Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish,

crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants.[2][3] Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and
saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial
fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish.[4] Broadly speaking, finfish and shellfish fisheries
can be conceptualized as akin to hunting and gathering while aquaculture is akin to agriculture.[5]
Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments and in underwater habitats.
According to the FAO, aquaculture "is understood to mean the farming of aquatic organisms
including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of
intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding,
protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the
stock being cultivated."[6] The reported output from global aquaculture operations would supply
one half of the fish and shellfish that is directly consumed by humans;[7] however, there are issues
about the reliability of the reported figures.[8] Further, in current aquaculture practice, products
from several pounds of wild fish are used to produce one pound of a piscivorous fish like salmon

Molluscs
Aquacultured shellfish include various oyster, mussel and clam species. These
bivalves are filter and/or deposit feeders, which rely on ambient primary production
rather than inputs of fish or other feed. As such shellfish aquaculture is generally
perceived as benign or even beneficial. [28] Depending on the species and local
conditions, bivalve molluscs are either grown on the beach, on longlines, or
suspended from rafts and harvested by hand or by dredging. Abalone farming
began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China. [29] Since the mid-1990s,
this industry has become increasingly successful. [30] Over-fishing and poaching have
reduced wild populations to the extent that farmed abalone now supplies most
abalone meat. Sustainably farmed molluscs can be certified by Seafood Watch and
other organizations, including the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). WWF initiated the
"Aquaculture Dialogues" in 2004 to develop measurable and performance-based
standards for responsibly farmed seafood.

What is Aquaculture?
Aquaculture refers to the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of plants and animals in
all types of water environments. Aquaculture serves a variety of purposes. Most U.S.
marine aquaculture is shellfish while a small percentage is marine finfish. [credit:
NOAA Aquaculture Office]

Aquaculture -- also known as fish or shellfish farming -- refers to the breeding, rearing, and
harvesting of plants and animals in all types of water environments including ponds, rivers,

lakes, and the ocean. Researchers and aquaculture producers are "farming" all kinds of
freshwater and marine species of fish, shellfish, and plants. Aquaculture produces food fish,
sport fish, bait fish, ornamental fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae, sea vegetables, and fish eggs.
Aquaculture includes the production of seafood from hatchery fish and shellfish which are grown
to market size in ponds, tanks, cages, or raceways. Stock restoration or "enhancement" is a form
of aquaculture in which hatchery fish and shellfish are released into the wild to rebuild wild
populations or coastal habitats such as oyster reefs. Aquaculture also includes the production of
ornamental fish for the aquarium trade, and growing plant species used in a range of food,
pharmaceutical, nutritional, and biotechnology products.
Marine aquaculture refers to the culturing of species that live in the ocean. U.S. marine
aquaculture primarily produces oysters, clams, mussels, shrimp, and salmon as well as lesser
amounts of cod, moi, yellowtail, barramundi, seabass, and seabream. Marine aquaculture can
take place in the ocean (that is, in cages, on the seafloor, or suspended in the water column) or in
on-land, manmade systems such as ponds or tanks. Recirculating aquaculture systems that
reduce, reuse, and recycle water and waste can support some marine species.