reverse lion.
lbf/7, foll?-ll/-/l/ Allm
1559 &publil / RUTUR, h Uhl, x * Obv. Cross.
x \k Rev. Lion.
WM(2); KK(2).
1560 & Publ.l. h RUQUIR, h Uh XVIX Obv. Cross.
# Rev. Lion.
WM(2); AD(2).
Ibhir, All'um zum (?)
*1561 &Publil h RII'lllf, Uhl/ x * Obv. Cross.
# Rev. Lion.
MM(1); *AA(1).
lh/7, foll'UR/l/ All
*1562 &Publil h Ru'll Ru h Uh x Obv. Cross.
# Rev. Lion.
*WM(1); AD(1).
* - - - - - - IIR/l/ Alll/
1563 & Publl h R. . . . . x Ix Obv. Cross.
# Rev. Lion.
MM(1).
liff, foll'}llR/ph All/18
*1564 &USll h RUQUR, h Uhl/ Obv. Cross.
+ Rev. Lion.
*WM(5); BM(1); KB(1); HK(1); 5.6; 5.6; 6.5; 3.2, PB;

3.9; KK; AD(2); BN(1); MM(1); JG(1).
lbf), or lb/i/1", foll?....
1565 lbflu . . . . . . +: Obv. Lion.
- || || - Rev. Cross.
WM(1); AA(1).
1566 lbh/1, . . . . . . +: Obv. Lion.
- - Rev. Cross.
WM(1); AA(1).
Ib/T, /ll'UR/7/ &ll/18
1567 AllSll h RUQUAR, Uhl/ Obv. Lion.
+ Rev. Cross.
BN(1); JG(1).
lbff, Pll'um (?) Allm
1568 &llSbill h fulllfi, UPU Obv. Lion.
+ Rev. Cross.
PB(1).
[.. . . . . . . . . ] NIR/l/ 3UB..
*1569 &llSbul P Ru'll R. Uhl/ Obv. Cross.
Rev. Lion with stars.
*AN(1); MM(1).
Rare types and errors.
*157o Obv. libn All'ilhm/ All&U *#
Rev. Ibum Pu?... zu... T
*AD(1); JG(1).
*1571 Obv. Chubill h fulllfi, U +
Rev. . . . . . . . . . . . Tll-fi, h Uh | |

HK(1)
Levon II 3I3
1571a Obv. Ch'ublil / RU'll h *#
Rev. Chubul h fu'luf, b U81 ||
EB(1)
1572 obv. thm, Pu'uline zug, '#
Rev. Lh/7t, foll'UR/l/ 3UB/78 | |
PB(1).
1572a Obv. Ib/T, or lbf/1, Pll'... .# Obv. Lion.
Rev. lb/Tu . . . . . . . | | Rev. Cross.
WM(1); AA(1).
1572b Obv. 150', or Ibh/", Pll'. . . . #
Rev. lbh/7t, . . . . . . . | |
WM(1); AA(1).
Lion turned right :
*1573 Obv. [Ibkm, All'IR]/l/ All305 # Obv. Lion.
Rev. Chub. Ul p Rll'...]ll Ru h Uh Rev. Cross.
AD(3); WM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
PB(1).
1574 Obv. Ibh. .U'll. . . . :# Obv. Lion.
Rev. Ghul. . . . . . . . Uhl/ * \* Rev. Cross.
4.0, PB; WM(1); KK; AD(1).
Rev. Uncertain.

AD(1); BN(1).
3I4
*1575 Obv
HETOUM II
BILLONS
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR
o,71, *PB(1).
1575a Obv. 3b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m
1576 Obv
1577 Obv
1577a Ob
1578 Obv
*1579 Obv
158o Obv
PB(1).
. &b//nhl/ /\ll. . . #
WM(1)...
. . . . /NI'llh/7. #
WM(1).
v. &b/9/7/l/ /NIQUR/T #
PB(1).
. <b/0/TRU /NIQUIR.. #
BN(1).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/ #
*WM(1).
. &b//nhl/ /NI'llh/m #

MM(1).
1581. Obv. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m #
WM(1).
*1582 Obv. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m #
*NK(1).
Rev. III/'bull&t, &ll3/ +
Rev. Ill/'bull 8, &ll/78 +
Rev. Ill/'bull. . . . +
Rev. III/'b'Lll#1, 3L/8/7
Rev. III/'bulll, &ll#
Rev. III/'bull&t, <ll/)
Rev. III/'bullff, All?/?
Rev. lll/'bull#1, 3 ll/7 +
Rev. Ill/'bull&t, <ll3 +
Rev. urbuls. Als -E
Hetoum II 3I5
1583 Obv. &b//nhl/ /l/'NIR/T # Rev. urbuls us +
AD(1).
1584 Obv. &b//l/U Pll'll-
WM(1).
1585 Obv. &b//nhl/ All'll
KB(1).
1586 Obv. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T
BN(1).
*1587 Obv. &b/mN/ /NI'llMr.
*WM(1).
1588 Obv. &b//nhl/ /l/QUR/m
o.64, PB; MM(1).
# Rev. III/'bull 8', 4U.5/7 +
Rev. Ill/'bull3, . . . . :
Raurous, usn H.
Ra urbula us H.
Rev. urbul3, Alln ii
COPPER COINS KARDEZ
[Obv. King's head]
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ All#08
*1589 &publil h NIQU%, h Uhl/
4.75, *PB; HK(1).
1590 &Publl I NIQU%, h UU
3.7, PB; WM(1).
Rev. Incomplete.
Obv. King's head with #

two curls. #3
Rev. Ornate cross.
Obv. King's head with #
two curls.
Rev. Ornate cross.
HK(2); WM(1); AN(1).
&b/, /ThU" /NIQUR/l/ All 5/7:
*1591 Chubul h Qu'll'.... Obv. King's head with
two curls. #}
Rev. Ornate cross.
*WM(1).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUR/l/ All3/1
1592 publil I NI'll', h Uhl, Obv. King's head with #
two curls.
Rev. Ornate cross.
4.9; 3.9, PB; WM(2); AD(2); HK(2); MM(1); BN(2);
$3
JG(1).
*1592a Chubul h \ITU%, h UU Obv. King's head with
two curls.
Rev. Ornate cross.
3.1, *PB; AD(1).
1593 &publil / NITU%, h Uh Obv. King's head with #
two curls. Q
Rev. Ornate cross.
3.7, PB; AD(1).
Rev. Incomplete.
WM(5); AD(5); AN; 5.2; 3.6, PB, IS(1).
&b//nhl/ All'UR/l/ All?:
1594 Ch'ublil h NITU%, h Uhl/ Obv. King's head with
two curls. #3

Rev. Ornate cross.
WM(2); AD(1).
*1595 hlbl.l. h "MITU', h UU Obv. King's head with #
two curls.
Rev. Ornate cross.
*HK(1).
Hetoum II 317
&b/0/1/\l/ /NIQUIR/l/ &ll3
*1596 &publil h QUTII'', h Uhl, Obv. King's head with
two curls. FC
Rev. Ornate cross.
3.5; 3.9, *PB, PB(1); WM(1); AD(1); MM(3); BN(3).
EB(1).
1596a &publil h NITI', h Uh Obv. King's head with #
two curls. #
Rev. Ornate cross.
JG(1).
&b//mhl/ /NIQUR/l/ All
[Obv. Type No. 1593, 1595, 1596]
1597 GPubll h NI'll!'), h Uhl/ Obv. King's head with #
two curls. #3
Rev. One with two dots
in field.
WM(2).
1598 GPublil h NITII'', h U Obv. King's head with #
two curls.
Rev. One with two dots
in field.
WM(1).
1599 GPublil I NITU% h Uhu I (?) Obv. King's head with #
two curls. #3

Rev. Very ornate cross.
MM(1).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ All08
[Obv. Type 1601]
16oo & Publil h QUT II'''), h Uhl/ Obv. King's head. .
AD(1); BN(1).
318
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ All&n
*1601 Ch Lll h QUTII?, h Uhl/ Obv. King's head. #
Rev. One with very *
Ornate CrOSS.
WM(1); BM(1); HK(1); AD(1); *NK(1); JG(1).
*1602 Ch'ubll h QUTII'', h Uh Obv. King's head. #
3.9, *PB, PB(1). *
&b//nhl/ /9/1%llh/l/ All&/1
*1603 Chubul h MITU%, h Uhl/ Obv. King's head with
two pendants.
*WM(4); HK(1).
1604 Ch'ublil h NITU%, h Uh Rev. One with two dots
in field.
4.8, PB; JG(1).
&b//nhl/ /NI'llh/l/ All&/18
1605 &Publil h QUT II'', h UU Obv. King's head with ''.
outward curls. *: l
AA(1). -
*1606 Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h Uh Obv. King's head with ''.
outward curls. #
*WM(1)
Rev. Incomplete.
WM(2); BN(1).
&b//nhl/ /\ll \llh/l/ All&/):

[Obv. Type 1606]
1607 CFLll h QUTII?, h Uhl/ Obv. King's head with ''.
two curls. :
AA(1).
Hetoum II 3I9
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ All;
[Obv. Type 1606]
1608 Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?", h Uhl/ Obv. King's head with
two curls. &
N:
'
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(1); BN(1).
&b/0/Al/ /NIQUR/l/ All08
Obv. King's head with two star
*1609 &publil h NITI', h Uhl/
pendants.
*WM(1).
16Io Rev. Incomplete.
WM(1); AD(1).
&b/0/1/l/ /NI'llh/l/ 3UB/l
[Obv. Type *1609]
16II Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h Uhl/
pendants.
HK(1).
Rev. Incomplete.
4.25, PB; AD(1).
&b/0/1/l/ /NI'llh/l/ All:
[Obv. Type *1609]

1612 Ch'ublil h \ll'll!?!, h U
pendants.
WM(1).
&b/9/mhl/ /NI'llh/l/ &ll/18
*1613 Chubul h QWITU% h Uhl, Obv. King's head with one #
pendant under left ear. :
*WM.(3); BM(1).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ All&n:
[Obv. Type *1613]
1614 Rev. Uncertain. Obv. King's head with #
dots in field. CCM
AD(1).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ All&n
*1615 6.htbul h NITI', h Uhl, Obv. King's head with two dots
as pendants.
2.7, *PB.
1616 &hlll h QUT II'', h Uh Obv. King's head with two dots
as pendants.
WM(1).
&b/0/1/\lf /NIQUIR/l/ &ll
(Obv. Type *1615]
1617 Rev. Incomplete Obv. King's head with two dots
as pendants.
WM(2); KB(1).
&b/9/7AU /NIQUIR/l/ All 5/18
[Obv. Type *1619]
1618 Ch'ublil h QUT II'', h Uhl, Obv. King's head with ''.
two curls.
VM(1).
&b/nhl/ Pu'ukm/ 3U8 (?)
*1619 &publil I QUTII'', h Uhl/ Obv. King's head with
two curls.

*WM(1).
Hetoum II 32I
[Obverseking seated]
&b/, /7RU /NIQUIR/7 &II
[Obv. Type *1622]
1620 &hll h \ll'll!?, h U Obv. King seated holding staff
in right hand and cross in left
hand. - - -
WM(1). Rev. Cross with four dots. +:
&b/, //RU foll?-ll/-/7 &ll
*1621 Ch'ubl h QUT II'', h Uh Rev. Cross with no dots.
*WM(2).
Rev. Illegible.
WM(4).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/n 4.
*1622 Ch Ll h QUTII?, h Uh Rev. Cross with four dots. +:
*NK(1); WM(1).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/n 4
*1623 & Publ h QUTII' h U Rev. Cross with two dots.
*AN(1).
<b//nhl/ /NI'llh/m
[Obv. Type *1622]
1624 6Publ h QUTII' h U Rev. Cross with four dots. *#
3.7; 3.8, PB, AN(1); WM(2); EB(1).
&b//7AU /NIQUIR
[Obv. Type 1621]
1625 hlbl. I QUTII?, h Rev. Cross with no dots.
BM(1).

2I
&b//nhl/ /NIQUI"
[Obv. Type *1621]
I626 Ch'ubll h Uhl/ Rev. Cross with four dots. #
VM(1); AD(1); HK(1).
&b/0/1/l/ /NI'll
1627 CFLll h Uhly Q. Rev. Cross with four dots. #
BM(1); AD(1); MM(1).
1628 Ch'ubll h Uhl, QL Rev. Cross with four dots. #
WM(1); HK(1); BN(1).
1629 Chubl h Uhly Q. Rev. Cross with four dots. : :
WM(1); AD(1); HK(1).
1630 CFLll h NIQUT'. Rev. Cross with four dots. H.
MM(1).
*1631 &pubill h Uhl/ Rev. Cross with four dots. 'H'
3.7; 3.2, *PB; WM(5); BN(3).
Rev. Uncertain.
2.6; 3.8, PB.
&b//nhl/ /NIQ/
- [Obv. Type *1631]
1632 CPublil h Uhl h Rev. Cross with four dots. #
2.6; 2.0, PB
Not legible.
WM(1).
1632a Ch'ubl h Uhl/ Rev. Cross with four dots. *#

JG(1).
Hetoum II
323
&b//nhl/ /NIQ.
[Obv. Type *1631]
1633 GPubll h Uhl/ Rev. Cross with four dots.
3.8; 3.6, PB; WM(2).
&b/9/7/l/ /NIQUIR/T
*1634 &publil h NITI', Rev. Cross with four dots.
2.0; 2.7, PB, *WM(2).
&b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR
[Obv. type 1634]
1635 publl h NITII?. Rev. Cross with four dots.
2.6, PB; WM(5); KK(1).
&b/0/1/l/ /9II'll
*1636 Chubul h NITU% Rev. Cross with four dots.
*KK; AA(1).
&b/0/1/\l/ /NIQ/m
1637 & Publl h . . . . . . Rev. Cross with four dots.
KK(1); BN(1).
&b/0/1/\l/ All?,
1638 Ch'ubll h . . . . . . Rev. Cross with four dots.
WM(1).

21*
&b/, /TRU /NIQUR
(Obv. Type *1640]
1639 &publil / UPU NIT. Rev. Cross. +
WM(2).
*1640 Chubul h Uhly Qll Rev. Cross. --
*BM(1); WM(1).
1641 Chubill h Uhly Q. Rev. Four dots in field. #
WM(1).
1642 publl h Uhl/ Rev. Cross. +
WM(1).
&b/9//hl/ /NI'll
1643 publil h Uhl, NIT,
WM(1).
*1644 Chubul h Uhu Q. Rev. Cross. >|<
WM(1); *AD(1).
1645 publil h Uhly Q. Rev. Some with four dots in
field.
WM(3).
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m
*1647 Ch'ubl h NITU' U Rev. Cross with four dots. *#
*BM(1); WM(3); AD(3); HK(1).
1648 &publil h Uhl (?) Rev. Cross with four dots. *#

WM(1).
Smpad 325
&b//nhl/ /NI'll"
*1649 &b//lhu /NI'll' Rev. Cross. K or >
AA(1); AD(1); *WM(1).
Not legible 2.4, PB; WM(1).
&b//nhl/ /9II'll
1650 &b//nhl/ /l/'N' Rev. Cross %
2.6, PB; WM(2); HK(1); BN(1).
1651 &b//l/l/ All?/m Rev. Cross. SK
BN(1).
&b/, /l/l/ /NI'll
[Obv. Type *1649]
1652 &b//nhl/ /l/'NI/l/ Rev. Cross. 7F
AD(3); WM(1).
&b//nhl/ /NI'l,
[Obv. Type *1649]
1653 &b//l/l/ /l/Q. Rev. Plain cross. +
AD(1).
SMPAD
TRAMS
[King seated on throne, holding cross in right hand and fleur de lys
in left, as on the coins of Levon I]
UUTRIIS /NI'll R/T &ll3/18
1653a ill/'0'10R/8R, UUS/IR/18 Rev. Unusual cross.
2.42, PB(1).
1653b turn"mh/f, uusmRon H.

IS(1).
*1654 Ill/'0'10R/F, UUSORT (++-
*KB(1).
Ul/RIIS/NIQ/l/ Allm
*1655 upinnhof, uusnRuns (++-
KB(1); *AD(1); BN(1); MM(1).
UU'RUS (NIQUIR/l/ 3U
*1656 ill/I'mh/fu UusnRwn (++-
*WM(1).
1657 ill/I'l/R/F, UUSOO. (?)
MM(1).
UU'RIS /NIQ/m &ll3
1658 Ill//7/k/fu UUS (++-
MM(1).
[King seated on throne, holding cross in right hand and a mace in left,
extending over left shoulder]
UU"RUS foll'UR/l/ 3UB/18
*1659 turm"/"pf, uusnRwns (++-
AD(1); *AA(1); PB(1).
1660 ill/I'mhoff, uusmkon (-|--
AA(1); IS(1).
UUTRUS /NIQUR/m &II/18
*1661 ill// ?/ R/2 ft, UUS/ (++-

*AA(1); WM(1).
Smpad 327
UUTRUS 0/I'll R/m. All3/.
1662 ill/I'lmk/f, uUSmit5n5 (++-
WM(1).
1663 ill/m/mk/ft uusmkon (++-
2.50, KK; AA(1); JG(1).
*1664 burninhof, uusmn; (++-
*AD(2); MM(1).
1665 'ill/'0'10R/?fu III/S/NA (++-
2.88 (76%), PB.
1666 'ill/07/TR/fi, UUS/ (++-
VM(1).
1667 ill//.7/mk/, fl. U.JS/ (++-
MM(1); IS(1).
Rev. Not legible.
AD(1); JG(1).
UU'RUS 0/IQUIR/m 2/3
1668 ill/mmhof, uusmann (++-
WM(1).
UU'RUS 0l.9/l/ All&/)
1669 turm"mhof, uusmn; (++-
WM (1).
167o ill/P/17/lh/7/#, IUSnty (++-
WM (1).
1671 ill/'07/h/ ful III/S/m/, #+-

2.61, PB; WM(1); 2.55, KK.
UU'RIIS/NIQ/m &ll3/.
1672 ill/I'lmk/fu IUSnk (++--
MM(1).
UU'RUS 011%/m &ll3/
1673 "upmnhof, uusmin (++-
WM(1).
*1674 ill/I'lmk/ft, UUSmh (++-
2.80 (76%), *PB.
Rev. Not legible.
BM(1).
Ul/RIIS/NIQ/m &ll#
1675 upinnhof, uusmi (?) (++-
BN(2).
1676 upman/fu uusmnom! (++-
2.47 (68%), PB.
HALF TRAM
*1677 Obv. UURIUS] [/'ll]'llkm &
Rev. Uncertain.
*WM(1).
COPPER COINS KARDEZ
On the obverse the king is on horseback walking right and holding a
mace in his right hand. On the reverse is a cross with four lilies or
doves in flight in the four corners.
UU/US /NIQUIR/l/ All#0
1678 &publil ()? I fulllf p
1.93, PB.

*1679 &publ h fuTuf
*KB(1).
Smpad 329
URLIS/NIQUR/l/ All
*168o Ch'ubl h RII'll R h Uh
*WM(2); BN(1).
1681 Ch'ubl h RII'll RU
WM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
AN(1).
UU"RIIS /NIQUR/T &ll#0
1682 hbbl h RII'll Ru h UU
1.8o, PB; BN(I).
1682a Ch'ubl Rll'll R Uh
HE(I).
1683 CFLl h RUTII:RU Rev. Ornate cross.
AD(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
HK(1); 2.20, PB. Rev. Ornate cross.
UUTRUS 01%llh/m &ll/18
1684 &publ h RITU-R/
MM(1).
UU"RIIS foll'UR/T &ll
*1685 Ch'ubl h RII'll Ri, UU Obv. Legend begins at
foot of horse.
*AD(1).
I686 . . . . . . . . Ulf. Uh
BN(1).
1687 &publ h RUTII R',

AD(1).
UU'RUS 01%llh/7 &ll/)
*1688 &hll h RII'll RU Rev. Ornate cross.
1.9, PB; WM(1); *AD(1); VM(1).
1689 &publ RUTII:f UPU
MM(1).
UUTRIIS/NIQUIR/T &ll
1690 Ch'ubl RIITU-R Uhl, Rev. Usually ornate
CIOSS.
1.80; 2.35; 1.6, PB; WM(2); VM(1); BN(1).
1691 &publ h FUTUR / Uh/
VM(1); BN(1).
1692 publ RUTII R Uh/
MM(1)
1692a publ RUQUR Uh
JG(1).
1693 &publ RUTUR / U
VM(1); WM(1); AN(1).
Not legible. Obv. Legend begins at mace of king.
Rev. Uncertain.
HK(1).
UU'RIIS/NIQUIR/n 4
1694 &publ h RUQUIR UU
2.2, PB.
1695 publ h RUTIlf h U
KB(1).
1696 &publ RUQUR U

2.0, PB.
1696a & Publ RII'll R p L.
JG(1).
Smpad 33I
UU"RUS /NIQUIR/m
*1697 &Publ RUQUIR Uhly
*NK(1).
1698 & Publ RUTUR L
AD(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
AD(1).
UU'RUS /NIQU/m &II
I699 Rev. Uncertain.
HK(1).
URUS 6/IQ/l/ Allm
17oo & Publ h RUTII:f h Uhl/
2.3, PB; WM(2); AD(1).
*1701 Ch'ubl h RUQUIR Uhly
*NK(1).
1702 hlbl. h RUTII R Uh
AD(1).
1703 Ch'ubl KIITU-R U
WM(1).
UU'RUS /NIQ/l/ 4L&I)
1704 & Publ h KUTII./. Up
AD(1).
1705 hll h RUQUIR
KB(1).
Rev. Uncertain.

I.6, PB.
Ul/RIIS /NIQ/l/ All
1706 & Publ fulllf UPU (?)
WM(1).
UU"RUS 0\ll?/7 &ll3/18
1707 publ RUQUER UPU
1.9; 2.0, PB.
Rev. Uncertain.
1.9, PB. (Obv. URUS); AD(1).
1708 CFLl RII'll f h Uhl/
WM(1).
1709 &publ RUTII:RU
PB(1); WM(2); BM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
2.4, PB; WM(3).
UU RUS foll'}/7 <ll#/)
171o Ch'ubl fu'll f Up
2.30, PB; BN(2).
171oa & Publ RUTIFR, h
HE(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
EB(1).
UUAllS /NIQ/m &II6
1711 CFLl RUTUR UPU
WM(1); BN(1).
1712 CFLl RUQUAR Uh

WM(1).
Smpad 333
*1713 CFLl RIITU-R U
2.0, PB; *AD(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
HE(1).
UUTRUS 0/IQ/m &II/
1714 Ch'ubl fulllf. Uhl/
1.50, PB.
1715 hlbl. RII'll RU
HK(1).
1715a & Publ RUTII://
JG(1).
Ul/RIIS/NIQ/m &ll
1716 & Publ RIITU-R Uh/
AD(1).
1717 Ch'ubl RUTIlf. Up Rev. Sometimes ornate
CrOSS.
AD(4); BN(1).
1718 Ch'ubl RII'll RU
WM(4); HK(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
AD(2); WM(1); 1.8, PB, IS(1).
UUTRLIS/NIQ/m 2/
1719 &Rubl h RII'll RU

1.9, PB; WM(1).
Ul/RIIS/NIQ/n 4
1720 Ch'ubl RUTIlf Uh
MM(1).
1721 &publ RITU-R
MM(1).
URLIS/NIQ/m &
1722 hlbl. FUTUR U/
WM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(1).
Rarity
*1723 Obv. Ch'ubl RUQUR Uh
Rev. Ch'ubl RUTII:R Uhl/
*WM(1).
Very poor die.
GOSDANTIN I
TRAMS
1724 Obv. 'imuSUV'hill// /NIT &ll
Rev. Ill/010R/ fu UB I foll?/m
Obv. King on horseback
holding sword.
Rev. King standing hold-
ing sword in right hand
and cross in left.
2.8. [Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna].
WM(1). (Legend not clear).

*1725 Obv. inuS",'l', Pll'Uhm &ll30 Obv. King on horseback
Rev. Will// '10R/9/#, IIB # /*ll%ff"
2.6, *PB.
holding sword.
and cross in left.
Gosdantin I
335
*1726 Obv, inl/SU','kplum/ 019/T 3U808
Rev. Ill// '10R/ full k /NIQ/m
*3.0, WM; WM(1).
1727 Rev. MUS. MP, PUQ/m Allm3
Obv. Ill//.7/mk/ft, U8 H /NIQ/m
2.60, HE(1); WM(2).
1727a. Obv. 'imuS/u?/", /ll'Mr &llm
Rev. Ill/'07/0/, U8 l; /NIQUR/m
WM(1).
1727b Obv. 'imuSUV) plum/ 0.1%m &ll30
Rev. III/'0'10"/#, Il k(?)
/9II'llh/7
WM(1).
1727c Obv. inUS'h', Pll'Mr &ll3/18
Rev. Ill//.7/7//f, U.8 h/NIQ://
IS(1).
holding sword.
and cross in left.
holding sword.

and cross in left.
holding sword.
and cross in left.
holding sword.
and cross in left.
holding sword.
and cross in left.
COPPER COINS - KARDEZ
li/TUSU','khli,M//NIQ/7
1728 &publ FUTUR, h Uhl/
AD(1).
*1729 &publ QWITV1% Uhl, Obv. Similar to reverse of
silver trams.
Rev. Cross. +.
2.5, WM; *AD(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
PB(1); WM(1).
Unl/SII","khll L/l/ /9II?.
*1730 &publ NITI', Uhl k Rev. Cross. +.
2.72; 2.70, PB; 2.5; 1.85, *WM; AD(2).
1731 Chubl NITI', Uhl k Rev. Cross. --
2.1, KK; 2.45, WM; BN(1); PB(1). ->
1732 publ RUTII R, Uhly 5 Rev. Cross. -.
AD(2); BM(1); BN(1); EB(1); WM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
EB(1).
U/7USIIL'hill// /9'll%/7
1733 &publ NIQU%, Uhu k Rev. Cross. -.
2.03, PB; MM(1).
LEVON III
TAKVORINS
Ibh/T, All?AIR/l/ Allfl
*1734 &publl h RII'll Fu Ubl. b Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.

2.26; 2.27; 2.16, PB; VM(1); WM(1); AA(1); *AD(1).
Levon III 337
1735 Chubul P RIITU-R), Uhl, Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
WM(1).
1736 &publil / RUQUIR, Uhl, Obv. Three dots .... to left
of king.
PB(2); WM(4); NK(1); AA(1); MM(2); JG(1).
1737 &publil h RUQUAR, U/ Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
WM(2); MM(2).
1738 Chubul h RUQUAR, U. Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
AD(1); HK(1).
1739 &publl h RII'll RV U Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
WM(2); HK(1); MM(1); EB(1).
Rev. Uncertain. Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
BN(1).
Ibh/1%, 0.1%llh/l/ All/181
*1740 &publil / RUQUAR, Uhly 5 Obv. Three dots *.* to left
of king.
*AN(1).
1741 & Publil / RU'll Ru Uhl/ Obv. Three dots *.* to left
of king.
2.37 (50%), PB, PB(3); WM(1); VM(1); AD(1); IS(4);
JG(1).

1742 publl h RII'll Fu U-U Obv. Three dots *.* to left
of king.
PB(1); KK(1); WM(1); HK(1); KB(1); IS(1).
* The position of three dots is sometimes intermediate between.". and *.*.
22
1743 Ch'ubll h FUTUR), Uh Obv. Three dots *.* to left
of king.
2.35 (50%), PB; NK(1); AD(1); HK(1); BN(1); PB(1).
1744 &Publil h RUQUAR, U. Obv. Three dots *.* to left
of king.
PB(1); WM(2); IS(1).
1745 publil / RUQUEF, U Obv. Three dots *.* to left
of king.
MM(2); IS(1).
Ibh/", /\ll \llh/l/ Allfl
*1746 &publ h fulllf, h Uhly Obv. Field mark 6.
Rev. Sometimes star under
lion.
WM(10); AA(3); HK(3); *AD(3); MM(1); BN(3); HE(1).
1747 &publ fulllfi, h Uhl (?) Obv. Field mark 6.
BN(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
IS(1).
lbh/T, All?llh/l/ All3/18
*1748 &publ h fulllf, h Uhl, Obv. Circle to left of king.
2.05, PB; WM(2); AD(2); *HK(1).
Ibh/TL /\I'll R/l/ All/18
*1749 Ch'ubl h fulllf, h Uhl, Obv. Dots in field.
Rev. Star under lion.
*WM(1).
Ibh/TL All'UR/l/ All/18

*1750 &publl h fl!'ll Ru Ubl h Obv. Field mark 3 to left
of king.
*BM(1).
Levon III 339
lbh/11, All?llh/l/ All&/18
1751 Chull h fulllf, h Uhl/ Rev. One with star under
lion.
WM(2).
*1752 &publ h fulllf, Uhu Obv. Floral and three dots.
*NK(1).
lbf/il, foll'UR/l/ 3U.8/18
*1753 &publ h fulllf, h Uhl, Obv. Letter 'I under horse,
three very small dots to
left of king.
Rev. Ornate cross.
*WM(2).
1753a publ h RII'll Ru h UPU Obv. Letter 'I under horse.
WM(2).
1753b & Publ P RUTIlf h Uhl/ Obv. Letter 'I under horse.
MM(1).
1753c Chub. P RIITU-R / UPU Obv. Letter 'I under horse.
Three small dots.
IS(1).
lbf/1%, All?UR/l/ All3/18
*1754 CFLl I NITU9, Ubu Obv. Letter' to left of king.
*NK(1)
lb/iu, /9/1%llR/l/ 3UB/18
*1755 publ h QUTU%, h Uhly Obv. lb/7, and field mark P.
*WM(2).
lbf/T, /NIQUIR/l/ Allm

*1756 &publ I fuTuf p upu (?) Obv. Field mark flower and
three dots.
*BN(1); PB(1).
22*
lbf/n), /NIQUIR/T &ll3/18
[Obv. Type *1734]
1757 &publil I NITI', h Uhl/ Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
NK(1)
1758 &publil / RUTII R, RU Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
WM(1); IS(1).
1758a & Publl h RUQUAR, Uh Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
IS(1).
1759a Chubul h RUQUAR, U. Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
IS(1).
1759 &publil / MI'll', Uh Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
WM(2).
1760 &Publl h NITI', U. Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
2.41 (50%), PB, IS(1).
Lh/7, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll#/18
*1761 & Publil / RUQUAR, h Uhl/ Obv. Circle to left of king.
*BM(2); AD(1); BN(2).
1762 publil h RUQUAR, Uh Obv. Circle to left of king.
VM(1).
lbf/7, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll#/18
marks.

*1763 & Publil RII'll fu Uhly Obv. Small 8. No field
*WM.(3); AD(1); MM(1).
Levon III 34I
1764 CPublil RUQUAR, UU
HK(1).
1765 publil RII'll RV h Uhl. A Rev. Dots under lion.
MM(1).
lbf/17, All?IIR/m. All3/18
*1766 Chubul h Qu'll!'}}, Uh Obv. Three circles C., to left
of king.
PB(1); *WM(1).
1767 Chubul h NIT', UU Obv. Three circles 6% to left
of king.
KK(1); VM(1).
lbf/7, foll'UR/7 <ll3/18
1768 Chubul All'U.R., UPU
BN(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
BN(1).
lh/7t, foll%llh/l/ All/18
[Obv. Type *1746]
1769 Ch'ubl h RUQUAR, h UPU Obv. Field mark 6.
PB(1); HK(1); AD(1); MM(1).
177o Ch'ubl I RUTII R, f Up Obv. Field mark 6 and
three dots in field.
AD(1).
1771 &publ h fulllfi, p UU Obv. Field mark 6.

WM(1).
Ibh/T, /NI'llh/l/ All/18
[Obv. Type *1753]
1772 publ h fulllfi, UPU Obv. Letter 'I under horse.
HK(1)
lbf/7, foll?-ll/-/l/ All/18
1772a Ch'ubl h fulllf, h Uhl, Obv. Star under horse.
JG(I).
lbf/", /NIQUR/T &ll/18
*1773 &publ h fulllf, h Uhl/ Obv. Letter' to left of king.
*VM(1).
lbf/11, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll/18
*1774 &publil I NI'll!', UPU : Obv. Cross mark -i- to left
of king.
Rev. Cross behind lion.
*WM(1).
1774a 6publil I NITI', Uhl/
IS(1).
1775 &publil h NITU', Uh
PB(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
JG(1).
Ibh/1, foll'UR/l/ All&n"
[Obv. Type *1734]
1776 &publil RU'll fu UPU Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.

WM(1).
Levon III 343
Ibh/", /NI'll//m 2/18/)"
[Obv. Type *1734]
1777 &publil / fulllfi, Uhl, Obv. Three dots ...". to left
of king.
KK(1); WM(2); JG(1).
1777a & Publil h fulllf, U.U Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
MM(1); IS(1).
1778 &publil / RUQUAR, Uh Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
WM(2); BN(1).
1779 &pubul P Ru'll Ru U Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
KK(1); VM(1).
Ibh/T, Pll'NIR/T &ll3/."
1779a publil h fulllf, Uhl, Obv. No field marks.
PB(1).
lbf/I', /ll'll//m &ll3/.
1780 CPublil / fulllf, h Uhl/ Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
MM(1).
[Obv. Type *1734]
1781 &pubill h fulllf, UPU # Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.

WM(1).
1782 publil I QUT II'', Uhl (?) Obv. Three dots ... to left
of king.
BM(1); PB(1).
1783 &publil h NITU%. Up Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
WM(2); AN(1); MM(1).
1784 Chubul h NITI', U. Obv. Three dots .". to left
of king.
MM(1).
1785 Chubill h NITI', U Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
HK(1).
1786 Chubul h fulllf p UU Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
MM(1)
1787 Ch'ubl h RIITU-R h Uh Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
WM(1).
lbf/T, /NI'll R/T &ll3/.
[Obv. Type *1774]
1788 &publil h fulllft Uhl, I Obv. Cross mark -i- to left
of king.
AN(1).
1789 Ch'ublil I NITU%, Uh Obv. Cross mark -i- to left
of king.
KK(2).

1790 Chubul h \ll'U' U Rev. Some single cross and
others double cross.
2.20 (56%), PB; WM(2); HK(1).
Levon III
345
1790a Ghull h NI'll!',
HE(1).
Obv. Cross mark -i- to left
of king.
Ibh/T, All?IIR/l/ All&"
[Obv. Type *1734]
1791 &publil / NITII'', UPU
2.57, PB; VM(1).
1792 publil / QUTU%, FU
MM(1).
1793 &Publil h RUQUR, IRU
MM(1).
1794 &publil / NI'll!'}}, U.
WM(1).
Ch'ubll h QUTU%l, U
I79
WM(1).
Obv. Three dots .". to left
of king.
Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
Obv. Three dots .", to left
of king.
Obv. Three dots .". to left

of king.
Obv. Three dots ...". to left
of king.
Lh/77, foll'II//7 <ll3/
[Obv. Type *1734]
1796 &publl FUTUR, Uhl/
BM(1); WM(1).
1796a & Publil / RUQUAR, U-U
Obv. Three dots ...". to left
of king.
Obv. No field mark.
IS(1).
Ibh/Tu /NIQUR/T &ll3
[Obv. Type *1740]
1796b publil / RU'll Ru h Uhl/ Obv. Three dots *.* to left
of king.
PB(1).
1797 Ch'ublil / fulllf, Uhl, Obv. Three dots *.* to left
of king.
2.08, PB.
1798 &publl h NITI', Uh Obv. Three dots *.* to left
of king.
WM(1); MM(1).
1799 Chubul P RUQUAR, U Obv. Three dots *.* to left
of king.
WM(1); PB(1).
lbf/it. All?-ll/-/m &ll#
1800 Ch'ubll h fl!'lll:Ru Uh Obv. Three dots *.* to left
of king.
MM(1).
lbf/TL /NIQUIR/l/ All
[Obv. Type *1734]
1801 &hll h RII'll Ru Uhl/ Obv. Three dots .". to left
of king.
WM(1).
lbf/it, /ll?-ll/-/l/ All/
[Obv. Type *1753]
1802 & Publ RU'll Ru h Uhl. A Obv. Letter 'I under horse.

HK(1).
Levon III 347
1803 &publ h RIITU-R), h Uhl, Obv. Letter 'I under horse.
MM(1).
Rarities and errors
*1804 Obv. Ibh/T, PUQUAm/ 3U808 /
Rev. Ch'ubl h RUQUERL h Uhl, Rev. No cross behind lion.
1.40, *PB(1); 2.40, PB(1).
*1805 Obv. Ibh/T, PUQUR/l/ 3U/18
Rev. Lh/7t, /NIQUIR/l/ 2U8/18
*AA(1); BM(1).
*1806 Obv. Ibh/r, All?AIR/l/ 3U 018 (or &llm/8)
Rev. All?, bl. h fl'll Ru h Uhl/
*WM(2); JG(1).
Ibh/T, Pll'll R/l/ All
1807 &publil / MITU%, Obv. King seated on throne.
Rev. Cross with dots. #
2.90, PB; WM(1).
1808 Ch'ubll h \ll'U'. Obv. King seated on throne.
Rev. Cross with dots. +:
KK(1); WM(2); BN(2).
*1809 &Publil h MITU' Obv. King seated on throne.
Rev. Cross with dots. +:
KK(1); WM(3); *AD(1); BN(1).
Rev. Uncertain.

5.7, PB.
Ibh/I'l All'UR/l/ 2
1810 &publil / QUTU% (?) Obv. King seated on throne.
WM(1).
lbf/I'l All?llh/l/*
18II Ch'ubll h NITU/ Obv. King seated on throne.
2.45, PB, HK(1).
lbh/", /NI'llh/
1812 Ch'ublil h QUTU9, U (?) Obv. King seated on throne.
BN(1).
1812a Ch'ublil / QUTII? (?) Obv. King seated on throne.
EB(1).
Ibh/", /NI'llh/l/ &ll
*1813 CFLll h NI'll!', Obv. King seated on
cushions.
Rev.
*WM(1); BN(1).
1814 Ch'ublil h QUTIIQ.
WM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
Cross. SK
a TV-

WM(2).
Levon III 349
Ibh/", /NIQUIR/m/,
1815 publil h NITU% Rev. Plain cross. +-
PB(1).
Ibh/I'l, /NIQUIR/T &ll#
1816 & Publl h \ll'll!'}\, . . . Obv. King seated oriental
fashion. -
WM(1).
lbf/", /NIQUIR/T
*1817 Chubul. h "MITU% Obv. King seated oriental
fashion.
2.7, PB; KK(1); *WM(2).
1817a publil h \ll'U' Obv. King seated oriental
fashion.
WM(2).
I818 Rev. Uncertain.
KK(1); KB(1); WM(3); VM(2).
1819 &Publl h \ll'. Obv. King seated oriental
fashion.
WM(1).
1820 & Publil / NI'll!",
3.5, PB.
lht, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll#

1821 & Publil h QUT II'', h U Rev. Plain cross. +
PB(2).
*1822 Ch Lll h QUT II Rev. Plain cross. +
KB(1).
Ibki, All'UR (?)
1823 &publ h RII'lllf
BN(1).
lbf/", /ll'UR'
*1824 6Publil h FUTUR, h Obv. King seated.
3.4, PB, *WM(1).
1824a Publ h RUTUR (?) Obv. King seated.
JG(1).
1825 publil I NITU Obv. King seated.
VM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(1); VM(1).
lbf/1%, All?llh/l/ All#
1826 Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?", Obv. King seated on throne
holding staff with right hand
and cross with left hand.
Rev. Cross. SK
WM(1).
1826a Ch'ubll h NI'll!?.
JG(1).
*1827 Chubul, h \ll'U' ... Obv. King seated on throne
Rev. Cross. SK

*AD(1); WM(1).
Levon III 35I
Lh/7t, . . . . . //*
I828 Uncertain Obv. King seated on throne
\ w,
Rev. Cross. SK
Ibh/", /NIQUIR/m/
1829 &Publ RUTII. . Obv. King seated on throne
WM(1).
Rev. Cross. S
WM(1).
Ibh/", /NI'll R/T
*1830 CFLl RUTII. . Obv. King seated holding
staff with right hand.
Rev. Plain cross. +
*WM(1).
Ibh/T, Oll'}ll/
1831 & Publ. ... QUT. . . . Obv. King seated holding
staff with right hand.
Rev. Plain cross. +
Ibh/1%, All?llh/l/ 3U
1832 lbf/1, Pll'UR/m/ Obv. King seated oriental
fashion, holding staff with
left hand and cross with

right.
Rev. Plain cross. +
3.2, PB; WM(1).
WM(1); EB(1).
Ibh/T, /NIQUIR/l/ 3
1833 Lhm, Pll'UR/m/
BN(1).
Obv. King seated oriental
right.
Rev. Plain cross. +
Ibh/T, /NIQUIR/m/
1834 lbf/T, Pll'UR/l/ All3
AD(1).
right.
Rev. Plain cross. +
lbf/T, /NIQUIR/l/
*1835 lbf/", /NIQUAm/
*WM(5); AD(4); BN(1).
right.
Rev. Plain cross. +
lbf/it, foll'll R/l/?
1835a lbf/T, PUQUR/l/ 3

right.
Rev. Plain cross. +
JG(1).
Oshin 353
*1836 lbf/", /NIQUAm/ Obv. King seated oriental
fashion holding staff with
left hand.
\te
a Wa
2.4; 3.5; 3.3; 2.65, PB; *WM(2); AD(4); VM(1); BN(1).
Rev. Cross.
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(5); AD(1); AM(1).
Ibh/r, Pll'Illkm/] (?)
1837 . . . . . . . Q-ll/-/7/? Obv. King seated on throne.
PB(1).
lbh/1, Pll'll R
*1838 upn"mR/f, uu (?)
*WM(2).
lbf/", Pll'UR/m (?)
*1839 lbf/it. All'ilhm/ (?) Obv. Very crude representa-
tion of king.
Rev. Cross. Sk
Cros * \
AD(1); *BN(1).
OSHIN
Coronation trams
URhl, Pll'UR/l/ 3UB/18 H
1839a ill/'07/1/./bl|UR LIV/ (++-
2.89, PB(1).

Ulhht, /NIQUIR/l/ Allfl&
*1840 ill/I'l/ih/f, Ilm B-He- Obv. Hand with extended
two fingers above fleur de
lys.
*WM(1).
23
1841 ill/I'lmk/fu Uw/18
WM(1); MM(1).
1842 ill/I'l/R^f, Il k
AN(1).
1843 "ill/'07/h/ full k
2.95, KK(1).
1844 Ill/I'lmk/fu III/SI
KB(1).
1845 ill/I'lmk/f, Ill/S
AD(1); BN(1).
1846 ill/I'lmk/f, Uwn
KB(1).
1847 ill/I'lmk/fu Uw/18
KB(1).
(H
(++-
(++-
(-K
Obv. Hand with extended
lys.
lys.

lys.
lys.
lys.
llhhl, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll#/78
*1848 ill/I'lmk/f, Uwns
*WM(1).
Obv. Letter 8 in field on
right.
(H(?)Obv. Letter 8 in field on
left.
(-K
Obv. Letter 8 in field on
left.
Oshin 355
llhh), /NI'llh/m &ll3/.
*1849 ill/I'lmh/ft, Uwn (-F
*BN(1).
TAKVORINS
UACh', foll'UR/l/ Allm1
1849a & Publil / RUTII R, Uhly 4 Obv. No mint mark.
JG(1).
*1850 Chillt, k h RUQUIR Uhl/ Obv. No mint mark.
*MM(2).
1851 Ch'ublil h RII'll RV Uh Obv. No mint mark.
2.05, PB; AD(1).
llhhl, foll%llh/m 2/16/18
[Obv. Type *1850]
1852 Ch'ult, h RITU-R), Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark /8.
2.55; 2.52, (65%), PB; WM(2); BM(1); MM(1).
UACh'L /NIQUR/7 <ll3/18
[Obv. Type *1863]
1853 Ch'ubll P RII'll RV Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark /8.
PB(1); JG(1).
1854 &publ h RUTII R, Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark /8.
MM(1); IS(1).
1854a Chubul P RIITU-R JU Obv. Mint mark /8.
IS(1).
* With the deterioration of workmanship in the preparation of dies, it
becomes impossible to decipher some of the letters. On the reverse of these
coins, the word Rll'll R or %ll'll!? is written fll/'ll k so that it is impossible

to tell which spelling is used. Note that the letter T is often written /".
23*
1855 hl,... h RITU-R Uh Obv. Mint mark /8.
MM(1).
1855a Ghul h KUTII R, UPU Obv. Mint mark /3.
IS(1).
URht, / I'llhm (?) &llm
1856 &publil RITU-R), UPU Obv. Mint mark."../.
2.51 (54%), PB.
UACh'L /NIQUA/m 2/18/78
*1857 Chult, h fulllfi, Uhl, Obv. Mint mark 8/.
2.40, *PB, PB(1); IS(2).
UACh'i, All?-ll/-/m &ll&/18
1858 Chull, h fulllf, h Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark/lf.
PB(1).
UACh', /ll'UR/7 <ll3/7
1859 &Publil h Ril'lllf UPU Obv. Mint mark /8
VM(1); MM(2).
*1860 Ch'ubll h RII'll RUFU Obv. Mint mark /8
*WM(1); MM(2); IS(1); HE(1).
1861 Ch'ubl h RUTII R', Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark /8
WM(3); MM(2); BN(1).
1862 Ch Ll h RII'll R Uhly h Obv. Mint mark /8
VM(I); JG(1).
1862a Ch'ubl h RUQUIR Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark "|8
PB(1).
Rev. Uncertain.

AN(1).
Oshim. 357
Ulhht, /NI'll R/T &ll#/)
*1863 Ch'ubl h RII'll R. Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark /8
AN(I); KK(1); WM(2); HK(1); MM(2); *BN(1); IS(1);
JG(1).
1864 &publil h RII'll R. Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark /8
2.42, PB; BN(3).
1865 publil / RU'lllf UPU Obv. Mint mark /8
2.48, PB, AA(1); WM(1); AD(1).
1866 Ch'ubll h RII'll RUFU Obv. Mint mark /8
2.49 (70%), PB, PB(1); KK(1).
1867 Chubul h RII'll f Up Obv. Mint mark /8
AA(1); MM(1); IS(1).
1868 Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru U. Obv. Mint mark /8
2.53, PB; WM(1); BN(1).
1869 Chl h RII'll R. Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark /8
MM(1).
UACh'i, foll'UR/T &ll#/7
187o Chulu h fuTUR, Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark/8.
2.52 (65%), PB; WM(2); VM(1); MM(2).
1871 Ghult, h fuTuft, uhu I (?) Obv. Mint mark/8.
VM(1).
1872 Ch'ult, h fulllf, Uh Obv. Mint mark/8.
*WM(1).
*1873 Chulu k h fulllf. Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark/8.
*HK(1); NK(1).
1874 Ch'ultr k h RII'll R U. Obv. Mint mark /8.

PN(1).
1875 hlbl.l. h RUTII R', UPU Obv. Mint mark/8.
MM(1).
1876 Ch'ublil h NITI', Uhly 5 Obv. Mint mark /8.
PB(2).
U.J.C.ht, /ll?-ll/-/7 <ll#/.
1877 &hell, k h fuTuft, Uhl, Obv. Mint mark 8/.
2.49 (65%), PB, AD(1); AK(1); MM(1); BN(1).
1878 &pult, k h (?) fulllf, Uh Obv. Mint mark 8/l.
2.16, PB.
1878a Ghult, h RUTII R, Uhu Obv. Mint mark 8/l.
PB(1).
1879 Ch'ult, h MITU%, UU Obv. Mint mark 8/l.
MM(1).
Ulhht, /NI'll R/T &ll3/7
1880 Chull 5 h RII'll Ru Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark 9/.
PB(1); WM(2); MM(1).
1881 Chull", h RII'll Ru Uh
WM(1).
UACh'i, foll%ll R/T &ll3/7
*1882 Ch'ult, h RII'll Ru U Obv. Mint mark U/u.
2.61, PB, PB(2); *WM(1); MM(2).
Ilhhl, /NIQUIR/m &ll3/.
1883 Chuuw (?) p fulllf, Uhu h Obv. Mint mark 8/ip.
HK(1).
IIRChu, /ll'}-ll/-/7 <ll3/1
1884 & Fult, h fulllf UPU Obv. Mint mark /'.

2.55 (65 %), PB.
Oshin 359
1885 & Full" h NITU%, Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark /".
MM(1); IS(1).
Ulhht, /NIQUIR/7 &ll3/7
1886 Ch'ubl h RII'll R. Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark /8.
AA(1).
UACh', foll'UR/7 &ll3/.
1887 &pult, h fulllf. Ubu Obv. Mint mark /Um.
VM(1)
1888 Ghult, h RUTII R, Uh Obv. Mint mark /l/l.
WM(1).
1889 &hull, h RUTII R, U Obv. Mint mark / Un.
WM(1).
UACh'i, /NIQUIR/T &ll3/.
1890 &Rult, h \ll'U' Up Obv. Mint mark 3/y.
BN(1).
llhhl, /NI'll R/T &ll3/.
1891 &Pult, h Ril'll Ru Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark //r.
AD(1).
UACh', foll'UR// 3UB/7
1892 pult, h Ru'll RUU Obv. Mint mark /Un.
BN(1).
*1893 &pult, h fulllf, h Obv. Mint mark "| Un.

*AD(1); MM(1).
1894 Chull, h RUQUAR, U Obv
MM(1).
1894a GPLII, h RUTU-R Uh Obv
PB(1).
llhh), /N1%llh/m &ll3/.
[Obv. Type *1863]
1895 pulli, k h fulllf UPU Obv
MM(1).
1896 &publ h fulllfi, p UU Obv
2.31 (65%); WM(1); VM(1).
1897 Ch'ult, h RUQUAR, Uh Obv
2.35 (58%), PB; AD(1).
1898 &Rult, k h fulllf, Up (?) Obv
KK(1); WM(1).
1899 &publil / RU'lf Uhl (?) Obv
2.40, PB.
1900 Ghull h RITU-R), UPU Obv.
MM(1).
UACh'i, foll?-ll/-/n 4113/*
[Obv. Type *1863]
1901 &publil / RUQUAR, U. Obv
KK(1).
1902 Ch'ublil / RUQUER UPU Obv
PB(1); VM(1).
1903 &pult, h RUTII R, Uh Obv
PB(1); BN(1).

. Mint mark "| Ul.
. Mint mark "| Un.
. Mint mark /8.
. Mint mark /8.
. Mint mark /8.
. Mint mark /8.
. Mint mark /8.
Mint mark /8.
. Mint mark /8.
. Mint mark "/8.
. Mint mark "/8.
Oshin 361
UR&F, foll'UR/m 2/16/*
1904 & Publl h RUTII R, Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark 8/1.
2.57 (65%), PB.
UACh', foll%llh/m 2U8/?
[Obv. Type *1860]
1905 hull" h FUTUR), Uh Obv. Mint mark/8.
NK(1); MM(1).
1906 & Pullu k h RITU-R UUh Obv. Mint mark /8.
MM(1).
1906a & Pulv h RUQUIR U. Obv. Mint mark /8.
PB(1).
llhhl, foll'll R/T &lll
1906b publil P RuTuf Up Obv. Mint mark /8.
IS(1); HE(1).
UACh'i, /NI'llh/m &ll#
[Obv. Type *1873]
1907 &bull, h fulllfi, UPU Obv. Mint mark/8.
2.49; 2.39, PB, PB(1).
1908 & Pullt, h fulllf, Uh Obv. Mint mark /8.
2.63 (65%), PB; WM(1); AD(1); BN(1); IS(2).
1909 &Rult, h fulllf UPU Obv. Mint mark /8.
BN(1).
Rev. Uncertain.

MM(1).
UACh'i, /NI'llh/7 <ll#
[Obv. Type *1863]
191o Chulu k h RUQUEF, Uh Obv. Mint mark /8.
2.75 (58%), PB.
1911 Chulu k h RUTUR UPU Obv. Mint mark /8.
KB(1); MM(2); IS(1).
1912 hull, k h RITU-R U. Obv. Mint mark /8.
WM(1).
1913 & Pubul P RUTU-R UPU Obv. Mint mark /8.
WM(2).
1914 &publil h RUQUAR, Uh Obv. Mint mark /3.
2.37 (52%), PB, PB(1); MM(1); JG(1).
1914a Ghull, h fulllf, Uh Obv. Mint mark /8.
IS(1).
1914b &hull, h RUQUAR, U. Obv. Mint mark /8.
IS(1).
1915 publil / RUQUAR, U Obv. Mint mark /8.
2.47 (65%), PB, PB(1); WM(1); MM(1); BN(1)
*1916 &publ h Ru'll fu UPU Obv. Mint mark /8.
PB(1); *WM(1).
1917 &publil h Ru'lf Uhl, Obv. Mint mark /8.
MM(1).
1918 &publ h RUTII R, RU Obv. Mint mark /8.
MM(1); IS(1).
1919 Chull h RUTIlf, Uhl/ Obv. Mint mark /8.
MM(1); HE(1); IS(1).

1920 Ghull, k h RII'll Ru Uh/ Obv. Mint mark /8.
MM(1).
Oshin
IIRht, /NIQUIR/7 &ll?
[Obv. Type *1882]
1921 &publl h FUTUR, h U Obv. Mint mark llllf.
MM(1).
1922 publil I fl'Ilf, U Obv. Mint mark ll//.
VM(1); BN(1).
1923 & Fult, h RUQUAR, U Obv. Mint mark U/U".
2.63, PB; WM(1); BN(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
2.26; 2.13, PB, HK(1); BN(1).
UACh'i, foll'UR/T &ll#
1924 &hull" h RUTU-R), U (?) Obv. Mint mark Plf.
MM(2).
IIRChl, foll?-ll/-/m 2/18
*1925 pult, h fulllf UPU Obv. Mint mark #/U".
AD(1); KB(1); MM(1); *HK(1).
1926 &Rullo p RIITU-R, Uh Obv. Mint mark #/U".
PB(2); WM(1); MM(1).
1927 &Rult, h Ru'lf Uh Obv. Mint mark #/U".
WM(2).
Rev. Uncertain.
2.53; 2.51, PB; WM(3); VM(1); AD(2); AN(1); MM(1).
UACh', Pll?-ll/-/7 <ll#
1928 &Rult, h fulllf, Uh (?) Obv. Field mark 8/1.

AN(1).
Ulhh', OWI'll R/T &ll#
[Obv. Type *1857]
1929 CFLuv h RUTII R, Uh Obv. Mint mark 8/.
AD(1).
1930 &Rult, h fulllf, U. Obv. Mint mark 8/.
AD(1).
Ilhhl, All?llh/m &ll
[Obv. Type *1925]
1931 &publil P RII'llfi, UPU Obv. Mint mark $/lf.
AA(1); MM(1).
1932 pult, h fulllf. Up Obv. Mint mark #/U".
WM(3); VM(1); AD(4); MM(1); IS(2).
1933 Chull, h FUTURUU Obv. Mint mark Q/U".
AD(1); MM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
BN(1).
UACh', foll?-ll/-/T &ll
1934 GPublil h RUQUAR, U Obv. Mint mark uncertain.
PB(2).
UACh', foll'UR/7 &ll
*1935 hull, h FUTUR Uh Obv. Mint mark 7/.
PB(1); *AA(1); WM(1).
Unique copper coin
[Silver Takvorin Type]
*1936 Obv. Ilhhl, Pll'NIR/T &lln Obv. Mint mark 8/1.
Rev. Ch. . . RII'll Ru Uh

2.58, *PB.
Oshin 365
HALF TRAM
Single specimen reported (see p. 93), of the coronation
tram type. Present whereabouts unknown.
COPPER COINS - POGHS"
Ulhht, /NI'll R/7/ &ll3/78
1936a Chubul h RII'll RV Uhl/ Obv. King seated on bench
and holding cross in right
hand and fleur de lys in
left hand.
HE(1). Rev. Cross.
llhh), /NIQUIR/m. All
*1937 Chulo k h RuTuf (?) Obv. King seated on bench
left hand.
1.15, *PB, PB(2); WM(2). Rev. Cross. |
1938 &publl RU'llf U. Obv. King seated on bench
left hand.
WM(1). Rev. Cross.
Rev. Uncertain.
PB(2).
1939 &publil RUQUR U Obv. King seated on bench

left hand.
Rev. Cross.
1.55, PB, PB(1); AD(1); MM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
AD(1); WM(3); PB(1); JG(1).
1 A few last minute additions are not included in the section of statistics.
UACh'u /\ll \ll... </
1940 ?.... l!'ll', UPU Obv. King seated on bench
left hand.
Rev. Cross.
MM(1).
IIRChu /NI'll R/T 4
*1941 Chulla k h fulllf Obv. King seated on bench
left hand.
Rev. Cross.
WM(4); 1.40, PB*; JG(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
AD(3); 1.25, PB(6); WM(2); JG(2).
Ulhht, /9'll%llh/7
*1942 &Rult. A fulllf U Obv. King seated on bench
left hand.
Rev. Cross.
1.25, *PB(2).
1942a hull" | RUQUU Obv. King seated on bench

left hand.
Rev. Cross.
AD(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(2).
Oshin 367
UACh'i, /ll'llh/7 <ll#
[Rev. Type *1945]
1943 &publ h fulllf U Obv. King seated on bench
left hand.
Rev. Cross. *
WM(1).
1943a Ghult, h \ll 21%, h Obv. King seated on bench
left hand.
Rev. Cross. *
PB(1).
Ilhh), ll%llh/m &ll
1944 & Publl h . . . . . Obv. King seated on bench
left hand.
Rev.
AD(2). ev. Cross *
1944a Ghull." A h \ll 21%(?) Obv. King seated on bench
left hand.
PB(2). Rev. Cross. *

UACh', foll Q-ll/-/n 4
*1945 publ h NITU9, U. Obv. King seated on bench
left hand.
*WM(1). Rev. Cross.
1945a Ghull, h . . . . .
AD(1); PB(1).
*1946 Takvorins with Arabic surcharge bearing Mamluk Sultan's
*1947 name Nsir Nsir al Din Muhammad.
LEVON IV1
TAKVORINS
Ibh/T, /NI'll R/T &ll3R/18
*1948 &publil h Ru'll R. p Up (?) Obv. Field mark +/?.
*BN(1).
lbf/", /NI'llh/l/ &ll3/18
1948a Chubul P RUQUAR, h U Obv. Field mark +/?.
IS(1).
lbh/), foll'UR/T &ll3/18
*1949 &Publil / RUQUAR, h Uhl/ Obv. Field mark 'i/r.
PB(1); *WM(1); AD(2); MM(1); IS(1).
1950 &publil / RUTIlf, h Uh Obv. Field mark 'i/U".
2.45; 2.31 (57%); 2.45 (56%), PB.
1951 &publil h fulllf. Uhl, Obv. Field mark 'i/U".
2.40; 2.42, PB; WM(3); AD(4); MM(2); BN(1).
1952 publl h RII'll R. Uhl, Obv. Field mark 'i/U".
PB(2); WM(1); MM(2); BN(1); IS(1).
1953 &Publil h RUQUAR, UU Obv. Field mark #/U".
BN(1).

* It is often impossible to differentiate the R from Q, in the legend.
Levon IV 369
lbf/n), /NI'llh/m &ll3/18
*1954 Ch'ublil h RII'll Ru h U Obv. Field mark A/r.
2.60; 2.30 (60%); 2.26 (54%); 2.44, PB; WM(4); AD(2),
MM(3); IS(1); JG(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(5); MM(3).
1955 publil h RUTU-R Uhl/ Obv. Field mark A/lf.
PB(1); MM(4); BN(2).
lbf/7, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll3/18
1956 &Publl h Rll... h U Obv. Field mark blur.
2.29 (60%), PB; MM(1).
Ibh/7t, foll'UR/T &ll#/18
1957 &Publil / RUQUAR, h Uhl/ Obv. Field mark 8/.. -
2.36 (65%), PB.
lbf/it. All?llh/m &ll3/18
1958 &Publil RUQUAR), h U Obv. Field mark/./.
2.49; 2.30, PB.
Rev. Uncertain.
AD(1).
lbf/T, Pll'll//m &ll3/18
1959 GFLll h RUQUAR, h U Obv. Field mark 1/.
KK(1); MM(1).
*1960 &publil I All'luf UPU (?) [or R, h U] Obv. Field mark l/r.
AD(2); *WM(1); NK(1); MM(1); BN(1).

24
lbf/T, Pll'll R/T &ll#/18
1961 GPublil h fulllf, h U Obv. Field mark P/f.
WM(1); AD(2).
*1962 publil h Ru'll RV U Obv. Field mark Plur.
KK(1).
lbf/it. All'ilhm &ll608 (?)
1963 publil / RUQUAR, UPU Obv. Field mark */un.
WM(1); BN(1).
Ibh/", All'll R/T &ll3/18
1964 6Publil / RUTII:8, h U Obv. Field mark //.
MM(3).
lbf/7, foll?UR/7 <ll3/18
1965 publil / RUQUER, .. Obv. Field mark "/.
WM(1).
lbf/T, /ll'}llh/m &ll3/.
1966 Chubul h Rll'luf, Uhl/ Obv. Field mark 'i/r.
2.30 (56%); 2.32 (65%), PB, PB(1); NK(2); AD(1).
1967 Chubill b fulllf UPU Obv. Field mark #/U".
2.25; 2.45 (65%); 2.23 (56%); 2.45; 2.37; PB; KK(1);
PB(3); WM(5); AD(3); MM(2); BN(1).
1968 &publil h fulllfi, p U Obv. Field mark'i/U".
MM(3).
Rev. Uncertain.

PB(1).
Levon IV 37I
Ibh/T, foll'UR/T All&n
1969 Chubul h fulllf, h Uhl/ Obv. Field mark Blu.
WM(1); AD(1); MM(1); BN(1).
197o Chubul P RIITU-R), h U Obv. Field mark A/U".
2.60; 2.29; 2.25, PB; WM(5); AD(4); BM(1); AN(1);
MM(3); BN(1); PB(1); IS(2).
1971 Chubill h fulllfi, UPU Obv. Field mark Bllf.
MM(1).
lbf/T, All?llh/l/ &ll3/.
*1972 publil h fulllf, h Uhl, Obv. Field mark A/r.
2.33, *PB.
1973 Ch'ubill h RUTIFR, p U Obv. Field mark A/U".
WM(1).
Ibh/17, 19ll'UR/T All 5/7
*1974 Chubill h RII'll Ru h U Obv. Field mark Plif
with U under horse.
*MM(3); BN(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
MM(1).
lbf/1%, 0-l'UR/7 <l/5/1
*1975 CPublil / fulllf, p U Obv. Field mark 1/u.
2.35; 2.22 (56%); 2.08 (53%), PB; KK(1); *WM(1);
MM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(1).

24*
Ibh/T, /NI'llh/m &ll3/.
1976 Chubill h fl!"Ilf, h U Obv. Field mark /u.
2.43 (54%), PB; WM(1); MM(1); PB(1); JG(1).
Obv. and rev. Uncertain.
WM(1); AD(1).
lbf/T, foll'll R/T &ll3/.
1977 Chubul h RUTIlfi, Ubu Obv. Field mark P/.
WM(1).
1978 Chubul h fulllf. Uhl, Obv. Field mark A/.
2.42, PB.
1979 Ch'ublil h RII'll fu h U Obv. Field mark / /.
WM(1); AN(1); MM(2).
198o 6 publil / RUTIlf UU Obv. Field mark //.
2.34, PB.
Rev. Uncertain.
2.70; 2.26 (53%), PB; WM(2); MM(1).
lbh/TL /NIQUIR/m 2U8/)
1981 Chubulip fuTuft, hu Obv. Mint mark 1/.
MM(1).
Ibh/7t, foll?-ll/-/m 2/18/7
1982 CFLll h fl'U.R., h U Obv. Field marks if X*.
2.41 (58%), PB.
1983 CFLll h RUQUAR, U. Obv. Field marks #22.

WM(1).
Levon IV 373
Ibh/7, foll'll R/7 <ll3/.
1984 6Publil h fulllf, h U Obv. No field marks.
2.25 (65%), PB; WM(2);
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(2).
Ibh/T, /NIQUIR/m. Alln
*1985 Chubul h fulllf, h U Obv. Field mark VV\
under horse.
AD(2); WM(1); AN(1).
lbf/17, foll'UR/T &ll#/7
1986 Chubill h fulllfi, p U Obv. Field mark :/.
AD(1).
1987 Chult, h RIITU-R UPU Obv. Field mark"/.
WM(1);
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(1).
lbf/it, /NIQUIR/m. Alln
1988 Chubill h RUQUAR, U Obv. Field mark U/ 9.
WM(1).
lh/77, All?-ll/-/7 <ll#
*1989 &publil RII'll Ru h U Obv. Field mark P/.
*WM(1).
1990 GPublil h RII'llf, h U Obv. Field mark P/.
WM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.

NK(1); MM(1).
lbf/T, /NI'll R/T &ll#
*1991 Chubill h Ru'll Ru h Uh Obv. Field mark "/..
*AD(1).
lbf/1, pl!'}ll//m &ll#
1992 publil h Ru'll Ru h U Obv. No field marks.
WM(1).
Ibh/), /NI'll R/T &ll3
1993 Ghull, h . . . Obv. Field mark U/Un.
MM(1).
Raritylion turned left.
lbf/1%, All?-ll/-/m &ll3/18
*1994 Ghull h fulllf, h Uhl/ Obv. Field mark /9.
Rev. Lion turned left.
AN(1).
1995 hull I RU'll Ru UPU Obv. Field mark /9.
Rev. Lion turned left.
WM(1); BN(1).
COPPER COINS - POGHS1
King holding staff in right hand which extends over shoulder. Cross
in left hand. Throne decorated with lions.
lbf/T, Oll'}llh/l/ &llfl
*1996 Uncertain. Rev. Cross. SK
*WM(3); MM(1).
1 A number of last minute additions were made which were not included

in the statistics section.
Levon IV 375
Ibh/", /NI'llh/l/ &
*1997 publ h fulllf Rev. Plain cross. +
1.45, PB;
Rev. Uncertain.
*WM(2); PB(1).
1998 & Publ h NITU%, Rev. Plain cross. +
1.9, PB.
lbf/11, AWIQUIR/l/
1998a Ch'ubl h RUQUIR U Rev. Plain cross +
PB(1).
Large poghs King holding staff in right hand which extends over
shoulder. Cross in right hand. Peculiar throne.
Ibh/I'l, Oll'UR/T &ll3/.
*1999 &publ h QUT II'', h Uhl, Rev. Cross with or with-
out dots.
*WM(1); MM(1).
20oo Ch'ubl h \ll'll!?, h Uh Rev. Cross with or with-
out dots.
WM(2); BN(I); AD(2);
Rev. Uncertain. Rev. Cross with or with-
out dots.
WM(1); AD(1); MM(I); JG(1); EB(1).
2OOI . . . . . . .ll'ku. Uh

MM(1).
lbf/1%, All?AIR/T &ll
2002 Ch'ubl h \ll'll!'}\, Uh Rev. Cross with one or
more dots.
2.1, PB; WM(1); AD(1);
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(2); AD(1); EB(1); PB(1).
2003 Ch'ubl h FUTUR Uhl/ Rev. Cross with one or
more dots.
PB(2); BN(1).
lbf/ft, Pu'uhm (?)
*2004 6Publ RUTUR, Uh (?) Rev. Plain cross. +
*WM(1).
Smaller version of large poghs
Ibh/", /\ll \ll R/T &lln
*2005 hbbl p RUTII R Uh Rev. Cross plain or with
four dots.
1.60; 1.23, *PB, PB(2).
2005a Ch'ublil / RUQUR
PB(1); JG(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
1.20, PB; WM(2); JG(1).
2006 Ch'ubl ll'll R U-U Rev. Cross plain or with
four dots.
BN(1).
Ibh/]", /ll'llhm &ll3
2006a Ch'ubl h Rll'll R h Uh Rev. Cross. *

JG(1).
Levon IV
377
*2007 Ch'ubl h RIITU-R,
*WM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(1); AD(1).
2008 Ch'ubll h \ll'll!'}},
MM(1).
2008a Ch'ubl RLI'lll:Ru U
PB(1).
Rev. Cross. *
Rev. Plain cross. +
Rev. Cross with four .W.
dots. #
lbf/11, AlI'llh/m &ll
2009 Ch'ublil / MI'll U.U
MM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
BN(1); PB(1).
Rev. Various crosses.
lbh/1, foll%llh/n 4
2OIo Ch'ubl h RII'll Fu
WM(1); JG(1); PB(2).
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(5); BN(1); PB(1).
Rev. Various types of
CrOSSeS.

lbf/", /NIQUR/l/ 3
2OIoa Ch'ubl h RII'll Rh
PB(1); JG(1).
Rev. Various crosses.
King holding cross in right hand and staff in left extending over
shoulder.
lbf/TL /NIQUR/l/ Alln
2OII Ch'ubll h RU'lll:R
JG(2).
lbh/TL /NIQUIR/l/
2OIIa & Publ. h RII'll Rh
WM(1); PB(1).
King with orb in left hand and staff in right hand extending over
shoulder.
Ibh/I'l, Pll%llh/l/ All
2012 hlbl.l. h RII'll R h Uh Rev. Cross plain or with
dots.
WM(1).
2013 Ch'ublil h RII'll Rh Rev. Cross plain or with
dots.
1.4, PB.
*2014 CFLll h MITU% Rev. Cross plain or with
dots.
1.5; 1.45, *PB.
lbf/17, (NIQUIR/l/ All
2015 Rev. Uncertain. Rev. Cross plain or with
dots.
1.6, PB; AD(1).
lbf/T, /NIQUIR/l/ 3
2016 Ch'ubll h RII'll f: Rev. Cross plain or with
dots.
WM(1); PB(2).
King with cross in right hand and lily in left
Ibh/7, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll3/18
2017 Ch'ublil h RUTIlf, h U

PB(2).
Levon IV 379
Rev. Uncertain. Rev. Cross. -.
AD(2); PB(3).
Ibh/", /NIQUR/m 2/18/)
2018 Ch'ubll h RU'll Ru h Uhl/ Rev. Various types of
CrOSSeS.
WM(1); MM(1).
2019 &publil / fulllfi, p UU Rev. Various types of
CrOSSeS.
BN(1).
*2020 Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h U Rev. Various types of
CrOSSeS.
1.55, PB, *WM(4); AD(1); BN(1); PB(6).
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(5); AD(3); HK(1); BN(I); JG(1); PB(6).
lbf/1%, All?llh/m 2/18
2021 Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h U Rev. Cross. *
1.65, PB; WM(2); PB(2).
lbf/T, Oll'll R/T &ll
2022 hlbl. J. RU'll Ru Rev. Uncertain.
MM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
AD(1).
lbf/T, foll'UR/T 4
2023 publl h RII'll Ru (?) Rev. Plain cross. +

1.20, PB; AD(1).
lbf/T, PUQjim (?)
2024 Rev. Uncertain. Rev. Plain cross. +
AD(1).
lbf/T, All?llh/l/ 3
2025 lbf/T, PUQUR// Rev. Plain cross. +
AD(1).
lbf, foll'NIR/T All&m
2025a Chubul h fulllf, h UU Rev. Cross. +
PB(1).
Errorrarity
2026 Obv. Ch'ublil / RU'l . . . .
Rev. Chub. . . . . II'll f: h
AD(1).
TAKVORINS
*2027 Takvorins overstruck in Arabic with Mamluk sultan's name
Nsir Nsir. al Din Muhammad.
*2028. Takvorins overstruck in Arabic with Mamluk sultan's name
Nsir Nsir. al Din Muhammad.
GUY
TAKVORINS
'ih All?llh/l/ All 808
2028a Ch'ublil h RII'll Ru Uhl, Obv. Circle and dot in
field. No field mark (EB)
IS(1); EB(1).
*2029 &pubill fulllf, h Uhl, Obv. Two circles in field.

1.94, *PB; WM(1).
Guy 38I
2030 CFLll h RUTUR), Uh Obv. One or two circles in
field.
KK(1); PB(1); AD(1).
2031 CFLll h RUTURL U Obv. Dot in field.
2.34, PB; WM(1); MM(I);
Rev. Uncertain.
2.09, PB; WM(1); MM(1).
2032 publl P RUTII R, H U (?)
EB(1).
2032a Ch'ublil RUQUAR, Uh Obv. One circle in field.
PB(1).
th All?UR/T &ll3/18
2033 Ch'ublil / RUTII R', Uhl/ Obv. Two dots.
WM(1); MM(I); AD(1).
*2034 GPublil h RUQUAR, Uh Obv. One or two circles
with or without dot.
Rev. With or without dot
and circle.
2.05, KK; WM(3); VM(1); *NK(1); KK(1); AD(3);
MM(1); JG(1).
2035 publil / RU'll R. UU Obv. Two dots.
WM(I); JG(2).
2036 & Publl h RUQUAR, U Obv. Two dots.
WM(1); PB(1); IS(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
AD(2); PB(2); JG(1); HE(2); IS(1).

'ih /NIQUIR/l/ All&I)
*2037 &publil / RUQUAR, Uh Obv. Two circles in field.
1.95, *KK; EB(1).
Uh Oll'UR/T &ll#/]
2038 &publil RII'll Fu Uhl/ Obv. Two circles in field.
Rev. One dot.
MM(1).
2039 &Publil / fulllf, Up Obv. One or two circles in
field.
MM(1); BN(1).
COPPER COINS - POGHS
tih All%llh/m &ll#/)
*2040 CPubll fl!'ll Ru Obv. King seated holding
cross in right hand and
fleur de lys in left hand.
*WM(2).
GOSDANTIN III1
TAKVORINS
Struck in Tarsus
li/}USU'L'.ht, /NIQ/7
2041 &publil RU'll!, Sl. Rev. Lion walking left.
PB(1).
li/IDSU L'h'L /\ll'.A)
2042 Chull Rll'... Sl/
1.88, PB.
li/}USll'.ht, /9IIQ.M)
*2043 Chull FUTURS/ Obv. Letter 'l in field.
WM(2); BM(1); NK(1).
* Because of the poor condition of many Gosdantin III and IV coins, in

some cases it was necessary to guess the correct legend.
Gosdantin III 383
inl/S/"L'h', foll'km
*2044 Fulll . . . . . SILP Rev. Circle or dot in field.
2.05, PB; *WM(2).
'i/NIS("L'h', Oll'.
*2045 publ h RIITU-R Sup
*MM(1).
'imuSgt.'', (?)
2046 Chubill h RUTII R', h Sf
1.84, PB.
lif UST, Lht, /9II?./7
*2047 Chull RUTIlf. SU
*BM(1); MM(1).
Unl/'N'Lht, /9II?, 3
2047a Chill(?) fulllf, Supun
PB(1).
'imus,'l', Pll (?)
*2048 . . . . . 'RUTIFR, SII/ Rev. Lion walking left.
*KK(1).
imus,'l', on
2049 Chull FUT. SU/

WM(1).
li/TU'Lh'L /9'll?, f)
2050 & Publl h RUQUAR SU
WM(1).
Struck in Sis
li/TLSU L7.ht, foll? &R 8
*2051 & Publl RUQUAR, Uh Obv. Field mark b and 0.
*MM(2).
II/7USIIL7/5, />U.9. I
2052 publl RUQUAR, Uh/ Obv. Field marks circle
and dot or "l.
2.19, PB; WM(1); BN(1).
2053 Ch'ubll RUTII R' Up Obv. Field markb and dot.
WM(1).
*2054 6Publil RIITU-R Uh Obv. Field marks circle
and dot.
*MM(2).
Timl/SU'L'h', O.Q. 28/78
2055 publl RUQUIR, Uh/
2.05, PB.
2056 &Publil RUTII R, Uh
WM(1).
Timl/Sl','l'h', p.7.4/18
*2057 Chubill fulllfi, Uh Obv. Various field marks,
three dots, circle, R, L,
dots etc.
*WM(3); NK(2).

2057a publil RII'll Ru P
IS(1).
Gosdantin III 385
li/TUSU'L'kht, /9% &R8
2058 Ch'ublil Ril'll R. Uh Obv. Circle.
VM(1).
U/USII),").ht, /9% /
*2059 CFLll RUTUR, Uhly h Obv. Circle and b, dots.
Rev. Circle, b, dots etc.
*WM(1); BM(1); BN(2).
2060 Ch'ublil RII'lll:Ru Uh
NK(1); BM(1); WM(1).
2061 Ghull Rll'lll:Ru Uh/ Obv. Circle and dots.
HK(1).
U/TUSU L'h', fo. 7, 8
2062 Ghull h Rll'lll:Ru Uh
WM(2).
li/TUSU'L'kht, / Allfl
2062.a Ch'ublil RII'll Ru Uh Obv. Dots in field.
JG(1).
liml/S/L7.ht, /NIQ. 4
2063 Uncertain Obv. Letter l and dot in
field.
AD(1).
Q/NISO'L'h', foll'll
2064 Chubill RUQUAR), (?) Obv. Dots in field.
1.99, PB; WM(1).

25
limljS(L7.ht, /NIQ/m
2065 publ RII'll RV Uh Obv. Circle in field.
1.75, PB; WM(1).
limljS("L'h', foll'.
*2066 Ch'ubl h RII'll fu UU
*VM(1).
timl/S/","kh", /9%ll
2067 Chubill h RUTIlf Obv. Letter 'l in field.
PB(1)
"iml/Sgt."kh", 6.9/m
2068 Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Obv. Letter 'l and or dot
in field.
WM(2); BM(1).
'imuS600F, 6% &ll608 (?)
2069 Ch'ublil Ru'lllfi, Uh
AD(1).
limDSO","kh", / 38/18
2069a 6 publil h RII'llfi, Uh(?) Obv. Field mark : under
horse.
EB(1).
'imuS, kht, 4 480 (?)
207o Ch'ubl h RU'll R. U

WM(2).
Gosdantin III
387
limljS0,7/", /?"}. 38
2071 Chubul h fluft, Uh Obv.
MM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
PB(1).
timuS","kh", / Q. All
2072 publil Ru'll RV h U (?) Obv
WM(1).
2073 publil RII'll Ru h Obv
2.07, PB; WM(1).
2074 Chull RUTII R, Uh (?)
WM(1); AN(1); AD(1).
limljS01.7 ht, 7, h
2075 Uncertain Obv
PB(1).
limljS("L'h', /3% &
Dots in field.
. Field mark dot.
. Field mark "l.
. Letter l and dot.
*2076 CFull (?) RUQUAR, U Obv. Dots in field.
2.03, *PB; BN(1).
2077 Chull h fulllf (?) Obv
WM(2);
Rev. Uncertain.

WM(2); AD(1).
li/IDST Lht, foll?, 4/
2078 &publil h fulllf, I Obv
WM(1).
. Dots in field.
. Dots in field.
25*
2079 Ghull h RII'llf h U
MM(1).
'iml/S('u'', 6%/n 28
2080 Ghull h RII'lll:Ru U Obv. Three dots.
WM(1); BM(1).
q/ml/Sgt.')", /7/n 4
2081 Chull h Rll'll RU Obv. Three dots.
WM(4).
WinUS(L', foll' (,
2O82 hlll h Rll'll Ru h Obv. Field mark 'l and
dot.
MM(2).
li/TUS",'k', /?"}. 48
*2083 Chull h RII'll RU Obv. Three dots and 9. in
field.
*WM(3).
2084 Chull RU'll R Uh Obv. Three dots in field.
WM(2).
Rev. Uncertain.
MM(1).
U/USQ-h', /9II'll R///*
2084a Publil RII'll Ru h / Obv. Star and two dots in
field.

JG(1).
Gosdantin III 389
T/Sgt."ht, 8%m/
2085 Chull h RITU-R), h Uh
WM(1).
*/S/","kh", /*k/
2086 Chull h RU'R UP (?) Obv. Field mark l.
NK(1).
'i/TSC, MP, All?,
2087 Chull RUQUIR U Obv. Field mark l.
AD(1); MM(1).
limS,7/", 7, 28
2088 Chull h RII'll R. Uh
MM(1).
2089 &publ fulllf. Up
2.25, PB.
"if S0,7.ht, /3%
2090 CPubl h RUTUR
WM(1).
2091 Ghull UTIlf h (?)
PB(1).
li/TS",' ht, /NI'll R/T &ll
2092 publ h RUTIlf, h Uh Obv. Circle in field.
WM(2); PB(2).
*/TS","kh", foll'UIR/7/*
2093 R'lllfi, Uh Obv. Field mark -i-.

BN(1); PB (with Arabic surcharge) (1).
limSt, *h, foll%llh/n 28
2094 &publl h RII'll R. Uh/
WM(1).
2095 publl h RUTII R' U
2.08, PB.
'S','l', All'IRIn 48 (?)
2096 &publ RuTuft, Uhu I (?) Obv. Three dots in field.
BN(1).
"ISC","kh", 6% &ll/18
2097 &publil RUTUR, Uh/
WM(1); MM(1).
2098 &Publl RU'll R. Up
WM(1).
"SI","kh", . . . . 4/18
2099 Uncertain. Obv. Dots in field.
PB(1).
'ilms/u?'', o' <ll3/18
2Ioo hull h RII'lll:Ru U Obv. Field mark land dot.
WM(1).
limSou?'', foll?/n 48
2Iooa Chull h RII'll Ru h Uh/ Obv. Cross in field.

IS(1).
Gosdantin III 39I
'imSG.'', 6%. 48 (?)
2101 Ghull h RUTII R', (?)
2.17, PB.
tims','k', foll'UR/T All
2Io2 Ch'ubll RU'lll:Ru Uhl/ Obv. Circle in field.
AD(1).
li/TS','k', foll'}\ll//n 48
2103 Ghubill h Ru'll Ru (?) Obv. Four dots.
WM(1).
2104 & Full h RUTR), Uh Obv. Two dots in field.
WM(1).
2105 2 RU'll RV h Uhl/ Obv. Three dots in field.
WM(1).
2105a GPLll RUQUIR, Uh Obv. Circle in field.
JG(1).
'ins,'. Pu'uk/n 4 (?)
2106 2 RUQUIR), h Uhl/
AD(1).
2107 Chull RUTII R, Uhl/
AD(1).
2107a publil RII'll R. U
JG(1).
/MSL7%, foll'', 48
*2Io8 Chubu h RUQUIR / Uh Obv. Field mark l under
horse.

*WM(1).
'imSv%, Pu'uhm (?)
2Io9 CFLll h RUTII R Uh Obv. Field mark l under
horse.
WM(1).
/NS'', /34 &ll&M'8
2IIo Ch'ubll h Rll?ll-Ru U
MM(1).
2III Chubill h RITU-R), Uh (?) Obv. Dot under horse.
PB(1).
W/luf,71, A4/m 28
2II2 hlbl. Rll?ll-Ru Up Obv. Three dots in field.
WM(1).
limljST /NI'llh/m 2/18
2113 GPubll RUQUIR, h Uh
MM(1).
Timl/? /NIQUIR/n 48
2114 6Publl RUTII R, h U/
2.22, PB.
'imuS(Q,')P, &llm
2115 publil h RII'll RV U/l Obv. Field mark : under
horse.
WM(1).
2116 Ch'ubll h RII'lll:Ru Up Obv. Field mark : under
horse.

AN(1).
Gosdantin III 393
/NIST', /?ll'?. All
2116a Ch'ubll KIITU-R h U
IS(1).
"S0%, A4. All&/18
2117 Ch'ublil RUTII R, Uh
2.16, PB.
2118 Ch'ublil RII'll Ru U
WM(2).
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(1); PB(1).
Rarity
*2119 Obv. Chubul h RUQUAR, U/ Obv. Field mark l.
Rev. Chu... fuTufu
*WM(1).
Struck in Tarsus
U/NISIIL'h', /9II?.1
*2120 Ch'ubl h Rll'. Slo Rev. Note St/ [Tarsus].
Cross.
*HE(1); PB(1). +
Struck in Sis
li/TUSU','kht, / Q. All 8/18
2121 Ch'ubl Rll'll fu Uh Obv. King seated holding
Rev. Cross. *

* These two poghs appear to be struck from the same die.
WM(1).
'imu(SCVTh), 6% :
2122 Ghull Rll'll Ru U Obv. King seated holding
Rev. Cross. *
WM(3); PB(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(2).
Unl/S('L'h', 'Q.
*2123 P RII'll fu ... Obv. King seated holding
Rev. Cross. *
WM(1); PB(1).
'SCL'h', NIQUIR/m/,
2124 Uncertain.
PB(2).
'S6(7.ht) (0%) m &
*2125 publil / R.I'll RV U (?) Obv. King seated holding
cross in left hand and
fleur de lys in right hand.
Rev. Cross.
WM(1); PB(1). -.
'ins,' (?) Pu'ukm/ 3
2126 Ch'ublil RII'll Ru U

PB(1).
Levon the Usurper 395
Q/ml/St. ... ?
*2127 Uncertain.
WM(1);
Not legible.
WM(3); 1.30, PB, AN(I); JG(1).
*//l/ . . . . . . L /9'll'.
2I28 ht,. . . . . .
NK(1).
LEVON THE USURPER
TAKVORINS
Ibsl/TL /N1%llh/m &ll3/18
2129 Chull h Ru'llfi, h Uhl, Obv. Circle to left of king.
2.15, PB; MM(1); IS(1).
*2130 Ch'ubll h KUTVIR, h Uh Obv. Circle to left of king.
Rev. Usually circle or dot.
1.85; KK; *WM(4); AD(I); JG(1).
2131 CFLll h AllTVIR, h Uh Obv. Circle to left of king.
Rev. Usually circle or dot.
WM(1); AD(1).
2132 publl h RUTII R, h Uh Obv. Field mark G to left
of king.
WM(2); AD(1).
2133 GPubll h RII'll Ru h Uh Obv. Field marks dot and
circle.
2.24, PB.
2134 P J RUQUIR, h Uh Obv. Field mark 7.

2.24, PB.
2135 & Publil / RUQURL . . . . . . Obv. Field marks two
circles.
2.00; KK.
2136 Ch'ublil h RII'll Ru h U Obv. Field mark 7.
2.15, KK.
2137 publil h RUQUIR, . . . . . . Obv. No field marks.
WM(1).
2138 Chll h RUTII:R\, h' U Obv. Field mark #.
Rev. Field mark ".
BN(1).
Ibslf", All?llh/m &ll6/1
*2139 Chubul h fulllf, h Uh Obv.
*AD(1); WM(1).
214o Ch'ubll h RUTII. . . . Obv.
WM(1).
2141 Ch'ublil h RUTUR, h U Obv.
MM(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
JG(1).
Ibsl/Tu /\ll \ll R/7 &ll/7
2142 publi P RII'll R. h Uh Obv.
2.24, PB.
Ibsl/T, foll'llh/m &ll&
2143 publil / RUQUAR, h Uhl, Obv.
WM(1).
2144 6Publil h RU'll Ru h Uh Obv.

2.30, KK.
Circles in field.
Field mark #.
Circle to left of king.
Circle to left of king.
Two circles.
Circle and dot.
Levon the Usurper 397
2145 publil h fulllf, h Uh Obv. Circle to left of king.
Rev. Two circles.
2.05, KK.
*2146 Chubul h fulllfi, h U Obv. One or two circles in
field.
2.41; 1.99, PB; *WM(4); MM(1); BN(I); JG(1).
2147 Ch'ubll h RUQUAR, h / Obv. Circle and dot.
BM(1); AD(1).
2148 GPubl RUTII R, f U Obv. Circle and dot.
AH(1).
2149 CFLll h RUQUAR, h Obv. Two circles in field.
WM(1).
Ibslf", /NIQUIR/T &II/
2150 Ch'ubl h RUTII), h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. Circle in field.
PB(2).
2151 Ch'ubl h RUTII R', h Uh Obv. Circle in field.
WM(2); AD(1); IS(1).
*2152 publl h KUTUR, h U Obv./Rev. Circle in field
and cross in obverse.
*WM(1).
2153 Ch'ubl h RUTII R, h U Obv. Circle in field.
MM(1); BN(1).
Ibslf", /NI'll R/T &ll
2154 &publ h RUQUAR), h UPU Obv. Circle in field.
WM(1).
2155 publil / RU'll Ru Uh Obv. Two circles.

2.32, PB; WM(1); MM(1); IS(1); JG(1).
2156 Ch'ubll h RUQUAR, h U Obv. Circle and dot.
1.98, PB; MM(1); BN(1)(?); IS(1).
2157 CPUbl h RUQUAR, Uh Obv. Circle in field.
2.06, PB; WM(1); EB(1).
*2158 Ch'ubl h RIITU-R), h U Obv. Circle in field.
*NK(2); WM(3); AD(2); HK(1); MM(1); BN(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
MM(1); JG(1).
Ibsl/TL /NI'llh/m 2/
2159 Chubill h RU'll RV h Uh Obv. No field mark.
BN(1).
*2160 Chubul h fulllf, Uh(?) Obv. Circle and dot in
field.
2.07, PB, *WM(1).
Ibslf", /NI'llh/m &ll3/18
(Obv. and rev. Ib"l/Tu)
216I Obv. Ib"l/I'l, All?-ll/-/7 <ll3 Obv. Circle in field.
Rev. Ibslf", foll'll R/T &ll3
2.38, PB; WM(1).
*2162 Obv. 1; "l/17, All?-ll/-/7 <ll/ Obv. Circle in field.
Rev. lb"l/T, Oll'll R/T &ll/
*WM(1); AA(1).
2163 Obv. lb"l/T, PUQUR/T &ll/ Obv. Circle and dot.
Rev. Ibslf", Pll'UR/m. All(?)
AN(1).
COPPER COINS-POGHS
*2164 lb"l/T, foll'. ... (3/1808) Obv. Letter P to right of
Chu. . . UTII R' Uhl/ horse's front legs.

*WM(4); AD(2).
Gosdantin IV 399
Uncertain with / under horse.
WM(1).
2165 lb"l/T, PUQU/m &ll/m Obv. Letter /9 under horse.
Ghull h \ll . . . .
MM(1).
2166 lb"ln, 0.1%UR/m (?) &ll Obv. Letter /0 under horse.
Rev. Uncertain.
BN(1).
2167 lb"l/T, All'NIR/T &ll/ Obv. Letter 6 to right of
- - - - - - - - - - - - Uhl (?) horse's front legs.
MM(1).
*2168 lb"l/ht, /9. . . . . <ll3/18 Obv. Letter /9 between
Chull h Rll? . . . . horse's hind legs.
Rev. Letter /0 under lion's
front paws.
MM(1).
GOSDANTIN IV
TAKVORINS
11/7USULT.'', A. . . . . </18
2169 Ghull h RU. . . . Obv./Rev. 1/1.1
2.45, PB.
"muscu'.ht, Pu'ukm (?) m
217o Ch'ubl h RU'll fu h Uhl/
WM(1).
* Field marks lll and SIS are usually between the front and hind legs of

the horse and lion unless stated otherwise.
timuS(L'h', foll'U/m 2/18
2171 Ch'ubl h RuTuft, h Uhl, Obv./Rev. S/Sbetween
hind legs.
BN(1); HE(1).
2171a Ghull h UTUR, h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. 1/1 between
hind legs.
IS(1).
"iml/S/L7.ht, /NI'll/n 48
2172 publil h fuTuft, h Upuu (?) Obv./Rev. 1/1.
WM(2).
2173 Chull h RII'll Ru h UPU Obv./Rev. 1/1.
2.15; 2.00; 2.18; 1.99, PB; WM(3); AD(1).
'imus','l', (?) ou%um &
2174 & Publ h RUQUR, h Uh Obv./Rev. 1/l between
hind legs.
BN(1).
"iml/S/L7.ht, /NIQ/m 2/18
*2175 hull h FUTUR, h UPU Obv./Rev. Sls.
*WM(1); AD(2); MM(2); BN(1); PB(1).
2176 & Publ h RUQUIR, h Uhl, Obv./Rev. 1/1 or S/s.
WM(3); AD(3); BN(3).
2177 Ghull h RUTIlf, Uhl/ Obv./Rev. 1/1 between
hind legs.
BN(2).
'iml/S/L'kh, All?, 48
2178 Chull h KUTVIR, UPU Obv./Rev. Sls.

WM(1).
Gosdantin IV 40I
"inus(?)" ht, Am 28
*2179 &bull h fl:Ru Ubu Obv./Rev. 1/s.
*WM(1).
'i/NJS('L'h', /7%, 48
2180 Ch'ubl h RII'll R Obv./Rev. 1/l.
Rev. L. between front paws
of lion.
WM(1).
timl/S/L7.ht, /l/QU/m
2181 Chull h RUTII R', h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. 1/l.
1.93, PB; WM(1);
Rev. Uncertain.
AD(1).
Timl/S/"L'kht, /NIQ/m
2182 hull h RII'll Ru h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. 1/l.
AD(1).
limljS("L'h', /NIQ.
2183 & Publ P AllTU. . . . . Obv./Rev. L/L between
hind legs.
BN(1).
liml/S/L', 61%ll//m 2/18
2184 Chull h RII'll Ru h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. S/S or l/l.
2.05; 2.29; 2.23; 2.21, PB; BN(I); JG(2).
WITUS"L", / I'll/m 2/18
2185 Chull h RIITU-R), h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. S/S and l/l.
2.0; 2.17, PB; WM(2); AD(1); MM(1); BN(1); IS(1).

26
*2186 Ch'ubl h RII'll R. h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. S/S or l/l.
2.15, PB; *WM(1).
liml/S/L', /NI'll/n 28
2187 hbbl h fulllf, h Uhly Obv./Rev. 1/l.
1.93, PB; AD(2).
limljS/"L', foll'll/n 4
2188 Chull I RII'll Ru h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. l/l Or S/S.
2.27; 2.oo; 2.10, PB; NK(1); WM(1); AD(1); MM(1).
2189 GFLll h Ru'll fu h Uh(?) Obv./Rev. 1/1.
WM(1); AD(1).
2189a Ghull h RUTUR, Uhl (?) Obv./Rev. 1/l.
JG(1).
Rev. Uncertain.
IS(1).
liml/S/L', foll?/m 2/13
2190 Ch'ubl h fulllf, h Uhl, Obv./Rev. S/s.
1.87; 2.20; 2.22; 2.33, PB; WM(3); AD(3); JG(1).
2191 Ghull h fulllf, h Uhly Obv./Rev. Sls.
WM(1); AD(1).
liml/S/L', 0.1%/n 48
2192 Chull P RIITU-Ru h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. l/S.
2.05; 1.88; 2.14; 2.34; 2.26; 2.21; 2.18; 2.23, PB; WM(1)
2193 & Publ h RUQUAR, h UPU Obv./Rev. S/s.
WM(2).
*2194 Chull h RII'll R. Up Obv./Rev. 1/1.

*WM(1).
Gosdantin IV 403
"inl/S/L', /9IIQ/m (18
2195 Chull h RUQUAR, h Uhl, Obv./Rev. S/s.
1.95; 2.02, PB; AD(1); MM(1).
*21.96 &publ h RuTuft, h Uhl, Obv./Rev. S/S.
*WM(1);
Rev. Uncertain.
I.95, 2.05; PB.
timuS(L', foll'km/
2197 Uncertain. Obv./Rev. Sls.
1.55, PB, IS(1).
'i/NJS('L /NIQUIR/T &ll/18
2198 Chull h RUTII R', h Uhl, Obv./Rev. S/s.
AD(2).
'insuu'.ht, (?) pu%m #
2199 Chull h RUTII R, h Uh Obv./Rev. 1/l.
NK(1).
'ins','khu (?) All'um 38
2200 CPUbl h RII'll Ru h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. 'l/-l between
hind legs.
BN(1).
'i/S/L/k}'', All?/n 28
220I Chull h Rll'll Ru h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. 1/1.
WM(1).

26*
T/S"L'h', foll'. 208
2202 Ghull h RII'll Ru h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. 1/l.
WM(1).
limS/","kh", /NIQ, 38
2203 Ghull h RUQUAR, h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. 1/1.
AD(1).
limS('u'.ht, /NIQUIR/p
2204 Chull h RII'll RV h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. 1/l.
HK(1).
T/Sgt."kh", /NIQ/m
2205 & Full h RUQUIR, h Uh Obv. 1 between front and
hind legs.
Rev. L. between front legs
MM(1).
'insu%h, pu%m zu (?)
2206 Ghull h RII'll Ru h Uh Obv./Rev. 1/l.
WM(1).
'i/IS/'l', All?, 3/18 H
2207 CFull I RUQUAR, h Uhl, Rev. l between front and
hind legs.
MM(1).
*2208 Chull h RIITU-R Uhl/ Obv. l above horse and
dots.
Rev. l between front and
hind legs.

*MM(1).
Gosdantin IV 405
"if S0,7%, 0%. 48
2209 Ghull h RII'll fu UPU Obv./Rev. ...ll.".l.
Obv. 1 between front and
hind legs.
Rev. 1 between hind legs.
MM(1).
/"Su%l, All?-ll/n 28
22Io Chull h RII'll Ru h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. 1/l.
WM(1).
22II Ghull h RII'll Ru U Obv./Rev. 1/l.
AD(1).
H/TS",'', foll'UIR/7
2212 Ghull h RII'll R. h Uhl/ Obv./Rev. l/s.
WM(1); AD(1).
'inst (?) 01%llR/m 2/18
2213 Ch'ubl h RUTII R', h Uh Obv./Rev. 1/1.
WM(1).
'i/NISO'L', 0/19/n 4/18
*2214 Ch'ubl h QUT II'', h Uhl/ Obv. Sls.
Field marks between
front and hind legs.
*WM(6); PB(1).
Not clearly legible but belonging to this class:
WM(5); AA(1); VM(2).
*In most cases where Chull appears, the letter ll has an elongated arm as

if it were a ligature of U and 1.
406
Timl/l/','l', Oll'U/7 </18
2215 publ h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
AD(2); PB(1).
Obv./Rev. S/S.
'imums/u?'', pu%m (?) &nd
2216 Chull h NIQU%, h Uhl (?)
AD(I); JG(1).
Obv./Rev. S/s.
Takvorin type
2217 Obv. inl/S. . . .
Rev. Zhu, . . . h Uhl/
22IS Obv.
Rev.
2219 Obv.
Rev. & Publ . . . . ku. Uhl/
WM(1).
2220 Obv. 'i/1U.S. . . . . . . . /m 2/18
Rev. Chu . . . . . . . . .
WM(3), 2.25; 1.74, PB.
*222I Obv. '7/7'U. . . . . . U%U/m 2/18
Rev. . . . 'II'll?:, . . .
*WM(1).
2222 Obv. "If/US . . .
Rev. . . .bl. h . . .

WM(1).
2223 Obv. 'if'l/S/L7/. . . .
Rev. Chu. . . . . . Q, L, Uhl/
WM(1).
"If/l/ . . . . . . /NIQ/n 48
Chu. . . . . . * Uhl (?)
WM(1).
limljSt. . . . /NIQ/n 4
All field marks S/S and
between front and hind legs.
WM(1).
Gosdantin IV 4O7
2224 Obv. inuS. ... Pll'. . .
Rev. & Fulll ... Uhl/U (?)
WM(1).
2225 Obv. 101/S. ... U%/n 28 All field marks S/S and
Rev. Ch'ubl . . . between front and hind legs.
1.57, PB.
Takvorin type with letter /*
*2226 Obv. 1/7SU?",. . . . . . /m &
Rev. & Full ...U', ...
WM(2); *AD(1).
2227 Obv, inUSUVMFu (?) All'M" . . .
Rev. Zhull h Rll'. . . .
WM(2).
Uncertain inscription.
WM(2); AD(1).
2228 Obv. 'Slou'.hu . . . [20, 2U8/18]
Rev. Ghulll . . .'ll RU
WM(3).
2229 Obv. 'if'Su'u. . . .
Rev. Chull h RII'll Ru Uh
BN(1).
*223o Obv. 'SU?. . . .
Rev. Chulll . . . 'Il Ru Uhl/
*WM(1).

22.30a Obv. 'S . . . . . 'u', . . . . . . /n 4
Rev. h. . . . . . . . . . .
IS(1).
2231. Obv. MUIP," (?) 0119/n 28
Rev. Chull h NI'll', h Uhl/
PB(1).
Legend incomplete.
AD(1); MM(2); IS(1).
Obv. Letter /9 between
front and hint legs.
Obv. Letter / to right of
front feet.
front feet.
Obv. Letter 6 to right of
front feet.
front feet.
2232 Obv. 'SIR. . . . /l/'NIIT 4 Obv. Letter /9 between
Rev. Ch'ubl h . . . front and hind legs.
PB(1); AD(1).
*2233 Obv. 'Sll...","... ../n 4 Obv. Letter /9 between
Rev. Chull NIT... hind legs.
*WM(1); AD(2).
*2234 Obv. inuSUV'h', All?/r (?) Obv. Letter /9 above
Rev. Ch'ubll h QUTII.. Uhl/ horse's head.
*AD(1).
Takvorin type with letter U on reverse
*2235. Obv. 'if'Ul/?', . . . . . . . </18
Rev. . . . . .U', Uhl/
*WM(1).
Uncertain.
WM(1).
Rarity
2236 'i/1U.S. . . . . . . . . . . Obv. Horse walking left.
&publ h fulllf, h Uhu (?) Rev. Lion walking left.
*VM(I);
Uncertain.
BN(1); PB(1).
LEVON V
BILLONS
*2237 Obv. Ibh/T, PUQ. Obv. King's head.
Rev. UR/7/? &ll3/18 Rev. Cross +-
o.75, PB; *AA(1), WM(1); HE(1).

*2238 Obv. Ibh/", /NIQUR// Obv. King's head.
Rev. Ill/'0'10R//: Rev. Cross +.
o:75, PB, *WM(2).
Levon V
409
2238 Obv.
Rev
*2239 Obv.
Rev
2240 Obv.
Rev
2241 Obv.
Rev
Ibh/", /NIQUIR/l/ Obv.
ill/'0'10R/f, UU (or U3) Rev.
o.55, PB; WM(1); AD(1).
Ibh/1%, All'UR/m Obv.
. lll/'bull&t, <ll# Rev.
*WM(2).
lbf/", /NIQUR Obv.
ill//.7/k/f, Rev.
WM(1).
lbf/1%, AlI'll/. Obv.
ill//.7/mk/9/", Rev.
AD(1).
Obv./Rev. Uncertain.
*2242 Obv.
Rev
Rev
2243 Obv.

Rev. III/'bull 8, &ll&/18
EB(1).
lbh/7t, /NIQUIR/T / Obv.
. Ull/'bull&t, <ll Rev.
o.90; o.95, *PB; MM(1); AD(1);
. Uncertain.
AD(1).
Ibh/1%, 0/IQUIR/m Obv.
NK(1); AD(1);
Rev. Uncertain.
Rev.
King's head.
\la
Cross SK
King's head.
Cross +
King's head.
\ta
Cross SK
King's head.
Cross *H
Lion facing right.
Cross. +
Lion facing right.
Cross. +
WM(1).
2244 Obv. Ibh/", Pll'UR/l/'
Rev. Uncertain.
WM(2);
Inscription uncertain.
o.75; 1.05, PB; WM(2); o.65, KK; AD(1); JG(1).
*224.5 Obv. Ibh/Tu . . . . In Obv. Lion facing left.
Rev. . . . . . 'RUTII R', . . . Rev. Cross. +
o.95, PB; *WM(1).
POST ROUPENIAN (?)
[Pseudo-Armenian legend]
*2246 Obv. King on horseback walking right.
*2247 Rev. Lion walking right.
AD(1); PB(2); WM(2); *MM(4); BN(2); BM(1).
*2248 Rev. Lion walking left.
*WM(1).
2249 Obv. King on horseback, walking left.
Rev. Lion walking left.

PB(1).
INDEX OF LEGENDS
LEVON I
DOUBLE TRAMS
Ibh/It, All?-ll/-/7/ III/'b'Lll3, All 808
I.a. 'ill/'/'l/mk/?blUF, UUS/IR/18
b. Ill/'0'1/1//0llIFF, IJS/IRI/
2. Ill//.7/mh/bf, LIUS/IRO (18
3. Ill/'0'10R//#, III/S/IRV/18
Lh/I'll f?'./ III/'bullt, All 5/18
I. ill/07/1/./bf, LIUS//w/18
2. Ill// '10R/RW, UIUS/NAT/18
3. Ill/'0'10R/F, UUSmR/
lbf/T, foll?-ll/-/l/ 3UB/18
I. ill/'07/1/./b/#, Ill/S/IRT/18
2. 'ill/'0'l/m/i/%f, lll/S/IRT/18
HALF DOUBLE TRAMS
lbf/7, foll'UR/l/ 3UB/78 b or /
I.a. 'ill/I'l/mh/9/#, IUS/NAT/18
b. 'ill/'0'l/mh/off), UIUS/10/18
c. Will/P/I'l/1/.hfi, UIUSAF/18
lbf/T, /ll'llh/l/ Allfl
I. ill/'0'lflk/bluff, lll/S/IR/18
2.a. 'ill/'0'10R/9/#, IIUS/IRO/18
b. 'ill/'0'l/lh/9/#, Ill/SURV113
ill/'0'1/1///#, IUS/Twh/18
ill/'0'10A/8R, III/SR/18
ill//.7/mh/?fu IIUS/TT/1

. 'ill/'07/1/2/0/$, Ill/SW/18
ill/P/I'l/Th/9R, UIUSR/18
I32,
I35,
I31
I31
I32
I32
I34
I32
I33
I33
I34
I34
I34
I35
I37
I35
I36
I36
I36
I36
136
I36
4II
h. Ill/'07/mk/fu UUS/18
i. ill//11/mh/9/#, III/SRU/18
3. Ill/'0'10R/ bf, LIUS/10/1
HALF TRAMS
Quarter Double Tram
lbh/", /ll'UR/l/ All3/18
Half Trams
Ibh/T, foll'UR/l/ 3U.8/18 H
I. ill//.7/mk/fu IIUS/IRI/
lbf/T, /NIQUR/l/ Allll F.
I. ill/I'l/mh/9/#, IUSmhn
Ibh/", /NIQUIR/l/ All/18
I.a. 'ill/I'l/R/RW LIUS/10/18
b. Ill// '10R/8R, UIUS/IRI/)
Ibh/T, Oll'llh/m &ll3/18
I.a. 'ill/'0'10R/ fu lll/S/10/18
b. Ill/010R/ fu UUSITU/l
lbh/T, /NI'llh/m All8
I. ill/'0'10R//#, IUS/IRT/l
lbf/T, 6/I'llh/m &ll3
1. ill/'0'10R/8R, UUS [Inverted inscription]
CORONATION TRAMS
One lion type
Ibh/7, foll'NLR/l/ 3U.5/18
I.a. 'ill/'07/IR/2 ft, U8 l; /NIQ/m
b. III//11/mk/fu UUS/ho/18

c. ill//.7/mh/fu UUS/U/
d. Ill//]",0R/ ful Ul/S/TW/
e. Ill/'0'10R//#, III/SI)
136
I37
I37
I37
I37
138
138
138
138
138
138
I38
I39
I39
I39
I39
I39
Index of Legends
4I3
Ibh/11, AlI'llh/m 2/18/18
I. Will/P/I'lflh//, IIIIS
lbf/1%, 0/I'llh/m &ll3/.
I.a. 'Ill//.7/mh//, UIUS/)
b. Ill//.7/mh/9 fu ll.US/
c. Ill//.7/mh/ fu ll.US
Lh/7, foll'UR/T &ll#
I.a. 'ill/P/I'l/l/i/%f, lll/S
Two lion type [With letters in obverse field]
lbf/", Pll'MIR/l/ 3UB/18 H
1. Ill/'0'10//ft, UUS/ [8II]
lbf/7, foll'UR/l/ 3UB/18 /
1. Ill/'0'10R/8R, UUS/ [8II]
Ibh/77, fNIQUIR/l/ Allm
1. Ill/'0'10R/fu IIUS [8x]
lbf/7, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll3/
1. ill/I'lmk/ft uul (8)
Two lion type [No letters in obverse field]
lbf/7, foll'UR/7/ 3UB/78 /
I. Will//.7/mk/#, IUS/
lbf/T, foll'UR/l/ 3UB/18
I.a. 'ill//11/mh/?ft, UUS/IRI/18
b. Ill/P/I'l/mk/fu lll/S/IRT/l
c. ill/I'l/mk/fu IIUS/IRT
d. Ill/'07/mh/fu IIUS/NA

e. Will/'0'10R/ fu lll/S/
f. 'ill/'0'10"/9/#, Ill/S/
| g. ill/'0'10R/F, UUS
I39
I39
I39
I39
I39
I40
I40
I40
I40
I40
I4I
I4I
I4I
I4I
I42
I42
I42
4I4
Ibh/1%, 0.11%llh/m 2/18/18
I. ill/MIT/IR/NIRL III/S/IR
2.a. 'ill/P/I'l/mh/ fu ll.US/
b. ill/I'l/R//#, IUS
c. ill// '1/1/.//#, IU
Ibh/", /NIQUIR/T All&n
I.a. 'ill/P/I'l/mk/fu lll/S/
b. Ill/'0"/"R/8R, UUS
lbf/it, Pll'll R/T &ll/18
I.a. 'ill// '1/MR/ fu ll.JS/IRT
b. 'ill//.7/mh/fu IIUS/NA
lbf/it, foll'IIR/T &ll
I. ill/P/I'l/h/ fu III/S
TRAMS
lbf/I', All?/m lll/'bu <llfl
I.a. 'ill// "fik/fu UUS/RW (18
b. Ill/'0'l/mh/fu lll/S/ht//18
illh/I'l/lh/9R, ILUS/IRI/
ill//11/1/./FL IIUS/10/18
ill/P/IT/IR/2 ft, LIUS/N 0/)
ill/P/17/lh/?full/Shufl
ill/P/17/l/r/fu IIJS/TW/)
lbf/1%, All?/T lll/'b', 'll/)
I.a. 'ill/P/11/mh/9/#, Ill/S/IRI/18
b. Ill// '1/ R/2 ft, UUSR0 (18

lbf/1%, 0.U.7/7 Ul/'b', <ll#8
I.a. 'ill/'0'l/lh/fu lll/S/IRI/18
b. Ill// '1/1//fu ll.US/Th9/)
c. ill// ?/IR/F, III/S/N 0/.
I43
I43
I43
I43
I43
I43
I44
I44
I44
I44
I45
I45
I46
I46
I46
I46
I46
I47
I47
I47
I47
Index of Legends
4I5
lbf/", Pll'UR/l/ All/18 H [Non-artistic]
I.a. ill//11/mh//, IIDS/IR8/18
With b. [ill/I'lmk/ft, UUS/IRS/
Footstool c. ill// ?/IR/9R, III/S/19/18
d. Ill/07/1/.//#, III/S/IRG
e. Ill// '10R/ fu III/S/19
2.a. 'ill/010//ft, UUS/IR8/18
NO b. ill// 'lmk/fu IIUS/IRS/)
Footstool c. Will/010R/8R, UIUS/IR
d. Ill/P/11/mh/9R, UUS/19
Obverse 3.a. 'ill/I'l/ih/fu UUS/IR908
Ornate b. Ill/07/1///#, IIDS/IR8/1
4.a. 'ill/I'lmR/NIR, UUSmh908
Reverse b. Ill//.7/mh/9/#, IUS/IR8/18
with X c. ill/P/I'l/mh/?fu llllS/Th9/1
lbf/it, Pll'UR/l/ 3U808 ' [Artistic]
I.a. 'ill/P/17/lh/fu IIUS/IR/18
b. Ill/-/17/nh/2,fu IIJS/IR/
c. ill/P/17/l/r/ fu ll.JS/\ht;
d. Ill/P/17/lh/0/#, IUS/m/,
lbf/1, Pll'NIR/T &ll/18 / [Artistic]
I.a. 'ill/'0'l/lh/9/#, Ill/S/IRU/18
b. ill// ?/ R/2 ft, UUS/IR '
c. ill/'0'1/1/.//#, Ill/S/IRT
lbf/", AlI'llh/l/ All3/18 [Artistic]

I.a. 'ill/'0'10R/8R, Ill/S/IRT/18
b. Ill//.7/k/) fu ll.JS/IRI/
c. ill/I'l/R/8R, UDS/IRT
Ibk), All'UR/l/ 3U8/18 H [Non-artistic]
I. ill/MIT/IR/ft, l'US/IR8/18
I47
I48
I48
I48
I49
I49
I50
I50
I50
I5I
I5I
I5I
I5I
I52
I52
I52
I52
I52
I52
I52
I53
I53
I53
I53
I53
lbf/", Pll'NIR/l/ Alll/U6 [Distinctive design]
No footstool I.a.
b.
till/I'l/R/9/#, IUS/mha/h
'ill/'0'10R/ fu ll.0S/IRU
c. ill/'07/1/./9R, III/Smir
lbf/", Pll'NIR/T &lll/U6 [Distinctive design]
I.a.
With b.
footstool C
2.a.
Two dots b
on obverse C
'ill/'0'1/lh/?fu III/S/mhrn.".
till/I'l/mk/fu IIUS/IRI/
ill/I'l/Thft, III/SIMRT .".
ill/I'l/mk/fu III/SmR.
ill// '10R/ fu II/IS/IRT -:
ill/07/1/2/9R, II/SRT

ill/I'l/mk/9/#, IUS/IRT/18
ill/'0'10R/8R, lll/S/IR/l
ill/I'l/mh/fi, UIUS/IRT-
ill/I'l/mk/f, Ill/SnRT
ill// '1/.h/f, ll/IS/IR.
ill//.7/mk/fu IIUS/10
ill//.7/mk/ft, UUS/
lbf/T, PUQUR/l/ Allmm [Artistic]
I.a.
b.
C.
d.
e.
f.
8.
till/P/11/mh/?ft, UUS/IRT/18
till/I'l/mk/fu UUS/ho/18
till//.T.M.R/9R, UUS/mhn
'ill/I'l/mh/?fu UUS/htm
"ill/P/TT/ih/fi, UUS/IRT
till/'0'10R/ fu ll.US/10
"ill//.7/mk/fu IIUS/NA
lbf/T, Pll'NIR/T &ll308/. [Artistic]
I.3.
b.
'ill/P/I'l/Th//, LIUS/TRW I
till//.7/mk/fu IIUSITT
Ibh/T, PUQUR/T &ll/18/) [Artistic]
I. al.
b.
till//.7/mk/fu IIJS/ho/18
"ill//.7/mk/fu IIUSmhr
c. ill/I'l/mk/FL IIUS/18
d. Ill// '10R/>Ru ll.US/
I53
I53
I54
I54
I54
I54
I54
I54
I54
Index of Legends
4I7
Ibh/", Pll'UR/T &llll/18 [Artistic]
I.a. 'ill/I'l/mk/fu ll.JS/IRU/)
b. Ill// '10R/8R, U.J.Smhty
c. ill/I'l/mk/fu II/S/mhty
d. Ill/'07/mk/fi, IILSU/
lbf/T, Pll'UR/l/ All3/18l.
I. ill//11/mk/fu III/S/IRT
Ibh/T, Pll'UR/l/ All3/1/18
I. ill/P/11/mh/fu IIUS/IR.
Iblin, bu'uline zund [Artistic 4-H
I57
I57
I57
I57
I57
I57
I.a. 'ill/I'l/R/9/#, IUS/IRI/18 /
ill/P/TT/ih/, fl. III/S/IR//18
ill/'07/1/2/2/#, IIIIS/hi//18
ill/'07/mh/9/#, Ill/SnRT/]
ill/P/I'l/mh/9/#, IUSMRT/)
ill/I'l/mh/*f, III/S/Nirm
ill/'07/mh/9R, III/SITU/18
ill/P/11/mh/9R, III/S/mlity
ill/I'l/mh/9 RR LIUSmRU

ill//11/1/.//#, II/IS/NA),
ill/I'l/mk/fu IIJSITU/
ill/I'l/mh//, LIUS/IR
ill/I'l/mh/?f Ul/SUR
ill/P/17/lh/fu IIUS/10.
ill//I'l/lh/9/#, Ill/S/
ill/'07.0///#, IUSU
ill/MIT/IR/>Ru III/S/
ill/P/17/nh/2,fu IIUS
ill/P/17/nh/-fi, UU/
ill//.7/k/./#l, IIII
2.a. 'ill/P/I'l/mh/?fu lll/S/NAT/18
King's crown b. ill/I'l/mk/9/#, UUS/NATI)
within circle c. Ill/P/17/l/r/fu IIUS/IR).
158
158
I59
I59
I59
I6o
I60
I6o
I6I
I6I
I6I
I6I
I6I
I6I
I62
I62
I62
I62
I62
I62
I62
I62
I62
27
3.a. lupinnhof, uusnRwn [Artistic (4-H J 163
Cross entirely b. 'Ill/010R/F, UUSmRw I63
within circle c. ill/P/17/nh/-fi, UIUSU/ I63
Reverse 4.a. 'ill/'0'10R/f, UUSmRwn I63
coronation b. Ill//.7/mh/9R, UUS/ho/) 163
type c. ill/P/TT/ih/f), UIUS/h? I63
CrOSS d. Ill/07/Th/f, U.JS/IR I63
5.a. 'ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmh908 163
King's left foot b. 'ill/I'l/ln/f, UUSmR80 I64
turned outward c. 'ill/P/7'1/7R/0/#, Ill/S/78/7 I64
I.a. 'ill/'/'l/l/r/ fu ll/IS/IRn I64
b. Ill//.7///f, IIDS/IRT I64
c. ill/'0'10R/8R, II/IS/IRT I64
d. Ill//.T.M.R//#, IUS/ht/ I64
e. Ill//.7/]h/f, Ill/S/T" I64
f. Ill//.7//h/ fu III/S/NA 165
g. ill/I'l/ih/fi, UUSA, I65
h. Ill//.7/mh/9/#, III/SR 165
i. ill//.7/Th/fi ll/NIV 165
6.a. 'Ill// '1/MR/ full USmh9/18 165
Ornate b. III//7/TK/9R, IUS/IRV/11 I65
design c. ill/I'l/mk/fu lll/S/TR90 I65
d. Ill//.T./lh/*F, LIUS/ho/) I66
Ornate 7.a. 'ill/m/mk/f, uUSmh908 I66
No footstool b. Ill// 'lmk/fu ll.JS/Th9/) I66
Star in 8.a. 'ill/'0'10R/RW, UUSmh908 [Non-artistic] 167
circle

inscription b. Ill/'0'0N/f, JusnR80 [cross (++-l 167
9.a. 'ill/I'lmk/f, Ill/SnR908 I68
NO b. 'ill/P/I'lflk/9/#, Ill/S/Th9/1 I69
footstool c. Will/P/I'l/lh/?fi, llllSUh9/) 169
Inscription 10 urinnleft uusman (++-" I69
reversed
Index of Legends
4I9
3.
ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmR908 k [Non-artistic]
ill/I'l/mk/ft III/Smh9/18
ill/P/17/nh/2,full US/Th9/.
ill/010R/2 ft, UUS/IR9
ill/P/17/nh/2,full USU/9
ill//.7/mk/f, Ill/S/190
ill/P/I'lf h/?fu IIUS/19
ill/m/mh/f, uusgn (?)
ill//.7/mk/ft, UUS/9
ill/'0'10R/F, UUS$
ill/I'lmk/fu IIUSmh908 [Non-artistic]
ill/I'l/mk/fl. U.JS/Th908
ill/P/IT/m/s/. Fu llllSmh9/)
ill/I'l/mh/fu IIDS/IR9
ill/P/11/mh/ft, Ill/S/19
ill//.7/IA/9/#, IIUS/m/
ill/I'l/mh//, LIUS$
lbf/n), /NI'll R/m. All&/18
With b
footstool C
I2.2
NO b

footstool C
8.
I.a.
With b.
footstool C
8.
2.3
NO b
footstool C
8.
'ill/I'lmk/f, Ill/SnR/18 [Artistic]
'ill/I'l/l/r//#, IUS/h/18
ill//.7/mh//, LIUS/NATI)
ill//.7/7R//#, IUS/NW/)
ill//.7/k/./#, IUS/IRT
ill//.7/mk/fu IILS/10/
ill//.7////#, IUS/10.
ill//.7///0/$, III/S/NA
. Ill// '1/ R//#, IUS/)
ill//.7/"R/9/#, IUS/
ill//.7/"R/9/#, IUS
ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmRul [Artistic]
ill//.7/lh/9R, Ill/Smht, 1
3.a. Tupinnhof, uusnRw [Cross (++-)
Cross b. [ill/MIT/IR/2 ft, UUS/htr
within c. ill/I'l/m/, //#, IUSU/
circle d. Ill//.7/mh/9/#, Ill/S/NA
4.a. 'ill/I'lmk/fu UUS/IR8/18 H [Non-artistic]
With b. Ill/P/11/mh/fu lll/S/IR8/18
footstool c. Will/P/17/nh/2,full US/IRS/
d. Ill/010R//#, Ill/S/Th9
5.a. 'ill/'0'10R/>Ru lll/S/lh9/18 H [Non-artistic]
NO b. Ill//."lmh/9/#, IUS/IR8/18
footstool c. ill/MIT/IR/8R, UIUS/Th9/)
d. Ill/"I'l/l/i/} f), UIUS/IR
e. Ill// '10R/ fu III/S/19
f ill//.7/mh//, III/S/
6.a. 'Ill/m"mk/fu UusnRwn [Cross (++-l
Sq. type b. ill/P/11/mh/7 fu IIJSORT
c. Will/P/17/nh/-fi, UIUS/ht,
d. Ill/'0'10R/ fu U.JS/10.
e. Ill//.7/k/./#, Il/NIO /
f ill/P/17/lh/ fu ll.8/III).
Sq. type 7.a. "Upminhof, uusm" [Cross (++-l
Dot on 1 b. 'ill/P/I'l/l/i/%ft, lll/S/TO.
8.a. turninhof, uusnRw (Cross (++-l
Sq. type b. [ill/'0'l/m/i/%ft, UUS/h?
Dot on 1 c. ill//.7/mh/?ft, UUS/TO
Inverted b d. Ill// '1/ h,0ft, UB/NIT

Dot on 1 9. Ill/'0"/lh/fu UUSmh908 [Non-artistic]
R instead of b
Io. Ill/'0'10R/fu Uusimhon [Cross (++- |
No footstool II. ill//I'lflk/). Fu lll/S/Th9/1
ISO
ISO
I8O
I8o
ISI
ISI
I8I
I82
I82
I82
183
183
183
I84
I84
I84
I84
I84
I84
I84
184
I85
185
185
185
185
185
I85
I86
Index of Legends
42I
lbh/1%, All?llh/l/ All/18
With
footstool
NO
footstool
No
footstool
I.3.
till/filmh/ft, UUSmRm [Artistic]
ill//.7/mh/ft, UUS/IRI/
ill/P/11/mh/ft, LIUSMRU "
ill/MIT/IR//#, IIIIS/IRT
ill/P/IT/IR/2 ft, UUS/IR
ill/MIT/IR//#l, Ill/S/10.
ill/MIT/IR//#, Ill/S/l
ill/010R/F, UUS/IRWI) [Artistic]
ill//.7/mh/9/#, IUSmht, I
ill// '10R/ fu ll.US/IR).
ill// ?/IR/fu IIDS/IR
ill//.7/k/9R, ILUSITT
ill// '10R/ fu ULS
ill/'0'10R/ft, UUS/IR908 [Non-artistic]
ill//.7/mh/fu UUS/IR90
ill//.T.M.R//#, IUS/IR1
ill/-/17/l/r//#t UUS/IR

ill//11/1/./f, UUS/19
ill/'0'10R/F, UUS/IR8/18(Cross *(+- |
ill/P/17/lh//, LIUS/Th90
lbf/it, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll/18
With
footstool
NO
footstool
I. d.
b.
'ill/'0'10R//#, Ill/S/IRWIl [Obv. non-artistic]
'ill/'0'10R/fu III/SIAw/ [Rev. artistic]
ill//.T.M.R/>Ru IIUS/IRI/
ill/P/11/1///#, Ill/S/0/ity
ill/'07/1//ft, LIUS/m/
ill//.T.M.R//#, IUSITT
ill//I'l/l/i/%ft, lll/S/)
ill/'0'10R/F, UUS/IRm [Obv. non-artistic]
ill/I'l/R/fu UUS/NW/18 [Rev. artistic]
ill/'/11/1///#, III/S/IRU/1
ill/'07/1/./9/#, Ill/S/N 0/)
ill/MIT/IR/f, IUSMRT
I86
I86
I86
I86
187
187
187
187
187
187
I88
I88
I88
I88
I88
I88
189
189
189
189
422
With
footstool
NO
footstool
Star in
legend
circle
f. 'ill//11/mh/?fu ll.US/IRI,
g. ill/I'l/R/F, UUSmir
h. Ill/'/'l/l/i/%fu ll.US/
i. ill/'0'l/lh/fu lll/S/
j ill/I'lmh/ft, UUS
a. Ill/'0'0N/F, UUSOR8/18 [Non-artistic]
b. Will/'0'10R/ Fu Ill/S/Th90
c. Will/P/17/nh/-fi, UIUS/IRG
d. Ill/010R/8R, UUS/19
a. Ill/'0'.0//f, UUSOR908 [Non-artistic]
b. Will/P/I'l/m/i/%ft, UUS/IRS/)
c. ill/'0'l/mk/fu III/S/mh9
d. Ill//.7/\h/9R, IILSUh9
e. Ill/'0'1/1/./0ft, UUS/19
f. Ill/'0'10R/ fu UIUS$/l
1.a. tupninkpf, uusmi,908 [Cross "(H-]
b. 'ill/'0'1/1//fu lll/S/Th9/1
c. Ill/'0'10R/F, UDS/IRG

lbf/T, All?-ll/-/l/ All8
I.a. 'ill/I'l/mk/fu IIUSmhm [Artistic]
b. Ill/'0'10R/ fu III/S/hq/18
c. Will/'0'l/l/r/ fu lll/S/NAV/)
d. Ill/'0'l/lh/?fu III/S/hf,
e. Ill// 'lf]h/fu IIJS/TW/18
f ill/P/I'l/l/i/%ft, UUS/TW/)
Ibh", /ll'}llh/l/ All#08
1.a. 'ill/I'l/mk/fu III/S//w/18 [Artistic]
b. ill/MIT/IR/?fi, UIUS/ht/18
c. ill/P/IT/IR/8R, Ill/S/IRI/
d. Ill/'0'lflk/?fu IIIIS/ht/
e. 'ill/P/I'l/lh/ fu ll.US/mlity
f. 'ill/P/11/mh/?ft, UUS/
I92
I92
I92
I92
I93
I93
I93
I93
I93
I94
I94
I94
I94
I94
I95
I95
I95
I95
I95
I95
196
196
I96
I96
I96
I97
I97
I97
I97
Index of Legends
423
lbff, All QWIR/l/ All&/18
I.a.
b.
'ill/I'l/mk/f, UUSmk [Non-artistic]
till/I'l/mh/9/#, IUS/
2. 'ill/I'l/R/ft, UUSmRm [Artistic]
Ib/7, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll#/78/7
I.3.
b.
'ill/I'lmk/fu III/SmR [Artistic]
'ill/I'l/mh/9/#, ILUSITU
Ibn, bu'uhm" + zug:#08+
'ill/010R/fu UUSmR908 [Non-artistic]
till//.7/]h/9/#, III/S/Th9/)
ill//.7/mh/9/#, IUS/19/)
ill/P/TT/ih/fi, IILS3/18
ill//.7/mh/ft IIUS$/l
ill//7/1/./oft, UUS$/l
ill//.7/\h//, UUS/
ill// ?/mh/9/#, IUSS
till// ?/ R/0/#, IIUS
lh/7, foll%UR/7/ 3UB/7
I. al.
Obverse b.
gold C
type e
i.
I.a.
b.
2.3.
3.a.

coin d
L with dot b
Foot turned 4.a
'ill/I'lmk/f, UUSmR' [Artistic]
till/07/]h/?fu IIUS/NA
. Ill//.T.M.R/off, LIUSmir
ill/'0'1/l/i/%f, lll/S/
ill/'0'1/MR/8R, Ill/S
. ill/I'l/mk/f, UUS/IR908 [Non-artistic]
ill//11/1///#, IIUS/Th9/1
ill/'07/1//ft, UUS/19/
ill/P/I'l/h/ fu IIUS/R&
urinnleft uusukun Cross(++-
ill/'07/1///#, Ill/S/IRI,
ill// '10R/ F. UITS/IRT
ill// '1/ R/2 ft, UUS/10.
upmml/ft uusmu [Cross (++-l
ill/P/17/l/r/fl. lll/S/NA
ill//.7/k/fu IIS/NIUSA
I97
I97
I97
198
198
Ibh/1, Pll'llh/m &ll3/.
I.a. 'ill// '10R/F, UUSOR" [Artistic]
With b. ill/I'l/mh/fi, UIUS/NA
footstool e. Will/I'l/mh/fu IIUSU/
d. Ill//.7/mk/fi III/SI.
e. Ill//.7/k/). F. Ul/S/
f. Ill// '10R/ fu IIUS
2.a. 'ill/I'l/mk/fu UUS/IRO [Artistic]
NO b. Will/'0'l/lh/ fu lll/S/NA
footstool c. ill/I'l/l/r/fu III/S/10.
d. Ill// '1/MR/2 ft, UUSI)
No footstool 3.a. 'ill/'0'10R/ Fu UUS/IR908 [Non-artistic]
b. Ill// '10R/ fu ll.JS/IR/18
c. ill// ?/ R/2 ft, UUSA/19/1
4.a. 'ill/I'l/h/ fu llllSmh901 [Non-artistic]
NO b. 'ill/'0'1/l/r/fu ll.US/IR10
footstool c. ill/I'l/lh/fi III/S/Th9
Ibh/), All'UR/l/ All?:
'ill/I'lmk/fu UUS/Nw [Cross (++- ]
I.a. 'ill//.7/mh/f, Ill/SAR
Dot on 1 b. ill/I'l/mk/fu ULSITU
c. Will/'0'1/l/r/fu U.S/10.
lbf/1%, 0.11%llR/l/ All
Some left I.a. 'ill/'0'10K/9/#, Ill/S/IR8/18 H
foot turned b. Ill//]"flh/fu III/S/Th9/18
outward c. ill// '10R/ fu UIUS/IR&

d. Ill// '10R//#, IUS/IR
c. ill/P/17/l//. Fu III/S/)
lbf/il, All?ll//m All
I.a. 'ill/I'l/lh/fu UUS/IR/ [Artistic]
With b. Ill/P/I'l/l/r/, fl. lll/S/h
footstool c. Ill/'0'10R/ Fu III/S/
d. Ill//."lfm/i/9/#, IUS
20I
2OI
2OI
2OI
2OI
2OI
2OI
2OI
2O2
2O2
2O2
2O2
2O2
2O2
203
2O3
203
2O3
2O3
2O3
206
204
2O4
2O6
204
204
2O4
204
2O4
Index of Legends
425
NO
footstool
ill/I'l/R/F, UUSmh908 [Non-artistic]
ill//.7/mh/9R, UUSmh90
ill/'07/1/./9R, UIUSmh9
ill/I'l/mk/9/sh IIDS/IR:
ill/I'l/mh/9/#, IUSm/
ill/'0'10///#, IUSM)
ill/'07/0/i/ft, US/
ill/P/11/mh/ft, UUS
upmnhof, unsmium [Cross (++-
ill// ?/mh/FL IIUS/IRT
ill/I'l/mh/ft, II/SIAT
ill/I'l/mk/ft, IUSU/7
lhl, foll'llh/m 2/18
1.a. 'ill/010R/F, UUSmR [Artistic]
ill/010R/F, UUS/m/
ill/'07/1//ft, UUSmir
ill/I'l/mk/fu UIUSM.'
ill//.T.M.R/0/#, Ill/S/)
ill/I'l/mh/?ft, UUS/
lbf/7%, foll'UR/l/ 4L/1
1. Ill// '10R/F, UUSOR8 [Non-artistic]

lbf/17, foll'UR/T &ll/)
1.a. 'ill/'0'10//ft III/S/IR8 [Non-artistic]
b. Ill// '1/1/.//#, IUS/19
lbf/11, foll'UR/7 &ll/
1. ill/'0'10R/ft, UUS/ [Artistic]
2. 'ill/'0'1/1///#, Ill/S/IR90 [Non-artistic]
lbf/1%, foll'UR/l/ 3U
I.a. 'ill/P/I'l/l/i/%ft, lll/S/Th9
b. ill/I'l/mh//, UUS/19
2O4
204
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
2O6
2O6
2O6
2O6
2O6
207
207
207
207
207
207
With
footstool
207
207
Ibh/7, foll'UR/T &ll
With 1.a. 'ill/'0'10R/8R, UUS/ [Artistic]
footstool b. Ill/07/1//ft, UUS
No footstool I.a. 'ill/'0'l/l/r/fu UUS/ [Artistic]
b. Ill/'0'10R/ Fu IIUS
2. 'ill/mT/mk/fu Uusingn [Non-artistic]
3.a. 'ill/'0'10R/F, UUSOR8/18 [Non-artistic]
No footstool b. Ill/'0'1/lh/fu III/S/Th90
c. ill/I'lmk/fu UUSmh9
d. Ill/I'lmk/f, UUSm?
Ibh/", /NIQUIR/T 3/
No footstool I.a. 'ill/'0'10R/8R, UUS/ [Artistic]
b. Ill//11/1//f, IIIIS
Ibh/7, foll?-ll/l/ 3U.8/78
1.a. 'ill/I'l/ih/ft, UUSnk [Artistic]
b. Ill/010R/RW LIUS/
2O8
2O8
2O8
208
2O8
2O8
2O8
2O8
209
209

209
No footstool 2.a. 'ill/'0'10R/8R, UUS/IR8/18 [Non-artistic]
b. ill/I'l/mh/?ft, UUS/R&
lht, /NIQU/7/* <llfl
1.a. 'ill/'0'10R/F, UUSmRm [Artistic]
b. Ill/010R/ fu III/S/IR/"
c. ill/P/17/l/r/fu IIUS/NAT/)
Ibh/T, /ll?IIAll/l <ll#
1.a. 'ill/'0'10R/F, UUSmt. [Artistic]
b. 'ill/'0'1/l/i/%ft, UUS/m/
Lh/7, foll%fl/ Allfl&
1.a. 'ill/I'l/mh/F, UUSOR8/ [Non-artistic]
b. 'ill/'07/1/h/?ft, UUS/R&
209
209
209
209
209
2IO
2IO
2IO
2IO
2IO
2IO
Index of Legends 427
Lily in right hand
Ibh/TL /NIQUR/l/ All3/18
I.a. 'Ill/'07/0/i/ fu IIUS/IRS/18 2IO
b. 'ill/P/I'l/l/i/%ft, lll/S/IRf. 2II
c. ill// '10R/ fu IIDS/IRI, 2II
d. Ill/P/17/l/i/}/{i, UIUS/19/ 2II
e. Ill//.7/mh/9/#l III/S/19 2II
Ibh/Tu /NI'llh/m &ll3/18
1. Tupinnhof, uusnRH [Cross (++- | 2II
Ib/7, foll'UR/l/ All 3/18
I.a. 'ill/'0'1/1//0ft, UUS/IR8/18 2II
b. Ill/"I'l/TR//#, Ill/S/IRT/) 2II
c. ill/'0'l/lh/?fu IIUS/IRSI) 2II
d. Ill/P/11/1/i/%fi, UIUS/IR. 2II
e. Ill//.1/MR/ Fu II/IS/IRT 2I2
f, ill/-/17/lh/9/#, II/SR5 2I2
Lh/7t, foll?-ll/-/l/ All 3/7
I.a. 'ill/P/17/lh/fu IIUS/\r 2I2
b. 'ill/P/11/1/./0/#, Il/NISR 2I2
Ib/7, foll'UR/7 <ll#/.
I.a. 'ill/'07.0///#, Ill/S/IRG/18 2I2
b. [ill/'07/Th/fu IIUS/NA), 2I2
c. ill/P/I'l/mh/fu IIUSURT 2I2
Ibism, ou'unmp :u6 &%
1.a. 'Ill/'0'10R/F, UUSmRW (Artistic] 2I2
b. Ill/'07/1//0/#, IL3/III? 2I2

c. Will/'0'1/l/i/%f, l8/NIST 2I3
Ibh/T, foll%llh/m &LIS/he
1. Ill/'0'10R/fu U.8/Tuw (Artistic] 2I3
428
Ibh/T, Pll'llh/l/ All-
Errors, oddities, etc.
1. Tupinnhoff, uusmt. [Cross (++-)
Rev. Inscription upside down.
Irregularities or errors in legend.
COPPER COINS - TANKS
lbf/1%, foll'UR/l/ Allh/18
I. Ch'ublil / MI'll!'}}, h Uhl/
2 dots on crown
5 dots on crown
5 dots on crown
and one curl
5 dots on crown
and two curls
6 dots on crown
6 dots on crown
and single curl
7 dots on crown
2.3.
b.
C.
d.
3.a.
b.
4.a.

Chubill h fl'll RU h Uhl/
ChuBll h \ll'll!'}\, h Uhl/
Chlbl.l. h RII'll RU h Uh
Chubill h NITIQ-U h Uh
Ch'ubl.l. h UTURU h Uhl/
Ch'ubll h RUQUIRU h Uh
CFLll h RUTII:RU h Uhl/
[Cross with three steps]
. Ch'ubll h RII'll RU h Uh
Ch'ubll h RUQUIRU h Uhl/
. Ch'ubl.l. h QUT II'', h Uhl/
. Ch'ublil h QUT LIQU h Uhl/
. Ch'ubl.l. h QUT II'', h Uhl/
[Cross with six pointed star]
Ch'ubll h RUQUARU h Uh
. Chlll h QUT II'U h Uh
. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!'), h UU
. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h U
. hlll h RII'll RU h Uhl/
. Chll h RUQUAR UPU
. publil / RUQUARU h Uh
7. Chubill h QUTII'', h Uhl/
2I3
2I3
215
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
2I8
2I8
2I8
2I8
2I8
2IS
2I8
2IS
2IS
2I8
Index of Legends
429
7 dots on crown 8.a. Ch'ubll h RII'll RU h Uhl/
and single curl b. Ch'ubl.l. h RUQUARU h Uh
8 dots on crown 9.a. 6Publil h MITU'4, h Uhl,
b. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', Uhl/
Ibh/T, Oll'}llh/l/ All&/18
5 dots on crown I. Ch'ubll h \ll'U'i, h Uhl/
5 dots and 2.a. Ch'ubll h RII'll RU h Uhl,
two curls b. Ch'ubll h RUQUARU h Uhl/
[Cross with six pointed star]
c. Chlll h RUQUARU h Uh
6 dots and single curl 3. GPublil / RUQUARU (?)
Ibh/", /ll'llh/l/ Allh/)
Ch'ubll h RII'll RU h Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h QUTIQU h Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h RII'll RU h Uh
Ch'ubll h QUITU'U h Uh
Ch'ubll h RII'll RU h U
Ch'ubll h QUTIQ-U h U
Ghull h /'ll'll/"U ht, h Uh
. Ch'ubll h RITU-RU h Uhl/
[Cross with one step]
. Chlll h RUQUARU h Uhl/
[Cross with two steps]
c. Ch'ubll h QUT LIQU h Uhl/
[Cross ornate with three steps]

5 dots and 4. CPublil / RUTII:RU h Uhl/
one curl [Cross with six pointed star]
5. CFLll h RUTURU h Uh
5 dots on crown
22I,
22O
22O
22O
22O
22O
22O
220
22O
22I
22I
22I
22I
222
22I
22I
22I
222
222
222
222
222
6 dots on crown 6.a. publil / RUQUARU h Uhl,
b. Ch'ubll h NI'll'U h Uhl/
c. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h Uhl/
d. Ch'ubll h RIITU-RU h Uh
e. Ch'ubll, h \ll'U%U h Uh
222
222
222
223
223
7.a. Chubul h Ru'll RU h Uhl,
[Ornate cross with three steps]
b. Ch'ubll h Qll'll'U h Uhl/
c. Ch'ublil / RUQUIRU h Uhl/
[Cross with three steps]
6 dots and 8.a. Chlll h UTURU h Uhl,
one curl b. Ch'ubll h UTURU h Uh
6 dots and two curls 9. Ch'ublil / RUQUARU h Uhl/
7 dots on crown Io.a. Ch'ubll h RII'll RU h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h RUQUARU h Uh
7 dots on crown II. Ch'ubll h RII'll RU h Uhl/
and two curls [Cross ornate with three steps]
lbh/", /ll'll R/l/ Allhl/
5 dots on crown I. Chubl h RII'll RU h Uhl/
6 dots and two curls 2. &hlbl.l. h RU'll RU h Uhl/
Ibh/7, foll?-ll/-/l/ Allh
5 dots on crown I.a. Ch'ubll h RII'll RU h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h QUT LIQU h Uhl/
5 dots and one curl 2. & Publil h FUTURU h Uh
6 dots on crown 3. Chubill h fulllfu h Uhly
6 dots on crown 4.a. publil h RU'll RU h Uhl,
and one curl b. Ch'ubll h RU'll RU h Uh
c. Ch'ubll h FUTURU h U

7 dots on crown 5. Chubill h Ru'll RU h Uh
and one curl
Forgeries.
223
223
223
223
223
224
224
224
224
224
224
225
225
225
225
225
225
226
226
226
Index of Legends
43I
HETOUM I
BILINGUAL TRAMS
HetoumKaikobad
a.
b.
&b/9/TRU /NIQUR/l/ 3UB/18
&b//mNU All'UR/l/ All&nd [with scroll]
HetoumKaikhusrew
Half trams
d.
&b/0/IRU (NIQUR/l/ 3UB/18
[UndatedEpigraphy similar
to Hetoum-Kaikobad]
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &llfl
A.H. 637
&b//nhl/ /NI'll R/T &ll3/18
A.H. 637 [Epigraphy intermediate between
Kaikobad and later Kaikhusrew]
. <b//nhl/ /NIQUR/l/ 3UB/18
A.H. 637
. <b/9/l/l/ /NI'll R/T &ll3/18
A.H. 639 [Mixed Epigraphy]
. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m 2/8/18
A.H. 640
. <b/9/7AU foll'UR/T &LIS/18

A.H. 64I
. <b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &LIS/18
A.H. 641
. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/h/ 3UB/18
A.H. 642
. <b/, /ThU" foll?-ll/-/n 4113/18
A.H. 642
. &b/0/1/.l/ /NIQUIR/m. All&/18
A.H. 643
. <b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/l/ 3UB/78
Date not completely legible
227
227
228
229
230
230
23I
232
232
232
233
233
234
234
HetoumKaikobad
HetoumKaikhusrew
234
235
432
HETOUMZABEL
TRAMS
till//.7/mh/,"hh'.", U3 b
a. *b/, /m/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3/18
b. *b/, /l/ /NIQUIR/m &ll3/18
"ill// '10R/-ph',', ll b
a. *b/, /mlil /NIQUIR/n 4113/18
b. *b/, //RU foll'UR/m. All8
c. *b/, /mhl/ Oll'UR/T &ll3/.
d. <b/0/1/.U. (NIQUR/T &llf
e. <b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll#
f. &b//nhl/ /NIQU/m &ll
'ill/'07/1//-hh'.", l8
a. *b/, /TRU /NIQUR/7 <ll3/18
'ill/010R/-FU, U.8/1 A
a. *b/, / Al/ /NIQUIR/m 2/18/
b. *b/, /l/l/ /NIQUIR/m. All
"ill/'0'1/l/r/.-Fl. U.8 k
a. *b/, /m/l/ /NIQUR/T (U.8/18
'ill/'07/1/i/ -hui, 8 b.
a. <b/0/IRU (NIQUIR/T &ll3/18
'ill//.7/mh/-h', l8 b.
a. *b/, /m/, // /NIQUR/7 <ll36
235
236
236
236
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
238
238

236
Index of Legends
433
till/07/1/2-hRui, ll b
a. *b//nhl/ /NI'llh/m &ll3/18
b. &b/0/1/\l/ /NIQUR/T &ll3/.
e. &b//mN/ /NIQUR/n 4ll&f
d. &b/9/1NI (NI'll R/T &ll3
till// '100-hh'.", l8
a. *b/0/1/\l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3/18
b. *b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll3/.
'ill// '10/0hul, U3 b
. &b//nhl/ /NI'll R/T &ll3/18
&b//nhl/ foll'UR/T &ll3/1
&b/9/mhl/ All'ilhm &ll38
. <b/, /ThU" foll'UR/T &ll3/.
&b//nhl/ All'UR/T &ll3/
. 3b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. All
'ill/*10R/-hh'.", l8 b.
a. <b/NIRU /NIQUR/7 <ll3/18
b. &b/9/mhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll3/
till/PT/IR/-ph'u', ll
a. *b//nhl/ All?-ll/-/m 2/18/18
b. &b/9/mhl/ /NIQUR/m 2U8/1
c. &b//nhl/ /NI'll R/T &ll3
till/I'l/mh/9-hh'.", l A

. <b/9/7/l/ foll%ll R/T &ll3/78
&b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll38
. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3/.
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. Allf
. &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll3
238
238
238
238
239
239
239
239
239
239
240
24O
240
240
24I
24I
24I
24I
242
242
243
243
28
434
till/MIT/IR/-hh'.", Il
a. *b/, /mlil /NI'll R/T &ll3/18
b. *b/, /mlil /NI'll R/T &ll3/]"
c. 3b//nhl/ /NIQUR/p &ll3/.
d. <b/0/IRU (NIQUIR/T &ll
Will//.7/1/0hh'.", l8
a. *b/9/hl/ /NIQUIR/7 &ll#/18
b. *b/, / Alf All?-ll/-/m 2/18/)
c. &b/9/"RU /\ll \ll R/T &ll#8
d. <b/0/IRU All'UR/T &ll#
'ill//11/1/0hul, U3 h
a. <b/9/hl/ /NI'llh/7 <ll3/18
b. *b/, /m/l/ /NIQUR/T All8
c. 3b/2/hhl/ /NI'll R/T All?
till// ?/ ?0 hl, ll
a. *b/, /mlil /NIQUR/m &llfl6
b. 3b/9/1NI (NIQUIR/m &ll3/.
Transition dies
till/'0'10R/-hh'.", U3/ 5
a. *b/, //RU' foll%llh/7 <ll#
Will//.7/k/.-hh'.", l k
. &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll3/18
&b//nhl/ /'ll'UR/T All/1
. 3b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T All&n

&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. Allf
. <b/9/l/l/ foll'UR/T &ll#
. &b//nhl/ /'ll'll R/T All
&b//nhl/ /'ll'UR/T &l
. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/n 4
243
243
243
243
243
244
244
244
244
244
244
245
245
245
246
246
246
246
246
246
247
247
247
Index of Legends
435
till/MIT/IR/-ph',', l8
a. *b/, /TRU' foll?-ll/-/m 2/18/18
Tll// ?/Th/-pu?, Il b
a. *b/, /TRU /NIQUIR/7 <ll#/18
b. *b/9/mhl/ /NIQUIR/n &ll3/.
c. 4B/9/hhl/ /NI'll R/T &ll#
d. <b/0/1/.l/ foll'UR/7 <ll
e. <b/0/1/l/ /NIQUR/7 <l.
f. &b/9/]hl/ /NIQUIR/l/ 3
'ill/'0'1/l/-/.hh'.", l8
a. <b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/7 <ll#
Ill//11/1/-/.hht, Il A
. <b/, //RU Oll?-ll/-/7 <ll3/1
. &b/o/IRU' foll'U.R/T Allf
. &b/9/h/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll#
... <b/, /l/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll
. &b/, /l/l/ /NIQUR/7 <l.
. <b/, //RU (NI'll R/T :
'ill//11/mh/hh", l8
a. *b/, /l/l/ /NIQUR/m. All
'ill/'0'1/l/-/.hu, U3 b
&b/, //RU' foll'UR/T Allm
. &b/, //RU />U'llh/m &ll3/)
. &b//lhl/ foll'UR/T &ll#f
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. All

&b/, //RU' foll'UR/T &II*
. &b/, /l/l/ /NIQUIR/7 <ll
. &b/9/7/slf foll'UR/7 &L
&b/, //RU /NIQUIR/T 4
247
247
247
247
248
248
248
248
248
248
248
248
249
249
249
249
249
249
250
250
250
250
25I
436
'ill/I'l/Th0 hl, U.8 k
3.
b.
C.
<b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/m 2/13/
&B/9/mhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll
<b/0/7AU" /NIQUIR/7 <l.
'ill/P/11/mh0 hut, l8
al.
b.
C.
d.
e.
f.
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m &llf
&B//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll#
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/n &ll I
&B/9/l/l/ /NIQUR/T &ll
<b/, /Thl/ /NIQUIR/n 4L
&b/0/1/\lf /NIQUIR/n 4
"ill//.7/mh/9.ht, UB :
. <b/0/1/.lf /NIQ-ll/-/7 &ll3/18
&b/9/hhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll#/.
. <b/, /mlil/ /NIQUIR/T &ll#/?
&b/, /m/l/ /NIQ-ll/-/n 4ll#

. &b//nhl/ /\ll \ll//n 411"
. &b//nhl/ All QWIR/m &ll
. &b/2/hhl/ /NIQUIR/m &l
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m &
'ill/'0'1/ 10.ht, l8
al.
b.
&b/, /l/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll#
&b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll
'ill/I'l/m/,hh'.", Il A
3.
&b/, / Alf Pll?-ll/-/n &ll#08
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. All/1
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m &ll3/.
&B/9/l/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3/.
<b/0/1/l/ /NIQUR/n 2U8
&b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll1
&b/0/1/hi/ /NIQUR/m &II
&b/0/1/l/ /NIQUR/T &l.
&b//l/l/ /NIQUIR/T &
&b/, /l/l/ /NIQUIR/n 4
25I
25I
25I
25I
25I
252
252
252
252
253
253
253
253
253
254
254
254
254
254
b.
C.
d.
Index of Legends
437
"ill//.7/1/0Ful, Il A.
a. <b/0/1/\l/ /NI'll R/T &ll3/18
b. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. All&f
c. 3b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll?
d. <b/9/7RU /9IIQUR/m 2/
"ill// '100plit, U8 l;
a. <b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll
'ill// '1/1/9hul, U80 k
a. *b/, / Al/ /NI'llh/m &ll3
b. *b/, /mlil /NIQUIR/n 4
'ill/'0'1/1/9hul, ll0
. <b/, /l/U" /NIQUR/7 &ll#
. <b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll."
&b//nhl/ /NI'llh/m &ll
&b//nhl/ /NI'llh/m &
... <b//nhl/ /ll'll R/l/*
3.
'ill/'07/00 hl, U.8 k
a. *b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/7 &ll3/.
b. <b/0/ihl/ /NIQUR/7 &ll#
c. &b//l/l/ /NIQUIR/n 4
'ill//?'/9.ht, UB
a. *b/, /7RU Oll?-ll/-/7 <ll#f
b. <b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll

c. 3b/o/IRU Oll'UR/T &L
'ill/'0'10"hh'.", l k
a. <b//7AU All?-ll/-/7 <ll#
'ill//11/lhput, U8 l;
a. *b/, / RU /NIQUIR/n 4ll3/
b. &b/0/7RU /NIQUR/T &ll#
257
257
257
257
257
257
257
257
258
258
258
258
258
258
258
258
258
258
259
259
"ill/'0'10R/2-hRul, l k
a. *b/, /ihl/ /NI'llh/m &ll3/.
b. 3b/0/1/.U. foll?-ll/-/7 &ll3/
c. 3b/0/1/\l/ foll'UR/7 <ll#
d. &b/9/ThU" foll'UR/7 &ll
Tll//.7/mh/9hkul, ll
a. *b/3/RU /NI'll R/T &ll3/
'ill/'0'10R/-hui, l8 H
a. *b/, /l/l/ /NIQUR/7 <ll#f
b. 3b/0/IRU' foll'UR/7 <ll#
'ill/'07/1/2-hRul, ll3 h
a. *b/0/1/.U. foll%llh/7 <ll3/18
b. 4B/9/l/l/ foll'll R/T &ll#f
c. 25/2/h/l/ /NIQUR/T &ll#
d. &b//mhl/ /NIQUIR/m &ll
e. <b/0/1/l/ /NIQUR/7 &l
till/'0'.0/0hh', U8 l;
a. *b/, /m/l/ /NI'llh/m &ll3
'ill// ?/1/9Ful, ll0 k
&b//nhl/ /NI'llh/m &llf
. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T All
. &b/o/IRU' foll?-ll/-/7 <ll
&b/, /l/l/ /NIQUIR/T &l
. &b/0/1/\l/ /NIQUIR/l <
f. &b/0/1/l/ /9II'll R/7/"

'ill/'07/1/0hull, ll/)
a. *b/, //RU /NIQUIR/T &LIS/
259
259
259
259
260
260
260
26o
26o
260
26I
26I
26I
26I
26I
26I
262
262
262
262
Index of Legends
439
'ill/'07/1/9hull, l 5
a. <b/o/IRU' foll?-ll/-/7 <ll#
b. &b/0/1/l/ /NI'll R/T &II/
c. 4B/9/\hl/ /9II'llh/7 &ll
d. <b/9/hhl/ /NIQUR/T &L
"ill/'0'10/-/.hht.", Il
a. *b/o/IRU (NIQUIR/7 &ll#f
'ill/'0'10R/9/h), l k
a. *b/, /TRU Oll'}-ll/-/7 &ll3/.
b. *b/, /TRU /NI'll R/T &ll#
c. 3b//nhl/ /NI'll R/T &ll
d. &b/, /m/l/ /9/1%ll//7 <l.
e. <b//nhl/ foll?-ll/-/n 4
'ill/010R-0.hht, l8
a. *b/, /7RU /NIQUIR/T &ll#
b. 3b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll
c. &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &l
'ill/'07/Th0 hut, U8 l;
a. *b/, //RU /NIQUR/T &ll#/1
b. 3b/2/hhl/ /NIQUIR/T Allf
c. 3b//nhl/ foll'}-ll/-/n 4U.8
d. <b//nhl/ /9II'llh/m &ll
e. <b/o/IRU /NIQUIR/7 &L
f. <b//nhl/ foll'}-ll/-/n 4
'ill/P/17/lh0/iu, U3

&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. Allfl
&b//nhl/ /NI'll R/T &ll#f
. <b/, /l/l/ foll?-ll/-/n 4113
. &b/, /l/l/ /NIQUIR/m &II
&b/9/lhl/ /NI'll R/T &L
. &b/9/7/U" /NIQUIR/T &
262
262
262
262
262
262
263
263
263
263
263
263
263
264
264
264
264
265
265
265
265
265
265
266
266
"ill/I'l/m/-/.ht, Il A.
a. *b/, //RU /NIQUIR/7 &ll#f
b. &b/, /mlil/ /NIQUIR/m. All?
c. 3b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll"
d. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m. All
e. <b/0//hl/ /NIQUIR/T &L
f. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/n 4
'ill/I'l/mhFul, ll k
a. *b/, //RU /NIQUIR/7 <l/
b. &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll3
Star under lionwith cross
till// '10R/-ph',', U3 #
a. *b/, //RU' foll?-ll/-/n 4ll#
b. *b/, //hi/ /NIQUIR/n 4
"ill/I'l/Th/*h,', l k
a. <b/o/IRU /9II'll R/T &ll#
Will/'07/1/-/.ht,", ll
a. *b/, /m/il/ /NIQUR/T &ll3/)
b. <b/9/mhl/ /NIQUR/m. All
c. &b/, /l/l/ /NI'll R/T &ll
d. <b/9/hhl/ foll?-ll/-/n 4
"ill/07/1/-/.ht, Il A
a. *b/, /ihl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll
b. *b/, /l/l/ /NIQUR/m &l,
c. &b//nhl/ /l/QUR/n 4
d. 3b/, //RU /NIQUR/l/ 3
266
266
267
267
267
268
268
268
268
268
268
268
269
269
269
269
269
269
269
269

e. <b/9//hl/ /NI'llh/l/?
Index of Legends
44I
"ill// '100 hl, U8 H
a. <b/0/1/\l/ /ll'UA/l/ All
b. &b/9/7/l/ /NIQUIR/T. &
e. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/
'ill/'07/10 hl, l8
a. *b/0/ihl/ /NI'll R/l/ 3
b. *b/, / Al/ /NIQUIR/m/,
till/I'l/Th/9.ht, UB
a. <b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/l/ All
b. 3b/9/7/U /NIQUIR/T &l.
c. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/n 4
d. <b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/7
'ill/'0'1/)R/>ht, UB
a. 3b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T 4
b. <b/9 l'll R/l/ All 5/78
Star under lionno cross
'ill/010R/0 hl, U8 H
a. <b/0/1/l/ /9II'llh/l/ 3
'ill/'0'100.ht, l A
a. *b/, //RU /NIQUIR/7 &
b. *b/9/mhl/ /NIQUIR/7/*
269
269
269
270
270
270
27o
270
270
270
270

270
'ill/'0'1/lh0 hl, ll
a. <b//nhl/ /NI'llh/l/ 3
b. 3b/0/IRU (NIQUIR/7/"
'ill/P/I'l/-/.ht, ll
a. *b/, / Al/ /ll'UR/l/ 3
b. &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/l/
271
27I
27I
27I
27I
27I
'ill/I'l/)R/>ht, U.8 k
a. *b/, /m/l/ /NIQUIR/l/ 3
'ill/P/11/1h/?hl, ll
a. *b/, /m/l/ /NIQUIR/T &II?
b. &b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m/,
No star and no cross
'ill/'0'10/-/.ht, Il A
a. *b/, /l/l/ /NIQUIR/l/ All/
b. <b/9//hi/ /NIQUIR/l/ 3
c. &b//nhl/ /NI'llh/1/
d. &b/9/mhl/ foll'UR/T
'ill/P/17/l/-/.ht, Il
&b/7/1U /NIQUIR/l/ &ll
&b//NJ' ('ll%llR/l/ &l
&b//nhl/ /NIQUR/l/ &
. <b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m/,
. <b/9/NAU" /9II?-IIA/)
'ill/'0'100 hl, l is
a. <b/9/7/l/ foll?-ll/-/.
"ill/'0'1/10 hl, ll
a. *b/, /mhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ 4L
'ill// '1/lhp/R', ll
a. *b/, //RU' foll'UR/7/*
'ill//]",0R/>ht, U.8
a. *b/, /l/l/ /NIQUIR/l/ &l
271
27I
272
272
272
272
272
272
272
272
272
273
273
273
273
273
273

b. *b/9/mhl/ /NIQUR/T
Index of Legends
443
HALF TRAMS
till/-/17/nh/-hhu", U.8
a. *b/, /TRU' foll?-ll/-/7 <ll3/.
till/P/I'l/m/,-hu, l8 l;
a. *b/, /TRU' foll?-ll/-/7 <ll68
'ill/P/11/1/0hh'.", Il
a. &b/0/IRU (NI'll R/T &ll3/.
b. 3b/9/mhl/ /NIQUIR/T All
till//.7/l/i/ -ph'u', U8 b
a. *b/, /ihl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3/18
b. *b/, /m/l/ /NIQUR/T &ll
Will/P/I'l/l/r/, /iu, l8 k
a. *b//nhl/ /NIQUR/T &ll3/18
'ill/'0'1/1/0hhu ll.8 k
a. *b/, /TRU Oll?-ll/-/m 2/18
'ill/P/I'l/1/3-p'u ll.8 k
a. *b/, /l/l/ /NI'll R/T &ll3/18
b. <b/0/1/\l/ foll?-ll/-/7 <ll#8
"ill//.7/1/2-hful, l k
a. *b/, /l/il/ /NI'll//7 <ll#
'ill//7'100 hul, ll k
a. *b/, /m/l/ /9II'll R/T &ll
274
274
274
274
274
274
274
275
275
275
275

273
"ill/'0'1/10 hu ll.8
a. *b/9/7/.l/ /NI'llh/7 <
till/'07/1//hl, ll
a. *b/, /TRU' foll?-ll/-/n 4
till/P/11/10 hl, ll
a. <b/9//hl/ /NI'll R/T &ll#
b. &b//lhl/ /NI'll R/T 4
c. &b//nhl/ /NIQUR/m/
d. <b/0/IRU (NIQUR/n
No crossno star
'ill/'07/1//*p, ll
a. *b/, /]hl/ /NI'llh/m
"ill//.7/)/.ht, UB
a. *b/, //RU /9II'llh/7
COPPER COINS - TANKS
&b/0/ihl/ All?llh/l/ 3UB/18
. Ch'ubll h NI'll!?", h Uhl k
. Ch'ublil h \ll'll!'}}, h Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?", h UU
. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!'), h Uh
. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!'}\, h' U
&b//nhl/ /NIQUR/l/ Allfl:
a. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h Uhl/
275
275
276
276
276
276
276
277
277
277
277
277

275
Index of Legends
445
King seated on throne decorated with conventionalized lions
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ Allm
. Ch'ubll h NI'll', h Uhl k
. Ch'ubll h QUTII'', h Uhl/
. &hlll h \ll'll!'), h UU
&hlbl.l. h "MI'll!'}}, h UUll
. Ch'ubll h NITI', h Uhly h
. Ch'ubll h NI'll!'), h Uh
. Ch'ubll h NI'll!?, h Uhly h
. Ch'ubll h QUIQ,'ll!'}; h Uhl/h
. &hlll h \ll'll!'}; h Uhl/pl/
. Ghull h NI'll!'}; h Uhl/hl/
. Chull h QUT II'', h Uhl/h
. Chull h QUT II'', h Uhl/
. Zhull h QUT II'', UUU
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uh
o. Ch'ublil h RII'll R", h U
p. 6 publl h RIITU-R),
&b/9/7RU /NIQUIR/l/ All 80
al.
b.
C.
d.
hlbl.l. h "MI'll!'}}, h Uhl/x
Ch'ublil h \ll'll!'}}, h Uhl/

Ch'ubll h QUTII?, h Uh
Ch'ubll h NI'll!'}\, h' U
King seated on throne having two legs on each side
&b/9/1Al/ /NIQUIR/l/ All3/18
al.
b.
C.
d.
Ch'ubll h NITU'k', h Uhl/
&hlll h \ll'll?", h Uhl/x
Ch'ublil h QUT II'', h UU
Chubl h QUT II'''), h Uh
&b//l/l/ /NIQUIR/l/ &ll3/):
d.
Ch'ublil h NI'll!'}}, h Uhl/
278,
278, 279,
278,
278,
28I,
28I,
28O
277, 278, 279, 28o
280
279
279
278
278
278
278
278
278
278
279
279
279
279
28O
28I
28I
28I
282
28I
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ All
a. Ch'ubll h QUTII'', h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h Uhly k
King seated on throne of one post on each side
3b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ &ll08
a. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?", h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?', h Uhl/ ..
c. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h Uh
&b/0/1/l/ foll'UR/l/ 3U.8:
a. Ch'ubll h QUTII'', h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h Uhl/x
KARDEZ
King on horseback
3b//nhl/ /NI'llh/l/ Allm
a. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!'}}, h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!'}}, b Uh
c. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?", h UU
&b/, /l/l/ /ll?IIR/l/ Allf):
a. Ch'ubll h NITII'', h Uhl/
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ Alln
a. publl h MITU'', h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h QUT II'''), h Uhl):
c. Ch'ublil / QUT II'', h Uh
d. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?", p U
&b/, //RU Oll'}llR/l/ All
a. Chlll h NI'll!'}'', h Uhl/

b. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h Uh
c. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', p UU
d. Ch'ubll h \ll \ll'', h U
282
282
283
283
283
283
283
283, 284
284
284
284
284, 285
285
284, 285
285
285,286
285,286
285
285
Index of Legends
447
&b/9//hi/ /NIQUR/l/ All
a. Ch'ubll h NITII'', h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h QUTII?, h Uh
King seated on benchlike throne
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/T &ll3/18
a. Chlll h RII'lll:Ru h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?", h Uhl/
c. Ch'ubll h NITI', h Uh
d. Ch'ubll h QUT II'''), h U
e. &hlll h \ll'U't, h l
f. Chlll h QUT II'', h
&b/0/1/\l/ /9II'llh/7 &ll#/.
a. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h l
b. Ch'ubl.l. h NITII?, h
&b/0/1/l/ /NIQUIR/m &ll3u
a. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!'}\, h' Up
b. Ch'ublil h \ll'I'''), h U
&b/, /l/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll#
a. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?", h Uh
&b/, /l/l/ /NIQUIR/T &ll
a. hlll h \ll'll!'}\, h' U
&b/0/1/l/ /\ll'UR/l/ 3UB/18
a. Ch'ubl h . . . . . . I, U-U
&b/, /l/l/ /NIQUIR/l/ 3UB/7
286
286
286
286
286
287
287
287
287
287
287
287
287
288

286
a. Ch'ubl h QUTII'', h Uhl/
b. CPUbl h NITI', Uhl,
288
288
c. Ch'ubl h \ll \ll', h Uh
d. Ch'ubl h NITU'', h UU
e. &hll h NITII?, h U
f. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h UU
&b/, /ThU" foll?-ll/-/l/ 3UB
a. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!'}'', h U
b. Ch'ubl h \ll'll!?", h Uhl/
c. Ch'ubl h QUT II'', h Uh
d. Ch'ubl h QUTIQ,', h UU
e. Zhubl h \ll'll?", h U
&b/, /l/l/ /9II'llh/l/ All
a. Ch'ubl h QUT II'', h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubl h NITII'', h U
Errors, etc.
LEVON II
TRAMS
Hetoum-Zabel design coins with Ibh/1, inscription
'ill/'0'10/-/.ht, UB h
I.a. lbf/TL All?UR/l/ All/18 H
'ill//.7/)h/?hl, ll
I.a. Ibh/T, foll'UR/l/ All3/.
b. Ibh/", /NI'llh/l/ All
'ill/'0'l/lhR/.ht, ll
I.a. lbf/I'll foll?-ll/-/l/ &
Typical Levon II designLion turned left
Ib/7, foll?-ll/-/l/ Ill/'bullt, All 8U
288
288
288
288
288
288
289
289
289
289
289
289
290
290
290
290
290

Chlbl.l. h "MI'll!?". Uhl h pl/RU U
spu232T /o xapur
6#7
G62
C6Z #62
C6Z t6z
#762
962
962
962
+762 962
962
z62
z62
z62
z6z
z6z
z62
z62
I6z
I6z
I6z
I6z
I6z
I6z O6z
1/1.1 milmil 'kill.il/, / Til{}^12 p
(110 ! T3. TLIl:/, / Til'?"12 o
"I (110 / "fill fly. I Til{}^12 q

Ill (110 ! T:TLIl:/, / Tim'''12 B
//m2 Q9th/Q/Tim JUMIN, I'6/ QUTI
# 2010 / "fillilj 1 Til{}^12 p
I (1410 / ?:#TTLIl:/, / Til'? 'I', 'o
In "I (110 ! T:TLIl:/, / Til'''12 q
fl'If I 'TLIlf. I Til'? 'I', 'e
#112 Q9I47.(Tim JUMIN, Ikoy QUTI
milm I ?:#fllf. "1 Til'''12 "e
#112 Q971%). Tim JUMIN, Ikoy U-17
(110 ! :/TLIliff. I Til'?"I2 o
U/110 ! T3 ill.il/, / Til{}^12 q
(110 ! ?:#filily, 1 Til{}^12 "e
U8T12 1971??/Tim JUMIN, Ikoy U-Tl
/11/1 / ?:#Titly. "I Til'?"12 B
"...#112 Q9II'). Tim JUMIN, Iko/ QUT.
l milm 'l Q:#illily, 1 II'''12 q
In 1010 / .3.11bil:/, / Tim'''12 "e
(1911? Q9II'lfril JUMIN, Iko/ ?//17
Ill (110 ! Tillily, 1 Tim'''12 3
# Milm I ?:/Tully, 1 Til'?"I2 J
l (110 ! T:/TLIl:/, / TI'''12 a
"I (110 ! T'lTbil: "I Til'?"l? 'p
In Q3. Tliff. 1 Til'?"l2 o
MMT / Q.:#TLIl:/, / Tikr^42 q
/11/m I ?:#TTLIl:/, / Tim'''12 "e
U9/12 Q&T'MTim JUMIN, Iko/ ll/{Tl
6z
450
lbff, All'Alkm/ urbul, &u (..U)
. Ch'ubll h RUTII R', h Uhly hl/
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uhly h
. Ch'ubll h RUQUAR, h Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h RUQUAR, h UU
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uh
lbff, All?llRll/ U'bull3, 4U
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uhly h
lb/T, Pll'llh/l/ UU'bull&i, <
a. Ch'ublil h RUQUIRL h Uhly h
Ib/ri, All?AIR/l/ lll/'bull", ".
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uhly hl/h
b. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uhly h
c. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
d. Ch'ublil h RII'll Ru h Uh
Ib/T, All?llh/l/ IIII'b'Lll,
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uhl h
b. Ch'ubll h RIITU-R, Uhl/
c. Ch'ubll h RII'lll:Ru h Uh
Ib/T, All?llh/l/ lll/'bull&
a. Ch'ublil h RII'll RU h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubl.l. h RII'll Ru h Uh
Transitionmixed dies
Ib/), foll%UR/7/ III/'bullt, All&

a. Ch'ubll h RUQUERL h Uhl/
lbf/T, 6/1%llh/l/ All&R/
a. Ch'ublil h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
295, 296
295, 296
295, 296
296
296
296
297
297
297
297
297
297
298
298
298
298
298
298
Index of Legends
45I
Ibh/7, foll'UR/l/ Alln
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h UU
Ibh/ri, All?llh/l/ AllU
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uhl,
b. Ch'ubll h Rll'lll:Ru h UU
c. Ch'ubll h RIITU-R UU
Lion turned right
Ibh/T, /NI'llh/l/ Allh/18
a., b. Ch'ubll h NI'll!'), h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h Rll'll Ru h Uhl/
c. Ch'ublil / RUITU-R), h Uhll:
lbf/1%, foll'llh/l/ All&R/
a. Chlbl.l. h RUQUIR, h Uhl/
lbf/T, All?IIR/l/ All&/18
a. Ch'ubll h RUTUR), h Uhl/
Ibh/1, f2lQUIR/l/ All 808
a. Ch'ubll h RII'lll:Ru h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h NI'll!?", h Uhl/
Ibh/T, /NI'llh/l/ Allll
a. Chlll h RIITU-R), h Uhl/
Ibh/7t, ANI'll R/l/ Alln
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubl.l. h "MI'll!'}\, h Uhl/
Ibh/7, All?llh/l/ Alll/
299

299
299
299
299
300
300
300
300
3OI
3OI
3OI
3OI, 302
3OI, 302
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uhly h
b. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
302, 303
302, 303, 304
29
d. Ch'ubl h RUQUIR, h Uhl/
e. Zhu Bll h \ll'll', Uhl/ h
f. Chull h \ll'll'', h Uhl/
HALF TRAMS
Ib/Tuh (NIQUIR/m/
Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru Uhl/
lbf/ith /NIQUIR/l/
Uncertain
Struck with tram dies
[Obv. LionRev. Cross]
Ibh/T, /NIQUIR/l/ 3UB/18U
Ibh/", /NI'll R/l/ &ll3/18/
a. Ch'ubll h Rll'll Ru h Uh
b. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h U
Ibh/T, PUQUIR/l/ All/18
a. publl h Rll'll Ru h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uh
c. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h U
Ib/7, foll'}ll/-/l/ All&/18
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h U
Ib/T, /NIQUIR/l/ All3UU
a. Ch'ubl.l. h RIITU-R), h Uhl/
303
3O4

3O4
3O4
3O4
3O4
307
307
307
308
308
308
308
308
Index of Legends
453
lb/1%, 0ll?llh/l/ All&R/
a. Ch'ubll h Rll'll Ru h Uhl/
Ib/T, /NI'llh/l/ AllU/
a. Ch'ubll h RUQUIR), h U
lb/11, All?llh/l/ AllIU
a. Ch'ubll h RUQUIR), h U
Ib/T, All?llh/l/ AllU
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uh
b. Ch'ubll h RU'lll:Ru h U
lbf/1%, All'UR/l/ All&I)
a. Ch'ublil h RIITU-R), h
lbf/1%, All?llh/l/ All&Uhl/
lbf/1%, All?-ll/-/l/ 3UBU/
a. Ch'ubll / RU'lll:Ru h Up
lbf/1%, 0ll'UR/l/ All3U
308
309
309
309
309
309
3IO
3IO
a. Uncertain

lh/7t, OU QUIR/l/ 3UB/
a. Ch'ubll h RUTII R', h U
lb/ft, All'UR/l/ &ll/
a. Uncertain
Ibnt, All'ilhm/ 38 (?)
a. publil / RU'll Ru h U
3IO
3IO
3IO
3IO
[Obv. CrossRev. Lion]
Ib/i/1", foll'll R/l/ All 808
b. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uh
lbf/1%, All?ll/m &ll/18
a. Ch'ubll h RU'lll:Ru Uhl/
lbh/", /NI'llh/l/ All
a. Ch'ublil h RU'll Ru h Uh
Ibh/T, PUQUR/l/ All&U (?)
a. Uncertain
150%, Pll'UR/ph &ll/18
a. AllSll h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
lb/7, foll'UR/l/ All/18
a. AllSll h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
Ib/7, foll%ll/7 <ll/18
a. AllStill h RII'll Ru Uhl/
Rare types
lub/, /NIQUIR/l/ Alll/
a. Ibh/Tu /\ll'.... <ll. . .
Ibh/T, 6/1%llh/l/ All/
a. Ibh/T, 0\ll \llh/l/ All3/18
Chlll h RUQUIR, U
a. . . . . . Tll:Ru h Uh
Lion turned right
Ibh/T, /NIQUIR/l/ All3/18
a. hlll h RII'll Ru h Uh

3II
3II
3II
3II
3II
3II
312
3I2
3I2
3I2, 3I3
3I2, 3I3
3I3
Index of Legends
455
HETOUM II
BILLONS.
King's head
a. Ch'ubll h \ll'll'), h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h QUTII?, h UU
c. Ch'ubll h NI'll!?", h Uh
&b/0/1/l/ /NIQUR/l/ 3UB/):
a. Ch'ubll h \ll'll'', h Uhl,
b. Uncertain
&B/9/7RU' foll'UR/l/ 3UB/)
a. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?", h Uhl/
King seated
3I4, 3I5
3I5, 317, 319, 32O
315, 318
318
316, 318
316, 320
316, 318, 319, 320
b. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?!, h UU 316
c. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h Uh 316, 318,320
&b/, / Al/ /NIQUR/l/ 3UB:
a. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h Uhl/ 316,319

b. Ch'ubll h \ll'll?", h UU 316
c. Ch'ubll h NITI', h U 3I9
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/l/ All&
a. Ch'ublil h NI'll!?", h Uhl, 317, 320
b. Ch'ubll h QUTII'', h Uh 317
&b/7/7AU /NIQUR/l/ All
a. Ch'ubll h NI'll!'}'', h Uhl/ 317
b. Ch'ubll h QUT II'', h U 3I7
c. Chubill h NITI', h Uhuh (?) 317
d. Uncertain 320
&b//mhl/ /9IIQUIR/m. All
a. Ch'ubl h QUT II'', h Uh 32I
b. Ch'ubl h QUTIIQ. P U
32I
456
&b//nhl/ All?llh/m 2.
a. Ch'ubl h \ll \ll?, h Uh
&b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m &
a. Ch'ubl h \ll'll!?, h U
<b//nhl/ /NIQUIR/m.
a. Ch'ubl h NI'll!?, h U
b. Ch'ubl h \ll'll!?. U
c. Ch'ublil h \ll'll!?.
d. Chlll h Uhl/
&b//nhl/ /NI'llh
. Ch'ubl h \ll'll!?, h
. Chlll h QUTIIQ.
. Ch'ubll h Uhl, QUIT.
. Ch'ubll h Uhly 'll
. Ch'ubll h Uhly Q.
f. Ch'ubll h Uhl/
3b//l/l/ /'ll'U'
a. Zhulill h Uhl/
b. 3b/9/7/.l/ foll'll
3b/3/RU /NI'll
. Ch'ubll h Uhl, NIT,
. Ch'ubl.l. h Uhly Qll
. Zhubill h Uhly Ql,
. Zhubill h Uhl/ Q.

. Ch'ubll h Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h QUT II''}.
. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?.
. Ch'ubl.l. h Uhl/h
. Ch'ubl h Uhl/
. <b/0/IRU foll'll/m/
&b/0/IRU (NIQ/7
l. 3b//nhl/ /NI'll
322,
322,
32I
32I
32I
324
323
324
32I
323
324
324
324
324
322
325
324
324
322
324
322
322
323
322
322
323
325
325
Index of Legends
457
&b//nhl/ /9II'l,
a. *b/, /mlil /NIQ.
&b/0/1/l/ /9II?.
a. Ch'ubll h Uhl/
b. Uncertain
&b//lhl/ /NIQ/7
a. Ch'ubl.l. h QUTII?.
SMPAD
[Levon I Tram Type]
UUTRIIS /NIQUIR/m &llm
a. Ill//.7/mh/?f, LIUS/IRI/
b. Ill/-/17/lh//, lll/S/IRI,
UU"RUS 0ll?/l/ 3U.8/18
a. Ill/'07/h/ full US/NAT/18
UUTRUS 01%llh/l/ All
a. Ill//.7/mk/fu IIUS/IRV/
b. Ill// ?/ R/2 ft, LIUSITT
UU'RUS 01%/m &ll3
a. Ill//.7/1/./9/#, IUS
UU'RIIS /NIQUIR/l/ Allfl
a. Ill//17/lh/9/#, IUS/IRT/18
b. 'ill/I'l/R//#, Ill/S/IR//
322, 325
323
323
325
326
326
326
326
326

323
[King with cross in right hand and mace extending over left shoulder]
326
326
458
Ul/RIIS/NIQUIR/T &ll/18
a. Ill//.7/mh//, III/S/
Ul/RIIS /NI'll R/T &ll#/7
ill/P/17/lh/fi, UUSORT/18
ill//7/"R/8R, III/Smhn
ill//.7/Th/?f, lll/S/IRT
ill//.7/mh/f, Ill/S/NA
, Ill//.7/m/, //, UUS/
f. 'ill/P/17/nh/2,fu IIUS/
UUTRIIS /NI'll R/T All?
a. Ill// ?/ R//#, III/S/IRI/
Ul/RIIS /NIQ./l/ Allf)
a. Will/'0'1/l/i/%f, Ill/S/IRT
b. ill// '10R/8R, UIUS/T"
c. ill/I'l/mh/fi, IIIIS/NA
Ul/RIIS/NIQ/m &ll#/.
a. Ill// '10R/ fl. Ul/S/NA
Ul/RIIS /9/19/7 <ll3/
a. Ill/P/11/mh//, lll/S/IRT
b. Ill/P/I'l/lh/9/#, IUS/NA
UUALS /NIQ/7 <ll#
a. Ill/'0'10R/ full US/IR/l/
b. Ill//.T.M.R//ru IIIIS/NA
HALF TRAM

Ul/RIIS/NIQUIR/m &
Uncertain
326
327
327
327
327
327
327
327
327
327
327
328
328
328
328
328
328
Index of Legends
459
UUTRLIS/NIQUIR/l/ 3UB/7
a. Ch'ubll h RII'lll:Rh
b. Ch'ubl h RII'll R
URLIS/NIQUR/l/ All
a. Ch'ubl h RII'll R h Uh
b. Ch'ubl h RII'll RU
Ul/RIIS/NIQUIR/T &ll#0
a. Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru h UU
b. Ch'ubl h RII'll RU
c. Ch'ubl. RII'll R Uh
UUTRIIS foll'UR/T &ll/18
a. Ch'ubl h RII'll R /
UUTRIIS /NIQUIR/T &ll#
a. Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru UU
b. Ch'ubl h RII'll R Uh
c. Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru
328
328
329
329
329
329
329
329

Ul/RIIS /NI'll R/T &II/7
a. Ch'ubl h RII'll RU
b. Ch'ubl fu'll R Uhl/
UU'RIIS/NIQUIR/T &ll
a. Ch'ubl RUTII R Uhl/
b. Ch'ubl h fl'll R h Uh/
c. Ch'ubl RLI'll R Uh/
d. Ch'ubl RU'll R Uh
e. &hlbl. RII'll R h U
329
329
329
330
33O
33O
330
33O
330
330
460
Ul/RIIS /\ll?-ll/-/n 4
a. Ch'ubl h RII'll RUU
b. Ch'ubl h RII'll R h U
c. Ch'ubl Kll'll RU
d. Ch'ubl h RII'll R h L
UUTRUS 0-l'Ilh/7
a. Ch'ubl RU'll R UPU
b. Ch'ubl RII'll R l,
UUTRLIS/NI'll// 3U
a. Uncertain
URLIS/NIQ/l/ &ll#/18
a. Ch'ubl h RII'll R h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubl h RII'll R Uhl/
c. Ch'ubl h RIITU-R Uh
d. publ. RII'll RU
UUTRIIS foll?.0/ 3UB/7
a. Ch'ubl h RII'll R Uh
b. Ch'ubl h RU'll R
Ul/RIIS foll?-fi/. All
a. Ch'ubl RUQUIf Uhl/
Ul/RIIS/NIQ/7 <ll3/18
a. Ch'ubl RII'll R Uhl/
b. Ch'ubl RII'll R h Uhl/
c. Ch'ubl. RII'll RU
330

330
330
330
33I
33I
33I
33I
33I
33I
33I
33I
33L
332
UUTRLIS/NIQ/m 2/18/1
a. Ch'ubl RIITU-R Up
b. Ch'ubl. RII'll Ru h
332
332
332
332
332
Index of Legends
46I
UUTRIIS /NIQ/m &ll3
a. Ch'ubl Rll'll R Uhl/
b. Ch'ubl RU'll'R Uh
c. Ch'ubl RUQUIR U
UUTRIIS All?/m &ll'
a. Ch'ubl RUTII R Uhl/
b. Ch'ubl RII'll RU
c. Ch'ubl RII'll R /
UUTRUS 011%/m &ll
a. Ch'ubl RII'll f Uh/
b. Chll All'll R Uh
c. Ch'ubl. RII'll RU
Ul/RIIS /NIQ/m 2/
UUTRIIS/NIQ/n 4
a. Ch'ubl RUQUIR Uh
b. Ch'ubl RLI'll R
URLIS/NIQ/n 4
a. Ch'ubl RII'll R U/
Rarity. Obv. & Publ Ru'll R Uh
Rev. Ch'ubl RIITU-R UPU
GOSDANTIN I
TRAMS
liml/Sl','khli,M//NIT All
a. Ill/07/1/./of, U.8 h/NIQ/7

332
332
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
334
334
334
334
334
334
462
timuS/","kh", foll'Ulm &ll3/.
a. Ill//.7/mh/?fi, L H /NIQ/m
Timl/Sll","khli,M/ /'ll?/7 <ll6/18
a. Ill/P/17/nh/2,fu U8 l; All?/m
'imuS/","kh", /NIQ/m &ll08
a. Ill//.7/mk/ft, UB I Pll?/m
b. [ill/P/17/nh/2,fu U.8 k /NIQ.0/"
c. ill//.7/9.ht, Il A PUQUR/T
U//USUILT-Jill L/l/ /9/19/7 <ll/7
a. Ill//.7/k/fu II& B /NIQUIR/T
U/USUI","khl. L/l/ /9'll 9.0
a. Ch'ubl Rll'll Ru h Uhl/
b. Ch'ubl %ll'll!?!, Uhl/
U/USII","khll L/l/ /9II?.
a. Ch'ubl RUTII R', Uhl. A
b. Ch'ubl %ll'll!'}}, Uhl h
II/7USUlt," hl) L/l/ /9II?./7
a. Ch'ubl QUT II'''), Uhly 5
LEVON III
TAKVORIN
Ibh/", /ll'llh/l/ All/18
334
335
335

335
335
335
336
336
336
336
336,337, 338
337
a. Ch'ubll h RII'lll:Ru Uhl/ H.
b. Ch'ubll h RUQUIR, Uhl.
c. Ch'ubll h RII'lll:Ru Uhl/
d. Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
337
338,339
Index of Legends
463
. Ch'ubl h RII'lllf: h Uhl/
. Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru Uhl,
. Ch'ubl KIITU-R), h Uhl/
. Ch'ubl h NI'll?", h Uhl/
. Ch'ubl h QUT II?. Uhl/
. Ghull h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h RII'lll:Ru UFU
. Chlll h RII'll Ru Uh
. Ch'ubll h RU'lll:Ru U/
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru U
. Ch'ublil h RII'll Ru U.
lbf/n), /NI'll R/T All&/18
. Ch'ubll RU'll Ru h Uhly 5
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h NITII'', h Uhl/
. Ch'ubll fl!'ll Ru Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru URU
. Ch'ubll h NITI', Uh
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru Uh
. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!'}\, U.
. Ch'ubll RUQUIR, UU
. Chubul. QUT.9%, UU
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru U.
lbff, Pll?llh/l/ &ll3/18
a.

Ch'ubl h QUT II'', h Uhl/
lbf/T, /NIQUIR/l/ &ll/18
3.
b.
C.
d.
Ch'ubl h RUQUIRL h Uhl/
Ch'ubl h RITU-R), h Uh
Ch'ubl h RIITU-R), h UU
Ch'ubl h RUQUAR, Uhl/
lbh/1%, 0.1%ll R/T &ll/18
d.
b.
Ch'ubl h Kll'll Ru h Uhl/
Chubill h QUTU94, Uhly 5
339
339
338
339
339
339
337
338
337
337, 338
337,338
34I
340
340
340, 34I
340
340, 34I
340
34O
34I
34I
340
339
34I, 342
34I
34I
342
342
c. Ch'ubll h NI'll!?:, Uhl/
d. Ch'ubl h \ll'll!'}}, Uh
Ibh/T, Pll'NIR/l/ All#0
a. Ch'ubll RU'll't Uhl/
Ibh/", /NIQUR/T &ll3/]"
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru (RU
c. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru Uh
d. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru U
lbf/T, Oll'll R/T &ll{}M
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h Rll'll Ru Uhl/ /
. publl h RIITU-R), UPU P.
. Ch'ubll h NI'll'), Uhl/
Ch'ubll h \ll'U'i, Uh
. Ch'ubll, h \ll'll?-, U.
. Ch'ublil / RU'll!?:, U
. Ch'ubll h RII'll R b UU
. Ch'ubl h RII'll R h Uh
. Ch'ubll h QUTL17, U
k. Chull h \ll'll',
Ibh/T, foll'UR/l/ All?"
. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!'}}, Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h NITU'), URU
. Zhubill h RII'll Ru (RU
. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?:, U.
342
342
342

. Ch'ubll h \ll'U'i U
343
343
343
343
343
344
343
344
344
344
344
344
344
344
345
Ibh/7t, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll,
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru UFU
b. Ch'ubll RII'lll:Ru Uhl/
345
345
345
345
345
345
345
Index of Legends
465
Ibh/7, ANIQUIR/T All
. Ch'ubll h RUQUIR, h Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h QUTL1%), Uh
. Ch'ubll h RU'lll:Ru Uh
. Ch'ubll h RU'lll:Ru U
lbf/it, foll'UR/l/ &ll
a. Ch'ubl h Rll'll Ru Uhl/
Ibh/T, Pll'UR/l/ All/
a. Ch'ubl RU'll Ru h Uhl h
b. Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
Raritieserrors
Ibh/T, /NIQUIR/l/ All115 /
a. Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
lbf/T, Pll'UR/l/ All/18
a. Ibh/", /NI'll R/l/ 4ll3/18
lbf/17, foll?-ll/-/l/ All 5/7/8
a. 4II'll h RII'll R. h Uhl,
346
346
346
346
346
346
347
347
347
347

346
Ibh/7, All?llh/l/ All?
a. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?.
b. Ch'ubl.l. h "MITU's,
Ibh/7%, foll'UR/l/ All
a. Ch'ubll h \ll'll',
b. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?.
c. Ch'ubll h QUT II'
d. Ibh/T, /NIQUIR/m/
350
350
347, 348
347, 348
347
35I
30
466
Ibhpt. All?AIR/l/ 4
a. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?.
b. Ch'ubll h \ll \ll"
c. lbf/T, /ll'll R/l/
lbf/T, Oll'll R/m/
. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?.
. Ch'ubl Rll'lll . . .
lbh/TL /NI'll R/l/ All&
lbf/it, foll'UR/l/
. Ibh/T, All?llh/l/ 3
Ibh/TL /9/19/IR/)
a. Ch'ublil h NITU9, U(?)
b. Chlbl. RII'lll . . .
Ibh/ri, /NI'll R/T &ll3
a. Ch'ubll h \ll \ll?",
Ibh/", /NIQUIR/T
a. Ch'ublil h \ll'll!?.
b. Ch'ubll h NI'll"
c. Ch'ubll h \ll'.
348
348
352
348, 349
35I

352
352, 353
352
348
35I
349
d. Ch'ubll h \ll'llll,
e. Ibh/TL All?IIR/l/
Ibh, All?llji/n 4118
a. Ch'ubll h \ll'll!?, h U
b. Ch'ublil / NI'll
Ibhi, Pu'uk (?)
a. Ch'ubl h RII'lll:R
b. Qup/rimh/f, UU (?)
349
349
349
349
353
349
350
350
353
Index of Legends
467
Ibh/1%, All?llh"
a. Ch'ubll h RU'll Ru h
b. Ch'ubll h \ll'll
c. Ch'ubl . . .
lbf/I'l All?ll/
a. Ch'ubl . . .
OSHIN
TAKVORINS
Coronation trams
IIRhl, foll'UR/7/ 3U.8/18
a. Ill/'07/mh/?f Ilm
b. Ill/'07/mk/fu lltrim
c. ill/010R/ full& 5
d. Will/'0'10A/0/#, Ill/S/
e. Ill// 'lmk/fu lll/S
f. Ill//.7/mh/9R, LIV/
llhhl, /NI'll R/T &ll6/18
a. [ill/07/Th/?fu l'O/18
Ilhhl, foll'Uh/n 418/
a. Ill//.7/mh/9R), l0/0
350
350
350
35I
353
354
354
354
354
354
355

354
Takvorins
UACh'u /NIQUIR/l/ 3UB/78
a. Ch'ubll h RU'lll:Ru Uhly 5
b. Chull U R p RII'll R Uhl/
c. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru Uh
355
355
355
30
UACh'i, foll%llh/7 &ll3/18
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru Uhl/ 355
b. Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru Uhl/ 355
c. Ch'ubll h RII'll RUFU 355
d. ? h UTUR Uh 356
e. Ch'ubll, RII'll Ru Uhl/ - 356
f. Ghull", h RII'll Ru Uhl/ 355, 356
g. Chult, h fulllfi, b UPU 356
h. Ghul h fil'll Ru Uhl/ 356
UACh'i, foll%llh/7 <ll#0
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll R Uhl/ 356
b. Ch'ubll h RII'll RUFU 356
c. Ch'ubl h RII'lll:Ru Uhl/ 356
d. Ch'ubl h RII'll R Uhl h 356
e. Chul h RII'll R Uhl/ 356
UACh'i, /NIQUIR/7 <ll#/.
a. Ch'ubll h NITU'), Uhl, H. 358
b. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru Uhl/ 357
c. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru U. 357
d. Ch'ubll h RIITU-R Uhl, 357
e. Ch'ubll h Rll'll RUFU 357
f. Ch'ubll h RII'll R Uh 356
g. Chult, h fulllfi, Uhuh 357, 358
h. Chull'O' h KUTVIR, Uhl/ 357, 358, 359
i. Chull"I h RII'lll:Ru Uh 357, 358, 359
j. Ghult, h fulllf, U 358, 359, 360

k. Chull, h UTURL h 359
1. Chull, h h RII'll R Uhl/ 357
m. Chull" | H RUQUERL Uhl/ 358
n. Chull, H H RUQUIR U. 357
o. Chull'O' h h RII'll Ru Uh 358
p. 6 Pult, h RUQUER UPU 358, 359
q. Ch'ult, h fulllf. Uh 359
r. Chull, h RII'll RUU 359
Index of Legends
469
S.
t.
U1.
V.
W.
Ghull", h NITI', Uhly
Ghull", h QUTIQ,' UU
Chull, h QUTIIQ. Uh
Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru Uhl/
Chl h RII'll R. Uhl/
UACh', /ll'}llR/7 <ll3/?
. Ch'ubll h Rll'lll:Ru Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru U.
. Ch'ubll h RII'll R Uhl/
. Ghull" | H RUQUER UPU
. Chull, k h RIITU-R), Uh
. Chull" | H RUTII:f UUh
. Ghult, h RIITU-R), Uh
. Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
. Ghull h RIITU-Ru Uhl/
. Ch'ulty h UTII:R U.
llhhl, All?-ll/-/7 <ll3/
a. Ch'ublil h RII'll R Uh
llhhl, /NI'll R/7 <ll#
. Zhu Bll I RII'll Ru h U

. &hlll h RII'll R Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru Uh
. Ch'ubl.l. h RII'll Ru U
. Ghull, k h RII'llf. Uhl,
. Chull" | H RUQUAR, Uh/
. Ghull, H H RUQUAR, Uh
. Ghull" | H RUQUERL U.
. Chull"; h RII'll Ru Uhl/
. Ghull, h RII'll Ru Uh
. Ch'ult, h RII'll Ru U.
. Ch'ult, h RII'll Ru U
. Chull", h RII'll R Uhl,
359
358
359
359
357
361
360
360
360
360
361
360, 361
360
360
36I
36I
363
362
362
362,363
362
362
362
362
361
36I, 362,363, 364
362, 364
363
36I, 363
470
n. Ghull, h RII'll R Uh
o. Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru Uhl/
p. 6 publ h RUTII R, IRU
q. Chull h RUQUAR, Uhl/
UACh'i, /NIQUIR/7 <ll
a. Ch'ublil h RII'll Ru Uhl,
b. Ch'ubll h RIITU-R), U
c. Chull, h RII'll R Uh
d. Chull, h RITU-R UU
Oshin Takvorins with Arabic surcharge
Ulhht, foll'}-ll/-/l/ All 808
a. Ch'ubll h RUTII R', Uhl/
Ulhht, /NIQUIR/7 <ll#
b. Chull h \ll'll!?", h
UACh', foll'UR/7 &ll
a. Ch'ubll RU'll'R U.
b. Ch'ubll, RII'll RU
c. Chult, k h fulllf (?)
d. Ch'ubll h . . . . .
e. Ghull # h RIITU-R),
uRh, Pll'UR/T (?) &/
363
362
362
364
364
364
364
368
365
367
367
365
365
365
367
367
366

362
a. . . . . . . UTL1%', Uhl/
Ulhht, /ll'}llh/7 <
a. Ch'ubl h \ll'll!?. U.
b. Chull.W. A h RUTIIf:
c. Chull'O' h . . . . .
367
366
368
Index of Legends
47I
UACh'L /9II'll R/7
a.
b.
Chull.W. H. RITU-R U
Chull" | RIT, UU
LEVON IV
TAKVORINS
lbf/I', All?llR/T &ll&R/18
a.
Ch'ublil h RII'll Ru h Uh
lbf/I', 'NI'll R/l/ All 8/16
a. Ch'ubll h RUTII Ru h U
lbf/n), /NIQUIR/T &ll3/18
. Ch'ublil h RIITU-R), h Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h RUTII R', h Uh
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h U
. Ch'ubll h RII'lll:Ru Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru UU
. Ch'ubll h RUQUIR, U
. Ch'ubll h RIITU-R Uhl/
. Ch'ublil RII'll Ru h U
lbf/1, Pll'UR/T Alln
. Ch'ubll h RUTII R', h Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h U
. Ch'ubll h RU'lll:Ru Uhl/

. Ch'ubll / RUITU-Ru U.
. Ch'ubll h RU'lll:Ru U
. Ch'ubll h RU'll R Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h RII'll RUU
. Chull, h fl'll R Uhl/
366
366
368
368
368, 369
368
369, 370, 372
368, 370, 372
368
370
368, 369
369
37I
370, 37I, 372, 373
370, 37I
372
373
370
372
373
Ibh/", All?UR/T &Il
a. Ch'ubll h RII'lll:Ru h Uh
b. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h U
c. Ch'ublil RII'lll:Ru h U
d. Ghull U h . . . . . . . . .
Lion turned left
Ibh/]", Pll'llh/l/ All&/18
a. Uncertain
lbf/", foll'UR/l/ All&n
a. Ch'ubll h RU'll R
Ibh/1, foll'UR/l/ All3
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll R h Uh
b. Ch'ublil h RII'll R h
c. Ch'ublil h QUT II'',
Ibh/TL /NIQUR/l/ All
a. Uncertain
Ibh/", foll%llh/l/ 3
a. Ch'ubl h Rll'lll:R
b. Ch'ubl h \ll'll!'}},
c. Ch'ubll h RII'll f:
d. Ibh/1%, 0\ll \llh/m/,
Ibh/TL /NIQUR/l/
a. Ch'ubl h RII'll Rh
b. Ch'ubl h RU'll RU
Ibh/1%, 0ll'UR/T &ll3/18

a. Uncertain
373,
375,
374
373
374
374
374
374
377
378
378
378
378
377
375
378
38o
378
375
378
Index of Legends 473
lbh/1%, All'll R/T &ll3/.
a. Ch'ublil h RU'll Ru h Uhl/ 379
b. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h UU 379
c. Ch'ubll h RUTII R', h U 379
d. Ch'ubl h \ll'll!'}}, h Uhl/ 375
e. Ch'ubl h \ll'll!?, h Uh 375
f. Ch'ubl h RU'll R Uh 376
g. publ RUTUR LAU 376
h. Ch'ubl.l. h RITU-R
lbh/1%, All?-ll/-/n 4113
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h U 379
b. Ch'ublil h NITU%), 377
c. Ch'ubl h RII'lll:Ru . . . . . . 377
d. Ch'ubl h fil? If h Uh 376
e. &hlbl. RIITU-R), U 377
lbh/1%, foll%ll R/T &ll
a. Ch'ubl h \ll \ll', Uh 376
b. Ch'ubl h RIITU-R Uhl/ 376
c. Ch'ubl h RII'll fl. 377, 379
d. Ch'ubll h \ll'll UFU 377
lbh/77, ANIQUA/7 <
a. Ch'ubl h Rll'll Ru 377
b. Chubill h fulllfu (?) 377
Ibhn, 0.1%uhm (?)
a. Ch'ubl RU'll Ru Uh 376
b. Uncertain 38o

lhl, foll?-ll/-/7 <ll#/7
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h UU 38o
Ch'ubll h All? . . .
a. Chub. . . . . . IITU-R h 380
Levon IV Takvorins with Arabic surcharge 380
GUY
TAKVORINS
Th /NIQUR/l/ Allm
. Ch'ublil h RII'lll:Ru Uhl/
. Ch'ubll All'll fu h Uhl/
. Ch'ubll h RII'lll:Ru Uh
. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru U
. Ch'ublil h fulllf, h U (?)
f. Ch'ubll RII'll Ru Uh
lih All?-ll/-/7 <ll8/18
a. Ch'ubll h Rll'lll:Ru Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru Uh
c. Ch'ubll h RU'lll:Ru UU
d. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ri U
Gh All?AIR/l/ 3UB/)
a. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru Uh
th Pll?-ll/-/7 <ll#/.
a. Ch'ubll, RII'll Ru Uhl/
b. Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru Uh
Uh Oll?-ll/-/m &ll#/.
Ch'ubll, RII'll Ru
GOSDANTIN III
TAKVORINS
Struck in Tarsus

ly/7USU L'h', foll'}/7
Ch'ublil RII'll!", SU.
38o
38o
381
381
381
381
381
381
38I
381
381
382
382
382
382
Index of Legends
475
Tifi'l/SU L'kht, /9'll'."
Ghull RU'... Sl/"
li/TUSII'). H', /9II?-f)
Chull RUQUIRS/
q/ml/S",' ht, /NIQ/
Ghulll . . . . . SU/?
'iml/S/L7/5, /NIQ.
Ch'ubl h RII'll R SI/
'i/1US/','k', . . . .
Chubill h RII'll Ru h S/
H/NIST,'..ht, /9'll
- - - - 'RUQUIR, SII/
H/TUSL'h', /9/7
Chull RUT, SII/
li/NUS),ht, /9'll'.I)
Ghull RUQUIR Sl
li/TU"). Lhl, fNIQ./7
&hlll h RITU-R SII
/71/7. LPL /9II?, ?
Ghul.(?) fulllf, Su/"Un
Struck in Sis
li/TUSU'L'.ht, foll', 3R8
&hlll RUTII R, Uh
II/7USU L'/'t, foll'. I
Ch'ublil RII'll Ru Uh/

Ch'ubll, RII'll Ru Uh
Ch'ubl. RII'll R Uh
382
382
383
383
383
383
383
383
384
383
384
384
384
384
'i/NJSU","kh", /79, 38/18
Ch'ublil RII'lll:Ru Uh/
Ch'ubll RII'lll:Ru Uh
Timl/SU,7/5, /9% 4/18
& Publl RUQUIR, Uh
Chbll RUQUIR, h
limljSl!","kh", /3% &h
Ghull RUQUIR, Uh
li/TUSll","kh", /3%. I
Ch'ublil RII'll R. Uhly h
Ghull RII'll R. Uh/
Ch'ublil RIITU-R Uh
10USULT ht, /9%. 8
Chull h RUTII R', Uh
'i/1US('L'khl, All?, 4
Uncertain
'i/US/","kh", AlI'll
&Pubul fuTufu (?)
'iml/S/","kh", /NIQ/m
Ch'ubl RUQUIR, Uh
'i/1US!","kh", /NIQ.
Ch'ubl I RUQURL UU
'i/ml/S/"L'h', '6%ll
Ch'ubll h KUTUR
Timl/S/"L'h', /9%/m
& Publil h RUQUIf, h
384
384
384
385
385
385
385
385
385
385
386
386
386
386

384
Index of Legends
477
'imuSgt."ht, 4. Alln (?)
Ch'ubll, RII'll Ru Uh
'iml/SC,' hu / 38/18
&hlbl.l. h RII'll Ru Uh
'imus','kh, 0%. 380 (?)
Ch'ubl h RUTII R' U
W/US("L'h', 7, 28
Chubill h TURL Uh
'iml/S/L7.ht, / Q. All
Chubul RuTuft, h U (?)
Ch'ublil RII'll Ru h
Chull RUTII R', Uh
q/ml/S("L'h', 7, h
Uncertain
'iml/Sou%h", "Q &
Ghull (?) RII'll Ru U
Chull h RUQUIf:
li/Il/ST'Lht, foll'). 3/
Ch'ublil h RUQUAR), I
Chull h RUQUIR h U
'i/NIS('L', 6%/n 48
Ghull h Rll'll Ru U
"iml/S/L', /7/7 &
Chull h fl!?II:f U
386
386
387
387
387
387
387
387
387
387
388
388
388

386
478
timl/S/L', All?/)
Ch'ubll h Rll'lll:Ru h
II/NIS','l', A7, 48
Chull h RII'll RU
Ghull RUTII:R Uh
Unl/ST.J.", foll'}llh/l/
Ch'ubll, RII'll Ru h L
timS," ht, /*k/m/
Ghull h RII'll Ru h U h
limS("L'h', / 9:0
&bull h fulf. Up (?)
timSt","kh". All?.
Ghull RU'll RU
limS(L'h', /*}. 48
Ghull h RII'll Ru Uh
Ch'ubl RUTII: Uh
limSou%h, O'Q.
Ch'ubl h RII'lll:R
&bull Ru'luf h (?)
th/S","kh", foll%llh/7 <ll
Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru h Uh
/NS","kh'L /9II'llh/7/?
- - - - - - *II'll R. Uh
388
388
388

388
389
389
389
389
389
389
389
389
389
Index of Legends
479
*if S\,'kh", foll%llh/7 48
Chubill h KUTVIR, Uh/
Ch'ubll h Kll'll Ru U
'Scu'.ht, Pu'ukm 48 (?)
Ch'ubl fulllf, Uhly h (?)
WS/","kh", /*} <ll3/18
Ch'ubll RU'lll:Ru Uh/
Ch'ubll RUTII R', Uh
"S","kh", . . . 4/18
Uncertain
li/TS/\,'k', /9% &ll#08
Chull h RUTII R', U
'insaw", " 48 (?)
Ghull h RuTuft, (?)
/MS,74, foll?IIR/7 &ll
Ch'ubll RUTII R, Uhl/
/"S",'', foll?-ll/-/n 48
Chubul h fuTufu (?)
Ghull h RUTR, Uh
- - - - - 'RUTII:R, h Uhly
Ch'ubll RUTII R', Uh
'inst", "I'll//n 4(?)
- - - - - RUQUERL h Uhl/
Chull RU'lll:Ru Uhl/
Chubill fTU-R), U

390
390
390
390
390
390
390
39I
39I
39I
39I
39I
39I
39I
39I
39I
480
/TS",'", All", 28
Ch'ubll h RII'll R h Uh
unsu", fou'll R/T (?)
Chubill h RII'll R Uh
U/TSQ,\, f^*} <ll#/18
Chubill h RU'll Ru U
&publil h RIITU-Ru Up (?)
unug,', (4/m 28
Ch'ubl RUQUIR, Uh
U/USQ (NIQUIR/7 <ll3
Chubill RII'll Ru h Uh
U/TU"). ONIQUIR/7 <3
Ch'ubll RII'll Ru h Uh
unus(?,'?)P, All&nd
Chubill h RU'll-Ru Uhl/
Chubull h II'll Ru Uh
th/nl/S'', foll'. All 8
Chubl RLITU-R / Uh
US0%, P.T. 2U808
Ch'ubll RII'lll:Ru Uh
Ch'ublil RII'lll:Ru U
Ch'ublil h RII'lll:Ru Uh
Ch'i,. . . RII'll RU
39I
392

392
392
392
392
392
392
392
393
393
393
393
Index of Legends
48I
Struck in Tarsus
II/NISII","kh", foll'.
Ch'ubl h RII'l SI/
Struck in Sis
li/TUSU'L'.ht, /9% &ll#/18
Ch'ubl fl'II'f'', Uh
'iml/S("L'h', /9%. 3
Ghull RUQUIR, U
'iml/S/"L'h', / Q.
- - - - - 'RITU-R . . .
S/"L'kht, foll'll R/m/
Uncertain
'S/"kh", /37/n 4
Ch'ubll h RUQUIR, U
'i/Sv% (?) 0.1%llR/n 4
Ch'ubll RUTII R' U
'i/?USI. . . . . . . .
Uncertain
'I/7U. . . . . . < . . /9'll?.
hu. . . . . . . . .
393
393
394
394

394
394
394
394
395
31
482
LEVON THE USURPER
TAKVORINS
Ibsl/I'l, All'll R/T All&/18
Chull h KUTII:ft, h Uhl/
Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uh
Ch'ubll J, RII'lll:Ru h Uh
Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h U
Ibslf", foll'll R/T Allm
Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uh
Ibslf", All?ll//m &ll/
Ch'ubll h RUTII:R, h Uh
Ibslf", Pll'll R/T &ll3
Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru h Uh
&hlbl.l. h RII'll Ru h U
Ch'ublil h RII'll Ru h /
Ch'ubl RII'll Ru h U
Ch'ubll h RII'll Ru h
Ibslf", /NI'll R/T &ll/
Ch'ubl h RUTII), h Uhl/
Ch'ubl h RU'll Ru h Uh
Chubu h RUQUIR, h U
Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru h U
396,

396,
395
395
395
396
396
396
396
397
397
397
397
397
Ibsl/), foll'NIR/T &ll
Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
Ch'ubll h RUQUAR), Uh
Ch'ubl h RIITU-R), Uh
Ch'ubl h RII'll fu h U
397
397
397
397
397
397
397
398
396
Index of Legends
483
Ibslf]", /ll'UR/m 2/
Chubull h RIITU-R), h Uh
Ch'ublil h RUQUIR, Uh
Obverse inscription on both sides
l'l/I'l, foll'UR/7 <ll3
Ibsl/7, foll'UR/7 <ll#
l'l/1%, foll?IIR/T &II/
Ib'll, /ll'UR/T &ll/
Ibslff, Pll'UR/T &ll.(?)
Ib"l/T, Pll'... . . . [&llm]
Chi,. . . .II'll Ru Uhl/
l'l/7, foll?II/7 <ll/)
Ghull h Q... Uhu (?)
Ib'l/r, Pu'uhm (?) zu
Uncertain
l'l/7, /*. . . . . . <ll3/78
Ghull h RIT, . . . . . .
GOSDANTIN IV
TAKVORINS
li/}l/Sll L'ht, /0, . . . . . . </18
Ghull h Rll. . . . . . .
398
398
398

398
398
398
399
399
399
399
3r
484
timus','kh, pu%uhm (?) m
Ch'ubl h RII'll Ru h Uhly
timl/S/","kh", /NIQU/m 2/18
Ghull h RII'll R. h Uhl/
liml/S/"L'h', foll'U/n 28
Chubill h fulllf, h Upuu (?)
Ghull h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
unus(?), khu (?) 0.1%ilm 3
&hll h RII'lll:Ru h Uh
timljS/"L'h', foll'Mr 4/18
Ch'ubl h RUQUIR, h Uhl/
Ghull h RII'll Ru Uhl/
399
400
400
400
400
400
timl/S/"L'h', foll'', 48
q/ml/S/"L'h', //n 48
Ghull h 1 ft, Uhl/
timl/S/"L'h', /9%, 48

Ch'ubl h RII'll R . . .
timl/S/"L'h', /NIQUI"
Chull h RII'll Ru h Uhl/
timl/S/L'H', foll'In
400
400
4OO
4OO
4OI
4OI
4OI
4OI
Index of Legends
485
liml/S/L'h', foll?.
Ch'ubl h RII'll. .
limljSt".7%, foll'UR/m 2/18
Chill h RII'll R. h Uhl/
'i/1US/','l', All?ll/n 4/18
Ch'ubl h AUTII:ft, h Uhl/
'iml/S/L', 0.1%ll/m 28
Ch'ubl h AUTII R', h Uhl,
liml/S/L', foll'U/n 4
Ghull h RIITU-R), h Uhl,
&Pubul h fulllfi, p Up (?)
Chul h fuTuft, uhu (?)
'i/NIS/L', foll?/m 2/18
Chbl h RUTII R', h Uhl/
'i/ml/S/L', /NIQ/n 48
Chull h RIITU-R), h Uhl,
Ch'ubl h UTURL h Uhl/
Ghull h RIITU-Ri, Uh
'i/ml/S/L', 0.1%/m (18
Ghull h RUQUIR, h Uhl/
& publ h UTII R', h Uhl/
'iml/S/",7%, 0/9/7/
Uncertain

4OI
4OI
4OI
4O2
4O2
402
402
4O2
4O2
4O2
4O2
402
402
403
403
403
486
"iml/S/", /NIQUIR/T &llm
"imumS/"L', foll'In 208
Ghull h NITU% h Ubu (?)
insul, khu (?) /NIQ/m .
Chull h RII'll R. h Uh
limS/","kh", /NI'll/n 48
Ch'ubl h RII'll R. h Uhl/
ins(".7/", /NIQ/n 48
Ghull h RIITU-R), h Uhl/
"if S(1,7/5, /NIQ, 4/18
T/S/","kh", /NIQ. 48
'i/ISI','kh, AlI'll R/T
Ghull h RII'll R. h Uhl,
timS/",").ht, /NIQ/7
Chull h UTII R', h Uh
ins,' pu /NI'm &II (?)
Ghull h RII'll Ru h Uh
'i/S/L', 0.1%. 4/18 H
Chull / RUQUIR, h Uhl/
Chull I RII'll R Uhl,
403
403
403
403
404
404
404
404
404
404
4O4

403
Index of Legends
487
'if'SQu', '', 38
lif)Sl,'', foll'UR/7
II/S,7%, foll'}-ll/-/7 38
Ghull h RII'll Ri U
'ins, (?) All'ilhm &ll/18
Ch'ubl h RII'll fu h Uh
T/UIQ','k', /NI'll/m 2/18
Takvorin type
Obv. 10US/". . . .
Rev. Zhu, . . . h Uhl/
Obv. /7U. . . . . . /NIQ/n 28
Rev. Chu. . . . . . * Uhl (?)
Obv. inl/S/". . . . /NIQ/n 4
Rev. Ch'ubl . . . . ht, Uhl/
Obv. 'i/ll/S . . . . . . . . // 4/78
Rev. Chu . . . . . . . . .
Obv. 100 . . . . . . II'll/m 2/18
Rev. . . . NI'll', .
Obv. '7/7'US . . .
Rev. . . . bl h . . .
405
405
405
405
406
406
406
406
406
406
406

405
488
Obv. 'if'USTL'kh . . .
Rev. Chu . . . . . . * L Uhl/
Obv. Tifl'S . . . /\ll'. . . .
Rev. Chull ... Uhl/U(?)
Obv.
li/IDS. ... II?/7 38
Rev. Ghulll . . .
Takvorin type with letter />
Obv.
Rev.
Obv.
Rev.
Obv.
Rev.
Obv.
Rev.
Obv.
Rev.
Obv.
Rev.
Obv.
Rev.
Obv.
Rev.
Obv.

Rev
liflSUQ't,. . . . . . In 4
Ghulll . . .ll.'', ...
"inuSul'khu (?) All?/m
Zhull h NIT...
POST ROUPENIAN
"SURVMF, ... [20, &ll3/18]
Chulll ...'lll:RU
/NSL'ku, . . .
Ghull h RIITU-R Uh
WSU? . . . .
Ghulll . . . 'II Fu Uhl/
'S . . . . . L't. . . . . . . m &
h. . . . . . . . . . .
'imul" (?) ou?/n 48
Ghull h QUT II'', h Uhl/
USI/7 . . . . /NI'll/7 <
Ghull h . . .
liSLI. . . L'. . ./7 <
. Chull NIT... .
406
406
406
407
407
4IO
407
407
4O7
407
407
408
408
Index of Legends
489
Obv, inUSu%ht ou%m (?)
Rev. Chull h NIT.I... Uhl/
Takvorin type with letter 0 on reverse
Obv. lif|U//77, . . . . . . . </78
- - - - - . II?. Uhl/
LEVON V
BILLONS
lbf/7, foll'.
UR/l/ 3UB/18
lbf/I', (NI'llh/m/,
till/I'l/mk/ft, UU
till//.7/k/./
Lh/7%, foll?-ll/-/7
III/'bull 8, 2U8
lbf/77, foll%IIR
till//.7/mh/9/.
lbf/17, All?-ll/-/7/
ll/'bullt, All 8
lbf/it, foll'UR/7
Ul/'bullt, All 808
408
408
408
409

408
4O9
409
409
409
lbh/), foll'UR/l/?
Uncertain
lbf/)", All?llh/m
- - - - 'RITU-Ru . . .
4IO
4IO
GENERAL INDEX
Achdjian A. VIII, XI.
Adana 6, 8, II, 12, 19, 25, 26, 37.
Adler J. G. x1, xxII.
Adontz N. XI.
Ainsley, Lord, xxiv.
Al-Ashraf, Sultan, 13, 19.
Alishan L. M. x1, xxix, 8, 9, 20, 32,
42, 43, 5157, 67, 68,73, Ioo, 129.
Alishan S. M. 69, 104.
Al-Nsir, Sultan 16, 17, 19, 42.
Al-Nsir, Eshiktimour 23, 24.
American Numismatic Society, Ix,x,
I83.
Ani, 58.
Antioch, XXVIII, 49, 26, 50.
Armenian Alphabet, 65, 66.
Armenian National Church, 4, 9,
I5I9.
Asiatic Museum, Leningrad, Ix, XI.
Assises d'Antioche, XI, 49, 55, 85.
Augustin J. J. x.
Avkerian H. XI, 44, 55.
Ayas, II, I2, 16, 17, 18, 21, 2532,
37, 42, 44, 45.
Babelon J. VIII.
Baghdadlian K. VIII, xvii.

Bagradits, Kingdom of, 3, 4, 58.
Baibars, Sultan, II, 12, 44.
Balog P. 73.
Bar Hebraeus, x1, 46.
Barthlemy A. de x1, xxvii.I.
Basmadjian K. J. VII, XII, xxix,
20, 43, 63, 70, 73, 88, 92, 93, Ioo,
IO5.
Bedoukian P.Z. XII, XIx, xxx, xxxI,
Io,48, 51,61,63,74, 83, 84, 95, 104.
Besant, 43,44, 47.
Bibliothque Nationale, VIII, xII,
XXIX, 70, 74, IOS.
Billon, 50, 54,62.
Bissancios Stauratos, see Bysantii
Stauratii
Bissancio Sarracinati d'Armenie, 28,
43, 45.
Blancard L. XII, 46.
Bohemond of Antioch, 8, 9.
Borrell H. P. XIII, XXVI, XXVIII.
Breaden R. P. X.
British Museum VIII, XII.
Brosset M. VII, xIII, xxv, 8, 67, 103.
Buchenau H. XIII, 57.
Buchon J. A. C. XIII, xxv.
Bykov A. A. Ix, xxII.
Bysantii Stauratii, XXXI, 43, 45, 48,
5I, 52.
Byzant, see Besant
Byzantines, 38.
Byzantine Coins, 40, 44, 46, 5764.
Cahen C, XIII.
Caley E. R. XIII, Io9.
Cappelletti G. XIII, XXV, IoI.
Chamchian M. XIV, XXIV.
Chamich M. XIV, XXIV.
Clark W. C. X.
Collections, Survey of, Ioj107.
Comnenus John, 6.
Conrad of Mittelsbach, 9, 76.
Corpus Arrangement, 77,8087, 128.
Corpus Nummorum Italicorum, XIV,
General Index
49I
D'Aix A. XIV, 46.
Danishmends, 4, 6, 46.
Dardel J. XIV, XXX, 18, 24, 99,
IOO.
De Beaumont A. XIV, 59.
Der Ghazarian H. XIV, XXIX.
Der Nersessian S. X, XIV, 59.
Desimoni C. XIV, 25, 28, 29, 52, 53.
Dobrovoleskii E. IX.
Donabedian A. IX, XI, 129.
Du Cange C. D. XIV, xxII.
Ebeyan A. A. IX, XIV.
Erivan State Museum, IX, XV.
Forgeries, 75, IoI, 226.
Frederick Barbarossa 8, 57.
Gagik, King, 4.
Gamalov-Churaev, xv.
Garabetian B. xv, xxIV, xxx, 56,
58, 70, 7I, 78, 79, 97, 98, IO6.
Garmir, see Rouge
Gelzer H. XV.
Genoese, 22, 2531, 37.
Ghafadarian K. IX.
Gold Coins, XXXI, 4346, 50, 51,
6875, 130.

Gorigos, I9, 22, 25, 28, 29.
Gosdantin Constable, Io, II.
Gosdantin I, Prince, XXIX, 5.
Coins; 67, 129.
Gosdantin I, King, 13, I4, 87, 91.
Gold Coins; xxix, 63, 6875,
9I.
Silver Coins; xxv, xxx1,63, 91,
III, II8, 123, 125,334335.
Copper Coins; XXXI, 63, 91, III,
II8, 123, 125, 335-336.
Gosdantin II (Guy Lusignan), King,
17, 18, 95.
Silver Coins; xxx, 18, 64, 95,
121, 123, 125, 380-382.
Copper Coins; 55, 64, 95, I21,
123,125, 382.
Hoard; 97.
Gosdantin III, King, xxv, xxx, 18,
2O.
Silver Coins; xxv, xxx, 64, 95,
II2, I21, 123, 125, 382393.
Copper Coins; 55, 64, 96, II2,
I2I, I23, 125, 393-395.
Hoard; 97.
Gosdantin IV, King, xxx, 2022.
Silver Coins; xxx, 64, 98, 99,
II2, I22, 123, 125, 399406.
Copper Coins; 64, 99, II2, I22,
I23, 125, 406-408.
Gregory, Abirad, Catholicos, 9.
Grierson P. xv.1, 59.
Grousset H. XVI, 19, 46, 47.
Grunthal H. X.
Guilhiermoz P. XVI.
Guy Lusignan, see Gosdantin II
Habeshian H. xv.1, 70.
Habozian M. Archbishop, VIII,
73.
Hagopyan V. A. XVI, I4, 45, 47.
Hayastan, XVI, xxviii.
Henry VI, King, 9, 56.
Hermitage Museum, Leningrad, IX,
492
Copper Coins; 62, 8990, III,
II8, 123, 125, 315-325.
Heyd W. xv.1, 26.
Hoards, XXX, 78, 83, 97.
Hospitallers, Order of, 14, 29.
Ibn al-Athir, XVI, 47.
Index of Legends, 4II489.
Indjidjian G. XVI, XXIV.
Inscriptions on Coins, 6566.
International Value of Coins, 4042,
53-54.
Iorga N. XVI,
Istanbul Archeological Museum, IX,
XVI.
Johnson R. W. x.
Jenkins G. K. VIII.
Kaikaus, Sultan, Io.
Kaikhusrew, Sultan, 84.
Bilingual Coins; see Hetoum I
Kaikobad, Sultan, Io, 84.
Bilingual Coins; see Hetoum I
Kalajian K., IX, XVII.
Kalemkiarian F. XXVIII, 68, 73.
Kapamadji N. VIII, XIX.
Kardez, 29, 30, 43, 48-51, 55.

Karekin I, Catholicos XVI, 47.
Khachigyan L. S. XVII, 20, 47, 48.
Kilij Arsln, 61.
Kogh Vasil, 5, 46.
Kraft A. XVII, XXV, IOI, IO3.
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna,
XVII.
Kunz C. XVII.
Kurdian H. IX, XVI.
La Croze M. XVII, XXII.
Lampron, 5, 8I.
Langlois V. VII, XVII, XXVI, XXVII,
8, 12, 16, 21, 2732, 37, 39, 43,
5157, 60, 67, 68, 73, 85, 90, IOI,
I03.
Lasdverdtzi A. XVIII.
Le Beau, XVIII, 67.
Legends, Index, 4II489.
Lelewel J. XVIII, XXVI.
Leo, see Levon
Le Rider G. VIII.
Levon I, Prince, 6.
Levon II, Prince, XXIX, 8, 9.
Coins; 67, I29, 130.
Levon I, King, XXIII, XXIV, 9, 27, 57.
Gold Coins; XXVIII, XXXI, Io,
6875, 130.
Silver Coins; XXIV, XXV, XXVII,
XXVIII, XXXI, Io, 48, 51, 55,
60, 7681, Io9, II3, II4, I2O,
I23, I3I-2I7.
Billons; XXVIII, Io, 54, 82.
Copper Coins; xxv, Io, 55, 59
60, 8182, IIo, II4, II.5, I23,
125, 217-226.
Hoards; 78.
Levon II, King, II, I2, I3, 26, 27, 29,
30.
Silver Coins; I2, 32, 48, 53,62,
8688, II2, II7, 123, 290307.
Copper Coins; 55, 62, 88, III,
II7, I23, I25, 307-313.
Levon III, King, I4, I5, 27, 37,64, 9I.
General Index
493
Copper Coins; 98, II2, I22, 124,
I25, 398-399.
Livres, Genoese, 53.
Lopez R. S. XVIII, 30.
Macler F. XVIII.
Mamluks, II, I2, I4, 16, 42.
Manantyan H. XVIII, 4.
Manuel, Emperor, 7.
Marcar S. XVIII, XXV, XXVIII.
Marco Polo, xviii, 29.
Mardikian Museum, Beirut, IX, XVIII.
Marsden W. XVIII, 61.
Marthaler B. IX.
Mas Latrie L. XVIII, 29.
Mateos Ourhaietzi, (Matthew of
Edessa), XVIII, 44.
Mekhitarists of Venice, VIII, XXI,
XXIII, XXVII, XXIX, 67,68, 71, 73,
74, IO4.
Mekhitarists of Vienna, VIII, XXI,
xxv, xxvii, 67, 73, IoI.
Melik Hussein, Sultan, 23.
Mertens E. xviiI, 57.
Metrology of Roupenian Coins,
Io8II2.

Migeon G. XVIII, 58.
Miles G. C. X.
Mleh, 68, 67.
Mnatsaganyan A. Sh. xix, 59.
Mongols, II13.
Montgomery, Compte de, XIX, XXIII.
Morgan, J. de, VII, XIx, xxix, 67,
I29.
Mosser, Sawyer McA. x.
Mousheghian Kh. Ix.
Musei Imp. Petr. xxII.
Nasir, Sultan, 1618, 42.
Nerses of Lampron, 8.
North G. H. X.
Nubar Librairie, Paris, XIX.
Olcay N. Ix.
Oulouhojian, Archbishop, VIII.
Oshin, Lord of Gorigos, 15.
Oshin, King, xxv 15, 44.
Silver Coins; xxv, xxv.1, 16, 54,
92, 93, II9, 123,125, 353365.
Copper Coins; XXVI, 49, 55, 93,
II2, I2O, I23, 125, 365368.
strup J. xix, 61.
Partzrpert, 4.
Pegolotti F. XIX, 39, 42, 49, 54, 55.
Pellerin J. XIx, xxIII.
Pembroke T. XIX, XXIII.
Peter I, King of Cyprus, 1922.
Petit M. xix, 56.
Philip, King, Io, II.
Philaretus, 4, 5.
Pilarghou, I4, 15.
Pogh, 43, 49, 55.
Poladian A. IX, XIX, 83.
Post Roupenian Coins, 410.
Qaln, Sultan, 12, 13, 87.
Raymond-Roupen, 9, Io, 82.
Raymond I. W. xIx, 30.
Reynald of Chatillon, 7.
Reinaud J. T. xIx, 58.
Roman Catholic Church, 9, 15, 17,
18, 19.
494
Schlumberger G. xx, xxv.11, xxvi II,
45, 56, 59, 6064, 68, 73, 77
Seljuks, 4, 5, Io, II, 12.
Senekerim, King, 4.
Sestini D. xx, xxIV, xxv.11, 90.
Shiragatzi, A. 44, 46.
Sibilian C. VII, VIII, xx, XXVI, XXVII,
XXVIII, XXX, 2I, 43, 45, 55, 57,
64, 68, 73,78, 85, 88, 93, 96, 97.
98, IOO, IOI, IO4.
Sis, II, 12, 19, 21, 22, 23, 27, 37, 44,
76, 96.
Smith H. R. xx1, 56.
Smpad, Chronicles, XXI, 44, 46, 63,
87.
Smpad, King, 13, 14.
Silver Coins; 90, II8, 325328.
Copper Coins; 55, 63, 90, III,
II9, 123, 125, 328-334.
Soldi, 53.
Sols, 53.
Spinelli D. xxI, 60.
Statistics on Coins, II3125.
Staurat, see Bysantii Staruatii
Strzygowski J. xxI, 58, 62.

Surmeyian A. xx1, 45.
Tahegan, 4347.
Taccolini, see Takvorin
Takvorin, 12, 16, 39, 42, 43, 48, 49,
50, 54.
Tank, 43, 48, 55.
Tarsus, 6, 8, 10, II, 19, 25, 26, 27, 37.
Mint, 76, 96.
Templars, 7, 14, 29.
Tenar (dinar), 4346, 49, 55.
Till-Hamdoon, Io, 14.
Timoni, xxv, IoS.
Toros I, Prince, 5.
Coins, XXIX, 5, 67, 129.
Toros II, Prince, 6, 7.
Coins, xxix, 67, 129.
Toros, Brother of King Hetoum II,
XXIV, 13, 89.
Coins, xxvi, 80,89, 90.
Tram (Various denominations), 30
49, 5053, 7686.
Tristan J. xx1, xxII.
Troubetzkoy A. xxI.
Vartan, Historian, xxI, 44, 46, 48.
Values of money, 4042, 5354.
Values of materials, 3042.
Venetians, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 37, 42,
45.
Von Falke, xx1, 58.
Von Wellenheim, XXI, XXV.
Walker J. VIII.
Weights and measures, 41, 42.
Zabel, Queen, see Hetoum I, King.

PLATES
PRINCE TOROS II (1); PRINCE TOROS OR GOSDANTIN
(2); PRINCE TOROS II (3); PRINCE LEVON II (4); LEVON I
GOLD COINS (5, 6); LEVON I HETOUM I GOLD COIN
(7); GOSDANTIN I GOLD COIN (8); LEVON I BILLONS

STRUCK. IN ANTIOCH (10, 11)

I NOAHT

III
LEVON I

IV
LEVON I

LEVON I

IV
LEVON I

LEVON I

WI
LEVON I

VII
LEVON I

VIII
LEVON I

IX
LEVON I

LEVON I

XI
LEVON I

XII
LEVON I

XIII
LEVON I

LEVON I

LEVON I

726
LEVON I

XVII
LEVON I

XVIII
LEVON I
FORGERIES 771
775

HETOUM-KAIKOBAD

HETOUM-KAIKHUSREW
-------"

HETOUM-KAIKHUSREW
HETOUM-KAIKOBAD (836, 838)

HETOUM-ZABEL

XXIII
ZABEL
HETOUM

XXIV
HETOUM-ZABEL

XXV
EL
HETOUM-ZAB

XXVI
1276
HETOUM-ZABEL

XXVII
HETOUM I

XXVIII
HETOUM I

XXIX
HETOUM I

XXX
HETOUM I

LEVON II

LEVON II

LEVON II

LEVON II (15621573)
HETOUM II (15751591)

XXXV
ETOUM II

XXXVI
1649)
SMPAD (1713, 1723)
HETOUM II (1621

XXXVII

XXXVIII
1730)
3)
i;
'.
''

LEVON III

LEVON III


IITX
(096I-8#6I) AI NOAHT
(L$6I-S961) NIHSO
Ly6 I
Q.96 I
996 I

LEVON IV

LEVON IV (2005-2028)
GUY (GOSDANTIN II) (20292040)
GOSDANTIN III (2043-2047)
----------"

GOSDANTIN III

XLVI
LEVON THE USURPER (2130-2168)
GOSDANTIN IV (21752179)

XLVII
GOSDANTIN IV

XLVIII
LEVON V (2237-2243)
POST ROUPENIAN (2246-2248)

Coinage of Cilician Armenia / by Paul Z. Bedoukian

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Coinage of Cilician Armenia / by Paul Z. Bedoukian

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Generated for anonymous on 2015-02-17 16:45 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.

Coinage of Cilician Armenia

THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

Generated for anonymous on 2015-02-17 16:45 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b460946

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY

THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

Generated for anonymous on 2015-02-17 16:45 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b460946

NUMISMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS

NUMISMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS

is devoted to essays and treatises on subjects relating

to coins, paper money, medals and decorations.

ALFRED R. BELLINGER, Chairman

THEoDoRE V. BUTTREY, JR.

SAwYER MCA. MossER, Editor

Generated for anonymous on 2015-02-17 16:45 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b460946

HowARD L. ADELSON, Associate Editor

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS X

SURVEY OF PUBLICATIONS ON ROUPENIAN COINS

THE COMING OF THE ARMENIANS TO CILICIA 3

THE BARONIAL PERIOD OF CILICIAN ARMENIA 5

THE ARMENIAN KINGDOM OF CILICIA 9

TRADE AND COMMERCE OF CILICIAN ARMENIA 25

ARMENIAN TERMS USED FOR VARIOUS COINS 43

THE COINAGE OF THE ROUPENIANS 50

DESIGN AND STYLE OF COINS 56

INSCRIPTIONS ON ROUPENIAN COINS 65

COINS FROM THE PERIOD OF PRINCES 67

THE GOLD COINS 68

COINS ISSUED BY THE KINGS 76

Generated for anonymous on 2015-02-17 14:13 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015012841196

GUY LUSIGNAN (GOSDANTIN II) 95

LEVON THE USURPER 97

SURVEY OF COLLECTIONS OF ROUPENIAN COINS I03

THE CORPUS I27

ARRANGEMENT OF THE CORPUS 128

PRINCE LEVON II 129

GOLD COINS I30

HETOUM i (hetoum-zabel) 227

GUY LUSIGNAN (GOSDANTIN II) 380

GOSDANTIN III 382

LEVON THE USURPER 395

LEVON V LUSIGNAN 40S

INDEX OF LEGENDS 411

Generated for anonymous on 2015-02-17 14:13 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015012841196

The establishment of an Armenian dynasty in Cilicia (10801375)

Armenian people. The wealth of material from the Cilician kingdom

encouraged the writer to attempt this work on the coinage of Cilician

The early numismatic studies of Brosset and Langlois are pri-

marily of historical interest since they contain a large number of errors.

Sibilians book, written in 1877, is fairly accurate, with the exception

of the section on the latter period of the kingdom; but it is limited in

scope, and being written in Armenian, is not comprehensible to most

numismatists. Since there is no adequate publication in a Western

language on the coinage of Cilician Armenia, the writer hopes that

the present work will serve a useful purpose.

In the past, published material consisted for the most part of

drawings of coins. Brosset's work contains 17 drawings, Langlois', 70,

taken from Morgan's book on the History of the Armenian People.

not copied accurately. The present volume contains the photographs

of some 51o Roupenian coins, few of which have previously appeared

In order to have the corpus as complete and accurate as possible,

collections whenever this was feasible. Fortunately, most of the

coins are gathered in a limited number of collections. This mission

Generated for anonymous on 2015-02-17 16:51 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b687478