Geoderma 192 (2013) 711

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Geoderma
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geoderma

Assessment of the effects of physicalchemical parameters on 210Po and

concentrations in cultivated and uncultivated soil from different areas

210

Pb

Banu zden a,, Aysun Uur a, Tolga Esetlili b, Bihter olak Esetlili b, Yusuf Kurucu b
a
b

Ege University, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, 35100 Bornova, zmir, Turkey

Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Soil Sciences Department, 35100 Bornova, zmir, Turkey

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 31 January 2012
Received in revised form 6 July 2012
Accepted 26 August 2012
Available online xxxx
Keywords:
210
Po
210
Pb
Soil properties
Gediz Basin

a b s t r a c t
In this study, a total of 144 bulk soil samples were collected in cultivated and uncultivated sites in different
areas for evaluation of the activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb. Moreover, 4 core samples were collected from four distinct reference points in the Gediz Basin in Turkey and investigated organic matter content,
210
Po and 210Pb concentrations depending on the depth. The activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb were
measured by means of alpha spectrometry. While the activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb in cultivated
sites are in the ranges of 12 386 4 Bq kg1 dw and 17 336 3 Bq kg1 dw, for uncultivated sites the
ranges for 210Po and 210Pb are 10 4134 21 Bq kg1 dw and 23 378 5 Bq kg1 dw, respectively. In
general, it is observed that the mean 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations in cultivated sites are lower than
the uncultivated sites. The relationships between soil properties and the activity concentrations of the radionuclides indicate that 210Po and 210Pb adsorption to soil is strongly related to organic matter content of the
soil.
2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The adsorption of radionuclides on soil is affected by various factors including changes in soil properties and type. Determination of
the physico-chemical parameters such as pH, organic matter and
soil texture in soil is one of the important aspects to understand
transport of radionuclides in the environment (Guo et al., 2008;
Hillel, 2004; Wasserman et al., 2008). Due to a large number of soil
properties, types, climatic and topographical conditions at the studied
sites, the relationships between soil characteristics and radionuclides
are difcult to generalize beyond the studied domain.
The natural radionuclides 210Po and 210Pb, with half-lives of
138 days and 22.3 years respectively, originate from the radioactive
decay of radionuclides of 238U series present in the earth's crust
(supported). 210Po and 210Pb in the atmosphere and surface environment originate from the decay of 222Rn exhaled from the ground into
the atmosphere. These radionuclides return to the earth surface as a
result of dry fallout or are washed out in rain (unsupported). 210Po
and 210Pb are also built up articially in the environment due to
waste discharge from phosphate, oil, and gas industries, combustion
of fossil fuels and other energy production as technically enhanced
natural radionuclides (Akyil et al., 2008; Fujiyoshi and Sawamura,
2004; Jia et al., 2006; Martinez-Aguirre and Garcia-Leon, 1997;
Navas et al., 2011; Persson and Holm, 2011; Sert et al., 2011; Uur
et al., 2003). 210Po and 210Pb are important from a radioecological
Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 232 3113454; fax: +90 232 3113433.
E-mail address: ozdenbanu@yahoo.com (B. zden).
0016-7061/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.08.025

point of view. These radionuclides have been widely used in studies

of atmospheric, marine and terrestrial environments (Akyil et al.,
2008; Aslani et al., 2005; Matthews et al., 2007; Narayana and
Rajashekara, 2010; Persson and Holm, 2011; Sert et al., 2011; Uur
et al., 2011a, 2011b). Upon reaching the soil surface as fallout from
the atmosphere, 210Po and 210Pb are rapidly and strongly adsorbed
by the surface soil (Jia et al., 2006; Parfenov, 1974; Walling and He,
1999).
Gediz Basin is an important region for assessing and monitoring
soil properties impacts on soil erosion. Changes in soil properties
may affect vegetation and erosion rate. Measurements of the
physico-chemical parameters in soils can improve the interpretation
of measured erosion rate and explain the differences in erosion
rates among the catchments.
The objectives of this study are to (i) describe the main physical
and chemical parameters of soils as a reference for future monitoring
activities, (ii) investigate the effect of soil texture and organic matter
on the distribution and mobility of 210Po and 210Pb, and (iii) assess
the relationships between the soil characteristics and natural radionuclides for both cultivated and uncultivated areas.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. The study area
Gediz Basin, located in western Turkey, covers an area of some
17,000 km 2, involving 140,000 ha of irrigated area. The sampling
sites in Gediz Basin have been selected on the basis of the one of

B. zden et al. / Geoderma 192 (2013) 711

the most important centers in Aegean Region for agricultural production. However, the basin is seriously affected by water erosion and the
surface soil has been lost for a long time. The sampling region is under
the inuence of Mediterranean climate with cool wet winters and
warm to hot, dry summers. Rainfall regime is irregular with a dry period in summer and a wet period in autumn, winter and spring. Average annual precipitation varies between 450 mm and 1060 mm
(Topraksu, 1974). During the study period (20072008), the average
amount of precipitation is 410.3 mm annually. There are 14 types of
soil groups in the Gediz Basin and six types of soils were taken from
the sites for the study. The soil types in the sampling sites are following: sandy loam, loam, sand clay loam, clay loam, silty loam and
loamy sand. The uncultivated areas in the basin contain broadly
shrubland, maquis and coniferous forest with large outcrops of barren
limestone mountain. The widely crops grown in the basin are: cotton,
grapes, cereals, vegetables and olives (de Voogt et al., 2000).
2.2. Soil sampling
The soil samples were collected from four distinct cultivated and
uncultivated areas (Kargn, Caferbey, Kabazl and Betepeler) located
at 38 1538 40 north and 27 3028 45 east in Gediz Basin. The
sampling strategy and sampling design depend on the aim of the
study and the environmental conditions (Pennock and Appleby,
2002). Pennock and Appleby (2002) indicated that the most commonly used sampling design for radionuclide studies is systematic,
non-stratied sampling using either transects or grids. In this study,
sampling was based on the intersections of grids with various spacing
depending on the total area of the hills to be sampled and topographic variability. At each sampling site, the area from which the soil samples were collected was no bigger than 21 21 m 2, and no smaller
than 10 15 m 2. A total of 144 bulk soil samples were collected
from six sampling sites. In addition, four soil cores were sampled to
characterize the depth distribution of organic matter content, 210Po
and 210Pb concentrations at undisturbed sampling points with a natural vegetation cover that protects the soil surface from erosion. Afterwards, all samples were placed in plastic bags and brought to the
laboratory. Soil cores sectioned into 10 cm depth increments in the
laboratory. Bulk soil samples and four section cores (with 10 cm increments) were air dried, homogenized and sieved to separate the
b2 mm fraction. The samples of less than 2 mm were prepared for
analyses.
2.3. Radiochemical analysis and measurements
Measurements of 210Po were realized through its 5.30 MeV alpha
particle emission, using 209Po (4.88 MeV, t1/2: 109 y) as the internal
tracer. After standard addition of 0.1 Bq mL 1, 1 g of each sample
was completely dissolved with concentrated HNO3 and HF under
heating at 55 C on a hot plate and evaporated to dryness. After this
step, concentrated HCl was added and evaporated to dryness three
times (HNO3:HF:HCl = 1:1:10 mL). Polonium was spontaneously
plated on copper disks in 0.5 M HCl in the presence of ascorbic acid
to reduce Fe +3 to Fe +2 (Flynn, 1968). The recovery rates of standardized tracer for the soil samples varied from 70% to 90%. Alpha activities were measured using Ortec Octete Plus with 450 mm 2
ULTRA-AS Detectors. Concentrations of 210Po in all the samples
were well above the detection limit (0.0003 Bq). Sample count
times were 86,400 s, with counting errors in the order of 10% or
less.
After the rst deposition of 210Po, the residual 0.5 M HCl was kept
for one year to allow 210Po in-growth from the 210Pb contained in the
solution to search supported 210Pb in the samples. The samples were
re-plated and the 210Po activities were determined. Well known
Bateman equations were used to obtain 210Pb activity from measured
210
Po activity (Bateman, 1910; Cetnar, 2006). The second deposition

provided information on the 210Pb content of the samples and

hence on the extent to which the initial 210Po was supported by its
grandparent.
2.4. Soil analysis
The soil samples were dried, and then passed through a 2 mm
sieve. The percentages of clay, silt and sand in the soils were determined using the Bouyocous hydrometer method (Bouyoucous,
1962; Celik, 2005; Gndoan et al., 2011). The pH values were directly measured with a glass electrode in suspension of soil and distilled
water. The organic matter content was calculated by multiplying the
percent organic carbon by a factor of 1.724, following the standard
practice that organic matter is composed of %58 carbon (Black,
1965; Gndoan et al., 2011). The carbonate content was determined
by a volumetric calcimeter method as described in Schlichting and
Blume (1966) and Loeppert and Suarez (1996). Soil samples were
gathered using 100 cm 3 metal cylinders, and the soil moisture levels
were detected using a gravimetric method in the laboratory (Black,
1965; Esetlili, 2008). Total soluble salts were determined with a
Beckman electrical conductivity bridge (Esetlili, 2008; Soil Survey
Staff, 1993).
3. Result and discussion
Six sites, three cultivated and three uncultivated, in Gediz Basin
were investigated in order to determine the activity concentrations
of 210Po, 210Pb and physico-chemical parameters in soil samples.
3.1.

210

Po and

210

Pb concentrations in bulk soil samples

The activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb in soil samples in

cultivated sites are found to vary between 12 386 4 Bq kg 1
dw and 17 336 3 Bq kg 1 dw, respectively. The activity concentrations of the radionuclides in soil samples in uncultivated sites
range between 10 4 and 134 21 Bq kg 1 dw for 210Po, 23 3
and 78 5 Bq kg 1 dw for 210Pb. The mean 210Po and 210Pb activity
concentrations in cultivated and uncultivated areas are summarized
in Table 1. It is seen in Table 1, 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations
are different for cultivated and uncultivated sites. Independent samples t test was used for determination of difference between 2 groups
(cultivated and uncultivated). An unpaired samples t test was used to
compare the activity concentrations of these radionuclides in cultivated and uncultivated sites. Differences were considered statistically
signicant at p b 0.001.
The obtained results are comparable with those given in literature
for soil samples collected from different regions of the world as
shown in Table 2. However, the activity concentrations of 210Po and
210
Pb are different with respect to study areas (Table 2). Narayana et

Table 1
The mean activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb in cultivated and uncultivated soils
collected from different areas of Gediz Basin.
Area

Kargn
(nC: 35, nU: 25)
Caferbey
(nC: 30, nU: 15)
Kabazl
(nU: 15)
Betepeler
(nC: 24)

Mean 210Po activity

(Bq kg1)

Mean 210Pb activity

(Bq kg1)

Cultivated

Uncultivated

Cultivated

Uncultivated

28

53

25

39

31

35

26

33

NA

30

NA

34

27

NA

28

NA

NA: not available, nC: number of samples in cultivated site, nU: number of samples in
uncultivated area.

B. zden et al. / Geoderma 192 (2013) 711

Table 2
Comparison of

210

Po and

210

Pb concentrations in soil collected from different regions.

Study
area

210
Po
(Bq kg1)

210
Pb
(Bq kg1)

References

Brazil
Spain
Spain
China
Lithuania
India
India
India
India
Finland
Turkey
Turkey
Turkey

3270
16.2778

7.881.5

17.1228.2
3.16.7
6.635.3
3156
41.3

10870
10134

15.4820
775
6.980.7
6.1158.7

5.715.1
11.785.7

44.3
13135

1778

Santos et al. (1990)

Martinez-Aguirre and Garcia-Leon (1997)
Navas et al. (2002)
Jia et al. (2006)
Luksiene et al. (2006)
Karunakara et al. (2000)
Narayana et al. (2006)
Rajashekara et al. (2008)
Manigandan (2009)
Gjelsvik and Brown (2009)
Aslani et al. (2005)
Akyil et al. (2008)
In this study

al. (2006) have reported values for the concentrations in soil samples
collected from the Quilon district of Kerala on the south west coast of
India. The researchers thought that low 210Po and 210Pb concentrations could be due to low percentage of clay and organic matter in
the soils of the region. Some of the studies throughout the world indicated that the activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb in soil samples have been varied with soil type (Narayana et al., 2006; Navas et
al., 2011; Persson and Holm, 2011).
In this study, for each of the 144 soil sample, soil texture was determined and a relationship between soil texture and the concentrations was not observed . Although some soil samples collected from
the sampling sites have high percentage of clay compared to other
soils, 210Po and 210Pb concentrations were found relatively low. The
activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb are not only dependent
on high percentage of clay in soil samples; but also on soil properties,
mainly organic matter content. In addition, as indicated by Persson
and Holm (2011), the levels of 210Po and 210Pb contained in the surface soil can be correlated with the amount of atmospheric
precipitation.
There are signicant differences in 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations in the bulk soil samples with regard to the sampling
sites (ANOVA, p b 0.001). The differences observed in the activity concentrations in the samples could be linked to the differences in soil
properties in the sampling sites. Besides, another important difference is the type of vegetation cover in the sampling sites. Gaspar et
al. (in press) stated that large variations in the spatial distribution
of radionuclides ( 137Cs, 210Pb) have been recognized due to local factors, including vegetation distribution, stoniness, topographic roughness and tillage.
The maximum 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations in soil samples were measured in Kargn uncultivated site. This could be related
to relatively high percentage of organic matter and vegetation cover.
Luksiene et al. (2006) reported that the mobility of metals (including
radionuclides) may be both increased and decreased by organic substances under specic environmental conditions. An analysis of
variance indicated that the differences observed in 210Pb activity concentrations between Kargn uncultivated site and the other cultivated
sites (Kargn, Caferbey and Betepeler) are signicant (ANOVA,
p b 0.01).
The mean values of physico-chemical parameters of soils are
presented in Table 3. Rajashekara et al. (2008) stated that pH value
affects the adsorption process and solubilization of radionuclides in
soil. The mean values of pH in bulk soils collected from four distinct
cultivated and uncultivated areas (Kargn, Caferbey, Kabazl and
Betepeler) range from 6.06 to 7.66. According to Soil Survey
Division Staff (1993), these pH ranges indicate slightly acid to slightly
alkaline soil. The mean values of pH and organic matter are similar in
all cultivated sites as can be seen in Table 3. Carbonate contents are
signicantly different among cultivated and uncultivated soils. The

Table 3
The mean values of physico-chemical parameters in cultivated and uncultivated soils
collected from different areas of Gediz Basin.
Area

Organic
matter (%)

pH

Kargn
(nC: 35, nU: 25)
Caferbey
(nC: 30, nU: 15)
Kabazl
(nU: 15)
Betepeler
(nC: 24)

1.70 3.56 7.62 7.57

0.05 0.04 8.73

9.79 11.7 30.9

1.85 3.11 7.37 6.06

0.12 0.07 3.92

13.2 2.38 1.63

NA

NA

11.7 NA

1.83 NA

1.63 NA

6.80

7.66 NA

Salinity
(%)

Humidity
(%)

Carbonate
(%)

0.03 NA

0.05 NA

19.3

NA

1.08

7.50 NA

C: cultivated, U: uncultivated, NA: not available, nC: number of samples in cultivated

site, nU: number of samples in uncultivated area.

highest carbonate contents are found in uncultivated site in Kargn

area with mean values of 30.9%. All soils have no signicant differences in salinity content.
Pearson's correlation was carried out to clarify the relationship between soil physico-chemical parameters and radionuclide activities in
each bulk soil sample. The 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations in
the samples are signicantly and positively correlated with organic
matter in uncultivated sites (r = 0.469, p b 0.01; r = 0.493, p b 0.01).
However, there are no signicant correlations between the concentrations and organic matter in cultivated sites (r = 0.151, p > 0.05; r =
0.018, p > 0.05). The lack of correlation with organic matter might be
explained via the limited range of organic matter content. pH, salinity
and carbonate content of the soil collected from cultivated sites do not
affect the activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb as no signicant
relationships exist between these variables. However, a weak correlation is observed between 210Po activity and pH in uncultivated sites
(r = 0.291, p b 0.05). There is a fairly clear correlation between pH
and carbonate in soil samples of study sites (r = 0.708, p b 0.01).
Navas et al. (2011) stated that small changes in pH could cause the
precipitation of some soil components, mainly carbonates, which in
turn could affect the behavior of uranyl complexes.
3.2.

210

Po,

210

Pb concentrations and OM content in core samples

The results of distribution of natural radionuclides and organic

matter content in the four soil cores are presented graphically in
Fig. 1. It can be observed from Fig. 1 that the activity concentrations
of 210Po and 210Pb in soil decreased regularly with increasing depth
at undisturbed sampling points. This observation shows that 210Po
and 210Pb which are deposited on the soil from the atmosphere are
able to move down to a maximum depth of about 20 cm in the soils
of study points. The lowest value of organic matter contents is
found at the deeper layers and the highest ones at the upper layers.
All soil proles have decreasing percentages of organic matter with
increasing depth. According to the obtained results, the activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb are signicantly and positively correlated with organic matter content (Fig. 2). This indicates that 210Po
and 210Pb adsorption to soil is strongly related to organic matter content of the soil.
4. Conclusions
210
Pb is utilized to determine the soil erosion rate due to its continuous ux and high inventory in soil. Therefore, it is important to
know the factors inuencing the vertical distribution and spatial distribution of some natural radionuclides such as 210Po and 210Pb in
cultivated and uncultivated areas. In this study, 210Po, 210Pb levels
and physico-chemical parameters were investigated in soil samples
collected from cultivated and uncultivated sites in Gediz Basin. The

10

B. zden et al. / Geoderma 192 (2013) 711

Fig. 1. The distribution of

210

Po,

210

Pb and organic matter in sampling areas.

Fig. 2. Correlation among the activity of

210

Po and

210

Pb, and organic matter.

B. zden et al. / Geoderma 192 (2013) 711

activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb reported here have been

discussed in terms of the relationships between soil properties and
these radionuclides for both cultivated and uncultivated sites. It is
obvious that the mean 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations in cultivated sites are lower than the uncultivated sites. There are signicant differences in 210Po and 210Pb concentrations with respect to
the different sampling sites. According to the obtained results, the activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb are not only dependent on
high percentage of clay in soil samples; but also on soil properties,
mainly organic matter content. In general, strong and statistically signicant relationships between the activity concentrations of the
radionuclides and organic matter content of the soil have been
established for uncultivated sampling sites. Organic matter could
play an important role in evaluating the mobility of 210Po and 210Pb
in soil environment. All obtained ndings will be important and useful for investigation of soil erosion in this area.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from The Scientic and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TBTAK) contract no. 106Y054
and The Ege University Science and Technology Research Center
(EBLTEM) contract no. 2007BL021. Thanks are also extended to
Mr. Ramazan Manav, Dr. Mutlu hedef and Dr. lker Sert for assistance with eldwork and sample processing.
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