UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

A. V. A.tiD, Director

Handbook of Mathematical Functions

With
Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables

Edited by
Milton AhraIIlowitz and Irene A. Stegun

National Bureau of Standards

Applied Mathematics Series 55
Issued June 1964
Tenth Printing, December 1972, with corrections

For .ale by the Superiotend .... t of Document.. U.S. Government Printing Omce
W . .hington. D.C. 20402 - Price '11.35 dOlDeetio potItpaid, or flO.50 GPO Book.tore

The text relating to physical constants and conversion factors (page 6)

has been modified to take into account the newly adopted 8ysteme International d'Unites (81).

ERRATA NOTICE
The original printing of this Handbook (June 1964) contained
errors that have been corrected in the reprinted editions. These corrections are marked with an asterisk (*) for identification. The errors
occurred on the following pages: 2-3,6-8,10,15,19-20,25,76,85,91,102,
187, 189-197,218,223,225,233,250,255,260-263, 268,271-273,292,302,
328,332,333-337,362,365,415,423,438-440,443,445,447,449,451,484,
498, 505-506,509-510,543,556,558,562,571,5~5, 599,600,722-723, 739,
742, 744,746,752,756,760-765,774,777-785,790,79~801,822-823,832,
835,844, 886-889,897,914,915, 920,930-931~936,940-941,944-950,953,
960, 963, 989-990, 1010, 1026.

Originally issued June 1964. Second printing, November 1964. Third printing, March 1965.
Fourth printing, December 1965. Fifth printing, August 1966. Sixth printing, November 1967.
Seventh printing, May 1968. Eighth printing, 1969. Ninth printing, November 1970.

Librnry of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-60036

Preface:
The present volume is an outgrowth of a Conference on Mathematical Tables
held at Cambridge, Mass., on September 15-16, 1954, under the auspices of the
National Science Foundation and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The
purpose of the meeting was to evaluate the need for mathematical tables in the light
of the availability of large scale computing machines. It was the consensus of
opinion that in spite of the increasing use of the new machines the basic need for
tables would continue to exist.
Numerical tables of mathematical functions are in continual demand by scientists and engineers. A. greater variety of functions and higher accuracy of tabulation are now required as a result of scientific advances and, especially, of the increasing use of automatic computers. In the latter connection, the tables serve
mainly for preliminary surveys of problems before programming for machine operation.
For those without easy access to machines, such tables are, of course, indispensable.
Consequently, the Conference recognized that there was a pressing need for a
modernized version of the classical tables of functions I[)f Jahnke-Emde. To implement the project, the National Science Foundation requested the National Bureau
of Standards to prepare such a volume and established an Ad Hoc Advisory Committee, with Professor Philip M. Morse of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
as chairman, to advise the staff of the National Bureau of Standards during the
-course of its preparation. In addition to the Chairman, the Committee consisted
of A. Erdelyi, M. C. Gray, N. Metropolis, J. B. Rosser, H. C. Thacher, Jr., John
Todd, C. B. Tompkins, and J. W. Tukey.
The primary aim has been to include a maximum of useful information within
the limits of a moderately large volume, with particullar attention to the needs of
scientists in all fields. An attempt has been made to cover the entire field of special
functions. To carry out the goal set forth by the Ad Hoc Committee, it has been
necessary to supplement the tables by including the mathematical properties that
are important in computation work, as well as by providing numerical methods
which demonstrate the use and extension of the tables.
The Handbook was prepared under the direction of' the late Milton Abramowitz,
and Irene A. Stegun. Its success has depended greatly upon the cooperation of
many mathematicians. Their efforts together with the cooperation of the Ad Hoc
Committee are greatly appreciated. The particular contributions of these and
other individuals are acknowledged at appropriate places in the text. The sponsorship of the National Science Foundation for the preparation of the material is
gratefully recognized.
It is hoped that this volume will not only meet the needs of all table users but
will in many cases acquaint its users with new functions.
Ar.LEN

V.

ASTIN,

Director.

Washington, D.C.
m

Preface to the Ninth Printing

The enthusiastic reception accorded the "Handbook of Mathematical
Functions" is little short of unprecedented in the long history of mathematical tables that began when John Napier published his tables of logarithms in 1614. Only four and one-half years after the first copy came
from the press in 1964, Myron Tribus, the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Science and Technology, presented the 100,000th copy of the
Handbook to Lee A. DuBridge, then Science Advisor to the President.
Today, total distribution is approaching the 150,000 mark at a scarcely
diminished rate.
The success of the Handbook has not ended our interest in the subject.
On the contrary, we continue our close watch over the growing and changing world of computation and to discuss with outside experts and among
ourselves the various proposals for possible extension or supplementation
of the formulas, methods and tables that make up the Handbook.
In keeping with previous policy, a number of errors discovered since
the last printing have been corrected. Aside from this, the mathematical
tables and accompanying text are unaltered. However, some noteworthy
changes have been made in Chapter 2: Physical Constants and Conversion
Factors, pp. 6-8. The table on page 7 has been revised to give the values
of physical constants obtained in a recent reevaluation; and pages 6 and 8
have been modified to reflect changes in definition and nomenclature of
physical units and in the values adopted for the acceleration due to gravity
in the revised Potsdam system.
The record of continuing acceptance of the Handbook, the praise that
has come from all quarters, and the fact that it is one of the most-quoted
scientific publications in recent years are evidence that the hope expressed
by Dr. Astin in his Preface is being amply fulfilled.
LEWIS M. BRANSCOMB,

Director
National Bureau of Standards

November 1970

Foreword
This volume is the resullt of the cooperative effort of many persons and a number
of organizations. The National Bureau of Standards has long been turning out
mathematical tables and has had under consideration, for at least 10 years, the
production of a compendium like the present one. During a Conference on Tables.
called by the NBS Applied Mathematics Division on May 15, 1952, Dr. Abramowitz of that Division mentioned preliminary plans for such an undertaking, but
indicated the need for technical advice and financial support.
The Mathematics Division of the National Research Council has also had an
active interest in tables; since 1943 it has published the quarterly journal, "Mathematical Tables and Aids to Computation" (MT AC) l' editorial supervision being
exercised by a Committee of the Division.
Subsequent to the NBS Conference on Tables in 1952 the attention of the
National Science Foundation was drawn to the desirability of financing activity in
table production. With its support a 2-day Conference on Tables was called at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology on September 15-16, 1954, to discuss the
needs for tables of various kinds. Twenty-eight persons attended, representing
scientists and engineers using tables as well as table producers. This conference
reached COnsensus on several conclusions and recommendations, which were set
forth in the published Report ~f the Conference. There was general agreement,
for example, "that the advent of high-speed computing equipment changed the
task of table making but definitely did not remove the need for tables". It was
also agreed that "an outstanding need is for a Handbook of Tables for the Occasional
Computer, with tables of usually encountered functions and a set of formulas and
tables for interpolation and other techniques useful to the occasional computer".
The Report suggested that the NBS undertake the production of such a Handbook
and that the NSF contribute financial assistance. The Conference elected, from its
participants, the following Committee: P. M. Morse (Chairman), M. Abramowitz,
J. H. Curtiss, R. W. Hamming, D. H. Lehmer, C. B. Tompkins, J. W. Tukey, to
help implement these and other recommendations.
The Bureau of Standards undertook to produce the recommended tables and the
National Science Foundation made funds available. '1'0 provide technical guidance
to the Mathematics Division of the Bureau, which carried out the work, and to provide the NSF with independent judgments on grants for the work, the Conference
Committee was reconstituted as the Committee on Revision of Mathematical
Tables of the Mathematics Division of the National Research Council. This, after
some changes of membership, became the Committee which is signing this Foreword.
The present volume is evidence that Conferences can sometimes reach conclusions
and that their recommendations sometimes get acted on.
v

VI

FOREWORD

Active work was started at the Bureau in 1956. The overall plan. the selection
of authors for the various chapters, and the enthusiasm required to begin the task
were contributions of Dr. Abramowitz. Since his untimely death, the effort has
continued under the general direction of Irene A. Stegun. The workers at the
Bureau and the members of the Committee have had many discussions about
content, style and layout. Though many details have had to be argued out as they
came up, the basic specifications of the volume have remained the same as were
outlined by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Conference of 1954.
The Committee wishes here to register its commendation of the magnitude and
quality of the task carried out by the staff of the NBS Computing Section and their
expert collaborators in planning, collecting and editing these Tables, and its appreciation of the willingness with which its various suggestions were incorporated into
the plans. We hope this resulting volume will be judged by its users to be a worthy
memorial to the vision and industry of its chief architect, Milton Abramowitz.
We regret he did not live to see its publication.
P. M. MORSE, Chairman.
A. ERDELYI
M. C. GRAY
N. C. METROPOLIS
J. B. ROSSER
H. C. THACHER. Jr.
JOHN TODD

'C. B.
J. W.

TOMPKINS
TUKEY.

Contents
Pa.ge

Preface . .
Foreword .
Introduction
1. MathematicaJ Constants .
DAVID

S.

rn

v
IX

LIEPHAN

2. Physical Constants and Conversion Factors

A. G. McNISH
3. Elementa.ry Analytical Methods . . .
MILTON ABRAMOWITZ '
4. Elementa.ry Transcenoontal Functions .
Logarithmic, ExponentiaI, Circular and Hyperbolic Functions
RUTH ZUCKER
5. Exponential Integral and Related Functions . . .
WALTER GAUTSCHI and WILLIAM F. CAHlLL
6. Gamma Function and Related Functions.
PHlLIP

J.

65
227
253

UAVIS

7. Error Function and Fresnel In tegrals

WALTER GAuTscm
8. Legendre Functions . . . . .
IRENE A. STEGUN
9. Bessel Functions of Integer Order .
F. W J.OLVER
10. Bessel Functions of Fractional Order.
H. A. ANTOSIEWICZ
11. Integrals of Bessel Functions. . . .
y UD ELL L. LUXE
12. Struve Functions and Related Functions .
MILTON ABRAMOWITZ
13. Con.fluent Hypergeometc Functions
Lucy J OAN SU TER
14. Coulomb Wave Functions
MILTON ABRAMOWITZ
15. Hypergeometc Functions
FRITZ OBERHETTINGER
16. Jacobian Ellip~ic Functions and Theta Functions
L. M. MILNE-THOM8oN
17. Elliptic IntegraJ8 . . . . . . . . . . . .
L. M. MILNE-THOM80N
18. Weierstr88S Elliptic and Related Functions .
THOMAS H. SOUTHARD
19. Parabolic Cylinder Functions. . . . . . .
J. C. P. MILLER

295

'.

331

355
435
479
495
503
537
555
567
587
627
685
VII

vm

CONTENTS
Page

20. Mathieu Functions . . . .

GERTRUDE BLANCH
21. Spberoidal Wave Functions.
ARNOLD N. LOWAN
22. Orthogonal Polynomials . .
URS W. HOCHSTRASSER
23. Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials, Riemann Zet a Function
EMILIE V. HA YNSWORTH and KARL GOLDBERG
24. Combinatorial Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K. GOLDBERG, M. NEWMAN and E. HA YNSWORTH
25. Numerical Interpolation, Differentiation and Integration.
PHILIP J. DAVIS and IVAN POLON8KY
26. Probability Functions . . . . . . . . . . . .
MARVIN ZELEN and NORMAN C. SEVERO
27. Miscella.neous Functions .
lRENE A. STEGUN
28. Scales of Notation. . . .
S. PEA VY and A. SCHOPF
29. Laplace Transforms .
Subject Index . .
Index of Notations . . .

721
751
771

803
821
875

925
997
1011

1019
1031
1044

Handbook of Mathematical Functions

with

Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables

Edited by Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun

I.

Introduction

The present Handbook has been designed to

provide scientific investigators with a comprehensive and self-contained summary of the mathematical functions that arise in physical and engineering problems. The well-known Tables of
Functions by E. Jahnke and F. Emde has been
invaluable to workers in these fields in its many
editions! during the past half-century. The
present volume extends the work of these authors
by giving more extensive and more accurate
numerical tables, and by giving larger collections
of mathematical properties of the tabulated
functions. The number of functions covered has
also been increased.
The classification of functions and organization
of the chapters in this Handbook is similar to
that of An Index of Mathematical Tables by
A. Fletcher, J. C. P. Miller, and L. Rosenhead. 2
In general, the chapters contain numerical tables,
graphs, polynomial or rational approximations
for automatic computers, and statements of the
principal mathematical properties of the tabulated functions, particularly those of computa-

2.

tional importance. Many numerical examples

are given to illustrate the use of the tables and
also the computation of function values which lie
outside their range. At the end of the text in
each chapter there is a short bibliography giving
books and papers in which proofs of the mathematical properties stated in the chapter may be
found. Also listed in the bibliographies are the
more important numerical tables. Comprehensive lists of tables are given in the Index mentioned above, and current information on new
tables is to be found in the National Research
Council quarterly Mathematics of Computation
(formerly Mathematical Tables and Other Aids
to Computation).
The ma.thematical notations used in this Handbook are those commonly adopted in standard
texts, particularly Higher Transcendental Functions, Volumes 1-3, by A. Erdelyi, W. Magnus,
F. Oberhettinger and F. G. Tricomi (McGrawHill, 1953-55). Some alternative notations have
also been listed. The introduction of new symbols
has been kept to a minimum, and an effort has
been made to avoid the use of conflicting notation.

Accuracy of the Tables

The number of significant figures given in each

table has depended to some extent on the number
available in existing tabulations. There has been
no attempt to make it uniform throughout the
Handbook, which would have been a costly and
laborious undertaking. In most tables at least
five significant fig'ures have been provided, and
the tabular intervals have generally been chosen
to ensure that linear interpolation will yield. fouror five-figure accuracy, which suffices in most
physical applications. Users requiring higher
1 The most recent, the sixth, with F. Loesch added as co-author, was
published In 1960 by McGraw-Hill, U.S.A. and Teubner, Germany.
The second edition, with L. J. Comrie added as co-author, was published
In two volumes In 1962 by Addison-Wesley, U.S.A., and Scientific Computing Service Ltd., Great Britain.

precision in their interpolates may obtain them

by use of higher-order interpolation procedures.
described below.
In certain tables many-figured function values
are given at irregular intervals in the a!'gument.
An exam})le is provided by Table 9.4. The purpose of these tables is to furnish "key values" for
the checking of programs for automatic computers;
no question of interpolation arises.
The ml1ximum end-figure error, or "tolerance"
in the tables in this Handbook is %0 of 1 unit
everywhere in the case of the elementary functions, and 1 unit in the case of the higher functions
except in a few cases where it has been permitted
to rise to 2 units.
IX

INTRODUCTION

3.

Auxiliary Functions and Arguments

One of the objects of this Handbook is to provide tables or computing methods which enable
the user to evaluate the tabulated functions over
complete ranges of real values of their parameters.
In order to achieve this object, frequent use has
been made of auxiliary functions to remove the
infinite part of the original functions at their
singUlarities, and auxiliary arguments to cope with
infinite ranges. An example will make the proced ure clear.
The exponential integral of positive argument
is given by
Ei(x) =

x eu

-du
-",u

The logarithmic singularity precludes direct interpolation near x=O. The functions Ei(x)-ln x
and X-I [Ei (x) -In x-'Y], however, are wellbehaved and readily interpolable in this region.
Either will do as an auxiliary function; the latter
was in fact selected as it yields slightly higher
accuracy when Ei(x) is recovered. The function
X-I lEi (x) -In x-'Y] has been tabulated to nine
decimals for the range O$x~:;!. For !$x$2,
Ei(x) is sufficiently well-behaved to admit direct
tabullation, but for larger values of x, its exponential character predominates. A smoother and
more readily interpolable function for 1arge x is
xe-XEi(x); this has been tabulated for 2$x$1O.
Finally, the range 10 $x $ co is covered by use of
the inverse argument X-I. Twenty-one entries of
xe-XEi(x) , corresponding to x- 1 =.1( -.005)0, suffice to produce an interpolable table.

4. Interpolation
The tables in this Handbook are not provided
with differences or other aids to interpolation, because it was felt that the space they require could
be better employed by the tabullation of additional
functions. Admittedly aids could have been given
without consuming extra space by increasing the
intervals of tabulation, but this would have conflicted with the requirement that linear interpolation is accurate to four or five figures.
For applications in which linear interpolation
is insufficiently accurate it is intended that
Lagrange's formula or Aitken's method of iterative linear interpolation 3 be used. To help the
user, there is a statement at the foot of most tables
of the maMmum error in a linear interpolate,
and. the number of function values needed in
Lagrange's formula or Aitken's method to interpolate to full tabular accuracy.
As an example, consider the following extract
from Table 5.1.
x

7. 5
7.6
7. 7
7.8
7.9

xe~El(x)

.89268
.89384
.89497
.89608
.89717

7854
6312
9666
8737
4302

8.0
8.1
8. 2
8. 3
8. 4

xe~El(x)

.89823
.89927
.90029
.90129
.90227

7113
7888
7306
60'>3
4695

The numbers in the square brackets mean that

the maximum error in a linear interpolate is
3 X 10- 6, and that to interpolate to the full tabular
accuracy five points must be used in Lagrange's
and Aitken's methods.
A. C. Aitken, On interpolation by iteration of proportional parts, with
out the use of d11ferences, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 3, 56-76 (1932).

Let us suppose that we wish to compute the

value of xe XE 1 (x) for x=7.9527 from this table.
We describe in turn the application of the methods
of linear interpolation, Lagrange and Aitken, and
of alternative methods based on differences and
Taylor's series.
(1) Linear interpolation. The formula for this
process is given by

where 10, 11 are consecutive tabular values of the

function, corresponding to arguments Xo, Xl> respectively; p is the given fraction of the argument
interval
p= (x-:l:o) (XI-XO)
and 11> the required interpolate.
instance, we have

10= .89717

4302

In the present
p=.527

The most convenient way to evaluate the formula

on a desk calculating machine is. to set fo and 11
in turn on the keyboard, and carry out the multiplications by 1-p and p cumulatively; a partial
check is then provided by the multiplier dial
reading unity. We obtain
/527=(1-.527)(.89717 4302)+.527(.89823 7113)
= .89773 4403.

Since it is known that there is a possible error

of 3 X 10- 6 in the linear formula, we round off this
result to .89773. The maximum possible error in
this answer is composed of the error committed

INTRODUCTION

by the last rounding, that is, .4403 X 10- 5 , plus

3 X 10- 6, and so certainly cannot exceed .8 X 10- 5
(2) Lagrange's formula. In this example, the
relevant formula is the ,S-point one, given by
f=A_ 2(p)}-2+ A_I (p)j-I + Ao(P)}o+ Al (P )}I

+A2 (p)f2

Tables of the coefficients Ak(P) are given in chapter

25 for ~he range p=0(.01)1. We evaluate the
formula for p=.52, .53 and .54 in turn. Again,
in each evalua~ion we accumulate the Ak(p) in the
multiplier register since their sum is unity. We
now have the following subtable.
x
7.952

xe>EI(x)
.89772 9757

7.953

.89774 0379

7.954

.89775 0999

1
2
3
4
5

-2
10620

10622

y,,=xezEI(x)
.89823 7113
.89717 4302
.89927 7888
.89608 8737
.90029 7306
.89497 9666

x..
8.0
7. 9
8. 1
7. 8
8. 2
7. 7

Yo."

The numbers in the third and fourth columns are

the first and second differences of the values of
xe"EI (x) (see below); the smallness of the second
difference provides a check on the three interpolations. The required value is now obtained by
linear interpolation:
}p=.3(.89772 9757)+.7(.89774 0379)

=.89773 7192.
In cases where the correct order of the Lagrange
polynomial is not known, one of the preliminary
mterpolations may have to be performed with
polynomials of two or more different orders as a
check on their adequacy .
(3) Aitken's method of iterative linear interpolation. The scheme for carrying out this process
in the present example is as follows:
YO.I.2

YO.I."

. 89773 44034
. 89774 48264 . 89773 71499
2 90220
2394
4 98773
1216
2 35221
2706

Yo1.,,=x

XO-XI
X,,-X

Xo

10

XI

/I

X2

IYo.I
-x Y
1

"

0."

IYO.I. .... m-I.m

YO. I . . . . . m-I. m ,,=x -x Y

"

0,1.' ". ",-1.110

Xm-Xl

X,,-x

If the quantities Xn-X and Xm-X are used as

multipliers when forming the cross-product on a
desk machine, their accumulation (xn-x) - (xm-x)
in the multiplier register is the divisor to be used
at that stage. An extra decimal place is usually
carried in the intermediate interpolates to safeguard against accumulation of rounding errors.
The order in which the tabular values are used
is immaterial to some extent, but to achieve the
maximum rate of convergence and at the same
time minimize accumulation of rounding errors,
we begin, as in this example, with the tabular
argument nearest to the given argument, then
take the nearest of the remaining tabular arguments, and so on.
The number of tabular values required to
achieve a given precision emerges naturally in
the course of the iterations. Thus in the present
example six values were used, even though it was
known in advance that five would suffice. The
extra row confirms the convergence and provides
a valuable check.
(4) Difference formulas. We use the central
difference notation (chapter 25),

YO.I.2.S ...

.89773 71938
16
43

Here
1 IYO
yo.,,=-X,,-Xo y ..

XI

fz

Xs

la

X4

/.

89773 71930
30
8/1/2
8/a/2
8/a/2

82/1

a2fz
82/a

X,,-x
.0473
-.0527
.1473
-.1527
.2473
-.2527

88/a/2
88/a/2

a4fz

817/2

Here
8/1/2=/1-/0, 8/a/2=/2-/h . . . ,.
'81 = 8/s/2 - 8/112 =/2- 2/1 +/0
a8/3fZ= a2/2- a2/1 =/a- 3fz+ 3/1-/0
84fz = 881512 - 88/S/2 = /. - 4fa + 612 -

4/1 +10
and so on.
In the present example the relevant part of the
difference table is as follows, the differences being
written in units of the last decimal place of the
function, as is customary. The smallness of ~he
high differences provides a check on the functIOn
values
x
xe"EI(x)
841
a21
7. 9 . 89717 4302
8. 0 . 89823 7113

-2 2754
-2 2036

-34
-39

Applying, for example, Everett's interpolation

formula
1,,=(I-p)/0+E2(p)a2/0+E 4 (p)84/0+ . . .
+p/l+ F2 (p) 82/ 1 + F,(p) 84/1 +

and taking the numerical values of the interpolation coefficients E 2 (P) , E,(p) , F 2 (P) and F,(p)
from Table 25.1, we find tIiat

INTRODUCTION

XII

109h27 = .473(89717 4302) + .061196(2 2754) - .012(34)

+ .527(89823 7113) + .063439(2 2036) - .012(39)
=897737193.

We may notice in passing that Everett's

formula shows that the error in a linear interpolate
is approximately

can be used. We first compute as many of the

derivatives pn) (Xo) as are significant, and then
evaluate the series for the given value of x.
An advisable check on the computed values of the
derivatives is to reproduce the adjacent tabular
values by evaluating the series for X=X-l and Xl.
In the present example, we have

+ Fz(p) ][52fo+5 2ftl

value of \E2(p)+F2(P) \ in

E2(P)02fo+ F z(p)02fl "" UE 2(p)

f(x) =xezE\(x)
'(X) = (l+x- l )f(x)-l
"(x) = (1 +x-I)f' (x) -x-2f(x)
"'(x) = (1 +x-I)f"(x) -2x-2f' (x)

Since the maximum

the
range O<p<l is %, the maximum error in a linear
interpolate is approximately
116152/0+62/11, that is, 116112-/1-/0+1-11.

(5) Taylor'S series. In cases where the successive derivatives of the tabulated function can be
computed fairly easily, Taylor's expansion
f(x) =f(xoH

j:

With xo=7.9 and x-xo=.0527 our computations

are as follows; an extra decimal has been retained
in the values of the terms in the series to safeguard
against accumulation of rounding errors.
f(k) (xo) /k!

.89717
.01074
- .00113
.00012

1
2
3

(X-xo/'i~o) + (X_Xo)2f'~(~0)

+ (X_XO)3 f '''(XO) +

4302
0669
7621
1987

(x-xo) kf(k) (xo)/k!

.89717
.00056
- .00000
.00000

Inverse Interpolation

With linear interpolation there is no difference

in principle between direct and inverse interpolation. In cases where the linear formula provides
an insufficiently accurate answer, two methods are
available. We may interpolate directly, for
example, by Lagrange's formula to prepare a new
table at a fine interval in the neighborhood of the
approximate value, and then apply accurate
inverse linear interpolation to the subtabulated
values. Alternatively, we may use Aitken's
method or even possibly the Taylor'S series
method, with the roles of function and argument
interchanged.
It is important to realize that the accuracy of
an inverse interpolate may be very different from
that of a direct interpolate. This is particularly
true. in regions where the function is slowly
varymg, for example, near a maximum or minimum. The maximum precision attainable in an
inverse interpolate can be estimated with the aid of
the formula

AX~Aj/dj
in which Aj is the maximum possible error in the
function values.
Example. Given xex E l (x)=.9, find X from the
table on page X.
(i) Inverse linear interpolation. The formula
for pis
p = (jp - jo) / (jl - jo).
In the present example, we have
.9-.89927 7888
.90029 7306-.89927 7888

The desired x is therefore

X=:tO+P(XI-XO) =8.1+ .708357(.1) =8.17083 57

To estimate the possible error in this answer,

we recall that the maximum error of direct linear
interpolation in this table is Aj=3X10-6 An
approximate value for dj/dx is the ratio of the
first difference to the argument interval (chapter
25), in this case .010. Hence the maximum error
in x is approximately 3X1O-6/(.010), that is, .0003.
(ii) Sub tabulation method. To improve the
approximate value of x just obtained, we interpolate directly for p=.70, .71 and .72 with the aid
of Lagrange's 5-point formula,
x

xezE1(x)

8.170

.89999 3683

8.171

.90000 3834

62

1 0151

-2

1 0149
8. 172

.90001 3983

Inverse linear interpolation in the new table

gives

dx

4302
6033 3
3159 5
0017 9

.89773 7194

3!

5.

+ 2x-3f(x).

72 2112
101 9418

.708357.

.9- .89999 3683

.00001 0151

.6223

Hence x=8.17062 23.

An estimate of the maximum error in this result
is
Aj/dj"",lX10dx
.010

1X10- 7

(iii) Aitken's method. This is carried out in the

same manner as in direct interpolation.

xm

INTRODUCTION
n

y,. =xe"EI (x)

0
1
2
3
4
5

,90029
,89927
.90129
.89823
.90227
,89717

7306
7888
6033
7113
4695
4302

x,.

8,2
8. 1
8.3
8. 0
8. 4
7,9

:to,!,,.

Xo,,.

8.
8.
8.
8.
8,

17083
17023
17113
16992
17144

5712
1505
8043
9437
0382

8.17061
2
1
2

9521
5948
7335
8142

:to ,I ,2,,,

:to ,I ,2,3,,.

8. 17062 2244
415
231

8. 17062 2318
265

Y,,-y
,00029
-.00072
.00129
-.00176
,00227
-, 00282

7306
2112
6033
2887
4695
5Gf!8

The estimate of the maximum error in this \ discrepancy in the highest interpolates, in this
result is the same as in the sub tabulation method.
case Xo ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4, and Xo,1,2 ,3 ,5.
An indication of the error is also provided by the

6. Bivariate Interpolation
Bivariate interpolation is generally most simply
performed as a sequence of univariate interpolations, We carry out the interpolation in one
direction, by one of the methods already described,
for several tabular values of the second argument
in the neighborhood of its given value. The
interpolates are differenced as a check, and

7.

interpolation is then carried out in the second

direction,
An alternative procedure in the case of functions
of a complex variable is to use the Taylor's series
expansion, provided that successive derivatives
of the function can be computed without much
difficulty,

Generation of Functions from Recurrence Relations

Many of the special mathematical functions

which depend on a parameter, called their index,
order or degree, satisfy a linear difference equation (or recurrence relation) with respect to this
parameter. Examples are furnished by the Legendre function Pn(X) , the Bessel function In(x)
and the exponential integral En(x), for which we
have the respective recurrence relations
(n+ l)P"+1- (2n+ 1)xP.. +nP..- l =0
2n
J,.+I--;J,.+J,.-I=O

(iii) the direction in which the recurrence is being

applied, Examples are as follows,
Stability-increasing n
p .. (x), P,:(x)
Q.. (x), Q,:(x) (x<l)
Y,.(x), K,.(x)

J-..-'A(x), [-n-'A(x)
E .. (x) (n<x)

Stability-decreasing n
p .. (x), P,:(x) (x<l)
Q.. (x), Q,:(x)

Particularly for automatic work, recurrence relations provide an important and powerful computing tool. If the values of [>n(x) or In(x) are
known for two consecutive values of n, or En(x)
is known for one value of n, then the function may
be computed for other values of n by successive
applications of the relation. Since generation is
carried out perforce with rounded values, it is
vital to know how errors may be propagated in
the recurrence process. If the errors do not grow
relative to the size of the wanted function, the
process is said to be stable. If, however, the
relative errors grow and will eventually overwhehn the wanted function, the process is unstable,
It is important to realize that stability may
depend on (i) the particular solution of the difference equation being computed; (ii) the values of
x or other parameters in the difference equation;

J .. (x), [ .. (x)
J "+'A(x), ["+'A(x)

E .. (x) (n>x)
F .. (f/, p) (Coulomb wave function)

Illustrations of the generation of functions from

their recurrence relations are given in the pertinent
chapters, It is also shown that even in cases
where the recurrence process is unstable, it may
still be used when the starting values are known
to sufficient accuracy,
Mention must also be made here of a refinement,
due to J, C. P. Miller, which enables a recurrence
process which is stable for decreasing n to be
applied without any knowledge of starting values
for large n, Miller's algorithm, which is wellsuited t.o automatic work, is described in 19.28,
Example 1.

XIV

INTRODUCTION

8.

Acknowledgments

The production of this volume has been the

result of the unrelenting efforts of many persons,
all of whose contributions have been instrumental
in accomplishing the task. The Editor expresses
his thanks to each and everyone.
The Ad Hoc Advisory Committee individually
and together were instrumental in establishing
the basic tenets that served as a guide in the formation of the entire work. In particular, special
thanks are due to Professor Philip M. Morse for
his continuous encouragement and support.
Professors J. Todd and A. Erdelyi, panel members
of the Conferences on Tables and members of the
Advisory Committee have maintained an undiminished interest, offered many suggestions and
carefully read all the chapters.
IreneA. Stegun has served effectively as associate
editor, sharing in each stage of the planning of
the volume. Without her untiring efforts, completion would never have been possible.
Appreciation is expressed for the generous
cooperation of publishers and authors in granting
permission for the use of their source material.
Acknowledgments for tabular material taken
wholly or in part from published works are given
on the first page of each table. Myrtle R. Kellington corresponded with authors and publishers
to obtain formal permission for including their
material, maintained uniformity throughout the

bibliographic references and assisted in preparing

the introductory material.
Valuable assistance in the preparation, checking
and editing of the tabular material was received
from Ruth E. Capuano, Elizabeth F. Godefroy,
David S. Liepman, Kermit Nelson, Bertha H.
Walter and Ruth Zucker.
Equally important has been the untiring
cooperation, assistance, and patience of the
members of the NBS staff in handling the myriad
of detail necessarily attending the publication
of a volume of this magnitude. Especially
appreciated have been the helpful discussions and
services from the members of the Office of Technical Information in the areas of editorial format,
graphic art layout, printing detail, preprinting
reproduction needs, as well as attention to promotional detail and financial support. In addition,
the clerical and typing staff of the Applied Mathematics Division merit commendation for their
efficient and patient production of manuscript
copy involving complicated technical notation.
Finally, the continued support of Dr. E. W.
Cannon, chief of the Applied Mathematics
Division, and the advice of Dr. F. L. Alt, assistant
chief, as well as of the many mathematicians in
the Division, is gratefully acknowledged.

M.

ABRAMOWITZ.

I. Mathematical Constants
DAVID

S.

LIEPMAN

Contents
Page

Table 1.1. Mathematical Constants

-fii, n prime < 100, 20S . . . .

Some roots of 2, 3, 5, 10, 100, 1000, e,

20S.

en, n=l(l)lO,

25S .

en.. , n=l(l)lO,

208.

e', e'Y, 20S

In n, loglo
In

7r',

n=2(1)1O, primes <100,

71,

In.J2,;-, loglo

11',

11 In 10,11=1(1)9,
n7r', n= 1(1)9,
7r' " ,

n=1(1)10,

Fractions of

7r',

loglo e,

26, 25S

25S.

25S

25S.

25S

powers and roots involving

11',

25S

1 radian in degrees,

268 .

1, 1', I" in radians,

24D.

'Y, In 'Y,

24D

ret), 1/r(!),

15D.

3
3

National Bureau of Standards.

1

MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS

TABLE 1. 1.

-Vn

n(prime)

2
3
5

1. 4142

1. 7320
2. 2360
2.6457
3. 3166
3. 6055
4. 1231
4. 3588
4. 7958
5.3851
5. 5677
6. 0827
6.4031
6. 5574
6.8556
7.2801
7.6811
7.8102
8.1853
8. 4261
8. 5440
8. 8881
9.1104
9.4339
9. 8488

13562
50807
67977
51311
24790
51275
05625
98943
31523
64807
64362
62530
24237
38524
54600
09889
45747
49675
52771
49773
03745
94417
33579
81132
57801

37309
56887
49978
06459
35539
46398
61766
54067
31271
13450
83002
29821
43284
30200
40104
28051
86860
90665
87244
17635
31753
31558
14429
05660
79610

1)
1)
2)
2)
3)
3)
3)
4)

2. 7182
7. 3890
2. 0085
5.4598
1. 4841
4. 0342
1.0966
2. 9809
8. 1030
2. 2026

81828
56098
53692
15003
31591
87934
33158
57987
83927
46579

45904
93065
31876
31442
02576
92735
42845
04172
57538
48067

( 1)
( 2)
( 4)
( 5)
( 6)
( 8)
( 9)
(10)
(12)
(13)

2.3140
5.3549
1. 2391
2.8675
6.6356
1. 5355
3. 5533
8.2226
1. 9027
4. 4031

69263
16555
64780
13131
23999
29353
21280
31558
73895
50586

27792
24764
79166
36653
34113
95446
84704
55949
29216
06320

69006
73650
97482
29975
42333
69392
43597
95275
12917
29011

( 1) 1. 5154 26224 14792

1. 7810 72417 99019

64190
79852

11
13
17
19
23
29
31
37
41
43
47
53
59
61
67
71
73
79
83
89
97

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

e'
e~

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

3. 1622 77660
2. 1544 34690
101li
1. 7782 79410
101/5
1. 5848 93192
1001/3
4.6415 88833
1001/5
2.5118 86431
10001/4
5. 6234 13251
1000115
3. 9810 71705
21/3
1.2599 21049
31/3
1. 4422 49570
21/i
1. 1892 07115
31/i
1. 3160 74012
2-1/2 (- 1) 7.0710 67811
3-1/2 (- 1) 5.7735 02691
5-1/2 (- 1) 4.4721 35954
eT/2
eT/4
e- T/2
e- T/4
el /2
e- l /2
el /3
e- l /3

60287
30427
92853
11026
11156
83872
63720
43592
09997
95790

47180
12288
94361
37912
59469
10149
41541
24577
85092
95272
49357
13344
38979
94215
95829
87204
17912
72066
00115

55994
66810
11989
43410
22805
05531
67983
33621
99404
79837
46153
05621
16644
92914
98647
48514
64422
70430
69356

16555
54566
90855
23677
81468
42360
95286
25043

((((((((({. -

1)
1)
2)
2)
3)
3)
4)
4)
4)
5)

3.6787
1. 3533
4.9787
1. 8315
6.7379
2.4787
9.1188
3.3546
1.2340
4.5399

94411
52832
06836
63888
46999
52176
19655
26279
98040
92976

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

(- 2)
(- 3)
(- 5)
(- 6)
(- 7)
(- 9)
(-10)
( -11)
(-13)
(-14)

4.3213
1.8674
8.0699
3.4873
1. 5070
6.5124
2.8142
1. 2161
5. 2554
2. 2711

91826
42731
51757
42356
17275
12136
68457
55670
85176
01068

37722
70798
03045
20899
39006
07990
48555
94093
00644
32409

49774
88144
99239
54918
46107
07282
27211
08397
85552
38387

e-'

(- 2) 6.5988 03584 53125

(- 1) 5. 6145 94835 66885

37077
16982

(- 1)

e- ft

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

71442
36612
78639
87341
08546
66635
54516
02511
86679
24848

32159
69189
42979
80293
70966
84230
20800
83882
54949
51535

55238
39995
34242
71802
36048 .
45167
31361
13891
76367
59152

e- n1r

e-~

172321
952452
344642
007593
124774
053527
516964
904905
179915
619436
534874
495346
090274
067528
832720
291643
680957
667634
728425

96535
73801
50761
65996
70012
12633
08608
73789

(- I)

(- 1)
(- 1)

53094
96913
06188
03746
50008
33051
59282
93827
56840
05440
67360
60802
04600
96908
40271
62459
44443
78038
24234

93320
37219
28012
34853
88924
01112
08040
25077
31648
83823
10667
24608
52440
76451
93928

77380
80050
95763
81277
21270
06597
1242')
13105

In n

O. 6931
1. 0986
1. 3862
1. 6094
1. 7917
1. 9459
2. 0794
2. 1972
2. 3025
2.3978
2. 5649
2.8332
2. 9444
3.1354
3.3672
3.4339
3.6109
3. 7135
3. 7612

16837
03188
03892
46111
61277
50958
90349
53497
89487
30740
00272
95249
86547
89625
99957

4. 8104
2. 1932
2.0787
4.5593
1.6487
6.0653
1.3956
7. 1653

52353
02272
67740
39078
60342
12260
85992
82747
40077
16516

e ftT

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
17
19
23
29
31
37
41
43

101/2
101/3

50488
72935
96964
05905
98491
92931
05498
35522
95416
40313
19221
96890
86865
06523
41249
82711
81758
43941
99700
86306
11679
88501
88819
38113
47217

eft

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS

Iog lO n

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
17
19
23
29
31
37
41
43

(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

See page

II.

3.0102
4.7712
6.0205
6.9897
7.7815
8.4509
9.0308
9.5424
1. 0000
1. 0413
1. 1139
1. 2304
1. 2787
1. 3617
1.4623
1. 4913
1. 5682
1. 6127
1.6334

99956
12547
99913
00043
12503
80400
99869
25094
00000
92685
43352
48921
53600
27836
97997
61693
01724
83856
68455

63981
HiG62
27962
36018
83643
14256
91943
39324
00000
15822
30683
37827
95282
01759
89895
83427
06699
71973
57958

19521
43729
39042
80478
63250
83071
58564
87459
00000
50407
67692
39285
89615
28788
60873
26796
49968
54945
65264

37389
50279
74778
62611
87668
22163
12167
00558
00000
50200
06505
40170
36333
67777
32847
66704
08451
09412
05088

MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS

TABLE 1.1.
n

3. 8501
3.9702
4. 0775
4.1108
4. 2046
4. 2626
4. 2904
4. 3694
4.4188
4. 4886
4. 5747

In1l"
In-y'2;

( -1) 9. 1893

47601
91913
37443
73864
92619
79877
59441
47852
40607
36369
10978

85868
18341
94506
12487
60596
54213
11290
14941
79234
98383
28221

209507
444691
160504
513891
700720
294545
921089
729455
754722
178155
167216

1. 1447 29885 84940

85332 04672

01741
74178

43427
03296

11"/2
11"/3

7r/4
11"1/2
11"1/3
11"1/4
r2/3

,..<1/4
,..<1/2
11"'

(211")1/2
(11"/2)1/2
11"(2)-1/2
1r

10
99404
98809
98213
97618
49702
79642
09583
39523
69464

log lO n

47
53
59
61
67
71
73
79
83
89
97

1. 6720

74644
90456
41902
70338
64341
52860
59010
14279
39038
27847
48517

14219
32992
60656
85749
49132
92829
74387
94821
32760
23543
84362

(-1) 4.9714 98726 94133

( -1) 4. 3429 44819 03251

85435
82765

12683
11289

32384
64769
97153
72953
66192
59430
52669
45907
39146

62643
25287
87930
85057
31322
77586
23850
70115
16379

1. 7242

1. 7708

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

log 10 1l"
log lOe

n In

97857 93571
75869 60078
52011 64214
29835 01076
74802 70082
58348 71907
22860 12045
27091 290-14
78092 37607
90006 64491
71734 :~624

7853
8260
8512
8633
8976
9190
9493
9867

n1l"

2. 3025
4. 6051
6.9077
9.2103
1. 1512
1.3815
1.6118
1. 8420
2.0723

85092
70185
55278
40371
92546
51055
09565
68074
26583

3.1415
9. 8696
3. 1006
9.7409
3. 0601
9. 6138
3.0202
9.4885
2. 9809
9. 3648

92653
04401
27668
09103
96847
91935
93227
31016
09933
04747

58979
08935
02998
40024
85281
75304
77679
07057
34462
60830

32384
86!88
20175
37236
45326
43703
20675
40071
11666
20973

62643
34491
47632
44033
27413
02194
14206
28576
50940
71669

96326
97551
( -1) 7. 8539 81633
1. 7724 53850
1. 4645 91887
1. 3313 35363
2.1450 29397
2.3597 30492
5. 5683 27996
1) 2. 2459 15771
2. 5066 28274
1. 2533 14137
2. 2214 41469

79489
19659
97448
90551
56152
80038
11102
41469
83170
83610
63100
31550
07918

66192
77461
30961
60272
32630
97127
56000
68875
78452
45473
05024
02512
31235

31322
54214
56608
98167
20143
97535
77444
78474
84818
42715
15765
07883
07940

57.2957 79513
0.0174 53292

08232
51994

08767 98155
32957 69237r

1"

28606

In 'Y

-0.5495

39312 98164

1/f(1/2)
1/f(1/3)
1/r(2/3)
l/rO/4)
1/f(3/4)
1/f(4/3)
l/f(5/3)
1/f(5/4)
1/f(7/4)
In f(4/3)
In f(5/3)
In f(5/4)
In f(7/4)

O. 5641
O. 3732
O. 7384
0.2758
0.8160
1. 1198
1. 1077
1. 1032
1. 0880
-0. 1131
-0.1023
-0.0982
-0.0844

89583
82173
88111
15662
48939
46521
32167
62651
65252
91641
14832
71836
01121

1)
1)
1)
1)
1)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

71005
55212
90571
17331
39096
04131
14839
46702
79659
73213
50338

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS-Continued

In n

47
53
59
61
67
71
73
79
83
89
97

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

56840 17991
13680 35983
70520 53974
27360 71966
28420 08996
74104 10795
19788 12594
65472 14393
11156 16192

1)

2)
2)
3)
3)
4)
4)

1. 5707

1. 0471

'Y

O. 5772 15664 90153

f(I/2)
f(1/3)
f(2/3)
f(1/4)
f(3/4)
f(4/3)
f(5/3)
f(5/4)
f(7/4)
In f(1/3)
In f(2/3)
In f(1/4)
In f(3/4)

1. 7724
2.6789
1. 3541
3.6256
1. 2254
O. 8929
O. 9027
0.9064
0.9190
O. 9854
O. 3031
1. 2880
O. 2032

53850
38534
17939
09908
16702
79511
45292
02477
62526
20646
50275
22524
80951

905516
707748
426400
221908
465178
569249
950934
055477
848883
927767
147523
698077
431296

1)
1)
1)
1)
1)
1)

11""

1)

(
(
(
(
(
(

a. 1415 92653 58979

13.2831 85307 17958
n. 4247 77960 76937
1. 2566 37061 43591
1. 5707 96326 79489
1. 8849 55592 15387
2. 1991 14857 51285
2. 5132 74122 87183
2.8274 33388 23081

06512

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
311"/2
411"/3
11"(2)1/2
11"-1/2
11"-1/3
11"-1/4
11"-2/3
11"-3/4
11"-3/2
11"-'
(211")-1/2
(2/11")1/2
21/2/11"

11"-"

(-1)
(-1)
(-2)
(-2)
(-3)
(-3)
(-4)
(-4)
(-5)
(-5)

(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

(-1)
(-1)
(-2)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

98861
11836
53443
98225
63643
61473
36801
03916
80357
27922

83790
42337
31994
46843
05338
2958.5
77566

4.7123
4. 1887
4. 4428
5.6418
6.8278
7.5112
4.6619
4.2377
l. 7958
4.4525
3.9894
7.9788
4.5015

88980
90204
82938
95835
40632
55444
40770
72081
71221
26726
22804
45608
81580

38468
78639
158:-16
47756
552!l5
64942
35411
23757
251G6
69229

534~13

20886
68615

014:~2

02865
785.j:-l

O. 0002 90888 20866

O. 0000 04848 13681

l'

See page

3.1830
L 0132
3.2251
1. 0265
3.2677
1. 0401
3.3109
1. 0539
3.3546
1.0678

II.

547756
907395
621648
8:-10209
098263
722186
432472
320837
131017
740343
960640
421813
020486

67153
77144
89184
35189
54726
22960
76432
66633
91287
33662

77675
38795
42205
15278
28250
89838
59528
17287
39854
04078

98576
09846
62470
28694
68146
48285
61438
59679
56168
06151
67793
35587
03477

93965
16858
15881
80795
70208
87030
19885
10077
90820
35273
99461
98921
75996

57215 96154r
10953 59936r
48223

37662

2. Physical Constants and Conversion Factors

A. G. McNISH

Contents
Page

Table 2.1. Common Units and Conversion Factors

Table 2.2. Names and Conversion Factors for Electric and Magnetic
Units. . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 2.3. Adjusted Values of Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TaMe 2.4. Miscellaneous Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 2.5. Conversion Factors for Customary U.S. Units to Metric
Units. . . . . .
Table 2.6. Geodetic Constants. . . . . . . . . .

6
7
8
8
8

National Bureau of Standards.

5

2. Physical Constants and Conversion Factors

rise to the CGS system, often used in physics
and chemistry.

The tables in this chapter supply some of

the more commonly needed physical co.nstants and conversio.n factors.
All scientific measurements in the fields of
mechanics and heat are based upon four international arbitrarily adopted units, the
magnitudes of which are fixed by four agreed
on standards:
Length-the meter-fixed by the vacuum
wavelength of radiation corresponding to the
transition 2P\O-5D~ of krypto.n 86

Table 2.1. Common Units and Conversion

Factors
Quantity
-

Force, F
Energy, W
Power P

SI
name
newton
joule
watt

CGS
name
dyne
erg
....................

81 unit/
CGS unit
10
10 7
10'

The SI unit of electric current is the ampere

defined by the equation 2rml 1lt/41T = F giving
the force in vacuo per unit length between
two infinitely long parallel conductors of infinitesimal cross-section. If F is in newtons,
and r.n has the numerical value 477 x 10- 7 ,
then II and I ~ are in amperes. The customary equations define the other electric and
magnetic units o.f SI such as the volt, ohm,
farad, henry, etc. The force between electric charges in a vacuum in this system is
given by Q1Q2/41Trer2=F. re having the numerical value 1Q7/41TC2 where c is the speed
of light in meters per second (re = 8.854
X 10- 12).
The CGS unrationalized system is obtained
by deleting 41T in the denominators in these
equations and expressing F in dynes, and r
in centimeters. Setting rill equal to. unity defines the CGS unrationalized electromagnetic
system (emu), re then taking the numerical
value o.f 1/c2 Setting re equal to. unity defines the CGS unrationalized electrostatic
system (esu), r m then taking the numerical
value of 1/c 2

(1 meter -1650763.73"-).
Mass - the kilo.gram - fixed by the international kilogram at Sevres, France.
Time-the second-fixed as 1/31,556,925.9747
of the tropical year 1900 at 12" ephemeris
time, or the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles
of the hyperfine transitio.n frequency o.f cesium 133.
Temperature-the degree-fixed on a thermodynamic basis by taking the temperature
for the triple point of natural water as 273.16
oK. (The Celsius scale is obtained by adding
- 273.15 to the Kelvin scale.)
Other units are defined in terms of them by
assigning the value unity to. the pro.Po.rtio.nality constant in each defining equatio.n. The
entire system, including electricity units, is
called the Systeme International d'Unites
(SI). Taking the 1/100 part of the meter as
the unit o.f length and the 1/1000 part of the
kilogram as the unit of mass, similarly, gives

Table 2.2. Names and Conversion Factors for Electric and Magnetic Units
Quantity

Current
Charge
Potential
Resistance
Inductance
Capacitance
Magnetizing force
Magnetomotive force
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux density
Electric displacement

81
name
ampere
coulomb
volt
ohm
henry
farad
amp. turns!
meter
amp. turns
weber
tesla

emu
name
abampere
abcoulomb
abvolt
abohm
centimeter

-------------oersted

gilbert
maxwell
gauss

esu
name
stat ampere
statcoulomb
statvolt
statohm

-------------centimeter

--------------

----------------------------------------------------- -------------- --------------

SI unit/
esu unit

81 unit/
emu unit
10- 1
10- 1
108
109
109
10-9
4". X 10-3*

",3 X 109
-3X 109
"-'(1/3) X 10-2
-(1/9) X 10-11
-(1/9) X 10-11
"",,9X 1011
-3X 109 *

4". X 10-1 *
108
104

-(1/3) X 10-2

lO- s

_3/10 6 *
",(1/3) X 10-6
",3 X 105*

Example: If the value assigned to a current is 100 amperes its value in abamperes is lOOX 10- 1 = 10.
*Divide this number by 41T if unrationalized system is involved; other numbers are unchanged.
6

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

The values of constants given in Table 2.3 are based on an adjustment by Taylor, Parker, and Langenberg,
Rev. Mod. Phys. 41, p.375 (1969). They are being considered for adoption by the Task Group on Fundamental Constants of the Committee on Data for Science and Technology, International Council of Scientific Unions. The uncertainties given are standard errors estimated from the experimental data included in the adjustment. Where applicable, values are based on the unified scale of atomic masses in which the atomic mass unit (u) is defined as 1112 of
the mass of the atom of the 12C nuclide.

Table 2.3. Adjusted Values of Constants

Constant

Symbol

Speed of light in vacuum ................ C

Elementary charge ............................ e

2.9979260
1.6021917
4.803250
6.022169
1.660531
9.109558
5.485930
1.672614
1.00727661
1.674920
1.00866620
9.648670
2.892699
6.626196
1.0545919
7.297361
1.3703602
1.7588028
6.272769
4.135708
1.3796234
2.4263096
3.861592
1.3214409
2.103139
1.09737312
6.2917716
2.817939
2.6761966
4.257707
2.6751270
4.267597
9.274096
6.060951
1.4106203
2.792782

Avogadro constant .......... ................ N.

Atomic mass unit ............................ u
Electron rest mass .......................... m.
Proton rest mass ...... ........................ m,.
Neutron rest mass ....................._... m.
I

Faraday constant ............................ F

Planck constant ................................ 1 h
,X '
Fine structure constant .................. II
, 1/0.
Charge to mass rlltio for electron.. elm.

Quantum-charge ratio ......... _........... hIe

Compton wavelength of electron .... >'c
>.0/2,..

Compton wavelength of proton .... >.0

>'0 . /2,..
Rydberg constant .............................. Reo
Bohr radius ...................................... "Electron radius ................ ................ r.
Gyromagnetic ratio of proton ........ "'(
"'(/2 ....

(u~~~;re.~~.~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~

..
..
.... {
Bohr magneton ............ ......................
Nuclear 'rnagneton ............................
Proton moment ................................ ..
(uncorrected for diamagnetism,
H,O) ................................................
Gas constant ......................................
Normal volume perfect gas ............
Boltzmann constant ..........................
First radiation constant (8,..hc) ....
Second radiation constant ..............
Stefan-Boltzmann constant ............
Gravitational constant ........... __.....

~: /2,.
POB
POll

2.792709
8.31434
2.24136
1.380622
4.992579
1.438833
5.66961
6.673 2

po' .lPOll

V.
k
c,
Ct
tI

tBased on 1 std. dev; applies to last digits

Value

Unit
Uncer- -----------------,--------------------Centimeter-gram-second
tainty Systeme International
(CGS)
:I:
(SI)
10
70
21
40
11
64
34
11
8
11
10
54
16
50
80
11
21
54
16
14
46
74
12
90
14
11
81
13
82
13
82
13
65
60
99
17
17
35
39
59
38
61
96
31

preceding column.

X10 10
cm/s
X108
mls
10- 20 cml/igi / t
10-19 C
................................ ...... .. 10- 10 emS/2g1/2s-1 t
10 23
mol-I
IOU mo\-I
10 -1 ~
g
10-21 kg
10-sl kg
10-sa g
10-4 U
10-4
u
10-24 g
' 10-11 kg
10 0
u
10 0
u
I
10- 24 g
! 10-27 kg
u
10 0
10 0
u
em1/2gl/2mol- U
lOS
, 10'
Clmol
em 3 /'gl/ls- l mol- 1 t
'...................................... .. 10 14
10-21 erg s
10-34 J. s
10-21 erg s
10-34 J. s
10-s ...................... .. 10- 3
10'
...................... .. 10'
em l / l /g l / 2
1011 C/kg
10 1
.................. .................... ..
1017 eml/Ig-I/ts-l t
10- 1 em8/2g1/2g-1
10-15 J. sIC
......................... _............ . 10-11 em1 / 2 g 1 / 2 t
10-10 em
10-12 m
10-IS m
10- 11 em
10- 13 cm
10- 11 m
10-14 em
10- 18 m
cm- I
lor
m- I
10 5
10-&
cm
10-11 m
10- 13 em
10-15 m
rad s-IG-I
10
10 8
rad s- IT- I
g-IG- I
10 3
101
HZ/T
rad. s-lG-1
10 8
rad g-IT- I
10 4
g-lG-I
103
10 1
Hz/T
10- 11 erg/G
10- 24 J/T
10-'4 erg/G
10- 21 J IT
10- 13 erg/G
10- 28 J/T
10 0
10 0
...................... ..
I

10 0
........ ...... ........ ..
10 0
J. K-I mol- I
10- 1 m 3/mol
10-23 J/K
10-24 Jm
10-' m K
10- 8 W. m-'K-4
10-11 N. mJ/kg'

10 0
10 1
10 4
10-18
10-15
10 0
10-5
10- a

Electromagnetic system.

erg K-I mol-I

cm 3/mol

erg/K
erg em
emK
erg. cm-ls-1 K -4
dyn cm'/g'

tElectrostatic system.

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FAC'l'OK::>

Table 2.4. MiscellaneOus Conversion Factors

Standard gravity, go
Standard atmospheric pressure, Po

= 9.806 65 meters per second per second*

= 1.01325 X 10 newtons per square meter*
= 1.01325 X 10 dynes per square centimeter*
5

1
1
1
1
1

thermodynamic calorie,! calc

IT calorie 2 , cal.
liter, I
angstrom unit, A
bar

= 4.1840 joules*
= 4.1868 joules*

= 10-8 cubic meter*

= 10-

'0

meter*

= 10 newtons per square meter*

= 10 dynes per square centimeter*
= 10- meter per second per second
= 1 centimeter per second per second*
5

1 gal

1 astronomical unit, AU
1 light year
1 parsec

= 1.496 X IOU meters

= 9.46 X 10 '5 meters

= 3.08 X 10

16

meters

= 3.26 light years

1 curie, the quantity of radioactive material undergoing 3.7 X 101 0 disintegrations per second* .
1 roentgen, the exposure of x- or gamma radiation which' produces together with its secondaries
2.082 X 109 electron-ion pairs in 0.0.01 293 gram of air.
The index of refraction of the atmosphere for radio waves of frequency less than 3 X 1010 Hz
is given by (n - 1)106 = (77.6/t) (p + 4810e/t) , where n is the refractive index; t, temperature
in kelvins; p , total pressure in millibars; e, water vapor partial pressure in millibars.
Factors for converting the customary United
States units to units of the metric system are
given in Table 2.5.
Table 2.5. Factors for Converting Customary
U.S. Units to SI Units

1
1
1
1
1

yard
foot
inch
statute mile
nautical mile (international)
1 pound (avdp.)
1 oz. (avdp.)
1 pound force
1 slug
1 poundal
1 foot pound
Temperature
(Fahrenheit)
1 British thermal unit"

0.914 4 meter*
0.304 8 meter*
0.0254 meter*
1609.344 meters
1 852 meters .
0.45359237 kilogram *
0.02834952 kilogram
4.448 22 newtons
14.593 9 kilograms
0.138255 newtons
1.355 82 joules
32 + (9/5) Celsius
temperature*
1055 joules

Geodetic constants for the international

(Hayford) spheroid are given in Table 2.6.
The gravity values are on the basis of the revised Potsdam value. They are about 14 parts
per million smaller than previous values. They
;ire calculated for the surface of the geoid by
the international formula.
Table 2.6. Geodetic Constants
a

= 6378388 m; f = 1/297; b = 6356912 m

Length of
l' of
latitude

Latitude

Length of
l' of
longitude

Meters

Meters

mls l

0
15
30
45
60
75
90

1855.398
1792.580
1608.174
1314.175
930.047
481.725
0

1842.925
1844.170
1847.580
1852.256
1856.951
1860.401
1861.666

9.780350
9.783800
9.793238
9.806154
9.819099
9.828593
9.832072

Used principally by chemists.

Used principally by engineers.
3 Various definitions are given for the British thenna 1 unit. This represents a rounded mean value differing
from none of the more important definitions by more than 3 in 10 4
.. Exact value.
I

3. Elementary Analytical Methods

MILTON ABRAMOWITZ

Contents
Page

Elementary Analytical Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1. Binomial Theorem and Binomial Coefficients; Arithmetic and

3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
3.10.

Geometric Progressions; Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic

and Generalized Means . . . . . . .
Inequalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rules for Differentiation and Integration.
Limits, Maxima and Minima
Absolute and Relative Errors. .
Infinite Series. . . . . . . . .
Complex Numbers and Functions
Algebraic Equations. . . . . .
Successive Approximation Methods
Theorems on Continued Fractions.

10

10
10
11
13
14
14
16

17
18

19

Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . .
3.11. Use and Extension of the Tables
3.12. Computing Techniques.

19
19
19

References. . . . . . . . .

23

Table 3.1. Powers and Roots

n k , k= 1 (1) 10, 24, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5
n=2(1)999, Exact or lOS

24

The author acknowledges the assistance of Peter J. O'Hara and Kermit C. Nelson in
the preparation and checking of the table of powers and roots.

National Bureau of Standards. (Deceased.)

9

3. Elementary Analytical Methods

3.1. Binomial Theorem and Binomial Coefficients; Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions; Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic and
Generalized Means

3.1.9
Sum of Arithmetic Progression to n Terms

a+(a+d) + (a+2d) + ... +(a+(n-l)d)

1

3.1.1

last term in series=l=a+(n-l)d

(a+b)n=an+G) an-1b+(;) an - 2b2

+G)

=na+ 2 n(n-l)d=2 (a+l),

Binomial Theorem

Sum of Geometric Progression to n Terms

an- 3 b3 + ... +b n
(n a positive integer)

Binomial Coefficients (see chapter 24)

lim

3.1.2

n-t'"

n)_ C

* (k

-n

n(n-l) ... (n-k+l)

k!

n!
(n-k)!k!

Arithmetic Mean of n Quantities A

3.1.1I

(~)=(n~k)=(-l)k e-~-I)

3.1.3

8 n =a!(I-r)

Geometric Mean of n Quantities G

(ntl)=(~)+(k~l)

3.1.4

Harmonic Mean of n Quantities H

G)=(:)=l
1+(~)+(;)+ ... +(:)=2
I-G)+G)- ... +(-I)n (:)=0

3.1.5

3.1.6
3.1.7

Generalized Mean

1 n
)1/1
M(t)= ( - ~ a~
n k-I
M(t)=O(t<O, some ak zero)

3.1.14
3.1.15

Table of Binomial Coefficients (~)

3.1.16

lim M(t) =max.

t-t'"

3.1.8

3.1.17

~k

L ___

7 ____

8 ____

9 ____
10 ____
lL ___

12 ____

9 10 11

1
2 1
3 3 1
4 6 4 1
5 10 10 5
6 15 20 15

1
6

3.1.18

limM(t)=G

1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1
1 11 55 165 330 462 462 330 165 55 11 1
1 12 66 220 495 792 924 792 495 220 66 12

See page II.

3.1.19

M(I)=A

3.1.20

M(-I)=H

For a more extensive table see chapter 24.

10

12

t~

1
1
1
1
1
1

2 ____
3 ____
4 ____
5 ____
6 ____

lim M(t) =min.

t-t-a>

3.2. Inequalities
Relation Between Arithm.etic, Geometric, Harmonic
and Generalized Means

3.2.1
1

A~ G~H,

3.2.2

equality if and only if al=a2= ... =an

min. a<M(t)<max. a

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

min. a< G<max. a

3.2.3

11

Minkowski's Inequality for Sums

If p>1 and ak, bk>O for all ~:,

equality holds if all ak are equal, or t<O

and an ak is zero

3.2.12

3.2.4 M(t)<M(s) if t<s unless all ak are equal,

or 8<0 and an ak is zero.

equality holds if and only if bk=cak (c=constant>O).

Triangle Inequalities

lall-l a21 ~ lal+a21 ~ JaIl +l a 21

3.2.5

I~ ak I~ ~ Iak I

Minkowski's Inequality i':()r Integrals

It p>l,

Chebyshev's Inequality

3.2.13

If a12~2aa2 . . . 2a n

(i

bl 2 b22 b32 . . . 2b n
3.2.7

If(x) +g(:r)!pdx )1/1' ~

(ib If(x)!Pdx )1/1'

a

fb

~ akbk2(~ ak) (~ bk)

+ ( Ja Ig(x) IPdx

)1/1'

equality holds if and only if g(x) =cf(x) (c=constant>O).

Holder's Inequality for Sums

-+-=1,
p>l, q>1
q

If

3.3. Rules for Differentiation and Integration

~ lakbkl~(~ laklpylp(~ IbkluY/u;

3.2.8

Derivatives

equality holds if and only if Ibkl =clakl p- I (c=constant>O). If p=q=2 we get

Cauchy's Inequality

3.2.9
n

(;i

J2

akb k ~~ a~

dx

3.3.1

3.3.2

.!i (u+v)=du+ dv

3.3.3

d
dv
du
- (uv)=u -+vdx
dx
dx

dx

(;i

c constant).

d
dx (u/v)

3.3.4

HOlder's Inequality for In tegrals

du
(cu)=c dx' c constant

If ~+!=1, p>l, q>1

3.2.10
b
b
i If(x) g(x) IdXl~[ib I.f(x) IPdx JIll' [ i Ig(xWdx I/u

equality holds if and only if Ig(x)l=clf(x)lp-1

(c=constant>O).
If p=q=2 we get
3.2.11

b
[ i f(x)g(x)dx

J~

b
i

[f(x)2dx

3.3.6

dV)
-d (u")=u"(V- du
-+In udx
u dx
dx

Leibniz's Theorem for Differentiation of an Integral

3.3.7

Uti

fb(C)

f(x, c)dx

ate)

[g(x)2dx

vdu/dx-'Iwv/dx
v2

d
du d:o
- u(v)=--dx
dv dx

.1_

dx

3.3.5

Schwarz's Inequality

dx

b(C)

ate)

;;;- f(x,c)dx+
vC

.
db
da
f(b,c) d-- f(a,c) dC

12

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

The following formulas are useful for evaluating

Leibniz's Theorem for Differentiation of a Product

P(x)dx
.
(ax 2+bx+e)n where P(x) IS a polynomial and

3.3.8

n>l is an integer.

3.3.16

dx
(ar+bx+e)

dX=lf-l
dy
dx

3.3.9

2
2ax+b
(4ac-b 2)t arctan (4ac-b2)!
(b 2-4ac<0)

1
\2ax+b-W-4ac)i\
(b 2 -4ac)t In 2ax+b+W-4ae)!

3.3.17

(b 2 -4ac>0)

3.3.10

)1

2Y
dJlx =_[dJly dy -3 (d 2
d1f
dJ! dx
dx

3.3.ll

3.3.18
(d y
dx

)-5

3.3.19

Integration by Parts

3.3.12

udv=uv-

3.3.13

J
J

UVdx=(JudX) v-

-2
=2ax+b

xdx
ar+bx+e

1
2
b
2a In lax +bx+cl- 2a

dx
ax2+bx+e

3.3.20

vdu

dx
1 1 \e+dx\
f (a+bx)(e+dx)=
ad-be
a+bx
n

(JUdX)

~ dx

(ad r!i be)

3.3.21

Integrals of Rational Algebraic Functions

3.3.22

(Integration constants are omitted)

3 314

I(

ax +b)

nd
x

(ax+b)n+1
a(n+l)

(n;e-1)

3.3.15

3.3.25

Integrals of Irrational Algebraic Functions

3.3.26

dx
[(a+bx) (e+dx)]l/2

2
[-d(a+ bX)]1/2
(-bd)1/2 arctan b(e+dx)
-1

. (2bdX+ ad+ be)

be-ad

3.3.27

= (_ bd) 1/2 arcsm

3.3.28

= (bd)llzln j[bd(a+ bX)]l/2+ b(c+dx)l/ZI

3.3.29
3.3.30

dx
(a+bx)1/2(e+dx)

2
[d(a+bx)]IIZ
[d(be-ad)]l/2 arctan (be-ad)
1

[d(ad-bc)]l/2

1n

..

(d(ad-be) <0)

\d(a+bX)1/2_[d(ad-bc)l/2
d(a+bx)1/2+[d(ad-bc)]l/2

(d(ad-bcO)

3.3.31

[(a+bx)(e+dx)]l/2dx

(ad-be)~~b(e+dX) [(a+bx) (e+dx)]l/2

(ad-be)2
8bd

dx
[(a + bx) (e+dx)]l!2

3.3.32

f[

3.3.43

dx
2 2) 1

x (x -a a

a
arccos -

3.3.44
3.3.45

1
e+dxJI /2
a+bx
dX="b [(a+bx) (e+dx)]1/2
(ad-be)
2b

dx
[(a+bx) (e+dx),12

3.3.33

3.3.46
. x-a
arCSllla

3.3.47
3.3.48

_ - 1/2

3.3.34

-a

. h (2ax+b)
arCSlll (4ac-b 2)1/2
(a>0,4ac>b 2)

=a- 1/2 In l2ax+bl(a>O, b2=4ac)

3.3.35

(x-a)
a2
x-a
(2ax-x2)idx=-- (2ax-x 2 )i+- arcsin -

3.3.49

f (ax +b)dx(er+d)t
2

=-(-a) - 1/2 &rcsin (2ax+b)

(b2-4ac) 1/2
2
(a<O, b >4ac, l2ax+blb 2-4ac)"2)

3.3.36

1
x(ad-be)i
[b(ad-be)]i a!.ctan [b(ex2 + d)]t

3.3.50

3.3.37

1
In l[b(ex2 +d)]t+ x (be-ad) t l
. 2[b(be-ad)]i
[b(ex2+d)]t-x(be-ad)t
(be>ad)

3.3.38

dx
x(ar +bx+e)1/2

Indeterminate Forms (L'Hospital's ,ule)

3.3.39

xcix

(ar+bx+e} 1/2
.

3.3.40

3.3.41

(ax2+bx+e)I~.l-~
!-2a

. ' i-!

f (x2~a2)t

3.4. Limits, Maxima and Minima

dt
(a+bt+et2) 112 where t=l/x

dx
(ax2+bx+e) 1/2

3.4.1 Let }(x) and g(x) be differentiable on an

interval a~x<b for which g'(x) ~O.
If
lim}(x)=O and lim g(x) =0
z-+b-

r-+b-

or if
lim }(x) =

In /x+(x a2)i/

r-+b-

ex>

and lim g(x) =

ex>

z-+b-

and if
lim 1'/x) =l then lim }(x) =l.
r-+b-

g (x)

r-+b-

g(x)

Both b and l may be finite or infinite.

14

ELEMENTARY ANALYTlCAL METHODS

MaxiJna and Minima

Approx:iI:nate Values

3.4.2 (1) Functions oj One Variable

The function y-j(x) has a maximum ut X=Xo
if 1'txo)=O and j"(Xo) <0, and a minimum at
:L=Xo if 1'(Xo)=O and j"(xoO. PointS:Lo for
which l' (xo) =0 are called stationary points.
3.4.3 (2) Functions oj Two Variables
The functionj(x, y) has a maximum or minimum
for those values of (xo, Yo) for which

(a+b)~ ""'a~+kak-lb

3.5.9

(1 +E)(I + 11) "",I+E+11

3.5.10

3.6. Infinite Series

Taylor's FOrIDula for a Single Variable

'Of=O 'OJ=O
'Ox ''Oy
,

. I 'O'1/'Ox'Oy
and for whlCh 'O'1/'Oy2

3.5.8

3.6.1
2

f(x+h)= f(x) +hj'(x)+~J" (x)

'O'1/'Ox
'O'1/'Ox'Oy <0;

(a) f(x, y) has a maximum

. '0'1

0'1

If ox2<0 and 'Oy2<0 at (xo, Yo),

Rn=~~P"l(X+Olh) (n~I)!

(b) f(x, y) has a minimum

. '0'1

3.6.2

0'1

if 'Ox2>O and 'Oy2>0 at (xo, Yo).

(0<01.2 (x) <1)

3.6.3
(n-1)1)0

(1) If Xo is an approximation to the true value

of x, then

3.5.1 (a) the absolute error of Xo is

X- Xo is the correction to x.

~z=xo-x,

f(x)= j (a) + (x~a) J'(a) + (x 2t)2 J"(a) +

(b) the relative error of Xo is ox= ~x "'" ~x

3.6.5

(n-1)

(a)+Rn

X2, . . . , x n ) is a function of
Xn and the absolute error in Xt
.. n) is ~Xt, then the absolute error

Rn

(x~!a)" P'&)(~)

(a<~<x)

Lagrange's Expansion

If y--f(x), Yo~f(xo)' f'(xo) ,e.0, then

3.6.6
... (y-yo)t d t - I
X-Xo l
x=xo+ {;
k!
[dxl- 1 {f(x)-yo} l%~%o

(3) If f(ZI,

~, . ,

(i=l, 2,
injis

(x-a)n-I
(n-l)! f

Xo

3.5.4 (2) The absolute error of the sum or

difference of several numbers is at most equal to
the sum of the absolute errors of the individual
numbers.
Xl!

3.6.4

... +

3.5.3 (c) the percentage error is 100 times the

relative error.

3.5.5

(I (l_t)n-Ipnl(x + th)dt

h"

3.5. Absolute and Relative Errors

3.5.2

(1-0 2)"-IP"l(X+IM)

3.6.7

[d

Ll)]

l 1
... (Y_YO)k
(,
{ x-xo
+(; k! dxl- 1 g (x) f(x)-yoJ

%-%0

3.5.6 (4) The relative error of the product or

quotient of several factors is at most equal to the
sum of the relative errors of the individual factors.

where g(x) is any function indefinitely differentiable.

3.5.7

3.6.8

(5) If y= f(x), the relative error oy= ~~ "",f;/~;

~x

Binomial Series

(l+x)a=t

(~) xl

15

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

3.6.14

3.6.9
a(a-1)

(1+X)a=1+aX+~ X

a(a-1)(a-2)
3!
r+ ... ,

' _!
~x2_14r ~ {
(l+x ) -1-1 3 x+9 . 81 +243 x

3.6.10

91

(1+x)-1=1-x+x 2 -x3+x'- .. .
3.6.11

X2

Asymptotic ExpansioDl!

5x 7 X5 21x6
(1+x)t=1+2-g+16-128+256-1024+' ..
X

728

-729 x +6561 x - . ..

CD

3.6.15 A series

(-l<x<l)
3.6.12
6
-t= 1-!~ 3X2 _ 5r +35X' _ 63x
(1
X
2' 8 16 128 256

~
k-O

atx-.t: is said to be an asymp-

totic expansion of a function j(x) if

+)

"-1

j(x)- ~ akx-k=O(x-") as

X--i>CD

k-O

231x
+ 1024 - . . .

(-l<x<l)

for everyn=l, 2, . . . . We write

3.6.13
( l+x ) t-1+

! x _!9 X2 +81
~ r--.!Q.
243 x
3

The series itself may be either convergent or

divergent.

22 5 154 8
+729 x -6561 x + . ..

Operations With Series

Let

81

= 1 +a1x+~x2+aar+a,x'+

+b1x+b2r+b ar+b.x'+ .. .
83= 1 +CIX+C2r+c3:t+C.X+ .. .
82= 1

Operation

C2

CI

C~

C,

3.6.16

8a=8,'

-a.

a~-a2

2al~-aa-af

2alaa - 3a:a2 - a, + c4 + a:

3.6.17

83=S,'

-2al

3a~-2a2

6ala, - 2a, - 4at

6alas +

3.6.18

Sa=8!i

2al

2a'-ga,

1,

2a~

1
+ 1
- ;lala, 16a ,

1
1
1 '+ 3,
5.
2al-4alaa-ga, 16a,~-~,

3.6.19

8,=8,"

1
-2 a

8a'-2 a,

3,

3
1
5.
4ala2-2a3-16a,

3
+3 , 1
15. + 35
4alaa glli-2a'-16a,a, 128a ,

3.6.20

83=ai

nal

1
2(n-l)clal +na 2 *

clo,(n-l)

na,+clas(n-l) +~n(n-l)a~
1
+2(n-l) (n-2)clalo,

+!cla~(n-l)(n- 2)
6

+naa

3a~ -

2a, -12a~~ + 5a:

2~(n-l) (n-2) (n-3)cla~

3.6.21

8,=818,

al+b l

b2+a 1bl +a,

ba+alb,+a,bl +aa

b.+a1b,+a,b,+aab.+a,

3.6.22

8.=81/8,

al-b l

a, - (b1cl + b,)

a3 - (blc,+ b:Cl + bs)

a. - (blCa + b,C2 + baci + b.)

3.6.23

8,=exp (81-1)

al

aa+alo,+iaf

1
a. + ala. +12a,+1
, 2a2a,'+ 24a,

3.6.24

83=1+ln 8J

al

1
a- 2alc1

1
a, - 3(a,c1 + 2a1c,)

1
a. -4(a3c1+ 2a2C2+ 3alC,)

+2
1a,

16

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS,

Reversion of Series

Polar Form

3.6.25 Given

3.7.2

y=ax +bx2+cxa+dx'+ex~+fx6+gx7 +

then

x=Ay + By2+0?t+Dy'+E1f+ Fy6+GyT+ .. .

where

aA=l
aBB=-b
a60=2b 2-ac

all F=7a8be+7ascd+84ab sc-a'f

-28a2bc2-42b6_28a2b2d
a I3 G=8a'bf+8a'ce+4a'd 2+ 120a2bBd
+ 180a2b2c2'+ 132b6-a~g-36aab2e
-72a3bcd-12a3cB-3,30ab'c
KUlDmer's Transformation of Series

3.6.26

..
L:

Ck=C

sum

notations for arg z .are am z and ph z) .

3.7.5

Real Part: x=!JIz=r cos 8

3.7.6

Imaginary Part: y=.h=r sin 8

3.7.7

3.7.9

arg -z=-arg z
Multiplication and Division

3.7.10
3.7.11

be a given convergent series with known

3.7.12

a k=8 b e a given

z=x-iy

3.7.8

convergent series and

t=O

taO

3.7.4 Argument: arg z=arctan (y/x )=8 (other

Complex Conjugate of :IS

a7D=5abc-a2d-5b 3
aOE=6a2bd+3a2c2+ 14b'-ase-21ab 2c

.
Let '5:

3.7.3

such that lim ~=>'~O.

t~ ..

Ck

Then
3.7.14
Euler's Transformation of Series

3.6.27

.
If '5: (-l )tak=ao-al

t=O
vergent series with sum

+~-

3.7.15

... is a con-

then

Powers

3.7.16
3.7.17

=r" cos n8+ir" sin n8

(n=O , 1,2, ... )

3.7.18

z2=x2-y2+i(2xy)

3.7.19

z3=r-3xy2+i(3ry-?t)

3.7.20

z'= x4 -6:r;2y2+y'+i(4ry-4:z;1f)

Euler-Maclaurin Summation Formula

3.6.28

~jk=

i" j(k)dk-~

(f(O)+j(n) J+ ; (f'(n)-j'(O)J
1

__
1 [f"'(n)-j'II(0)J+_1- [fVl(n)-fVl(O)J
720
30240
120!600 (f(VIn(n)-fV11l(0)J+ . . .
3.7. Complex Numbers and Functions
Cartesian Form

3.7.1

z=x+iy

3.7.21

z6=z6-10ry2+5~+i(5x'y-lOx21f+1f)

3.7.22

z"=[x"-G) X"-2y2+(~) x"-V- ...J

+i r(~) X"-ly_(~) x,,-ayB+ ... J,
(n=l , 2, . .. )

17

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

3.8. Algebraic Equations

Un+l=XUn-Yv n; Vn+l=XVn+yu n
f!JI zn and .fzn are called harmonic polynomials.

Solution of Quadratic Equations

3.7.23

3.7.24

x-iy

Zl . 2=-(~
2a

-Z=rzr=" X2+y2
1_

3.7.25

zn _

3.8.1 Given az2+bz+c=0,

-I n

ni

Zl

zn-lzI2n-(Z )

If
Roots

3.7.26

).-l2a:t.':t.n=b -4ac ,

zl=.Jz=rlelI8 =rl cos !8+iri sin !8

+,Z2= -bfa, Zlz2=c/a

q>o, two real roots,

q=o, two equal roots,
q<o, pair of complex conjugate roots.
Solution of Cubic Equations

-1/'< 1/'

If
8 ~ this is the principal root. The
other root has the opposite sign. The principal
root is given by

zi=[!(r+x)]ii[!(1'-x)jt=uiv where
2uv=y and where the ambiguous sign is taken to
be the same as the sign of y.

If t+1'2>0, one real root and a pair of complex

conjugate roots,

3.7.28 zlln=1'l/net6In, (principal root if -1/'<(J~1/').

Other roots are rl/ne H 6+21tkl/n (k= 1, 2, 3, ... , n-l).

t+r=O, all roots real and at least two are

equal,

3.7.27

Inequalities

q3+1'2 <O, all roots real (irreducible case).

Let

3.7.29

then
Complex Functions, Cauchy-Riemann Equations

f(z)=f(x+iy)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y) whereu(x, y), vex, y)

are real, IS OJnalytic at those points z=x+iyat
which
()u

()V

()u

()V

3.7.30

-=-, -=-()x by ()y

()X

3.7.31

00 1 ()v 100
()v
-=--,
--=-()1' r ()8 r ()8
()r

1
a2 i,13 (
Z2=-2" (81 +82) -"3+---;2 81- 82)
1
a2 i,/'J
)
z3=-2 (81+82)-"3-:2 (81-8~ .

If Zl, Zz, Z3 are the roots of the cubic equation

Laplace's Equation

The functions u(x, y) and vex, y) are called

harmonic functions and satisfy Laplace's equation:
Cartesian Coordinates

3.8.3 Given z4+a3z3+azzz+aJlz+aO=0, find the

real root UI of the cubic equation

U3- a2u2 + (ala3-4aO)U- (a~ +aoai-4aoa2) =0

3.7.32
Polar Coordinates

3.7.33

Solution of Quartic Equations

and determine the four roots of the quartic as

solutions of the two quadratic equations

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

18

If all roots of the cubic equation are real, use

the value of !ll which gives real coefficients in tlll'
*quadratic equation and select signs so that if
z'+a3z3+~z2+alZ+ao=

Method of Iteration (Successive Substitution)

3.9.4 The iteration scheme xk+I=F(Xk)

converge to a zero of x=F(x) if

(Z2+ PIZ+ q:t) (z2+P3 Z +q2),

then
PI+Pa=a3,P1P2+ql+q2=~,Plq2+p2q)=al'

(1)

IF'(x)I5:Q<1 for a~xSb,

(2)

a_xu

will

< IF(xo)-xol<b
l-q
.

qlq2=aO'

If Z" Z2, Za, Z4 are the roots,

Newton's Method of Successive Approximations

3.9.5
Newton's Rule

If X=Xk is an approximation to the solution

x=c of !(X) =0 then the sequence
3.9. Successive Approximation Methods
XHI =

General Comments

3.9.1 Let X=XI be an approximation to x=c

where !m=O and both XI and ~ are in the interval
a5:x5:b. We define
X"H

= x" +c,.f(x,,)

(n= 1,2, . . . ).

Then, if 1'(x)'?,O and the constants COl are

negative and bounded, the sequence Xn converges
monotonically to the root ~.
If c,,=c=constant<O and f'(xO, then the
process converges but not necessarily monotonically.
Degree of Convergence of an Approximation Process

}(Xt)
Xt- I' (x t )

will converge quadratically to

the condition (2) above),

x=~:

(if instead of

(1) Monotonic convergence, !(xo)f"(xoO

and l' (x), I" (x) do not change sign in the
interval (:to, ~), or
(2) Oscillatory convergence, !(Xo)f" (xo)

<0

and f'(x), I"(x) do not change sign in the

interval (xo, XI), XO~~~XI'
Newton's Method Applied to Real nth Roots

3.9.6 Given x"=N, if Xt is an approximation

X=NII" then the sequence

3.9.2 Let XIJ X2, Xa, be an infinite sequence

of approximations to a number~. Then, if

Xk+l ~[x~l+(n-l)X~J

(n= 1,2, . . . )
will converge quadratically to
where A and k are independent of n, the sequence
is said to have convergence of at most the kth
degree (or order or index) to
If k= 1 and
A<l the convergence is linear; if k=2 the convergence is quadratic.

c.

If n=2,

Xk+l=~ (~+X.I)

If n=3,

Xk+l=~ (~+2Xk}

Aitken's

~2-Process

1.,.

Regula Falsi (False Position)

3.9.3 Given y=!(x) to find ~ such that f(~)=O,

choose l'o and Xl such that !(1'o) and !(Xl) have
opposite signs and compute

for Acceleration of Sequences

3.9.7 If Xk, XHI, Xk+2 are three successive iterates

in ,a sequence converging with an error which is
approximately in geometric progression, then

Xk XH2- xi+l.
A2Xk

Then continue with X2 and either of 1'0 or Xl for

which !(xo) or !(XI) is of opposite sign to I(X2).
Regula falsi is equivalent to inverse linear interpolation.
*See pa!(e

II.

is an improved estimate of x. In fact, if Xk=X+ *

0(>-1:) then z=x+O(>-I:), 1>-1<1.

19

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

3.10. Theorems on Continued Fractions

(4)

AnBn_I-An_IBn=(-I)n-1 II ak

3.10.1

1 =bo+

Clal Cl C2a 2 C2 C3a3

Cn-ICnan.
c,b, c2b2 C3 b3+ . .. crtb n
l+b 2 +b 2 b3 + ... +b 2ba .. bn

71

Let

(1)

k='

For every n~ 0,

(5)

Definitions

(6)

1
b2
=1- b2+1-

J:..+J:..+ ...
U2

u1

If the number of terms is finite, .f is called. It

terlllinating continued fraction. If the number
of terms is infinite, f is called an infinite continued
fraction and the terminating fraction
An b + al ~
an
1n=Bn=o
b,+b 2 +"'b n

U~_I

UI+U2-Un-I+U n
xn
(-1)71
__
aOalla2' . an

U I-

aOala2

1
aox
alx
an-I X
ao+ al-x+ n2-x+ ... +an-x

1.6

tion 1 is said to be convergent. If at= 1 and the

bt are integers there is always convergence.

1.4

1.2

Theorems

(1) If at and bt are positive then 1271<1271+2,

.f2n-1 >1271+1'
(2)

un

1.8

If lim A
Bn exists, the infinite continued fracn~Q)

aoal

bn

+1.=_1_ ~_ . . .

x2 '" +
-1 __X +_
ao

b3

/)3+1- ... -b n+l

2.0

is called the nth convergent of j.

(2)

11

If1n=~:'

~---~~===-------.---.--n::;:o

1.0
.8
.6
.4

An= bnAn-1 +anAn-2

.2

Bn=bnBn-,+anBn-2

where A_I=I, Ao=bo, B_,=O, Bo=1.

_________ ~-_"': _____ l _______"_.__~_~

1

.2

.4

.6

.8

FIGURE

(3)

1.0

3.1.

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

y'=x n

1 1

n=O, 5' 2' 1, 2, 5.

Numerical Methods
3.11. Use and Extension of the Tables
Example 1. Computt;
using Table 3.1.

;rIg

and

X 47

for x=29

Linear interpolation in Table 3.1 gives

(919.826 )114 ~ 5.507144.
By Newton's method for fourth roots with
N=919.826,

= (1.45071 4598.10 13 ) (4.20707 2333.10 14 )

~ L5~;~7~!~)3+3(5.507144)]=5.50714 3845

=6.10326 1248.1027

Repetition yields the same result.

X47 = (X 24 )2/X

= (1.25184 9008.1036 )2/29

x1l4=5.50714 3845/101=1.74151 1796,

X-3/4=J~t/X= .18933 05683.

=5.403882547.10 68
Example 2.

Compute

Thus,

3.12. Computing Techniques

X- 3/4

for x=9.19826.

(9.19826)1/4= (919.826/100)114= (919.826)1/4/101

Example 3. Solve the quadratic equation

x2-18.2x+.056 given the coefllcients as 18.2.1,
See page

II.

20

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

.056 .001.

Example 5. Solve the cubic equation x3-I8.lx

-34.8=0.
To use Newton's method we first form the
table of f(x) =x3 -18.1x-34.8

From 3.8.1 the solution is

x= H18.~ ((18.~)2_4(.05fi) P)
=H18.2.[:331.01GP)=H18.2 18.1939)

= 18.1969,

.OOJ

The smaller root may be obtained more accurately

from
.052/18.1969= .0031 .0001.
*
Example 4.

Compute (-3+.0076i)1.

I(x)

4
5
6
7

-43.2
.3
72.6
181.5

We obtain by linear inverse interpolation:

From 3.7.26, (-3+.0076i)!=u+iv where

0-(-.3)

xo=5+ 72 .6 _ (_ .3)

Thus

5.004.

Using Newton's method,f'(x)=3x2 -18.1 we get

r= [( -3)2+ (.0076)2]!= (9.00005776)!=3 .00000 9627

XI ~Xo- f(xo)/f'

v=[3.00000 9~27-(-3)J!=1.73205 2196

y
.0076
u=2v 2(1.732052196)

~5 004- (- .07215 9936) ~5 00526

.
57.020048
.
.
Repetition yields xI=5.00526 5097. Dividing
f(x) by x-5.00526 5097 gives x2 +5.00526 5097x
+6.95267869 the zeros of which are -2.502632549
.83036 800i.

.00219 392926

We note that the principal square root has been

computed.
Example 6.

Solve the quartic equation

;r 4 -2.37752 4922x 3 +6.07350 5741x 2

-11.17938 023x+9.05265 5259=0.

We seek that value of 1.1 for which y(1.I) =0.

Inverse interpolation in y(q\) gives y(1.\) ",,0 for
q\ ~2.003. Then,

Hesolution Into Quadratic Factors

(x 2 PIX ql) (x 2 P2 X q2)
by Inverse Interpolation

+ +

+ +

Starting with the trial value ql = 1 we compute

successively
ao

ql

q2=ql

1
2
2. 2

9.053
4. 526
4.115

(xo)

ql

q2

2. 0041
2. 0042
2. 0043

4. 51706 7640
4.. 51684 2260
4. 51661 6903

P2

-2.550

. 172

y(q\)

P2

PI

- 2. 55259 257
- 2. 55282 851
- 2. 55306 447

.17506 765
.17530 358
. 17553 955

.00078 552
.00001 655
-.00075 263

Inverse interpolation gives ql=2.00420 2152, nnd we get finnlly,

See page

Il.

ql

q2

2. 00420 2152

4. 51683 7410

y(ql)

.011

Inverse interpolation between 1.1=2.2 and ql=

2.003 gives q\ =2.0041, and thus,

5.383
.032
-2.023

ql

4. 520

2. 003

-1. 284
.165
.729

PI

- -- -

al-aaql
P I = - - p2=aa-pl y(ql) =ql q2+ PIP2
-a2
q2-ql

-1. 093
-2.543
-3.106

q2

PI

- 2. 55283 358

P2

. 17530 8659

y(ql)

-. 00000 0011

21

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Double Precision Multiplication and Division on a
Desk Calculator

Example 7. Multiply M=20243 9745971664 32102

by m=69732 8242843662 95023 on a 1OX1OX20
desk calculating machine.
Let M o=20243 97459,1\'[1=71664 32102, mo=
69732 82428, ml =43662 95023. Then Mm=
Mom o10 20 + (Moml+Mlmo) 10 1O +Mlml'
(1) Multiply Mlml=31290 75681 96300 28346
and record the digits 96300 28346 appearing in
positions 1 to 10 of the product dial.
(2) Transfer the digits 31290 75681 from positions 11 to 20 of the product dial to positions 1 to
10 of the product dial.
(3) Multiply cumulatively Mlmo+Moml +31290
75681=58812 67160 12663 25894 and record the
digits 12663 25894 in positions 1 to 10.
(4) Transfer the digits 58812 67160 from positions 11 to 20 to positions 1 to 10.
(5) Multiply cumulatively Momo+58812 67160
= 14116 69523 40138 17612. The results as ohtained are shown below,
9630028346
1266325894
14116695234013817612
1411669523401381761212663 25894 963C~ 28346
If the product Mm is wanted to 20 digits, only
the result obtained in step 5 need be recorded.
Further, if the allowable error in the 20th place is
a unit, the operation MImI may be omitted.
When either of the factors M or m contains less
than 20 digits it is convenient to position the
numbers as if they both had 20 digits. This
multiplication process may be extended to any
higher accuracy desired.

Example 8. Divide N = 14116 69523 40138 17612

by d=20243 97459 71664 32102.
Method (1 )-linear interpolation.
10

N/20243 97459.10 =.69732 82430 90519 39054

10
N/20243 97460.10 =.69732 82427 46057 26941
Difference=3 44462 12113.

Difference X.71664 32102=24685 644028.10- 20

(note this is an 11 X 10 multiplication).
Quotient=
(69732 82430 90519 39054-246856 4402~).10-20
= .69732 82428 43662 95022
There is an error of 3 units in the 20th place due
to neglect of the contribution from second differences.

Method (2)-If Nand d are numbers each not

more than 19 digits let N=NI +No10 9, d=d l +
do10 9 where No and do contain 10 digits and NI
and d l not more than 9 digits. Then

Here
N=14116 69523 401381761,
d=20243, 97459 71664 3210
N o= 14116 69523, do=20243 97459,
d l =716643210

(1) NodI = 1011663378421888830 (product dial).

(2) (Nodl )/do=49973 55504 (quotient dial).
(3) N- (Nodl)/d o= 14116 69622 90164 62106
(product dial).
(4) [N - (Nodl)/dol Id o10 9 = .69n2 82428 = first 10
digits of quotient in quotient dial. Remainder
=r=08839 11654, in positions 1 to 10 of product
dial.
(5) r/(do109)=.43662 95021O- IO =next9 digits of
quotient. N/d= .69732 82428 13662 9502. This
method may he modified to give the quotient of
20 digit numbers. Method (1) may be extended
to quotients of numbers containing more than 20
digits by employing higher order interpolation.
Example 9. Sum the series S=I-!+t-i
+ . . . to 5D using the Euler transform.
The sum of the first 8 terms is .634524 to 6D.
If u n =l/n WP, get
n

Un

.111111

10

.100000

!J.2Un

!J.U n

!13u n

!14u n

-11111
2020
-505

-9091
11

.090909

-349

-7576
12

.083333

13

.076923

156

1515
1166
-6410

From 3.6.27 we then obtain

S=.634524+.1l~111

(-.011111)+.002020
22
23
( -- .000505) + .000156
24
26

= .634524+ '()55556+ .002778+ .000253

+.000032+.000005
=.693148
(S=ln 2=.6931472 to 7D).

22

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Example 10.

Evaluate the mtegral

f'"
o

10

sin-x dx
x

=~ to 4D using the Euler transform.

i '"
o

sin x

'"

k=O

-dx=~

= Joflf

10 k -2+
=~

i(k+ll" -sindx x

k=l

k7r+t

i'"

1 j~
j (k)dk--1 jo-2

1 .{I"
+720 JO -

k=Q

f"

Jo

sin t dt.
k7r+t

Evaluating the integrals in the last sum by

numerical integration we get

i"

where j(k)=(k+1O)-2.

12

Thus,

'" lc- 2 =1.54976 7731+.1

k=l

-.005+.000166667-.000000333
=1.644934065,

sint dt
o k,r+t

(k+10)-2

kif

sin (lc1r+t) dt= (_I)k

k=Q

~ lc-2=~ k-2+~
k=l
k=l
k=l

11"2

1. 85194

.43379

.25661

.18260

. 14180

. 11593

as compared with 6=1.64493 4067.

Example 12.

A3

6.2

6.

A4

-2587
-321

.09805

-168

.08495

153

478
-1310
310
-1000

.07495

The sum to k=3 is 1.49216. Applying the

Euler transform to the remainder we obtain
1

2 (.14180)-2"2 (-.02587)+23 (.00799)

1

-2"4 (-.00321)+25 (.00153)

= .07090+ .00647 + .00100+ .00020

+.00005
=.07862
We obtain the value of the integral as 1.57078 as
compared with 1.57080.
Example 11.

Sum the serIes

'"

to 5D for x=.2. Here al=X, an=(n-l)2x2 for

n>l, bo=O, bn =2n-1, A_l=1, B_1=0, Ao=O,
Bo=1.
For n~ 1

799
-1788

Compute

11"2.

lc- 2 =-6 usmg

k=l

the Euler-Maclaurin summation formula.

From 3.6.28 we have for n= <Xl ,

A 2
[An]=1 An-l n- 1 [2n-1 ]
(n-l)2 x2
Bn
B n- 1B n- 2

[~:J=I
[~:]=I

.2

1 11.:41=1

3.04

.2

3.032

[A3] I .6
Ba = 3.04

.2
1

II.: 1=1

I Al
B =2
1

~:=.197368

~:=.197396

.6

1 11.:61=1 15.36

= 13.032 .6
[A4]
B4
15.36 3.04

A
B:=O

11

7
.36

11
=

21

A4

.440 I - = 197396
108.6144 B4 .

Note that in carrying out the recurrence method

for computing continued fractions the numerators
An and the denominators Bn must be used as
originally computed. The numerators and denominators obtained by reducing An/Bn to lower
terms must not be used.

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

23

References
Texts

[3.1] R. A. Buckingham, Numerical methods (Pitman

Publishing Corp., Xew York, N.Y., 1957).
[3.2] T. Fort, Finite differences (Clarendon Press, Oxford,
England, 1948).
[3.3] L. Fox, The use and construction of mathematical
tables, Mathematical Tables, vol. 1, National
Physical Laboratory (Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, London, England, 1956).
[3.4] G. H. Hardy, A course of pure mathematics, 9th
ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
and The Macmillan Co., New York, N.Y., 1947).
[3.5) D. R. Hartree, Numerical analysis (Clarendon
Press, Oxford, England, 1952).
[3.6) F. B. Hildebrand, Introduction to numerical analysis
(McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1956).
[3.7] A. S. Householder, Principles of numerical analysis
(McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1953).
[3.8] L. V. Kantorowitsch and V. I. Krylow, Naherungsmethoden der Hiiheren Analysis (VEB Deutscher
Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Germany,
1956; translated from Russian, Moscow, U.S.S.R.,
1952) .
[3.9] K. Knopp, Theory and application of infinite series
(Btackie and Son, Ltd., London, England, 1951).
[3.10] Z. Kopal, Numerical analysis (John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, N.Y., 1955).
[3.11J G. Kowalewski, Interpolation und geniiherte Quadratur (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, Germany, 1932).
[3.12] K. S. Kunz, Numerical analysis (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1957).
[3.13] C. Lanczos, Applied analysis (Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1956).
[3.14] I. M. Longman, Note on a method for computing
infinite integrals of oscillatory functions, Proc.
Cambridge Philos. Soc. 52, 764 (1956).
[3.15] S. E. Mikeladze, Numerical methods of mathematical analysis (Russian) (Gos. Izdat. Tehn.Teor. Lit., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1953).
[3.16] W. E. Milne, Numerical calculus (Princeton Univ.
Press, Princeton, N.J., 1949).
[3.17] L. M. Milne-Thomson, The calculus of finite differences (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London, England,
1951).

[3.18] H.

[3.19]

[3.20]

[3.21]

[3.22]
[3.23]

[3.24]

[3.25]

Mineur, Techniques de calcul numerique

(Librairie Poly technique Ch. Beranger, Paris,
France, 1952).
National Physical Laboratory, Modern computing
methods, Notes on Applied! Science No. 16 (Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England,
1957).
J. B. Rosser, Transformations to speed the convergence of series, J. Research NBS 46, 56-64
(1951).
J. B. Scarborough, NumericfLI mathematical analysis, 3d ed. (The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore,
Md.; Oxford Univ. Pres~l, London, England,
1955).
J. F. Steffensen, Interpolation (Chelsea Publishing
Co., New York, N.Y., 1950).
H. S. Wall, Analytic theory of continued fractions
(D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1948).
E. T. Whittaker and G. Robiinson, The calculus of
observations, 4th ed. (BtsLckie and Son, Ltd.,
London, England, 1944).
R. Zurmiihl, Praktische Mathematik (SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Germany, 1953).

Mathematical Tables and Collec::tions of Formulas

[3.26] E. P. Adams, Smithsonian mathematical formulae

and tables of elliptic functions, 3d reprint (The
Smithsonian Institution, Wa.shington, D.C., 1957).
[3.27] L. J. Comrie, Barlow's tables of squares, cubes,
square roots, cube roots a.nd reciprocals of all
integers up to 12,500 (Chemical Publishing Co.,
Inc., New York, N.Y., 19M) .
[3.28] H. B. Dwight, Tables of integrals and other mathematical data, 3d ed. (The Macmillan Co., New
York, N.Y., 1957).
[3.29] Gt. Britain H.M. Nautical Almanac Office, Interpolation and allied tables (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England, 1956).
[3.30] B. O. Peirce, A short table of integrals, 4th ed.
(Ginn and Co., Boston, Mass., 1956).
[3.31] G. Schulz, Formelsammlung zur praktischen Mathematik (de Gruyter and Co., Berlin, Germany,
1945).

..::-"

24

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Table 3.1
k

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3

n!=
",2=
",3=
",4~
",5=
",6=
",77'
",8=
",9=

(9)3.4867 84401

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
10
100
1000
( 9l1.0000
(10 1. 0000
(24)1.0000
3.1622
2.1544
1.7782
1. 5848

10
100
1000
10000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
17660
34690
79410
93192

11
121
1331
14641
1 61051
17 71561
194 8717l
2143 58881
( 9)2.3579 47691
(10)2.5937 42460
(24) 9.8497 32676
3.316624790
2.2239 80091
1. 8211 60287
1. 6153 94266

7
113
1708
~ 9l2.5628
10 3.8443
11) 5. 7665
(28)1.6834
3.8729
2.4662
1. 96 79
1. 7187

15
225
3375
50625
59375
90625
59375
90625
35938
03906
11220
83346
12074
89671
71928

16
256
4096
65536
10 48576
167 77216
2684 35456
( 9l4.2949 67296
(10 6.8719 47674
(12)1.099511628
(28)7.9228 16251
4. 0000 00000
2.5198 42100
2.0000 00000
1.7411 01127

1
32
640
~ 9) 1. 2800
10)2.5600
(11)5.1200
(13) 1. 0240
(31) 1. 6777
4.4721
2. 7144
2. 1147
1.8205

20
400
8000
60000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
21600
35955
17617
42527
64203

21
441
9261
1 94481
40 84101
857 66121
( 9) 1. 8010 88541
(10) 3. 7822 85936
(11)7.9428 00466
(13)1.6679 88098
(31)5.410819838
4.5825 75695
2.7589 24176
2.140695143
1. 8384 16287

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

2
51
1133
9l2.4943
10 5.4875
12l1.2072
(13 2.6559
(32) 1. 6525
4.6904
2.8020
2. 1657
1. 8556

22
484
10648
34256
53632
79904
57888
87354
69218
92279
10926
15760
39331
36771
00736

'1124=
'111/2=
'11 1/3=
'111/4=
'11 1/5=

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

14
241
4103
9l6.9757
11 1.1858
(12) 2.0159
(29) 3. 3944
4.1231
2,5712
2.0305
1. 7623

17
289
4913
83521
19857
37569
38673
57441
78765
93900
86713
05626
81591
43185
40348

",10=

5
25
125
625
3125
15625
78125
3 90625
19 53125
CJ7 65625
(16)5.960464478
2.2360 67977
1. 7099 75947
1. 4953 48781
1. 3797 29662

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

2
29
358
4299
~ 9)5.1597
10) 6. 1917
(25) 7. 9496
3.4641
2.2894
1. 8612
1. 6437

12
144
1728
20736
48832
85984
31808
81696
80352
36422
84720
01615
28485
09718
51830

91=34867 84401

1/5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1
8
57
403
2824
(20)1.9158
2.6457
1. 9129
1. 6265
1. 4757

7
49
343
2401
16807
17649
23543
64801
53607
75249
12314
51311
31183
76562
73162

Floating decimal notation:

1/4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

167
1.4142
1. 2599
1.18CJ2
1. 1486

2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
77216
13562
21050
07115
98355

See Examples 1-5 for use

of the table.

2
16
100
604
(18)4.7383
2.4494
1. 8171
1. 5650
1.4309

6
36
216
1296
7776
46656
79936
79610
77696
66176
81338
89743
205CJ3
84580
69081

(11) 2.8242
1. 7320
1.4422
1.3160
1.2457

3
9
27
81
243
729
2187
6561
19683
59049
95365
50808
49570
74013
30940

2
20
167
1342
9)1.0737
(21) 4. 7223
2.8284
2.0000
1. 6817
1. 5157

8
64
512
4096
32768
62144
97152
77216
17728
41824
66483
27125
00000
92831
16567

3
48
627
8157
10) 1.0604
11) 1. 3785
(26) 5. 4280
3.6055
2. 3513
1. 8988
1. 6702

13
169
2197
28561
71293
26809
48517
30721
49937
84918
07704
51275
34688
28922
77652

1
18
340
6122
10)1.1019
lll1. 9835
12 3.5704
(30) 1. 3382
4.2426
2.6207
2.0597
1. 7826

18
324
5832
04976
89568
12224
20032
96058
92904
67227
58845
40687
41394
67144
02458

2
64
1480
( 9) 3.4048
{10)7.8310
12) 1. 8011
13) 4.1426
(32) 4.8025
4. 7958
2.8438
2.1899
1. 8721

23
529
12167
79841
36343
35889
25447
98528
52661
51121
07040
31523
66980
38703
71231

2
10
(14) 2.8147
2.0000
1. 5874
1. 4142
1. 3195

4
16
64
256
1024
4096
16384
65536
62144
48576
49767
00000
01052
13562
07911

5
47
430
3874
CJ) 3. 4867
(22) 7. 9766
3. 0000
2. 0800
1. 7320
1.5518

9
81
729
6561
59049
31441
82969
46721
20489
84401
44308
00000
83823
50808
45574

5
75
1054
~ 9r.4757
10 2.0661
11 2.8925
(27)3.2141
3. 7416
2.4101
1.9343
1. 6952

14
196
2744
38416
37824
29536
13504
89056
04678
46550
99700
57387
42264
36420
18203

1
24
470
8938
~ 10~ 1.6983
11 3.2268
(12 6.1310
(30) 4. 8987
4.3588
2.6684
2. 0877
1. 8019

19
361
6859
30321
76099
45881
71739
56304
76978
66258
62931
98944
01649
97630
83127

3
79
1911
11914.58M
1. 1007
12 2.6418
13 6. 3403
(33)1.3337
4. 8989
2. 8844
2.2133
1. 8881

24
576
13824
31776
62624
02CJ76
71424
53142
07540
38097
35777
79486
99141
63839
75023

25

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Tahle 3.1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
24
1/2

1/3
1/4
1/5

3
97
2441
9! 6. 1035
11 1.5258
12 3.8146
(13 9.536"
(33)3. 5527
5.0000
2.9240
2.2360
1. 9036

25
625
15625
90625
65625
40625
15625
78906
97266
43164
13679
00000
17738
67977
53939

8
243
7290
10! 2.1870
11 6.5610
13 1. 9683
14 5.9049
(35) 2. 8242
5.4772
3.1072
2.3403"
1. 9743

30
900
27000
10000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
95365
25575
32506
47319
50486

4
118
3089
918.0318
11 2. 0882
12 5.4295
14 1. 4116
(33) 9.1066
5. 0990
2.9624
2.2581
1.9186

26
676
17576
56976
81376
15776
10176
70646
03679
70957
85770
19514
96068
00864
45192

9
286
8875
10l2. 7512
11 8.5289
13 2. 6439
14 8. 1962
(35) 6. 2041
5.5677
3.1413
2. 3596
1. 9873

31
961
29791
23521
29151
03681
61411
10374
62216
82870
26610
64363
80652
11 062
40755

35
1225
42875
15 00625
525 21875
911. 8382 65625
106.433929688
12 2.2518 75391
13 7.8815 63867
15) 2. 7585 47354
(37) 1. 1419 13124
5.9160 79783
3.271066310
2.4322 99279
2.0361 68005

16
604
9l2.1767
10 7.8364
12 2. 8211
14 1. 0155
15) 3. 6561
(37) 2.2452
6. 0000
3. 3019
2.4494
2.0476

36
1296
46656
79616
66176
82336
16410
09907
99567
58440
25771
00000
27249
89743
72511

40
1600
64000
25 60000
1024 00000
914.0960 00000
11 1. 6384 00000
12 6.5536 00000
14 2.6214 40000
(16) 1. 0485 76000
(38) 2. 8147 49767
6.3245 55320
3.419951893
2. 5148 66859
2.0912 79105

2
3
4

5
6

7
8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

2
3

4
5
6
7

8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1/2

1/3

1/4
1/5

1
2

3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

41
1845
( 9) 8.3037
( 11)3. 7366
( 1311. 6815
(147.5668
(16 3.4050
(39) 4. 7544
6.7082
3.5568
2. 5900
2.1411

45
2025
91125
00625
28125
65625
94531
12539
06426
62892
50505
03932
93304
20064
27368
1

27
729
19683
5 31441
143 48907
3874 20489
l011. 0460 35320
11 2.8242 95365
12 7.6255 97485
(14 2.0589 11321
( 34) 2. 2528 39954
5.196152423
3.0000 00000
2.2795 07057
1.9331 82045

6
172
4818
10! 1.3492
11 3.1780
13 1.0578
14 2.9619
(34) 5.3925
5.2915
3. 0365
2. 3003
1.9472

28
784
21952
14656
10368
90304
92851
19983
45595
67667
32264
02622
88972
26634
94361

10
335
9 1.0737
10 3.4359
12 1. 0995
13 3.5184
15 1. 1258
(36) 1. 3292
5. 6568
3; 1748
2.3784
2.0000

32
1024
32768
48576
54432
41824
73837
11628
37209
99907
27996
54249
02104
14230
00000

33
1089
35937
11 85921
391 35393
911. 2914" 67969
10 4.2618 44298
12 1. 4064 08618
13 4. 6411 48440
15)1.5315 78985
( 36) 2. 7818 55434
5.7445 62647
3.2075 34330
2. 3967 81727
2.0123 46617

18
693
9 2.5657
10 9.4931
12 3.5124
14 1.2996
15 4.8085
( 37) 4. 3335
6.0827
3.3322
2. 4663
2. 0589

37
1369
50653
74161
43957
26409
87713
79454
17398
84372
25711
62530
21852
25715
24137

38
1444
54872
85136
35168
36384
55826
92138
61013
11848
60383
14003
75407
23796
35054

41
1681
68921
28 25761
1158 56201
9) 4. 7501 04241
11) 1. 9475 42739
12)7.984925229
14)3.2738 19344
(16) 1. 3422 65931
(38) 5.0911 10945
6.4031 24237
3. 4482 17240
2.5304 39534
2.1016 32478

31
1306
( 9l5.4890
(11 2.3053
(12 9.6826
(14) 4. 0667
(16) 1. 7080
(38) 9.0718
6.4807
3.4760
2. 5457
2.1117

74088
11696
91232
31744
93332
51996
13838
19812
49315
40698
26645
29895
85765

46
2116
97336
17456
62976
96896
76572
61223
01627
74748
70802
29983
47871
90687
60013

1
48
2293
(10 1.0779
11 5.0662
13 2.3811
15 1.1191
16 5.2599
(40) 1. 3500
6.8556
3.6088
2. 6183
2.1598

47
2209
03823
79681
45007
21533
31205
28666
30473
13224
46075
54600
26080
30499
30012

44
2059
9j9.4742
11 4.3581
13 2.0047
14) 9.2219
16) 4. 2420
(39) 8.0572
6.7823
3.5830
2. 6042
2.1505

n2[(-~)3J

20
792
3.0109
1. 1441
4.3477
1. 6521
6.2782
8. 2187
6.1644
3. 3619
2.4828
2. 0699

42

(11) 2.7181
(13) 1. 1688
(14) 5.0259
(16) 2.1611
( 39) 1. 596 7
6.5574
3.5033
2.5607
2.1217

43
1849
79507
18801
08443
63049
86111
20028
26119
48231
72093
38524
98060
49602
47461

1
53
2548
(10) 1. 2230
(11) 5. 8706
(13) 2. 8179
(15) 1. 3526
(16) 6. 4925
(40) 2. 2376

48
2304
10592
08416
03968
59046
83423
28043
05461
06211
37322

6.9282
3.6342
2.6321
2.1689

03230
41186
48026
43542

1764

3[(-i)lJ

( 9
11
12
14
15
(37)

34
1470
( 9) 6. 3213

n4[(-~)9J

lOll. n49
11 5. 0024
13 1. 4~,07
14 4.2070
(35) 1. 2~j18
5.3851
3.0723
2. 3,~05
1.9610

29
841
24389
07281
11149
23321
87631
64130
14598
72333
49008
64807
16826
95787
09057

13
454
9)1.5448
10l5. 2~,23
12 1.7B57
( 13l6. 0716
(15 2.0643
(36) 5. 6950
5.8309
3.2396
2. 4lL47
2.0;!43

34
1156
39304
36336
35424
04416
35014
93905
99277
77754
03680
51895
11801
36403
97459

23
902
9) 3. 5lL87
11) 1. 3723
12l5. 3S20
14 2. OB72
15 8.1404
( 38) 1. 5:l30
6.2449
3. 3912
2.4989
2.0B07

39
1521
59319
13441
24199
43761
10067
09260
83612
06085
29700
97998
11443
99399
16549

37
1649
9 7.2%3
11 3.1927
13 1. 4048
14 6.lIH2
16 2. 7197
( 39) 2. 7724
6.6332
3.5303
2.5755
2. D15

44
1936
85184
48096
16224
13856
78097
22363
18395
36094
53276
49581
48335
09577
25513

57
21324
(10) 1. 31341
( 11) 6. 71322
(l3l3. 3:?32
(15 1.6:184
(16 7.9792
(40) 3.6703
7.0000
3.6!;93
2.6457
2.1779

49
2401
17649
64801
75249
28720
30728
93057
13598
26630
36822
00000
05710
51311
06425

7
,~05

5~148

n3[( -~)

7J

'l'he numbers in square brackets at the bottom of the page mean that the maximum
error In n linear Interpolate Is a X lO-p (p In parenthesel!), and that to Interpolate to
the full tabular accuracy m points must be used In Lagrange's and Altkens methods for
the respective functions n'/r.

See page II.

26

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1
62
3125
1.5625
11 7.8125
13 3.9062
15 1. 9531
( 16 9.7656
( 40) 5.9604

50
2500
25000
50000
00000
00000
00000
50000
25000
25000
64478

1
67
3450
7596
11 8.9741
13 4.5767
15l2.3341
17 1. 1904
(40) 9. 5870

51
2601
32651
65201
25251
28780
06779
94457
65173
24238
33090

7.0710
3. 6840
2.6591
2.1867

67812
31499
47948
24148

7.1414
3.7084
2.6723
2.1954

28429
29769
45118
01897

1
91
5032
7680
12 1. 5224
13 8.3733
15 4. 6053
( 17) 2. 5329

55
3025
66375
50625
84375
64063
35234
93789
66584
51621

(41) 5.8708
7.4161
3.8029
2.7232
2.2288

98173
98487
52461
69815
07384

2
129
7776
10) 4. 6656
1212.7993
14 1. 6796
16 1. 0077
(17 6.0%6
( 42) 4. 7383
7.7459
3. 9148
2.7831
2.2679

60
3600
16000
60000
00000
00000
60000
16000
69600
17600
81338
66692
67641
57684
33155

2
178
( 9) 1. 1602
10) 7. 5418
12) 4. 9022
14l3.1864
16 2. 0711
(18) 1. 3462

65
4225
74625
50625
90625
89063
27891
48129
91284
74334

(43) 3. 2353
8.0622
4. 0207
2.8394
2. 3045

3
240
\ 9l1. 6807
11 1. 1764
112) 8.2354
14]5.7648
16 4. 0353
(18 2. 8247
(44) 1. 9158
8. 3666
4. 1212
2. 8925
2.3389

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
Q

7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

!(lOr'

lOll.

56
3136
1 75616
98 34496
5507 31776

1
73
3802
1. 9770
12 1. 0280
13 5. 3459
15 2.7799
17 1.4455
(41) 1. 5278
7.2111
3.7325
2. 6853
2.2039

52
2704
40608
11616
04032
60966
71703
72853
05884
51059
48342
02551
11157
49614
44575
57
3249
85193
56001
92057
44725
97493
91571
61955
33315
55344
34435
01131
96205
86134

(42) 2.1002
7.6157
3. 8708
2. 7596
2.2526

54121
73106
76641
69021
07878
63
3969
50047
52961
36543
50221
80639
57803
81416
02919
75339
53933
57208
13247
72049

1
78
4181
10 2.2164
12 1. 1747
13 6.2259
15 3.2997
17 1. 7488
(41) 2. 4133

53
2809
48877
90481
95493
36113
11140
69041
63592
74704
53110

7. 2801
3.7562
2.6981
2.2123

09889
85754
67876
56822

58
3364
1 95112
113 16496
6563 56768
3.8068 69254
2.2079 84168
1. 2806 30817
7.427658740
4. 3080 42069

12 1. 7270
13 9.6717
15 5. 4161
17 3.0330
(41) 9.0471
7.4833
3.8258
2. 7355
2.2368

94850
31157
69448
54891
67858
14774
62366
64800
53829

1
105
6016
10 3.4296
12 1. 9548
14 1.1142
15 6. 3514
17 3.6203
(42) 1.3835
7.5498
3.8485
2.7476
2.2447

2
138
8445
10 5.1520
12 3. 1427
14 1. 9170
16 1. 1694
17 7.1334
(42) 7.0455
7.8102
3.9364
2.7946
2.2754

61
3721
26981
45841
96301
37436
42836
73130
14609
29117
68477
49676
97183
82393
43032

62
3844
2 38328
147 76336
9161 32832
o 5.6800 23558
12 3.5216 14606
14 2.1834 01056
16 1. 3537 08655
(17 8. 3929 93659
(43) 1. 0408 79722
7.874007874
3.9578 91610
2.8060 66263
2.2828 55056

2
157
9924
10 6.2523
12 3. 9389
14 2.4815
16 1. 5633
17 9. 8493
(43) 1. 5281
7.9372
3.9790
2.8173
2.2901

44710
57748
25759
11514
31620

2
189
( 9 1. 2523
o 8. 2653
12 5.4551
14 3.6004
p6 2.3762
18 1. 5683
(43) 4. 6671
8.1240
4.0412
2.8502
2.3115

66
4356
87496
74736
32576
95002
60701
06063
68001
36881
78950
38405
40021
69883
79249

67
4489
3 00763
201 51121
9 1. 3501 25107
10 9.0458 38217
12 6. 0607 11605
14 4.0606 76776
16 2.7206 53440
18 1. 8228 37805
(43)6.695688867
8.1853 52772
4.0615 48100
2.8610 05553
2.3185 41963

68
4624
3 14432
213 81376
9 1.4539 33568
109.886748262
12 6. 7229 88818
14 4.5716 32397
16 3.1087 10030
18 2. 1139 22820
( 43) 9. 5546 30685
8.2462 11251
4.0816 55102
2.8716 21711
2. 3254 22030

70
4900
43000
10000
00000
90000
30000
01000
60700
52490
12314
00265
85300
07608
42837

3
254
( 911. 8042
(11 1. 2810
~ 12 9.0951
1416.4575
(16 4.5848
(18 3.2552
(44) 2.6927
8.4261
4.1408
2.9027
2.3455

71
5041
57911
11681
29351
02839
20158
35312
50072
43551
76876
49773
17749
83108
87669

3
268
( 911. 9349
11 1.3931
13 1. 0030
14 7.2220
~ 16l5. 1998
18 3.7439
(44) 3. 7668
8.4852
4.1601
2.9129
2.3521

'"1'" .M. '"''

n2[C-g)9]

n3[C -g)4]

72
5184
73248
73856
17632
40695
61300
41363
69781
06243
63772
81374
67646
50630
58045
1

10
12
14
15
17

!9t

3
283
~
0730
11 1. 5133
13 1. 1047
14 8.0646
16l5. 8871
18 4.2976
(44)5.2450
8.5440
4. 1793
2.9230
2. 3586

n4[C-g)3]

73
5329
89017
98241
'71593
42263
39852
00919
58671
25830
38047
03745
39196
12786
55818
1

1
85
4591
( 10 2.4794
1. 3389
12 7.2301
13
15 3.9043
(17 2.1083
(41) 3.7796

54
2916
57464
03056
65024
91130
25210
96134
05912
25193
38253

7.3484
3.7797
2.7108
2.2206

69228
63150
06011
43035

2
121
7149
o 4.2180
12 2.4886
14 1. 4683
15 8. 6629
(17 5.1111
(42) 3. 1655

59
3481
05379
17361
24299
53364
51485
04376
95819
67533
43453

7.6811
3.8929
2.7714
2.2603

45748
96416
88002
22470

2
167
1. 0737
16 6.8719
12 4. 3980
~14 2.8147
16 1. 8014
( 18 1. 1529
(43) 2. 2300
8.0000
4. 0000
2.8284
2.2973

64
4096
62144
77216
41824
47674
46511
49767
39851
21505
74520
00000
00000
27125
96710

3
226
9l1. 5640
11 1. 0791
r2r.4463
14 5.1379
16 3.5452
18 2.4461
(44) 1. 3563
8. 3066
4.1015
2. 8821
2.3322

69
4761
28509
67121
31349
81631
53253
83744
08784
94061
70007
23863
65930
21417
21626

4
299
9 2.2190
11 1. 6420
13 1. 2151
14 8.9919
16 6.6540
18 4.9239
(44)7.2704
8.6023
4. 1983
2.9329
2.3650

74
5476
05224
86576
06624
64902
28027
47402
41078
90397
49690
25267
36454
72088
82769

r
!

fC-g)2]

nS

27

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

k
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

4
316
9/2.3730
11 1. 7797
13/1.3348
15 1. 0011
16\7.5084
18 5. 6313

75
5625
21875
40625
46875
85156
38867
29150
68628
51471

(45) 1. 0033
8.6602
4.2171
2. 9428
2.3714

5
409
9 3.2768
11 2.6214
13 2.0971
15 1. 6777
17 1. 3421
19 1. 0737
(45) 4.7223
8.9442
4.3088
2. 9906
2. 4022

4
333
2.5355
1. 9269
1.11645
1. 1130
8. '1590
6. 11288

76
5776
38976
62176
25376
99286
19457
34787
64385
88932

4
351
( 9\2.7067
111 2. 0842
1311. 6048
15 1. 2357
(16 9.5151
(18 7.3266

77
5929
56533
53041
84157
23801
52327
36292
69445
80473

( q

91278
54038
63326
30956
40610

(45) 1. ;1788
8.7177
4. ,~358
2. 9525
2.3777

79182
97887
23584
91724
30992

(45) 1. 8870
8.7749
4.2543
2.9622
2. 3839

23915
64387
20865
56638
55503

(45)2.571997041
8. :3317 601166
4. :2726 58682
2.9718 271166
2. 3901 15677

80
6400
12000
60000
00000
40000
52000
21600
77280
41824
66483
71910
69380
97562
48868

5
430
3. '1867
11 2. 11242
13 2. ;'876
15 1. 8530
17 1.5009
(19) 1. <!I57
(45) 6.3626
9.0000
4.3267
3.0000
2. 4082

81
6561
31441
46721
84401
95365
79245
20189
46353
66546
85441
00000
48711
00000
24685

5
452
3.7073
11 3. 0400
13 2.4928
15 2.0441
17 1.6761
19 1. 3744
(45) 8. 5414
9.0553
4. 3444
3.0092
2.4141

82
6724
51368
12176
98432
66714
54706
40859
95504
80313
66801
85138
81486
16698
41771

83
61189
5 71787
474 58;121
( 9 3. 9390 40643
3. :2694 03734
13 2. 7136 05099
15 2 .2 522 92;! 32
17 1. :3694 02~,53
( 19 1.551604J.l9
(46) 1. 1425 47:175
9.1104 33579
4.3620 70671
3. 0183 49'179
2. ,\200 01 1107

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

85
7225
6 14125
522 00625
( 9) 4. 4370 53125
11\3.7714 95156
13 3.2057 70883
15) 2.7249 05250
17\2. 3161 69463
19 1. 9687 44043
(46) 2. 0232 71747
9.219544457
4. 3968 29672
3. 0363 70277
2.4315 53252

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

7
656
( 915.9049
ll1 5.3144
13 4. 7829
l15 4. 3046
17l3.8742
19 3.4867
(46) 7. 9766
9.4868
4.4814
3.0800
2. 4595

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

90
8100
29000
10000
00000
10000
69000
72100
04890
84401
44308
32981
04747
70288
09486

95
9025
8 57375
814 50625
9! 7. 7378 09375
11 7.3509 18906
13 6.9833 72961
15l6.6342 04313
17 6.3024 94097
19 5.9873 69392
(47)2.919890243
9.7467
4. 5629
3. 1219
2.4862

Table 3.1

94345
02635
85641
49570
1

9
11
13
15
16
18

86
7396
6 36056
547 00816
4. ~'042 70176
4. 0456 72351
13 3.4792 78222
15 2. '1921 79271
1 17 2. !;732 74173
( 19 2. ;!130 15789
(46) 2. (,789 39031
9. ;'736 18495
4. '1140 04962
3.0452 61646
2.'1372 47818

87
7569
6 58503
572 89761
l 9) 4. 9842 09207
11 4.3362 62010
13 3. 7725 47949
15 3.2821 16715
17
2.8554 41542
1
( 19 2. 4842 34142
(46) 3. 5355 91351
9.3273 79053
4.431047622
3. 0540 75810
2. 4428 89656

7
685
6. ;!403
5. ('786
( 13 5. :.676
l15 4. ~'025
17 4.:!792
(19) 3. 11941
(47) 1. 0399
9. !;393
4.4979
3. 0885
2.4649

91
8281
53571
74961
21451
92520
10194
25276
98001
61181
04400
92014
41445
90619
50932

92
8464
78688
39296
15232
50013
66012
88731
13633
84542
85726
63047
57435
41015
44749

8
849
8.1537
7.8275
7. !;144
7.2138
6.9253
6.6483

96
9216
84736
34656
26976
77897
74781
95790
39958
26360

ll~

b~

lt~

113
15
17
(19)

(47) 3. ~'541
9.7979
4. !; 788
3. :.301
2.4914

n2[( -g)5]

32467
58971
56970
69160
61879
1

7
716
( 9\6.5908
(11 6. 0635
l131 5.5784
15 5. 1321
17 4. 7216
(19 4.3438
(47) 1. 3517
9.5916
4.5143
3.0970
2.4703

97
9409
9 12673
885 29281
l 91 8 5873 40257
11 8.3297 20049
l1318.0798 28448
15 7.8374 33594
(17) 7.6023 10587
(19)7.3742 41269
(47)4.814172219
9.8488
4.5947
3.1382
2.4966

n3[(-g)2]

57802
00892
88993
30932
1

4
389
3. 0770
2.4308
1. 9203
1.5171
1. 1985
9.4682

79
6241
93039
50081
56399
74555
90899
08810
15960
76083

(45)3.4918
8. 8881
4. 2908
2.9813
2. 3962

06676
94417
40427
07501
12991

497
4. 1821
3.5129
2.9509
2.4787
2.0821
1.7490

84
7056
92704
87136
19424
80316
03466
58911
57485
12288

(46) 1. 5230
9.1651
4.3795
3.0274
2. 4258

10388
51390
19140
00104
04834

88
7744
681472
599 69536
( 9 5.:1773 19168
(11 4. ,,440 40868
3 4. 0867 55964
15 3. '5963 45248
17 3. 1647 83818
19 2.7850 09760
(46) 4. 6514 04745
9.3808 31520
4.4479 60181
3.0628 14314
2.4484 79851

627
9\5. 5840
11 4.9698
1314.4231
15 3.9365
17 3.5035
19 3. 1181
(46) 6. 1004
9.4339
4. 4647
3.0714
2.4540

89
7921
04969
42241
59449
12910
33490
88806
64037
71993
25945
81132
45096
78656
19455

93
8649
04357
05201
83693
01834
08706
18097
10830
23072
28603
50,'61
54E196
22,'99
9l!166

8
780
9 7.3390
11 6.8986
13 6. 4847
15 6. 0956
17 5. 7299
19 5.3861
(47) 2. 2650
9. 6953
4.5468
3.1137
2.4809

94
8836
30584
74896
40224
97811
75942
89385
48022
51141
01461
59715
35944
37258
93182

9
960
l 9j9.5099
11 9.4148
l13 9.3206
15 9.2274
117l9.1351
19 9. 0438
(47) 7. 8567

99
9801
70299
59601
00499
01494
53479
46944
72475
20750
81408

9.9498
4.6260
3.1543
2. 5068

74371
65009
42146
42442

ll1
13
l15
17
18

78
6084
4'W;52
370 15056
2. ,s871 74:168
2. :2519 96007
1. 7565 561185
1. 3701 14:171
1. 0686 ,sn09
8. B57 751131

III

8
748
9) 6. 9568
11 6.4699
13 6. 0170
15 5.5958
5. ;W4l
l17
19 4.13398
(47) 1. 7522
9.6436
4.5306
3.1054
2. ,\756

9
922
( 9) 9. 0392
ll1\8.13584
13 8.6812
(15) 8. 5076
117l8.3374
19 8. 1707
(47) 6.1578
9.13994
4.6104
3. 1463
2.5017

n4[(-g)1]

98
9604
41]92
36E116
07%8
23E:09
55;,32
30226
77621
28069
03365
94937
36292
46284
57: 27
1

( 9
11
13
15
17
18

11~1315
l17
19

5[(-g)9]

28

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1
k
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1(3
1/4
1/5

100
10000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
88834
77660
86432

105
11025
11 57625
1215 50625
1. 2762 81563
llO
12 1. 3400 95641
14 1.4071 00423
16 1.4774 55444
18 1.5513 28216
20 1. 6288 94627
( 48) 3. 2250 99944
( 1) 1. 0246 95077
4.7176 93980
3.2010 85873
2.536517482

10
1000
( 10 1.0000
1. 0000
12 1. 0000
14
16 1.0000
1.0000
p8
20 1. 0000

(48) 1. 0000
( 1) 1. 0000
4. 6415
3.1622
2. 5118

10
1040
10 1.0510
12 1.0615
14 1.0721
16 1.0828
18 1.0936
20 1. 1046
(48) 1. 2697
( 1) 1. 0049
4.6570
3.1701
2.5168

101
10201
30301
60401
10050
20151
35352
56706
85273
22125
34649
87562
09508
53880
90229

10
1082
10 1.1040
12 1.1261
14 1. 1486
16 1.1716
18 1. 1950
20 1. 2189
( 48) 1. 6084
( 1) 1. 0099
4.6723
3.1779
2.5218

102
10404
61208
43216
80803
62419
85668
59381
92569
94420
37249
50494
28728
71828
54548

11
1262
10 1. 3382
12 1.4185
14 1. 5036
16 1. 5938
18 1.6894
20 1.7908
( 48) 4. 0489
( 1) 1. 0295
4.7326
3.2086
2. 5413

106
11236
91016
47696
25578
19112
30259
48075
78959
47697
34641
63014
23491
80436
30642

12
1310
10 1. 4025
12 1. 5007
14 1.6057
16 1. 7181
18 1.8384
20 1.9671
(48) 5. 0723
( 1) 1. 0344
4.7474
3.2162
2.5461

107
11449
25043
79601
51731
30352
81476
86180
59212
51357
66953
08043
59398
21453
07613

14
1573
O 1. 7623
12 1. 9738
14 2.2106
16 2.4759
,18 2.7730
( 20 3.1058
(49) 1.5178
( 1) 1. 0583
4.8202
3.2531
2.5694

11
1169
10 1. 2166
12 1.2653
14 1. 3159
16 1. 3685
18 1. 4233
20 1. 4802
(48) 2. 5633
( 1) 1. 0198
4.7026
3.1934
2.5316

74323
24269
3021 0
04627
24997
80737
30485
03156
09795
49001

12
1411
10 1.5386
12 1.6771
14 1.8280
16 1. 9925
18 2. 1718
20 2.3673
( 48)7.9110
( 1) 1. 0440
4.7768
3.2311
2.5555

109
11881
95029
58161
23955
00111
39121
62642
93279
63675
83175
30651
56181
46315
55397

112
12544
04928
51936
41683
22685
81407
63176
78757
48208
62893
00524
84528
53123
70314

113
12769
14 42897
1630 47361
10 1.8424 35179
112 2.081951753
4 2. 3526 05480
16 2.6584 44193
18 3.0040 41938
(20 3.3945 67390
( 49) 1. 8788 09051
( 1) 1. 0630 14581
4.8345 88127
3. 2603 90439
2.5740 42354

14
1688
10 1. 9254
12 2.1949
14 2. 5022
16 2.8525
18 3.2519
20 3.7072
(49) 2. 3212
( 1)1.0677
4. 8488
3.2675
2.5785

114
12996
81544
96016
14582
72624
68791
86422
48521
21314
20685
07825
07586
79877
82140

2.587S~66964

16
1873
10 2.1924
12 2.5651
14 3.0012
16 3. 5114
18 4.1084
20 4.8068
(49) 4.3297
( 1) 1. 0816
4.8909
3.2888
2. 5920

117
13689
01613
88721
48036
64202
42116
53276
00333
28389
28675
65383
73246
68168
12982

16
1938
2.2877
10
12 2.6995
14 3.1854
6 3.7588
18 4. 4354
20 5.2338
( 49) 5. 3109
( 1) 1. 0862
4.9048
3.2958
2. 5964

118
13924
43032
77776
57757
54153
73901
59203
53859
35554
00627
78049
68131
73252
28703

16
2005
10 2. 3863
12 2. 8397
14 3.3793
16 4.0213
18 4.7854
20 5.6946
( 49) 6. 5031
( 1) 1. 0908
4.9186
3. 3028
2.6008

119
14161
85159
33921
53660
60855
15418
85347
48563
83790
99444
71211
84734
33952
14587

121
14641
71561
58881
42460
28377
98336
72986
17313
99949
23378
00000
87443
24790
98635

18
2215
1012.7027
12 3.2973
14 4.0227
16 4.9077
18 5.9874
20 7.3046
(50) 1.1820
( 1) 1. 1045
4.9596
3.3234
2.6137

122
14884
15848
33456
08163
03959
10830
07213
02800
31415
50242
36102
75664
5618&
97668

18
2288
2. 8153
12 3.4628
14 4.2592
5.2389
l16
18 6.4438
20 7.9259
(50) 1. 4378
( 1) 1.1090
4.9731
3.3302
2. 6180

123
15129
60867
86641
05684
25992
75970
09443
58615
46096
80104
53651
89833
45713
68602

19
2364
10l2.9316
12 3. 6352
14l4.5076
16 5.5895
18) 6. 9309
(20) 8. 5944
(50) 1.7463
( 1) 1. 1135
4.9866
3.3369
2.6223

124
15376
06624
21376
25062
15077
66696
06703
88312
25506
06393
52873
30952
93965
11847

110
12100
31000
10000
10000
61000
17100
88810
47691
42460
32676
08848
19857
31840
27376

III
12321
13 67631
1518 07041
10 1.6850 58155
12 1. 8704 14552
14 2.0761 60153
16 2.3045 37770
18 2.5580 369<0
20 2. 8394 20986
( 49) 1. 2239 15658
( 1) 1. 0535 65375
4.8058 95534
3.2458 67180
2.564865499

15
1749
2.0113
12 2.3130
4 2.6600
16 3.0590
18 3.5178
20 4.0455
(49) 2.8625
( 1) 1. 0723
4.8629
3.2747
2.5830

115
13225
20875
00625
57188
60766
19880
22863
76292
57736
17619
80529
44131
22171
90178

116
13456
60896
63936
41658
96323
19734
14892
61275
35079
41704
32961
98961
18035

po

120
14400
17 28000
2073 60000
110) 2. 4883 20000
12) 2. 9859 84000
14r 5831 80800
16 4.2998 16960
18 5.1597 80352
(20) 6. 1917 36422
(49) 7.9496 84720
( 1)1.095445115
4.9324 24149
3.3097 50920
2. 6051 71085
1

11

103
10609
92727
50881
74074
52297
73865
70081
73184
16379
94106
89157
48148
32501
80083

104
10816
24864
85856
52902
19018
31779
69050
11812
44285
04165
03903
69375
36868
67508

13
1464
10 1. 6105
12 1. 7715
14 1.9487
16 2. 1435
18 2.3579
1 20 2.5937
(48) 9. 8497
( 1) 1. 0488
4.7914
3. 2385
2.5602

uk

15
1810
2.1003
12 2.4363
10
14 2. 8262
1& 3.2784
118 3. 8029
20) 4. 4114
( 49) 3. 5236
( 1) 1. 0770
4. 8769
3.2818

17
2143
10 2.5937
12 3. 1384
14 3.7974
10 4.5949
18 5.5599
20 6. 7274
(49) 9.7017
( 1) 1. 1000
4.9460
3.3166
2.6094

2[(-5)3J
4

3[(-5)lJ
5
I

It

I
/1

4[(

10
1125
10 1.1592
12 1. 1940
14 1.2298
16 1.2667
18 1.3047
20 1.3439
(48) 2. 0327
( 1) 1. 0148
4. 6875
3.1857
2. 5267

108
11664
12 59712
1360 48896

I'T"" "'"
12 1.5868
l14 1. 7138
16 1. 8509
18 1. 9990
(20) 2. 1589
( 48) 6. 3411
( 1) 1. 0392
4.7622
3. 2237
2. 5508

r
t

-g) 8J

n:r-1)5J

29

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL MBTHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Table 3.1

125
15625
19 53125
2441 40625
(1013.051757813
12 3.8146 97266
14 4.7683 71582
16 5.9604 64478
18) 7. 4505 80597
20) 9.3132 25746
(50)2.1175 82368
( 1) 1. 1180 33989
5.0000 00000
3.3437 01525
2. 6265 27804

126
15876
20 00376
2520 47376
(ll3.175796938
(12 4.0015 04141
(14l5.0418 95218
(16 6. 3527 87975
(18 8.0045 12848
(21) 1. 0085 68619
(50) 2.5638 5<'774
( 1) 1. 1224 97216
5. 0132 97935
3.3503 68959
2. 6307 16865

20
2601
10) 3. 3038
1214.1958
14 5.3287
16 6.7675
18 8.5947
21 1. 0915
(50) 3. 0994
( 1) 1.1269
5. 0265
3.3569
2.6348

127
16129
48383
44641
36941
72915
58602
23424
54749
33853
83316
42767
25695
96823
79413

128
16384
20 97152
2684 35456
10 3.4359 73837
12 4. 3980 46511
14 5. 6294 99534
16 7.2057 59404
18 9.2233 72037
(21 1. 1805 91621
(50)3.741444192
( 1) 1. 1313 70850
5.0396 84200
3. 3635 85661
2.6390 15822

21
2769
10 3.572)
12 4. 608;~
14 5.944b
16 7. 668b
18 9. 892~;
21 1. 2761
(50) 4.5097
( 1) 1. 1357
5.0527
3.3701
2.643].

129
16641
46689
22881
05165
73663
73025
28202
30381
36419
56022
81669
74347
36005
26458

21
2856
(10) 3. 7129
(12) ~. 8268
(14l6.2748
(16 8.1573
(19) 1. 0604
(21) 1. 3785
(50) 5.4280
( 1) 1.1401
5.0657
3.3766
2. 6472

130
16900
97000
10000
30000
09000
51700
07210
49937
84918
07704
75425
97019
48375
11681

131
17161
22 48091
2944 99921
(l0l3.8579 48965
(12 5.0539 1:1144
1416.6206 26219
16 8.6730 20347
119 1. 1361 6~;665
(21 1. 4883 77022
(50)6.523957088
( 1) 1. 1445 5;!314
5.0787 53078
3.3831 23282
2.6512 71840

22
3035
10) 4.0074
12l5. 2898
14 6.9826
116 9.2170
( 19l1. 2166
(21 1. 6059
(50)7.8302
( 1) 1. 1489
5. 0916
3. 3895
2.6553

132
17424
99968
95776
64243
52801
05697
39521
49217
76966
26935
12529
43370
61224
07280

23
3129
10! 4. 1615
12 5.5349
14 7.3614
16 9.7906
19) 1. 3021
121) 1. 7318
(50) 9.3851
( 1) 1. 1532
5.1044
3. 3959
2.6593

133
17689
52637
00721
79589
00854
18136
86120
61254
74468
10346
56259
68722
62690
18337

24
3224
(l0! 4.3204
(12 5. 7893
14 7.7577
17 1.0395
19 1. 3929
121l1. 8665
(51) 1. 1233
( 1) 1. 157!;
5.11n
3.4023
2.663:\

134
17956
06104
17936
00342
36459
10855
33255
74561
85912
50184
83690
29947
28159
05339

10
24

24
3321
(10) 4.4840
(12) 6.0534
14) 8. 1721
17) 1.1032
I'll 1. 4893
121 2.0106
(51) 1. 3427

135
18225
60375
50625
33438
45141
50940
40377
74509
55587
97252

136
18496
25 1~;456
3421 02016
(l0l4.6525 87418
(12 6.3275 IB888
(1418.6054 2',688
(17 1.170337894
(19 1. 5916 59535
(21 2.1646 56968
(51) 1. 6030 01028

25
3522
(10) 4. 8261
12) 6.6118
14! 9.0582
17 1. 2409
(19 1. 7001
(21 2. 3291
(51) 1. 9111

137
18769
71353
75361
72446
56251
43063
79300
41641
94048
44882

26
3626
10 5.0049
12 6.9067
14 9.5313
17 1. 3153
19 1. 8151
(21 2.504'1
(51) 2.2756

138
19044
28072
73936
00317
62437
32163
23839
46897
02718
11258

26
373:l
lO 5. 1881l
12 7.212!;
15 1. 002';
17 1. 393!;
19 1. 9371)
21 2.6924
(51) 2. 7061

139
19321
85619
01041
84470
49413
44368
36672
15974
52204
70815

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

( 1) 1. 1618
5.1299
3. 4086
2. 6672

95004
27840
58099
68608

( 1) 1.1661
5.1425
3.4149
2. 6712

( 1) 1.1704
5.1551
3. 4212
2.6751

69991
36735
13222
25206

( 1) 1.1747
5.1676
3.4274
2. 6790

34012
49252
39296
19145

( 1) 1. 1789
5. 1801
3.4336
2. 682B

82612
01467
31623
90577

27
3841
(10) 5.3782
(12) 7.5295
(15) 1. 0541
(17) 1. 4757
( 19) 2. 0661
(21) 2.8925
(51) 3. 2141

140
19600
44000
60000
40000
36000
35040
89056
04678
46550
99700

28
3952
(115.5730
(12 7.8580
(15 1. 1079
(17 1. 5622
(19 2.2027
(21) 3. 1059
(51) 3. 8129

26159
28871

28
4065
(10) 5.7735
(12 8.1984
(15 1. 1641
(17 1.6531
(19 2.3474
(21 3.3333
(51) 4. 5177

142
20164
63288
86896
33923
18171
75380
29040
43237
69396
29930

29
4181
(10) 5. 9797
(12 8.5509
15 1. 2227
17 1. 7485
19 2.5004
21
1 3.5756

143
20449
24207
61601
10894
86579
91081
91246
85481
94238

29
4299
106.1917
12 8.9161
15 1. 2839
17 1. 848B
19 2.6623
21 3.8337

144
20736
85984
81696
36422
00448
18465
42589
33328
59992

( 1) 1. 1832
5. 1924
3.4397
2. 6867

15957
94102
90628
39790

( 1) 1. 1874
5.2048
3.4459
2.6905

34209
27863
16727
67070

( 1)1.191637529
5. 2171 03446
3.4520 10326
2.6943 72696

(51) 5. 3464
( 1) 1.1958
5.2293
3.4580
2.6981

42484
26074
21532
71824
56943

(51) 6. 3197
( 1) 1. 2001)
5.2414
3.4641
2.7019

48715
00000
82788
01615
20077

30
4420
10) 6. 4097
12) 9. 2941
115) 1. 3476
(l7l1. 9540
(19 2.8334
(21) 4.1084

145
21025
48625
50625
34063
14391
46587
87551
26948
69075

(51) 7. 4616
( 1) 1. 2041
5.2535
3.4701
2.7056

01544
59458
87872
00082
62363

31
4543
(10) 6.6338
( 12) 9.6853
(15) 1. 4140
17) 2.0645
19) 3. 0142
121) 4. 4007
(51) 8. 7997
( 1) 1. 2083
5.2656
3.4760
2.7093

146
21316
12136
71856
29098
90482
67010
37835
25239
6B850
13625
04597
37428
67602
B4058

31
4669
10) 6. 8641
1311. 0090
15 1. 4832
17 2.1804
(19 3. 2052
(21) 4.7116
(52) 1. 0366
( 1) 1. 2124
5.2776
3.4820
2.7130

3'l
49213
1017.3439
13 1. 094:?
15 1.6304
17 2.429l
19) 3. 6197
21) 5.3934
(52) 1. 4337
( 1) 1. 2206
5.301<1
3.4937
2.7204

149
22201
07949
84401
77575
52659
36461
50327
31988
00662
40132
55562
59192
88147
28110

2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9

10
24
1/2

1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9

2
3

4
5
6
7

8
9

10
24
1/2

1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3

5
6

7
8

10
24
1/2

1/3
1/4
1/5

n 2[C

--f) 2]

90379
63181
52970
08461
141
19881
03221
54161
83670
47975
84764
5B518
8,~510

147
21609
76523
48881
48551
29837
73860
12575
06485
53533
11527
35565
32088
04545
85417

n3[C -g)9]

148
21904
32 41792
4797 85216
(l0l7.1008 21197
(13 1.0509 21537
(15 1.5553 63875
( 17) 2. 3019 38535
(19l3.4068 69032
(215.042166167
( 52) 1. 2197
( 1) 1.2165
5.2895
3.4879
2. 7167

4[C-f)5]

79049
52506
72473
11275
66686
1

n 5 [C

l
l

-f)3J

30

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Tahle 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1(4
1/5

33
5062
(10 7.5937
(13 1. 1390
1. 7085
17 2.5628
115
19 3.8443
21 5.7665
(52) 1. 6834
( 1) 1. 2247
5.3132
3.4996
2.7240

150
22500
75000
50000
50000
62500
93750
90625
35938
03906
11220
44871
92846
35512
69927

34
5198
8502
13 1.1853
1511.7899
17 2.7028
194.0812
21 6.1626
(52) 1.9744
( 1) 1. 2288
5.3250
3.5054
2.7276

151
22801
42951
85601
72575
91159
40650
10381
43676
77950
52704
20573
74022
53712
92374

37
5772
110l8.9466
13 1.3867
115) 2.1494
17) 3. 3316
19)5.1639
21 8.0041
(52) 3. 6979
( 1) 1. 2449
5.3716
3. 5284
2.7419

155
24025
23875
00625
09688
24502
22977
05615
88703
82490
47627
89960
85355
41525
92987

37
5922
(10) 9. 2389
13 1. 4412
15 2.2483
17 3.5074
19 5.4716
21 8.5358
(52) 4. 3150
( 1) 1. 2489
5. 3832
3.5341
2.7455

156
24336
96416
408%
57978
77445
92813
92789
88751
34451
94990
99600
12612
18843
21947

160
25600
40 96000
6553 60000
11l 1. 0485 76000
13 1. 6777 21600
15 2.6843 54500
17) 4.2949 67296
9l6.871947674
22 1. 0995 11628
(52)7.9228 16251
( 1) 1. 2649 11064
5.4288 35233
3. 5565 58820
2.7594 59323

41
6718
11 1. 0817
13 1. 7416
15 2.8040
17 4.5144
19 7.2683
22 1. 1701
(52) 9.2007
( 1) 1. 2688
5.4401
3. 5621
2. 7629

161
25921
73281
98241
56168
27430
20163
72463
00665
96407
03274
57754
21825
02966
00056

lOr.

1/2
1(3
1/4
1/5

44
7412
11) L 2229
13 2.0179
15) 3. 3295
17l5.4937
19 9.0647
(22) 1. 4956
(53) 1. 6581
( 1) 1. 2845
5. 4848
3. 5840
2. 7764

165
27225
92125
00625
81031
18702
65858
83665
43047
82603
15050
23258
06552
24634
94317

166
27556
45 74296
7593 33136
11 1. 2604 93006
13 2. 0924 18390
15 3.4734 14527
17 5.7658 68114
19 9.5713 41070
(22 1.588842618
(53) 1. 9168 76411
( 1) 1. 2884 09873
5.495864660
3. 5894 42676
2.7798 51635

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1(3
1/4
1/5

170
28900
49 13000
8352 10000
l11l1.419857000
13 2.4137 56900
~
1033 86730
17 6.9757 57441
(20 1.185878765
(22 2.0159 93900
(53) 3. 3944 86713
( 1) 1. 3038 40481
5.5396 58257
3.6108 73137
2.7931 21220

171
29241
00211
36081
11699
11004
60818
66998
58257
70619
68945
69683
99103
71571
99540

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1St

50
8550
1. 4621
13 2.5002
15 4.2753
117 7.3108
20 1. 2501
(22 2.1377
(53) 3. 9075
( 1) 1. 3076
5.5504
3.6161
2.7963

ill

n2[(-g)2]

35
5337
(10l8.1136
(13 1.2332
15) 1. 8745
17\2.8493
19 4.3310
21 6.5831
(52) 2. 3133
( 1) 1. 2328
5.3368
3.5112
2.7312

152
23104
11808
94816
81203
79543
84905
69056
40965
82267
75387
82801
03297
43086
95679

38
6075
1l9. 5388
13 1. 4976
15)2.3512
(17 3.6914
(1915.7955
(21 9.0990
(52) 5.0302
( 1) 1. 2529
5. 3946
3.5397
2.7490

157
24649
69893
73201
99256
07183
43278
51946
79555
59901
74186
96409
90712
68931
32856

!
i

162
26244
42 51528
6887 47536
111)1. 1157 71008
13 1. 8075 49033
IS! 2. 9282 29434
17 4.7437 31683
19 7.684845327
22 1. 2449 44943
(53)1.067481480
( 1) 1. 2727 92206
5.4513 61778
3.567621345
2.7663 23734

153
23409
35 81577
5479 81281
8. 3841 13599
10 1. 2827 69381
13
15 1. 9626 37152
7 3.0028 34843
19 4.5943 37310
r 21 7.029336085
(52) 2.7076 61312
( 1) 1. 2369 31688
5.3484 81241
3.5170 03963
2.7348 80069

154
23716
36 52264
5624 48656
10 8.6617 09302
13 1. 3339 03233
15 2. 0542 10978
17 3.1634 84906
19 4.8717 66756
( 21 7. 5025 20804
( 52) 3. 1659 00782
( 1)1.240967365
5. 3601 08411
3. 5227 36670
2.7384 45765

39
6232
(10l9.8465
113 1. 5557
15! 2.4581
7 3.8837
19 6.1364
(21 9.6955
( 52) 5. 8582
( 1) 1. 2569
5.4061
3.5453
2.7525

158
24964
44312
01296
80477
59715
00350
98553
01714
14709
79483
80509
20176
92093
25920

159
25281
40 19679
6391 28961
l1l1.0162 15048
13 1.6157 81926
1512.5690 93263
17 4.0848 58288
196.494924678
(22 1. 0326 93024
(52) 6.8160 22003
( 1) 1. 2609 52021
5.4175 01515
3.5509 88625
2.7560 01343

43
7059
1.1506
p1 1. 8755
13
3.0571
p5
17 4.9831
9 8.1224
22 1. 3239
(53) 1. 2373
( 1)1.2767
5. 4625
3.5731
2.7697

163
26569
30747
11761
36170
36958
25241
14143
76053
63597
78329
14533
55571
14235
30547

44
7233
111l1. 1863
13 1. 9456
l15f.1908
17 5.2330
19 8. 5821
(22 1. 4074
(53) 1. 4330
( 1) 1.2806
5.4737
3.5785
2.7731

169
28561
48 26809
8157 30721
1. 3785 84918
13 2. 3298 08512
15 3.9373 76386
6.6541 66092
20 1. 1245 54070
22 1. 9004 96377
(53)2.946326763
( 1) 1. 3000 00000
5.5287 74814
3.6055 51275
2.7898 27436

46
7777
1.2989
13 2. 1691
15 3.6225
6.0496
p7
20 1. 0102
( 22 1. 6871
(53) 2.2140
( 1) 1. 2922
5.5068
3. 5948
2.7831

167
27889
57463
96321
19856
96160
57587
71170
95085
92792
90189
84798
78446
36294
92813

47
7965
(11) 1. 3382
r3r.2483
15 3.7771
17 6. 3456
120l1. 0660
22 1. 7909
(53) 2. 5551
( 1) 1. 2961
5.5178
3.6002
2.7865

168
28224
41632
94176
78216
07402
56436
22812
64632
88583
87425
48140
48353
05744
18023

50
8752
(11 1. 5053
13 2. 5892
15 4.4534
17 7.6599
20 1. 3175
22) 2. 2661
(53) 4. 4945
( 1) 1. 3114
5.5612
3. 6214
2.7996

172
29584
88448
13056
66456
30305
76124
78934
16377
28168
13878
87705
97766
46817
62559

51
8957
1. 5496
13 2.6808
115 4.6379
17 8.0235
20l1. 3880
22 2.4013
(53) 5. 1654
( 1) 1. 3152
5.5720
3.6266
2. 80'29

173
29929
77717
45041
38921
75333
14326
91785
81379
80785
29935
94644
54656
99110
10436

III

n3[( -g) 7]

111{

n4[(-g)4]

164
26896
10944
94816
67498
42697
54023
00598
20981
67841
20335
24847
03675
81908
20681

III
117

52
9166
11 1. 5949
13 2.7152
15 4.8288
17 8.4022
20 1. 4619
22 2.5438
(53) 5. 9317
( 1) 1. 3190
5.5827
3. 6319
2. 8061

n5[(-g) 3]

174
30276
68024
36176
46946
07686
61374
18792
86070
55761
37979
90596
70172
28683
43329

31

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Table 3.1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

53
9378
11 1.6413
13 2.8722
15 5.0265
17 8.7963
20 1. 5393
22 2.6938
(53) 6. 8063
( 1) 1. 3228
5.5934
3.6371
2. 8093

175
30625
59375
90625
08594
90039
07568
88245
67943
93900
32613
75656
44710
35763
61392

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

58
911.0497
11 1. 8895
13
4012
15 6. 1222
18 1. 1019
20 1 1. 9835
22 3.5704
(54) 1. 3382
( 1) 1. 3416
5.6462
3.6628
2.8252

180
32400
32000
60000
68000
22 400
00320
96058
92904
67227
58845
40786
16173
41501
34501

63
911. 1713
11 2.1669
13 4.0089
15! 7. 4165
18 1. 3720
20 2.5383
22 4.6958
(54) 2. 5829
( 1) 1.3601
5.6980
3.6880
2.8407

185
34225
31625
50625
98656
47514
52901
62287
15230
83176
82606
47051
19215
17151
58702

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

r'

/i

54
9595
(l1l1. 6887
13 2.9721
15 5.2310
1719. 2066
20 1. 6203
(22 2. 8518
(53)7.8037
( 1) 1. 3266
5. 6040
3.6423
2.8125

176
30976
51776
12576
42134
86155
47634
43835
69315
49994
62212
49916
78661
20574
64777

178
31684
56 39752
1. 0038 75856
119 1.786899024
,13 3.1806 80262
5.6616 10867
18 1. 0077 66734
'I15
20 1. 7938 24787
{22 3.1930 08121
(54) 1. 0:!34 81638
( 1) 1. 3341 66406
5.6252 26328
3.6526 24271
2.8189 28111

179
32041
57 35339
9 1.0266 25681
11 1.837659969
13 3.2894 11344
15 5.8880 46307
18 1. 0539 60289
20 1.8865 88917
22 3.3769 94162
(54) 1.1707 73122
( 1) 1. 3379 08816
5.6357 40794
3. 6577 43589
2.8220 88352

59
( 9) 1. 0732
11 1. 9426
13 3.5161
15 6.3642
p8 1. 1519
20 2.0850
( 22 3. 7738
(54) 1. 5285
( 1) 1. 3453
5.6566
3.6679
2.8283

60
9 1. 0971
11 1.9969
13 3.6343
15 6.6145
18 1. 2038
20 2.1910
22 3.9876
(54) 1. 7446
( 1) 1. 3490
5.6670
3.6729
2.8314

182
33124
28568
99376
02864
63213
41048
46471
00577
21050
70074
73756
51108
73940
85080

183
33489
61 28487
9 1. 1215 13121
11 2. 0523 69011
13 3.7558 35291
15 6.8731 78582
18 1.2577 91681
20 2. 3017 58775
22 4.2122 18559
(54) 1. 91198 76639
( 1)1.352774926
5.6774 11371
3. 6780 08871
2.8345 89786

62
1. 1462
11 2.1090
13 3.8806
15 7. 1404
18 1. 3138
20 2.4174
22 4.4481
(54)2.2679
( 1) 1. 3564
5.6877
3.6830
2.8376

184
33856
29504
28736
60874
72009
36496
40315
66180
37771
20111
65997
33960
23210
80950

186
34596
64 34856
1. 1968 83216
11i 2.2262 02782
13 4.1407 37174
r5 7.7017 71144
18 1. 4325 29433
20 2.6645 04745
22 4.955978826
(54) 2. 9397 51775
( 1) 1. 3638 18170
5.7082 67473
3.6929 90888
2.8438 23174

65
9 1. 2228
11 2.2866
13 4.2761
15 7.9963
18 1. 4953
20 2.7962
22 5. 2289
(54)3.3434
( 1) 1. 3674
5. 7184
3.6979
2.8468

187
34969
39203
30961
93897
17588
39889
15559
40096
68979
78670
79433
79065
44609
74493

66
9) 1. 2491
11 2. 3484
13 4.4151
15 8. 3005
18 1.5604
20 2.9337
22 5.5154
(54)3.8000
( 1) 1. 3"/11
5.7286
3.7028
2.8499

188
35344
44672
98336
92872
66599
13206
96483
33387
18768
41874
30920
54316
78502
12786

67
9 1.2759
11 2.4116
13 4.5579
15 8.6145
18 1.6281
2013. 0772
22 5.8159
(54) 4.3160
( 1) 1. 3747
5.7387
3. 7077
2. 8529

189
35721
51269
89841
20799
63311
50658
50074
03640
14881
18526
72708
93548
92751
38178

70
911. 3589
11 2. 6091
13 5. 0096
15 9.6185
18 1.8467
20 3.5457
22 6.8078
(54)6.2983
( 1) 1. 3856
5.7689
3.7224
2.8619

192
36864
77888
54496
92632
49854
27720
57322
74059
86193
89130
40646
98281
19436
38162

71
9 1.3874
11 2.6778
13 5. 1682
15 9.9747
18 1.9251
20 3. 7154
22 7.1708
(54) 7. I:l46
( 1) 1.3892
5. 77 89
3. 7272
2. 8649

193
37249
89057
88001
51842
54055
30326
22953
87299
90487
95065
44399
96565
56899
13156

73
1. 4164
11i 2.7479
13 5. 3310
6 1. 0342
18 2. 0063
20 3.8923
r 22 7. 5512
(54) 8.0768
( ot) 1. 3928
5.7889
3.7320
2. 8678

194
37636
01384
68496
48882
20832
18041
83000
83020
23059
40718
38828
60372
75599
75844

76
9 1.5061
11 2.9670
13 5.8451
16 1.1514
18 2. 2684
20 4. 4688
22 8.8036
(55) 1.1673
( 1) 1. 4035
5.8186
3.7464
2.8766

197
38809
45373
38481
92808
72831
99048
53124
52654
39729
18660
66885
47867
20805
91203

77
( 9) 1. 5:169
11 3.0431
13 6. 0254
16 1. 1930
, 18 2.3622
20 4.6772
22 9.2608
(55) 1. 3181
( 1) 1. 4071
5.8284
3.7511
2.8796

198
39204
62392
53616
68160
72956
43645
26418
08307
72448
49187
24728
76683
66123
05790

78
9 1.5682
11 3.1207
13 6.2103
16 1.2358
18 2.4593
20 4.8941
22 9. 7393
(55) 1. 4875
( 1) 1. 4106
5.8382
3. 7558
2. 8825

199
39601
80599
39201
96010
84060
66428
74192
54641
67736
57746
73598
72461
93499
08624

55
9815
11 1. 7372
13 3. 0749
15 5.4426
17 9.6335
20 1.7051
22 3.0180
(53) 8. 9404
( 1) 1.3304
5.6146
3.6474
2.8157

177
31329
45233
06241
66047
60902
80797
45011
37467
93317
29702
13470
72408
83337
53634

181
32761
29741
83121
42449
82833
90927
36658
05351
59685
71637
62405
52826
18217
66697

190
36100
68 59000
9 1. 3032 10000
11 2.4760 99000
13 4.7045 88100
15 8.9387 17390
18 1.6983 56304
20 3.2268 76978
22 6.1310 66258
(54) 4.8987 62931
( 1)1.378404875
5.7488 97079
3.7126 87538
2.8559 50791

69
9 1.3308
11 2.5419
13 4. 8551
15 9.2732
18 1.7711
20 3.3829
22 6.4615
(54) 5.5564
( 1) 1. 3820
5.7589
3.7175
2. 8589

191
36481
67871
63361
49020
22627
84218
97286
86816
04818
93542
27496
65220
63041
50746

195
38025
74 14875
9 1. 4459 00625
11 2.8195 06219
13 5.4980 37127
16 1.0721 17240
18 2. 0906 28617
204.076725804
22 7.9496 15318
(54) 9.1375 69069
( 1) 1. 3964 24004
5.7988 89998
3.7368 75706
2.870826340

75
9 1. 4757
11 2.8925
13 5. 6693
16 1.1112
18 2.1779
20 4.2687
22 8.3668
(55) 1. 0331
( 1) 1. 4000
5. 8087
3.7416
2.8737

196
38416
29536
89056
46550
91238
00683
53338
88542
25543
07971
00000
85734
57387
64756

[<-f)1]

n2

n3 [( -~)

5]

4[(-1)3]

n5[< -~)2]

32

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS

nk

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

80
911.6000
11 3.2000
13 6.4000
16! 1. 2800
18 2.5600
20 5. 1200
23 1. 0240
(55) 1. 6777
( 1) 1. 4142
5.8480
3.7606
2.8853

200
40000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
21600
13562
35476
03093
99812

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

81
9 1.6322
11 3.2808
13 6.5944
16 1.3254
18 2. 6642
20 5. 3550
23 1.0763
(55) 1. 8910
( 1) 1. 4177
5.8577
3.7652
2.8882

201
40401
20601
40801
04010
16060
77628
10032
62165
67495
60303
44688
66003
95059
79458

202
40804
82 42408
9 1.6649 66416
11 3.3632 32160
13 6.7937 28964
16 1.3723 33251
18 2.7721 13166
20 5.5996 68596
23 1.1311 33056
(55) 2.1302 61246
( 1) 1. 4212 67040
5.867464308
3. 7699 69549
2. 8911 47666

83
9 1. 6981
11 3.4473
13 6.9980
16 1.4206
18 2.8838
20 5.8541
23) 1. 1883
(55) 2.3983
( 1) 1. 4247
5. 8771
3.7746
2.8940

203
41209
65427
81681
08812
36889
01489
21022
56674
93805
07745
80685
30659
26716
04537

84
9 1.7318
11 3.5330
13 7.2074
16 1. 4703
18 2.9994
20 6.1188
(23) 1. 2482
(55) 2.6985
( 1) 1. 4282
5.8867
3.7792
2.8968

204
41616
89664
91456
58570
39483
17655
48015
73951
50286
09916
85686
65317
66709
50171

86
9 1. 7661
11 3.6205
13 7.4220
16 1. 5215
18 3. 1191
20 6.3941
23 1.3108
(55)3.0345
( 1) 1. 4317
5. 8963
3.7838
2.8996

205
42025
15125
00625
06281
37877
17765
11418
78406
06573
38594
82106
68540
89674
84668

87
9 1.8008
11 3.7096
13 7.6419
16 1. 5742
18 3.2429
20 6.6804
23 1.3761
(55) 3. 4104
( 1) 1. 4352
5.9059
3.7884
2.9025

206
42436
41816
14096
77038
34698
38548
31408
38701
70372
62581
70009
40584
95756
08125

88
9 1. 8360
11 3. 8005
13 7.8672
16 1.6285
18 3.3710
20 6.9780
23 1. 4444
(55) 3. 8307
( 1) 1. 4387
5.9154
3.7930
2.9053

207
42849
69743
36801
96178
34089
17456
31135
34449
53131
89523
49457
81700
85099
20638

89'
9 1. 8717
11 3. 8932
13 8. 0980
16 1. 6843
18 3.5035
20 7.2873
23 1.5157
(55) 4.3005
( 1) 1. 4422
5.9249
3.7976
2.9081

208
43264
98912
73696
89288
41718
92677
36769
56480
70148
10765
20510
92137
57844
22302

91
( 911. 9080
11 3. 9877
13 8.3344
16r.7419
18 3. 6405
20 7.6088
(23) 1. 5902
( 55) 4. 8251
( 1) 1. 4456
5.9344
3.8022
2.9109

209
43681
29329
29761
82200
64799
03143
77569
07119
40688
50531
83229
72140
14131
13212

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

92
9)'1.9448
11 4.0841
13 8.5766
16 1. 8010
18 3.7822
20 7.9428
23 1. 6679
(55) 5. 4108
( 1) 1. 4491
5.9439
3. 8067
2.9136

210
44100
61000
10000
01000
12100
88541
85936
00466
88098
19838
37675
21953
54096
93459

211
44521
93 93931
9 1. 9821 19441
11 4.1822 72021
13 8. 8245 93963
16 1. 8619 89326
18 3.9287 97478
20 8.2897 62679
(23 1.7491 39925
(55) 6. 0642 75557
( 1) 1. 4525 83905
5.9533 41813
3.8112 77876
2.916463134

212
44944
95 28128
9 2.0199 63136
11 4.2823 21848
13 9. 0785 22318
16 1. 9246 46732
18 4.0802 51071
20 8.6501 32270
23 1. 8338 28041
(55) 6. 7929 85105
( 1)1.456021978
5.9627 31958
3.8157 85604
2.9192 22328

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

215
46225
99 38375
9 2.1367 50625
11 4. 5940 13844
13 9.8771 29764
16 2.1235 82899
18 4.5657 03233
20 9.8162 61952
23 2.1104 96320
(55)9.517503342
( 1) 1. 4662 87830
5. 990~2641S
3. 8292 13796
2.9274 37906

216
46656
100 77696
9 2.1767 82336
11 4.7018 49846
14 1. 0155 99567
16 2.1936 95064
18 4.7383 81338
21 1. 0234 90369
23 2.2107 39197
(56) 1. 0638 73589
( 1)1.469693846
6.0000 00000
3.8336 58625
2.9301 56052

102
912.2173
11 4. 8117
14 1. 0441
1612.2657
18 4.9167
21 1. 0669
23 2.3152
(56) 1.1885
( 1) 1.4730
6. 0092
3. 8380
2.9328

217
47089
18313
73921
01409
39206
82076
47106
34122
47045
94216
91986
45007
88048
64149

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

106
9 2. 3425
11 5. 1536
14 1.1337
16 2.4943
18 5.4875
21 1.2072
23 2.6559
(56) 1. 6525
( 1) 1. 4832
6.0368
3.8512
2.9409

109
9 2.4289
11 5. 3921
14 1. 1970
16 2.6574
18 5.8996
21 1. 3097
23 2.9075
(56) 2.0533
( 1) 1. 4899
6.0550
3. 8600
2.9462

222
49284
41048
12656
86096
65313
84996
16690
14905
67090
89736
66443
48947
08345
56780

220
48400
48000
60000
32000
99040
57888
87354
69218
92279
10926
39697
10737
85107
28975
1

107
9 2. 3854
11 5.2718
14 1.1650
16 2.5748
18 5.6903
21 1.2575
23 2.7792
(56) 1. 8425
( 1) 1. 4866
6.0459
3.8556
2.9435

n2[(-~)lJ

221
48841
93861
43281
29651
74353
14320
39647
65062
18787
30003
06875
43596
54127
97699
1

nS[(

-g) 5J

n4[(

213
45369
96 63597
9 2.0583 46161
11 4. 3842 77323
13 9.3385 10698
16 1.9891 02779
184.2367 88919
20 9.0243 60396
23 1.9221 88764
(55) 7.6051 97251
( 1) 1. 4594 51952
5.9720 92620
3.8202 77414
2.921971130

214
45796
98 00344
19l2. 0972 73616
11 4.4881 65538
13) 9.6046 74252
16l2. 0554 00290
\ 18 4.3985 56620
20) 9. 4129 11168
(23) 2. 0143 62990
(55)8.510019601
( 1) 1. 4628 73884
5.9814 24030
3.8247 53435
2.9247 09627

103
2.2585
4.9235
14 1.0733
6 2. 3398
18 5. 1009
21 1. 1120
23 2.4241
(56) 1.3272
( 1) 1. 4764
6.0184
3.8425
2.9355

218
47524
60232
30576
96656
44071
90075
60363
09359
80403
59512
82306
61655
02187
62280

105
( 9 2.3002
11 5. 0375
14 1. 1032
16 2.4160
18 5. 2911
21 1. 1587
23 2.5377
(56) 1. 4813
( 1) 1. 4798
6.0276
3.8469
2.9382

219
47961
03459
57521
63971
26510
66056
84663
69441
05076
53665
64859
50160
01167
50529

110
9 2.4729
11 5.5147
14 1.2297
16 2.7424
18 6. 1155
21 1.3637
23 3. 0412
(56) 2. 2872
( 1) 1. 4933
6. 0641
3.8643
2.9489

223
49729
89567
73441
30773
84962
20466
97640
78274
25550
66205
18452
26994
47878
06295

112
( 9/2 .. 5176
11 5. 6394
14 1. 2632
16 2.8296
18 6.3384
21 1.4198
23 3.1803
(56) 2. 5465
( 1) 1. 4966
6.0731
3.8686
2.9515

224
50176
39424
30976
93386
46519
72201
65731
16324
88565
51362
62955
77944
72841
46323

(Ii

-g) 2]

nS[(-g)

2]

33

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS nk

Table 3.1

113
9 2.5628
11 5.7665
14 1.2974
16 2.9192
18 6.5684
21 1.4778
23 3.3252
(56) 2. 8338
( 1) 1. 5000
6. 0822
3.8729
2.9541

225
50625
90625
90625
03906
63379
92603
08356
91880
56730
73334
00000
01996
83346
76939

226
51076
115 43176
9 2. 6087 57776
11 5.8957 92574
14 1.3324 49122
16 3.0113 35015
18 6.8056 17134
21 1.5380 69472
23 3.4760 37007
(56) 3. 1521 18526
( 1) 1. 5033 29638
6. 0911 99349
3.8772 79507
2.956798218

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

121
9 2.7984
11 6.4363
14 1.4803
16 3.4048
187.8310
21 1.8011
23 4. 1426
(56) 4. 8025
( 1) 1. 5165
6.1269
3.8943
2.9671

230
52900
67000
10000
43000
58890
25447
98528
52661
51121
07640
75089
25675
22905
91438

123
9 2.8473
11 6.5774
14 1.5193
16 3.5098
18 8.1076
21 1.8728
23 4.3263
(56) 5.3295
( 1) 1. 5198
6. 1357
3.8985
2.9697

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

129
9 3.0498
11 7.1670
14 1.6842
16 3.9579
18 9.3012
21 2.1858
23 5.1366
(56) 8. 0469
( 1) 1. 5329
6.1710
3.9153
2.9799

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

118
9 2.7023
11 6. 1613
14 1.4047
16 3.2029
18 7.3026
21 1.6649
23 3. 7961
(56) 3. 8943
( 1) 1. 5099
6.1091
3. 8858
2.9620

228
51984
52352
36256
26664
82479
04053
21240
97643
94626
62082
66887
14744
29238
13062

120
9 2.7500
11 6.2976
14 1. 4421
16 3. 302.5
18 7.5628
21 1.7318
23 3. 9660
(56) 4.3256
( 1) 1.5132
6. 1180
3.8900
2.9646

229
52441
08989
58481
33921
58168
42205
21649
86158
19301
51988
74595
33173
83026
06773

116
9 2. 6552
11 6. 0273
14 1. 3682
16 3.1058
18 7. 0502
21 1. 6004
23 3. 6329
(56) 3. 5044
( 1) 1. 5066
6. 1001
3.8815
2.9594

227
51529
97083
37841
89899
17507
53741
87992
15374
42900
55686
51917
70200
61435
10235

231
53361
26391
96321
85502
99151
12038
65809
70802
31552
12896
68415
92440
48980
67129

124
9 2.8970
11 6.7210
14 1.5592
16 3.6175
18 8.3927
21 1. 9471
23 4.5173
(56) 5. 9116
( 1) 1. 5231
6. 1446
3.9027
2.9723

232
53824
87168
22976
93304
93647
61260
42123
16173
09521
89798
54621
33651
61357
33915

126
9 2.9472
11 6. 8671
14 1. 6000
16 3.7281
18 8.6865
21 2.0239
23 4.7158
(56) 6. 5545
( 1) 1. 5264
6.1534
3. 9069
2.9748

233
54289
49337
95521
98564
57265
33428
50888
66357
41612
38287
33752
49494
60138
91866

128
9 2.9982
11 7.0158
14 1. 6417
16 3. 8415
18 8.9893
21 2.1035
23 4.9221
(56}7.2640
( 1) 1. 5297
6.1622
3.9111
2.9774

234
54756
12904
19536
33714
05089
89909
20386
00970
92271
79321
05854
40148
45426
41049

235
55225
77875
00625
31469
52395
93129
83852
01705
34007
01671
70972
05793
17320
81531

236
55696
131 44256
9 3. 1020 44416
11 7.3208 24822
14 1. 7277 14658
16 4.0774 06593
18 9.6226 79559
21 2.2709 52376
23 5.3594 47607
(56) 8. 9102 12697
( 1) 1. 5362 29150
6.179746606
3. 9194 75921
2.9825 13380

133
9 3. 1549
11 7.4772
14 1. 7721
16 4.1998
18 9.9537
21 2. 3590
23 5.5909
(56) 9.8618
( 1) 1. 5394
6.1884
3.9236
2.9850

237
56169
12053
56561
47050
07551
94895
50902
38964
22344
93410
80432
62762
21327
36660

238
56644
134 81272
9 3.2085 42736
11 7. 6363 31712
141.817446947
16 4.3255 2373,
19 1.0294 74649
21 2.4501 49664
23 5.8313 56201
(57) 1. 0910 55818
( 1) 1. 5427 24862
6. 1971 54435
3.9277 53635
2.9875 51438

136
9 3.2628
11 7.7981
14 1. 8637
16 4.4543
19 1. 0645
21 2.5443
23 6.0810
(57) 1. 2065
( 1) 1. 5459
6. 2058
3.9318
2.9900

239
57121
51919
08641
12652
48924
59928
92023
74934
56093
61943
62483
21795
72942
57776

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

138
9 3.3177
11 7.9626
14 1. 9110
16 4.5864
19 1. 1007
21 2. 6418
23 6.3403
(57) 1. 3337
( 1) 1. 5491
6.2144
3.9359
2.9925

240
57600
24000
60000
24000
29760
71424
53142
07540
38097
35777
93338
65012
79343
55740

139
9 3.3734
11 8.1299
14 1.9593
16 4.7219
19 1. 1379
21 2.7425
23 6. 6095
(57) 1. 4736
( 1) 1. 5524
6. 2230
3.9400
2.9950

241
58081
97521
02561
00172
05941
27319
84484
42606
27681
99791
17470
84253
72930
45390

141
9 3.4297
11 8.2999
14 2. 0085
16 4. 8607
19 1.1763
21 2.8466
23 6.8889
(57) 1. 6276
( 1) 1. 5556
6.2316
3.9441
2.9975

242
58564
72488
42096
75872
94161
97870
13085
77665
59948
79087
34919
79684
53798
26790

143
9 3. 4867
11 8.4728
14 2.0589
16 5.0031
19 1.2157
21 2.9543
23 7.1789
(57) 1. 7970
( 1) 1. 5588
6.2402
3.9482
3. 0000

243
59049
48907
84401
86094
11321
54510
66546
12707
79871
10300
45727
51469
22039
00000

145
9 3.5445
11 8.6486
14 2.1102
16 5.1490
19 1.2563
21 3.0655
23) 7. 4799
(57) 1. 9831
( 1) 1. 5620
6.2487
3.9522
3. 0024

244
59536
26784
35296
66122
74534
69863
73046
50233
42569
51223
49935
99770
77742
65081

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

245
60025
147 06125
9 3. 6030 00625
11 8.8273 51531
14 2.1627 01125
16 5.2986 17757
19 1. 2981 61350
21 3. 1804 95308
23 7.7922 13506
(57)2.187691225
( 1) 1.5652 47584
6.2573 24746
3.9563 20998
3.0049 22094

148
9 3.6621
11 9. 0089
14 2.2162
16 5.4518
19 1.3411
21 3.2992
23 8.1161
(57) 2. 4123
( 1) 1. 5684
6.2658
3.9603
3. 0073

152
3.7827
9.3812
14 2.3265
16 5.7698
19 1.4309
21 3. 5486
23 8.8006
(57) 2. 9298
( 1) 1. 5748
6.2827
3.9683
3.0122

248
61504
52992
42016
00200
37650
13371
13716
66016
91719
15956
01575
61305
76966
45305

154
9 3. 8441
11 9.5718
14 2. 3833
16 5.9346
19 1.4777
21 3.6795
( 23 9.1620
(57) 3. 2268
( 1) 1. 5779
6.2911
3.9723
3.0146

249
62001
38249
24001
68762
95322
54351
28934
45044
67161
91257
73384
94552
71312
70627

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

n2 [( -~)

9]

246
60516
86936
86256
78190
08635
73241
60817
55611
68802
62509
38714
26556
51896
71096
1

150
9 3.7220
11 9.1935
14 2.2708
16 5.6089
19 1.3854
21 3.4219
23 8.4521
(57) 2. 6590
( 1) 1. 5716
6.2743
3.9643
3.-0098

n3[( -~)3]

247
61009
69223
98081
82260
14818
12601
01412
41489
95477
52293
23365
05357
70523
12147
1

bi

n4[(--~)2]

n5[( -~)

1]

34

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

156
9 3.9062
11 9.7656
14 2.4414
16 6. 1035
19 1.5258
21 3.8146
23 9.5367
(57) 3. 5527
( 1) 1. 5811
6.2996
3.9763
3.0170

250
62500
25000
50000
25000
06250
15625
78906
97266
43164
13679
38830
05249
53644
88168

251
63001
158 13251
9 3.9691 26001
11 9.9625 06263
14 2.5005 89072
16 6.2764 78570
19 1.5753 96121
21 3.9542 44264
23 9.9251 53103
(57)3.909933001
( 1) 1. 5842 97952
6.3079 93549
3.9803 24047
3. 0194 97986

165
9 4.2282
12 1. 0782
14 2.7494
16 7.0110
19 1.7878
21 4.5589
24 1.1625
(57) 5. 7143
( 1) 1. 5968
6.3413
3.9960
3. 0290

255
65025
81375
50625
03909
19969
20921
10335
16354
23670
17018
71942
25705
88015
61117

167
9 4.2949
12 1. 0995
14 2.8147
16 7.2057
19 1. 8446
21 4.7223
24 1.2089
(57) 6. 2771
( 1) 1. 6000
6.3496
4. 0000
3.0314

260
67600
175 76000
9 4. 5697 60000
12 1.1881 37600
14 3.0891 57760
16 8.0318 10176
19 2.0882 70646
21 5.4295 03679
241.411670957
(57)9.1066 85770
( 1) 1. 6124 51550
6.3825 04299
4.0155 34273
3.0408 47703

177
9 4. 6404
12 1.2111
14 3. 1611
16 8.2505
19 2.1533
21 5.6203
24 1.4669
(57) 9. 9855
( 1) 1. 6155
6. 3906
4. 0193
3.0431

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
24
1/2

1/3

1/4

1/5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
24
1/2
1(3
1(4
1(5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1(5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
24
1(2
1(3
1(4
1(5

252
63504
03008
58016
55020
62650
25879
13722
10578
74266
31179
50787
59598
82604
00136

161
9 4.0971
12 1.0365
14 2.6225
16 6.6350
19 1.6786
21 4.2470
24 1.0744
(57) 4. 7303
( 1) 1. 5905
6.3247
3.9882
3.0242

253
64009
94277
52081
79476
46076
41571
65517
23759
97011
41643
97372
03543
29397
94671

254
64516
163 87064
9 4.1623 14256
12 1. 0572 27821
142.685358665
16 6.8208 11010
19 1.7324 85997
21 4.4005 14431
24 1. 1177 30666
(57) 5. 2000 70108
( 1) 1. 5937 37745
6. 3330 25531
3.9921 64507
3.0266 81647

256
65536
77216
67296
11628
49767
59404
74407
66483
25820
01735
00000
04208
00000
33133

257
66049
169 74593
( 9 4.3624 70401
(12 1.1211 54893
14 2.8813 68075
16 7.4051 15953
19 1. 9031 14800
21 4.8910 05036
24 1. 2569 88294
(57) 6. 8927 88615
( 1)1.603121954
6.3578 61180
4.0039 00541
3.0337 97748

171
9 4. 4307
12 1. 1431
14 2.9492
167.6091
19 1. 9631
21 5.0649
24 1. 3067
(57) 7. 5661
( 1) 1. 6062
6.3660
4.0077
3.0361

258
66564
73512
66096
37653
95144
81472
68820
75555
63693
15089
37840
96760
89716
55014

259
67081
173 73979
9 4.4998 60561
12 1.1654 63886
14 3. 0185 51463
16 7.8180 48289
19 2.0248 74507
21 5. 2444 24973
24 1. 3583 06068
(57) 8. 3022 21920
( 1)1.609347694
6.3743 11088
4.0116 67601
3. 0385 04982

261
68121
79581
70641
62837
35005
62364
96777
65588
15418
54265
49442
76528
89807
83226

179
9 4.7119
12 1. 2345
14 3.2345
16 8.4744
19 2.2202
21 5.8171
24 1.5240
(58) 1. 0945
( 1) 1. 6186
6.3988
4.0232
3.0455

262
68644
84728
98736
43669
04412
01560
93209
68207
98070
38372
41406
27910
34278
11602

181
9 4.7843
12 1. 2582
14 3.3092
16 8. 7034
19 2.2890
21 6.0200
24 1. 5832
(58)1.1993
( 1)1.6217
6.4069
4.0270
3. 0478

263
69169
91447
50561
84198
87440
25966
01029
72706
79122
27974
27474
58577
67760
32879

183
94.8575
12 1.2823
14 3.3855
16 8.9377
19 2. 3595
21 6.2292
24 1.6445
(58) 1. 3136
( 1) 1.6248
6.4150
4.0308
3.0501

265
70225
186 09625
9 4.9315 50625
121.306860916
14 3.4631 81426
16 9. 1774 30780
19 2.4320 19157
21 6.4448 50765
24 1. 7078 85453
(58) 1. 4384 70548
( 1) 1. 6278 820bO
6.4231 58289
4.0347 02045
3.0524 54329

266
70756
188 21096
9 5. 0064 11536
12 1.3317 05469
14 3. 5423 36546
16 9.4226 15213
19 2.5064 15647
21 6.6670 65620
24 1.7734 39455
(58) 1. 5745 60235
( 1) 1. 6309 50643
6.4312 27591
4.038502994
3.0547 54599

190
9 5.0821
12 1.3569
14 3. 6229
16 9.6733
19 2. 5827
21 6.8960
24 1. 8412
(58) 1. 7229
( 1) 1. 6340
6. 4392
4.0422
3. 0570

267
71289
34163
21521
26446
93611
92942
95915
65094
49380
40472
13464
76696
93240
47961

268
71824
192 48832
9~ 5. 1586 86976
12 1.3825 28110
14 3.7051 75334
16t 9. 9298 69894
19 2.6612 05132
21 7.1320 29753
(24 1. 9113 83974
(58) 1. 8846 68868
( 1) 1. 6370 70554
6.4473 05727
4.046072854
3.0593 34462

269
72361
194 65109
( 9 5.2361 14321
(12 1. 4085 14752
14 3.7889 04684
17 1.0192 15360
19 2.7416 89318
21 7.3751 44266
24 1.9839 13808
(58) 2. 0608 89564
( 1)1.640121947
6.4553 14811
4. 0498 41906
3.0616 14147

270
72900
196 83000
9 5.3144 10000
12 1. 4348 90700
14 3.8742 04890
17 1. 0460 35320
19 2.8242 95365
21 7.6255 97485
24 2.0589 11321
(58)2.252839954
( 1)1.6431 67673
6.4633 04070
4.053600464
3.063887063

271
73441
199 02511
9 5. 3935 80481
12 1. 4616 60310
14 3.9610 99441
17 1.0734 57949
19 2.9090 71041
21 7.8835 82520
24 2.1364 50863
(58)2.461857897
( 1) 1.6462 07763
6.4712 73627
4.057348596
3.0661 53254

272
73984
201 23648
9 5. 4736 32256
12 1.4888 27974
14 4.0496 12088
17 1. 1014 94488
19 2.9960 65007
21 8.1492 96820
24 2.2166 08735
(58)2.689389450
(1) 1. 6492 42250
6.4792 23603
4.061086370
3. 0684 12765

273
74529
203 46417
( 9 5.5545 71841
(12 1.5163 98113
14 4.1397 66847
17 1. 1301 56349
19 3.0853 26834
21 8.4229 42256
242.299463236
(58) 2.9369 97176
( 1) 1. 6522 71164
6.4871 54117
4.0648 13851
3.0706 65640

274
75076
205 70824
9 5.6364 05776
12 1.5443 75183
14 4. 2315 88000
17 1.1594 55112
19 3.1769 07007
21 8.7047 25200
242.385094705
(58) 3. 2063 69049
( 1) 1. 6552 94536
6.4950 65288
4.0685 31106
3.0729 11923

!
1

n2[(-~)8]

160
9 4.0327
12 1. 0162
14 2. 5609
16 6.4536
19 1. 6263
21 4.0983
24 1. 0327
(57) 4. 3014
( 1) 1. 5874
6. 3163
3.9842
3.0219

n3[(-~)3]

1
1

n4[(-~)2]

n5[(-~)1]

264
69696
99744
32416
88558
05793
35293
62117
43990
20413
94086
07681
68660
90325
47105

35

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

k
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

275
75625
207 96875
5.7191 40625
1.572763672
4.3251 00098
1.1894 02527
3. 2708 56949
8.9948 56609
2.4735 85568

276
76176
24576
82976
68101
27960
10517
29027
52114
20383
42160

Table 3.1

212
9} 5.8873
12 1.6307
14 4.5172
17 1. 2512
19j3.4660
21 9.6010
24 2. 6594
(58) 4.1640

277
76729
53933
39441
93025
96680
91180
76569
32097
85891
35828

214
9 5. 9728
12 1.6604
14 4.6160
171.2832
19 3.5674
21 9.9175
24 2.7570
(58) 4. 5402

278
77284
84952
16656
43030
31624
56792
53881
21788
71057
01230

31698
83915
22161
11650

( 1) 1. 6673
6. 5265
4. 0832
3. 0818

33200
18879
99156
31992

(58) 4. 9488
( 1) 1. 6703
6.5343
4. 0869
3. 0840

11121
29309
35077
66245
45954

226
6.4142
1. 8152
5.1371
1.4538
4.1142
1. 1643
3.2950

283
80089
65187
47921
32162
07017
01286
57639
34912
67801

229
6.5053
1. 8475
5.2469
1. 4901
4.2320
1. 2018
3.4133

284
80656
06304
90336
30855
87629
44487
10342
90937
70262

279
77841
217 17639
6. 0592 21281
1.6905 22737
4.7165 58437
1. 3159 19804
3.671416253
1. 0243 25135
2.8578 67126

24

(58) 3. 4993 28001

210
9l5.8027
12 1. 6015
(14 4.4203
1.2200
19 3. 3672
117
21 9.2935
24 2.5650
(58) 3. 8178

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

( 1) 1.6583 12395

( 1) 1. 6613 24773

6.5029 57234
4. 0722 38199
3.0751 51657

6.5108 30071
4.0759 35196
3. 0773 84885

( 1) 1. 6643
6.5186
4.0796
3. 0796

219
( 9 6.1465
12 1. 7210
l4 4.8189
17 1. 3492
19 3. 1780
22 1. 0578
24 2.9619
(58) 5. 3925
( 1) 1. 6733
6.5421
4. 0906
3.0862

280
78400
52000
60000
36800
03040
92851
19983
45595
67667
32264
20053
32620
23489
53577

221
6. :1348
1. 7519
4. '1230
1. :1833
3. 8873
1. 0923
3. 0694

281
78961
88041
39521
89905
91634
88749
22385
37590
68629

224
6.3240
1.7833
5. 0291
1.4182
3.9993
1. 1278
3. 1804

282
79524
25768
66576
86774
50704
20498
81806
25669
68387

(58) 5. 11742
( 1) 1. 6763
6. ';499
4. 0942
3.0884

39885
05461
11620
70950
54901

(58) 6.3970
( 1) 1. f92
6. 576
4. 0979
3.0906

85562
72186
08689
49967

(58) 6. 9642
( 1) 1. 6822
6.5654
4.1015
3.0928

51599
60384
14427
36766
38815

(58)7.5794
( 1) 1. 6852
6.5731
4.1051
3.0950

93086
29955
38451
55240
21484

231
9 6.5975
12 1. 8802
14 5.3588
17 1.5272
19 4. 3527
22 1. 2405
24 3.5354
(58) 8. 2466
( 1) 1. 6881
6.5808
4.1087
3. 0971

285
81225
49125
00625
87678
19883
63667
01450
19913
81753
32480
94302
44365
64171
98013

286
81796
233 93656
6.6905 85616
1.913507486
14 5.4726 31410
1.5651 72583
19 4.4763 93589
117
22 1. 2802 48566
24 3.6615 10900
(58) 8. 9698 42039
( 1) 1. 6911 53453
6. 5885 32275
4.1123 63618
3.0993 68441

236
9 6.7846
12 1.9471
14 5.5884
17 1. 6038
19 4.6031
22 1. 3211
24 3.7915
(58) 9.7536
( 1) 1. 6941
6.5962
4.1159
3.1015

287
82369
39903
52161
95170
50138
85190
50495
04192
69031
13040
07435
02284
53637
32807

238
9 6.8797
12 1.9813
14 5. 7063
17 1. 6434
19 4.7330
22 1. 3631
24 3.9257
(59) 1. 0602
( 1) 1. 6970
6.6038
4. 1195
3.1036

288
82944
87872
07136
55655
04287
15635
37028
14664
70232
17893
56275
54498
34288
91148

241
( 9 6.9757
12 2.0159
14 5.8,:62
17 1. 6E137
19 4.8661
22 1. 4063
24) 4.0642
(59) 1. 1:,22
( 1) 1. 7000
6. 6114

289
83521
37569
57441
93900
22372
78266
19188
08445
31407
54005
00000
89018

243
7.0728
2.0511
14 5.9482
17 1.7249
9 5. 0024
22 1. 4507
24 4.2070
(59) 1. 2518

290
84100
89000
10000
14900
33210
87631
64130
14598
72333
49008

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

11~14
19
117
21
24

11~

( 1)1. 702938637
6.6191 05948
4.126667707
3.1079 89906

256
9l7.5733
12 2.2341
14j6.5907
17 1. 9442
19 5. 7355
22l1.6919
24 4. 9913
(59) 1. 8868
( 1) 1. 7175
6.6569
4.1443
3.1186

295
87025
72375
50625
38434
08381
58973
63969
91371
74544
10930
56404
30232
41207
33956
1

!t~

14
17
19
22
24

!1~

246
9)7.1708
12r.0867
14 6. 0723
17 1.7670
19 5. 1421
22l1. 4963
24 4.3544
(59) 1. 3596
( 1) 1. 7058
6.6267
4. 1302
3.1101

259
( 9r.6765
(12 2.2722
114l6.7258
17 1. 9908
119j5.8929
22 1. 7443
(24 5. 1631
(59) 2.0464
( 1) 1. 7204
6.6644
4.1478
3.1207

n2[( -~)7J

291
84681
42171
71761
23682
65916
58482
40181
62793
15727
64428
72211
05387
20588
30396
296
87616
34336
63456
62783
97838
65760
62649
16944
78155
49657
65053
43703
48904
45423
1

( 9
p2
14
19
117
22
24

33126

292
85264
248 97088
9 7.2699 49696
12 2.1228 25311
14 6.1986 49909
171.810005773
19 5.2852 16858
22 1.5432 83323
24 4.5063 87302
(59) 1. 4763 46962
( 1) 1. 7088 00749
6.6342 87437
4.1337 64325
3.1122 65011

261
9 7.7808
12 2.3109
14 6.8633
17 2.0384
19 6. 0541
122l1.7980
24 5.3402

297
88209
98073
27681
05821
90289
26916
27940
75998
85715

(59)2.218987131
( 1) 1. 7233 68794

6.6719 40272
4.1513 47726
3.1228 51191
1

nS[( -~)2J

n4[(

12
14
17
19
22
24

9
12
14
17
19
22
24

9
12
14
17
19
22
24

4.1n1 05626
3.1058 43502

293
85849
251 53757
9 7. 3700 50801
12 2. 1594 24885
4 6.3271 14912
17 1. 8538 44669
19 5.4317 64881
22 1.5915 07110
(24 4.6631 15833
(59) 1. 6025 91698
( 1) 1. 7117 24277
6.641852195
4.1372 98970
3.1143 93785

264
9 7.8861
12 2. 3500
14 7. 0032
17 2. 0869
19 6. 2191
22 1. 8533
24 5.5228
(59) 2. 4054
( 1) 1. 7262
6.6794
4.1548
3.1249

-f) 1]

298
88804
63592
50416
72824
17015
58671
36838
02778
42278
16789
67650
20032
37723
51295
1

42820
99761
24580
16755

267
9 7.9'125
12 2.3897
14 7.1454
17 2.1364
19 6. 3880
22 1. 9100
24 5.7109
(59) 2. 6068
( 1) 1. 7.291
6. 6868
4.1583
3.1270

299
89401
30899
38801
69101
09613
77474
67649
32227
96358
04847
61647
83077
18947
45768

[(-1)8]

n5

294
86436
12184
82096
27536
90956
90541
56191
65720
33217

:!54
9 7. 4711
12 2.1965
14 6.4!i77
17 1. 8985
19 5. 5818
22 1. 6410
24 4.8247
(59) 1. n91
( 1) 1.7146
6.6493
4. 1408
3.1165

45550

36

ELEMEN'rARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Tahle 3.1
k

1
2
3
4
5

6
7

8
9
10

24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

270
9) 8.1000
12) 2.4300
14)7.2900
17!2.1870
19 6.5610
22 1. 9683
(24 5.9049
(59) 2.8242
( 1) 1. 7320
6.6943
4. 1617
3. 1291

2
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

301
90601
272 70901
( 9 8.2085 41201
(12 2.4707 70902
14 7.4370 20414
17 2.2385 43144
19 6. 7380 14865
(22 2.0281 42474
(246.104708848
(59) 3. 0591 15639
( 1) 1. 7349 35157
6.7017 59395
4.1652 55283
3.1312 17958

275
9 8.3181
12 2.5120
14 7. 5865
17 2. 2911
19 6.9191
22 2.0895
24 6. 3105
(59)3.3125
( 1) 1. 7378
6.7091
4.1687
3.1332

302
91204
43608
69616
87224
03417
24032
94576
96762
82221
81949
14720
72852
10496
95743

278
9) 8. 4288
12) 2. 5539
1417.7384
17 2.3447
19 7.1046
(22 2.1527
(24) 6. 5226
(59) 3. 5861
( 1) 1. 7406
6.7165
4.1721
3. 1353

303
91809
18127
92481
54422
81898
60015
22846
00722
83188
05682
89519
69962
57138
68030

280
9)8.5407
12 2.5963
14 7.8929
17 2.3994
19 7.2943
22 2.2174
24 6.7411
( 59) 3. 8811
( 1) 1. 7435
6.7239
4. 1755
3.1374

304
92416
94464
17056
77985
89074
68679
84783
92974
78641
99856
59577
50814
95260
34853

295
9 9.1166
12 2.8170
14 8.7046
17 2.6897
19 8.3112
22 2.5681
24 7.9356
(59) 5. 7412
( 1) 1. 7578
6.7606
4.1926
3.1476

309
95481
03629
21361
36001
41242
34144
78504
85058
91828
10972
39583
14302
59756
88127

305
93025
283 72625
( 9 8.6536 50625
(12 2.6393 63441
14 8.0500 58494
17 2.4552 67841
19 7.4885 66914
22 2.2840 12909
24 6.9662 39372
(59)4.199486063
( 1) 1. 7464 24920
6.7313 15497
4. 1790 24910
3. 1394 96244

286
9 8. 7677
12 2. 682q
14 8.2097
17 2.512:
19 7.6872
22 2.352}
24 7.1980
(59)4.5427
( 1) 1. 7492
6.7386
4.1824
3.1415

306
93636
52616
00496
16352
24036
75555
57199
00703
40151
01868
85568
64101
46136
52236

289
9 8.8828
12 2.7270
14 8.3720
17 2.5702
19 7.8905
22 2.4223
24 7.4367
(59) 4.9127
( 1) 1. 7521
6.7459
4.1858
3. 1436

307
94249
34443
74001
42318
19917
10115
45052
97331
59806
08679
41547
96712
58988
02859

308
94864
292 18112
( 9 8.9991 78496
(12 2. 7717 46977
14 8.5369 80688
172.629390052
19 8. 0985 21360
22)2.4943 44579
24)7.6825 81303
(59) 5.3115 00125
( 1) 1. 7549 92877
6.7533 13417
4.1892 63512
3.1456 48146

310
96100
297 91000
( 9) 9.2352 10000
12 2.8629 15100
14 8.8750 36810
17 2.7512 61411
198.528910374
22 2.6439 62216
248.196282870
(59) 6. 2041 26610
( 1) 1. 7606 81686
6.7678 99452
4.196047767
3. 1497 22833

311
96721
30) 80231
9 9. 354~ 51841
12 2.9093 90023
14 9.0482 02970
17 2.8139 91124
19 8.7515 12395
22 2.7217 20355
24 8.4645 50303
(59) 6. 7026 93132
( 1) 1. 7635 19209
6.7751 68952
4. 1994 27591
3.1517 52295

303
9 9.4758
12 2.9564
14 9.2241
17 2.8779
19 8.9791
22) 2. 8015
24) 8. 7406
(59) 7.2395
( 1) 1. 7663
6.7824
4.2027
3.1537

312
97344
71328
54336
66553
75645
42801
81540
04640
94478
28072
52173
22886
99273
76544

306
919.5979
12 3.0041
14 9.4029
1712.9431
19 9.2120
22 2.8833
24 9. 0249
(59) 7. 8174
( 1) 1. 7691
6.7896
4.2061
3. 1557

313
97969
64297
24961
50513
91105
36216
16356
61119
20304
31800
80601
61336
62861
95609

315
99225
312 55875
9 9.8456 00625
12 3.1013 64197
14 9.7692 97220
17 3. 0773 28624
199.693585167
22 3. 0534 79328
24 9.6184 59882
(59) 9. 1086 34822
( 1) 1. 7748 23935
6.8040 92116
4.2128 65931
3.1598 18306

315
9 9.9712
12 3.1509
14 9.9568
17 3. 1463
19 9.9425
(22 3.1418
(24 9. 9282
(59) 9.8285
( 1) 1. 7776
6.8112
4.2162
3.1618

316
99856
54496
20736
05753
62178
68448
24297
37678
07062
62028
38883
84608
05502
21997

1
318
10 1.0098
12 3.2010
15 1. 0147
17 3.2167
20 1. 0197
(22 3.2324
(25 1.0246
(60) 1. 0602
( 1) 1. 7804
6.8184
4.2195
3.1638

317
00489
55013
03912
78401
41853
31675
03941
61493
90293
84208
49381
61941
37156
20622

1
321
10 1.0226
12 3.2518
15 1. 0341
17 3.2884
20 1. 0457
22 3.3254
25 1. 0574
(60) 1. 1435
( 1) 1. 7832
6.8256
4.2228
3.1658

318
01124
57432
06338
88154
00433
39376
23722
01435
77656
38734
55450
24197
60938
14209

320
02400
68000
76000
43200
41824
73837
11628
37209
99907
27996
54382
03787
85054
86385

1
330
(10) 1. 0617
(12) 3. 4082
15 1. 0940
17 3.5118
20 1. 1273
22 3. 6186
25 1. 1615
( 60) 1. 4325
( 1) 1. 7916
6.8470
4.2327
3. 1717

321
03041
76161
44768
00706
32426
44089
01953
39268
83205
86248
47287
21278
85474
65030

1
333
(10 1. 0750
(12 3.4616
15 1. 1146
17 3.5891
20 1.1557
22 3.7213
25 1. 1982
(60) 1. 5436
( 1) 1. 7944
6.8541
4.2360
3.1737

322
03684
86248
37186
19738
41556
45809
04950
69940
81121
21862
35844
24002
78192
38749

1
336
(10) 1. 0884
(12) 3. 5157
1511. 1355
17 3.6679
20 1.1847
22 3.8266
25 1.2360
( 60) 1. 6628
( 1) 1. 7972
6.8612
4.2393
3.1757

323
04329
98267
54024
06498
73199
01432
32163
84885
19218
78568
20076
12036
63249
07571

1
3

300
90000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
95365
50808
29501
91450
34645

1
327
(10) 1. 0485
(12) 3. 3554
15 1.0737
17 3.4359
20 1. 0995
(22 3.5184
(25 1.1258
( 60) 1. 3292
( 1) 1. 7888
6.8399
4.2294
3.1697

[C-f)6]

n2

[C-f)2]

n3

n5

314
98596
309 59144
9 9.7211 71216
12 3.0524 47162
(149.584685972
17 3. 0095 91395
19 9.4501 16981
222.967336732
24 9.3174 37339
(59) 8.4393 99655
( 1) 1. 7720 04515
6.7968 84386
4. 2095 18398
3.1578 09519

1
324
10) 1. 0355
12) 3. 3033
15) 1. 0537
17j3. 3615
20 1.0723
22 3.4207
25 1. 0912
(60) 1. 2330
( 1) 1. 7860
6.8327
4.2261
3.1678

319
01761
61759
30112
41058
65797
12894
22613
09136
06214
37808
57110
71452
76889
02787

1
340
(10 1.1019
(12 3.5704
15 1. 1568
17 3.7481
20 1.2143
22 3. 9346
(25 1.2748
( 60) 1. 7909
( 1) 1. 8000
6.8682
4.2426
3.1776

324
04976
12224
96058
67227
31381
33676
95311
40808
23622
36736
00000
85455
40687
71523

1
1

[C-l)7]

37

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Table 3.1

325
05625
28125
64063
08203
20166
65540
06300
95476
21030
15722
75638
44335
10547
30632

1
, 346
~ 10) 1. 1294
12l3.6820
(15 1. 2003
(17 3.9131
~ 20r. 2756
22 4.1587
(25 1. 3557

326
06276
45976
58818
35745
43653
20309
77221
07739
38723

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
343
~ 1011. 1156
12 3.6259
F5 1.1784
17 3. 8298
20l1. 2447
22 4.0452
25) 1. 3147
(60) 1. 9284
( 1) 1. 8027
6.8753
4.2459
3.1796

(60) 2. 0759
( 1) 1. 8055
6.8823
4. 2491
3. 1815

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1
359
ll011. 1859
12 3.9135
15 1. 2914
,17 4.2618
20l1. 4064
22 4. 6411
25 1.5315

330
08900
37000
21000
39300
67969
44298
08618
48440
78985

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

76350
47009
88750
72871
84924

1
349
(10 1. 1433
r2 3.7388
15 1. 2226
17 3.9979
20 1. 3073
~ 22l4. 2749
25 1. 3979
(60) 2. 2343
( 1) 1. 8083
6.8894
4.2524
3.1835

327
06929
65783
81104
56210
05981
21557
20349
37542
04576
23554
14132
18774
27697
34426

1
362
1011. 2003
12 3. 9731
15 1. 3151
17 4. 3530
20l1.4408
22 4. 7692
25 1. 5786

331
09561
64691
61272
95811
27813
73062
67184
70378
28495

1
365
1. 2149
4.0335
1. 3391
4.4459
1. 4760
4.9005
1. 6269

332
10224
94368
33018
77618
47769
70594
62237
26628
74840

( 1) 1. 8165
6.9104
4.2621
3.1893

(60) 2. 7818 55434

90212
23230
47595
54454

( 60) 2. 9913
( 1) 1. 8193
6.9173
4.2653
3.1912

81825
40540
96417
72832
85058

( 60) 3. 2159
( 1) 1. 8220
6.9243
4. 2685
3.1932

335
1 12225
375 95375
o 1.259445063
12 4.2191 40959
15 1.4134 12221
17 4.7349 30942
~ 20 1.5862 01865
22 5.3137 76249
25) 1. 7801 15044
(60) 3. 9909 41565
( 1) 1. 8303 00522
6.9451 49558
4.2782 01166
3.1989 61118

1
379
lOll. 2745
12 4.2824
15 1. 4389
17 4.8347
20 1.6244
22 5.4582
25 1.8339
(60) 4. 2868
( 1) 1.8330
6.9520
4.2813
3.2008

336
12896
33056
50682
90290
16737
60238
79440
50918
72309
93134
30278
53290
90286
68669

340
15600
04000
36000
42400
04416
35014
93905
99277
77754
03680
08891
32047
76026
53751

1
396
10 1. 3521
12 4.6107
15 1. 5722
17 5.3614
20 1.8282
22 6.2343
25 2.1259
(60) 6. 1108
( 1) 1. 8466
6.9863
4.2972
3.2103

341
16281
51821
27096
53398
66909
30158
47684
24602
04689
98859
18531
68028
29958
38860

1
414
(10 1.4331
12 4.9588
15 1. 7157
17 5.9365
20 2. 0540
22r.l069
25 2.4590
(60) 8. 6661
( 1) 1. 8601
7. 0203
4. 3128
3.2196

346
19716
21736
92066
44547
60213
30338
39497
76659
13924
53376
07524
48952
96386
98608
1

1
393
~ 10 1. 3363
12 4.5435
15 1. 5448
17 5.2523
20 1.7857
22 6. 0716
25 2.0643
( 60) 5. 6950
( 1) 1. 8439
6.9795
4.2940
3.2084

345
1 19025
410 63625
pO 1.4166 95063
12 4.8875 97966
1.6862 21298
~ 17
15 5.817463479
20 2. 0070 24900
22 6.9242 35905
25 2. 3888 61387
(60) 8. 0845 95243

( 1) 1. 8574 17562
7.0135 79083
4.309776748
3.2178 35355
1

nZ[( - ~)5]

1
352
1011. 1574
12 3. 7963
15 1. 2452
17 4.0842
20ll. 3396
22 4. 3940
25 1.4412
(60) 2. 4042
( 1) 1. 8110
6. 8964
4.2556
3. 1854

328
07584
87552
31706
75994
11326
93150
48153
45942
47069
09169
77028
34481
75067
79164

84959
86716
55573
90770
11001

1
369
( 10 1. 2296
12 4.0946
15 1.3635
17 4.5405
20 1. 5120
22 5.0349
25 1. 6766
(60) 3. 4566
( 1) 1. 8248
6.9313
4.2718
3.1951

333
10889
26037
37032
91317
32209
62254
07231
84078
49698
99320
28759
00768
01446
32308

1
382
10 1. 2897
12 4.3465
15 1.4648
17 4. 9363
20 1. 6635
22 5.6062
(25 1. 8892
( 60) 4.6038
( 1) 1. 8357
6.9589
4.2845
3.2027

337
13569
72753
91776
98285
03622
88207
62826
06723
91666
12427
55975
43337
72295
71684

1
386
10 1.3051
12 4.4114
15 1.4910
17 5.0398
20 1. 7034
~ 22 5.7577
25) 1. 9461
(60) 4.9431
( 1) 1. 8384
6.9658
4.2877
3.2046

338
14244
14472
69154
71739
77448
41774
66520
16836
08291
16051
77631
19768
47230
70186

1
389
POll. 3206
12 4.4771
~ 15l1. 5177
17 5.1451
~ 20r. 7442
22 5.9128
25 2.0044
(60) 5.3063
( 1) 1. 8411
6.9726
4.2909
3.2065

339
14921
58219
83624
17486
42828
48186
05235
55747
58098
11693
95264
82649
15128
64201

1
400
1.
3680
po
12 4.6787
15 1. 6001
17 5.4724
20 1. 8715
22 6.4008
25 2.1890
(60) 6. 5558
( 1) 1. 8493
6.9931
4.3003
3. 2122

342
16964
01688
57730
57435
35043
61847
81952
10274
77114
12822
24201
90657
76961
19552

1
403
lOr. 3841
12 4.7475
15 1. 6284
17l5.5854
20 1.9158
22 6. 5712
25 2.2539
(60)7.0316
( 1) 1.8520
7.0000
4.3035
3.2140

343
17649
53607
28720
61510
13598
58641
12314
36236
34029
76479
25918
00000
17071
95850

1
407
( 1011. 4003
l12 4.8171
15 1. 6571
17 5.7004
20! 1. 9609
22 6. 7456
25 2.3205
(60) 7. 5405
( 1) 1. 8547
7.0067
4.3066
3.2159

344
18336
07584
40890
72660
07395
49439
54607
83848
15244
43015
23699
96121
50321
67776

1
417
1.4498
5. 0309
1.7457
6. 0576
2.1020
7.2939
2.5310

347
20409
81923
32728
19567
29090
79941
14939
91840
15168

(60) 9. 2876
( 1) 1.8627
7.0271
4. 3160
3.2215

83235
93601
05788
09269
57557
1

1
421
10 1.4666
12 5. 1038
15 1. 7761
17 6. 1809
20 2.1509
22 7.4853
25 2.6049
(60) 9. 9518

348
21104
44192
17882
30228
32919
42559
68011
68677
08300
04932

( 1) 1. 8654
7.0338
4. 3191
3.2234

75811
49656
15431
12226
1

10
12
15
17
20
22
25

10
12
15
17
20
22
25

n3[( -~)2]

!
!

n4[( --~)

1]

1
356
(10) 1.1716
3.8546
112
15 1. 2681
17 4. 172:1
~ 20 1. 3726
22 4.5160
( 25 1. 4857
( 60) 2. 5864

329
08241
11289
11408
01533
63904
59245
73292
95129
95298
34894

( 1) 1. 8US 35715

6.9034 35942
4.2589 15020
3.1814 19165

1
37:1
~10l1.2444
12 4.1565
(15 1. 388.1
1714. 636S
201.5487
22 5.1727
(25 1. 7276

334
11556
59704
74114
43539
85542
73711
15819
10837
85420

(60) 3. 7146 26935

( 1) 1. 8275 66688

6.9382 32074
4.2750 04899
3.1970 49006

1
425
lOll. 4835
12 5. 1775
15 1.8069
17 6.3063
2.2009
l20
22 7.6811
25 2.6807

349
21801
08549
48360
83777
76738
48816
15737
95921
37377

( 61) 1. 0661
( 1) 1. 8681
7. 0405
4.3222
3.2252

30203
54169
80617
14906
62636

s[( -l) 6]

38

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.1
k
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

POWERS AND ROOTS nk

1
439
10 1.5527
12 5.4811
15 1.9348
17 6.8300
20 2.4110
22 8.5108
25) 3. 0043
(61) 1. 4014
( 1) 1. 8788
7. 0673
4.3345
3.2326

353
24609
86977
40288
73217
54146
35134
02402
38480
25983
99442
29423
76615
46600
22125

356
1 26736
451 18016
1. 6062 01370
12 5. 7180 76876
115 2. 0356 35368
17 7.2468 61909
120 2.5798 82840
2219.1843 82909
(25 3.2696 40316
(61) 1. 7171 17251
( 1)1.886796226
7.0873 41061
4.3437 26771
3.2380 98084

357
1 27449
454 99293
10 1.6243 24760
12 5. 7988 39394
15 2. 0701 85663
17 7.3905 62819
20 2.6384 30926
22 9.4191 98407
25 3. 3626 53831
(61) 1. 8366 95605
( 1) 1. 8894 44363
7.093970945
4.3467 73933
3.2399 15199

1
458
10 1.6426
12 5.8805
15 2.1052
17 7.5366
20 2.6981
2219.6593
25 3.4580
(61) 1. 9642
( 1) 1. 8920
7.1005
4.3498
3.2417

358
28164
82712
01090
11901
23260
99273
38340
35256
42022
31355
88793
88459
14700
28247

359
1 28881
462 68279
10 1. 6610 31216
12 5.9631 02066
15 2.1407 53642
17 7.6853 05573
20 2.7590 24701
22 9.9048 98676
25 3.5558 58625
(61)2.100229556
( 1)1.894729532
7.1071 93661
4. 3528 49104
3.2435 37249

1
470
10) 1. 6983
12 6.1310
15 2.2133
17 7.9900
20 2.8844
23 1. 0412
25 3.7589
(61) 2.3997
( 1) 1. 9000
7.1203
4. 3588
3.2471

361
30321
45881
56304
66258
14919
66858
14136
73503
97346
87825
00000
67359
98944
43191

362
1 31044
474 37928
1. 7172 52994
12 6.2164 55837
115 2.2503 57013
17 8.1462 92387
(20 2.9489 57844
1 23 1.067522740
25 3.8644 32317
(61) 2. 5645 17652
( 1) 1. 9026 29759
7. 1269 35967
4.3619 14441
3.2489 40172

1
478
10 1.7363
12 6.3027
15 2.2879
17 8. 3051
20 3.0147
23 1.0943
25 3.9725
(61) 2. 7400
( 1) 1. 9052
7.1334
4.3649
3.2507

363
31769
32147
06936
94178
14287
28860
61776
58525
21445
53237
55888
92490
23697
33187

1
482
10 1. 7555
12 6. 3900
15 2.3259
17 8. 4666
20 3. 0818
123 1.1217
25 4.0833
( 61) 2. 9270
( 1) 1. 9078
7.1400
4.3679
3.2525

364
32496
28544
19002
89166
92456
12541
46965
92295
23955
70667
78403
36982
26743
22254

365
33225
27125
90063
48728
97286
80093
34734
35678
00224
86296
97317
69499
23607
07394

1
490
10 1. 7944
12 6.5675
15 2.4037
17 8.7976
20 3.2199
23 1. 1785
25 4.3133
(61)3.3384
( 1) 1. 9131
7.1530
4.3739
3.2560

366
33956
27896
20994
80837
34586
68585
46702
00493
11804
59019
12647
90095
14319
88625

1
494
8141
12 6.6577
15 2.4434
17 8.9673
20 3.2910
23 1.2077
25 4.4326
(61)3.5643
( 1) 1. 9157
7.1595
4.3768
3.2578

367
34689
30863
12672
93507
10217
15496
04787
98757
21438
92671
24406
98825
98909
65967

1
498
1011. 8339
12 6.7489
15 2.4836
17 9. 1397
2013. 3634
23 1.2377
25 4.5548
( 61) 3. 8049
( 1) 1. 9183
7.1660
4.3798
3.2596

368
35424
36032
65978
94798
30086
58715
31207
42684
93078
38558
32609
95742
77406
39439

1
502
10 1.8539
12 6.8411
15 2.5244
17 9.3150
20 3.4372
23 1. 2683
25 4.6801
(61) 4.0609
( 1) 1. 9209
7.1725
4. 3828
3.2614

369
36161
43409
81792
92813
00148
36546
48485
44691
91910
98114
37271
80900
49839
09059

370
36900
53000
61000
95700
26409
87713
79454
17398
84372
25711
38406
54352
16237
74848

1
510
10! 1.8945
12 7.0286
15 2.6076
17 9.6742
2013. 5891
23 1.3315
25 4.9401
(61) 4. 6235
( 1) 1. 9261
7.1855
4. 3887
3.2649

371
37641
64811
04488
11651
14922
51362
47255
73632
38174
31606
36028
16151
76627
36822

372
1 38384
514 78848
10) 1. 9150 13146
12 7.1238 48902
15 2.6500 71791
9.8582 67064
20
117 3.6672 75348
23 1.3642 26429
(25 5.0749 22317
(61) 4. 9320 85051
( 1) 1. 9287 30152
7.191966348
4.3917 31039
3.2666 95001

1
518
10 1.9356
12 7.2201
15 2. 6931
18 1. 0045
20 3.7468
23 1.3975
25 5.2130
(61) 5. 2603
( 1) 1. 9313
7. 1984
4.3946
3.2684

373
39129
95117
87864
15733
03168
27482
87507
89040
07120
17567
20792
04996
79501
49404

374
1 39876
523 13624
10 1.9565 29538
12 7.3174 20471
15 2. 7367 15256
18 1. 0235 31506
20 3.8280 07832
23 1.4316 74929
25 5. 3544 64234
(61) 5. 6094 26383
( 1)1.933907961
7.2048 32147
4. 3976 22040
3.2702 00047

350
22500
75000
25000
87500
65625
29688
75391
63867
47354
13124
28693
98732
07727
08809

1
432
lOr' 5178
12 5.3276
15 1. 8700
17 6.5637
20\2.3038
22 8.0865
25) 2. 8383
(61) 1. 2228
( 1) 1. 8734
7.0540
4. 3283
3.2289

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
447
5882
12 5. 6382
15 2.0015
17r.l055
20 2.5224
22 8.9547
25 3.1789
(61) 1. 6050
( 1) 1. 8841
7.0806
4.3406
3. 2362

355
26025
38875
30063
16722
66936
62624
74731
85297
48780
20092
44368
98751
73183
76880

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
466
(10l1.6796
p2 6.0466
15 2.1767
l7r' 8364
20 2.8211
23 1. 0155
(25 3. 6561
(61) 2.2452
( 1) 1. 8973
7.1137
4. 3558
3.2453

360
29600
56000
16000
17600
82336
16410
09907
99567
58440
25771
66596
86609
77175
42223

1
486
7748
112 6.4783
15 2.3645
17 8. 6307
( 20 3.1502
( 23 1.1498
(25 4.1969
(61) 3.1262
( 1) 1. 9104
7. 1465
4.3709
3. 2543

1
506
(10) 1. 8741
12 6.9343
15 2.5657
17 9.4931
20 3.5124
23 1.2996
( 25 4.8085
(61) 4.3335
( 1) 1.9235
7. 1790
4.3858
3.2631

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

lOll.

(lOll.

351
23201
43551
48640
48727
04703
16508
64494
64375
84096
43263
99400
04063
93928
50768

352
23904
14208
20122
74828
99139
40971
00822
90893
94394
54042
66304
96671
73541
88532

1
428
110 1. 5006
12 5.2521
15 1. 8382
17 6.4339
20 2.2518
22 7.8815
25 2.7585
(61) 1. 1419
( 1) 1. 8708
7.0472
4.3253
3.2271

llO

n2 [(-:)

5]

n3[(

1
436
10) 1. 5352
12 5.4039
15 1.9021
17 6.6957
20 2.3569
22 8.2962
25 2.9202
(61) 1.3092
( 1) 1.8761
7. 0606
4.3314
3.2307

llO

lOll.

-:)2]

n4[(

-1) 8]

354
1 25316
443 61864
( 10 1. 5704 09986
5.5592
51349
p2
15 1.967974978
17 6.9666 31421
20 2.4661 87523
22\8.7303 03831
25 3.0905 27556
(61) 1. 4999 55202
( 1) 1. 8814 88772
7.074043955
4.3376 13137
3.2344 51567

ns[(-l)

5]

-------39

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODR

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

375
1 40625
527 34375
10 1. 9775 39063
12 7.4157 71484
15 2.7809 14307
18 1. 0428 42865
20 3.9106 60744
23 1.4664 97779
25 5.4993 66671
(61) 5. 9806 78067
( 1) 1. 9364 91673
7.2112 47852
4.4005 58684
3.271946950

376
41376
531 57376
10! 1.9987 17338
12 7.5151 77189
15 2.8257 06623
18!l. 0624 65690
20 3.9948 70996
23!1.5020 71494
25 5. 6417 88819
(61) 6. 3754 12334
( 1)1.939071943
7.2176 52160
4.4034 89461
3.2736 90130

1
535
1012. 0200
12 7. 6156
15 2.8710
18 1.0824
20!4. 0806
23 1. 5384
(~5) 5.7998
(61) 6. 7950
( 1) 1. 9416
7. 2240
4.4064
3.2754

377
42129
82633
65264
46046
98559
04151
63671
10204
06469
46060
48784
45124
14397
29605

12 7. 7171
15 2.9170
18 1.1026
20 4. 1680
23!1. 5755
25 5.9554
(61) 7. 2410
( 1) 1. 9442
7.2304
4.4093
3. 2771

380
1 44400
548 72000
(lOr' 0851 36000
12 7.9235 16800
15 3.0109 36384
18 1. 1441 55826
2014.3477 92138
23 1. 6521 61013
25 6.2782 11848
(61)8.218760383
( 1) 1. 9493 58869
7.2431 56443
4.4151 54436
3.2806 25976

381
1 45161
553 06341
l0l2.1071 71592
12 8.0283 23766
15l3.0587 91355
18 1. 1653 99506
20r.4401 72119
23 1.6917 05577
25 6.4453 98249
(61) 8. 7538 56362
( 1)1.951922130
7.2495 04524
4.4180 56280
3.2823 50807

1
557
10 2.12'93
12 8. 1342
15 3.1072
18 1. 1869
20 4.5342
23 1. 7320
25 6. 6165
(61)9.3222
( 1) 1. 9544
7.2558
4.4209
3.2840

382
45924
42968
81378
36862
78481
80380
65051
89250
80933
49236
82029
41507
52418
72019

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

385
1 48225
570 66625
( 10 2. 1970 65063
12 8. 4587 00491
15 3.2565 99689
18 1. 2537 90880
20 4.8270 94889
23 1.8584 31532
25 7. 1549 61399
(62) 1.1247 53901
( 1)1.962141687
7.274786349
4.4296 06853
3.2892 14120

1
575
10r.2199
12 8.5691
15 3.3076
1811. 2767
20 4.9283
23 1. 9023
(25 7.3429
(62) 1. 1970
( 1) 1. 9646
7.2810
4.4324
3.2909

386
48996
12456
80802
25894
82595
65482
14759
29497
91859
03202
88270
79420
80423
21030

1
579
l0l2.2430
12 8.6807
1513.3594
18 1. 3000
20l5.0313
23 1. 9471
(25)7.5354
( 62) 1. 2736
( 1) 1.9672
7.2873
4.4353
3.2926

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
593
POI2.3134
12 9. 0224
115l3.5187
18 1. 3723
20} 5.3520
23 2.0872
25 8.1404
( 62) 1. 5330
( 1) 1. 9748
7.3061
4.4439
3.2977

390
52100
19000
41000
19900
43761
10067
09260
83612
06085
29700
41766
43574
19178
13494

1
597
1012.3372
12 9. 1386
15r.5732
18 1. 3971
20 5.4627
23 2.1359
25) 8. 3515
(62) 1.6302
( 1) 1. 9773
7.3123
4.4467
3.2994

391
52881
76471
60016
86663
26485
31556
84383
48694
59392
04837
71993
82812
65109
02898

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
616
10 2.4343
12 9.6158
15 3.7982
18 1. 5003
20 5. 9262
23 2.3408
25 9.2463
(62) 2.0812
( 1) 1. 9874
7.3372
4.4580
3.3061

395
56025
29875
80063
01247
41493
05390
06289
51484
63362
78965
60691
33921
94538
26138

396
1 56816
620 99136
10) 2.4591 25786
12 9.7381 38111
15 3.8563 02692
18 1.5270 95866
20 6.0472 99629
23 2.3947 30653
25 9.4831 33387
(62)2.2114 87364
( 1) 1. 9899 74874
7.343420462
4.4609 13443
3.3077 98433

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

n2[<-~~)4]

86558
96519
62484
64190
28264
96838
77507
22210
26792
33520
65392

1
544
~
0632
12 7.8198
15 2. 9637
18 1. 1232
20) 4. 2570
23) 1. 6134
25)"6.1149
(61) 7. 7150
( 1) 1. 9467
7.2367
4.4122
3.2788

379
43641
39939
73688
07278
06958
44937
98312
40260
38586
90756
92233
97216
46858
97510

1
561
10 2. 1517
12 8.2412
15 3.1564
18 1. 2089
20 4. 6300
~ 23 1. 7733
25 6.7918
(61) 9. 9259
( 1) 1. 9570
7.2621
4.4238
3.2857

383
46689
81887
66272
64822
04421
02895
98090
27568
44587
15535
38579
67440
42876
89631

1
566
10! 2.1743
12 8.3494
115 3.2061
1811. 2311
20 4. 7276
23 1. 8154
(25 6.9712
(62) 1. 0566
1. 9595
7.2684
4.4267
3.2875

384
47456
23104
27194
16423
75907
71548
98745
36318
75461
94349
91794
82371
27679
03659

387
49769
60603
75336
01551
31500
99991
86963
46755
57941
88303
31557
61631
48416
24406

1
584
10 2.2663
12 8.7934
15 3.4118
18 1.3237
20 5. 1363
23 1.9929
25 7.7324
(62) 1. 3550
( 1) 1. 9697
7.2936
4.4382
3.2943

388
50544
11072
49594
%423
53332
99093
40480
00106
52413
69013
71560
33030
10856
24265

1
588
\ 10) 2.2898
12 8.9073
15 3.4649
18 1. 3478
2015. 2432
23 2.0396
(25)7.9340
(62) 1. 4414
( 1) 1. 9723
7.2998
4.4410
3.2960

389
51321
63869
04504
39521
55074
67524
04667
06615
69734
19629
08292
93662
67768
20622

1
602
10 2.3612
12 9.2561
15 3.6284
18 1.4223
20 5.5755
23 2. 1856
25 8.5676
( 62)1. 7332
( 1) 1. 9798
7.3186
4. 4496
3. 3010

392
53664
36288
62490
48959
10392
36874
60545
19734
29356
67559
98987
11420
05586
88848

1
606
2.3854
~ 10
12 9.3748
(15 3.6843
8 1.4479
20 5. 6903
23 2.2363
25 8.7887
( 62) 1. 8425
( 1) 1. 9824
7.3248
4.4524
3.3027

393
54449
98457
49360
15985
02682
30954
68650
14879
17476
58176
22760
29445
40634
71361

1
611
2.4098
12 9.4946
15 3.7409
18 1. 4739
20 5. 8072
23 2. 2880
25 9.014<)
( 62) 1. 9584
( 1) 1. 9849
7.3310
4.4552
3. 3044

394
55236
62984
21570
96984
10612
18781
39997
52559
27082
35730
43324
36930
70277
50453

1
625
10! 2.4840
12 9. 8617
15 3.9151
18 1. 5542
20r.1705
23 2.4497
25 9.7253
( 62) 2. 3494
( 1) 1. 9924
7.3495
4.4637
3.3094

397
57609
70773
59688
16962
01634
95349
52534
09356
46143
82217
85885
96597
27013
67354

1
630
(10 2. 5091
12 9.9865
15 3.9746
18 1. 5819
20 6.2959
23 2. 5058
25 9.9731
(62) 2. 4957
( 1) 1. 9949
7.3557
4.4665
3.3111

398
58404
44792
82722
47232
45798
09028
97930
07176
12562
07762
93734
62368
35273
32914

n3[<-!)2]

378
1 42884
540 10152

"1""" .".. lot

n4[< -1)8]

(n

llO

399
J 59201
21199
10l2. 5344 95840
13 1. 01l~ 63840

63~,

rr'' ' "'"

18 1. 6099
20 6.4236
23 2.563(1
26 1. 0226
(62) 2.6506
( 1) 1. 9974
7.3619
4.469:<
3.312i'

n5[<-~5]

42146
69163
43996
54554
32365
98436
17821
38246
951Jl

40

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS nk

Table 3.1
k

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
640
10 2.5600
13 1. 0240
15 4. 0960
18 1. 6384
20 6.5536
23 2.6214
2& 1.0485
(62) 2. 8147
( 1) 2.0000
7. 3680
4.4721
3.3144

'r

400
60000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
40000
76000
49767
00000
62997
35955
54017

405
1 64025
664 30125

401
1 60801
644 81201

64160
25282
87938
24632
15678
87287
80393
98439
97940
28423
09590

1
649
10 2.6115
13 1.0498
15 4.2204
18 1.6966
20 6.8203
23 2.7417
26 1.1022
( 62) 3. 172~
( 1) 2.0049
7.3803
4.4777
3. 3177

402
61604
64808
85282
57283
26278
11364
77&83
91829
00315
72718
93766
22692
15674
61862

1
654
10 2.6376
13 1. 0629
15 4.2838
18 1.7263
20 6.9572
23 2. 8037
26 1.1299
(62)3.3676
( 1) 2. 0074
7.3864
4.4804
3. 3194

406
1 64836
669 23416
10 2.7170 90690
13 1.1031 38820
15 4. 4787 43609
181.8183 69905
20 7.3825 81816
23 2.9973 28217
26 1.2169 15256
(62) 4.0236 92707
( 1) 2.0149 44168
7.404720630
4.4888 12948
3.3243 38251

1
674
10 2.7439
13 1. 1167
15 4.5453
18 1.8499
20 7.5293
23 3. 0644
26 1. 2472
(62) 4. 2684
( 1) 2.0174
7.4107
4.4915
3.3259

407
65649
19143
5,,120
91362
40843
53723
11653
29843
22946
06980
24100
95055
74446
74245

408
1 66464
679 17312
10 2.7710 26330
13 1. 1305 78742
15 4.6127 61269
18 1.8820 06598
207.678586919
23 3. 1328 63463
26 1.2782 08293
(62) 4. 5273 48373
( 1) 2. 0199 00988
7.4168 59539
4.4943 30860
3.3276 07026

1
684
10 2.7982
13 1. 1445
15 4. 6810
18 1. 9145
20 7.8304
23 3.2026
26 1.3098
(62) 4. 8013
( 1) 2. 0223
7.4229
4.4970
3.3292

409
67281
17929
93296
01958
13009
34321
45371
52157
84732
06073
74842
14120
82211
36609

412
69744
34528
02554
96652
38207
25341
04405
84615
98461
06738
78313
18861
06108
06308

1
704
10 2. 9093
13 1. 2015
15 4.9624
18 2.0495
20 8.4644
23 3.4958
26 1.4437
(62) 6. 0645
( 1) 2. 0322
7.4470
4.50BO
3.3357

413
70569
44997
78376
73269
97602
11510
82535
31287
78322
B7127
40143
34238
37426
23237

1
709
10) 2. 9376
Dr- 2161
15 5. 0350
18 2.0845
20 B.6298
23\3.5727
26 1. 4791
( 62) 6. 4269
( 1) 2.0346
7.4530
4.5107
3.3373

414
7i396
57944
58882
90777
29817
02344
39705
53638
20006
98328
98995
39914
63788
37037

' I'" "" "'""

13 1. 0368
15 4.1578
18 1. 6672
20 &.6858
23l2.6810
26 1.0750
(62) 2. 9885
( 1) 2. 0024
7.3741
4.4749
3. 3161

403
62409
50827
&8328
80336
10755
75734
94209
89506
27195
04703
85990
37295
97729
10850

404
1 63216
659 39264
10) 2. &&39 46266
13 1.0762 34291
154.347986537
18 1. 7565 86561
20 7.0966 09706
23 2.8&70 30321
26 1. 1582 80250
(62) 3. 5739 85306
( 1) 2. 0099 75124
7.3925 41792
4.4832 74611
3.3210 56568

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1(3
1/4
1/5

13 1.0896 20125
15 4.4129 61508
18 1.7872 49411
20 7.2383 60113
23l2.9315 35846
26 1. 1872 72017
(62) 3. 7924 56055
( 1) 2. 0124 61180
7. 3986 36223
4.486046344
3. 3226 99030

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
689
10l2.8257
13 1.1585
15 4.7501
18 1.9475
20 7.9849
23 3.2738
(26 1. 3422
( 62) 5. 0911
( 1) 2. 0248
7.4289
4. 4998
3. 3308

410
68100
21000
61000
62010
04241
42739
25229
19344
65931
10945
45673
58841
28522
63008

1
694
1012. 8534
13 1. 1727
15 4.8200
18 1.9810
20) 8. 1420
23\3.3463
(26 1.3753
(62) 5. 3976
( 1) 2. 0273
7.4349
4. 5025
3. 3324

411
68921
26531
30424
59904
43207
37758
65185
88791
65793
37632
13493
93742
69814
86236

1
699
10! 2. 8813
13 1.1870
15 4.8908
18) 2. 0150
20l8. 3019
23 3.4203
26 1.4091
( 62) 5. 7218
( 1) 2. 0297
7.4410
4.5053
3. 3341

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
714
10 2.9661
13 1.2309
15 5.1084
18 2.1200
20 8.7980
23\3.6511
26 1. 5152
(62) 6. 8101
( 1) 2. 0371
7.4590
4. 5134
3.3389

415
72225
73375
45063
50201
43334
03984
16532
76861
38397
13045
54879
35926
85215
47722

1
719
1012.9948
13 1. 2458
15 5.1827
18 2.1560
20l8.9690
23 3.7311
26) 1. 5521
(62) 7.2150
( 1) 2. 0396
7.4650
4.5162
3. 3405

416
73056
91296
37914
52572
46700
22627
54129
26518
48631
59801
07805
22314
01729
55305

417
1 73889
725 11713
10 3.0237 38432
13 1.2608 98926
15 5.2579 48522
18 2.1925 64534
20 9.1429 94106
l23 3.8126 28542
26) 1. 5898 66102
(62) 7.6430 25690
( 1)2.042057786
7.4709 99115
4. 5189 13349
3. 3421 59799

1
730
10) 3. 0528
13 1.2760
155.3340
18 2.2296
20 9. 3198
23 3.8957
(26 1.6284
(62) 8. 0952
( 1) 2. 0445
7.4769
4.521&
3. 3437

418
74724
34632
47618
90304
57471
36023
78576
09245
06464
59269
04830
66370
20097
61218

419
1 75561
735 60059
10 3.0821 66472
13 1. 2914 27752
15 5.4110 82280
18 2.2672 43475
20 9.4997 50162
\23 3.9803 95318
26 1. 6677 85638
(62) 8. 5730 73581
( 1)2.0469 48949
7.482924114
4.5243 21992
3.3453 59575

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
740
10l3.1116
13 1. 3069
15r.4890
18 2.3053
20 9.6826
23 4.0667
26)1.7080
(62) 9.0778
( 1) 2. 0493
7. 4888
4.5270
3. 3469

420
76400
88000
96000
12320
31744
93332
51996
13838
19812
49315
90153
72387
19056
54883

421
1 77241
746 18461
10 3.1414 37208
13 1. 3225 45065
15 5. %79 14722
18 2.3440 92098
20 9.8686 27732
23 4.1546 92275
26 1.7491 25448
(62) 9.6110 38126
( 1) 2. 0518 28453
7.494811226
4.5297 11307
3.3485 47155

422
1 78084
751 51448
3. 1713 91106
13 1.3383 27047
15 5.6477 40136
18 2. 3833 46338
21 1. 0057 72154
23 4.2443 58492
26 1. 7911 19284
(63) 1. 0174 16609
( 1) 2.0542 63858
7.5007 40668
4.532398767
3. 3501 36405

1
756
il0l3.2015
13 1. 3542
15 5.7285
18 2.4231
21l1. 0249
23 4.3357
26 1. 8340
(63) 1. 0768
( 1) 2. 0566
7.5066
4.5350
3.3517

423
78929
86967
58704
59-332
16974
62680
97814
40751
18338
83734
96380
60749
81455
22644

1
762
10 3.2319
13 1. 3703
15 5.8102
18 2.4635
21 1.0445
23 4.4288
26 1. 8778
(63) 1. 1396
( 1) 2.0591
7.5125
4.5377
3.3533

"04 20""

n2[( -~)4]

po

n3[( -~)

IJ

n4[(

!1

-J)7J

5[(-J)4]
I

424
79776
25024
41018
42991
54284
47816
44274
67722
39914
73784
26028
71508
59390
05887

41

JDLEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

k

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1
767
1013.2625
13 1.3865
15 5.8929
18 2.5045
2111. 0644
23 4.5237
26 1.9226
(63) 1. 2059
( 1) 2.0615
7.5184
4.5404
3.3548

425
80625
65625
39063
79102
61182
08502
16113
68482
01605
63938
52813
72981
32593
86145

1
773
, 1013.2933
"13 1. 4029
,15 5.9766
, 18 2.5460
121 1. 0846
123 4.6204
,26 1. 9683
1 63) 1. 2759
1 1) 2. 0639
7.5243
4.5431
3.3564

426
81476
08776
53858
68743
46847
51557
17963
72523
21295
40370
76744
65204
01082
63431

1
778
10 3.3243
13 1. 4195
15 6.0613
18 2. 5881
21 1.1051
23 4. 7190
26 2.0150
(63) 1.3497
( 1) 2. 0663
7.5302
4.5457
3.3580

427
82329
54483
86424
13003
20523
83863
54510
09756
17166
98685
97832
48212
64877
37758

1
795
10 3.4188
13 1. 4700
15 6. 3213
18 2.7181
21 1. 1688
23 5. 0259
26 2. 1611
(63) 1.5967
( 1) 2. 0736
7.5478
4. 5537
3.3627

430
84900
07000
01000
84430
63049
86111
20028
26119
48231
72093
44135
42314
28292
43107

431
1 85761
800 62991
1 10 3.4507 14912
" 13 1. 4872 58127
115 6.4100 82528
'18 2.7627 45570
121 1.190743340
123 5.1321 03797
,26 2.2119 36737
1 63) 1. 6883 18906
1 1) 2.0760 53949
7.5536 88825
4.5563 73502
3.3643 05720

1
806
10 3.4828
13 1.5045
15 6.4998
18 2.8079
21 1. 2130
23 5.2402
26 2.2637
(63) 1. 7848
( 1) 2.0784
7.5595
4.5590
3. 3658

432
86624
21568
51738
91951
37227
29682
25623
70690
96938
83700
60969
26299
14114
65436

10
13
15
18
21
23 5.3504 59329
262.316748890
(63) 1. 8867 28946
( 1) 2. 0808 65205
7.5653 54772
4.561650145
3.367422267

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
823
10l3.5806
13 1.5575
15 6. 7754
18 2.9473
2111.2820
23 5.5770
26 2.4260
(63) 2.1073
( 1) 2. 0856
7.5769
4.5669
3.3705

435
89225
12875
10063
65377
09391
03085
76842
34263
09904
76666
65361
84852
08540
27318

1
828
1 10 3.6136
113 1. 5755
I 15 6.8694
118 2.9950
121 1. 3058
123 5. 6934
,26 2.4823
163) 2.2267
1 1) 2. 0880
7.5827
4.5695
3. 3720

436
90096
81856
48922
50930
02054
59296
45853
87918
60732
71952
61302
86527
30941
75562

1
834
1013.6469
13 1.5937
1516.9644
18 3.0434
21! 1. 3299
23 5.8120
26 2.5398
(63) 2. 3526
( 1) 2.0904
7.5885
4.5721
3. 3736

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
851
10 3. 7480
13 1. 6491
15 7.2563
18 3.1927
21 1. 4048
23 6.1812
26 2.7197
(63) 2.7724
( 1) 2. 0976
7.6059
4.5799
3.3782

440
93600
84000
96000
62240
13856
78097
22363
18395
36094
53276
17696
04922
75651
40276

1
857
110 3.7822
113 1. 6679
I 15 7.3558
, 18 3.2439
121 1.4305
1'23 6.3088
, 26 2.7821
, 63) 2. 9276
I 1) 2. 1000
7.6116
4. 5825
3.3797

441
94481
66121
85936
88098
27511
19933
68690
07924
84294
97132
00000
62611
75695
74445

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
881
1013.9213
13 1. 7450
15l7.7653
18 3.4555
2111.5317
23 6.8428
26 3.0450
(63) 3.6361
( 1) 2.1095
7.6346
4. 5929
3.3858

445
98025
21125
90063
18578
32671
73039
30002
98510
89837
37215
02311
06721
31864
8343\

1
887
11013.9567
113 1. 7647
I 15 7.8706
118 3.5102
, 21 1. 5655
, 23 6.9825
,26 3. 1142
, 63) 3. 8373
1) 2. 1118
7.6403
4.5955
3.3874

446
98916
16536
57506
13847
23760
98197
92996
44761
14964
95917
71208
21250
09991
03811

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

2 [(--6)4]
11
4

1
784
10 3.3556
13 1.4362
15 6.1469
18 2.6309
21 1.1260
23 4.8194
26 2. 0627
(63) 1. 4277
( 1) 2. 0688
7.5361
4.5484
3.3596

428
83184
02752
37786
12972
91521
12371
30495
10518
07702
44370
16087
22043
23998
09138

429
1 84041
789 53589
10 3. 3871 08968
13 1.4530 69747
15 6.2336 69216
182.674244094
21 1. 1472 50716
23 4.9217 05572
26 2.1114 11691
(63) 1. 5099 93273
( 1}2.0712 31518
7.5419 86732
4.5510 78463
3. 3611 77583

1
811
3.5152
1.5220
6.5906
2.8537
1. 2356

433
87489
82737
12512
87018
36787
45729
71901

434
1 88356
817 46504
1'0 3.5477 98274
13 1. 5397 44451
15 6.682490916
18 2.9002 01058
21 1.2586 87259
23 5.4627 02704
26 2.3708 12974
(63) 1. 9941 30189
( 1) 2.0832 66666
7.5711 74278
4. 5642 81614
3.3689 76223

437
90969
53453
15896
02247
78818
77243
99555
98057
86851
34640
54496
79338
48834
20969

1
840
10 3. 6804
13 1. 6120
15 7.0606
18 3.0925
21 1. 3545
23 5.9328
262.5986
(63) 2. 4852
( 1) 2. 0928
7.5943
4.5747
3.3751

438
91844
27672
12034
20471
49662
64552
43274
99539
09998
99040
44954
63318
62238
63549

1
863
10! 3. 8167
13 1. 6869
15 7.4564
18\3.2957
21 1.4567
23l6.4387
26 2.8459
(63) 3.0912
( 1) 2.1023
7.6174
4.5851
3.3813

442
95364
50888
09250
85488
75858
62329
26950
33117
20038
52385
79604
11603
71321
05834

1
893
1013. 9923
13 1. 7845
15 7.9771
18 3.5657
21l1. 5938
23 7.1247
26) 3.1847
(63) 4. 0493
( 1) 2. 1142
7.6460
4. 5980
3.3889

447
99809
14623
63648
86551
01882
64541
96750
18472
49157
05610
37451
27242
83787
21465 I

3 [( -6)
1J
11
4

1
846
o 3.7141
13 1. 6305
15 7.1579
18 3.1423
21 1. 3794
23 6. 0559
26) 2.6585
(63) 2.6251
( I) 2.0952
7.6001
4.5173
3.3767

439
92721
04519
38384
06751
24635
28915
82394
27708
52264
15920
32684
38502
71171
03314

443
1 96249
869 38307
10)3.8513 67000
13 1. 7061 55581
15 7.5582 69224
18 3. 3483 13266
21 1. 4833 02777
23 6.5710 31302
26)2.910966867
( 63) 3. 2635 43617
( 1) 2.1047 56518
7.6231 51930
4. 5877 62546
3. 3828 34454

1
875
10 3. 8862
13 1. 7254
15 7.6612
18 3.4015
21 1. 5103
23 6. 7057
26 2.9773
(63) 3.4450
( 1) 2. 1071
7. 6288
4.5903
3.3843

444
97136
28384
60250
99551
18006
80795
01873
40315
48700
16313
30751
83626
49388
60316

448
2 00704
899 15392
10 4.0282 09562
13 1.8046 37884
158.084777719
18 3.6219 80418
21 1. 6226 47227
23r.2694 59578
(26 3.2567 17891
(63) 4. 2724 04226
( 1) 2. 1166 01049
7.6517 24731
4.6006 53268
3.3904 36406

2
905
(10 4.0642
13 1. 8248
15 8.1936
18 3.6789
21 1. 6518
23 7.4168
26) 3.3301
(63) 4.5072
( 1) 2. 1189
7.6574
4. 6032
3.3919

449
01601
18849
96320
69048
62024
54249
50458
08555
47041
55570
62010
13748
18450
48644

4[( -7)6J
n
4

!r

n3 [( -7)4J

42

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS

n
k

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

2
911
10 '4.1006
13 1. 8452
15 8. 3037
18 3.7366
21 1. 6815
23 7.5668
26 3. 4050
(63) 4. 7544
( 1) 2.1213
7. 6630
4.6057
3. 3934

450
02500
25000
25000
81250
65625
94531
12539
06426
62892
50505
20344
94324
79352
58190

2
917
10 4.1371
13 1. 8658
15 8. 4150
18 3.7952
21 1.7116
23 7.7194
26 3.4814
(63) 5. 0146
( 1) 2.1236
7. 6687
4.6083
3. 3949

451
03401
33851
96680
75703
99419
09838
39637
94763
92138
08183
76058
66491
35988
65055

2
923
10 4.1740
13 1. 8866
15 8.5276
18 3.8545
21 1. 7422
23 7.8749
26 3.5594
(63) 5. 2883
( 1) 2.1260
7.6744
4.6108
3.3964

452
04304
45408
12442
53624
74379
08819
37986
15698
61895
71338
29163
30279
88371
69249

453
2 05209
929 59671
10 4.2110 73368
13 1. 9076 16236
15 8. 6415 01548
18 3.9146 00201
21 1. 7733 13891
23 8.0331 11927
26 3. 6389 99703
(63)5.576437619
( 1) 2. 1283 79665
7.6800 85719
4. 6134 36534
3. 3979 70784

2
935
10 4.2483
13 1.9287
15 8. 7565
18 3.9754
21 1.8048
23 8.1941
26 3.7201
(63) 5. 8795
( 1) 2.1307
7.6857
4.6159
3. 3994

454
06116
76664
80546
64768
92045
92789
73726
26716
33529
01000
27575
32843
80476
69669

2
941
10 4.2859
13 1. 9501
15 8.8729
18 4. 0371
21 1.8369
23 8. 3580
26 3.8028
(63) 6.1983
( 1) 2.1330
7.6913
4. 6185
3.4009

455
07025
96375
35063
00453
57063
95464
23936
03909
91778
13235
72901
71681
20218
65915

2
948
10 4.3237
13 1.9716
15 8.9906
18 4. 0997
21 1. 8694
23 8. 5247
26 3.8873
(63) 6. 5336
( 1) 2.1354
7.6970
4. 6210
3.4024

456
07936
18816
38010
24532
07868
17188
71038
87931
03297
55383
15650
02263
55778
59532

2
954
10~ 4. 3617
13 1. 9933
15 9.1095
1814.1630
21 1. 9025
23 8. 6945
26 3.9733
(63) 6. 8863
( 1) 2. 1377
7.7026
4.6235
3.4039

457
08849
43993
90480
38249
55800
67001
21619
23800
97377
45396
55833
24618
87171
50532

2
960
10 4.4000
13 2.0152
15 9.2298
18 4.2272
21 1.9360
23 8. 8672
26 4.0612
(63)7.2572
( 1) 2.1400
7.7082
4.6261
3.4054

458
09764
71912
93570
42855
12275
54022
82342
57127
03764
39774
93456
38778
14413
38923

2
967
10 4.4386
13 2. 0373
15 9. 3513
18 4.2922
21 1. 9701
23 9.0430
26 4.1507
(63) 7. 6472
( 1) 2. 1424
7.7138
4. 6286
3.4069

459
10681
02579
48376
39605
88785
87452
59941
34128
52665
35292
28529
44772
37519
24718

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

2
973
10 4.4774
13 2. 0596
15 9.4742
18 4.3581
21 2.0047
23 9. 2219
26 4.2420
(63) 8.0572
( 1) 2.1447
7.7194
4.6311
3.4084

460
11600
36000
56000
29760
96896
76572
61223
01627
74748
70802
61059
42629
56507
07924

2
979
10 4.5165
13 2.0821
15 9.5985
18 4.4249
21 2.0398
23 9.4039
26 4.3352
(63) 8. 4883
( 1) 2. 1470
7.7250
4.6336
3. 4098

461
12521
72181
17544
14588
48250
30743
93073
070&5
01157
29103
91055
32380
71390
88554

2
986
10 4.5558
13 2.1047
15 9.7241
18 4.4925
21 2.0755
23 9.5890
26 4.4301
(63) 8. 9414
( 1) 2.1494
7.7306
4. 6361
3.4113

462
13444
11128
34114
95360
54565
59409
62447
98505
63510
38903
18526
14052
82186
bbbib

2
992
l0i 4.5954
13 2.1276
15 9.8511
18 4.5610
21( 1117
23 9. 7775
26 4.5269
(63) 9.4176
( 1) 2.1517
7.7361
4.6386
3.4128

463
14369
52847
06816
73356
27638
72096
76381
24642
93909
76852
43479
87677
88909
42121

464
2 15296
998 97344
10 4.6352 36762
13 2.1507 49857
15 9.9794 79338
18 4. 6304 78413
21 2. 1485 41984
23 9. 9692 3480<\
26 4. &257 24949
(63) 9.9181 69666
( 1)2.154065923
7.7417 53281
4.6411 91574
3.4143 15079

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

2
1005
10 4. 6753
13 2. 17 40
16 1. 0109
18 4.7007
21 2.1858
24 1. 0164
26 4. 7263
(64) 1. 0444
( 1) 2.1563
7.7473
4.6436
3.4157

465
16225
44625
25063
26154
22162
88052
66444
27896
89719
09634
85865
10895
90198
85500

2
1011
10 4.7156
13 2. 1975
16 1. 0240
18 4.7720
21 2.2237
24 1. 0362
26 4.8290
(64) 1. 0996
( 1) 2.1587
7.7528
4.6461
3.4172

466
17156
94696
72834
03540
36650
10788
57027
70775
21810
69046
03314
60547
84795
53393

2
1018
10 4. 7562
13 2.2211
16 1.0372
18 4.8441
21 2.2622
24 1. 0564
26 4.9336
(64) 1.1577
( 1) 2.1610
7. 7584
4. 6486
3.4187

467
18089
47563
81192
83317
92609
56484
21078
57243
55326
24259
18278
02264
75380
18768

2
1025
10 4.7971
13 2. 2450
16 1. 0506
18 4.9172
21 2.3012
24 1.0769
26 5. 0403
( 64) 1. 2187
( 1) 2. 1633
7.7639
4.6511
3.4201

468
19024
03232
51258
66789
91257
35083
66019
92497
24885
10278
30765
36077
61968
81635

2
1031
10l4.8382
13 2.2691
16 1. 0642
18 4.9912
21 2. 3408
24 1.0978
26 5.1490
(64) 1.2827
( 1) 2. 1656
7.7694
4.6536
3. 4216

2
1038
lOr' 8796
13 2.2934
16 1.0719
ISl5.0662
21 2. 3811
24 1.1191
26) 5. 2599
(64) 1.3500
( 1) 2.1679
7.7749
4.6561
3.4230

470
20900
23000
81000
50070
21533
31205
28666
30473
13224
46075
48339
80097
23215
99883

2
1044
4.9213
FO
13 2. 3179
1.0917
18 5. 1421
21 2.4219
(24 1.1407
(26 5. 3729
(64) 1. 4206
( 1) 2.1702
7.7804
4.6585
3.4245

471
21841
87111
42928
52519
55637
&9048
61622
43924
03881
98007
53441
90361
97902
55283

2
1051
10 4.9632
13 2.342&
16 1.1057
18 5.2190
21 2. 4634
24 1. 1627
2& 5,4880
(64) 1. 4948
( 1) 2.1725
7.7859
4. 6610
3.4260

472
22784
54048
71066
63943
37381
80439
05967
27616
74350
85630
56098
92832
68652
08213

2
1058
\ 10l5. 0054
13 2.3675
16 1.' 1198
18 5.2969
21 2.5054
24 1. 1850
26 5. 6054
(64) 1. 5727
( 1) 2.1748
7.7914
4.6635
3.4274

473
23729
23817
66544
85675
68024
75756
69532
87089
61930
77826
56317
87536
35480
58683

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

n2[ (-:)3]

3[(-f)1]
1

n4[(-1) 5]

469
19961
61709
84152
55267
33820
56b18
99354
81797
65627
68318
40783
62012
44575
42003

474
2 24676
10b4 96424

1"t"'
! ' '"".
13 2. 3927
16 1. 1341
18 5.3758
21 2.5481
2411.2078
(26 5.7251
( 64) 1. 6545
( 1) 2.1771
7.7969
4.6659
3.4289

n5[(-J)3]

19056
48832
65466
60231
27949
04480
51159
54106
74500
98399
06701

43

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS nk

k

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

2
1071
5. 0906
10 2. 4180
13
16 1. 1485
8 5.4557
21 2. 5914
24 1.2309
26 5.8470
(64) 1. 7403
( 1) 2.1794
7.8024
4.6684
3. 4303

475
25625
71875
64063
65430
81079
60126
86060
55878
40422
90207
49472
53753
57424
52278

2
1105
10!5. 3084
13 2. 5480
16 1. 2230
11815. 8706
21 2.8179
24 1.3526
(26 6. 4925

480
30400
92000
16000
39680
59046
83423
28043
05461
06211

2
1078
10 5.1336
13 2. 4436
16 1. 1631
18 5. 5366
21 2. 6354
24 1.2544
26 5.9713
(64) 1. 8304
( 1) 2. 1817
7.8079
4.6709
3. 4317

2
1112
10) 5. 3527
13 2.5746
16 1. 2384
18 5. 9568
121\ 2.8652
24 1.3781
26 6.6290

476
26576
50176
68378
26148
66046
70380
55101
76628
08750
87912
42423
25322
12569
95422
481
31361
84641
91232
92583
27132
34506
37397
79188
41895

(64) 2.2376 37322

(64) 2.3522 41094

( 1)2.190890230

7. 8297 35282
4. 6806 94639
3.4375 43855

( 1)2.1931
7.8351
4. 6831
3.4389

71220
68827
30598
74973

2
1140
5.5330
13 2. 6835
16 1. 3015
18 6.3123
21 3.0614
1 24 1.4848
(26 7.2014
(64) 2.8694

485
35225
84125
80063
43830
18758
65975
97498
26286
07489
70250

2
1147
10) 5.5788
13 2.7113
16 1. 3177
18 6.4040
21 3.1123
24 1. 5126
26 7.3512
( 64) 3. 0148

486
36196
91256
55042
23550
03245
37773
62358
08106
75394
82996

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

( 1) 2. 2022
7.8568
4. 6928
3.4446

71555
28008
36620
75750

( 1) 2.2045 40769
7.8622 24183
4.695253740
3.4460 95065

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

2
1176
10) 5.7648
1312. 8247
16 1. 3841
18 6. 7822
21 3.3232
2411. 6284
(26 7.9792

490
40100
49000
01000
52490
28720
30728
93057
13598
26630

2
1183
( 10 5.8120
13 2.8536
16 1. 4011
18 6. 8797
21 3.3779
2411. 6585
26 8.1435

491
41081
70771
04856
94384
63943
14959
40045
68562
71639

(64) 3. 6703
( 1) 2. 2135
7.8837
4.7048
3.4517

36822
94362
35163
85081
49066

(64) 3. 8543
( 1) 2. 2158
7.8890
4. 7072
3.4531

91376
51981
94604
83697
56794

2
1212
(10l6.0037
13 2.9718
16 1. 4710
18r.2817
21 3.6044
24 1. 7842
26) 8.8318
(64) 4.6830
( 1) 2. 2248
7.9104
4.7168
3.4587

495
45025
87375
25063
43906
62733
60531
71463
13374
56201
06649
59546
59893
41683
64874
1

2
1220
6.0523
13 3. 0019
16 1. 4889
18 7.3853
1 21 3.6631
~ 2411.8169
26 9. 0119
(64) 4.9154
( 1) 2.2271
7.9157
4.7192
3.4601

496
46016
23936
87226
84064
84096
61115
39113
17000
08320
15513
05745
83219
22124
61227
1

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

ro

po

n2[( -:) 3J

2
1085
10! 5.1769
13 2.4694
16f.1779
18 5. 6186
21 2.6800
24! 1. 2783
26 6. 0979
(64) 1. 9250

477
27529
31333
44584
02567
05024
06966
75523
96024
49036
45935

( 1) 2.1840
7.8133
4. 6733
3.4332

32967
89232
63849
36143

2
1119
5.3974
13 2.6015
10
16 1. 2539
18 6. 0440
121 2.9132
2411. 4041
26 6.7681
(64) 2.4724

482
32324
80168
44098
68055
55803
66968
40279
81814
56345
57971

( 1) 2. 1954 49840

7.8405 94846
4. 6855 62762
3.4404 03713

1155
10l5. 6249
13 2.7393
16 1. 3340
18) 6. 4968
~ 2113.1639
24 1. 5408
(26)7.5039
(64) 3. 1673

( 1) 2. 2068 07649
7.8676 12960
4. 6976 67133
3.447512045
2
1190
110l5.8594
13 2.8828
16 1. 4183
1816.9783
21 3.4333
24) 1. 6892
26) 8. 3109
(64) 4.0472
( 1) 2. 2181
7.8944
4. 7096
3.4545

492
42064
95488
98010
73021
73526
97749
71692
18873
56854
72689
07301
46773
78653
62231

2
1227
~ 10) 6. 1013
1313.0323
~ 16 1.5070
1817.4902
121 3.7226
24 1. 8501
26) 9.1952
(64) 5.1588

497
47009
63473
44608
68270
87030
22541
40603
52380
57326
55098

( 1) 2.2293
7.9210
4. 7215
3.4615

3[(-:)lJ

487
37169
01303
13456
32853
55099
48334
65139
51023
44480
42798

49681
99395
98967
55329
1

2
1092
10!5.2204
13 2.4953
16 1.1927
1815.7015
21 2.7253
24 1. 3027
26 6.2270
(64) 2.0242
( 1) 2.1863
7.8188
4. 6758
3.4346

478
28484
15352
93826
96049
99311
80708
55578
19966
01440
75033
21111
45511
11278
74449

,!
1099
10! 5.264:1
13 2. 5216
16 1. 2078
18 5.7856
21 2. 7713
~ 2411. 3274
26 6. 358~,
(64) 2.1283

479
29441
02239
17248
07962
50214
02524
03609
54429
06713
95451

( 1) 2. 188b
7.824'!
4. 678,!
3.4361.

06863
94186
54870
10350

2
1126
11015.4423
13 2.6286
16 1.2696
118 6. 1323
21l2.9619
24 1. 4306
26 6.9098
(64) 2. 5985
( 1) 2. 1977
7.8460
4.6879
3.4418

483
33289
78587
75752
67488
46397
92097
45383
19620
92764
50361
26098
13365
91145
30083

,!
113:1
10 5.487';
13 2.6559
16 1. 285~;
18 6.2218
21 3.01U
24 1. 4574
26 7.054'!
(64) 2.7307
( 1) 2.2000
7.8514
4.6904
3.44n

484
34256
79904
87354
92279
00263
21273
61496
98964
94987
92362
00000
24411
15760
54092

2
1162
~ 1015.6712
13 2. 7675
116) 1. 3505
1816.5908
21 3.2163
24 1. 5695
(26 7. 6594
(64) 3. 3271
( 1) 2. 2090
7.8729
4.7000
3. 4489

488
38144
14272
56474
73159
75702
09424
14999
61719
61191
75643
72203
94366
76812
26700

;,
1169
10 5.7171l
13 2. 7960
16 1. 3672
18 6. 6859
21 3.2694
24 1. 5987
26 7.8178
(64) 3. 4947

489
39121
30169
85264
45894
66442
32903
21189
46962
72642
21879

( 1) 2. 21D
7. 878:1
4.7024
3.450:3

34439
68425
82790
39037

493
2 43049
1198 23157
~ 1015.9072 81640
13 2.9122 89849
16 1.4357 58895
18 7. 0782 91354
2113.4895 97638
24 1.7203 71635
26 8.4814 32162
(64)4.249384825
( 1) 2.2203 60331
7.8997 91695
4.7120 69960
3.4559 65384

;!
120';
10 5. 955:1
13 2.9419
16 1. 453:1
18 7.1794
21 3.5466
24 1. 7520
26 8.6550
(64) 4. 4611
( 1) 2.2226
7.9051
4.7144
3.457:1

494
44036
53784
56930
46323
21484
08129
27616
34042
48169
49467
11077
29393
57633
66263

498
48004
05992
98402
98004
73006
57570
86070
27063
56772
25162
91360
08444
72227
47190
1

:!
124:!
6.2001
13) 3.0938
16) 1. 5438
r8r.7031
21 3.8441
24 1. 918:!
26 9.5720
(64) 5.6808
( 1) 2. 2338
7.9311
4.726:1
3.464:3

499
49001
51499
49800
74750
43500
79067
85754
48691
60970
47029
30790
10391
41916
36816

2
1235
~ 10) 6.1505
1313.0629
~16 1.5253
18 7.5963
~ 21 3.7829
2411. 8839
(26 9. 3819
(64) 5.4138
( 1) 2.2315
7.9264
4.7239
3.4629

n4[(-1)

5]

llO)

n5[(-~)3]

44

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Tahle :U

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

2
1250
(10l6.2500
(13 3.1250
( 16) 1. 5625
(18) 7. 8125
21) 3. 9062
24) 1.9531
(26) 9. 7656
( 64) 5. 9604
( 1) 2.2360
7.9370
4.7287
3.4657

500
50000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
50000
25000
25000
64478
67977
05260
08045
24216

501
2 51001
1257 51501
10l6.3001 50200
13 3.1563 75250
16) 1. 5813 44000
18r.9225 33442
21 3.9691 89254
24l1. 9885 63816
26 9.9627 04720
(64) 6. 2532 44659
( 1)2.238302929
7.942293073
4.7310 70628
3. 4671 09398

2
1287
(10) 6.5037
(13) 3. 2844
! 16ll. 6586
18 8.3760
(21) 4. 2299
(24l2.1361
(27 1. 0787
(64)7.5682
( 1)2.2472
7.9633
4.7404
3.4726

505
55025
87625
75063
06407
25235
57438
09006
04048
32544
08268
20505
74242
85740
28104

506
2 56036
1295 54216
~ 10l6. 5554 43330
13 3.3170 54325
(l6l1.6784 29488
(18 8.4928 53211
(21) 4.2973 83725
!24)2.174476165
27) 1. 1002 84939
(64) 7.9361 96349
( 1)2.249444376
7. 9686 27129
4. 7428 30775
3.4740 02314

502
52004
06008
01602
02004
77006
92570
14070
73063
35678
79050
35650
73855
29676
92370

503
2 53009
1272 63527
(10) 6. 4013 55408
( 13l3.219881770
~ 16 1. 6196 00530
18l8. 1465 90668
(21 4.0977 35106
124l2.0611 60758
27 1. 0367 63861
(64) 6. 8806 84448
( 1) 2.2427 66149
7.9528 47628
4.7357 85203
3. 4698 73139

2
1303
10) 6. 6074
13 3. 3499
16 1.6984
18 8.6110
21 4.3657
24 2.2134
( 27 1. 1222
(64) 8. 3212
( 1) 2.2516
7. 9738
4.7451
3.4753

507
57049
23843
18840
61352
30405
42156
98373
59775
24106
97020
66050
73099
72336
74353

2
1310
(1016.6597
\ 13 3.3831
16 1. 7186
! 18 8.7306
21l4.4351
(24 2.2530
(27 1. 1445
(64) 8.7242
( 1) 2. 2538
7.9791
4.7475
3.4767

508
58064
96512
02810
29027
29546
38093
64151
63389
56202
69942
85534
12176
10436
44229

2
1318
(10) 6. 7122
! 1313. 4165
16 1. 7390
(18 8.8516
121) 4.5054
24l2.2932
27 1. 1672
(64) 9.1459
( 1) 2. 2561
7.9843
4.7498
3.4781

509
59081
72229
96456
58896
28478
54954
92371
95617
87469
06897
02835
44383
45086
11950

512
62144
17728
47674
37209
39851
72037
66483
51639
40039
229l7.
41700
00000
28460
02253

513
2 63169
1350 05697
( 1l6.925792256
(13 3.5529 31427
16 1. 8226 53822
18 9.3502 14108
21 4.7966 59837
242.460686497
27 1. 2623 32173
(65) 1. 1036 12886
( 1) 2. 2649 50331
B. 0052 04946
4.7591 49431
3.4835 61427

2
1357
10 6. 9799
13 3. 5876
16 1. 8440
18 9.4785
21 4.8719
24 2.5041
27 1. 2871
(65) 1. 1564
( 1) 2.2671
8.0104
4.7614
3.4849

514
64196
96744
52642
95658
75568
48420
73888
94578
56013
18034
56810
03133
67011
18483

2
1265
l0l6. 3506
13 3.1880
16ll. 6003
! 18 8.0338
21 4.0330
~ 24 2.0245
27) 1. 0163
(64) 6.5597
( 1) 2. 2405
7.9475
4.7334
3.4684

510
2 60100
1326 51000
(10) 6. 7652 01000
\ 13) 3. 4502 52510
16 1. 7596 28780
18 8.9741 06779
( 21 4.5767 94457
(24 2.3341 65173
(27 1. 1904 24238
(64) 9.5870 33090
( 1) 2. 2583 17958
7.989569740
4.7521 76299
3.4794 77522

2
1334
10l6.8184
13 3.4842
16) 1. 7804
18 9.0980
21 4.6490
24l2.3756
(27 1. 2139
(65) 1. 0048
( 1) 2.2605
7.9947
4.7545
3. 4808

511
61121
32831
17664
11426
32039
07719
81944
80873
72926
50848
30911
88272
04087
40954

2
1342
~ 10 6.8719
13 3.5184
(16 1. 8014
( 18 9.2233
(21 4.7223
(24 2.4178
(27) 1. 2379
(65) 1. 0531
( 1) 2.2627
8.0000
4.7568
3.4822

2
1365
( 10 7.0344
3.6227
~13
16 1. 8657
18 9.6083
21 4.9483
24 2.5483
( 27 1. 3124
(65) 1. 2116
( 1) 2.2693
8.0155
4.7637
3.4862

515
65225
90875
300&3
31482
06713
89574
20630
85125
18339
39706
61144
94581
81212
73428

2
1373
110r.0892
13 3. 65S0
16r.8875
(18 9.7397
21 5.0257
24l2.5932
(27 1. 3381
(65) 1. 2693
( 1) 2.2715
8.0207
4. 7660
3.4876

516
66256
88096
25754
40489
48892
52284
12179
67484
26022
83471
63338
79314
92045
26271

517
2 67289
1381 88413
o 7.144340952
13 3.6936 24272
16 1. 9096 03749
18 9.8726 51381
5.1041 60764
!21
24 2.6388 51115
27 1.3642 86026
(65) 1. 3297 59294
( 1) 2. 2737 63400
8.0259 57353
4.7683 99522
3.4889 77017

2
1406
(10 7.3116
(13 3.8020
16~ 1. 9770
19 1. 0280
2115.3459
~ 24 2. 7799
27 1. 4455
(65) 1. 5278
( 1) 2. 2803
8.0414
4.7753
3.4930

520
70400
08000
16000
40320
60966
71703
72853
05884
51059
48342
50850
51517
01928
16754

2
1414
3680
13 3.8387
16l1.9999
19 1.0419
21 5.4287
24 2.8283
(27 1.4735
(65) 1.5999
( 1) 2. 2825
8. 0466
4.7775
3.4943

521
71441
20761
21648
39279
83164
91229
74301
91411
91925
46126
42442
02993
96092
59190

2
1422
rOr.4247
13 3.8757
16 2.0231
19 1. 0560
21r' 5126
24 2.8776
27 1. 5021
(65) 1. 6752
( 1) 2. 2847
8.0517
4.7798
3.4956

!1

lOr.
1

nz[C-g)3]

n3[C -1) 9J

522
72484
36648
53026
21079
26403
71983
95749
27181
21389
98008
31932
47881
86957
99566
1

2
1389
7. 1997
10
13 3. 7294
16 1.9318
19 1.0007
5.1836
21
24 2.6851
27 1. 3909
(65) 1.3928
( 1) 2. 2759
8. 0311
4.7707
3.4903

518
68324
91832
76898
84433
72936
10181
78738
45586
05414
81704
61335
28718
03654
25675

2
1430
10 7.4818
13 3.9129
16 2.0464
19 1.0703
21 5. 5977
24l2.9276
27 1. 5311
( 65) 1. 7540
( 1) 2. 2869
8. 0568
4.7821
3.4970

523
73529
55667
11384
87354
92386
15518
50159
23333
47003
44200
19325
86203
74532
37889

[C-J)5J

n4

504
2 54016
1280 24064
l'Ol6.4524 12826
13 3.2520 16064
16 1. 6390 16096
18 8.2606 41125
21 4.1633 63127
24 2.0983 35016
(27 1.0575 60848
(64)7.216604000
( 1) 2.2449 94432
7.9581 14416
4.7381 37221
3.4712 51715

519
2 69361
1397 98359

I'r"" "."
13 3. 7656
16 1.9543
19 1.0143
21 5.2642
24l2.7321
27 1. 4179
(65) 1. 4588
( 1) 2. 2781
8. 0362
4.7730
3.4916

22578
58118
11863
78570
60578
91340
69982
57150
93433
04452
72252

2
1438
107.5391
13 3.9505
16 2.0700
19 1.0847
21 5.6839
24 2.9783
27 1. 5606
(65) 1. 8363
( 1) 2. 2891
8. 0620
4.7844
3.4983

524
74576
77824
97978
39740
82824
23400
50615
90122
76424
30669
04628
17979
58829
74167

n5[C-~)3]

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

45

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

k
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

24

525
2 75625
1447 03125
(10) 7.5969 14063
13) 3. 9883 79883
16)2.093899438
19) 1. 0992 97205
21) 5. 7713 10327
24) 3. 0299 37922
27) 1. 5907 17409

!
!

(65) 1. 9223
( 1) 2.2912
8. 0671
4. 7867
3. 4997

09365
87847
43230
39859
08406

2
1488
10)7.8904
13 4.1819
16 2.2164
19 1.1747
21 6.2259
24 3.2997
27) 1. 7488

530
80900
17000
81000
54930
36113
11140
69041
63592
74704

(65) 2. 4133
( 1) 2.3021
8.0926
4. 7980
3.5063

53110
72887
72335
96379
49267

7
8
9
10

2
1531
( 10) 8. 1924
13 4.3829
16 2. 3448
19 1. 2545
21 6.7116
24 3. 5907
27 1. 9210

535
86225
30375
75063
74158
91175
16778
64765
40649
46247

24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

(65) 3.0233
( 1) 2.3130
8.1180
4.8093
3.5129

66304
06701
41379
72829
40196

2
1574
8.5030
4. 5916
2.4794
1. 3389
7.2301
3.9043
2.1083

540
91600
64000
56000
50240
91130
25210
96134
05912
25193

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

10
13
16
19
21
24
27

(65) 3. 7796 38253

( 1) 2.3237
8. 1432
4.8205
3. 5194

90008
52850
70514
82029

2
1618
8.8223
4.8081
2.6204
1.4281
7.7834
4.2419
2. 3118

545
97025
78625
85063
99859
68923
55563
47819
79061
78588

(65) 4.7153
( 1) 2.3345
8.1683
4. 8316
3. 5259

73024
23506
09170
90704
75582

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3

1/4
1/5

10
13
16
19
21
24
27

526
2 76676
1455 31576
I 10)7.6549 60898
I 13) 4.0265 09432
11612.117943961
1 19 1. 1140 38524
I 21 5.8598 42634
124 3.0822 77226
I 27) 1. 6212 77821
I 65) 2.0121 38448

2
1463
10) 7. 7133
13 4. 0649
16 2.1422
19 1. 1289
21 5.9495
24 3.1354
27 1. 6523
(65) 2.1059

527
77729
63183
39744
30045
18134
48957
61001
18647
65627
82534

Table 3.1
528
78784
97952
51866
43385
23707
30117
79020
72923
88903
12944
25059
80041
63454
98962

2
1480
(10) 7.8310
(13) 4.1426
(16) 2. 1914
19l1. 1592
21 6.1326
24 3.2441
(27 1. 7161
(65) 2. 3064

529
79841
35889
98528
51121
62443
83632
10416
50910
55831
07963

( 1) 2. 3000
8.0875
4.7958
3.5050

00000
79399
31523
25117

2
1522
10) 8. 1313
13) 4. 3421
16) 2.3187
19) 1. 2381
21) 6. 6119
24) 3.5307
(27) 1. 8854
(65) 2. 8906
( 1) 2.3108
8.1129
4. 8071
3.5110

534
85156
73304
94434
64628
15911
94297
57543
85328
39365
14446
44002
80255
23882
25964

156"
10) 8. 4402
13) 4. 5492
16) 2.4520
19l1. 3216
21 7.1231
24 3.8397
(27 2.0696
(65) 3. 6151
( 1) 2.3216
8.138,'
4.818,'
3. 5181

539
90521
90819
45144
92133
68460
64900
73809
14083
05891
83652
37353
23044
37217
77550

1) 2. 2934
8.0722
4.7890
3.5010

68988
61977
17632
40614

( 1) 2.2956
8.0773
4.7912
3.5023

48057
74241
92160
70797

2
1471
(10) 7. 7720
(13) 4. 1036
16) 2.1667
19) 1. 1440
21l6. 0404
24 3.1893
27) 1. 6839
(65) 2. 2040
( 1) 2. 2978
8.0824
4.7935
3. 5036

2
1497
'10 7.9502
'13 4.2215
'16 2.2416
'19 1.1903
'21 6. 3205
'24 3.3562
: 27 1. 7821
: 65) 2. 5250
1) 2.3043
8. 0977
4.8003
3.5076

531
81961
21291
00552
56493
46498
14290
68882
22076
53922
4H17
43724
58868
58033
71420

2
1505
10 8.0102
13 4.2614
16 2.2670
19 1. 2060
21 6.4164
24 3.4135
27 1. 8160
(65) 2.6416
( 1) 2. 3065
8.1028
4.8026
3.5089

532
83024
68768
58458
57499
95390
94747
24056
37598
02002
73716
12519
39019
16494
91583

2
1514
10) 8. 0706
13) 4. 3016
16l2.2927
19 1. 2220
21 6.5135
24)3.4717
27) 1. 8504
(65) 2. 7634
( 1) 2. 3086
8.1079
4.8048
3.5103

533
84089
19437
55992
59644
84590
54187
48814
21518
27569
58943
79276
12808
71774
09762

2
1539
'10) 8. 2538
13) 4. 4240
16l2.3713
19 1.2710
21 6.8126
24 3.6515
( 27) 1. 9572
(65) 3. 1619
( 1) 2.3151
8.1230
4.8116
3.5142

S36
87296
90656
99162
89951
12214
23346
85137
99233
57189
49669
67381
96201
18626
52463

2
1548
10 8.3156
13 4.4655
16 2.3979
19 1.2877
21 6.9150
24 3.7133
\ 27 1. 9940
(65)3.3066
( 1) 2.3173
8.1281
4.8138
3.5155

537
88369
54153
68016
13725
80870
15727
33455
72966
81282
09101
26045
44739
61283
62774

2
1557
10 8.3777
13 4.5072
16 2.4248
19 1. 3045
21 7.0187
24 3.7760
27 2.0315
(65) 3. 4575
( 1) 2. 3194
8.1331
4.8161
3.5168

538
89444
20872
82914
47208
98998
95661
24655
73864
27739
98937
82701
87014
00810
71134

542
2 93764
1592 20088
10l8. 6297 28770
13 4.6773 12993
16 2.5351 03642
19)1.374026174
21!7.4472 21864
24 4. 0363 94250
\ 27 2.1877 25684

2
1601
(10! 8.6935
(13 4.7206
16! 2.5632
19 1. 3918
21 7.5578
24) 4.1039
27) 2. 2284

543
94849
03007
93280
21151
97285
70426
56412
16032
26405

10
13
16
19
21
24
(27

1609
8.7578
4. 764,~
2. 591~'
1. 4099
7.6699
4. 1724
2.2698

544
95936
89184
11610
49516
51736
12945
26419
39972
07345
46770
80758
10204
72806
80696

541
2 92681
1583 40421
108.5662,16776
13 4.6343 23276
16 2.5071 68892
19 1. 3563 78371
21 7.3380 06986
24 3.9698 61779
27 2.1476 95223
(65) 3. 9512
( 1) 2. 3259
8. 1482
4.8228
3.5207

48669
40670
76449
00711
84576

546
2 98116
1627 71336
10 8.8873 14946
13 4.8524 73960
16 2.6494 50782
19 1.446600127
21 7. 8984 36694
24 4.3125 46435
27 2. 3546 50354
( 65) 4. 9274 63602
( 1) 2. 3366 64289
8. 1733 02026
4.8339 05553
3.5272 68570

(65) 4.1303 12169

!
1

,~

( 1) 2.3280
8. 1532
4.8250
3.5220

89345
93862
27819
85199

(65) 4. 3171
( 1) 2.3302
8. 1583
4. 8272
3.5233

37789
36040
05107
51847
83903

(65) 4.5120
( 1) 2. 332:1
8.163:1
4.8294
3.5246

2
1636
8.9526
4.8970
2.6786
1.4652
8.0149
4.3841
2. 3981

547
99209
67323
02568
73605
99262
48496
09274
55373
32989

3
1645
9.0182
4.9420
2. 7082
1.4841
8.1328
4.4568
2.4423

548
00304
66592
49242
00584
16320
02543
81938
19302
36978

:I
1654
10l9. 084;!
13 4.98l;!
16 2.7380
\ 19j1. 5031
21 8.252:1
24 4.5305
27 2.48n

(65) 5. 3793
( 1) 2.3409
8. 1832
4.8383
3.5298

94612
39982
69477
26138
48871

(65)5.619'199369
( 1) 2.3430 74903
8. 188:? 4411 0
4.840'; 31895
3.5311 36198

10
13
16
19
21
24
27

(65) 5. 1486 79188

( 1) 2.3388 03113
8.178288788
4.8361 17361
3. 5285 59664

10
13
16
19
21
24
27

549
01401
69149
56280
56698
03927
64156
71216
51798

72937

46

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

1
2
3
4

5
6
7

8
9

10
24

550
02500
1663 75000
(10) 9. 1506 25000
(13) 5. 0328 43750
(16) 2. 7680 64063
(19) 1. 5224 35234
21) 8. 3733 93789
24)4.605366584
27) 2.5329 51621

3
1672
10) 9.2173
13) 5. 0787
16l2.7983
19 1.5419
21 8.4959
24l4.6812
27 2.5793
(65) 6.1325
( 1) 2.3473
8. 1981
4.8449
3.5337

551
03601
84151
56720
63553
98718
17693
66491
77536
83922
11516
38919
75283
34384
05234
556
09136
79616
06650
17697
60240
68693
81934
71156
40762
93672
65225
98519
88409
95340

(65) 5. 8708
( 1) 2.3452
8.1932
4.8427
3.5324

98173
07880
12706
34641
'21650

10
24

3
1709
l0l9.4879
13 5.2658
16 2.9225
1911. 6220
(21 9.0021
{24 4.9961
(27 2.7728
(65) 7.2951

555
08025
53875
40063
06735
22738
00119
00663
65868
72057
05803

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

( 1) 2.3558
8.2179
4.8537
3.5388

43798
65765
03532
21007

3
1718
(10) 9.5565
(D) 5. 3134
16) 2. 9542
1911. 6425
21
9.1326
\
(24 5. 0777
(272.8232
(65)7.6171
( 1) 2.3579
8.2228
4.8558
3.5400

3
1756
(10) 9.8344
{13l5. 5073
{16 3.0.840
{1911. 7270
{21 9.6717
{24 5.4161
(27 3. 0330

560
13600
16000
96000
17760
97946
94850
31157
69448
54891

(10
(13
16
19
21
24
27

3
1765
9.9049
5.5566
3.1172
1. 7487
9.8107
5.5038
3.0876

561
14721
58481
30784
66170
89721
99534
65384
39380
53892

(65) 9. 0471
( 1) 2. 3664
8.2425
4. 8645
3.5451

67858
31913
70600
98558
74407

(65) 9. 4429
( 1) 2.3685
8.2474
4. 8667
3. 5464

71309
43856
73974
68801
39637

3
1803
{11 1. 0190
(13 5.7576
(16 3.2530
{19 1.8379
22 1.0384
24 5.8672
( 27 3.3150
(66) 1.1198
( 1) 2.3769
8.2670
4.8754
3.5514

565
19225
62125
46006
09935
49613
73032
54763
69410
07217
57461
72865
29409
20869
82586

3
1813
11 1.0262
13 5.8087
16 3.2877
19 1.8608
22 1. 0532
(24) 5. 9613
(27)3.3741
(66) 1.1684
( 1) 2.3790
8.2719
4. 8775
3.5527

566
20356
21496
79667
42917
48491
65646
49956
94749
49428
07534
75451
03838
76704
38859

3
1851
11) 1. 0556
13) 6.0169
16) 3. 4296
19l1. 9548
22 1.1142
24 6.3514
27 3.6203
(66) l. 3835
( 1) 2. 3874
8.2913
4.8861
3.5577

570
24900
93000
00100
20570
44725
97493
91571
61955
33315
55344
67217
44342
71586
46263

3
1861
11) l. 0630
13) 6.0698
1613.4659
19 1. 9790
22 1. 1300
24 6.4524
(27 3.6843

571
26041
69411
27337
86093
04959
31732
27119
54848
51718

(66) 1. 4430
( 1) 2. 3895
8.2961
4.8883
3.5589

00887
60629
90248
13236
93720

1/2
1/3
1/4

1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

1
2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

n2[C -~)2]

3
1681
10) 9. 2844
13 5.1250
16 2.8290
19 l. 5616
21 8.6201
24 4.7582
27 2.6265
(65) 6. 4052

552
04704
96608
52762
17924
09894
13462
%308
98682
80873
76258

( 1) 2. 3494
8.2031
4.8471
3. 5349

68025
31859
31136
86956

553
3 05809
1691 12377
10) 9.3519 14448
13) 5.1716 08690
1612.8598 99605
19 1. 5815 24482
21 8.7458 30384
(24 4.8364 44203
(27)2.674553644
(65) 6. 6896 46227
( 1) 2.3515 95203
8.2080 82453
4.8493 24905
3.5362 66821

3
1700
(10)9.4197
13) 5. 2185
16) 2.8910
1911. 6016
21 8.8731
24 4.9157
27 2.7233
(65) 6. 9860
( 1) 2. 3537
8.2130
4.8515
3.5375

554
06916
31464
43106
37681
69875
52711
56018
28434
13552
92851
20459
27082
15700
44836

3
1728
10 9.6254
13 5. 3613
16 2.9862
19 1. 6633
21 9.2649
24 5. 1605
27 2.8744
(65) 7. 9528

557
10249
08693
44200
72419
84438
60432
17605
59106
31422
84664

558
3 11364
1737 41112
10) 9. 6947 54050
13) 5. 4096 72760
16) 3. 0185 97400
( 19 l1.684377349
(21 9.3988 25608
(24) 5. 2445 44689
(27) 2.9264 55937
(65) 8.3027 27311

3
1746
(10) 9. 7644
13) 5. 4583
16) 3. 0512
19) 1. 7056
21) 9.5344
24) 5. 3297
27) 2. 9793
(65)8.6672

559
12481
76879
37536
20583
01206
21474
24040
43038
26358
91224

( 1) 2.3600
S.2278
4.85eO
3.5413

84744
25361
70341
67840

( 1) 2.3622 02362
8.2327 46311
4.860249337
3.5426 38514

( 1) 2.3643
8.2376
4.8624
3.5439

18084
61384
25407
07368

3
1775
10 9.9757
13 5.6063
16 3.1507
19 1.7707
21 9.9515
24) 5. 5927
27) 3. 1431
(65) 9. 8553
( 1) 2. 3706
8.2523
4.8689
3.5477

562
15844
04328
43234
67697
78646
37599
45306
68462
35876
39138
53918
71525
36145
03064

l
l

!
i

567
3 21489
1822 84263
111l. 0335 51771
13 5.8602 38543
16 3.3227 55254
19 l. 8840 02229
221l. 0682 29264
24 6.0568 59926
27 3.4342 39578
(66) 1. 2189 71112
( 1) 2.3811 76180
8.276772529
4. 8797 29685
3.5539 93358

3
1871
11t1. 0704
13 6.1232
16 3.5024
19 2.0034
22j1. 1459
24 6. 5548
27 3.7493
(66) 1. 5048
( 1) 2.3916
8. 3010
4.8904
3.5602

l
~

[C-I)8]

n3

572
27184
49248
93699
23956
84103
20907
56759
72660
87161
89774
52149
30501
52074
39430
I

i
i

3
1784
11) 1. 0046
13) 5. 6564
\ 16) 3. 1845
(19l1. 7929
{22 1. 0094
(24 5. 6829
(27) 3. 1995

563
16969
53547
93470
24234
66844
11133
08968
72489
13511

(66) 1.0284
( 1) 2.3727
8.2572
4.8711
3.5489

93323
62104
63270
00598
64695

( 1) 2.3748
8.2621
4.8732
3.5502

3
1832
{11 l. 0408
(13 5.9120
(16 3. 3580
19 1. 9073
22 1. 0833
24 6.1536
27 3.4952
(66) 1. 2716
( 1) 2. 3832
8.2816
4.8818
3.5552

568
22624
50432
62454
98737
72083
84943
94648
81599
91148
27927
75058
35499
79820
46087

573
3 28329
1881 32517
11 1.0779 99322
13 b.1769 3bl17
16 3.5393 84395
19 2.0280 67258
22 1. 1620 82539
24 6.6587 32949
(27) 3. 8154 53980

{b6)1.5693 17896
( 1) 2.3937 41841
8.3058 65115
4.8925 88109
3.5b14 83400
1

n4[(-~)4]

564
3 18096
1794 06144
111l. 0118 50652
13 5.7068 37678
\ 16 3.2186 56450
19 1. 8153 22238
22 l. 0238 41742
24 5.7744 67426
27 3.256799629
(66) 1. 0732 44065

68417
49226
62170
24533

569
3 23761
1842 20009
(11) 1. 0482 11851
(13) 5. 9643 25433
(16) 3.3937 01172
19)1.931015967
22) l. 0987 48085
24) 6. 2518 76604
27) 3.5573 17788
(66)1.326460719
( 1) 2. 3853 72088
8.2864 92764
4.8840 27117
3.5564 97054

11
13
16
19
22
24
27

3
1891
1. 0855
6.2310
3.5766
2.0529
1. 1784
6.7640
3. 8825

574
29476
19224
44346
24545
08089
73043
06527
53463
66688

(6b)1.6363 84728
(I) 2.3958
8.3106
4.8947
3.5627

n5[(-~)2J

29710
94107
21351
25633

47

ELEMENTAIi:Y ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Table 3.1

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

3
1901
11 1. 0931
13 6.2854
16 3.6141
19 2. 0781
22 1. 1949
24 6.8708
27 3.9507
(66) 1.7061
( 1) 2.3979
8.3155
4.8968
3.5639

575
30625
09375
28906
91211
57446
40532
30806
52133
39976
93459
15762
17494
51807
66137

3
1911
1 1.1007
13 6.3403
16 3.6520
19 2.1035
( 22 1.2116
( 24 6.9791
127 4. 0199
166) 1. 1788
I 1) 2. 4000
8.3203
4.8989
3.5652

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

580
3 36400
1951 12000
11 1.1316 49600
13 6.5635 67680
16 3.8068 69254
192.207984168
22 1.2806 30817
247.4276 58740
27 4. 3080 42069
(66) 2. 1002 54121
( 1) 2. 4083 18916
8. 3395 50915
4.9074 62599
3.5701 42892

3
1961
'11 1.1394
113 6.6203
16 3.8464
19 2.2347
22 1. 2984
24 7. 5437
27 4. 3828
(66) 2. 1889
( 1) 2. 4103
8.3443
4.9095
3.5713

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

3
2002
llr.1711
13 6.8514
16 4. 0080
19r.3447
22 1. 3716
24 8.0242
27 4.6941
(66) 2.5807
( 1) 2. 4186
8.3634
4.9180
3.5762

585
42225
01625
79506
00112
69065
20403
61436
19400
68349
19397
71324
46607
05007
77194

3
2012
11 1.1792
13 6.9101
16 4.0493
19 2. 3729
22 1. 3905
24 8.1485
27 4.1750
(66) 2. 6887
( 1) 2. 4207
8.3682
4.9201
3.5774

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

590
3 48100
2053 79000
11 1.2117 36100
13 7.1492 42990
16 4.2180 53364
19 2.4886 51485
22 1.4683 04376
24l8.662995819
27 5.1111 67533
(66) 3. 1655 43453
{ 1)2.4289 91560
8. 3872 06527
4.9284 80050
3. 5823 69695
3
2106
(1111. 2533
! 13 7.4573
16 4.4371
19 2.6400
122l1.5708
24 9. 3465
27 5.5612
(66) 3. 8762
( 1) 2. 4392
8.4108
4.9388
3.5884

595
54025
44875
37006
55187
26336
90170
53651
79225
14639
08928
62184
32585
88725
21030
1

576
31776
02976
53142
38097
34744
72012
57479
47080
88718
51122
00000
35292
79486
04916

3
1931
llj1.1l61
13 6.4511
16 3.7287
19j2. 1552
22 1. 2457
24 7.2002
27 4. 1617
(66) 1. 9331
( 1) 2. 4041
8. 3299
4.9032
3.5676

578
34084
00552
21191
80481
82318
36180
26512
99239
72960
61432
63056
54185
26546.
77321

3
1941
11) 1. 1238
13 6.5071
16 3.7676
19 2.1814
22 1. 2630
247.3131
27 4.2343
( 66) 2. 0150
( 1) 2. 4062
8.3347
4. 9053
3.5689

582
38724
37368
39482
15784
14186
34856
87886
77499
21704
38380
67616
25609
87710
01670

3
1981
1.1552
13 6.7350
16 3.9265
2891
22 1. 3345
24 7.7806
27 4.5361
(66) 2.3770
( 1) 2.4145
8.35?9
4.9137
3.5738

583
39889
55287
45323
80234
51777
79686
91757
69942
30576
88299
39294
04732
96184
28526

584
3 41056
1991 76704
llt.I631 91951
13 6.7930 40996
16 3.9671 35942
192.316807390
2Zr.3530 15516
24 7.9016 10612
27 4.6145 40597
(66)2.4768 99188
( 1) 2. 4166 09195
8.3586 78393
4.9159 01946
3.5750 53698

3
2022
1. 1872
13 6.9693
ill
16 4. 0909
19 2.4014
22 1.4096
24 8.2745
(27) 4.8571
( 66) 2. 8010
( 1) 2. 4228
8.3729
4.9222
3.5787

587
44569
62003
71958
21611
91786
12178
28949
21928
44372
08521
08288
66760
03051
19175

3
2032
nr.1953
13 7.0288
164.1329
19r.4301
22 1.4289
24 8.4022
27 4.9405
( 66) 2. 9178
( 1) 2.4248
8.3777
4.9242
3.5799

588
45744
97472
89135
88116
86212
95893
55185
56487
26815
02055
71131
18728
98052
37670

3
204;,
11 1. 2035
13 7. 0888
16 4.1753
19 2.459<!
22 1. 448~;
24 8.5317
27 5,0251
( 66) 3, 039:!
( 1) 2.4269
8. 3824
4.9263
3. 581l

589
46921
36469
41802
61216
39256
74822
12870
40805
95334
54545
32220
65312
90382
54508

591
34n8l
2064 25071
1.2199 7<:170
13 7.2100 35522
16 4.2611 30994
19 2.5183 28417
1. 4883 32095
!22
24 8.7960 4,!679
27 5.1984 6I223
(66) 3. 2968 5:!680
( 1) 2. 4310 49156
8. 3919 4:!387
4.9305 67063
3.5835 8.3235

3
2074
11 1. 2282
13 7.2712
16 4.3045
19 2.5483
22 1. 5085
24 8.9309
27 5.2870
(66) 3. 4333
( 1) 2. 4331
8. 3966
4.9326
3.5847

592
50464
74688
50153
40906
74616
08173
98438
02754
94431
72793
05012
72908
51429
95134

3
2085
(lll1. 2365
~ 13 7. 3328
16 4. 3483
r9r.5785
22 1. 5291
24 9. 0675
27) 5. 3770
(66) 3. 5753
( 1) 2. 4351
8. 4013
4.9347
3.5860

593
51649
27857
70192
61239
86715
93322
05840
97630
85394
01250
';9132
98104
33156
05396

3
2095
llll. 2449
13 7.3948
1614.3925
19 2.6091
22 1.5498
24 9.2061
27) 5. 4684
(66) 3. 7228
( 1) 2. 4372
8. 4061
4.9368
3.5872

594
52836
84584
32429
98628
69785
86452
56753
49111
52572
42640
11521
17992
12252
14026

596
3 5';216
2117 0:9736
nr.2617 84067
13 7.5202 33037
16 4.4820 58890
192.6713 07098
22l1. 5920 99031
~24 9.4889 10223
27 5.6553 90493
(66)4.035619703
( 1) 2.4413 11123
8.4155 41899
4.9409 62581
3.5896 26411

3
2127
{l1l1. 2702
13 7.5835
164.5273
19 2.7028
22l1. 6135
24 9.6331
(27 5.7509
( 66) 4. 2013
( 1) 2. 4433
8.4202
4.94,30
3.5908

597
56409
76173
73753
34304
69980
39878
95407
64580
99254
02448
58345
45948
33830
30176

3
2138
f 1. 2788
13 7.6472
{16 4.5730
09f.7346
f 22 1. 6353
24 9.7793
(27 5. 8480
(66) 4. 3734
( 1) 2.4454
8.4249
4.9451
3.5920

598
57604
47192
06208
61125
62153
91167
45318
65002
60271
92798
03852
44747
02478
32329

3
2149
11 1. 28n
13 7.7114
16 4.6191
19 2. 7668
22 1. 6573
24 9.9275
(27) 5. 9465
(66) 4. 5524
( 1) 2.4474
8.4296
4.9471
3.5932

599
58801
21799
81576
15640
37969
63643
51322
34420
93118
34829
47650
38310
68534
32875

3
1921
(llf.1084
~ 13 6.3955
16 3.6902
19 2. 1292
22l1.2285
24 7.0889
(27 4. 0903
( 66) 1. 8544
( 1) 2. 4020
8.3251
4.9011
3.5664

577
32929
00033
17190
67189
42268
69789
88668
56614
27966
68735
82430
47517
04396
41976

97598
06:131
94159
411)09
W,18
73127

3
1971
11 1. 1473
13 6.6775
16 3.8863
19 2.2618
22 1.3163
24 7.6613
27 4.4589
(66) 2. 2811
( 1) 2. 4124
8.3491
4.9116
3.5726

586
43396
30056
08128
59631
53544
21177
31810
16404
30613
02707
43687
09391
05372
99018

:,81
37:,61
22941
74,:87
45609
20799
70484
01651
13~;94

111

n2[C-~)2]

!
i

n3[C -J)7]
1

III

19t

III

n4[C-J)4]

[C -~)2J

n5

579
35241
04539
65281
79976
57206
73522
73169
93651
39124
48620
41883
55313
45944
10958

48

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Table 3.1
k

3
2160
11 1.2960
13 7.7760
16 4.6656
19 2.7993
22 1. 6796
25 1.0077
27 6.0466
(66) 4. 7383
( 1) 2. 4494
8.4343
4.9492
3.5944

600
60000
00000
00000
00000
00000
60000
16000
69600
17600
81338
89743
26653
32004
31819

3
2170
1111. 3046
13 7.8410
16 4.7124
19r.8321
22 1.7021
25 1. 0229
27 6.1481
(66) 4. 9315
( 1) 2. 4515
8.4390
4.9512
3.5956

601
61201
81801
61624
16360
50833
82950
41953
87314
53756
94142
30134
09789
92896
29165

3
2181
11 1. 3133
13 7.9064
16 4.7596
19 2.8653
22 1. 7249
25 1. 0384
27 6.2512
(66) 5.1323
( 1) 2. 4535
8.4436
4.9533
3.5968

602
624g4
672 8
66592
66885
93065
35225
31805
08947
21860
44384
68829
87734
51218
24918

3
2192
(11 1. 3221
13 7.9723
16 4.8073
19 2.8988
22 1.7479
25 1. 0540
27 6. 3558
(66) 5. 3409
( 1) 2. 4556
8.4483
4.9554
3.5980

603
63609
56227
15049
53744
29308
19573
88202
36886
42422
12849
05832
60500
06978
19083

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

3
2214
11 1.3397
13 8. 1054
16 4.9037
19 2.9667
22 1.7949
25 1.0859
27 6.5698
(66) 5. 7826
( 1) 2.4596
8.4576
4.9595
3. 6004

605
66025
45125
43006
45188
94339
95575
11323
21350
24169
77757
74775
90558
10838
02669

3
2225
11 1. 3486
13 8. 1726
16 4.9526
19 3. 0012
1. 8187
25 1. 1021
276.6792
(66) 6. 0164
( 1) 2. 4617
8.4623
4.9615
3.6015

606
67236
45016
22797
54150
28415
92819
83448
82770
27585
86963
06725
47878
58954
92098

3
2236
1. 3575
13 8.2403
16 5.0018
19r.0361
22 1. 8429
25 1. 1186
27 6.7902
(66) 6. 2593
( 1)2.4637
8.4670
4.9636
3.6027

607
68449
48543
46656
08202
67079
33317
32923
60284
67926
40623
36999
00076
04536
79959

3
2247
11 1.3665
13 8. 3084
16 5. 0515
19 3. 0713
22 1.8673
25 1.1353
27 6.9029
(66) 6. 5115
( 1) 2.4657
8.4716
4.9656
3.6039

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

3
2269
11 1.3845
13 8.4459
16 5.1520
19 3. 1427
22 1.9170
25 1.1694
27 7.1334
(66)7.0455
( 1) 2. 4698
8.4809
4.9697
3. 6063

610
72100
81000
84100
63010
37436
42836
73130
14609
29117
68477
17807
26088
26156
34171

611
3 73321
2280 99131
11 1.3936 85690
13 8.5154 19568
16 5.2029 21356
19 3.1789 84949
22 1. 9423 59804
25 1.1867 81840
(27 7.2512 37043
(66) 7.3280 60494
( 1)2.471841419
8.4855 57944
4.9717 61679
3.6075 15802

3
2292
1111.4028
13 8.5853
16 5.2542
19 3.2155
22! 1. 9679
25 1. 2043
27 7.3707
(66)7.6213
( 1) 2. 4738
8.4901
4.9737
3.6086

616
3 79456
2337 44896

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

615
3 78225
2326 08375
11 1. 4305 41506
13 8.7978 30263
16 5.4106 65612
19 3.3275 59351
22 2.0464 49001
25 1. 2585 66136
27 7.7401 81734
(66) 8.5704 33286
( 1)2.4799 19354
8.5040 34993
4.979878868
3. 6122 26906

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

3
2383
II 1.4776
13 9.1613
16 5.6800
19 3.5216
22 2.1834
25 1. 3537
27 8.3929
(67) 1. 0408
( 1) 2. 4899
8.5270
4.9899
3.6180

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

620
84400
28000
33600
28320
23558
14606
01056
08655
93659
79722
79920
18983
69859
81437
1

3
2203
(l1l1. 3309
13 8. 0386
16 4.8553
19 2.9326

604
64816
48864
07139
79117
62187
38761

7713
25 1. 0698
27 6.4620
(66) 5. 5575
( 1) 2. 4576
8.4530
4.9574
3. 5992

13811
73542
36194
90288
41145
28104
60182
11665

608
69664
55712
14729
09552
13008
19909
62504
56403
66929
72833
65601
47168
47592
66255

3
2258
(11 1. 3755
13 8.3769
16 5. 1015
19 3.1068
22 1.8920
25 1. 1522
277.0173
( 66) 6. 7735
( 1) 2.4677
8.4762
4.9676
3.6051

609
70881
66529
27162
60414
68892
55455
74972
73658
46578
29447
92536
89168
88130
50991

612
74544
20928
32079
32326
23383
84711
37843
77960
93114
89047
63375
84749
94704
95885

613
3 75769
2303 46397
lll1.4120 23414
13 8.6557 03525
16 5.3059 46261
19 3.2525 45058
22 1.9938 10121
25 1.2222 05604
27 7. 4921 20352
(66)7.925951097
( 1) 2. 4758 83681
8.4948 06516
4.9758 25239
3.6098 74428

3
2314
(11 1.4212
13 8.7265
16 5.3580
19 3.2898
22 2.0199
25 1.2402
27 7.6152
(66) 8. 2421
( 1) 2. 4779
8.4994
4.9778
3.6110

614
76996
75544
59840
35419
92747
68947
79533
67433
42041
57465
02339
23260
53291
51433

13 8. 8695 90326
16 5.4636 67641
1193.3656 19267
22 2. 0732 21468
25 1. 2771 04424
(27)7.8669 63254
(66) 8. 9112 18488
( 1)2.481934729
8.5086 41730
4.9819 01975
3.6134 00850

617
3 80689
2348 85113
11 1.4492 41147
13 8.9418 17878
16 5.5171 01631
19 3.4040 51706
22 2.1002 99903
25 1. 2958 85040
27 7.9956 10697
(66) 9. 2649 68280
( 1)2.483948470
8.5132 43484
4.9839 22621
3.6145 73271

618
3 81924
2360 29032
111 1.4586 59418
13 9.0145 15202
16 5.5709 70395
19 3. 4428 59704
22 2.1276 87297
25\1. 3149 10750
(27 8.1261 48432
(66) 9.6321 53659
( 1) 2.4859 60579
8.517840269
4.9859 40813
3.6157 44173

619
3 83161
2371 76659
111l1. 4681 23519
13 9.0876 84584
!16j5.625276757
19 3.482046313
222.155386668
~ 25\1.3341 84347
27 8.2586 01110
( 67) 1. 0013 26192
( 1) 2. 4879 71061
8.5224 32097
4.9879 56556
3.6169 13560

621
85641
83061
89809
48713
13651
67677
33527
86521
51293
28109
87159
00940
80728
47808

622
3 86884
2406 41848
11 1.4967 92295
13 9.3100 48072
16 5.7908 49901
19 3.6019 08638
22 2.2403 B7173
25 1. 3935 20822
( 27 8.667699511
(67) 1.1245 25305
( 1) 2. 4939 92783
8.5361 77980
4.9939 89170
3.6204 12677

623
3 88129
2418 04367
11l1. 5064 41206
13 9.3851 28716
16\5. 8469 35190
19 3.6426 40623
22r269365108
25 1.413B 14463
27 8.8080 64101
(67)1.168727115
( 1) 2. 4959 96795
B.5407 50116
4.9959 95191
3.6215 76049

624
3 89376
2429 70624
l1l1. 5161 36694
13 9.4606 92969
16! 5.9034 72413
19 3.6837 66786
22 2.2986 70474
\ 25l1. 4343 70376
27 8.9504 71145
(67)1.214591262
( 1) 2. 4979 99199
B.5453 17363
4.9979 98799
3.6227 37928

22

I' I'" "" "'"

3
2394
II 1.4871
13 9.2354
16 5.7352
19 3.5615
22 2.2117
25 1.3734
27 8.5293
(67) 1. 0819
( 1) 2. 4919
B.5316
4.9919
3.6192

n2[<-g)2]

III

n3[< -1)7]

n~[<-J)3]

!
!22r'

n5[< -~) 2]

49

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Table 3.1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

625
3 90625
2441 40625
11 1. 5258 78906
13 9.5367 43164
16 5.9604 64478
19 3. 7252 90298
22 2.3283 06437
25 1.4551 91523
279.094947018
( 67) 1. 2621
( 1) 2.5000
8. 5498
5.0000
3.6238

77448
00000
79733
00000
98318

3
2500
11111. 5752
13 9.9243
16 6.2523
r9r.9389
22 2.4815
25 1. 5633
27 9.8493
(67) 1. 5281
( 1) 2. 5099
8.5726
5. 0099
3.6296

630
96900
47000
96100
65430
50221
80639
57803
81416
02919
75339
80080
18882
70139
78090

635
4 03225
2560 47875
11 1. 6259 04006
14 1.0324 49044
16 6.5560 51429
19 4.1630 92658
22 2.6435 63838
25 1. 6786 63037
28 1.0659 51028
(67) 1. 8474 36020
( 1)2.519920634
8.5952 38034
5. 0198 81108
3.6354 21280

4
2621
11 1.6777
14 1. 0737
16 6.8719
19 4.3980
22 2.8147
25 1.8014
28 1.1529
(67) 2. 2300
( 1) 2.5298
8. 6177
5.0297
3.6411

640
09600
44000
21600
41824
47674
46511
49767
39851
21505
74520
22128
38760
33719
28406

645
4 16025
2683 36125
11 1.7307 68006
14 1.1163 45364
16 7.2004 27598
19 4. 6442 75801
22 2.9955 57891
25 1.9321 34840
28 1. 2462 26972
(67) 2. 6880 24057
( 1)2.539685020
8.6401 22598
5.0395 28767
3. 6467 99973
1

n2

3
2453
111\1. 5356
13 9. 6132
16 6.0179
1 19r' 7672
22 2. 3582
25 1. 4762
(27 9.2415
(67) 1. 311~

626
91876
14376
67994
81641
14307
14356
76187
80893
18391
47419

( 1) 2.5019
8.5544
5.0019
3.6250

99201
37239
98801
57224

3
2464
1. 5455
9.6903
6.0758
3.8095
2. 3885
1.4976
9; 3902

627
93129
91883
04106
10747
24838
42174
82943
41505
12238

3
2476
11 1. 5553
13 9. 7678
16 6.1341
19 3. 8522
22 2.4192
25\1. 5192
27 9.5410

628
94384
73152
87395
32838
99022
76986
29947
76407
55835

(67) 1. 3627
( 1) 2.5039
8. 5589
5. 0039
3.6262

65028
96805
89894
95209
14650

(67) 1. 4158
( 1) 2. 5059
8.5635
5. 0059
3.6273

96309
92817
37711
89230
70600

631
3 98161
2512 39591
11 1. 5853 21819
14 1.0003 38068
16 6.3121 33209
19 3.9829 56055
22 2.5132 45270
25 1.5858 57766
(28 1.0006 76250
(67) 1. 5874 66692
( 1) 2.5119 71337
8.5771 52262
5.011957040
3.6308 29638

632
3 99424
2524 35968
1111. 5953 95318
14 1.0082 89841
16 6.3723 91794
1914. 0273 51614
22 2.5452 86220
25 1. 6086 20891
28 1. 0166 48403
(67) 1.6489 59081
( 1) 2. 5139 61018
8.581680854
5. 0139 41581
3.6319 79727

4
2536
1. 6055
14 1. 0162
16 6.4331
19 4.0721
22 2.5776
25\1.6316
28 1. 0328
(67) 1. 7127
( 1) 2. 5159
8.5862
5.0159
3. 6331

633
00689
36137
16747
92101
28999
70657
84026
73988
49635
30535
49125
04672
23768
28361

636
04496
59456
70140
04209
42770
02402
52728
05535
57120
39634
04043
47604
56273
65574

637
4 05769
2584 74853
11! 1. 6464 84814
14 1. 0488 10826
16 6.6809 24963
194.255749202
22 2.7109 12241
25 1.7268 51098
28 1. 1000 04149
(67) 1. 9922 61654
( 1) 2. 5238 85893
8.6042 52449
5.0238 29110
3.6377 08430

4
2596
1. 6568
14 1.0570
16 6.7441
p9 4. 3027
22 2.7451
(25 1. 7514
(28) 1. 1173
(67) 2.0686
( 1) 2.5258
8.6087
5.0257
3.6388

638
07044
94072
48179
69138
01103
36504
45889
03077
95163
94164
66188
52582
99626
49851

4
2609
11 1.6672
14 1.0653
16 6.8077
19 4.3501
22 2.7797
25 1. 7762
28 1. 1350
(67) 2.1479
( 1) 2. 5278
8.613'!
5. 0277
3. 6399

4
2658
11 1. 7094
14 1. 0991
16 7.0675
19 4.5444
22 2.9220
25 1.8788
28 1. 2081
(67) 2.4949
( 1) 2. 5357
B.6311
5.0356
3.6445

643
13449
47707
00756
44686
00332
02713
50945
78757
19041
58638
44467
82992
17605
35581

644
'I 14736
2670 89984
l 1. 7200 59497
14 1. 1077 18316
16 7.1337 05955
19 4. 5941 06635
2 2.9586 04673
25 1. 9053 41409
28 1. 2270 39868
(67)2.589767740
( 1) 2.5377 15508
8.6356 55108
5. 037~; 74325
3.6451> 68481

4
2720
11 1. 7631
14 1.1425
16 7.4037
19 4.7976
22 3.1088
(25 2.0145
(28 1. 3054
(67)3.0046
( 1) 2.5455
8.6534
5. 0453
3.6501

648
19904
97792
93692
49513
20841
11105
51996
36093
19389
93247
84412
97422
78492
86051
1

'I
273:1
11r.7741
14 1.1513
16 7.4725
19 4. 8496
22l3.1474
25 2.0426
28 1.3251
(67) 3.1179
( 1)2. 547~;
8. 6579
5. 047:1
3.6513

4
2572
11) 1. 6361
14 1. 0406
16 6.6182
19 4.2092
22 2.6770
25 1. 7026
28 1.0828
(67) 1. 9185
( 1) 2.5219
8.5997
5.0218
3.6365

641
4 10881
2633 74721
11 1. 6882 31962
14 1.0821 56687
16 6.9366 24366
194.446376219
22 2.8501 27156
25 1. 8269 31507
281.171063096
(67) 2. 3152 22362
( 1) 2. 5317 97780
8.6222 24830
5. 0316 97308
3.6422 65548

4
2695
(11 1.7415
14 1.1250
16 7.2676
19 4.6949
22 3.0329
25 1. 9592
28 1.2656
(67) 2.7898
( 1) 2.5416
8. 6445
5.0414
3.6479

[(-'g)2]

646
17316
86136
26439
26079
68472
13833
14336
62661
83679
47292
53005
85472
80939
30063
1

n 3[(

11
13
16
19
22
25
27

4
2646
11 1.6987
14 1. 0906
16 7.0018
19 4.4951
22 2. 8858
25 1.8527
28 1. 1894
(67) 2. 4034
( 1) 2.5337
8.6267
5.0336
3.6434

642
12164
09288
91629
24226
07530
60434
92999
43305
61202
80891
71892
06237
58602
01272

4
2708
(11) 1. 7523
14 1. 1337
16 7.3354
19 4.7460
22 3.0706
25 1. 9867
28 1.2854
(67) 2.8953

647
18609
40023
34949
60712
31806
24378
77773
28519
13352
61105

( 1)2.543619468
8.6490 43742
5.0434 30845
3.6490 58755
1

-1) 6]

fll

III

n4[(-~)3J

629
95641
2480 58189
111\1. 565:1 18009
13 9.8458 50275
16 6.1930 39823
11913.8954 22049
22 2.4502 20469
25 1. 5411 88675
27 9.6940 76765
(67)1.471009545
;I

( 1) 2.5079 87241

8. 5680 80703
5. 0079 80871
3.628'i 25079

4
2548
1. 6156
\11
14 1.0243
16 6.494:1
19 4.1174
22 2.6104
25 1. 6550
(28) 1. 049<!

634
01956
40104
86259
45088
47861
16544
42089
20284
82860

(67) 1. 7788 61719

35662
23728
03608
75544

( 1) 2. 5179
8.5907
5. 0179
3.634;!

639
08321
17119
60390
79389
74299
67777
57209
64857
33244
32334
44932
48015
67827
89842

r
r

n5[( -~)2]

649
21201
59449
02824
92733
38836
77704
40830
89099
05225
75679
47841
46522
23886
11957

50

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS nk

1
2
3
4
5

650
4 22500
2746 25000

651
23801
94451
43442
74809
65401
77776
46432
30227
41134
70164
31029
07939
59012

4
2771
11 1. 8071
14 1.1782
16 7.6821
19 5. 0087
22 3.2657
25 2.1292
28 1. 3882
( 67) 3. 4829
( 1) 2.5;34
8. 6712
5.0531
3. 6546

652
25104
67808
34108
51439
99379
93995
33685
58363
76452
10364
29067
66460
46611
81368

4
2784
1111. 8182
14 1.1873
16 7.7531
19 5.0628
nr.3060
25 2.1588
28 1.4097
(67) 3. 6134
( 1) 2. 5553
8.6756
5. 0550
3. 6558

653
26409
45077
46353
14868
66091
17457
19800
30929
16597
02582
86468
97359
83054
01749

654
4 27716
2797 26264
11 1.8294 09767
14 1.1964 33987
16 7. 8246 78277
19 5.1173 39593
22 3.3467 40094
25 2. 1887 68021
28 1.4314 54286
(67)3.7485 72888
( 1) 2.5573 42371
8.6801 23736
5.057017274
3.6569 20758
4
2861
(11 1.8859
1.2428
14 8. 1905
16
5.3975
19
2 3. 5569
25 2.3440
28 1.5447
(67) 4.5003
( 1)2.5670
8.7021
5.0666
3.6624

659
34281
91179
99870
73914
39094
65263
95508
60040
35566
87920
99531
88202
55239
95358

4
2927
1.9438
14 1.2907
16 8.5705
19 5.6908
22 3. 7787
25 2.5090
28 1.6660
(67) 5. 3955
( 1)2.5768
8.7241
5.0762
3.6680

664
40896
54944
92828
44838
45724
42360
19327
69633
22237
27431
19745
41343
38514
36224

4
2994
2.0031
14 1. 3400
16 8.9651
19 5.9976
22 4.0124
25 2.6843
28 1.7958
(67) 6. 4599
( 1) 2. 5865
8. 7459
5.0857
3.6735

669
47561
18309
08487
79578
32376
73560
43612
24776
13275
15340
03431
84552
67819
43810

4
3061
11 2. 0636
1;4 1. 3909
16 9.3747
19 6, 3185
22 4.2587
25 2.8703
28 1.9346
( 67) 7.7239
( 1) 2. 5961
8.7677
5. 0952
3.6790

674
54276
82024
66842
11451
43182
76905
20834
77842
34665
15552
50997
19196
43858
18565

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

14 1.1602
16 7.5418
19 4.9022
22 3.1864
25l2.0711
28 1. 3462
(67) 3. 2353
( 1) 2. 5495
8. 6623
5.0492
3.6524

90625
89063
27891
48129
91284
74334
44710
09757
91053
67033
36476

4
2758
11 1. 7960
14 1.1692
16 7.6117
19 4.9552
22 3.2258
25 2. 1000
28 1. 3671
(61) 3. 3569
( 1) 2. 5514
8.6668
5.0512
3.6535

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

4
2810
11 1. 8406
14 1.2056
16 7.8967
19 5.1723
22 3. 3878
25 2.2190
28 1.4534
(67)3.8885
( 1) 2.5592
8.6845
5.0589
3.6580

655
29025
11375
24506
09052
39288
64234
98573
73565
93185
81447
96778
45603
49277
38399

4
2823
11 1.8518
14 1.2148
16 7.9693
19 5.2278
22 3.4294
25 2.2497
28 1. 4758
(67) 4. 0335
( 1) 2. 5612
8.6889
5. 0608
3.6591

656
30336
00416
90729
40318
52487
95232
99272
51522
36999
93654
49695
62971
79069
54676

4
2835
11 1.8632
14 1.2241
16 8.0425
19 5.2839
22 3.4715
25 2.2808
28 1.4984
(67) 4.1837
( 1) 2. 5632
8. 6933
5.0628
3.6602

657
31649
93393
08592
28045
21255
36465
46257
05891
89470
80288
01124
75853
06656
69592

4
2848
1. 8745
14 1.2334
16 8.1162
19 5. 3404
22 3.5140
25 2. 3122
28 1.5214
(67) 4. 3393
( 1) 2.5651
8.6977
5. 0647
3.6613

658
32964
90312
78253
72490
48987
91834
43626
40706
54385
11689
51068
84260
32044
83152

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

4
2874
11) 1. 8974
14l1. 2523
16 8.2653
19r.4551
22 3.6004
25 2.3762
(28 1. 5683
(67) 4. 6671
( 1) 2.5690
8.7065
5. 0685
3.6636

660
35600
96000
73600
32576
95002
60701
06063
68001
36881
78950
46516
87691
76246
06215

4
2888
1l~ 1.9089
14 1.2618
16 8.3408
19 5. 5132
22 3.6442
25 2. 4088
1 28 1. 5922
(67) 4. 8398
( 1) 2.5709
8.7109
5.0704
3.6647

661
36921
04781
99602
48737
20153
82121
79482
68738
62236
84834
92026
82739
95071
15727

4
2901
11 1. 9205
14 1.2714
16 8.4168
19 5.5719
22 3. 6886
25 2.4418
28 1.6165
(67) 5. 0187
( 1) 2.5729
8.7153
5.0724
3.6658

662
38244
17528
78035
22659
18005
33519
19990
66433
15579
05901
36066
73356
11720
23896

4
2914
11 1.9322
14 1. 2810
16 8.4933
19 5.6311
22 3.7334
25 2.4752
28 1.6411
(67) 5. 2038
( 1) 2.5748
8.7197
5.0743
3. 6669

663
39569
34247
09058
54605
92032
18918
31842
65311
00901
48947
78638
59553
26200
30727

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

4
2940
11 1.9556
14 1. 3004
16 8.6482
19 5.7511
22 3.8244
25 2. 5432
28 1.6912
(67) 5. 5939
( 1) 2.5787
8.7285
5. 0781
3.6691

665
42225
79625
29506
93622
82584
07918
86766
83699
83660
61683
59392
18735
48670
40389

666
4 43556
2954 08296
1.967419251
14 1. 3103 01221
16 8.7266 06135
19 5.8119 19686
22 3.8707 38511
25 2.5779 11848
28 1. 7168 89291
(67) 5. 7993 79113
( 1) 2. 5806 97580
8.7328 91741
5.0800 56673
3.6702 43226

667
4 44889
2907 40963
11 1.9792 62223
14 1.3201 67903
16 8.8055 19912
19 5.8732 81781
22 3.9174 78948
25 2.6129 58458
28 1.7428 43292
(67) 6. 0120 14426
( 1) 2.5826 34314
8.7372 60372
5.0819 62528
3.671344740

4
2980
11 1. 9911
14 1. 3300
16 8.8850
19 5.9351
22 3.9647
25 2.6484
28 1.7691
(67) 6. 2321
( 1) 2.5845
8.7416
5. 0838
3.6724

668
46224
77632
58582
93933
27470
98350
12498
27948
49870
09844
69597
24639
66242
44934

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

4
3007
2.0151
14) 1.3501
(16) 9. 0458
9l6. 0607
22 4. 0606
25 2.7206
28) 1. 8228
(67) 6. 6956
( 1) 2.5884
8. 7503
5.0876
3.6746

672
51584
64448
81091
96893
67120
93105
67366
24470
87644
13208
96279
38280
59790
32575

4
3048
2.0514
14 1. 3806
16 9.2915
19 6.2532
122 4.2084
25 2.8322
(28 1. 9061
(67) 7.4535
( 1) 2. 5942
8.7633
5. 0933
3.6779

673
52929
21217
46790
23690
97433
45073
)3934
76038
21773'
22063
24354
80887
52878
26219

7
8
9
10
24

' !'" "" .,,"

PI)

670
48900
63000
12100
25107
38217
11605
76776
53440
37805
88867
35821
40~23

67266
41374
1

n2 [C

72876

III

4
3021
11 2. 0271
14 1.3602
16 9. 1271
19 6.1243
22 4.1094
25l2. 7574
28 1. 8502
(67) 6. 9396
( 1) 2. 5903
8. 7546
5.0895
3.6757

-g)2]

671
50241
11711
69581
30789
48592
16705
16509
18478
27799
96605
66769
91362
64588
37627
1

n3[C

4
3034
P1l2.0392
14 1.3703
16r.2090
19 6.1884
22 4.1586
25l2.7946
28 1.8779
(67)7.1922
( 1) 2.5922
8.7590
5. 0914
3.6768

-J) 6]

n4

pI

III

[C-p3]

pI

ll1

n5[( -~)2]

l~LEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL METHODE:;

51

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Table 3.1

~,

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1;4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

4
3075
( 11) 2.0759
( 14) 1.4012
( 16) 9.4585
(19) 6. 3844
(22) 4. 3095
(25) 2.9089
(28) 1. 9635
(67) 8.0036
( 1) 2.5980
8.7120
5.0971
3.6801

675
55625
46875
41406
60449
08032
92922
32722
34587
30847
95322
76211
53215
32735
09614

4
3089
III 2. 0882
114 1. 4116
116 9.5428
(19 6.4509
(22 4.3608
125 2.9479
128 1. 9928
(67) 8.2931
1) 2.6000
8.7163
5.0990
3.6811

4
3144
11112.1381
14 1.4539
16 9.8867
(19l6.7229
(22 4.5716
(2513.1087
(28 2.1139
(67) 9.5546
( 1) 2.6076
8.7936
5.1065
3.6855

680
62400
32000
37600
33568
48262
88818
32397
10030
22820
30685
80962
59344
45762
45546

681
4 63761
3158 21241
11i2.1507 42651
14 1. 4646 55745
16 9.9743 05627
19 6.7925 02132
22 4.6256 93952
25 3.1500 97581
128 2.1452 16453
167) 9. 8976 17949
1 1)2.609597670
8.7979 67850
5.1084 22134
3.6866 28893

4
3214
11112.2017
14 1.5081
1711. 0331
119 7.0767
22\4.8475
25 3.3205
(28) 2. 2746
(68) 1. 1391
( 1) 2.6172
8.8151
5. 1159
3.6909

685
69225
19125
21006
78889
02539
52393
75389
89142
03562
31118
50466
59819
07022
49595

4
3228
I 11) 2.2146
11411.5192
1 17 1. 0421
r 1917.1493
r 22 4.9044
r 25 3.3644
I 28 2. 3080
r 68) 1.1797
I
1) 2.6191
8.8194
5.1177
3.6920

4
3285
11112.2667
14 1. 5640
17) 1. 0791
(19) 7. 4463
~ 22) 5.1379
2513.5452
(28 2.4461
(68) 1. 3563
( 1) 2.6267
8. 8365
5.1252
3. 6963
4
3357
(11 2.3331
~ 14 1. 6215
17 1.1269
l19 7.8323
22 5.4435
25 3.7832
(28 2.6293
( 68) 1. 6130
( 1) 2. 6362
8.8578
5.1344
3.7016

677
58329
88733
54722
43247
09783
94923
50263
31928
91415
68325
22366
08428
04200
87840

4
3116
(11) 2.1130
(1411. 4326
(16 9.7135
(19r.5857
(22 4.4651
(25 3. 0273
(28 2.0525
(67) 8.9025
( 1) 2.6038
8.7850
5.1027
3.6833

678
59684
65752
93799
77595
54097
89678
65402
82142
65092
13744
43313
29644
86801
75023

4
3130
(11) 2.1255
(14) 1. 4432
(1619.7998
(19 6.6540
~ 2214.5181
25 3.0678
(28) 2.0830
(67)9.2230
( 1) 2.6057
8.7893
5.1046
3.6844

679
61041
46839
88037
74277
32341
86159
24502
06537
40639
50418
62844
46612
67319
60923

28 2.1769
(68) 1. 0252
( 1) 2. 6115
8.8022
5.1102
3.6877

682
65124
14568
03354
41087
50822
30603
14071
74196
26402
38701
12971
72141
96441
10968

4
3186
(1112.1761
\14 1. 4862
17 1. 0151
19\ 6.9333
122 4.7354
25 3.2343
28) 2. 2090
(68) 1. 0619
( 1) 2.6134
8.8065
5. 1121
3.6887

683
66489
11987
19871
89872
35983
78761
97694
44925
57584
32441
26869
72225
68688
91774

4
3200
(11) 2.1888
~ 14 1. 4972
17 1. 0240
19 7.0047
22 4. 7912
~ 25 3.2772
28 2. 2416
( 68) 1. 0998
( 1) 2.6153
8.8108
5. 1140
3.6898

684
67856
13504
92367
02379
86427
51164
49796
14860
14965
82878
39366
68115
38880
71315

686
70596
28856
05952
19683
84703
87060
79523
72953
28446
19551
60171
47349
73120
26615

4
3242
2.2275
~11
14 1. 5303
1.0513
19 7. 2226
117
22 4.9619
(25 3.4088
(28) 2.3418
(68) 1. 2216
( 1) 2. 6210
8.8237
5. 1196
3. 6931

687
71969
42703
47370
25043
33304
59802
67284
71524
94737
91886
68484
30714
37179
02381

4
3256
(11) 2. 2405
(14\1.5414
(17 1.0605
l19r.2965
22 5. 0200
25 3.4537
(28 2.3762
( 68) 1. 2650
( 1) 2.6229
8. 8280
5.1214
3.6941

688
73344
60672
45423
95251
48733
75282
43794
90130
07610
93189
75410
09925
99204
76894

4
3270
11r' 2536
14 1.5527
~ 17 1.0698
19 7.3711
12215. 0787
25 3.4992
28) 2. 4109
( 68) 1. 3099
( 1) 2. 6248
8.8322
5. 1233
3.6952

689
74721
82769
00278
30592
31378
38193
14215
34094
72291
69927
80950
84991
59200
50159

690
76100
09000
12100
31349
81631
53253
83744
08784
94061
70007
85107
55922
17173
22179

691
4 77481
3299 39371
: 11 2.2798 81054
, 14 1. 5753 97808
17 1. 0885 99885
'19 7.5222 25208
'22 5.1978 57619
: 25 3.5917 19614
: 28 2.4818 78254
'68) 1. 4043 42816
1) 2. 6286 87886
8.8408 22729
5.127073128
3. 6973 92956

4
3313
2.2931
!11
14 1. 5868
1. 0980
~17
19 7. 5987
(22 5.2583
(2513.6387
(28 2.5180
(68) 1. 4539
( 1) 2. 6305
8. 8450
5. 1289
3. 6984

692
78864
73888
07305
30255
86536
58832
41112
72050
30258
39271
89288
85422
27069
62494

4
3328
(11 2.3063
!14 1. 5983
17 1. 1076
(19 7.6759
5.3194
F2
25 3. 6863
( 28 2.5546
(68) 1. 5052
( 1) 2.6324
8.8493
5. 1307
3. 6995

693
80249
12557
91020
28977
41981
58928
39537
71599
55518
11857
89316
44010
79001
30796

4
3342
11 2. 3197
14 1. 6098
17 1. 1172
19 7. 7538
22 5. 3811
(25 3.7345
(28 2. 5917
( 68) 1. 5582
( 1) 2.6343
8.8535
5.1326
3. 7005

694
81636
55384
32365
94261
66617
30324
58245
23822
59533
14678
87974
98503
28931
97866

695
83025
02375
31506
26397
60846
77878
02625
34325
47856
03502
85265
48911
76863
63707

4
3371
11 2. 3465
14 1. 6332
17 1. 1367
19 7.9116
22 5.5064
25 3.8325
28 2.6674
( 68) 1. 6696
( 1) 2. 6381
8.8620
5. 1363
3.7027

696
84416
53536
88611
25673
25068
06476
78107
08763
26099
35809
81192
95243
22801
28321

4
3386
2. 3601
~11
14 1.6449
~ 17 1. 1465
19 7.9915
(22 5.5700
~ 25 3.8823
28 2.7059
( 68) 1. 7281
( 1) 2.6400
8. 8663
5. 1381
3.7037

697
85809
08873
03845
92380
59689
21031
90158
52840
99930
70846
75756
37511
66751
91713

4
3400
11 2.3736
14 1. 6568
17 1.1564
19 8.0721
22 5.6343
25l3.9327
28 2.7450
(68) 1. 7886
( 1) 2.6419
8.8705
5.1400
3.7048

698
87204
68392
77376
26809
65112
26484
44286
72312
75074
69670
68963
75722
08719
53884

4
3415
11112.3873
14 1. 6687
1. 1664
117
19 8.1534
22 5. 6992
~25 3.9837
28 2.7846
(68) 1. 8511
( 1) 2. 6438
8.8748
5.1418
3.7059

699
88601
32099
09372
29251
41746
27808
46038
72980
57313
95210
60813
09888
48708
14839

i.

n 2[( -G)2]
i>

676
56976
15776
70646
70957
95666
97470
74290
51020
14890
72571
00000
82955
19514
99371

n3[(

4
3102
~ 11) 2.1006
14) 1. 4221
(16 9.6279
(19 6.5180
(22 4.4127
(25 2.9874
(28 2.0224
(67) 8.5926
( 1) 2. 6019
8.7807
5.1009
3.6822
4
3172
~ 1112.1634
14 1. 4754
~ 17) 1. 0062
1916.8626
(22 4.6803
~2513.1919

-1) 5]

n4[(-~)3J

n 5[( -~)2J

52

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

2
3

4
5
6

7
8

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

700
4 90000
343000000
11 2. 4010 00000
14 1.6807 00000
17 1. 1764 90000
19 8. 2354 30000
22 5.7648 01000
25 4.0353 60700
28 2.8247 52490
(68) 1. 9158 12314
( 1) 2.6457 51311
8.8790 40017
5.1436 86724
3.7069 74581

2
3
4

5
6

7
8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

701
91401
72101
49428
39349
10284
38089
14800
41375
66504
87808
40459
66120
22771
33112

702
4 92804
3459 48408
11 2.4285 57824
14 1.7048 47593
17 1. 1968 03010
198.401557130
22 5.8978 93105
25 4.1403 20960
282.906505314
(68) 2.0515 90555
( 1) 2. 6495 28260
8.8874 88205
5. 1473 56856
3.7090 90435

4
3474
11 2.4424
14 1.7170
17 1. 2070
19 8.4856
22 5.9654
25 4. 1937
28) 2. 9481
(68) 2.1228
( 1) 2.6514
8.8917
5. 1491
3.7101

703
94209
28927
25357
25026
68593
92210
41624
05461
74939
91511
14717
06283
88981
46554

4
3489
11 2.4563
14 1.7292
17 1. 2174
19 8.5705
22 6.0336
25 4.2477
28 2.9903
( 68) 2.1965
( 1) 2.6532
8.8959
5.1510
3.7112

704
95616
13664
52195
71945
07449
48443
66104
00937
81460
63787
99832
203b2
19154
01473

4
3504
1112.4703
14 1. 7415
17 1.2278
19 8.6561
22 6.1025
25 4. 3023
28 3.0331
(68) 2.2726
( 1) 2.6551
8.9001
5.1528
3.7122

705
97025
02625
38506
88647
19996
30972
72335
13497
31015
82709
83609
30453
47377
55193

706
4 98436
3518 95816
11 2.4843 84461
14 1.7539 75429
17 1.2383 06653
19 8. 7424 44971
22 6.1721 66150
25 4.3575 49302
28 3.0764 29807
(b8) 2.3513 25887
( 1)2.657066051
8.9043 36564
5.1546 73657
3.7133 07718

4
3533
11 2.4984
14 1.7664
17 1.2488
19 8. 8294
22 6.2424
25 4.4134
28 3. 1202
(b8) 2.4325
( 1) 2.6589
8. 9085
5. 1564
3.7143

707
99849
93243
90228
32591
67842
95643
53419
14568
84099
73275
47160
38706
97998
59051

5
3548
11 2. 5126
14 1. 7789
17 1.2595
19 8. 9172
2Z O. 3134
25 4.4699
28 3.1647
( 68) 2. 5165
( 1) 2. 6608
8.9127
5. 1583
3.7154

708
01264
94912
55977
60432
03986
88218
40059
15561
00218
07242
26939
36887
20404
09195

709
5 02681
3564 00829
(11 2. 5268 81878
(14 1. 7915 59251
17 1.2702 15509
19 9. 0058 27960
22 6.3851 32023
25 4.5270 58605
28 3.2096 84551
(68) 2. 6032 12640
( 1) 2.6627 05391
8.916931117
5. 1601 40881
3.7164 58153

5
3579
11 2.5411
14 1. 8042
17 1.2810
19 9.0951
22 6.4575
25 4.5848
28 3.2552
(68) 2.6927
( 1)2.6645
8.9211
5.1619
3. 7175

710
04100
11000
68100
29351
02839
20158
35312
50072
43551
76876
82519
21404
59433
05928

5
3594
11 2. 5555
14 1.8169
17 1.2918
19 9.1851
22 6.5306
25 4.6432
28 3.3013
(b8) 2.7852
( 1) 2.6664
8.9253
5. 1637
3.7185

711
05521
25431
14814
71033
66404
70136
55967
96392
83735
89985
58325
07760
7b065
52523

5
3609
11 2.5699
14 1.8297
17 1. 3028
19 9.2759
22 6.6045
25 4.7024
28 3.3481
( 68) 2. 8808
( 1) 2.6683
8.9294
5. 1655
3.7195

712
06944
44128
22191
84600
06635
83244
00070
04050
11683
44702
32813
90191
90782
97942

5
3624
11 2.5843
14 1. 8426
17 1. 3138
19 9. 3675
22 6.6790
(25 4.7621
(28 3. 3954
( 68) 2. 9795
( 1) 2. 6702
8.9336
5.1674
3.7206

713
08369
67097
90402
70356
23964
64864
73748
79582
34042
36544
05985
68708
03588
42186

5
3639
(11) 2.5989
(14) 1. 8556
17) 1. 3249
19) 9. 4599
22) 6. 7543
25) 4. 8226
28) 3. 4433
(68) 3. 0814
( 1) 2. 6720
8.9378
5. 1692
3. '216

715
5 11225
3655 25875
11 2. 6135 10006
14 1. 8686 59654
17 1. 3360 91653
19 9. 5530 55319
22 6.8304 34553
25 4.8837 60705
28 3.4918 88904
(68) 3. 1867 28051
( 1) 2.6739 48391
8.9420 14037
5.171023488
3.7227 27165

5
3670
11 2.6281
14 1. 8817
17 1. 3473
19 9.6469
22 6.9072
25 4.9455
28 3.5410
(68) 3. 2954
( 1) 2. 6758
8.9461
5.1728
3.7237

716
12656
61696
61743
63808
42887
75069
34149
79651
35030
33372
17632
80866
30591
67905

5
3686
11 2. 6428
14 1. 8949
17 1. 3586
19 9.7416
22 6.9847
25 5.0080
28 3.5908
(68) 3. 4076
( 1) 2. 6776
8.9503
5.1746
3.7248

717
14089
01813
74999
41374
72965
85162
88261
93183
02813
87302
85568
43817
35801
07483

5
3701
11 2.6576
14 1. 9081
17 1.3700
19 9.8371
22 7.0631
25 5.0713
28 3.6411
(68) 3. 5236
( 1) 2.6795
8.9545
5. 1764
3.7258

721
5 19841
3748 05361
11 2.7023 46653
14 1.9483 91937
17 1.4047 90586
20 1.0128 54013
22 7.302677432
25 5.2652 30428
28 3.7962 31139
(68)3.8944 51981
( 1) 2. 6851 44316
8.9669 57022
5.1818 37817
3.7289 54232

5
3763
II 2. 7173
14 1.9619
17 1.4165
20 1.0227
22 7.3841
25 5. 3313
28 3.8492
(68) 4.0261
( 1) 2. 6870
8.9711
5.1836
3.7299

722
21284
67048
70087
41202
21548
28558
00187
20335
13282
75870
05769
00718
33637
88042

3
4
5
6
7

4
3444
11 2.4147
14 1.6927
17 1.1866
19 8.3181
22 5.8310
25 4.0875
28 2.8653
(68) 1. 9825
( 1) 2.6476
8.8832
5.1455
3.7080

5
3732
11 2.6873
14 1.9349
17 1. 3931
20 1. 0030
22 7.2220
25 5.1998
28 3.7439
(68) 3. 7668
( 1) 2. 6832
8.9628
5. 1800
3.7279

720
18400
48000
85boo
17632
40695
61300
41363
69781
06243
63772
81573
09493
40128
19273
1

ni![( -~)2J

n3[(

I
!

-J) 5]

718
15524
46232
49946
92661
82331
91134
03234
08122
99232
00491
52201.
02899
3912~'

45902

72:1
5 22729
3179 3306'1
11 2.7324 56074
14 1.9755 65742
17 1. 4283 3403l
20 1. 0326 85505
22 7.4663 16199
25 5. 3981 46612
28 3.9028 60000
(68)4.162163488
( 1) 2.6888 65932
8.9752 40590
5.1854 27593
3.7310 20708
1

n4[(-~2J

714
09796
94344
19616
28606
18825
20408
83171
29584
57523
63889
77843
43321
14489
85260

719
5 16961
3716 94959
11 2.6724 86755
14 1. 9215 17977
17 1.3815 71425
199.933498549
22 7.1421 85457
25 5.1352 31343
28 3. 6922 31336
( 68) 3. 6432 86875
( 1) 2. 6814 17536
8.9586 58122
5.1782 40566
3.7268 83164
5
3795
11 2.7476
14 1.9892
17 1.4402
20 1.0427
22 7.5493
25 5.4657
28 3.9571
( 68) 4. 3025
( 1) 2. 6907
8.9793
5. 1872
3.7320

nfl(-~2J

724
24176
03424
04790
65868
28488
25426
32081
16426
78693
46659
24809
76646
19688
52232

53

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODR

POWERS AND ROOTS

nk

Table 3.1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

5
3810
~ 11) 2. 7628
14 2. 0030
(17 1. 4522
o 1. 0528
22 7.6331
25 5.5340
28 4.0121
(68)4.4474
( 1) 2.6925
8.9835
5. 1890
3.7330

725
25625
78125
16406
41895
05374
48896
54495
37009
76831
61095
82404
08896
09928
82616

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

5
3890
HI 2.8398
14 2. 0730
17 1.5133
2011.1047
22 8.0646
25 5.8871
(28 4.2976
(68) 5. 2450

730
32900
17000
24100
71593
42263
39852
00919
58671
25830
38047

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

( 1) 2. 7018
9. 0041
5.1979
3.7382

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

5
3826
11) 2. 7780
1412.0168
~ 17 1.4642
2011. 0630
1227.7177
25 5.6031
28 4.0678
(68) 4. 5970
( 1) 2.6944
8.9876
5. 1907
3.7341

726
27076
57176
91098
94137
65143
56494
90147
15647
61960
46501
38717
37347
98317
11864

5
3842
(11) 2.7934
2. 0308
114
17 1. 4764
20 1. 0733
~ 22 7.8032
25 5.6729
( 28 4.1242
(68) 4.7514
( 1) 2.6962
8.9917
5. 1925
3.7351

727
28529
40583
29038
22911
08256
48802
45793
59691
41696
46686
93753
62009
84860
39979

5
3858
(11) 2.8088
(14) 2.0448
(1711. 4886
120 1. 0837
2217.8895
25 5.7435
28) 4. 1813
( 68) 4. 9108
( 1) 2.6981
8.9958
5.1943
3.7361

728
29984
28352
30403
28533
35172
26405
28230
76552
23730
09683
47513
82891
69560
66963

';
3874
(11) 2.824;'
(14) 2.058'1
(17) 1. 500'1
~ 20) 1. 0941
22)7.9766
(2515.8149
(28 4.2391
( 68) 5. 075;>
( 1) 2. 7000
9.0000
5. 196]
3. 7371

51217
13346
33452
17550

5
3906
11 2.8554
14 2. 0873
17 1. 5258
20 1.1153
22 8.1534
25 5.9601
28 4.3568
( 68) 5. 4202
( 1) 2. 7037
9.0082
5. 1997
3.7392

731
34361
17891
16783
09669
23368
76882
05006
39059
61652
21655
01167
22937
12653
41158

5
3922
(11 2.8710
(14 2. 1016
~ 17 1. 5383
20 1.1261
122 8.2430
25 6.0339
28 4.4168
( 68) 5. 6010
( 1) 2. 7055
9. 0123
5.2014
3.7402

732
35824
23168
73590
25868
90135
01579
63558
22524
31288
04807
49852
28782
90029
63647

5
3938
2.8867
~11
14 2.1160
1.5510
~17
20 1. 1369
122 8.3335
25 6.1085
28 4.4775
( 68) 5. 7875
( 1) 2.7073
9. 0164
5.2032
3.7412

733
37289
32837
94695
20512
43035
14545
83612
16788
42805
58467
97274
30890
65584
85019

734
'; 38756
3954 46904
~ 11) 2. 902~, 80275
14) 2. 1304 93922
(17 1.5637 82539
~20 1.14711 16384
22 8.4249 72255
~25 6.1839 29635
28 4.5390 04352
(68) 5. 9800 58576
( 1) 2. 709,' 43437
9. 020~, 29268
5.2050 39324
3.742'1 05217

5
3970
111\ 2.9184
14 2. 1450
17 1.5766
12011.1588
22 8.5172
25 6.2601
284.6012
(68) 6. 1786
( 1) 2. 7110
9. 0246
5.2068
3.7433

735
40225
65375
30506
46422
09120
01703
36620
68916
24153
86185
88342
23926
H253
24423

5
3986
f 14
111 2 9343
2.1596
17 1.5895
2011.1698
22 8. 6103
25 6.3372
28 4.6642
(68) 6. 3836
( 1) 2. 7129
9. 0287
5.2085
3.7443

736
41696
88256
45564
78335
23255
89115
83890
42543
10512
27605
31993
14871
81374
42461

5
4003
2.9503
14 2.1743
17 1.6025
20 1.1810
22 8. 7044
25 6.4151
28 4.7279
(68) 6. 5950
( 1) 2.7147
9.0328
5.2103
3.7453

737
43169
15553
25626
89986
25420
61234
21297
58496
71812
74542
74392
02112
49693
59393

5
4019
(11 2. 9663
( 14 2. 1891
1.6156
~17
20 1.1923
(22 8.7993
(2516.4939
(28 4.7925
(68) 6. 8132
( 1) 2. 7166
9. 0368
5.2121
3.7463

738
44644
47272
70867
81700
16095
24678
56123
24819
16516
24254
15541
85658
16213
75222

5
4052
II 2.9986
14 2.2190
17 1. 6420
20 1. 2151
22 8.9919
25 6.6540
28 4.9239
( 68)7.2704
( 1) 2. 7202
9.0450
5.2156
3. 7484

740
47600
24000
57600
06624
64902
28027
47402
41078
90397
49690
94102
41696
43874
03580

741
5 49081
4068 69021
11 3.0148 99446
14 2.2340 40489
17 1. 6554 24002
20 1.2266 69186
22 9.0896 18667
25 6.7354 07432
284.990936907
(68)7.5099 49065
( 1) 2. 7221 31518
9. 0491 14206
5.2174 05023
3.7494 16115

5
4085
(11) 3. 0312
142.2491
17 1. 6688
20 1. 2383
22 9.1882
25 6.8176
(28) 5. 0587
( 68)7. 7569
( 1) 2. 7239
9. 0531
5.2191
3.7504

742
50564
18488
07181
55728
73550
04174
16974
56995
01490
98844
67694
83053
64391
27557

5
4101
3.0475
14 2.2643
1. 6824
20 1. 2500
117
22 9.2877
(2516.9007
(28 5. 1272
( 68) 8. 0118
( 1) 2. 7258
9.0572
5.2209
3. 7514

743
52049
72407
80984
52671
14035
33628
49854
98142
93019
26396
02634
48245
21982
37909

5
4134
11 3.0805
14 2.2949
17 1. 7097
20 1. 2737
22 9.4896
25 7.0697
28 5.2669
(68) 8.5457
( 1) 2.7294
9.0653
5.2244
3.7534

745
55025
93625
27506
92992
69779
78485
49717
89039
92834
57129
68813
67701
31847
55355

5
4151
II 3.0971
14 2.3104
17 1. 7235
20 1.2857
22 9.5920
25 7. 1556
28 5. 3381
(68) 8.8253
( 1) 2. 7313
9. 0694
5.2261
3. 7544

747
5 58009
4168 32723
11 3.1137 40441
142.325964109
17 1. 7374 95190
20 1.2979 08907
22 9.6953 79533
25 7.2424 48511
(28) 5. 4101 09038
(68) 9.1136 94019
( 1) 2; 7331 30074
9.0734 72639
5. 2279 34653
3.7554 68472

5
4185
3. 1304
14 2.3415
17 1.7514
20 1. 3101
22 9.7997
25 7.3301
28 5.4829
(68) 9. 4110
( 1) 2. 7349
9. 0775
5.2296
3.7564

748
59504
08992
47260
74551
97764
20327
00049
75636
71376
55807
58866
19683
83419
73415

n2 [< -:)2]

746
56516
60936
00583
37035
86028
95177
32018
55886
19291
48404
00057
21981
84131
62453
1

III

n3[< -1) 5]

pI

Fl

n4[< -P2]

~,

403~,

1112. 9824
14 2.2040
(17) 1. 6287
201 1. 2036
22 8.8951
25 6.573~,
(28 4. 857B
( 68) 7. 038,!
( 1) 2. 7184
9.040'1
5.213B
3.74n

729
31441
20489
95365
11321
46353
89891
44308
73700
15828
87861
00000
00000
52423
92819

739
46121
83419
81466
53804
95761
80067
95697
49620
53170
79698
55444
65517
80938
89950

411!!
3.0640
2.27.96
14
17 1. 6960
(20 1. 261!!
~22 9. 388,!
25 6.984!!
(28)5.1967
(68) 8. 2746
( 1) 2.7276
9.06U
5. 2226
3.7524

744
53536
30784
21033
31649
45947
58184
24890
39318
20453
65623
36339
09792
71799
47174

!;
4202
147;!
(1412.35n
f 17 1. 765!;
20 1. 3224
122r.9050
25 7.4188
28 5.5567
(68) 9.7177
( 1) 2. 7367
9.081!;
5.2314
3.7574

749
61001
89749
'21220
68694
94252
30094
01408
46054
15695
03069
86437
63122
30432
17282

~,

!ll

(llP.

n5[<-Z)1]

54

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

1
2
3
4

5
6

7
8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

5
4235
1113.1809
14 2.3889
17 1. 7940
20 1.3473
23) 1. 0118
( 25) 7.5990
(28) 5. 7068
( 69) 1. 0359
( 1) 2.7404
9.0896
5.2349
3.7594

751
64001
64751
71280
09431
70983
47308
57828
52291
88271
96977
37921
39217
19217
81806

5
4252
11 3.1979
14 2.4048
\ 17 1. 8084
(20 1. 3599
(23 1. 0226
(25) 7.6906
(28) 5.7833
(69) 1. 0696
( 1) 2.7422
9.0936
5.2366
3.7604

752
65504
59008
47740
56701
52239
56084
86975
06051
35750
16698
61840
71888
60997
82467

5
4269
11 3.2149
14 2.4208
17 1. 8229
20 1. 3726
23 1. 0336
25 7.7831
28 5.8607
(69) 1.1042
( 1)2.7440
9.0977
5.2384
3.7614

753
67009
57777
92061
89022
29433
65863
17395
38985
03656
80565
84547
00985
01041
82064

5
4286
(11 3.2321
14 2.4370
17 1. 8375
20 1. 3854
23 1. 0446
25 7.8766
28 5.9390
(69) 1. 1400
( 1) 2.7459
9.1017
5.2401
3.7624

754
68516
61064
04423
06735
03078
77321
49900
60245
01825
19555
06044
26517
39353
80599

755
70025
68875
85006
10180
73686
91133
85305
79054
40186
65520
26333
48491
75936
78075

5
4320
3. 2665
14 2.4694
17 1. 8669
2011. 4114
23 1. 0670
25 8.0667
(28 6.0984
(69) 1. 2148
( 1) 2. 7495
9.1097
5. 2436
3. 7644

756
71536
81216
33993
99699
41772
07980
24433
04711
28762
51214
45417
66916
10795
74495

5
4337
( 11) 3. 2838
(14) 2. 4858
(17) 1. 8818
(20) 1. 4245
(23\1.0783
(25 8.1632
(28 6.1795
(69) 1. 2540
( 1) 2. 7513
9.1137
5.2453
3. 7654

757
73049
98093
51564
75634
07855
28546
68109
46588
77667
10313
63298
81798
43934
69862

5
4355
11 3.3012
14 2.5023
17 1.8967
20 1.4377
23 1. 0898
25 8.2608
28 6.2616
(69) 1. 2943
( 1) 2. 7531
9. 1177
5.2470
3.7664

758
74564
19512
37901
38329
72453
53520
17168
14132
97112
77441
79980
93146
75356
64176

5
4372
11) 3. 3186
14) 2.5188
17) 1. 9118
(20) 1. 4510
23l1. 1013
25 8.3594
\ 28 6.3447
( 69) 1. 3359
( 1) 2.7549
9.1218
5.2488
3.7674

759
76081
45479
93186
88128
36089
83592
72446
16865
97401
88198
95463
00968
05067
57442

760
5 77600
4389 76000
(11) 3. 3362 17600
(14) 2. 5355 25376
( 17) 1. 9269 99286
(20)1.464519457
(23)1.113034787
(25) 8. 4590 64385
(28) 6. 4288 88932
(69) 1.3788 79182
( 1) 2.7568 09750
9.1258 05271
5.2505 33069
3.7684 49662

5
4407
II 3.3538
14 2.5522
17 1.9422
20 1. 4780
23 1. 1248
25 8.5597
\ \ 28 6.5139
(69) 1. 4230
( 1) 2. 7586
9.1298
5.2522
3.7694

761
79121
11081
11326
50419
62569
61815
05041
66364
82203
88020
22845
06063
59366
40838

5
4424
(11) 3. 3114
(14 2.5690
(17 1.9576
(20 1. 4917
23 1. 1366
25 8.6615
\ 28 6.6000
(69) 1. 4686
( 1) 2. 7604
9.1338
5. 2539
3.7704

762
80644
50728
74547
63605
26467
11368
84062
32555
87807
53390
34748
03351
83963
30972

5
4441
11 3. 3892
14 2.5859
17 1.9730
20 1. 5054
23 1.1486
25 8.7643
(28) 6. 6872
(69) 1. 5156
( 1) 2. 7622
9.1377
5.2557
3.7714

763
8216'1
94947
07446
65281
91509
68822
72711
72784
16435
15056
45463
97144
06863
20068

5
4459
(11 3.4070
(14 2.6029
17 1. 9886
20 1. 5193
23 1.1607
25 8. 8682
28 6.7753
( 69) 1. 5640
( 1) 2.7640
9,1417
5.2574
3.7724

764
83696
43744
10204
55796
58228
34886
71853
96958
78876
13890
54992
87449
28071
08126

766
5 86756
4494 55096
( 11) 3. 4428 26035
14)2.6372 04743
17 2. 0200 98833
20 1.5473 95706
23 1.1853 05111
25) 9.0794 37150
28)6.954848857
( 69) 1. 6652 92289
( 1) 2.7676 70501
9.1497 57625
5.2608 65424
3.7743 81144

5
4512
(11) 3. 4608
14l2. 6544
17 2. 0359
\ 20 1. 5615
23l1. 1977
25 9.1866
f 28 7.0461
(69) 1. 7182
( 1) 2.7694
9.1537
5.2625
3.7753

767
88289
17663
39475
63877
73794
91900
40987
73373
78477
59425
76485
37512
81576
66108

768
5 898;!4
4529 84832
(11) 3. 4789 23510
14 2.6718 13255
17 2.0519 52580
1. 5758 99582
120
23 1. 2102 90879
259.2950 33948
28 7. 1385 86072
(69)1. 772838934
( 1) 2. 7712 81292
9. 1577 13940
5.2642 96052
3.7763 50045

5
4547
( 11) 3. 4970
(14) 2.6892
17 2.0680
20 1. 5903
23 1. 2229
25 9.4045
28 7.2320
(69) 1. 8290
( 1) 2. 7730
9. 1616
5.2660
3.7773

769
91361
56609
78323
53231
35734
19480
55680
29178
82938
17701
84925
86919
08854
32958

771
94441
14011
01025
06390
17327
98859
33620
65212
90179
27094
88675
22555
29452
95720

5
4600
(11 3.5519
(14 2.7421
17 2.1169
20 1. 6342
23 1.2616
25 9.7399
(28 7. 5192
( 69) 2. 0082
( 1) 2. 7784
9. 1735
5.2111
3.7802

772
95984
99648
69283
20286
16861
59817
48578
27025
23664
38127
88798
85227
37257
75573

773
97529
89917
09058
26;!02
22954
35'144
82()84
65513
92641
09310
87755
44479
43403
54412

5
4636
11 3.5889
14 2.7778
17 2.1500
20 1. 6641
23 1.2880
25 9.9693
28 7.7163
(69) 2.1368
( 1) 2.7820
9.1815
5.2745
3. 7822

774
99076
84824
20538
24496
36160
27988
35063
91385
08932'
94378
85549
00317
47894
32239

750
5 62500
4218 75000
( 11) 3. 1640 62500
(14) 2.3730 46875
17)1. 779785156
20) 1. 3348 38867
23\1. 0011 29150
(25 7.5084 68628
(28 5.6313 51471
(69) 1. 0033 91278
( 1) 2.7386 12788
9. 0856 02964
5.2331 75697
3. 7584 80079

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
24
1(2
1/3
1/4
1(5

1
2
3
4
5

6
7

8
9
10
24

1/2
1/3

1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4

5
6

7
8

9
10
24
1/2

1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

5
4303
11) 3. 2492
1412.4532
17 1. 8521
20 1. 3983
23 1. 0557
25) 7. 9711
\ 28) 6. 0182
(69) 1. 1768
( 1) 2.7477
9.1057
5.2418
3.7034

765
5 85225
4476 97125
(11) 3.4248 83006
(14) 2. 6200 35500
(17) 2. 0043 27157
(20) 1. 5333 10275
(23) 1. 1729 82361
(25) a. 9733 15059
(28) 6. 8645 86020
(69)1.613891907
( 1) 2.7658 63337
9.1457 74274
5.2591 47590
3.7733 95151
5
4565
11) 3. 5153
14 2.7067
17 2.0842
20 1.6048
23 1. 2357
25 9.5151
28) 7.3266
(69) 1. 8870
( 1) 2. 7748
9.1656
5.2677
3.7783

770
92900
33000
04100
84157
23801
52327
36292
69445
80473
23915
87385
56454
19986
14849
1

n2[(

11!

5
4583
11) 3.5336
14) 2. 7244
1712.1005
20 1. 6194
23 1. 2486
25 9.6269
28 7.4223
(69) 1. 9467
( 1) 2. 7766
9.1696
5. 2694
3.7792

-g) 2]

1
1

5
4618
11 3.5704
14 2.7599
17 2.1334
20 1. 6491
23 1. 2747
25 9.8540
28 7.6171
(69) 2.0716
( 1) 2. 7802
9.1775
5.2728
3.7812

n4[( - ~)2J

n5[(-~)1]

~LEMENTARY

55

ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Table 3.1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

6
4654
3.6075
14 2.7958
17 2.1667
20 1. 6792
23l1. 3014
26 1. 0085
28) 7.8165

Ill!
!

775
00625
84375
03906
15527
57034
36701
08443
91544
84463

6
4672
III 3.6261
114 2. 8138
117 2. 1835
120 1. 6944
123 1. 3149
I' 26l1. 0203
I 28 7.9180

776
02176
88576
59350
99655
86133
62839
03163
64854
31271

(69) 2.2041
( 1) 2.7838
9. 1654
5.2762
3.7832

48547
82181
52750
50735
09055

I 69) 2.2734
I 1) 2. 7856
9.1894
5.2779
3. 7841

28553
77655
01784
51928
84864

14
17
20
( 23
26
1 28
(69) 2. 5719
( 1) 2. 7928
9.2051
5.2847
3. 7880

780
08400
52000
05600
74368
96007
56885
14371
89209
75831

6
4763
I
3. 7205
114 2.9057
117 2.2693
I, 2011. 7723
I 23 1. 3842
I 26 1. 0810
I 28 8.4432

781
09961
79541
24215
29412
74671
81618
30044
83664
63416

97041
48009
64083
40305
78066

I 69) 2.6523
1 1) 2. 7946
9.2090
5.2864
3.7890

6
4837
11 3.7973
14 2. 9809
17 2. 3400
20 1. 8369
23 1.4419
26 1. 1319
28 8.8858
( 69) 2.9982
( 1) 2.8017
9.2247
5.2931
3.7929

785
16225
36625
32506
06017
11224
08811
73416
49132
00685
77060
85145
91357
89157
22172

6
4855
,11)3.8167
" 1412.9999
,I 17 2.3579
': 20 1. 8533
,,23 1. 4567
'I 26) 1. 1449
'I 28) 8. 9996
I 69) 3. 0912
, 1) 2. 8035
9.2287
5.2948
3. 7938

Ill)

6
4745
3.7015
2.8871
2. 2519
1. 7565
1. 3701
1. 0686
8. 3357

790
6 24100
4930 39000
3. 8950 08100
14 3. 0770 56399
1712.4308 74555
120 1.9203 90899
23 1. 5171 08810
26l1. 1985 15960
28 9.4682 76083
(69) 3. 4918 06676
( 1)2.810693865
9.2443 35465
5.3015 97745
3.7977 41656

\III

6
5024
3.9945
3. 1756
2. 5246
2. 0071
1. 5956
1. 2685
1. 0084

795
32025
59875
56006
72025
59260
04112
47769
39976
89281

11
14
17
20
23
26
1 29
(69) 4.0626 65702
( 1)2.819574436
9.2637 97282
5. 3099 66512
3. 8025 36800
1

6
4690
III 3. 6448
14 2.8320
17l2.2005
20 1. 7098
23jl.3285
26 1. 0322
28 8.0206
(69) 2.3447

777
03729
97433
87054
77241
24016
07161
20164
60167
61501
92689

( 1) 2.7874
9.1933
5.2796
3. 7851

71973
47428
51478
59667

6
4709
11)3.6636
14l2.8503
17 2.2175
2011. 7252
23 1.3422
26 1. 0442
28 8.1244
(69) 2. 4183
( 1) 2. 7892
9.1972
5.2813
3.7861

6
4782
3.7396
2.9243
2.2868
1. 7883
1. 3984
1. 0936
8.5519

782
11524
11768
16026
79732
64951
28391
72802
05731
96818

783
6 13089
4800 48687
3. 7587 81219
114 2.9431 25695
172.304467419
20 1. 8043 97989
(23 1. 4128 43625
26 1. 1062 56559
1 28 8. 6619 88854

13239
37122
96233
33318
48871

(69) 2. 7350
( 1) 2. 7964
9.2130
5.2881
3. 7900

29868
26291
25029
24706
18681

(69) 2.8202
( 1) 2. 7982
9.2169
5.2898
3. 7909

786
17796
87656
18976
41115
53717
51621
34374
93218
46695
99652
69154
06804
74081
88029

6
4874
1 lll3. 8361
14 3.0190
17r.3760
20 1.8699
23 1.4716
26l1. 1581
28 9.1148
(69) 3. 1870
( 1) 2.8053
9.2326
5. 2965
3. 7948

787
19369
43403
79582
73331
10711
20430
27378
70747
03776
84488
52028
18931
57399
52904

791
6 25681
4949 13671
11 3.9147 67138
14 3.0965 80806
'17 2.4493 95417
'20 1.9374 'n 775
23 1.5325 40174
'26 1. 2122 39278
'28)9.588812687
69) 3.5994 45514
1) 2.8124 72222
9.2482 34384
5.3032 74670
3. 7987 02623

6
4967
\ 11) 3. 9346
14r.1162
117 2.4680
20 1. 9546
23 1. 5481
l26l1.2261
28 9.7107
(69)3.7102
( 1) 2.8142
9.2521
5. 3049
3. 7996

6
5062
1 llj4. 0349
14 3.2158
17 2. 5630
120r.0427
23 1. 6280
26 1. 2975
29 1.0341
( 69) 4. 3151
( 1) 2.8231
9.2715
5. 3133
3.8044

III

'11
:14
: 17
i 20
; 23
,26
(29

6
5043
4.0146
3.1956
2.5437
2.0248
1. 6117
1.2829
1.0212

: 69) 4. 1871
I 1)2.8213
9.2676
5.3116
3.8034

n2[( - ~)2]

796
33616
58336
92355
95114
73311
43555
75470
73274
46726
02820
47196
79846
35526
92932
1

n3[(

11
14
17
20
23
26
28

-J)4]

778
05284
10952
87207
48647
71247
70430
60395
78587
87408
00846
65136
89687
49388
33467

6
4727
3. 6825
111
14 2.8687
2.2347
117
20 1. 7408
23 1. 3561
26 1. 0564
1 28 8.2295
(69) 2. 4940
( 1) 2.7910
9.2012
5. 2830
3.7871

779
06841
29139
59993
14234
28389
53415
24810
21227
21359
14558
57147
28569
45663
06266

6
4818
11)3. 7780
14f.9619
17 2. 3221
20 1. 8205
23 1. 4273
26l1. 1190
28 8. 7732

784
14656
90304
19983
67667
82651
91198
43499
37304
52460

15463
13716
50471
14473
87500

( 69) 2. 9079
( 1) 2.8000
9.2208
5.2915
3.7919

40422
00000
72584
02622
55329

6
4893
11 3.8557
14 3. 0383
17 2.3941
20 1. 8866
23 1. 4866
26 1. 1714
28 9.2312
(69) 3. 2857
( 1) 2. 8071
9.2365
5.2982
3. 7958

788
20944
03872
14511
03035
82792
16040
53439
82910
85332
09926
33710
27746
39113
16799

6
4911
~
3. 8753
14 3.0576
1 17l2. 4124
20 1. 9034
23 1.5018
l26ll. 1849
28 9. 3491
(69) 3. 3872
( 1) 2. 8089
9.2404
5. 2999
3.7967

789
22521
69069
23954
30600
70543
39259
13575
30911
04886
56439
14381
33255
19227
79716

792
27264
93088
01257
04196
33723
82708
08705
02094
28588
60118
49456
30018
50005
62619

6
4986
(l1l3.9545
114 3.1359
17l2. 4867
120 1. 9720
2311. 5638
(26 1. 2401
(28 9.8340
( 69) 3. 8243
( 1) 2. 8160
9.2560
5.3066
3.8006

793
28849
77257
10648
26944
90066
24523
15447
05649
37797
39997
25568
22375
23755
21646

794
6 30436
5005 66184
(11 3.9744 95501
(143.155749428
117 2. 5056 65046
2011. 9894 98046
123 1.5796 61449
26 1. 2542 51190
28 9. 9587 54451
(69) 3. 9417 71065
( 1) 2.8178 00561
9. 2599 11460
5.3082 95923
3.8015 79705

797
35209
61573
04737
19075
07803
17219
45624
52362
49232
87922
18843
59160
02968
48104
1

798
6 36804
5081 69592
1 llj4. 0551 93344
14 3.2360 44289
117 2.5823 63342
2012.0607 25947
23 1.6444 59306
126 1.3122 78526
29 1. 0471 98264
(69) 4. 4470 23172
( 1) 2.8248 89378
9.2754 35230
5.3149 68841
3.805402317
1

(III

[(-J)2]

n4

!
!

III

6
5100
(l1l4.0755
(14 3.2563
11712. 6018
20 2.0788
123 1. 6610
26 1. 3271
(29) 1. 0603
(69) 4.5827
( 1) 2.8266
9.2793
5.3166
3.8063

5[(-J)1]

799
38401
82399
58368
71136
40538
70590
17601
53063
95298
13463
58805
08064
33150
55574

56

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS

nk

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

6
5120
l11r.0960
14 3.276B
(17 2. 6214
! 20r' 0971
23 1.6777
26 1. 3421
(29 1.0737
(69) 4. 7223
( 1) 2. 8284
9.2831
5.3182
3.8073

800
40000
00000
00000
00000
40000
52000
21600
77280
41824
66483
27125
77667
95897
07877

6
5139
11 4.1165
14 3.2973
17 2. 6411
20 2.1155
23 1.6945
26 1.3573
29 1. 0872
(69) 4. 8660
( 1) 2.8301
9.2870
5.3199
3. 8082

801
41601
22401
18432
31264
62342
71036
72400
52492
39346
92789
94340
44047
57086
59229

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

6
5216
11\ 4.1993
14 3.3804
17 2.7212
20 2.1906
23 1. 7634
26 1.4195
( 29 1.1427
(69) 5. 4840
( 1) 2. 8372
9.3024
5. 3265
3. 8120

805
48025
60125
64001>
88025
92860
40752
65806
89974
69929
46503
52192
71468
86329
55159

6
5231>
(11 4.2202
14 3.4015
17 2.7416
20 2.2097
23 1.7810
26 1.4355
29 1.1570
(69) 5. 6499
( 1) 2. 8390
9.3063
5. 3282
3. 8130

806
49636
06616
1>9325
37076
38883
60940
67318
40258
45448
03151
13913
27832
39778
01783

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

5314
ll1) 4.3046
14l3.4867
(17 2.8242
\ 20l2. 2876
23 1.8530
\26 1.5009
29 1.2157
(69) 6. 3621>
( 1) 2.8460
9.3216
5. 3348
3. 8167

41000
72100
84401
95365
79245
20189
46353
66546
B5441
49894
9751B
38230
78910

6
5334
11 4.3259
14 3.5083
17r.8452
20 2.3075
23 1. 8714
26 1. 5177
29 1. 2308
(69) 6. 5539
( 1) 2. 847B
9. 3255
5.3364
3.8177

811
57721
11731
69138
60971
80748
22686
00899
06129
59670
10420
06173
32030
B4023
20859

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

6
5413
l11f.4119
14 3.5957
17 2.9305
20 2.3883
(23l1.9465
(26 1. 5864
(29 1. 2929
(69)7.3753
( 1) 2.8548
9. 3408
5. 3430
3. 8214

B15
64225
43375
48501>
38033
26497
79095
28962
21104
33200
49576
20485
38634
52016
79391

6
5433
4.4331>
14 3.6178
17 2.9521
20 2.4089
23 1.9657
2611.6040
29 1. 30B8
(69) 7. 5956
( 1) 2. 8565
9.3446
5. 3446
3.8224

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

6
5513
11) 4. 5212
14 3.7073
17 3.0400
20 2.4928
23 2.0441
26 1. 6761
29 1.3744
(69) 8. 5414
( 1) 2. 8635
9.3599
5.3512
3. 8261

820
72400
68000
17600
98432
66714
54706
40859
95504
80313
66801
64213
01623
28095
56858

6
5533
11 4.5433
14 3.7300
17 3.0623
20 2.5142
23 2. 0641
26 1.6946
(29) 1. 3913
( (9) 8. 7949
( 1) 2.8653
9.3637
5. 3528
3. 8270

810
I> 56100

\11

n2[C -g) 1]
1

6
5158
4.1371
14 3. 3179
!11
17 2.6610
o 2.1341
23 1.7115
26 1. 3726
29 1. 1008
(69) 5. 0140
( 1) 2.8319
9.2909
5.3211>
3. 8092

802
43204
49608
13856
65313
08181
28561
71106
80027
89382
05879
60452
07211
16720
09631
807

I> 51249

5255
! llj4. 2412
14 3.4226
17l2.7621
\ 20 2.2290
23l1. 7988
26 1. 4516
29) 1. 1714
(69) 5. 8205
( 1) 2.8407
9.3101
5. 3298
3.8139

57943
52600
90848
11515
23992
22362
49646
81264
60843
74542
75012
911>90
4741>8

6
5177
( 11) 4. 1577
! 14) 3.3387
17 2.6809
20 2.152B
23j1. 7287
26 1.3881
29 1.1146
( 69) 5. 1662
( 1) 2.8337
9.2947
5.3232
3.8101

803
44809
81627
86465
02531
78133
25440
18829
61219
93459
22264
25463
67164
74803
59085

808
6 52864
5275 14112

6
5197
ll1) 4. 1785
14l3.3595
17 2.7010
20l2.1716
23 1. 7460
(26\ 1. 4037
(29 1. 1286
( (9) 5. 3228

804
46416
18464
36451
43306
72818
62546
16687
97416
53123
61548

( 1) 2. 8354
9.2986
5. 3249
3.8111

89376
23915
31338
07593

809

!I'T ,'" "." !

14 3.4439 49732
17 2.7827 11384
20 2.2484 30798
23 1. 8167 32085
\ 26l1. 4679 19524
29 1. 18bO 7B970
(69) 5.9961 52346
( 1) 2. 8425 34081
9.314019016
5.3315 4201>7
3.8148 92216

812

813
60969
1>7797
00190
34554
41493
52533
41510,
2554 i'
52B7(1
13847
15481>
9160B
71049
0197.1

I> 54481

5294
(l1l4.2834
114 3.4653
1712.8034
20 2.2679
23 1. 8347
26 1. 4843
29) 1. 2008
(69) 6.1768
( 1) 2.8442
9. 317B
5. 3331
3.8158

75129
53794
14119
39122
82250
97640
51291
40194
13927
92531
59849
90912
36029
814
62596
53144
34592
32358
18139
40765
03783
88079
56297
985B8
68524
16687
12288
41144

5353
1114. 3473
14 3.5300
17 2.8663
(2012. 3275
\ 23 1. 8899
26 1. 5346
(29) 1. 241>1
( (9) 6. 7506
( 1) 2. B495
9. 3293
5. 33Bl
3.8186

87328
45103
44224
95910
13479
40945
32047
21222
36166
61370
63391
28295
61880

6
5373
(11l4. 3688
(14 3.5518
17 2.8876
20 2.3476
23 1.9086
26 1. 5517
29 1. 2615
(69) 6. 9530
( 1) 2.8513
9.3331
5.3397
3.8196

816
65856
38496
42127
51976
67212
68445
18251
26093
85292
30157
71371
57457
90236
16717

6
5453
11 4.4554
14 3.6400
17 2.9739
20 2.4297
23 1.9850
26 1. 6218
29 1. 3250
(69)7.8222
( 1) 2. 8583
9. 3484
5. 3463
3.8233

817
67489
38513
15651
74587
40938
09746
72863
04529
14300
07941
21186
73160
26950
53125

6
5473
11r.4172
14 3.6624
17 2.9958
20l2.4506
23 2.0045
(2611.6397
(29 1. 3413
( (9) 8. 0552
( 1) 2. 8600
9.3522
5.3479
3.8242

857S2
6211>3
88616

B19
6 70761
5493 53259
11 4.4992 03191
14 3.6848' 47414
17 3.0178 90032
20 2.4716 51936
23 2.0242 82936
\26 1. 6578 87724
29 1. 3578 10046
(69) 8. 2949 47511
( 1) 2. 8618 17604
9.3560 95237
5. 3495 95877
3.8252 23193

821
74041
87661
12697
59724
79033
13186
69026
82770
34555
98523
09756
04916
58822
89612

6
5554
11)4.5654
14j3.7528
17 3. 0848
20l2.5357
232.0843
26 1. 7133
(29 1. 4083
(69) 9.0557
( 1) 2.8670
9.3675
5. 3544
3.8280

822
75684
12248
88679
31694
27652
28330
68687
51061
74572
33244
54237
05121
88059
21458

6
5574
11 4.5877
14 3.7757
17 3.1074
20 2.5574
23 2.1047
26 1. 7322
29 1.4256
(1)9) 9.3238
( 1) 2.8687
9.3713
5.3561
3. 8289

823
77329
41767
45742
14746
13236
01093
41100
01925
02184
66467
91658
02245
15810
52:;97

824
6 78976
5594 76224
(11 4. 6100 84086
14 3. 7987 09287
17 3. 1301 36452
20 2.5792 32437
23 2.1252 87528
26 1.7512 36923
29 1. 4430 19224
(69) 9. 5995 98755
( 1)2.870540019
9.3750 96295
5.3577 42079
3.8298 82432

n3[(-~)4J

I> 59344

n"4[C -~)2J

81 B
69124
43432
69274
06266
48326
03930
94015
57904
21966
54907
699;~9

!
!

6
5393
11) 4. 3903
14l3.5737
17 2.9090
20l2. 3679
23 1. 9275
26l1.5689
(29 1.2771
(69)7.1611
( 1) 2.8530
9.3370
5.3414
3.8205

n5[C -~)1 ]

57

8}LEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

nk

Table 3.1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

825
6 80625
5615 15625
1114. 6325 03906
14 3.8218 15723
17 3. 1529 97971
20 2.6012 23326
2312.1460 09244
26 1.7704 57626
29)1.460627542
(69) 9. 8831 35853
( 1) 2. 8722 81323
9. 3788 87277
5. 3593 66869
3.8308 11564

6
5635
1114. 6550
14 3.8450
17 3. 1759
20l2.6233
23 2. 1669
26 1. 7898
29 1. 4784
(70) 1. 0174
( 1) 2. 8740
9. 3826
5.3609
3.8317

826
82276
59976
05402
34462
98465
74732
07529
65619
29001
68882
21573
75196
90182
39795

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

6
5717
11 4.7458
14 3.939G
17 3.2694
20 2.7136
23 2.2522
26 1.8694
29 L 5516
(70) 1.1425
( 1) 2. 8809
9.3977
5.3674
3. 8354

830
88900
87000
32100
40643
03734
05099
92232
02553
04119
47375
72058
96375
68731
43756

6
5738
4.7687
(11
14 3.9628
17 3.2931
o 2. 7365
23 2.2740
26 1.8897
29 1. 5703
(70) 1.1760
( 1) 2. 8827
9. 4015
5. 3690
3.8363

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

6
5821
4. 8612
(11
14 4. 0591
3.3893
o 2.8301
23 2.3631
26 1. 9732
29 1. 6476
(70) 1. 3197
( 1) 2.8896
9.4166
5. 3755
3.8400

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
B
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3

5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

6
5656
(1114. 6775
14 3. 8683
1713.1991
20 2.6456
(23r.1879
26 1.8094
29 1. 4964
(70) 1. 0474
( 1) 2.8757
9. 3864
5.3626
3.8326

827
83929
09283
88770
65913
38610
87631
83671
62496
25484
47415
60769
60060
12021
67128

831
90561
56191
44947
27051
09279
73811
92837
71148
99824
46709
07061
69076
84709
67514

6
5759
11 4. 7917
14 3.9867
17 3.3169
20 2.7597
23 2.2960
26 1. 9103
29 1. 5894
(70) 1. 2104
( 1) 2.8844
9. 4053
5.3706
3.8372

835
97225
82875
27006
24550
68999
23115
52801
32589
49211
00592
36655
29685
34071
53677

836
6 98896
5842 17056
11) 4. 8845 56188
144.083488973
17 3.4137 96782
20 2.8539 34109
23 2. 3858 88916
26 1. 9946 03133
29 1. 6674 88220
(70) 1. 3581 59133
( 1) 2.8913 66459
9.420387319
5.3771 42790
3.8409 73010

7
5927
11 4.9787
14 4. 1821
17 3.5129
20 2. 9509
23 2.4787
26 2.0821
29 1.7490
(70) L 5230
( 1) 2.8982
9.4353
5. 3835
3.8446

840
05600
04000
13600
19424
80316
03466
58911
57485
12288
10388
75349
87961
63271
41568

7
5948
(11 5. 0024
14 4.2070
17 3.5381
20 2.9755
23 2.5024
26 2.1045
( 29 1.7699
(70) 1. 5671
( 1) 2. 9000
9.4391
5.3851
3. 8455

7
6033
11 5.0983
14 4. 3080
17 3.6403
20 3.0760
23 2.5992
26 2.1963
29 1. 8559
(70) 1. 7561
( 1) 2.9068
9. 4540
5.3915
3.8492

845
14025
51125
17006
71870
25800
75301
83630
94667
53494
47601
88371
71946
56705
07664

7
6054
11 5.1224
14 4.3336
17 3. 6662
20 3. 1016
23 2.6239
26 2. 2198
29 1. 8780
(70) 1. 8067
( 1) 2. 9086
9.4577
5. 3931
3. 8501

17

n2[(-~)1]

6
5676
~11)4. 7002
14) 3. 8918

I" ,.

828
85584
63552
54211
10486

m, 63000
"."

6
5697
4. 7230
~ll
14 3. 9153
3.2458
l17
20 2.6908
23 2.2306
26 1. 8492
29 1. 5330
(70) 1. 1099
( 1) 2.8792
9.3940
5.3658
3.8345

829
87241
22789
01921
68592
40563
01827
74714
29338
11121
63591
36010
20643
51293
19107

20 2.6681
23 2.2092
26 1.8292
29 1.5146
(70) 1. 0782
( 1) 2. 8774
9.3902
5.3642
3.8335

38964
49863
18886
71392
98914
41873
32391
93565

832
92224
30368
4061,2
28231
57888
08963
17857
36177
00198
86167
41020
38751
99229
90383

6
5780
l1l4.8148
14 4.0107
3409
20 2.7830
23 2.3182
2611. 9311
(29 1. 6086
(70) 1. 2458
( 1) 2. 8861
9.4091
5.3723
3.8382

833
93889
09537
19443
44596
50249
11557
48627
01106
07222
90957
73938
05407
12294
12366

6
5800
11) 4. 8379
1414.0348
17 3. 3650
20 2.8064
23 2.3406
2611.9520
(29 1. 6280
(70) 1. 2822
( 1) 2. 8879
9.4128
5.3739
3. 8391

834
95556
93704
81491
76564
87054
82603
06491
65814
22889
86929
05816
69049
23907
33463

7
5863
11 4.9079
14 4. 1079
17 3.4383
20 2.8719
23 2. 4088
26 2.0161
(29) 1.6875
(70) 1. 3976
( 1)2.8930
9.4241
5.3787
3. 8418

837
00569
76253
69238
70252
71101
16611
16204
79163
41959
90431
95228
41957
50067
91464

7
5884
11 4.9314
14 4.1325
17 3.4630
20 2.9020
23 2.4319
26 2. 0379
29 1. 7078
(70) 1. 4383
( 1) 2. 8948
9.4278
5.3803
3. 8428

838
02244
80472
66355
68806
92659
71648
36041
62403
12493
23072
22965
93606
55904
09040

7
5905
11 4.9550
14 4.1572
17 3.4879
20 2.9264
23 2.4552
26 2. 0599
29 1. 7283,
(70) 1. 4800
( 1) 2.8965
9.4316
5. 3819
3.8437

839
03921
89719
47742
85056
62162
00254
49813
54593
01904
86372
49672
42272
60304
25741

841
07281
23321
64130
72333
47832
82327
64737
72844
45762
25939
00000
30677
64807
56523

7
5969
11 5. 0262
14 4.2321
17 3. 5634
20 3.0004
23 2.5263
26 2.1272
29 1. 7911
( 70) 1. 6124
( 1) 2.9017
9.4428
5.3867
3. 8464

842
08964
47688
99533
44207
65422
37885
68700
02445
04459
64626
23626
70428
64916
70609

7
5990
5.0502
14 4.2573
\11
17 3.5889
o 3. 0254
23 2.5504
26 2. 1500
29 1. 8124
(70)1.6590
( 1) 2. 9034
9.4466
5. 3883
3.8473

843
10649
77107
20012
35470
33801
71195
72217
48079
90531
58848
46228
07220
63600
83826

7
6012
11 5.0742
14 4.2826
17 3.6145,
20 3.0506
23 2.5747
26 2. 1731
29 1.8341
(70) 1. 7069
( 1) 2. 9051
9.4503
5. 3899
3. 848,~

844
12336
11584
25769
46549
53687
83312
76715
11548
06146
41821
67809
41057
60862
96177

846
15716
95736
93927
29862
50863
48230
94403
99265
34778
11101
07914
99893
51133
18288

7
6076
(l1r.1467
14 4.3593
17 3.6923
20 3.1274
2312.6489
26 2.2436
29) 1. 9003
(70) 1. 8586
( 1) 2.9103
9.4615
5.3947
3.8510

847
17409
45423
56733
02953
29601
03172
10487
27182
52223
68111
26442
24903
44148
28051

7
6098
11 5. 1711
14 4.3850
17 3. 7185
20 3.1533
23 2.6740
26 2.2675
(29 1. 9229
(70) 1. 9120
( 1) 2. 9120
9.4652
5.3963
3.8519

848
19104
00192
05628
97573
62742
41205
33342
80274
08072
55324
43956
46982
35753
36956

849
j' 20801
6119 60049
5. 1955; 40816
14 4.4110 14153
17 3.7449 51016
20 3. 1794 63412
23 2.6993 64437
26 2. 2917 60407
29 1. 9457 04586
(70) 1. 9669 10351
( 1)2.913760457
9.4689 66137
5.3979 25951
3.85211 45003

!
!

n3 [( -~)4]

17r'

,;4[( -~) 2]

III

n3[(-~)1]

58

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Tahle 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

(70)2.023271747

7
6162
!11)5.2446
14) 4. 4632
( 171 3. 7981
l20 3.2322
23) 2. 7506
26) 2.3408
29) 1. 9920
(70) 2. 0811

851
24201
95051
70884
14922
95899
64710
57268
09335
28744
79034

852
7 25904
6184 70208
(11) 5.2693 66172
114r.4894 99979
17 3.8250 53982
(20 3.2589 45993
(23)2.776621986
(2612.365681932
(29 2.0155 61006
(70) 2. 1406 72719

7
6206
(11) 5. 2941
114) 4.5159
17) 3. 8520
(2013. 2858
(23 2.8028
(26) 2.3907
(29) 2.0393
(70) 2.2017

( 1) 2. 9154
9.4726
5.3'195
3.8537

75947
82372
14744
52195

( 1) 2.9171
9.4763
5.4011
3.8546

90429
95693
02137
58534

( 1) 2. 9189 03904

( 1) 2.9206 16373

855
7 31025
6250 26375
(l1l5.3439 75506
(144.569099058
117) 3. 9065 79694
20) 3. 3401 25639
23) 2.8558 07421
26) 2.4417 15345
(29) 2. 0876 66620

7
6272
ll1) 5.3690
1414.5958
17 3.9340
2013. 3675
(23 2. 8826
1 26l2. 4675
29 2. 1122

856
32736
22016
20457
81511
74574
67835
38067
38185
12686

(70) 2.3290
( 1) 2. 9240
9. 4912
5.4074
3. 8582

92589
38303
19958
31751
75391

(70) 2.3953
( 1) 2.9257
9.4949
5.4090
3.8591

860
7 39600
6360 56000
5. 4700 81600
14)4.704270176
1714.0456 72351
20 3.4792 78222
(2312.9921 79271
(26 2.5732 74173
(29) 2. 2130 15789
(70) 2.6789 39031
( 1) 2.9325 75660
9.5096 85413
5.4153 26084
3.8627 77475

7
6382
(11) 5. 4955
11414.7316
17 4.0739
20 1 3 5076
23 3.0201
26) 2. 6003
29) 2. 2388
(70) 2.7547
( 1) 2. 9342
9.5133
5.4168
3.8636

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

7
6141
Ill) 5. 2200
14) 4. 4370
(17) 3. 7714
(20) 3. 2057
(23) 2.7249
(2612.3161
(29 1. 9687

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

850
22500
25000
62500
53125
95156
70883
05250
69463
44043

Ill)

865
7 48225
6472 14625
(l1l5.5984 06506
14 4.8426 21628
17 4.1888 61708
20 3. 6233 70568
23 3.1342 15541
! 26 2.7110 96443
29 2. 3450 98423
(70) 3. 0788 36164
( 1)2.941088234
9.5280 79435
5.4231 80095
3. 8672 58668

i
i

7
6585
! lll5. 7289
14 4.9842
1 17r' 3362
20 3.7725
23 3.2821
26l2. 8554
29 2.4842

870
56900
03000
76100
09207
62010
47949
16715
41542
34142

(70) 3. 5355
( 1) 2. 9495
9. 5464
5.4310
3. 8717

91351
76241
02709
00130
19185
1

n2[(

i
i

-g) 1]

854
7 29316
6228 35864
(11) 5.3190 18279
(1414.5424 41610
! 17 3.8792 45135
20)3.312875345
(23) 2. 8291 95545
12612.4161 32995
29 2.0633 17578
(70) 2. 2645 86409
27839
18234
55935
72448

9.4838 13619
5. 4042 72729
3. 8564 68659

( 1) 2. 9223
9. 4875
5.4058
3.8573

57569
41768
18797
18180
71490

857
7 34449
6294 22793
111) 5.3941 53336
14) 4. 6227 89409
1713.9617 30523
20 3.3952 03059
23l2. 9096 89021
1262.493603491
29 2.1370 18192
(70) 2.4634 27165
( 1) 2. 9274 56234
9.4986 14756
5.4105 97225
3.8600 78746

858
7 36164
6316 28712
111 )5.419374349
1414.6498 23191
(17 3.9895 48298
(20) 3. 4230 32440
123r.9369 61833
26 2.5199 13253
(29 2.1620 85571
(70) 2.5333 48329
( 1) 2. 9291 63703
9.5023 07842
5.4121 74889
3.8609 79161

7
6338
! 1115.4446
14 4.6769
( 1714. 0175
!20 3.4510
23r.9644
(26 2.5464
(29 2.1874
(70) 2. 6051
( 1) 2. 9308
9. 5059
5.4137
3.8618

859
37881
39779
83702
83300
28654
57114
58061
69474
17279
69182
70178
98059
51174
78737

861
41321
17381
68250
84264
80151
96910
27039
29381
83597
08410
80150
69910
99621
75378

862
7 43044
6405 03928
111 5 5211 43859
14 4.7592 26007
117 4.1024 52818
2013.5363 14329
23 3.0483 02952
(2612.6276 37144
(29 2.2650 23218
(70) 2.8325 29097
( 1) 2. 9359 83651
9. 5170 51555
5.418471787
3. 8645 72447

7
6427
5. 5468
14 4.7868
(17 4.1310
(20 3.5651
23 3.0767
26 2. 6551
29
2.2914
1
(70) 2. 9124
( 1) 2.9376
9. 5207
5.4200
3. 8654

863
44769
35647
08634
95851
91119
31636
08602
99523
37189
54150
86164
30354
42587
68684

7
6449
Pll5.5725
14 4.8146
17 1 4 . 1598
20 3.5941
(23) 3.1053
(2612.6830
(29 2. 3181
(70) 2. 9945
( 1) 2. 9393
9. 5244
5.4216
3.8663

864
46496
72544
62780
94242
95825
49993
45594
18593
28064
37938
87691
06312
12022
64090

867
51689
14363
63527
65178
16109
23067
60799
36913
88003
05644
86373
17196
12167
45344

7
6539
5.6764
14 4.9271
17 4.2767
20 3.7122
123 3.2222
2612.7969
29 2.4217
(70) 3. 3455
( 1) 2. 9461
9.5390
5. 4278
3. 8699

868
53424
72032
77238
82242
94186
57354
39383
03785
12485
95291
83973
81845
76171
37445

7
6562
111 5.7026
14 4.9556
17 4. 3064
o 3.7422
23 3.2520
26 2.8260
(29) 2. 4558
(70) 3. 4393
( 1) 2. 9478
9.5427
5.4294
3. 8708

869
55161
34909
81359
30101
42558
98583
57468
37940
26970
36231
80595
43681
38824
28725

873
62129
38617
06126
38548
54753
56899
58173
90885
38943
93943
57341
62998
75984
85661
1

874
7 63876
6676 27624
5.8350 65434
14 5. 0998 47189
17 4.4572 66443
o 3.8956 50871
23 3. 4047 98862
26 2.9757 94205
29 2.600844135
(70) 3. 9470 65953
( 1) 2. 9563 49100
9.5610 10846
5.4372 31924
3.8752 72857

866
7 49956
6494 61896
(11\ 5.6243 40019
14 4.8706 78457
17 4.2180 07544
2013.652794533
23 3.1633 20065
2612.7394 35117
(29 2.3723 50863
(70) 3.1654 05907
( 1) 2. 9427 87194
9. 5317 49727
5.4247 46809
3.8681 52418

7
6607
1115.7553
14 5.0129
17 4.3662
20 3.8030
23 3. 3124
26 2.8851
29 2.5129
(70) 3. 6344
( 1) 2. 9512
9.5500
5.4325
3. 8726

853
27609
50471
48569
08729
70146
15835
00907
89174
43165
94325

871
58641
76311
61669
20014
53332
06652
18794
16769
36706
25075
70913
58934
60090
08827
1

9.4801 06107
5.4026 88131
3.8555 64021

7
6517
1115. 6503
14 4.8988
1 17r' 2473
20 3.6824
23 3. 1926
! 26\2.7680
29 2. 3998
(70) 3. 2543
( 1) 2. 9444
9. 5354
5.4263
3.8690

7
6630
11) 5. 7818
14 5. 0417
17 4. 3964
20 3. 8336
23 3. 3429
26 2.9150
(29 2.5419
(70) 3. 7359
( 1) 2. 9529
9.5537
5. 4341
3.8734

n3[(-~)4]

872
60384
54848
38275
62975
17315
75898
65383
65814
37390
03403
64612
12362
18707
97651
1

n4[(

ill)

III

7
6653
! 1115. 8084
14 5.0707
(17r.4267
20 3.8645
23 3.3737
26l2. 9452
29 2.5712
(70) 3. 8400
( 1) 2. 9546
9.5573
5.4356
3.8743

!
!

-J)2]

III

n5[(-~)1]

59

'i1LEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Table 3.1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

7
6699
5.8618
5.1290
4.4879
3.9269
3.4360
3. 0065
2.6307

875
65625
21875
16406
89355
53186
59038
89158
78013
55762

(70) 4. 0568
( 1) 2. 9580
9.5646
5.4387
3. 8761

90376
39892
55914
86530
59242

11
14
17
20
23
26
1 29

876
7 67376
6722 21376
'11) 5.8886 59254
: 14) 5.1584 65506
'17)4.518815784
'20r.9584 82626
23 3.4676 30781
26 3.0376 44564
29) 2.6609 76638
70) 4.1696
1) 2. 9597
9.5682
5.4403
3.8770

39882
29717
98205
39803
44816

(70) 4.6514 04745

79395
39714
39631
79047

7
6837
6. 0242
14 5.3073
17l4.6757
20 4. 1193
23l3.6291
26 3.1972
29) 2. 8168
70) 4. 7799
1) 2. 9681
9.5864
5.4480
3.8814

881
76161
97841
58979
72161
94874
75284
69625
98440
19925
32920
64416
68204
86284
60596

7
6931
1116.1344
14 5.4289
17 4.8046
2014.2520
23 3.7631
26 3.3303
(29 2.9473
( 70) 5. 3289
( 1) 2. 9748
9.6009
5.4542
3.8849

885
83225
54125
14006
56396
26410
94373
03520
46615
56754
11365
94956
54766
59763
78808

7
6955
6. 1621
' 14 5.4596
I 17l4. 8372
' 20 4.2858
, 2313.7972
I 26 3.3643
, 29 2.9808
70) 5. 4753
1) 2.9765
9.6045
5.4557
3.8858

886
84996
06456
87200
97859
92303
40981
55109
68027
30072
17719
75213
69584
99862
56373

7
7049
11 6.2742
14 5. 5840
17 4. 9698
20 4.4231
23 3.9365
26 3.5035
29 3.1181
(70) 6.1004
( 1) 2. 9832
9. 6190
5.4619
3. 8893

890
92100
69000
24100
59449
1291 0
33490
88806
64037
71993
25945
86778
01716
47252
58728

7
7073
I I I 6. 3024
,14 5.6155
117 5. 0034
120 4.4580
,23 3.9721
,26 3.5391
,29 3.1533
70) 6. 2670
1) 2. 9849
9.6226
5.4634
3. 8902

891
93881
47971
70422
01146
11521
39665
13342
52987
85312
75070
62311
02990
80860
32348

8
7169
11 6.4164
14 5.7426
17 5.1397
20 4.6000
23 4.1170
26 3.6847
29 3.2978
(70) 6. 9783
( 1) 2.9916
9. 6369
5.4696
3.8937

895
01025
17375
10506
87403
05226
36177
32378
43979
45861
51604
55060
81200
02417
19006

8
7193
, 1116.4451
14 5.7748
, 1715.1742
, 20 4.6361
23 4.1539
, 2613.7219
29 3.3348

896
02816
23136
35299
41228
57740
34935
76902
63304
79120

70) 7.1679
1) 2. 9933
9.6405
5.4711
3.8945

04854
25909
69057
29599
88722

880
7 74400
6814 72000
11) 5. 9969 53600
145.277319168
17 4. 6440 40868
20 4.0867 55964
23 3.5963 45248
1 26 3.1647 83818
( 29 2.7850 09760

( 1) 2. 9664
9.5828
5.4465
3.8805

III

'III

n2[(-,~)1]

n3[(

7
6745
~ 11) 5. 9155
14) 5.1879
(17l4.5498
(20 3.9902
(23) 3. 4994
~ 26l3. 0689
29 2.6915

877
69129
26133
94186
76101
55041
22871
25458
96127
09603

(70)4.285388904
18579
37725
91747
29583

( 1) 2.9614
9.5719
5.4418
3.8779

7
6861
(l1l6.0516
14 5.3375
1714. 7077
20 4.1522
23 3.6622
26 3.2301
(29) 2.8489

882
77924
28968
57498
61913
29607
17514
55847
09657
56718

(70) 4. 9118 60716

( 1)2.969848481

9.5900 93948
5.4496 31621
3. 8823 41346

878
7 70884
6768 36152
(11) 5. 9426 21415
(14l5.2176 21602
(174.581071767
(20l4.0221 81011
(23 3.5314 74928
( 26l3.100634987
(29 2.7223 57518

6791
(ll) 5. 9697
~ 14l5. 2474
17 4.6124
(20l4.0543
123 3.5637
26l3.1325
29 2.7535

879
72641
51439
41149
02470
66771
58292
80938
63445
23268

(70) 4. 4042
( 1) 2. 9631
9.5755
5.4434
3. 8788

13682
06478
74480
42365
13542

(70) 4. 5261
( 1) 2. 9647
9.5792
5.4449
3. 8796

92303
93416
08475
91658
96696

883
7 79689
6884 65387
(11)6.079149367
(14)5.367888891
(17l4.7398 45891
(20 4.1852 83922
123r.6956 05703
26 3.2632 19836
29 2.8814 23115

7
6908
(I1r.l067
114 5.3983
17 4. 7721
20 4.2185
123l3.7292
26 3.2966
29) 2. 9142

884
81456
07104
34799
53563
44549
75782
20991
31356
22119

(70)5.0472
( 1) 2.9715
9.5937
5.4511
3. 8832

74047
31592
16954
75645
21296

(70) 5. 1862 60897

( 1) 2.9732 13749

9.5973 37224
5.4527 18358
3.8841 00450

887
86769
64103
54594
78425
43063
16896
77587
98020
45144
74442
54522
81682
38658
33146

888
7 88544
7002 27072
111r.2180 16399
14 5.5215 98563
17 4.9031 79524
12014.3540 23417
23 3.8663 72794
12613.4333 39041
29 3. 0488 05069
(70) 5.7797 78281
( 1) 2. 9799 32885
9.611791067
5.4588 76153
3.8876 09128

7
7025
(11) 6.2460
14 5.5527
17 4.9364
20 4. 3884
23 3. 9013
26 3.4682
29 3. 0833
( 70) O. 9380
( 1) 2. 9816
9.6153
5.4604
3.8884

889
90321
95369
72830
58746
02525
61845
42580
93554
12969
28303
10303
97744
12350
84321

7
7097
11) 6.3308
14 5.6470
17 5.0371
20 4.4931
23 4. 0079
26 3. 5750
29 3.1889
(70) 6. 4380
( 1) 2. 9866
9.6262
5.4650
3.8911

892
95664
32288
12009
84312
99206
81692
18069
62918
56123
82017
36905
01570
13179
05185

7
7121
11116.3592
14 5.6788
(1715.0711
120 4.5285
2314.0440
\ 26 3. 6112
29) 3. 2248
(70) 6. 6135
( 1) 2. 9883
9.6297
5.4665
3.8919

893
97449
21957
49076
09425
76816
60897
04881
96359
87648
55666
10559
97462
44210
77239

7
7145
11 6.3877
14 5.7106
17 5.1053
20 4.5641
23 4.0803
26l3.6478
29 3.2611
(70) 6. 7936
( 1) 2.9899
9.6333
5. 4680
3.8928

894
99236
16984
81837
76962
45204
78613
75680
55858
83137
07487
83278
90671
73955
48512

8
7217
(11 6. 4739
5. 8071
p4
17 5. 2090
( 20 4.6724
3 4. 1912
26 3.7595
29 3. 3722
(70)7. 3623
( 1) 2.9949
9.6441
5.4726
3.8954

897
04609
34273
56429
38917
03608
76237
11184
16432
86240
86846
95826
54244
55504
57662

8
7241
111) 6. 5028
14l5.8395
17 5.2439
12014.7090
23 4.2287
26 3.7974
(29) 3. 4100
(70)7.5619
( 1) 2. 9966
9.6477
5.4741
3.8963

898
06404
50792
74112
80953
43696
61439
37172
05980
70570
20026
64813
36769
80133
25828

8
7265
1116.5318
14 5.8721
1715. 2790
20 4.7458
23 4.2665
(2613.8356
(29 3.4482
(70) 7.7666
( 1) 2. 9983
9.6513
5.4757
3. 8971

899
08201
72699
88564
67819
78869
91904
56821
34582
35490
29743
32870
16634
03489
93220

7
6978
11l6. 1900
14 5.4905
17 4.8701
20r' 3198
23 3.8316
26 3.3986
29) 3. 0146
(70) 5.6255
( 1) 2. 9782
9.6081
5. 4573
3.8867

!
!
1

-J)3]

[(-J)2]

n4

n5

[(-J) 1]

60

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.1

POWERS AND ROOTS

nli

Ii

8
7290
(ll)6.5610
(14) 5. 9049
(17) 5.3144
(20)4.7829
2314.3046
26 3.8742
29 3.4867
(70) 7.9766
( 1) 3. 0000
9.6548
5.4772
3.8980

900
10000
00000
00000
00000
10000
69000
72100
04890
84401
44308
00000
93846
25515
59841

8
7412
(ll) 6. 7080
(14) 6. 0707
(17) 5.4940
2014.9721
23 4.4997
26 4.0722
29 3.6854
(70) 9. 1109
( 1}3.0083
9.6727
5. 4848
3.9023

905
19025
17625
19506
57653
35616
02287
52570
76076
09848
96943
21791
40271
17035
81426

8
7535
II 6.8574
14 6.2403
17 5.6786
20 5.1676
23 4.7025
26 4.2792
29 3. 8941
(71) 1. 0399

910
28100
71000
96100
21451
92520
10194
25276
98001
61181
04400

( 1) 3. 0166
9.6905
5.4923
3.9066

1
2

3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3
4
5

6
7

8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

8
7314
(ll) 6.5902
(14) 5. 9377
17\5. 3499
20 4.8202
23 4.3430
(26}3.9131
(29) 3.5257
(70) 8.1920

901
ll801
32701
08636
77981
37961
94103
84987
19573
20735
95066

( 1) 3. 0016
9.6584
5.4787
3.8989

66204
68409
46393
25692

8
7436
ll) 6. 7377
14) 6.1043
1715.5305
20 5.0106
23 4.5396
26 4.ll29
29 3.7263
(70) 9.3557
( 1) 3.0099
9.6763
5. 4863
3.9032

906
20836
77416
17389
71954
60991
88258
83561
53307
35696
09844
83389
01663
31551
43449

20626
21083
77104
83951

8
7560
l1l6. 8876
14 6.2746
17 5.7162
2015.2074
23 4.7440
26 4.3218
(29 3.9371
(71) 1. 0676
( 1) 3. 0182
9. 6940
5.4938
3.9075

911
29921
58031
88662
84371
37462
92328
255ll
07241
66396
79852
77655
69425
85378
42186

915
8 37225
1660 60875
llj 7.0094 57006
14 6.4136 53161
17 5. 8684 92642
2015.3696 70767
23 4.9132 48752
26 4.4956 22608
29) 4.1134 94687
(71) 1.1860 58902
( 1) 3. 0248 96692
9. 7082 36884
5.4999 06083
3.910967606

8
7685
1117.0401
14 6.4487
17 5.9070
20 5.4108
2314.9563
26 4.5400
29 4.1586
(71) 1. 2175
( 1) 3. 0265
9.7ll7
5.5014
3.9118

916
39056
15296
49711
77136
79856
85148
70796
35649
72654
62793
49190
72294
08174
22089

920
46400
88000
29600
15232
50013
66012
88731
13633
84542
85726
50178
88262
04268
32576

8
7812
II 7.1951
14 6.6267
17 6.1032
20 5.6210
23 5.1769
26 4. 7680
29 4. 3913
(71) 1.3874
( 1) 3. 0347
9. 7294
5.5089
3.9160

921
48241
29961
27941
12833
02520
49521
86608
04666
32298
94035
98181
10859
00236
83344

8
7786
II 7. 1639
14 6.5908
17 6.0635
20 5.5784
23 5.1321
26 4.7216
29) 4.3438
(71) 1. 3517
( 1) 3. 0331
9.7258
5. 5074
3.9152

nil [(

I
~

-g) 1]

8
7338
ll) 6. 6195
14) 5. 9708
17) 5. 3856
20j4.8578
23 4.3817
26 3.9523
(29 3.5650
(70) 8. 4131
( 1) 3.0033
9.6620
5.4802
3.8997

902
13604
70808
14688
02249
63628
68593
97471
81319
47949
16465
31484
40328
65946
90774

8
7461
11\6.7675
14 6.1381
17 5.5672
2015.0495
23 4.5799
26 4.1539
(29 3.7676
(70) 9. 6067

8
7363
11! 6.6489
14 6.0039
17 5.4215
20) 4.8956
23) 4. 4208
(26) 3. 9919
(29) 3. 6047

903
15409
14327
18373
73291
87881
93857
11553
92832
69527

(70) 8. 6398
( 1) 3.0049
9.6656
5.4817
3.9006

46120
95840
09608
84235
55089

907
22649
42643
13772
34991
88437
30612
24265
91309
70117
14616

8
7486
l1j 6. 7974
{ 14 6.1720
17 5.6042
20) 5.0886
2314.6204
26 4.1953
(29 3. 8094
(70) 9.8641

908
24464
13312
08873
47257
18909
30769
76739
92879
16734
65825

( 1) 3. 0116 44069
9.679860436
5. 4878 44813
3.9041 04712

( 1) 3. 0133
9.6834
5. 4893
3.9049

8
7585
(ll) 6. 9179
14 6.3091
17 5.7539
20 5.2476
23 4.7858
26 4. 3646
29) 3. 9805
(71) 1. 0961
( 1) 3.0199
9.6976
5.4953
3.9083

912
31744
50528
80815
98504
89035
38000
45856
91421
98576
65476
33774
15172
92410
99668

8
7710
11 7.0709
14 6. 4840
17 5.9458
20 5.4523
23 4.9998
26) 4. 5848
(29) 4.2042

917
40889
95213
43103
54826
78275
70378
23637
38275
96698

(71) 1. 2498
( 1) 3. 0282
9.7153
5. 5029
3.9126

67732
00786
05133
09036
75826

8
7837
ll) 7.2264
14) 6. 6627
17) 6.1430
20) 5.6639
23\5.2221
26 4.8148
29 4.4392
(71) 1. 4241
( 1) 3. 0364
9.7329
5.5103
3.9169

922
50084
77448
28071
66681
70880
11351
26266
00417
45985
05308
45290
30906
94986
33373

1
1

n3[( -~)3J

8
7387
(11)6.6784
(14) 6.0372
17) 5. 4577
20) 4. 9337
23) 4. 4601
26) 4.0319
29) 3. 6448
(70) 8. 8724
( 1) 3. 0066
9.6691
5.4833
3.9015

904
17216
63264
19907
91596
11602
71289
29245
56837
88981
24888
59276
76254
01264
18640

03835
16593
56824
65216

8
7510
(11) 6.8274
14) 6. 2061
17) 5. 6413
20) 5. 1279
23) 4. 6613
(26) 4.2371
(29) 3. 8515
(71) 1. 0128
( 1) 3. 0149
9.6869
5. 4908
3. 9058

909
26281
89429
02910
09245
53304
90153
43049
60832
79196
22166
62686
10141
67587
24962

8
7610
ll) 6. 9483
14) 6.3438
1715.7919
20 5.2880
23 4.8279
26) 4.4079
(29) 4. 0244
(71) 1. 1253
( 1)3.0215
9. 7011
5.4968
3.9092

913
33569
48497
72778
64346
48148
48659
88426
53433
61484
78622
88986
58327
98203
56397

914
8 35396
7635 51944
( 11) 6. 9788 64768
(14) 6.3786 82398
17j 5.8301 15712
20 5.3287 25761
23 4.8704 55345
(26) 4. 4515 96186
(29)4.068758914
(71) 1.1553 37042
( 1) 3. 0232 43292
9.7046 98896
5.4984 02760
3.9101 12376

8
7136
lli7.1018
14 6.5194
17 5. 9848
20 5.4941
23) 5.0436
26) 4.6300
(29) 4. 2503
(71) 1. 2829
( 1) 3. 0298
9.7188
5. 5044
3.9135

918
42724
20632
37402
86735
88823
27939
09448
33473
70729
93183
51482
35404
08671
28819

923
8 51929
7863 30467
(11 7.2578 30210
14 6.6989 77284
17 6. 1831 56033
20 5.7070 53019
23 5.2676 09936
26 4. 8620 03971
29)4.487629665
(71) 1. 4616 41363
( 1) 3. 0380 91506
9.7364 48410
5.5118 88520
3.9177 82664
1

n4[( -~)2]

8
7161
ll! 7.1328
14 6.5550
17 6.0241
(2015.5361
(23 5.0871
(26 4.6756
(29 4.2968
(71) 1. 3169
( 1) 3. 0315
9.7223
5. 5059
3.9143

919
44561
51559
32827
73368
12425
59319
30414
24251
98686
59057
01278
63112
07081
81068

8
7888
(11) 7.2893
(14) 6. 7353
17) 6. 2234
20) 5. 7504
23! 5.3134
(26 4.9096
(29 4.5364
(71) 1. 5001
( 1) 3. 0397
9.7399
5. 5133
3. 9186

924
53776
89024
34582
45154
58922
76044
39864
18435
87434
24518
36831
63373
80842
31220

n5[(-~)1J

.~LEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL METHODS

61

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Tahle 3.1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

8
7914
11)7.3209
14) 6. 7718
17) 6. 2639
2015.7941
23 5.3596
\ 26l4. 9576
29 4.5858
(71) 1. 5395
( 1) 3. 0413
9.7434
5.5148
3. 9194

925
55625
53125
41406
70801
80491
81954
18307
46934
23414
77607
81265
75802
71952
79042

8
8043
(11)7.4805
114) 6. 9568

930
64900
57000
20100
83693

i2326

20 6.0170
5.5958
5.2041
29 4.8398

08706
18097
10830
23072

(71) 1. 7522
( 1) 3. 0495
9.7610
5.5223
3.9237

8
7940
(l1l7.3526
(14 6.8085
(17) 6. 3047
( 20) 5. 8381
( 23l5. 4061
(26 5.0060
(29) 4. 6356

926
57476
22776
50906
54739
21688
72283
47534
92617
41763

( 71) 1. 5800
I 1) 3. 0430
9.7469
5.5163
3.9203

23988
24811
85700
61854
26131

28603
90136
00017
09423
07185

8
8069
i l l 7.5127
114 6.9943
117 6. 5117
120 6.0624
1 23 5.6441
,26 5. 2546
129 4.8921
' 71) 1. 7980
1) 3. 0512
9. 7644
5.5237
3.9245

931
66761
54491
46311
66816
55505
44376
35714
90349
16715
10997
29260
97390
93317
50630

8
8174
(11) 7.6426
1417.1459
17 6.6814
2016.2471
23 5.8410
26 5.4614
(29 5.1064
(71) 1. 9928
( 1) 3.0517
9.7784
5. 5297
3.9279

935
74225
00375
93506
18428
33731
40538
76403
06437
15018
68584
76970
61652
16964
17180

8
8200
l1l7.6754
'14 7.1842
: 17l6. 7244
'20 6.2940
'23l5.8912
: 26 5.5142
: 29) 5. 1612
: 71) 2. 0446
1) 3.0594
9.7819
5. 5311
3.9287

936
76096
25856
42012
13723
24045
60906
41008
01584
92682
56558
11708
46493
94905
57017

8
8305
7.8074
14 7.3390
\11
17 6. 8986
120 6.4847
23 6.0956
26 5.7299
29) 5. 3861
(71) 2. 2650
( 1) 3. 0659
9.7958
5.5370
3. 9321

940
83600
84000
89600
40224
97811
75942
89385
48022
51141
01461
41943
61087
94855
09204

8
8332
7. 8407
\11
14 7.3781
\ 17 6.9428
20 6.5332
\ 23 6.1477
26 5.7850
29 5.4437
(71) 2. 3235
( 1) 3. 0675
9.7993
5. 5385
3.9329

941
85481
37621
66014
60819
49330
21220
61168
43259
25707
44328
72330
33566
66899
45467

8
8439
11 7.9749
147.5363
17 7.1218
20 6.7301
23 6. 3599
2616.0101
29 5.6796
(71) 2.5725
( 1) 3. 0740
9.8131
5.5444
3.9362

945
93025
08625
36506
14998
17673
17701
61228
63360
04376
47511
85230
98931
43371
83427

"1'""" """

946
8 94916
8465 90536
(1118.0087 46471
r4 7.5762 74161
17 7.1671 55356
20 6.7801 28967
\ 231 6.4140 02003
266.067645895
29 5. 7399 93016
(71) 2.6386
( 1) 3.0757
9.8166
5. 5459
3.9371

n2[(-~)lJ

83331
11300
59156
09574
16151
I

927
8 59329
7965 97983
(11 7. 3844 63302
(14 6.845397481
6. 3456 83465
\17
20 5. 8824 48572
(23 5.4530 29826
(26l5.0549 58649
(29 4. 6859 46668
(71) 1. 6214 87554
( 1) 3. 0446 67470
9.7504 93072
5. 5178 50550
3.9211 72488

(71) 1. 8449 38512

( 1) 3. 0528 67504
9.767992199
5.5252 76015
3.9253 93351

29 4.9982
(71) 1. 8930
( 1) 3. 0545
9.7714
5.5267
3.9262

933
70489
66237
10991
17755
39965
98588
67282
62174
32309
38514
04870
84510
57521
35348

937
8 77969
8226 56953
(l1l7.7082 95650
~ 14 7.2226 73024
17)6.767644623
2l6. 3412 83012
23 5.9417 82182
26l5.5674 49905
(29 5. 2167 00561
(71) 2.0977 32860
( 1) 3. 0610 45573
9.7854 28852
5.5326 71663
3.9295 96137

8
8252
~
7412
14 7.2612
17l6. 8110
20 6.3888
23l5.9927
\ 26 5.6211
29) 5. 2726
(71) 2. 1521
( 1) 3. 0626
9.7889
5.5341
3.9304

938
79844
93672
54643
96855
96450
08471
02345
54800
43202
28115
78566
08735
47239
34540

8
8095
(11) 7.5450
(l4)7.0320
(1716.5538
~ 20 6.1081
23 5.6928
(26) 5. 3057
( 29) 4. 9449

8
8121
(11) 7. 5775
(l4)7.0698
( 17) 6. 5961
~ 20) 6.1541
23) 5. 7418
~26l5.3571

llr.

942
8 87364
8358 96888
(l1l7.8741 48685
\147.417448061
17l.b.9872 36074
20 6.5819 76381
2316.2002 21751
26 5. 8406 08890
29) 5.5018 53574
(71)2.383535733
( 1) 3.0692 01851
9.8028 03585
5. 5400 37771
3.9337 81020

943
8 89249
8385 61807
(l1l7.9076 37840
(14 7.4569 02483
\17)7.031859042
2016.6310 43076
(23 6.2530 73621
~ 26 5.8966 48424
29) 5. 5605 39464
(71) 2.4450 09921
( 1) 3.0708 30507
9.8062 71149
5.5415 07472
3.9346 15863

8
8492
1118. 0426
14 7.6164
17 7.2127
20 6.8304
2316.4684
26 6. 1256
29 5.8009

947
96809
78123
63825
02642
33302
58437
44140
16600
58921

(71) 2.7064
( 1) 3. 0173
9. 8201
5.5473
3.9379

46809
36511
16944
74614
48170

948
8 98704
8519 71392
(1118.0766 88)96
(14 7.6567 00979
(17 7.2585 52528
12016. 8811 07796
236.523290191
26 6.1840 79101
29) 5. 8625 06988
(71) 2. 1758 76218
( 1) 3. 0789 60864
9.8235 72299
5. 5488 38494
3.9387 79487

[(-J)3]

n3

932
68624
57568
76534
11329
34559
73809
17990
06367
18334

928
8 61184
7991 78752
(11)7.416378819
(14l6.8823 99544
(17 6.3868 66776
~ 20j5. 9270 12369
23 5.5002 67478
(26 5.1042 48220
(29) 4. 7367 42348
(71) 1. 6639 92748
( 1) 3. 0463 09242
9.7539 97922
5.5193 38042
3.9220 18115

n4[( -

J) 2J

929
8 63041
8017 65089
(11)7.448397677
~ 14l6. 9195 61442
17 6.4282 72579
(20l5.9718 65226
(23 5.5478 62795
(26) 5. 1539 64537
(29) 4. 7880 33055
(71) 1. 7075 64573
( 1) 3.0479 50131
9.7575 00256
5.5208 24332
3.9228 63013
934
72356
80504
49907
86613
72697
20299
85959
61086
63054
38996
41358
74326
37837
76625

8
8147
(l1 7.6100
~ 14 7.1077
17 6.6386
(2016.2005
~ 23 5.7912
26 5.4090
(29 5. 0520
(71) 1. 9423
( 1) 3. 0561
9.1749
5. 5282
3.9270

939
8 81721
8279 36019
(1l)7.174319218
(14)7.300085746
(17l6.8547 80516
(20 6.4366 38904
(23\ 6.0440 03931
\ 26 5.6753 19691
29 5. 3291 25190
(71) 2. 2078 73640
( 1) 3. 0643 10689
9.7923 86145
5.5356 21636
3.9312 72229

8
8412
(11)7.9412
(14\ 7.4965
(17 7.0767
(20 6.6804
\ 2316. 3063
26 5.9531
(29 5.6197
(71) 2.5080
( 1) 3.0724
9.8091
5.5429
3.9354

944
91136
32384
33705
24617
19239
22962
19276
65396
88134
01911
58299
36263
76005
49998

949
" 00601
8546 70349

Ii' I'" n", "'"

14 7.6971
17 7.3046
20 6.9320
23 6. 578S
\ 2616.2430
29 5.9246
(71) 2.8470
( 1) 3. 080~;
9.8270
5.5503
3.9396

n3 [( -~)9]

69710
14055
78738
42722
37043
42154
10693
84360
25224
01217
10103

62

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 3.]

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10

24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

950
02500
8573 75000
(11) 8.1450 62500
(14)7.737809375
( 17) 7. 3509 18906
(20) 6. 9833 72961
(23) 6. 6342 04313
(26) 6. 3024 94097
(29) 5. 9873 69392
(71) 2. 9198 90243
( 1) 3. 0822 07001
9.8304 75725
5.5517 62784
3.9404 40019
955
9 12025
8709 83875
(11) 8.3178 96006
(14)7.943590686
(17)7.5861 29105
(20)7.244753295
(23) 6. 9187 39397
(26) 6. 6073 96124
(29) 6. 3100 63299
(71) 3. 3119 28238
( 1) 3. 0903 07428
9.8476 92005
5. 5590 53362
3.9445 79145

4
5
6
7

8
9
10

24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
24
1/2

1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

9
8628
( lli8. 2138
(14 7.8196
(17 7. 4442
2017.0869
23 6.7467
26 6.4229
(29 6.1146
(71) 3.0710
( 1) 3. 0854
9.8373
5.5546
3.9420

952
06304
01408
69404
03673
62696
38087
65059
20336
20160
49109
49724
69469
82461
97756

9
8655
(11) 8. 2484
(14)7.8607
(17 7.4913
(20 7.1392
(23 6.8036
(26) 6. 4838
(29) 6.1791
(71) 3. 1494
( 1) 3. 0870
9.8408
5.5561
3.9429

9
8764
(ll) 8. 3877
(14) 8.0271
(17)7.6819
20j7.3516
23 7. 0355
26 6.7329
(29) 6.4434
(71) 3. 4824
( 1) 3. 0935
9.8545
5.5619
3.9462

957
15849
67493
93908
18770
52663
28698
08664
81792
63575
62966
41660
61691
61578
29943

958
9 17764
8792 17912
( 11) 8. 4229 07597
(14)8.0691 45478
(17) 7.7302 41368
(20) 7. 4055 71230
(23) 7.0945 37239
(26) 6. 7965 66675
(29)6.5111 10874
(71) 3.5708 55021
( 1)3.095157508
9.8579 92945
5.5634 13977
3.9470 54307

962
25444
77128
65971
16264
33646
48168
07737
77443
38901
05693
12484
94135
12228
44894

9
8930
(1118.6001
(14 8.2819
(17 7.9754
( 20) 7. 6804
(23)7.3962
(26)7.1225
( 29) 6. 8590
(71) 4.0460
( 1) 3. 1032
9. 8751
5.5706
3.9511
9
9070
(l1l8.7801
(14 8.4991
(17 8.2272
(20 7.9639
(23 7.7090
(267.4623
(29) 7. 2235
(71) 4.5815
( 1)3.1112
9.8921
5.5778
3.9552

8737
(11) 8. 3527
(14)7.9852
(17 7.6339
(20 7.2980
(23 6.9769
(26 6.6699
(29 6.3764
( 71) 3. 3961

956
13936
22816
90121
67356
15592
23306
10280
26228
49474
69948

( 1) 3. 0919
9.8511
5. 5605
3.9454

24967
28046
08040
04889

9
8875
(11) 8.5289
(14) 8.1962
(17) 7. 8766
2017. 5694
237.2742
26 6.9905
(29 6.7179

961
23521
03681
10374
82870
27838
39352
31217
36200
05288

(71)3.7541 32467
( 1)3. 0983 86677
9.864848297
5.5663 15367
3.9487 00972

(71) 3. 8491
( 1) 3. 1000
9. 8682
5.5677
3.9495

18699
00000
72403
64363
23275

9
8902
(ll 8.5644
(14 8.2390
(17 7.9259
(20 7.6247
(23 7.3350
(26 7.0562
(29 6.7881
(71) 3. 9464
( 1) 3. 1016
9.8716
5. 5692
3.9503

965
31225
32125
00006
87006
96961
58067
11535
11131
22742
09649
44913
45122
49061
05659

9
9014
(11) 8. 7078
(14) 8. 4117
(17) 8. 1257
20) 7.8494
2317.5825
26 7.3247
29 7.0757
( 71) 4. 3596
( 1) 3.1080
9.8853
5.5749
3.9536

966
33156
28696
01203
35962
36940
61884
80180
72454
30190
44069
54054
57396
92425
24554

967
9 35089
9042 31063
(1118.7439 14379
(14 8.4553 65205
(17 8.1763 38153
(20 7.9065 18994
23)7.645603867
26) 7.3932 98939
29) 7.1493 20074
(71) 4.4692 57504
( 1) 3. 1096 62361
9.8887 67316
5.5764 34668
3.9544 42771

9
9154
(11 8.8894
14 8. 6316
17 8.3813
20 8.1383
(237.9023
(267.6731
(29 7.4506
(71) 4. 9347
( 1) 3. 1160
9.9023
5.5821
3.9577

971
42841
98611
91513
96259
77067
17132
05936
39063
18031
08664
87290
83537
92482
08886

2
3

951
9 04401
8600 85351
(ll) 8. 1794 11688
(14)7.778620515
(17) 7. 3974 6811 0
(20) 7.0349 92173
(23) 6.6902 77556
(26) 6. 3624 53956
(29) 6. 0506 93712
(71) 2. 9945 55775
( 1) 3.0838 28789
9.8339 23805
5.5532 23198
3.9412 69236

9
8847
(l1i8.4934
14 8.1537
17 7.8275
20) 7.5144
(23)7.2138
(26) 6. 9253
(29) 6. 6483

9
8986
11) 8. 6718
14 8.3682
17 8.0753
20 7.7927
23 7.5200
26 7.2568
(29 7.0028
(71) 4. 2526
( 1) 3. 1064
9.8819
5.5735
3.9528

960
21600
36000
65600
26976
77897
74781
95790
39958
26360

970
9 40900
9126 73000
(11) 8.8529 28100
(14) 8.5873 40257
17) 8. 3297 20049
20) 8. 0798 28448
23 7.8374 33594
267.602310587
29 7.3742 41269
(71) 4. 8141 72219
( 1) 3. 1144 82300
9.8989 82992
5. 5807 54698
3.9568 93368

i
!

n2[( -g) 1]
1

9
9183
(11) 8. 9261
14)8.6762
1718.4333
20 8.1971
23 7.9676
(26 7.7445
(29 7. 5277
(71)5.0581
( 1) 3.1176
9.9057
5.5836
3.9585

n3[( - ~)3]

972
44784
30048
68067
35361
00771
68349
47635
53501
06003
34323
91454
81747
29155
23732
1

953
08209
23177
35877
59391
03699
12425
69441
96978
53820
12996
69808
12721
40574
25580

963
27369
56347
32622
27715
96389
03023
28111
67671
32667
46699
24130

n4[(-~)2]

9
8819
(11) 8. 4581
(14l8.1113
(17 7.7787
(20 7.4598
(23) 7.1539
(26l6.8606
(29 6.5793

959
19681
74079
31418
48029
82760
52667
98708
84761
96686

(71) 3. 6613 94899

( 1)3.096772513
9.8614 n813
5. 5648 65240
3.9478 77983

58964
65831

964
9 29296
8958 41344
(l1l8.6359 10556
(14 8.3250 17776
(17) 8.0253 17136
(20)7.736405719
(23) 7. 4578 95113
( 26l7.189410889
(29 6.9305 92097
(71) 4. 1480 96142
( 1) 3.1048 34939
9.8785 30490
5.5721 04575
3.9519 86085

968
37024
39232
39766
75293
01684
31230
85431
94697
98067
09331
69837
74886
75794
60312

969
9 38961
9098 53209
( 11) 8. 8164 17595
(1418.5431 66790
(17 8.2783 28619
(20 8.0217 00432
(237.773027719
(26) 7.5320 63859
(29) 7. 2985 69880
(71) 4.6964 60232
( 1) 3. 1128 76483
9. 8955 80110
5.5793 15803
3.9560 77177

973

974
9 48676
9240 10424
11 8.9998 61530
14 8. 7658 65130
17 8.5379 52637
20 8.3159 65868
23 8.0997 50755
267.8891 57236
29)7. 6840 39148
(71)5.313919427
( 1) 3. 1208 97307
9.9125 71181
5.5864 99178
3.9601 51415

1349~,

9 46n9

9211
(11) 8. 9629
(14) 8.7209
(17) 8. 4854
20) 8. 251>3
23) 8.0334
26)7.8165
29) 7.6055
(71) 5. 1845
( 1) 3.1192
9.9091
5.5850
3.9593

954
9 10116
8682 50664
(11) 8. 2831 11335
(14)7.902088213
(17) 7. 5385 92155
(20)7.1918 16916
(23) 6.8609 93338
(2616.5453 87645
(29) 6. 2442 99813
(71) 3. 2296 91146
( 1) 3. 0886 89042
9.8442 53565
5.5575 97541
3.9437 52709

67317
57994
581:19
92259
83968
61601
58138
11068
15371
94792
77627
64719
37908
1

n~[( -~)9]

63

BJLEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS n k

Tallie 3.1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

9
9268
(1119.0368
(14 8.8109
17 8.5906
20\8.3759
23 8.1665
26r.9623
29 7.7632
(7l) 5.4464
( 1) 3. 1224
9.9159
5.5879
3. 9609

975
50625
59375
78906
56934
83010
15935
18037
55086
96209
15584
98999
62413
32533
64254

9
9297
(1119.0740
(14 8.8562
~ 17 8.6436
20 8.4362
(2318.2337
~ 26 8. 0361
29 7.8432
(71) 5. 5820
( 1) 3. 1240
9. 9193
5.5893
3. 9617

976
52576
14176
10358
34109
84491
36063
66397
56004
88260
74443
99870
51328
64785
76427

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

9
9411
(11) 9.2236
(14) 9.0392
( 17\8. 8584
120 8.6812
23) 8.5076
26!8.3374
29 8.1707
(71) 6.1578
( 1) 3. 1304
9.9328
5. 5950
3.9650

980
60400
92000
81600
07968
23809
55332
30226
77621
28069
03365
95168
83884
82813
18474

9
9440
111r' 2613
14 9.0854
(17 8.9127
(20; 8. 7434
1238.5773
26 8.4143
(29 8.2544
(71) 6. 3103
( 1)3.1320
9.9362
5. 5965
3.9658

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

9
9556
111) 9.4133
1419. 2721
117 9. 1330
2018.9960
(23 8.8611
12618. 7282
29 8.5973
(71) 6. 9577
( 1) 3. 1384
9.9497
5. 6022
3. 9690

985
70225
71625
65506
65024
82548
86310
45015
27840
04423
61406
70965
47896
05785
56179

9
9585
9.4516
14 9.3193
17 9. 1888
20 9.0602
23 8. 9333
26 8. 8083
29 8. 6849
(71) 7. 1292
( 1) 3.1400
9.9531
5.6036
3.9698

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

990
9 80100
9702 99000
(11 9.6059 60100
\ 14 9. 5099 00499
17 9.4148 01494
\ 20 9.3206 53479
23 9.2274 46944
126) 9.1351 72475
29) 9.0438 20750
(71)7.856781408
( 1) 3. 1464 26545
9.9665 54934
5.6093 01690
3.9730 77521
9
9850
( 11) 9. 8014
1419.7524
17 9.7037
2019. 6552
23 9.6069
(26 9.5588
(29 9.5111
(71) 8.8665
( 1) 3. 1543
9.9833
5.6163
3.9770

995
90025
74875
95006
87531
25094
06468
30436
95784
01305
35105
62059
05478
70767
82648

pI

( 1) 3.1256
9.9227
5.5907
3.9625

99922
37928
95938
87934

978
9 56484
9354 41352
(11) 9.1486 16423
(14) 8. 9473 46861
(17) 8. 7505 05230
(20) 8. 5579 94115
(2318.3697 18245
1268.185584443
29 8.0055 01586
(71) 5. 8631 70383
( 1) 3. 1272 99154
9.9261 22218
5. 5922 25992
3.9633 98776

981
62361
76141
86943
20591
97600
54446
28811
59564
86732 .
89657
91953
61267
09584
27331

9
9469
9.2992
14 9. 1318
(17 8.9674
~20 8. 8060
23 8. 6475
126 8.4918
29 8.3390
(71) 6. 4665
( 1) 3.1336
9.9396
5. 5979
3.9666

982
64324
6616a
07770
22030
49233
35147
26515
71037
17359
95666
87923
36356
35265
35529

983
9 66289
9498 62087
1119.3371. 44315
14 9.1784 12862
17 9.0223 79843
2018.868999386
23 8.7182 26396
26!8.5700 16548
(29 8.4243 26266
(71) 6. 6265 03443
( 1) 3. 1352 8308~
9.9430 09155
5.5993 59857
3.967443069

9
9527
111r.3751
14 9.2251
17 9. 0775
120) 8.9323
23l8.7894
26 8.6488
29 8.5104
(71) 6.7901
( 1) 3.1368
9.9463
5.6007
3. 9682

984
68256
63904
96815
93666
90568
49119
31533
00628
19818
96812
77428
79667
83363
49952

986
72196
85256
50624
27515
56930
12933
69952
02773
86534
84708
63694
13846
27123
61752

987
9 74169
9615 04803
111r' 4900 52406
14 9. 3666 81724
(17 9.2449 14862
12019.1247 30969
23 9.0061 09466
(268.889030043
(29 8.7734 72653
(71) 7.3048 56083
( 1) 3.1416 55614
9.9564 71521
5.6050 47381
3. 9706 66671

9
9644
11119. 5285
149.4142
(17 9.3012
20 9. 1896
123 9.0793
126 8.9704
29 8.8627
(71) 7. 4845
( 1) 3.1432
9.9598
5. 6064
3. 9714

988
76144
30272
7.1087
28234
57495
42406
66697
14296
69325
66822
46729
38925
66560
70939

9
9673
(l1r.5672
(14 9.4619
17 9.3578
20 9.2549
2319.1531
269.0524
29 8.9528
(71) 7. 6685
( 1) 3. 1448
9.9631
5. 6078
3.9722

989
78121
61669
06906
67630
85987
49241
44799
60206
83144
10178
37039
98061
84662
74555

pI

9
9383
(11 9. 1860
p4 8.9931
17 8.8043
o 8.6194
23 8.4384
26 8.2612
( 29 8.0877
(71) 6. 0087

979
58441
13739
91505
83583
26728
35867
27713
20731
35096
56477

( 1)3.128897569
9.9295 04202
5. 5936 54950
3.9642 08956

991
9 82081
9732 42271
( 11) 9. 6448 30906
11419.5580 27427
17 9.4720 05181
20) 9.3867 57134
12319.3022 76320
26 9.2185 55833
29 9. 1355 88830
(71) 8.0494 71813
( 1)3.148015248
9.9699 09547
5.610717644
3.9738 79839

9
9761
(11) 9. 6838
(14 9.6063
117 9.5294
20 9.4532
9.3776
\23
26 9.3026
29 9.2281
(71) 8. 2466
( 1) 3. 1496
9.9732
5. 6121
3.9746

992
84064
91488
19561
49004
98212
62227
36129
15040
94120
98719
03150
61904
32527
81509

9
9791
1119.7229
14 9. 6548
17 9.5872
20 9. 5201
2319.4535
26 9. 3873
(29 9.3216
(71) 8. 4485
( 1) 3. 1511
9.9766
5.6135
3.9754

993
86049
46657
26304
65820
81759
70787
29591
54884
43400
45822
90251
12009
46340
82534

9
9821
11) 9. 7621
14 9. 7035
17 9. 6453
20 9.5874
23 9.5299
26 9.4727
29 9.4159
(71) 8. 6551
( 1) 3.1527
9.9799
5.6149
3.9762

994
88036
07784
51373
78465
56994
84852
59943
80183
43502
22630
76554
59866
59086
82913

996
92016
47936
57443
93613
87238
37689
44339
06561
23735
91413
46768
48849
81384
81740

9
9910
(11) 9.8805
(14) 9. 8508
9.8213
f17
20 9.7918
3 9.7625
26 9.7332
29 9.7040
(71) 9.3043
( 1) 3. 1575
9. 9899
5.6191
3.9786

997
94009
26973
38921
97304
44612
80578
04937
17422
17769
02025
30681
89983
90939
80191

998
9 96004
9940 11992
(Ur.9202 39680
~ 14 9.9003 99201
17 9.8805 98402
120) 9.8608 37206
23!9.8411 15531
26 9.8214 33300
(29) 9.8017 90434
(71)9.530879767
( 1) 3.1591 13800
9.9933 28884
5.6205 99434
3.9794 78001

9
9970
1 1l!9. 9600
14 9.9500
\ 1719. 9401
20 9.9302
23) 9. 9202
F6!9. 9103
29 9.9004
(71) 9.7627
( 1) 3. 1606
9.9966
5. 6220
3. 9802

999
98001
02999
59960
99900
49800
09650
79441
59161
48802
39866
96126
65555
06871
75173

9
9880
11119.8409
14 9.8015
(l7r.7623
~ 20 9.7233
23 9.6844
( 2619. 6457
(29 9.6071
( 71) 9.0828
( 1) 3.1559
9.9866
5. 6177
3.9778

2[(-(;)IJ

977
9 54529
9325 74833
(11) 9.1112 56118
(14) 8.9016 97228
( 17) 8. 6969 58191
(20\8.4969 28153
(238.301498806
(26\8.1105 64333
(29 7.9240 21353
(71) 5. 7209 68141

r,
~

/l3[( -P3J

n4[(-~)IJ

n5[(-~)8J

4. Elementary Transcendental Functions

Logarithmic, Exponential, Circular and H yperboIic Functions
RUTa: ZUCKER

Contents
Page

Mathematical Pr<>perties. . .
4.1. Logarithmic Function.
4.2. Exponentlal Function.
4.3. Circular Functions . .
4.4. Inverse Circular Functions.
4.5. HyperboLe Functions. . .
4.6. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

67
67
69
71
79
83
86

Numerical Methods . . . . . . . .
4.7. Use and gxtension of the Tables

89
89

References . . . . . . . . . . . . .

93

Table 4.1. Commcn Logarithms (lOO:5x :51350)

loglo x, x=lCO(1)1350, lOD

95

Table 4.2. Natural Logarithms (0 :5x:52.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

In x, x=0(.OOl)2.1, 16D
Table 4.3. Radix 'rable of Natural Logarithms.
.......
In (1+x), -In (I-x), x=10- n(10-n)10- n+1, n=10(-1)1, 25D

114

Table 4.4. Expoll'ntial Function (0 :5lxl :5100). .

eZ , x=O(.On)l, 18D,
x=0(.1)5, 15D
x=5(.1)10, 12D, -x=O(.l)lO, 20D
x=O(l)lOO, 19S

116

Table 4.5. Radix Table of the Exponential Function

. . . . . . . . 140
eZ , e- z , x=w-n(lO-n)lO-n+l, n=10(-1)1, 25D
Table 4.6. Circular Sines and Cosines for Radian Arguments (O:5x :51.6). 142
sin x, cos x, ;~=0(.OOl)1.6, 23D
Table 4.7. Radix Table of Circular Sines and Cosines.
. . . . . . 174
sin x, COS:2;, ;~=10-n(1O-n)1O-n+t, n=1O(-1)4, 25D
Table 4.8. Circular Sines and Cosines for Large Radian Arguments
(O:5x :51000) .
.....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
sin x, cos x, ;c=0(1)100, 23D, x=100(1)1000, 8D

National Bureau of Standards.

65

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

66

Table 4.9. Circular Tangents, Cotangents, Secants and Cosecants for Page
Radian Arguments (0 ::;x::; 1.6). . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 186
tl1n x, cot x, sec x, csc x, x=0(.01)1.6, 7 to 9D
x-I-cot x, CSC x-x- I , x=0(.01).5, 8D
Table 4.10. Circular Sines and Cosines to Tenths of a Degree (0 ::;0::;90). 189
sin 8, cos 8, 8=0(.1 )90, 15D
Table 4.11. Circular Tangents, Cotangents, Secants and Cosecants to
Five Tenths of a Degree (0::; 8::; 90) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
tan 8, cot 8, 8=0(.5)90, 15D
sec 8, csc 8, 8=0(.5)90, 8D
Table 4.12. Circular Functions for the Argument ~ x
.11"

11"

11"

11"

11"

11"

sm 2x, cos 2x, tan 2x, cot 2"x, sec 2"x, csc 2"x,

(0::; x::; 1) . . . . 200

x=O(.OI)1,

20D

Table 4.13. Harmonic Analysis. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
. 211"r
2~
sm - , cos - , r=I(I)[8/2l, 8 even
8

r= 1 (1)[(8-1)/2],
8=3(1)25, 10D

8 odd

Table 4.14. Inverse Circular Sines and Tangents (0 ~x::; 1). . . . . . . 203
arcsin x, arctan x, x=O(.OOl)l, 12D
j(x) = [2(I-x)]-i[h-arcsin x], X= .95(.001) 1, 12D
Table 4.15. Hyperbolic Functions (O::;x::; 10) . . .
sinh x, cosh x, x=0(.01)2, 9D, x=2(.1)1O, 9D
tanh x, coth x, x=0(.01)2, 8D, 7D, x=2(.I)IO,

. . . . 213
IOD

Table 4.16. Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions for the Argument 'lrX
(O~x::;l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 219
e"", sinh 7rX, cosh 7rX, tanh 7rX, x=O(.OI)I, IOD
Table 4.17.
arcsinh
arcsinh
arcsinh

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions (0 ::;x~co)

. . . . . . 221
x, arc tanh x, x=O(.OI)I, 9D
x, (arccosh x)/(r-l)i, x=I(.01)2, 9D, 8D
x-In x, arccosh x-In x, x- I =.5(-.01)0, 10D

Table 4.18. Roots Xn of cosX n cosh xn =I, n=I(I)5, 7D.

223

Table 4.19. Roots Xn of tan xn=Xx n (-co ::;>'::;0,

->'=0(.05)1, n=I(I)9, 5D
>.-1=-1(.05)1, n=I(I)9, 5D

224

1 ::;>.::;co)

Table 4.20. Roots Xn of cot Xn = Xx n (0::; >.::; co) . . . . . . . . . . . 225

>'=0(.05)1, n=I(I)9, 5D
>.-1=1(-.05)0, n=I(I)9, 5D
The author acknowledges the assistance of Lois K. Cherwinski and Elizabeth F. Godefroy
in the preparation and checking of the tables.

4. Elell1entary Transcendental Functions

Logarithmic, Exponential, Circular and Hyperbolic Functions
Mathema tical Properties
4.1. Logarithmic Function

Logarithmic Identities

4.1.6

Integral Representation

4.1.1

In

fZ dt

Z=

(i.e., every value of Ln

of Ln ZI+Ln Z2.)

Jl t

4.1.7

iy

is one of the values

(ZIZ2)

In (zlz2)=ln zl+ln Z2
(-7I"<arg zl+arg Z2:$7I")

4.1.9

In zl=ln zl-ln"2
Z2

z =x + iy

(-7I"<arg zl-arg Z2:$7I")

4.1.10

FIGURE

4.1.

Branch cutjOl' In z and '1'.

4.1.11

(a not an integer or zero.)

where the path of integration does not pass

through the origin or cross the negative real
axis. In z is a single-valued function, regular in
the z-plane cut along the negative real axis, real
when z is positive.

4.1.3 r=(x2+y2)!,

x=r cos 8,

-7I"<n arg z:$7I")

(see chapter 1)

Special Values

4.1.12

In 1=0

4.1.13

In 0=- co

4.1.14

In (-1)=7I"i

4.1.15

In (i)=v1:

4.1.16 In e=l,

e is the real number such that

f' dt =1

J1
x

4.1.17 e=lim
n-+'"

fZ dt
Ln Z= Jl t

In z is said to be the

(l+!)n
=2.71828 18284 ...
n

Logarithms to Genernl Base

4.1.18

loga z=ln zjln

4.1.19

110gb Z
oga Z=logb a

4.1.20

logab=l-ogDa

where the path does not pass through the origin.

4.1.5
Ln (re i8 )=ln (re i9 )+2k1l"i=ln r+i(8+2k7r),

(see 4.2.21)

The general logarithmic function is the manyvalued function Ln z defined by

k being an arbitrary integer.

principal branch of Ln z.

In zn=n In z
(n integer,

y=r sin 8,

8=arctan 1L

4.1.4

(n integer)

4.1.21
4.1.22

1[1,

log.z=ln

loglo z=ln zjln lO=loglo e In z

=(.43429 44819 ... )In z
67

68

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.1.23 In z=ln 10 loglO Z= (2.30258 50929 ... ) loglO z

(loge x=ln x, called natural, N apierian, or hyperbolic logarithms; loglO x, called common or BrIggs
logarithms.)

4.1.36

In (1+z)=z-tz 2 +tz3- ...

(lzl~l and z-l)

4.1.38

l)+~e z ly+~e~ly+ . ..

x~n(xl/n-1)

(x>O)

for any positive n

lIn (1+z)I~;-In (l-lzl)

(lzl<l)

4.1.39

z z z 4z 4z 9z
In (1+z)=I+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ ...

(glz~!)

4.1.26

in z=(z-1)-Hz-1)2+Hz-1)3-. . .
(lz-11 ~ 1, zO)
4.1.27

~)+~ C;+ +~ G+ ~y +
3

In z=2 [C;+

(i3lz~O,

4.1.28

In

G~~)=2 G+3~3+5~5+'

..

4.1. 40

.J

al=.86304

+~ C2a~zY+ . .J

loglQ x=alt+aat3+asts+a7t7 +autu+E(x)

t= (x-1)/(x+ 1)

(a constant,

IE(X) I~ 10- 7

fJia>O)

al=.868591718

lim xa In x=o

aa=.289335524

x~o

(a constant,

i3la>O)

4.1.32
1
lim Ci: -k - ln
k=l

aa=.36415

4.1.42

lim x-a In x=o

4.1.31

t=(x-l)/(x+l)

fJiz~-az)

Limiting Values

4.1.30

/ ::;x~~l0

IE(x)I~6XlO-4

[C2a~z)+~ C2a~zY
(a>O,

,,10

loglQ x=a1t+aat 3+E(X),

4.1.29
In (z+a)=ln a+2

(J)

2
InC1+Z)=2::~~ 4Z2 9z ...
1-z 1-- 3- 5- 7-

Polynomial Approximations

4.1.41

zl)

(z in the plane cut from -1 to -

(z in the cut plane of Figure 4.7.)

zO)

. .)

(lzl~l,

Inequalities

x
l+x <In (1+x)<x

(x>-l,

xO)

x< -In (l-x)< 1 x x

(x<l, 'xO)

a7= .094376476
ag= .19133 7714

as=.177522071
4.1.43

m)="Y (Euler's constant)

= .57721 56649 ...
(see chapters 1, 6 and 23)

4.1.34

x~x-1

Continued Fractions

In z=e z

4.1.33

(O<x~ .5828)

(x>O)

4.1.25

m~"

In

4.1.37 In

Series Expansions

4.1.24

3x
lIn (l--x)l< 2

4.1.35

O:S:x~l

IE(x) I::; 1X 10- 5

al =.99949 556

a4 = - .13606 275

a2=-.49190896

as=.03215845

aa= .28947478
2 The approximations 4.1.U to 4.1.44 are from C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital c~mputers: rrinceton
,univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955 (with permissIOn).

69

ELE:MENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.1.44

O:$x:$l

4.1.52

In (1 +x) =alx+a2x2+a3x3+a4x4+a5x5+a6x6

4.1.53

dz
-I-=In
In z
z nz

+a7x7+asx8+E(X)

fIn [z+(z21)']dz=z In [z+(z21)!]-(z21)i

/e(x)/:$3XlO- 8
al =

. 99999 64239
-.4998741238
aa= . 33179 90258
a4= -.24073 38084

4.1.54

a5= . 16765 40711

a6= --. 09532 93897
a7= .0360884937
a8= --. 00645 35442

~=

Approximation in Terms of Cbebynbev Polynomials

4.1.45

Definite Integrals

Tn*(x)=Cosn8, cos 8=2x-l (;ee chapter 22)

4.1.55

In (1+x)=i: AnT,,*(x)
n=O

An
o . 37645 2813
1 .34314 5750
2 -. 02943 7252
3 . 00336 7089
4 -. 00043 3276
5 . 00005 9471

4.1.56
n
An
6 -. 00000 8503
7 . 00000 1250
8 -.000000188
9 . 00000 0029
10 -. 00000 0004
11 . 00000 0001

.
TofX Indt t=h(x)

(see 5.1.3)

4.2. Exponential Function

;Series Expansion

4.2.1

Differen tia tion Form ulas

Z Z2 Z3
eZ=exp z=I+ +2j+31+ . ..

TI

d
1
-In Z=dz
z

4.1.46

4.1.57

(z=x+iy)

where e is the real number defined in 4.1.16

Fundamental Properties

4.1.47

4.2.2 Ln (exp z)=z+2k?ri

(k any integer)

Integration Formulas

4.1.48
4.1.49

4.2.3

dz
-Z=ln z

fIn zdz=zln z--z

(-7r<Jz:$7r)

4.2.4

exp (In z)=exp (Ln z)=z

4.2.5

d
dz exp z=exp z

4.1.50

In (exp z)=z

Definition of General Powers

Z~l

~+l

4.2.6

znln zdz=n+l In Z-(n+l)2

(n-I,

n integer)

3 The approximation 4.1.45 is from C. W. Clenshaw,

Polynomial approximations to elementary fUllctions,
Math. Tables Aids Compo 8, 143-147 (1954) (with permission).

If N =a z, then z=Loga N
C~)

4.2.7

aZ=exp (z In

4.2.9

/a /= /al%e-II arg a

4.2.10

arg (a')=y In /al+x arg a

4.2.11
Ln a'=z In a for one of the values of Ln a Z
I
I
(
I d
..)
4.2.12 n aX=x n a a rea an posItIve
4.2.13

le'l=e x

70

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Special Values (see chapter 1)

arg(eZ)=y

4.2.14

e=2.71828 18284 ..

4.2.22
(-1I"<arga+argb~1I")

azbz=(ab)Z

4.2.16

4.2.25

""

/
/

4.2.26

/
Y:l///

./

xln,~,/'

./"

4.2.28

e2rki =1

.....

/ " / '

-.. ::::.::.-.--:------~------.....................

;'

Exponential Inequalities

If

is real and different from zero

4.2.29

e-1-X<1-x<e-X (x<1)

4.2.30

eX>I+x

4.2.31

eX<t:_x (x<l)

4.2.32

l+x 1-l~-")<X (x>-I)

4.2.33

xeX-l)<1~X (x<1)

4.2.34

l+x>el+ x (x>-I)

-1.2

FIGURE

4.2. Logarithmic and exponentialjunctions.

Periodic Property

(k any integer)

4.2.17

Exponential Identities

4.2.18

4.2.35

4.2.19

if

(k any integer)

/'_-;/ I

-.8

Inll.

,,/'

=i

4.2.27

./

/"
.4

,.../

1.2

~././

co

,/

e':

.8

e'" =

4.2.24

2.0/
16

4.2.23

The restriction
Z2 is an integer.

(-1I"<fZl ~ 11")

can be removed

ex>( 1+~y>ex~v

4.2.36
Limiting Values

4.2.20

lim

4.2.21

m-+'"

(1+~)m =e

y>O)

4.2.37

e-x<1-~ (O<x~ 1.5936)

4.2.38

4Izl<le'-11<4Izl (O<lzl<1)

lim zae-Z=O (Iarg zl ~ 111"-E<t1l", a constant)

121-+"

(x>O,

4.2.39

Continued Fractions
z

4.2.40

(Izl< co)

e =1- 1+ 2- 3+ 2- 5+ 2- ...
Z

(lzl<

=1+ 1_ 2+ 3- 2+ 5- 2+ 7- ...
_

z2/43 z2/415 z2/435

-1+(1-z/2)+1+~~'"
4.2.41

eZ_

z2/4(4n2-1)

1+

(J)

(lzl<co)

()_~
n!z
z
(n+1)z
2z
(n+2)z
(lz
I I
en - 1 z -n!- (n+1)+ (n+2)- (n+3)+ (n+4)- (n+5)+ (n+6)- ... Cz

(For en(z) see 6.5.11)

< co

71

ELBJMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS,

4.2.42

Approximations in Terms of Cbehysbev Polynomials

e2a

arctan

~=1+~ a +1 ~,2+4 a +9
z-a+ 3z+ liz+ 7z+ ...
2

4.2.48

O~x~l

T~(x)

=cos nO,

cos O=2x--1 (see chapter 22)

'"

(z in the cut plltne of Figure 4.4.)

'"

eX = ~ AnT~(x)

e- x = ~ AnT~(x)

n=O

Polynomial Approximntions 4
O~x~ln

4.2.43

2=.693 ...

e- x =1+alx+a2 x2

al=-.9664

a2=.3536
O~x~ln

4.2.44

+e(X)

n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

n=O

An
1. 75338 7654
.85039 1654
.105208694
.008722105
.00054 3437
.000027115
.00000 1128
.000000040
.000000001

An
.64503 5270
-.31284 1606
.038704116
-. 00320 8683
.000199919
-. 00000 9975
.000000415
-.000000015

10

1
2
:3
4
5
6

Differentiation Forlmulas

4.2.49

al=-.9998684
a2= .4982926

aa=--.1595332
a4= .0293641

4.2.45

e-

4.2.50

- aZ=a Z In a:
dz

4.2.51

1 +al x+a2x2 +aaxa +a4x4 +a5x5

+a6x6+a7x7 +e(X)

le(x) I:::; 2X 10- 10

al = - .99999 99995
a2= .4999999206
aa=-.1666653019
a4= .0416573475

4.2.52

4.2.53

dz zZ=(1+1n z)z'

a5=--.00830 13598
a6= .0013298820
a7=--.0001413161

Integration Formulas

4.2.54

4.2.46 5

lO X = (1 +alx+a2x2+aar+a4x4)2+E(X)

le(x)1 ~7X 10- 4

al=l.1499196
az= .6774323

aa= .2080030
a4= .1268089

4.2.47

+ +a4x4+ a5r

lO X = (1 +alx+aZx2 aaxa

+a6x6+a7x7)2+e(x)

4.2.55

f zneazdz= a~:l [(az)n-n(az)n-J +n(n-1) (az)n-z

+ ... +(-l)n- lnl(az)+(-l)nnl]

4.2.56
eaz
zn dz

277603
088429
357484
173666

a5=' 01742 111988

a6=' 00255 491796
a7=:' 00093 264267

4 The approximations 4.2.43 to 4.~i.45 are from B. Carlson, M. Goldstein, Rational apprmimation of functions,
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory LA-1943, Los Alamos,
N. Mex., 1955 (with permission).
5 The approximations 4.2.46 to 4.2:.47 are from C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for di/!:ital eomputers. Princeton
Univ. Press. Princeton, N.J., 1955 (with permission).

eaz
zn-l dz

(n>l)

(See chapters 5, 7 and 29 for other integrals

involving exponential functions.)
4.3. Circular Functions

IE(X) 1<5 X 10- 8

al=l. 15129
az= . 66273
a3= .25439
a4 = . 07295

eaz
a
(n-1)zn l+n-1

(n~O)

Definitions

4.3.1

sin z

4.3.2
6 The approximations 4.2.48 are [rom C. W. Clenshaw,
Polynomial approximations to elementary functions,
Math. Tables Aids Compo 8, 143-147 (1954) (with permission).

72

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.3.3

tan z=sm Z
cos Z

4.3.4

1
csc Z=-.sm Z

4.3.5

1
sec z=-cos Z

4.3.6

1
cot z=-tan Z

4.3.17
4.3.18

t an (ZI+Z2) =

tan Z1 + tan Z2
1 .- tan Z1 tan Z2

4.3.19

cot

cot ZI cot z2-1

cot Z2+COt Z1

Half-Angle Formulas

Z)!

. z (I-COS
Sln-=
---2
2

4.3.20

Periodic Properties

sin (z+2hr)=sin z

4.3.7

(k any integer)

4.3.8

cos (z+2k7r)=cos z

4.3.9

tan (z+k7r)=tan z

I[

II\

:1

:'

I
I

'

(ZI + Z2)

:/

I \I

\'.

If tan

/'

....

/
,

+1.0

2'= z then
Z

4.3.23 sin u=I! Z2'

l-z 2

cosu=1+z2'

2
dU=I+z 2 dz

I
\

\/

Multiple-Angle Formulall
380

4.3.24
4.3.25

'\'0---

2 tan z
. 2 2'
sm Z= sm ,Z cos z=l+tan 2 z

cos 2z=2 cos2 z-I=I-2 sin 2 z

.
I-tan 2 z
=cos2 z-sln 2 Z=~---=-";'
2

1+tan

2.0

i
sin.
--_.- cos x
--- Ion x
FIGURE

4.3.

- - escx
........ sec x
- ... - col x

Circular junctions.

Relations Between Circular Functions

4.3.10

sin2 Z+COS2 z=1

4.3.11

sec2 z-tan2 z=1

4.3.12

csc 2 z-cot2 z= 1
Negative Angle Formulas

sm z
l+cos z

"\

/---1---';>(\ ,/
,I

I-cos z
sin Z

Transformation of Trigonometric Integrals

Z)!

The ambiguity in sign may be resolved with the

aid of a diagram.

!/

~= C +~)S zy

4.3.22 tan ~= (I-COS

2
l+cos

:1

4.3.21 cos

4.3.26

tan 2z= 2 tan 22 = 2 cot z

I-tan z cot2 z-1

4.3.27

sin 3z=3 sin z-4 sins z

4.3.28

cos 3z=-3 cos z+4 cos3 z

4.3.29

sin 4z=8 cos3 z sin z-4 cos Z sin z

4.3.30

cos 4z=8 COS'I z-8 cos 2 z+ 1

cot z-tan z

Products of Sines and COllines

4.3.31

2 sin Z1 sin Z2=COS (Z1- Z2) -cos (Z1 + Z2)

4.3.32 2 cos Z1 cos Z;I=COS(Z1-Z2)+COS (Z1+Z2)

4.3.13

sin (-z)= -sin Z

4.3.14

cos (-z)=cos z

4.3.15

tan (-z)=-tan z

Addition and Subtract.ion of Two Circular Functionll

Addition Formulas

4.3.34

4.3.33 2 sin Z1 cos zl:=sin (z1-z2)+sin (Z1+Z2)

. Z1 +.sIn Z2= 2'sIn (Z1+Z2)

SIn
-2- cos (Z1-2-2)
Z

73

ELI:MENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.3.41

4.3.42

4.3.43

Signs of the Circular Functions

in the Four Quadrants
Quadrant

sm
csc

cos
sec

tan
cot

-----1--- --- ---

I
II
III

Relations Between Squares of Elines and Cosines

4.3.40

IV

+
+

4.3.44

Functions of Angles in Any Quadrant in Terms of Angles in the First Quadrant. (0 ~8~~,

-8

sin ________
cos _______
tan _______
csc _______
sec _______
cot- ______

-sin (J
cos (J
-tan8
-csc 8
sec 0
-cot 0

!8
2

11'8

311' 8
2

cos (J
1=Ain 8
=Fcot (J
+see 8
=Fcsc 0
1= tan 8

1=sin 8
-cos (J
tan (J
1=csc (J
-sec 0
cot 8

-cos 8
sin 8
=Fcot 8
-sec 8
csc 0
=Ftan 8

k any integer)

2h8

sin (J
+cos (J
tan (J
esc 8
+sec 0
cot 8

Relations Between Circular (or Inverse Circular) Functions

4.3.45

sin x=a

cos x=a

tan x=a

cot x=a

sec x=a

esc x=a

sin x ______ a

(l-a2)t

a(l +a2)-t

a-I

a- l (a 2 -l)i

(l+a2 )-t

cos x ______ (l-a2)t

(1 +a2)-t

a- l (a2 -l)t

a-I

a(l +a2 )-t

tan x ______ a(1-a2)-i

n- l (l-a2)i

(a2 -1)-i

(a2 -l)i

a-l

csc x ______ a-l

:l-a2)-t

a-l(l +a 2)i

a(a 2-1)-i

(1+a2)i

sec x ______ (1-a2)-i

</,-1

(1 +a2)i

a(a2 -1)-t

a-l(l +a2)t

cot x ______ a- l (l-a2)t

7,(l-a2)-t

a- l

(a2 -1)t

(a2 -1)-t

(05 x:::;i)

Illustration: If sin x=a, cot x=a- l(l-a2)t

arcsec a=arccot (a2 -1)-t

74

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.3.46

Circular Functions for Certain Angles

Euler's Formula

I 4.3.47

De Moivre's Theorem

- - - - -----1----1----1----

sm

.v (.v3-l)

4.3.48

(c~s

z+i sin z)'=cos IIz+i sin

(-7r<f?b5:'Ir unless

1/2

II

liZ

is an integer)

Relation to Hyperbolic Functions (see 4.5.7 to 4.5.12)

cos

.v2 (.y3+ 1)

.y3/2

-{2/2

tan

2-.v3

-'(3/3

csc

OJ

-{2(.J3+ 1)

sec

.y2(.v3 - 1)

1/2

cot

4.3.49

sin

4.3.50

cos z=cosh iz

4.3.51

tan

4.3.52

csc z=i csch iz

4.3.53

sec z=:sech iz

4.3.54

cot z=:i coth iz

Z=

Z=

- i sinh iz

- i tanh iz

Circular Functions in Terms of Real and Imaginary

Parts

{3/2

cos

-{2 (.J3-l)

tan

2+.J3

esc

.v2( .v3-1)

sec

.v2(.J3+ 1)

cot

2-{3

--{2 (.J3-1)
4

-1/2

4.3.55

sin z=sin x cosh y+i cos x sinh y

4.3.56

cos z=cos x cosh y-i sin x sinh y

4.3.57 t an
4.3.58

Z=

cot z

sin 2x+i sinh 2y

cos 2x +cosh 2y
sin 2x--i sinh 2y
'
cosh 2y- cos 2x

-(2+-V3)

Modulus and Phase (Argument) of Circular Functions

-{2({3-1)

4.3.59

OJ

--v"i(.J3+1)

-2

-.J3/3

OJ

(2--V3)

Isin zl = (sin 2 x+sinh2 y)t

=[! (cosh 2y-cos 2xW

4.3.60

arg sin z=arctan (cot x tanh y)

4.3.61

Icos zl=(cos2 x+sinh2 y)i

=[! (cosh 2y+cos 2x)1i

4.3.62

sin

1/2

"4 (-/3-1)

-.v~
(~3+1)
4

Cos

tan

.y2

-1

(2-.v3)

--arctan (tan x tanh y)

2X)i

t
I ('cosh 2y-cos
I an z = ,cosh 2y+cos 2x

4.3.64

arg tan z:=arctan ( sinh

-.-2sm x

2Y)

-1
Series Expansions

csc

-{2(-V3+1)

ex>

sec

-2.v3/3

--{2({3-1)

-1

-{3

- (2 +.v3)

OJ

-1

Z=

4.3.63

-.J3/3

cot

arg cos

4.3.65

(Izl
4.3.66

< <XI)

75

ELI:MENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.3.67

tan

Inequalities

Z3
2z 5 17z 7
z=z+3+15"+ :315 + ...

(-l)n-122n(22n-l)Bzn 2n-1

(2n)!

+ .,,

(Izl<i)

4.3.79

sin x>~
x
11"

4.3.80

sin x:S;x:s;tan x

4.3.81

sin x
cos x<--<1
- x -

4.3.82

11"< sin 1I"X <4

( -i<x<i)
(o:s;x:s;i)

4.3.68
_1

31

z-z+6+360 z +15120 z + ...

esc

(-l)n-12(22n-l_l)Bzn 2n-1

(2n)!

+ ...

(lzl<1I")

4.3.69

(Izl<i)
4.3.70

cot

1 Z Z3 2z 5
z=-------z 3 45 945

4.3.83

Isinh yl:s; Isin

4.3.84

Isinh yl:S; Icos zl ~ cosh

zl:s; cosh y
y

zl:S; cschlyl

4.3.85

lese

4.3.86

Icos zl :S;coshlzl

4.3.87

Isin zl:s; sinhl zl

4.3.88

( -I)n- 122n B
(2n)!

-,-----,-;-=----;--.....;Z:..:!n z2n - 1._

x(l-x)

Icos zl< 2,

Isin

zl~~ Izl

(lzl<1)

(lzl<1I")
Infinite Products

4.3.71

1n

sin z

~ (_l)n22n-IBzn

--=L..J
Z
n~l

n(2n)!

4.3.89

"n

4.3.90

4.3.72

Expansion in Partial Fractions

4.3.91

4.3.73

tan z

'" (_1)n-122n(22n-'!_1)B
Zn
n(2n) I

In - - = 2:
Z

cot

..

k211"2

(z0,1I",211", , , ,)

z2n

n=l

(lzl<!1I")

z:'" (

Limiting Values

4.3.74

. sm X
lun --=1
_0
x

4.3.75

tan x 1
1Im--=
x~o

csc2 Z= k=-.. z -k11")2

4.3.93

esc

n~'"

4.3.77

lim n tan ~=x

4.3.78

,
x
Iun cos -=1
n~"
n

n~'"

..

z=-+2z
22
Z
k=l

(-I)k
2

Z -

k211"2

(z0,1I",211", . , .)
Continued Fractions

lim n sin ~=x

4.3.92

where Bn and En are the Bernoulli and Euler

numbers (see chapter 23),

4.3.76

z=-+2z
z:
2
Z
k~l Z -

4.3.94
4.3.95

tan

z=1_

Z2

Z2' Z2

3- 5-7- .,.

(11")
Z2n1!"

76

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Polynomial Approximations

4.3.101

4.3.96

a2=-16605
4.3.97

a2=.33333 14036

ag= .02456 50893

a4= .13339 23995

alO= .00290 05250

a6= .05337 40603

aJ2= .00951 68091

O::;x::; ~

4.3.102

a2 = - .16666 66664
a4=

.00833 33315

as=

.00000 27526

alO= - .00000 00239

a6= - .0001984090

4.3.103

4.3.98

4.3.99

a2=-.3333333410

ag= - .00020 78504

a4= - .02222 20287

alO= - .00002 62619

a6= -.00211 77168

Approximations in Terms of Cbebysbev Polynomials

4.3.104
a2= - .49999 99963
a4=

.04166 66418

ag=

.00002 47609

a!O= - .0000002605

a6= - .00138 88397

4.3.100

T~ (x)

sin !'1!"X=x

E AnT~(x2)
n=O

(see chapter 22)

cos !1rx=:E AnT: (X2)

n ... O

An
1.27627 8962

An
.47200 1216

- .28526 1569

- .49940 3258

.00911 8016

.027992080

- .00013 6587

- .00059 6695

118~i

.00000 6704

- .00000 0007

- .00000 0047

.00000

4
5

7 The approximations 4.3.96 to 4.3.103 are from B. Carlson, M. Goldstein, Rational approximation of functions,
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory LA-1943, Los Alamos,
N. Mex., 1955 (with permission).

= cos nO, cos 8=2x-1

H The approximations 4.3.104 are from C. W. Clenshaw,

Polynomial approxilllations to elementary functions,
Math. Tablps Aid~ Compo 8, 143-147 (1954) (with permission).

'See page n.

77

ELI:MENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Differentiation Formulas

4.3.105
4.3.106

4.3.122

zdz
-z cos z
1
f sinn z (n-l) sin n- 1 z (n-1) (n-2) sin n- 2 z

. d .

(Ii sm z=cos z

d
.
cos Z=-Slll
dz

(n-2)f z dz

+(n-I)

n
sin n - 2 z (

4.3.123

.f zn

4.3.107

dz tan z=sec 2 z

4.3.108

dz csc z=-csc z cot z

d
dz sec z=sec z tan z

4.3.110

cos zdz=zn sin z-nf zn-l sin zdz

4.3.124
COS

4.3.109

>2)

zn

zdz=

cos z
sin
I f zn-lz dz (n 1)
(n-l)zn-l n-l

>

4.3.125

d
cot z=-csc 2 Z
dz

4.3.111

4.3.126

L)

z dz
z sm z
f cos n z (n-l) cos n

.
. (
d sm
dz
z=sm z+:f'll"
n

4.3.127

Integration Formulas

4.3.113

fsin zdz=-cos z

4.3.114

.rcos zdz=sin,:

4.3.115

ftan zdz=-ln cosz==ln secz

f.

sin",+l z cos n- 1 Z
smm z cosnzdz=-----m+n

(n-l)
+ (m+n)

( m-l)f
+(m+n)
sm"'-2

1 I-cos z
csc zdz=ln tan Z=ln (csc z-cot z)=Zln +COS z
1
4.3.128

fsec zdz=ln (secz+tanz)=ln tall (~+~)=gd-l (z)

dz
I
sin m z cos n z = (n-l) sin"'-l z COS n

=Inverse Guder:nannian Function

'II"

dz

m+n-2f
dz
n-l
sin m z COSn- 2 Z
(n>l)

=(m-l) sinm

f zn sinzdz=-zn cos z+nJ zn-l cos zdz

f+dz=-z cot z-iln sin z

sm z

cos n

-1

f cot zdz=ln sin z=--ln csc z

4.3.119

4.3.121

(m,=-n)

4.3.117

4.3.120
sin zdz= -sin z +_1_ rcos zdz
(n-l)zn 1 n-1. zn-l
f z..

sm'" z coa n - 2 Z dz

m+n

gd z=2 arctan e Z-

f.

sin m- 1 z cos n+ 1 Z

4.3.116

4.3.118

2 Z

(n-2)f zdz
2
+ (n-l) cosn- 2 Z (n> )

4.3.112

(n-l) (n-2) COS n

1Z

(n>l)

4.3.129

4.3.130

f
f

Z COS n

m+n-2f
dz
m-l
sinm-2 z COS n Z
(m>1)

tann-l Z

tannzdz= n-l -

f
f

cotn-lz
cotnzdz=- n-l -

tan n- 2 zdz (n,=l)

cot n- 2 zdz (n,=l)

78

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.3.131

fr sin2 nt dt== f" cos2nt dt=1!..

4.3.141

r.

Jo

dz
Ja+b sin z

Jo

(n an integer,

foo

4.3.142

Jo

sin mt dt=!!.

(m>O)

(m=O)

=0
7r

4.3.132

dz
Isin z

=Ftan

fa> cos at-cos bt dt=ln (b/a)

4.3.143

Jo

4.3.133

r.

dz
Ja+b cos z

(m<O)

=-2

(~4=F-2Z)

n~O)

fOO sin t2 dt= fOO cos t 2 dt=! /~

Jo
2'" 2

4.3.144

Jo

4.3.145

"/2

4.3.146

f
f

4.3.134

dz
t an-z
I+cos z
2

dz
z
---=-cotI-cos z
2

4.3.135
4.3.136

ea.
ea. sin bz dz= a2 +b 2 (a sin bz-b cos bz)

4.3.137

eaz

ea. cos bz dz= a2 +b 2 (a cos bz+b sin bz)

4.3.138

foo

Jo

7r

In cos t dt=--2In 2

cos mt dt=! e-m

l+t 2

(See chapters 5 and 7 for other integrals involving circular functions.)

(See [5.3) for Fourier transforms.)
4.3.147
Formulas for Solution of Plane Right Triangles

:~
c

ea. sin n bz dz
If A, Band 0 are the vertices (0 the right
angle), and a, band c the sides opposite respectively,

sinA=~=-I-

4.3.139

["/2

In sin t dt=

c cscA

eat cos bz dz

b
I
cosA=-=-c sec A

Definite Integrals

a.
I
tanA=-=-b cotA
versine A=vers A= I-cos A

4.3.140

irsin mt sin nt dt=O

coversine A=covers A=I-sin A
(m~n,

m and n integers)

So"cos mt cos nt dt=O

haversine A=hav A=! vers A

exsecant A=exsec A=sec A-I

79

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.3.148

4.4. Inverse Circular Functions

Fonnulu Cor Solution oC Plane Triall8les

Definitions

4.4.1

f'

dt

(1

dt

arcsm Z= Jo (1-t2)i

(z=x+iy)

4.4.2
arccos z= Jz (1-t2)i
A

'------:---~ C

7r
2

arcsm z

4.4.3
(Z dt

arctan Z= Jo 1 +t2
In a triangle with angles A, Band 0 and sides
opposite a, band e respectively,

abe
sin A = sin B= sin 0

a= b cos O+e cos B

a+b tan l(A+B)
a-b tan !(A-B)
area.

be s~n A

[s(s-a)(s-b)(s-e)]l

s=!(a+b+e)
4.3.149
Fonnulas Cor Solution oC Spherical Triangles

The path of integration must not cross the

real axis in the case of 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 and the
imaginary axis in the case of 4.4.3 except possibly
inside the unit circle. Each function is singlevalued and regular in the z-plane cut along the
real axis from - ex> to -1 and + 1 to + ex> in the case
of 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 and along the imaginary axis
from ito i ex> and -i to -i ex> in the caSe of 4.4.3.
Inverse circular functions are also written
arcsin z=sin- I z, arccos z=cos- I z, arctan z
=tan- I z, . . . .
When -l:S;x:S; 1, arcsin x and arccos x are
real and
0 < llJ'(,COS x:S; 7r

4.4.4

-!7r:S; arcsin x:S; !7r,

4.4.5

arctan z+arccot z=!7r RZ<O

Rz>O

4.4.6

arccsc z = arcsin I! z

4.4.7

arcsec z=arccoS liz

4.4.8

arccot z=arctan l/z

4.4.9

arcsec z+arccsc Z=!1T

(see 4.3.45)

iy

iy
(I

+i

x
-I

0 +1

o
-i

arcsin z and
areeosz

If A, Band 0 are the three aIlgles and a, band

e the opposite sides,
iy

ore Ian z

iy

+1

cos a=cos b cos e+sin b sin e cos A

-I

cos b cos (e8)

cos 8

o
-I

areese z and
aresee z

where tan 8=tan b cos A

FIGURE

cos A= -cos B cos O+sin B sin 0 cos a

0 +1

4.4.

aroeol z

Branch cuts jor inverse circular

junctions.

80

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Fundamental Property

The general solutions of the equations

sin t=z

4.4.23

Arccsc z=i Arccsch iz

4.4.24

Arcsec Z= i Arcsech z

4.4.25

Arccot z=i Arccoth iz

cos t=z

Logarithmic Representations

tan t=z

4.4.26

Arcsin x=-i:Ln [(1-x2)t+ix]

(X2::; 1)

4.4.27

Arccos x=-i: Ln [x+i(1-x2)t]

(x2::;1)

are respectively
4.4.10

t=Arcsin Z= (-l)k arcsin z+k1l"

4.4.11

t=Arccos Z= arccos z+2k1l"

4.4.12
t=Arctan z=arctan z+k1l"

i
l-i x i
i+x
4.4.28 Arctan x=-2 Ln -+.
1 =-2 Ln -.~

(Z2~

~-x

(x real)

-1)

where k is an arbitrary integer.

4.4.13

Interval containing principal value

y
x positive
x negative
or zero

(X 2_]

x)t+iJ

(X2~ 1)

4.4.29

Arccsc x=-i Ln [

4.4.30

Arcsec

X=-~

4.4.31

Arccot

x=;LnG:+~)=~Ln(~+D

. Ln [1 +i(Xx2 -1)tJ

(X2~ 1)

arcsin x and arctan x 0 ~y ~ 11"/2

-11"/2 ~y<O

arccos x and arcsec x 0 ~ y ~ 11"/2

1I"/2<y ~ 11"

(x real)

arccot x and arccsc x O::;'y::;'11"/2

-1I"/2:5y<O

Addition and Subtraction of Two Inverse Circular

Functions

4.4.32

\~,ccos lI.

.. ,.

'

. " 'Q';esec)(

.:-.....

Arcsin zlArcsin Z2

'.0

Arcsin [zl(1-ZDtZ2(1-zl)t]

4.4.33
.4.0

.:.5

-1.0

1.0

I.'

'.0

2.'

Arccos ZI Arccos Z2

-arCSlOlt

--<-- /JtCCO$/C
- - - arctan lI.

--- arcest
-

FIGURE

4.5.

II:

oresec)!

-2.0

Al'cCOS{ ZIZ2=F[(1-zD (l-zmlJ

4.4.34

- o,,;col x

Inverse circular junctions.

z
Arctan zlAretan z2=Arctan(l .!:Z2)
-r Z 1Z 2

4.4.35

Functions of Negative Arguments

Arcsin ZI Arccos Z\I

4.4.14

arcsin (- Z) = - arcsin z

4.4.15

arccoS (-z)=1I"-arccos z

4.4.16

arctan (- z) = - arctan z

4.4.36

4.4.17

arccsc (- z) = - arccsc z

Arctan Zl Arccot

4.4.18

arc sec (-z)=1I"-arcsec z

4.4.19

arccot (-z)=-arccot z

=Arcsin{zlz2[(1-zt) (l-z~)]i}
=Arccos [z2(1-zDt=Fzl(1-z~)t]
Z2

= Ar c t an ( ZIZ21)= Ar cco t(Z2=FZI)

--Z2 =FZl
ZIZ2 1
Inverse Circular Functions in Terms of Real and
Imaginary Parts

Relation to Inverse Hyperbolic Functions (see 4.6.14 to

4.6.19)

4.4.37

4.4.20

Arcsin Z= - i Arcsinh iz

Arcsin z=h+(-l)k arcsin{1

4.4.21

Arccos Z= i Arccosh z

4.4.22

Arctan Z= - i Arctanh iz

+(-l)kiln (a+(a 2 -1)1]

4.4.38
(z2~-1)

Arccos z =2h {arccos {1-i In [a+ (a2-1)i])

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

81

4.4.46
arcsin x=~- (l-x)l(ao+alx+aZx 2 +a3 x3
OJ

where k is an integer or zero und

a=![(x+ 1)2+ y 2p+! [(X-_1)2+ y 2p

{1=! [(x+ 1)2+ y2]l-![(x--1)2 +y2]!

ao= 1.57079 63050

a~=

al= -.2145988016

a5=-.0170881256

.03089 18810

Series Expansions

.08897 89874

a2=

4.4.40
Z3 1.3z 5 1.3.5;:7
arCSIn z=z+2."3+2.4 .5+2.4.6 ~+. ..
.

(lzl<l)

a3= - .0501743046

a6=

.0066700901

a7=-.0012624911

4.4.47

4.4.41
. (1- )-~-( )1[1
arCSIn
z -2 2z

~1:\5 ... (2k-l) kJ

+{;;;{
22k(2k+ l)k! z
(lzl<2)

4.4.42

al=

.9998660

aa=-.3302995
a5=

a7= - .08513 30
ag=

.0208351

.18014 10

arctan x
Continued Fractions

Z2 4Z2 9z l 16z 2

4.4.43 arctan z=l+ 3+ 5+ 7+ 9+ ...

4.4.49 11
arctan
( )
- -x_1+~
...../a2kx2k+ EX

(z in the cut plalle of Figure 4.4.)

4.4.44

arcsin z
~1-Z2

z 1 2Z2 1 . 2Z2 3 4Z2 3. 4Z2

1- 3- 5- 7 9-'"

(z in the cut plalle of Figure 4.4.)

Polynomial Approximations

4.4.45

ao= 1.57072 88

a2=:

al= -.21211 44

aa =: - .01872 93

k=l

a2= -.33333 14528

a4=

.19993 55085

aJO = - .07528 96400

aJ2=

.04290 96138

a6=-.1420889944

a14= -.0161657367

as=

a16=

.10656 26393

.00286 62257

.07426 10

9 The approximations 4.4.45 to 4.4.47 are from C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital co rnputers. Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J .. 1955 (with permission).

10 The approximation 4.4.48 is from C. Hastings, Jr.,

Note 143, Math. Tables Aids Compo 6, 68 (1958) (with
permission) .
11 The approximation 4.4.49 is from B. Carlson, M. Goldstein, Rational approximation of functions, Los Alamos
Scientific Laboratory LA-1943, Los Alamos, N. Mex.,
1955 (with permission).

82

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Approximations in Terms of Chebysbev Polynomials

12

4.4.57

4.4.50
T~(x)=cos

arctan

X=X

Integration Formulas

(see chapter 22)

cos O=2x-l

nO,

'"
2J
A~T:(x2)

dz arccsc z=- z (e2-1)t

4.4.58

I arcsin z dz == z arcsin z + (1- z2)i

4.4.59

I arccos z dz:=z arccos z-(1-z 2)i

n-O

An

.88137
-. 10589
.01113
-.00138
.00018
-.00002

1
2
3
4
5

For x

An

.00000
-.00000
.00000
-.00000
. 00000

6
7
8
9
10

3587
2925
5843
1195
5743
6215

3821
0570
0086
0013
0002

4.4.60 I arctan z dz==z arctan z-! In (1 +Z2)

4.4.61

I arccsc z dz=z arccsc zIn [z+(z2-1)i]

>1, use arctan x=!lI'-arctan (ljx)

z<i]
[ -i<arccsc z<o
O<arccsc

4.4.51
.,

L: AnT:(2x2)

arcsin x=x

n=O

4.4.62
Iarcsec z dz=z arcsec z=FIn [z+(z2-1)i]

:<[

'" Ann(2x2)
arccos x=!lI'-x ~
n=O

o
1

2
3
4

An
1.05123
.05494
00408
00040
00004

An

1959
6487
0631
7890
6985

5
6
7
8
9

.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000

5881
0777
0107
0015
0002

For h/2~x:::; 1, use arcsin x=arccos(l-x2)i, arccos x=arcsin (l-x2 )i.

or('Sec

2< arcsec

'<~]
z<

11'

4.4.63

I arccot z dz:=z arccot z+! In (1+Z2)

4.4.64

Jz arcsin z dz=(~-D arcsin

z+~ (l-z2)t

Differentiation Formulas

4.4.52

!i arcsin z=(1-z 2)-!

dz

4.4.65
fn .
_ Z"+1
.
1 I zn+l
JZ arcsm z dz-n+l arcsm z-:-n+l (1-z2)i dz

4.4.53

dz arccos z = - (1- z2)-1

4.4.54

d
1
dz arctan z=1+z2

4.4.55

d
-1
dz arccot z=l+z2

(n~-l)

4.4.66

4.4.56

- arcsec z
dz

12 The aPI>roximations 4.4.50 to 4.4.51 are from C. W.

Clenshaw, Polynomial approximations to elementary
functions, Math. Tables Aids Compo 8, 143-147 (1954)
(with permission).

Iz arccos z

dz=:=(~-~) arccos z-~ (l-z2)!

4.4.67

zn+l
1 I
zn+l
znarccoszdz=n+l arccosz+n+ 1 (1_z2)i dz

(n~-l)

4.4.68
1
Z
z arctan z dZ=2 (1+Z2) arctan z-2

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.4.69

zn+1
1 J zn+1
zn arctan z dz=-- arctan z---- - - dz
n+1
n+l 1+Z2

(n~-])

4.4.70

Jz arccot Z dz=~ (1 + Z2) 'l.rccot z +i

83

4.5.8

cosh z=cos iz

4.5.9

tanh Z= -i' tan iz

4.5.10

csch z=i csc iz

4.5.11

sech z=sec iz

4.5.12

coth z=i cot iz

Periodic Properties

4.4.71
4.5.13

sinh (z + 2k-n'i) = sinh z

(k any integer)

(n~-l)

4.5. Hyperbolic Fum:tions

4.5.14

cosh (z+2hi) = cosh z

4.5.15

tanh (z+bri)=tanh z

Definitions

Relations Between Hyperbolic Functions

.
eZ-e- Z
smhz=---

4.5.1

(z=x+iy)

eZ+e- z

4.5.2

cosh z

4.5.3

tanh z=sinh ZjCOSl

4.5.4

csch Z= l/sinh

4.5.5

sech Z= 1/cosh z

4.5.6

coth z= 1/tanh z

2
Z

4.5.16

cosh2 z-sinh 2 z=1

4.5.17

tanh2 z+sech2 Z= 1

4.5.18

coth2 z-csch2 z=1

4.5.19

cosh z+sinh z=e'

4.5.20

cosh z-sinh z=e-

Negative Angle Formulas

4.5.21

sinh (- z) = -sinh z

4.5.22

cosh (-z)=cosh z

4.5.23

tanh (-z)=-tanh z
Addition Formulas

4.5.24

sinh (Zl + Z2) = sinh Zl cosh Z2

+ cosh

-5.2

-4.4

-3.6

---_

-1.2

CIChX- .......

4.5.25

".4

ZI

sinh

Z2

cosh (ZI+Z2) = cosh Zl cosh Z2

____ !n'lL ___-.~__=:_::.~.... ~

coth)l.~

'-,

~,\

-1.!5

~\

sinh.

--sinh"
__ --- cosh II

+ sinh Zl sinh Z2

- - - lonhx

-z.'

- -- csch It
... - seeh II

- ... -

coin

II

4.5.26

tanh (zl+z2)=(tanh zl+tanh

Z2)/

-~.!5

(1 +tanh Zl tanh Z2)

I -4.'
I

FIGURE

4.6.

Hyperbolic ju'r/'ctions.

4.5.27

coth (zl+z2)=(coth Zl coth

Z2+

1)/

(coth q+coth Zl)

Relation to Circular Functions

(see 4.3.49 to 4.3.54)

Hyperbolic formulas can b B derived from

trigonometric identities by replaeing z by iz
4.5.7

sinh Z= - i sin

i:~

Half-Angle Formulas

4.5.28
. h z (cosh Z-1)i
sm 2=
2

84

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.5.44

4.5.29

cosh zl-cosh z2=2 sinh (ZItZ2) sinh (ZI 2 Z2)

Z (cosh Z+l)!
cos h -=
2
2

4.5.30
hZ
tan

2=

(COShZ-1)! coshz-1
cosh z+l
sinh Z

sinhz
cosh z+1

Multiple-Angle Formulas

4.5.31

. h
. h
h
2 tanh Z
sm 2z=2 sm Z cos Z 1- t an h2 Z

4.5.32

cosh 2z=2 cosh2 z-l =2 sinh2 z+ 1

=c08h2 z+8inh2 Z

Relations Between Squllres of Hyperbolic Sines and

C:osines

4.5.47
sinh2 zl-sinh 2 22=sinh (ZI+Z2) sinh (ZI-Z2)
=<'.osh2 21-c.osh2 22
4.5.48
sinh2 21+cosh2 z2=eosh (ZI+Z2) cosh (ZI-22)
=00sh2 21+sinh2 22

4.5.33

2 tanh Z
tanh 2z -1+tanh2 Z

4.5.34

sinh 3z=3 sinh z+4 sinh3 Z

4.5.35

cosh 3z= -3 cosh z+4 cosh3 z

4.5.36

sinh 4z=4 sinh3 Z cosh z+4 cosh3 Z sinh Z

4.5.49 sinh 2=sinh x cos y+i cosh x sin y

4.5.37

cosh 4z=cosh4 z+6 sinh2 Z cosh2 z+sinh4 Z

4.5.50 cosh 2=cosh x cos y+i sinh x sin y

Products of Hyperbolic Sines and Cosines

4.5.38

2 sinh ZI sinh Z2 = cosh (ZI + Z2)

-cosh (ZI-Z2)

Hyperbolic Functions in Terms of Real and Imaginary

Parts

4 5 51 tanh 2 sinh 2.c+i sin 2y

. .
cosh 2x+cos 2y
4.5.52 coth 2 sinh 2:r-i sin 2y
cosh 2x- cos 2y
De Moivre's Theorem

4.5.53
4.5.40

2 sinh ZI cosh z2=sinh (ZI+Z2)

+sinh (ZI-Z2)

(cosh z+sinh 2)n=cosh nz+sinh nz

Modulus and Phase (Argument) of Hyperbolic

Functions

4.5.54

Isinh zl = (sinh2 x+sin2 y)t

=[!(cosh 2x-cos 2y)]!

4.5.55

arg sinh z=arctan (coth x tan y)

4.5.56

Icosh zl=(8inh 2 x+cos2 y)i

= [!(cosh 2x+cos 2y)]t

4.5.57

arg cosh z=arctan (tanh x tan y)

4.5.58

Itanh zl=(cosh 2x-cos 2Y)!

.cosh 2x+cos 2y

Addition and Subtraction of Two Hyperbolic Functions

4.5.41
sinh zI+sinh z2=2 sinh (ZltZ2) cosh (ZI 2 Z2)
4.5.42
sinh zl-sinh z2=2 cosh (ZltZ2) sinh (ZI 2 Z2)
4.5.43
cosh zl+cosh z2=2 cosh (ZltZ2) cosh (ZI 2 Z2)

85

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Relations Between Hyperbolic (or Inverse Hyperbolic) Functions

4.5.60

cOE,h x=a

sinh x=a

tanh ;..;=a

csch x=a

sech x=t1.

coth x=a

sinh x ____ ~. a

(a 2 -1)i

a(1-a2)-t

a-I

a- I(1-a 2)t

(a 2 -1)-1

cosh

(1-a 2)-i

a- I(1+a 2)t

a-I

a(a 2 -1)-t

tanh x _____ a(1 +a 2)-t

a- l (a2 -1)t

(1 +a2 )-t

(l-a 2 )t

a-I

csch

(a2 -1)-i

a- I(I-a 2)t

a(1-a 2 )-t

(a 2 -1)t

sech x _____ (1+a2)-t

a-I

(l-a2)i

a(l+a2 )-t

a- l (a 2 -1)t

coth x _____ a- l (a 2 + l)t

a(a2 --1)-t

a-I

(1 +a2)t

(1-a2)-t

(1 +a2 )i

:1: _____

a-I

:1: _____

Illustration: If sinh x=a, coth x=a- l (a 2

+1)1

arcsech a=arccoth (1-a2)-i

4.5.61 Special Values of the
7r

Hypl~rbolic

Functions

sech

37r

"2'1.
- - - --~

-~

co

cosh 2_______ 1

-1

ex>

co~

csch 2_______

-1,

ex>

ex>

-1

ex>

sech z_______ 1
coth z_______

ex>

ex>~

ex>

ex>

Z3

Z6

smh

z=z+31+51+71+ ...

4.5.63

cosh

z=I+ 2!+ 41+61+

4..
5 64 tan h

Z3+

z-z-3

Z4

+(2n)!
E 2n

Z6

...

where Bn and En are the nth Bernoulli and Euler

numbers, see chapter 23.

Infinite Products

4.5.68

(/z/<ex

smh

Z=Z

'" (

k~l

Z2 )
1+k2r2

(/z/<ex

Continued Fraction

4.5.70

Differentiation Formulas

+ ...

2(22n-l-l)B2n 211-1+
(2n) 1
Z

II.

4.5.71

:z sinh z= cosh z

4.5.72

tz cosh z=sinh z

4.5.73

d
dz tanh z=sech2 z

4.5.74

d
dz csch z =

(l2/<1r)
See page

2 6 17 7
15 Z -315 z

4.5.65
h _1 z+ 7 3
31 5
esc z-Z--6 360 z -15120 Z

211+

(/z/<~)

4.5.69

Z7

4.5.62

Z2

4.5.67

Series Expansions

Z2+ 5 4
61 6+
-2"
24 Z -720 Z

--

sinh 2_______ 0

tanh z ______ 0

Z= 1

ex>

2~

7r'/,

4.5.66

- csch 2 roth

86

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS,

4.5.87

d
dz sech z=-sech z tanh z

4.5.75

d
- coth z=-csch2 z
dz

4.5.76

f
f

4.5.78

4.5.80
4.5.81

cosh z dz=sinh z

csch z dz=ln tanh

zn sinh zdz=zn cosh z-n zn-l cosh zdz

coth n- 2 z dz
(n~l)

rz

4.6.1

dt
arcslUh Z= Jo (l+t2)i

4.6.2

dt
arccosh Z= Jl (t2-1)i

4.6.3

dt
arctanh Z= Jo 1-t2

(z=x+iy)

rz

rz

The paths of integration must not cross the following cuts.

4.6.1 imaginary axis from - i 00 to - i and i
to i 00

zn cosh z dz=zn sinh z-n zn-l sinh z dz

4.6.2 real axis from -

00

4.6.3 real axis from -

+1

to

co

+1

to -1 and

to

+00

sinhm z cosh" z dz=_l_ sinhm+l z coshn- 1 z

m+n

n-1 sinhmz coshn- 2 zdz

+ m+n
=_1_ sinhm-1

m+n

z coshn+ 1 z

Inverse hyperbolic functions are also written

sinh- 1 z, arsinh z, dr sinh z, etc.
4.6.4

arccsch z=arcsinh l/z

4.6.5

arcsech z=arccosh l/z

4.6.6

arccoth z=arctanh l/z

iy

-m-1f'
- - slUhm- 2 z coshn z dz
m+n

+i

(m+n~O)

4.5.86

cothn-l z
n-l

4.6. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

4.5.85

coth n z dz=-

(See chapters 5 and 7 for other integrals lUvolving hyperbolic functions.)

coth z dz=ln sinh z

4.5.84

tanh n- 2 z dz

Definitions

4.5.83

sinh z dz=cosh z

sech z dz=arctan (sinh z)

4.5.82

(n~1)

f tanh z dz=ln cosh z

4.5.79

tanhn-l z
n-l

4.5.88

Integration Formulas

4.5.77

tanh n z dz=-

iy

-co

f.

dz h n
SInhmzcos
z

m+n- 2
m-1

-1

m-1 sinhm 1 z coshn 1 Z

slUhm

dz
2Z

+i

=n-1 sinhm- 1 ii: coshn- 1 z

+m+n- 2
n-l

dz
sinhm z cosh n

(n~l)

FIGURE

o +1

-I

orctonh z

,iy

-i
orccsch z

4.7.

orccosh z

iy

(m ~l)

coshn z

+1
0

-i
orcsinh z

iy

-co

+1

+=

orcsech z

Branch cuts jor

junctions.

~nverse

-I

+1

orccoth z

hyperbolic

87

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNC'rIONS

4.6.7

arctanh z=arccoth

(see 4.5.60)

z h'i

(according as

x-+-l

arceoth x=2 In x~ 1

4.6.25
..Jfz~O)

Fundamental Property

The general solutions of the equations

4.0

z=sinh t
30

z=cosh t
z=tanh t

25

20

1\

15

4.6.8

t=Arcsinh z= (-l)k arcsinh z+k1ri

4.6.9

t=Arccosh z= arccosh z+2k1ri

'-="'-':'~-Jlr~(~
orccoth ..

"

---~~

o_--_+'----;t;c----;-';;--=~=;;::....,

-"",:.0==-:':i'4.0,:--,,-3';"-.0--::-~2o~=....:'~'
i

l;:;

10

are respectively

,,1 I.
10

"'~

ZoO

30

40

50

--orcs,nh ..
orccoshl
-

. - orctanh l
-_ .. Ofccsch ..

4.6.10 t=Arctanh z=arctanh z+k1ri

(k, integer)

orcsechx.
arecath ..

40

.,

Functions of Negative Arl!;uments

4.6.11
*4.6.12
4.6.13

FIGURE

arcsinh (- z) = - aresinh z

4.8.

Inverse hyperbolic junctio'fl,s.

arccosh (-z)=1I"i-ltrccosh z
Addition and Subtraction oC Two Inverse Hyperbolic
}'unctions

arctanh (-z)=-aretanh z

Relation to Inverse Circular Functions

4.4.25)

(see 4.4.20 to

4.6.26

Hyperbolic identities can be derived from trigonometric identities by replacing z by iz.

4.6.14

Arcsinh z= - i Arcsin iz

4.6.15

Arccosh

Z=

4.6.16

Arctanh

4.6.17

Arccsch z=i Arccsc iz

4.6.18

Arcsech Z= i Arcspc z

4.6.19

Arccoth z=i Arccot iz

Z=

4.6.27

i Arccos z

Arccosh zIArccosh

Z2

- i Arctan iz

4.6.28

Logarithmic Representations

4.6.29

4.6.20

arcsinh x=ln [x+(xLt-l)tj

Arcsinh zIArecosh

4.6.21

arc'cosh x=ln [x+(x2--1)t]

4.6.22

arctanh x=! In -1-

l+x
-x

(x~l)

Z2

=An'sinh {ZIZZ [(1 +zD (z~-l)lt}

=Arccosh [z2(1 +zDt zI(z~-l)tl

(Osx 2 <1)
4.6.30

y]

4.6.23

arccsch x=ln

[~+(~+ 1

4.6.24

arcsech x=ln

D+(~--l )!]

(x~O)

(O<xSl)

=Arccoth
See page

II.

C::~l~)

88

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Series Expansions

Integration Formulas

4.6.43
4.6.44
1

d
dz arccoth z=(I-z2)-1

4.6.42

4.6.31
.
1
1.3 5
arcsmh z=z-2. 3 Z3+ 2 . 4.5 z

1 3

4.6.45

=In 2z+ 2. 2Z2 2.4. 4Z4

135 _
2466z6

4.6.46

f
f
f
f

1
13
arccosh z=ln 2z- 2 . 2z2-2 . 4 .4z4
135
2466z6 -

Z3
Z5
Z7
4.6.33 arctanh z=z+3"+5+f+ ...

4.6.48

f arccoth z dz=z arccoth z+! In (Z2_1)

~~Z2+ 1 arcsm
. h z-4z (z2+ 1)1
f zarcsm. h z dz=--4-

d
1
dz arccsch z==F z(l+z2)l
(according as

4.6.41
See page II.

4.6.51
2z2-1
z
z arccosh 2 dz:=: - 4 - arccosh z-4(2 2-1)1

Zll+!
f z"arccoshzdz=i:+l arccoshz-n+ J(z2_1)ldz

4.6.52

,,11+1

(n;6-1)

4.6.53

z2-1

z arc tanh z dZ=-2-

Differentiation Formulas

4.6.40

arctanh

4.6.54

z+2

Zll+!
1
Zll arc tanh z dz==-- arctanh z - - n+l
n+l

ZIl+1
- -2 dz
l-z

(n~-l)

4.6.55

fz

arccsch z d2=~2 arccsh

Z~ (l+z2)1

(according as 8lz ~O)

8lz~O)

dz arcsech z==F z(l-z 2 )l

4.6.49

4.6.36
arcsinh Z z 1 2Z2 1 . 2Z2 3 . 4Z2 3 4z2
.yl+z2 =1+ 3+5+7+~'"

d~ arctanh z= (1- Z2) -1

arcsech z dz=z arcsech 2arcsin z

(n~-l)

(z in the cut plane of Figure 4.7.)

4.6.39

8lz~O)

2"+ 1

Z Z2 4Z2 9z2
4.6.35 arctanh z=l_ 3- 5- 7- ...

~ arccosh z=(z2-1)-1
dz

1 J ZIl+1
.
arcsmhz- n+l (1+Z2)ldz
f zllarcsmhzdz=n:+-l

(lzl>1)

4.6.38

arccsch 2 dz=z arccsch zaIcsinh z

4.6.47

Continued Fractions

d: arcsinh z=(1 +z2)-1

arctanhz dz=z arctanh z+! In (1-z2)

4.6.50

1 1
1
1
4.6.34 arccoth z=Z+3z3+5z~+7z7+ ...

4.6.37

arccosh zdz=z arccosh z-(z2-1)1

(according as

(lzl>1)
4.6.32

arcsinh z dz=z arcsinh z-(I+z 2)1

(n;6 -1)

EL1~MENTARY

4.6.57

Z2

z arcsech z dZ="2 aresech z=F (l-z 2)1

arccoth

z2-1

z dZ=-2- arccoth z+2

4.6.60
1

Zll+!

Z"

fz

9lz~0)

4.6.58

4.6.59

(acc.ording as

89

TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Zll

arcsech z dz= n+ 1 arcsech z ~:n+ 1 J (l-z 2)1 dz

f zn

ZIl+1

arccot.h z dz= n+l arccoth z+ n+l

f f-

n+1

1 dz

(n~-l)

Numerical Methods
4.7. Use and Extension of the Tables
NOTE: In the examples given it is assumed that
the arguments are exact.

Example 2.
Compute X- 3/4 for x=9.19826 to 10D uslnl~ t.he
Table of Common Logarithms.
From Table 4.1, four-point Lagrangian interpolation gives loglO (9.19826)=.96370 56812. 1'hen,
3

Example 1. Computation of Common Logarithms.

To compute ('ommon logarithms, the number
must be expressed in the form ;1: 10', (1 ~x<10,
00 ~ q ~ 00 ).
The common logarithm of x 10'
consists of an integral 1?art which is called the
characteristic and a decllllni paJ~t which is called
the mantissa. Table 4.1 gives the common
logarithm of x.

-410g10 (x) = -.72277 92609=9.27722 07391-10.

Linear i!!verse interpolation in Table 4.1 yields
antilog (1.27722) = .18933. For 10 place aCcuracy
subtabulation with 4-point Lagrangian intcrpolants produces the table

loglo N
.27721 94350
.27724 23729
.27726 53095

.18933
.18934
.18935

229379
229366

-]3

By linear inverse interpolation

.009836 9.836.10-3 3.99281 ;~5=(-2.0071815)
.09836 9.836.10- 2 2.9928185=(-1.0071815)
.9836
9.836
98.36
983.6

X- 3H =

Example 3.

9.836.10- 1

1.99281 S5=(-0.0071815)

9.836.100

0.99281 S5

9.83610!

1.99281 S5

Convert Iog lO x to In x for x= .009836.

Using 4.I.2:l and Table 4.1, In (.0098a6) =
In 10 loglo (.00{1836) =2.30258 5093 (-2.00718 15)
= -4.62170 62:.

9.836.102

2.99281 S5

Example 4.

Interpolation in Table 4.1 between 983 and 984

gives .99281 85 as the mantissa (,f 9836.
Note that 3.99281 85= -3+.99281 85. When
q is negative the common logarithm can be
expressed in the alternative forms

Compute In x for X= .00278 to 6D.

Using 4.1.7,4.1.11 and Table 4.2, In (.002i'8)=
In (.2781O- 2 )==ln (.278)-2 In 10=-5.885304.
Linear interpolntion between X= .002 and
x=.003 would give In(.00278)=-5.898. To
obtain 5 decimal plnce accuracy with lJinear
interpolatico it. is necessary that x>.175.

loglo (.009836)=3.99281 85=7.9~1281 85-10

= -2.00718 15.

Example 5.

The last form is convenient for conversion from

common logarithms t.o natural logarithms.
The inverse of loglo x is called ljhe antilogarithm
of x'. and is writte~ antilog x or log-I x; The
logarithm of the reciprocal of a number is called
the cologarithm, written colog.

In

111'1'

page II.

.18933 05685.

Compute In x for x=1l31.718 to SD.

Using 4.1.7,4.1.11 a.nd Table 4.2

1l31.718:=11l(l1t:3~181l31)
==In

l1t:3~18 +In 1.131

+In 103

==In (1.00063 4836) +In 1.131 +31u 10.

90

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Then from 4.1.24

Example 9.

In 1131.718= (.00063 4836) - !(.00063 4836)2

+In 1.131+3 In 10=.000634836-.00000 0202

Compute e4.99728 69 to ,'So

Using 4.2.18 and Table 4.4,

+.12310 2197+6.90775 5279=7.03149211.

Example 6.

Linear interpolation gives e09728 69= 1.10217 67

with an error of IX 10- 7,

Compute In x working with 16D for

X= 1.38967 12458 179231.

e4.99728 69=(134.28978)(1.1021767)=148.0111.

Since 1.:89=1.00048 32583 282384=I+a, using

4.1.24 and Table 4.2 we compute successively
a=
a2
2

1167693059

a3
3

376199

a4
-4"=-

x= .86725 13489 24685 12693.

Let a=x-.867. Using 4.2.1, compute successively
1.00000 00000 00000 00000
a= .00025
a2
-=
2!

136
.0004831415965388

In 1.389 =
In X=

.32858 40637 722067

.3290672053687455.

Compute the principal value of In (23i).

From 4.1.2, 4.1.3 and Tables 4.2 and 4.14.

(2+3i)=~ In

(22+3 2)+i arctan

=1.282475+i(.982794)
In (-2+3i)=i In 13+i (\-arctan~)
=1.282475+i(2.158799)

=1.282475-i(.982794).
Example 8.
Compute (.227)69 to 7D.
Using 4.2.7 and Tables 4.2 and 4.4,
(.227)69=e69 In (.227) =e.69(-I.48280 5262)
=rl. 02313 5631= .35946 60.

315 88140 97019

2646 54842

e"= 1.00025 13805 15472 81184

867
e =2.37976 08513 29496 863 from Table 4.4
eae,867 =ex =2.38035

90~(68

39006 089.

Example 11.
Compute e648 to 7S.
Let n=lnxlO and d= the decimal part of Inx .
lO
Then
x
exp x=exp Cn 10 lrllO)=exp [(n+d) In 10]
=exp (In IOn) exp (d In 10)

=1.282475-i(2.158799)

(2-3i)=~ In 13+i (-arctan~)

12693

16630

(-2-3i)=~ In 13+i ( -1r+arctan~)

In

13489 24685

a3
3!

In (1+a)=

Example 7.

In

Compute eX to 18D for

.0004832583282384

--=-

In

Example 10.

=10n exp (d In 10)

From Table 4.4
e648 =exp

(1:4:0 In 10)==exp (281.42282 42 In 10)

=10281 exp ('42282 42 In 10)=10281 exp .9735887

= 10281 (2.647428) = (:281)2.647428.
Example 12.
Compute e- X for X= .75 using the expansion in
Chebyshev polynomial:;;.

91

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Following the procedure in [4.31 we have from

4.2.48

...

where 1': (~) are the Chebyshev polynomials

defined in chapter 22. Assuming 68 =69 =0 we
generate bt , k=7, 6, 5, ... 0 from the recurrence
relation

Example 15.
Compute sin x and cos x for x=2.317 to 7D.
From 4.3.44 and Table 4.6
sin (2.317)=sin (1r-2.317)=sin (.82459 2654)
=.73427 12
cos (2.317)=cos (1r-2.317)= -cos (.824592654)
=-.67885 60.

k
7

bl:
- .00000 0015

.000000400

- .00000 9560

.000189959

3
2
1
0

-.003009164
.03550

Linear interpolation for x= .82459 2654 gives an

error of 9 X 10-8
Example 16.
Compute sin x for x= 12.867 to 8D.
From 4.3.16 and Tables 4.6 and 4.8
sin (12.867) = sin 12 cos .867 +cos 12 sin .86'jf

= .29612 142.

4~193

-.27432 7449
.33520

The method of reduction to an angle in the first

quadrant which was given in Example H. may
also be used.

2~;28

since I(x) =60 - (2x-1)6t,

Example 17.

r 76 =.33520 2828-{.5)(--.27432 7449)

= .47236 6553.

x= .86725 13489 24685 12693.

Example 13.
Express 3842'32" in radians to 6D.
1= .01745 32925 19943

Compute sin x to 19D for

~~9577

Let a=.867,
Table 4.6

42'=.01221 73 r
32"=.00015 51 r
3842'32"=.675598 r.
Example 14.
Express x= 1.6789 radians irl degrees, minutes
and seconds to the nearest tenth of a second.
From Table 1.1 giving the mathematical constants we have

cos a=.64711 66288 94312 75010

With the series expansions for sin {J and cos {J we
compute successively
1.00000

fJ2

~=
4.
cos {3=
{3=

.19388X60= 11.633'
.633'X60=38.0"
1.6789 r=9611 '38.0",
See page

II.

00000 00000 00000

315

-2'=- .

88140 97019
16630

.99999

99684 11859 196111

.00025 13489 24685 12603

{J3
-3'=- .

1 r=1800 =57.29fi77 95130 ...

1r
1.6789 r=96.19388

and

sin a=.76239 10208 07866 22598

1"=.00000 48481 36811 09535 9936 r

38=.66322 51 r

From 4.3.16

sin (a+ (3) =sin a cos {3+cos a sin {3

l' = .00029 08882 08665 '72159 62 r

Therefore

{3=x-a.

2646 54842
1

sin {3=

.00025 13489 22038 578:52

sin a cos {3=.76239 09967 25351 31308

cos a sin {J=.00016 26520 67105 824:36
sin x=.76255 36487 92457 13'74

92

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

This procedure is equivalent to interpolation with

Taylor'S formula 3.6.4.
Example 18.
In the plane triangle ABC,
c=3?1; find A, b.

a=123, B=2916',

Example 22.
CO!llpute arctan 20 nnd arccot 20 to 9D.
Usmg 4.4.5, 4.4.8, and Tahle 4.14
*
7r

arctan 20=:2-arctan 1/20= 1.52083 7931

b2=a2 +c2-2ac cos B=(123)2+(321)2

-2(123)(321) cos 2916'

arccot 20=2"-arctan 20=arctan .05=.04995 8396.

6=221.9993400

Example 23.

. A
sm

a sin B
b

(123)(.4888750196)
221.9993400

.2708639918

Example 19.

cos A

a=4, b=7, c=9,

8=arctan 1t+2'1f'k, k is an integer.

x
r=(3 2 +92 )i= "'90=9.486833

For k=O,

8=arctan 9/3=arctan 3=1.24904 58.

c2+b2-a2 81+49-16=114= 90476 1905

2bc
2.7 .9
126'

A= .439975954=2512'31.6"

Thus 3+9i=9.486833 exp (1.24904 58i).

Example 24.

sin A=.42591 7709

sin B

Express z=3+9i in polar form.

z=x+iy=re l ', where r==(x2+y2)t,

A=1542'56.469" .

In the plane triangle ABC,

find A, B, and C.

'If'

7(.425~1 7709), B=.841068670

Compute arctan x forx=I/3 to 12D.

From 4.4.34 and 4.4.42 we have
arctan x=arctan (xo+h)

=4811'22.9"
sin C= 9(.42591 7709), C=1.86054803
4
=10636'5.6"
where the supplementary angle must be chosen for
C. As a check we get A+B+C=180000'.I".
Example 20.
Compute cot x for x= .4589 to 6D.
Since x<.5, using Table 4.9 with interpolation
in (X-I-cot x), we find .4~89 -cot(.4589)=
.155159. Therefore cot (.4589)=2.179124.155159=2.023965.

=srctan xo+arctan i +xoh+x~

=arctan xO+(1

+x~+X~)-KI +x~+x~Y+ ...

We have
1
x=3=.33333 33333 33 so that h=.00033 33333 33
and, from Tahle 4.U, arctan xo=arctan .333

= .32145

05244

03.

Since

.00030 0030003 we get

l+xoh+x~

arctan x=.32145 05244 03+.0003000300 03

- .00000 00000 09

Example 21.
Compute arcsin x for x=.99511.
For x>.95, using Tahle 4.14 with interpolation
in the auxiliary functionj(x) we find

=.321750554397.

If x is given in the form b/a it is convenient to

use 4.4.34 in the form

'If'
[
arcsm
X=-2(I-x)]ij(x)

b
b-axo
arctan -=arctan xo+arctan -+b .
a
a Xo

arcsin (.99511)=~-[2(.00489)]if(.99511)

In the present example we get

=1.57079 6327-(.09889 388252)
(1.00040 7951)
=1.47186 2100.

1
1
arctan 3=arctan .333+arctan 3333'

*s.e page

n.

93

ELIlMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Example 25.

1 I 1 +.96035
11 1.96035
arctan h .96035=2 n 1-.96035 2 n .03965

Compute arcsec 2.8 to 5D.

Using 4.3.45 and Table 4.14

=! In 49.44136 191
=!(3.900787359)=1.950:l94.

. (z2--1)!
arcsec z=arcsm -:-~Example 27.

. [(2. 8)2-1]!
arcsec 2.8=arcsm
2.8

Compute arccosh x for x=1.5368 to 6D.

Using Table 4.17

=arcsin .93404 97735

=1.20559

arccosh x arc cosh 1.5368

(x2-1)t
[(1.5368)2_1)t

.852346

or using 4.3.45 and Table 4.14

arccosh 1.5368= (.852346) (1.361754)!
arcsec z=arctan (z2-1)1

= (.852346 )(1.166942)

arcsec 2.8=arctan 2.61533 9366

=.994638.

=~-arctan .38235 95~)64,

frorp. 4.4.3 and 4.4.8

= 1.570796- .365207

Example 28.
Compute arccosh x for x=31.2 to 5D.
Using Tables 4.2 and 4.17 with 1/x=1/31.2
= .03205 128205

=1.20559.
Example 26.

arccosh 31.2-In 31.2=.692886

Compute arctanh x for x=.9G035 to 6D.

From 4.6.22 and Table 4.2

arc cosh 31.2=.692886+3.440418=4.13330.

References
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[4.3] C. W. Clenshaw, A note en the summation of
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p=3(3) 15, 15D.

94

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

[4.19J National Bureau of Standards, Table of natural

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[4.22] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of sines and
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IOD.

[4.25] National Bureau of Standard'S, Table of sines and

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[4.28] National Bureau of Standards, Table of arcsin x

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[4.291 National Bureau of Standards, Tables of arctan x,
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NBS Applied Math. Series 11 (U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., ]\)51). arctan
min and arc cot min, 0< m< n ~ 100, 12D; reductions of arctan min, 0< m< n ~ 100; reductions of arctan 1'1. for reducible n <2089.
[4.371 U.S. Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic
Survey, Natural sines and cosines to eight decimal
places, Special Publication No. 231 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1942).
[4.381 C. E. Van Ostrand, Tables of the exponential
function and of the circular sine and cosine to
radian arguments, Memoirs of the National
Academy of Sciences 14, 5th Memoir (U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
1921).
[4.39] B. V. Vega, Logarithmic tables of numbers and
trilZonometrical fUnctions (G. E. Stechert & Co.,
New York, N.Y., 1905); IOglQ x, x=1(1)100000;
logarithms of the trigonometrical functions for
every ten seconds.

95

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

COMMON LOGARITHMS
x

loglO x

100
101
102
103
104

00000
00432
00860
01283
01703

00000
13738
01718
72247
33393

150
151
152
153
154

105
106
107
108
109

02118
02530
02938
03342
03742

92991
58653
37777
37555
64979

110
III
112
114

04139
04532
04921
05307
05690

115
116
117
118
119

lOglO X'
176,)9 12591

loglO x

Table 4.1

loglO x

IOglO x

181:34 35879
184,,9 14308
187';2 07208

200
201
202
203
204

30102
30319
30535
30749
30963

99957
60574
13694
60379
01674

250
251
252
253
254

39794
39967
40140
40312
40483

00087
37215
05408
05212
37166

300
301
302
303
304

47712
47856
48000
48144
48287

12547
64956
69430
26285
35836

155
156
157
158
159

190J3
19312
195B9
198h5
201:19

16982
45984
96524
70870
71243

205
206
207
208
209

31175
31386
31597
31806
32014

38611
72204
03455
33350
62861

255
256
257
258
259

40654
40823
40993
41161
41329

01804
99653
31233
97060
97641

305
306
307
308
309

48429
48572
48713
48855
48995

98393
14265
83755
07165
84794

26852
29788
80227
84435
48513

160
161
162
163
164

204:.1 99827
206B2 58760
209~;1 50145
212:_8 76044
214B4 38480

210
211
212
213
214

32221
32428
32633
32837
33041

92947
24553
58609
96034
37733

260
261
262
263
264

41497
41664
41830
41995
42160

33480
05073
12913
57485
39269

310
311
312
313
314

49136
49276
49415
49554
49692

16938
03890
45940
43375
96481

06069
06445
06818
07188
07554

78404
79892
58617
20073
69614

165
166
167
168
169

217'~8

39442
220:.0 80880
222~'1 64711
225:10 92817
227B8 67046

215
216
217
218
219

33243
33445
33645
33845
34044

84599
37512
97338
64936
41148

265
266
267
268
269

42324
42488
42651
42813
42975

58739
16366
12614
47940
22800

315
316
317
318
319

49831
49968
50105
50242
50379

05538
70826
92622
71200
06831

120
121
122
123
124

07918
08278
08635
08990
09342

12460
53703
98307
51114
16852

170
171
172
173
174

230'~4

89214
232"9 61104
235~I2 84469
23804 61031
240~,4 92483

220
221
222
223
224

34242
34439
34635
34830
35024

26808
22737
29745
48630
80183

270
271
272
273
274

43136
43296
43456
43616
43775

37642
92909
89040
26470
05628

320
321
322
323
324

50514
50650
50785
50920
51054

99783
50324
58717
25223
50102

125
126
127
128
129

09691
10037
10380
10720
11058

00130
05451
37210
99696
97103

175
176
177
178
179

243('3 80487
245~,1 26678
247 Ci 7 32664
250 1.2 00023
252115 30310

225
226
227
228
229

35218
35410
35602
35793
35983

25181
84391
58572
48470
54823

275
276
277
278
279

43933
44090
44241
44404
44560

26938
90821
97691
47959
42033

325
326
327
328
329

51188
51321
51454
51587
51719

33610
76001
77527
38437
58979

130
131
132
133
134

11394
11727
12057
12385
12710

33523
12957
39312
16410
47984

180
18i
182
183
184

255,:7
25767
260(,7
26215
264m

25051
85749
13880
10897
78230

230
231
232
233
234

36172
36361
36548
36735
36921

78360
19799
79849
59210
58574

280
281
282
283
284

44715
44870
45024
45178
45331

80313
63199
91083
64355
83400

330
331
332
333
334

51851
51982
52113
52244
52374

39399
79938
80837
42335
64668

135
136
137
138
139

13033
13353
13672
13987
14301

37685
89084
05672
90864
48003

185
186
187
188
189

267]7 17284
29442
2711:4 16065
274]5 78493
276 1 6 18042

235
236
237
238
239

37106
37291
37474
37657
37839

78623
20030
83460
69571
79009

285
286
287
288
289

45484
45636
45788
45939
46089

48600
60331
18967
24878
78428

335
336
337
338
339

52504
52633
52762
52891
53019

48070
92774
99009
67003
96982

140
141
142
143
144

14612
14921
15228
15533
15836

80357
91127
83444
60375
24921

190
191
192
193
194

278,'5 36010
281(,3 33672
283;,0 12287
285~,5 73090
287E.0 17299

240
241
242
243
244

38021
38201
38381
38560
38738

12417
70426
53660
62736
98263

290
291
292
293
294

46239
46389
46538
46686
46834

79979
29890
28514
76204
73304

340
341
342
343
344

53147
53275
53402
53529
53655

89170
43790
61061
41200
84426

145
146
147
148
149

16136
16435
16731
17026
17318

80022
28558
73347
17154
62684

195
196
197
198
199

290( 3
292.5
294 16
29666
298f:5

46114
60714
62262
51903
30764

245
246
247
248
249

38916
39093
39269
39445
39619

60844
51071
69533
16808
93471

295
296
297
298
299

46982
47129
47275
47421
47567

20160
17111
64493
62641
11883

345
346
347
348
349

53781
53907
54032
54157
54282

90951
60988
94748
92439
54270

150

17609 12591

200

30H'2 99957

250

39794 00087

300

47712 12547

350

54406 80444

113

[(-g)6]

178n 69473

269~,1

[(-g)2]

[(-~)l]

[(-J)9]

[(-J)6]

For use of common logaritams see Examples 1-3. For 100<J<135 interpolate in the range
1000<:1'<1350. Compiled from A. J. Thompson, Standard table (If logarithms to twenty decimal
places, Tracts for Computers, No. 22. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambtidge, England, 1952 (with
permission) .

96

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.1

COMMON LOGARITHMS

IOglO

:t

IOglO

IOglO x

00043
77259
37171
79851
05364

x
550
551
552
553
554

74036
74115
74193
74272
74350

26895
15989
90777
51313
97647

IOglO

350
351
352
353
354

54406
54530
54654
54777
54900

80444
71165
26635
47054
32620

400
401
402
403
404

60205
60314
60422
60530
60638

99913
43726
60531
50461
13651

450
451
452
453
454

65321
65417
65513
65609
65705

25138
65419
84348
82020
58529

x
500
501
502
503
504

355
356
357
358
359

55022
55144
55266
55388
55509

83531
99980
82161
30266
44486

405
406
407
408
409

60745
60852
60959
61066
61172

50232
60336
44092
01631
33080

455
456
457
458
459

65801
65896
65991
66086
66181

13967
48427
62001
54780
26855

505
506
507
508
509

70329
70415
70500
70586
70671

13781
05168
79593
37123
77823

555
556
557
558
559

74429
74507
74585
74663
74741

29831
47916
51952
41989
18079

360
361
362
363
364

55630
55750
55870
55990
56110

25008
72019
85705
66250
13836

410
411
412
413
414

61278
61384
61489
61595
61700

38567
18219
72160
00517
03411

460
461
462
463
464

66275
66370
66464
66558
66651

78317
09254
19756
09910
79806

510
511
512
513
514

70757
70842
70926
71011
71096

01761
09001
99610
73651
31190

560
561
562
563
564

74818
74896
74973
75050
75127

80270
28613
63156
83949
91040

365
366
367
368
369

56229
56348
56466
56584
56702

28645
10854
60643
78187
63662

415 61804,
416 61909
417 62013
418 62117
419 . 62221

80967
33306
60550
62818
40230

465
466
467
468
469

66745
66838
66931
67024
67117

29529
59167
68806
58531
28427

515
516
517
518
519

71180
71264
71349
71432
71516

72290
97016
05431
97597
73578

565
566
567
568
569

75204
75281
75358
75434
75511

84478
64312
30589
83357
22664

370
371
372
373
374

56820
56937
57054
57170
57287

17241
39096
29399
88318
16022

420
421
422
423
424

62324
62428
62531
62634
62736

92904
20958
24510
03674
58566

470
471
472
473
474

67209
67302
Q7394
67486
67577

78579
09071
19986
11407
83417

520
521
522
523
524

71600
71683
71767
71850
71933

33436
77233
05030
16889
12870

570
571
572
573
574

75587
75663
75739
75815
75891

48557
61082
60288
46220
18924

375
376
377
378
379

57403
57518
57634
57749
57863

12677
78449
13502
17998
92100

425
426
427
428
429

62838
62940
63042
63144
63245

89301
95991
78750
37690
72922

475
476
477
478
479

67669
67760
67851
67942
68033

36096
69527
83790
78966
55134

525
526
527
528
529

72015
72098
72181
72263
72345

93034
57442
06152
39225
56720

575
576
577
578
579

75966
76042
76117
76192
76267

78447
24834
58132
78384
85637

380
381
382
383
384

57978
58092
58206
58319
58433

35966
49757
33629
87740
12244

430
431
432
433
434

63346
63447
63548
63648
63748

84556
72702
37468
78964
97295

480
481
482
483
484

68124
68214
68304
68394
68484

12374
50764
70382
71308
53616

530
531
532
533
534

72427
72509
72591
72672
72754

58696
45211
16323
72090
12570

580
581
582
583
584

76342
76417
76492
76566
76641

79936
61324
29846
85548
28471

385
386
387
388
389

58546
58658
58771
58883
58994

07295
73047
09650
17256
96013

435
436
437
438
439

63848
63948
64048
64147
64246

92570
64893
14370
41105
45202

485
486
487
488
489

68574
68663
68752
68841
68930

17386
62693
89612
98220
88591

535
536
537
538
539

72835
72916
72997
73078
73158

37820
47897
42857
22757
87652

585
586
587
588
589

76715
76789
76863
76937
17011

58661
76160
81012
73261
52948

390
391
392
393
394

59106
59217
59328
59439
59549

46070
67574
60670
25504
62218

440
441
442
443
444

64345
64443
64542
64640
64738

26765
85895
22693
37262
29701

490
491
492
493
494

69019
69108
69196
69284
69372

60800
14921
51028
69193
69489

540
541
542
543
544

73239
73319
73399
73479
73559

37598
72651
92865
98296
88997

590
591
592
593
594

77085
77158
77232
77305
77378

20116
74809
17067
46934
64450

395
396
397
398
399

59659
59769
59879
59988
60097

70956
51859
05068
30721
28957

445
446
447
448
449

64836
64933
65030
65127
65224

00110
48587
75231
80140
63410

495
496
497
498
499

69460
69548
69635
69722
69810

51989
16765
63887
93428
05456

545
546
547
548
549

73639
73719
73798
73878
73957

65023
26427
73263
05585
23445

595
596
597
598
599

77451
77524
77597
77670
77742

69657
62597
43311
11840
68224

400

60205 99913

450

65321 25138

500

69897 00043

550

74036 26895

600

77815 12504

J'

[C-J)4]

[C-J)3]

[C-J)3]

69897
69983
70070
70156
70243

[C-J)2]

IOglO x

[C-J)2]

97

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

COMMON LOGARITHMS
x

lOglO x

loglO X
33566
D9886
75957
31813
77483

x
700
701
702
703
704

lOglO X
84509 80400
84571 80180
84633 71121
84695 53250
84757 26591

13000
38394
53696
58936
54146

705
706
707
708
709

84818
84880
84941
85003
85064

81954
82020
82085
82151
82216

39355
14595
79894
35284
80794

710
711
712
713
714

665
666
667
668
669

82282
82347
82412
82477
82542

16453
42292
58339
64625
61178

16895
16002
03847
80467
45897

670
671
672
673
674

82607
82672
82736
82801
82865

79588
79657
79726
79795
79865

00173
43332
75408
96437
06454

675
676
677
678
679

630 79934
631 80002
632 80071
633 80140
634 80208

05495
93592
70783
37100
92579

635
636
637
638
639

80277
80345
80413
80482
80550

640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649

Table 4.1

750
751
752
753
754

lOglO X
87506 12634
87563 99370
87621 78406
87679 49762
87737 13459

800
801
802
803
804

IOglO X
90308 99870
90363 25161
90417 43683
90471 5545:3
90525 60487

91170
47011
94138
32577
62352

755
756
757
758
759

87794
87852
87909
87966
88024

69516
17955
58795
92056
1775~

805
806
807
808
809

90579
90633
90687
90741
90794

50418
35347
13608
85216

85125
85186
85247
85308
85369

83487
96007
99936
95299
82118

760
761
762
763
764

88081
88138
88195
88252
88309

35923
46568
49713
45380
33586

810
8ll
812
813
814

90848
90902
90955
91009
91062

50189
0854:2
6029:2
05456
44049

715
716
717
718
719

85430
85491
85551
85612
85672

60418
30223
91557
44442
88904

765
766
767
768
769

88366
88422
88479
88536
88592

14352
87696
53639
12200
63398

815
816
817
818
819

91115
91169
91222
91275
91328

76087
01588
20565
33037
39018

48027
25202
92731
50642
98965

720
721
722
723
724

85733
85793
85853
85913
85973

24964
52647
71976
82973
85662

770
771
772
773
774

88649
88705
88761
88817
88874

07252
43781
73003
94939
09607

820
821
822
823
824

91381
91434
91487
91539
91592

38524
31571
18175
98352
72117

82930
82994
83058
83122
83186

37728
66959
86687
96939
97743

725
726
727
728
729

86033
86093
86153
86213
86272

80066
66207
44109
13793
75283

775
776
777
778
779

88930
88986
89042
89097
89153

17025
17213
10188
95970
74577

825
826
827
828
829

91645
91698
91750
91803
91855

39485
00473
55096
03368
45306

680
681
682
683
684

83250
83314
83378
83442
83505

89127
71119
43747
07037
61017

730
731
732
733
734

86332
86391
86451
86510
86569

28601
73770
10811
39746
60599

780
781
782
783
784

89209
89265
89320
89376
89431

46027
10339
67531
17621
60627

830
831
832
833
834

91907
91960
92012
92064
92116

80924
10n8
33263
5001.4
60506

37253
71156
94323
06787
08582

685
686
687
688
689

83569
83632
83695
83758
83821

05715
41157
67371
84382
92219

735
736
737
738
739

86628
86687
86746
86805
86864

73391
78143
74879
63618
44384

785
786
787
788
789

89486
89542
89597
89652
89707

96567
25460
47324
62175
70032

835
836
837
838
839

92168
92220
92272
92324
92376

62774
54580
40186
19608

80617
80685
80753
80821
80888

99740
80295
50281
09729
58674

690
691
692
693
694

83884
83947
84010
84073
84135

90907
80474
60945
32346
94705

740
741
742
743
744

86923
86981
87040
87098
87157

17197
82080
39053
88138
29355

790
791
792
793
794

89762
89817
89872
89927
89982

70913
64835
51816
31873
05024

840
841
842
843
844

92427
92479
92531
92582
92634

92861
59958
20915
75H6
24466

80955
81023
81090
81157
81224

97146
25180
42807
50059
46968

695
696
697
698
699

84198
84260
84323
84385
84447

48046
92396
27781
54226
71757

745
746
747
748
749

87215
87273
87332
87390
87448

62727
88275
06018
15979
18177

795
796
797
79a
799

90036
90091
90145
90200
90254

71287
30677
83214
28914
67793

845
846
847
848
849

92685
92737
92788
92839
92890

67089
036:30
34103
58523
76902

650 81291 33566

700

84509 80400

750

87506 12634

800

90308 99870

850

92941 89257

600
601
602
603
604

77815
77887
77959
78031
78103

12504
44720
64913
73121
69386

650
651
652
653
654

81291
81358
81424
81491
81557

605
606
607
608
609

78175
78247
78318
78390
78461

53747 655
26242 656
86911 657
35793 658
72926 659

81624
81690
81756
81822
81888

610
611
612
613
614

78532
78604
78675
78746
78816

98350
12102
14221
04745
83711

660
661
662
663
664

615
616
617
618
619

78887
78958
79028
79098
79169

51158
07122
51640
84751
06490

620
621
622
623
624

79239
79309
79379
79448
79518

625
626
627
628
629

[(-1)2]

[(-1)1]

[(-1)1]

[(-1)1]

5880'~

647~i5

[(-f) 8]

98

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.1
x

COMMON LOGARITHMS

IOglO x

IOglO

850
851
852
853
854

92941
92992
93043
93094
93145

89257
95601
95948
90312
78707

900
901
902
903
904

95424
95472
95520
95568
95616

25094
47910
65375
77503
84305

950
951
952
953
954

IOglO x
97772 36053
97818 05169
97863 69484
97909 29006
97954 83747

855
856
857
858
859

93196
93247
93298
93348
93399

61147
37647
08219
72878
31638

905
906
907
908
909

95664 85792
95712 81977
95160 72871
95808 58485
95856 38832

955
956
957
958
959

98000
98045
98091
98136
98181

33716
78923
19378
55091
86072

1005
1006
1007
1008
1009

00216
00259
00302
00346
00389

60618
79807
94706
05321
11662

1055
1056
1057
1058
1059

02325
02366
02407
02448
02489

24596
39182
49873
56677
59601

860
861
1362
363
164

93449
93500
93550
93601
93651

84512
31515
72658
07957
37425

910
911
912
913
914

95904
95951
95999
96047
96094

13923
83770
48383
07775
61957

960
961
962
963
964

98227
98272
98317
98362
98407

12330
33877
50720
62871
70339

1010
1011
1012
1013
1014

00432
00475
00518
00560
0060:3

13738
11556
05125
94454
79550

1060
1061
1062
1063
1064

02530
02571
02612
02653
02694

58653
53839
45167
32645
16280

865
866
867
868
869

93701
93751
93801
93851
93901

61075
78920
90975
97252
97764

915
916
917
918
919

96142
96189
96236
96284
96331

10941
54737
93357
26812
55114

965
966
967
968
969

98452
98497
98542
98587
98632

73133
71264
64741
53573
37771

1015
1016
1017
1018
1019

00646
00689
00732
00774
00817

60422
37079
09529
77780
41840

1065
1066
1067
1068
1069

02734
02775
02816
02857
02897

96078
72047
44194
12527
77052

870
871
872
873
874

93951
94001
94051
94101
94151

92526
81550
64849
42437
14326

920
921
922
923
924

96378
96425
96473
96520
96567

78273
96302
09211
17010
19712

970
971
972
973
974

98677
98721
98766
98811
98855

17343
92299
62649
28403
89569

1020
1021
1022
1023
1024

00860
00902
00945
00987
01029

01718
57421
08958
56337
99566

1070
1071
1072
1073
1074

02938
02978
03019
03059
03100

37777
94708
47854
97220
42814

875
876
877
878
879

94200
94250
94299
94349
94398

80530
41062
95934
45159
88751

925
926
927
928
929

96614
96661
96707
96754
96801

17327
09867
97341
79762
57140

975
976
977
978
979

98900
98944
98989
99033
99078

46157
98177
45637
88548
26918

1025
1026
1027
1028
1029

01072
01114
01Ej7
01199
01241

38654
73608
04436
31147
53748

1075
1076
1077
1078
1079

03140
03181
03221
03261
03302

84643
22713
57033
87609
14447

880
881
882
883
884

94448
94497
94546
94596
94645

26722
59084
85851
07036
22650

930
931
932
933
934

96848
96894
96941
96988
97034

29486
96810
59124
16437
68762

980
981
982
983
984

99122
99166
99211
99255
99299

60757
90074
14878
35178
50984

1030
1031
1032
1033
1034

01283
01325
01367
01410
01452

72247
86653
96973
03215
05388

1080
1081
1082
1083
1084

03342
03382
03422
03462
03502

37555
56940
72608
84566
92822

885
886
887
888
889

94694
94743
94792
94841
94890

32707
37219
36198
29658
17610

935
936
937
938
939

97081
97127
97173
97220
97266

16109
58487
95909
28384
55923

985
986
987
988
989

99343
99387
99431
99475
99519

62305
69149
71527
69446
62916

1035
1036
1037
1038
1039

01494
01535
01577
01619
01661

03498
97554
87564
73535
55476

1085
1086
1087
1088
1089

03542
03582
03622
03662
03702

97382
98253
95441
88954
78798

890
891
892
893
894

94939
94987
95036
95085
95133

00066
77040
48544
14589
75188

940
941
942
943
944

97312
97358
97405
97451
97497

78536
96234
09028
16927
19943

990
991
992
993
994

99563
99607
99651
99694
99738

51946
36545
16722
92485
63844

1040
1041
1042
1043
1044

01703
01745
01786
01828
01870

33393
07295
77190
43084
04987

1090
1091
1092
1093
1094

03742
03782
03822
03862
03901

64979
47506
26384
01619
73220

895
896
897
898
899

95182
95230
95279
95327
95375

30353
80097
24430
63367
96917

945
946
947
948
949

97543
97589
97634
97680
97726

18085
11364
99790
83373
62124

995
996
997
998
999

99782
99825
99869
99913
99956

30807
93384
51583
05413
54882

1045
1046
1047
1048
1049

01911
01953
01994
02036
02077

62904
16845
66817
12826
54882

1095
1096
1097
1098
1099

03941
03981
04020
04060
04099

41192
05541
66276
23401
76924

900

95424 25094

950

97772 36053

1000

00000 00000

1050

02118 92991

1100

04139 26852

[(-~)8J

[(-~)7J

[(-~)6J

1000
1001
1002
1003
1004

IOglO X
00000 00000
00043 40775
00086 77215
00130 09330
00173 37128

1050
1051
1052
1053
1054

02118
02160
02201
02242
02284

[(-~)5J

IOglO x
92991
27160
57398
83712
06109

[(-~)5J

99

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

COMMON LOGARITHMS
J:

lOglO

J'

lOglO

1100
1101
1102
1103
1104

04139
04178
04218
04257
04296

26852
73190
15945
55124
90734

1150
1151
1152
1153
1154

06069
06107
06145
06182
06220

1105
ll06
1107
1108
1109

04336
04375
04414
04453
04493

22780
51270
76209
97604
15461

1110
1111
1112
1113
1114

04532
04571
04610
04649
04688

1115
1116
1117
1118
1119

78404

lOglO

:r

Table 4.1

lOglO x'

lOglO x

24'191
93073
58088

1200
1201
1202
1203
1204

07918
07954
07990
08026
08062

12460
30074
44677
56273
64869

1250
1251
1252
1253
1254

09691
09725
09760
09795
09829

00130
73097
43289
10710
75365

1300
1301
1302
1303
1304

11394
11427
11461
11494
11527

33523
72966
09842
44157
75914

1155
ll56
1157
1158
1159

06258 191342
06295 78:141
06333 33~i90
06370 85~i94
06408 34:160

1205
1206
1207
1208
1209

08098
08134
08170
08206
08242

70469
73078
72701
69343
63009

1255
1256
1257
1258
1259

09864
09898
09933
09968
10002

37258
96394
52777
06411
57301

1305
1306
1307
1308
1309

11561
11594
11627
11660
11693

05117
31769
55876
77440
96466

29788
40589
47872
51643
51908

1160
1161
1162
1163
1164

06445
06483
06520
06557
06595

1210
1211
1212
1213
1214

08278
08314
08350
08386
08421

53703
41431
26198
08009
86867

1260
1261
1262
1263
1264

10037
10071
10105
10140
10174

05451
50866
93549
33506
70739

1310
1311
1312
1313
1314

11727
11760
11793
11826
11859

12957
26917
38350
47261
53652

04727
04766
04805
04844
04883

48674
41946
31731
18036
00865

1165
1166
1167
1168
1169

06632
06669
06707
06744
06781

5n54
85'i04
28428
45112

1215
1216
1217
1218
1219

08457
08493
08529
08564
08600

62779
35749
05782
72883
37056

1265
1266
1267
1268
1269

10209
10243
10277
10311
10346

05255
37057
66149
92535
16221

1315
1316
1317
1318
1319

11892
11925
11958
11991
12024

57528
58893
57750
54103
47955

1120
1121
1122
1123
1124

04921
04960
04999
05037
05076

80227
56126
28569
97563
63112

1170
1171
1172
1173
1174

06818
06855
06892
06929
06966

58il17
68'151
76117
80121
80%9

1220
1221
1222
1223
1224

08635
08671
08707
08742
08778

98307
56639
12059
64570
14178

1270
1271
1272
1273
1274

10380
10414
10448
10482
10516

37210
55506
71113
84037
94280

1320
1321
1322
1323
1324

12057
12090
12123
12155
12188

39312
28176
14551
98442
79851

1125
1126
1127
1128
1129

05115
05153
05192
05230
05269

25224
83905
39160
90996
39419

1175
1176
1177
1178
1179

07003
07040
07077
07114
07151

78666
73:?17
64628
52'105
38051

1225
1226
1227
1228
1229

08813
08849
08884
08919
08955

60887
04702
45627
83668
18829

1275
1276
1277
1278
1279

10551
10585
10619
10653
10687

01848
06744
08973
08538
05445

1325
1326
1327
1328
1329

12221
12254
12287
12319
12352

58783
35241
09229
80750
49809

1130
1131
1132
1133
1134

05307
05346
05384
05422
05461

84435
26049
64269
99099
30546

1180
1181
1182
1183
1184

07188
07224
07261
07298
07335

20073
98'/76
74'165
4H46
171)24

1230
1231
1232
1233
1234

08990
09025
09061
09096
09131

51114
80529
07078
30766
51597

1280
1281
1282
1283
1284

10720
10754
10788
10822
10856

99696
91297
80252
66564
50237

1330
1331
1332
1333
1334

12385
12417
12450
12483
12515

16410
80555
42248
01494
58296

1135
1136
1137
1138
1139

05499
05537
05576
05614
05652

58615
83314
04647
22621
37241

1185
1186
1187
1188
1189

07371
07408
07445
07481
07518

83)03
46,390
07190
18)46

1235
1236
1237
1238
1239

09166
09201
09236
09272
09307

69576
84708
96996
06447
13064

1285
1286
1287
1288
1289

10890
10924
10957
10991
11025

31277
09686
85469
58630
29174

1335
1336
1337
1338
1339

12548
12580
12613
12645
12678

12657
64581
14073
61134
05770

1140
1141
1142
1143
1144

05690
05728
05766
05804
05842

48513
56444
61039
62304
60245

1190
1191
1192
1193
1194

07554
07591
07627
07664
07700

69:'14
17,:'15
62)54
04B7
43268

1240
1241
1242
1243
1244

09342
09377
09412
09447
09482

16852
17815
15958
11286
03804

1290
1291
1292
1293
1294

11058
11092
11126
11159
11193

97103
62423
25137
85249
42763

1340
1341
1342
1343
1344

12710
12742
12775
12807
12839

47984
87779
25158
60127
92687

1145
1146
1147
1148
1149

05880
05918
05956
05994
06032

54867
46176
34179
18881
00287

1195
1196
1197
1198
1199

07736
07773
07809
07845
07881

79)53
11797
41)04
68181
91331

1245
1246
1247
1248
1249

09516
09551
09586
09621
09656

93514
80423
64535
45853
24384

1295
1296
1297
1298
1299

11226
11260
11293
11327
11360

97684
50015
99761
46925
91511

1345
1346
1347
1348
1349

12872
12904
12936
12968
13001

22843
50599
75957
98922
19497

1150

06069 78404

1200

07918

12~60

1250

09691 00130

1300

11394 33523

1350

13033 37685

[(-~)5J

53:~36

791392
22197
61;~81

97:.47
291303

08~i60

64,~06

[(-~)4J

[(-~)4J

[( -~)3J

[(-~)3J

100

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.2

NATURAL LOGARITHMS
x

In x

:t'

In x

In x

0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004

-6.90775
-6.21460
-5.80914
-5.52146

52789
80984
29903
09178

821371
221917
140274
622464

0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054

-2.99573
-2.97592
-2.95651
-2.93746
-2.91877

22735
96462
15604
33654
12324

539910
578113
007097
300152
178627

0.100
0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104

-2.30258
-2.29263
-2.28278
-2.27302
-2.26336

50929
47621
24656
62907
43798

940457
408776
978660
525013
407644

0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

-5.29831
-5.11599
-4.96184
-4.82831
-4.71053

73665
58097
51299
37373
07016

480367
540821
268237
023011
459177

0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059

-2.90042
-2.88240
-2.86470
-2.84731
-2.83021

20937
35882
40111
22684
78350

496661
469878
475869
357177
764176

0.105
0.106
0.107
0.108
0.109

-2.25379
-2.24431
-2.23492
-2.22562
-2.21640

49288
61848
64445
40518
73967

246137
700699
202309
579174
529934

0.010
O.Oll
0.012
0.013
0.014

-4.60517
-4.50986
-4.42284
-4.34280
-4.26869

01859
00061
86291
59215
79493

880914
837665
941367
206003
668784

0.060
0.061
0.062
0.063
0.064

-2.81341
-2. 79688
-2. 78062
-2. 76462
-2.74887

07167
14148
08939
05525
21956

600364
088258
370455
906044
224652

O.llO
0.111
0.112
0.113
0.114

-2.20727
-2.19822
-2.18925
-2.18036
-2.17155

49131
50776
64076
74602
68305

897208
698029
870425
697965
876416

0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019

-4.19970
-4.13516
-4.07454
-4.01738
-3.96331

50778
65567
19349
35210
62998

799270
423558
259210
859724
156966

0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069

-2. 73336
-2.71810
-2.70306
-2.68824
-2.67364

80090
05369
26595
75738
87743

864999
557115
911710
060304
848777

0.115
0.116
0.117
0.118
0.ll9

-2.16282 31506
-2.15416 50878
-2.1455813441
-2.13707 06545
-2.12863 17858

188870
757724
843809
164723
706077

0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024

-3.91202
-3.86323
-3.81671
-3.77226
-3.72970

30054
28412
28256
10630
14486

281461
587141
238212
529874
341914

0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074

-2.65926
-2.64507
-2.63108
-2.61729
-2.60369

00369
54019
91599
58378
01857

327781
408216
660817
337459
779673

0.120
0.121
0.122
0.123
0.124

-2.12026
-2.11196
-2.10373
-2.09557
-2.08747

35362
47333
42342
09236
37133

000911
853960
488805
097196
771002

0.025
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.029

-3.68887
-3.64965
-3.61191
-3.57555
-3.54045

94541
87409
84129
07688
94489

139363
606550
778080
069331
956630

0.075
0.076
0.077
0.078
0.079

-2.59026
-2.57702
-2.56394
-2.55104
-2.53830

71654
19386
98571
64522
74265

458266
958060
284532
925453
151156

0.125
0.126
0.127
0.128
0.129

-2.07944
-2.07147
-2.06356
-2.05572
-2.04794

15416
33720
81925
50150
28746

798359
306591
235458
625199
204649

0.030
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.034

-3.50655
-3.47376
-3.44201
-3.41124
-3.38139

78973
80744
93761
77175
47543

199817
969908
824105
156568
659757

0.080
0.081
0.082
0.083
0.084

-2.52572
-2.51330
-2.50103
-2.48891
-2.47693

86443
61243
60317
46711
84801

082554
096983
178839
855391
388234

0.130
0.131
0.132
0.133
0.134

-2.04022
-2.03255
-2.02495
-2.01740
-2.00991

08285
79557
33563
61507
54790

265546
809855
957662
603833
312257

0.035
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.039

-3.35240
-3.32423
-3.29683
-3.27016
-3.24419

72174
63405
73663
91192
36328

927234
260271
379126
557513
524906

0.085
0.086
0.087
0.088
0.089

-2.46510
-2.45340
-2.44184
-2.43041
-2.41911

40224
79827
71603
84645
89092

918206
286293
275533
039306
499972

0.135
0.136
0.137
0.138
0.139

-2.00248
-1.99510
-1.98777
-1.98050
-1.97328

05005
03932
43531
15938
13458

437076
460850
540121
249324
514453

0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.044

-3.21887
-3.19418
-3.17008
-3.14655
-3. 12356

58248
32122
56606
51632
56450

682007
778292
987687
885746
638759

0.090
0.091
0.092
0.093
0.094

-2.40794
-2.39689
-2.38596
-2.37515
-2.36446

56086
57724
67019
57858
04967

518720
652870
330967
288811
121332

0.140
0.141
0.142
0.143
0.144

-1.96611
-1.95899
-1.95192
-1.94491
-1.93794

28563
53886
82213
06487
19794

728328
039688
808763
222298
061364

0.045 -3.10109 27892 118173

0.046 -3.07911 38824 930421
0.047 -3.05760 76772 720785
0.048 -3.03655 42680 742461
0.049 -3.01593 49808 715104

0.095
0.096
0.097
0.098
0.099

-2.35387
-2.34340
-2.33304
-2.32278
-2.31263

83873
70875
43004
78003
54288

815962
143008
787542
115651
475471

0.145
0.146
0.147
0.148
0.149

-1.93102
-1.92414
-1.91732
-1.91054
-1.90380

15365
86572
26922
30052
89730

615627
738006
034008
180220
366779

0.050

0.100

-2.30258 50929 940457

0.150

-1.89711 99848 858813

-to

-2.99573 22735 539910

[(-1~5]
For use of natural logarithms see Examples 4-7.
In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

[(-~)1]

ELEM]~NTARY

101

TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

In

In

Table 4.2

In

0.150
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.154

-1.89711
-1.89047
-1.88387
-1.87731
-1.87080

99848
54421
47581
73575
26765

858813
672127
358607
897016
685079

0.200
0.201
0.202
0.203
0.204

-1.60943
-1.60445
-1.59948
-1.59454
-1.58963

79124
03709
75815
92999
52851

341004
230613
809323
403497
379207

0.250
0.251
0.252
0.253
0.254

-1.38629
-1.38230
-1.37832
-1.37436
-1.37042

43611
23398
61914
57902
10119

198906
503532
707137
546168
636005

0.155
0.156
0.157
0.158
0.159

-1.86433
-1.85789
-1.85150
-1.84516
-1.83885

01620
92717
94736
02459
10767

628904
326000
338290
551702
619055

0.205
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209

-1.58474
-1.57987
-1.57503
-1.57021
-1.56542

52998
91101
64857
71992
10270

437289
925560
167680
808191
173260

0.255
0.256
0.257
0.258
0.259

-1.36649
-1.36257
-1.35867
-1.35479
-1.35092

17338
78345
91940
56940
72172

237109
025746
869173
605196
825993

0.160
0.161
0.162
0.163
0.164

-1.83258
-1.82635
-1.82015
-1.81400
-1.80788

14637
09139
89437
50781
88511

483101
976741
497530
753747
579386

0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214

-1.56064
-1.55589
-1.55116
-1.54646
-1.54177

77482
71455
90043
31132
92639

646684
060706
101246
727119
602856

0.260 -1.34707 36479 666093

0.261 -1.34323 48716 594436
0.262 -1.33941 07752 210402
0.263 -1.33560 12468 043725
0.264 -1.33180 61758 358209

0.165
0.166
0.167
0.168
0.169

-1.80180
-1. 79576
-1.78976
-1. 78379
-1. 77785

98050
74906
14665
12995
65640

815564
255938
653819
788781
590636

0.215
0.216
0.217
0.218
0.219

-1.53711
-1.53247
-1.52785
-1.52326
-1.51868

72508
68712
79254
02161
35491

544743
979720
416775
930480
656362

0.265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269

-1.32802
-1.32425
-1.32050
-1.31676
-1.31304

54529
89702
66205
82984
38993

959148
004380
818875
712804
802979

0.170
0.171
0.172
0.173
0.174

-1.77195
-1.76609
-1. 76026
-1. 75446
-1. 74869

68419
17224
08021
36844
99797

318753
794772
686840
843581
676080

0.220
0.221
0.222
0.223
0.224

-1. 51412
-1.50959
-1.50507
-1.50058
-1.49610

77326
25774
78971
35075
92271

297755
643842
098576
220183
270972

0.270
0.271
0.272
0.273
0.274

-1.30933
-1.30563
-1.30195
-1.29828
-1.29462

33199
64581
32126
34837
71725

837623
024362
861397
971773
940668

0.175
0.176
0.177
0.178
0.179

-1. 74296
-1. 73727
-1. 73160
-1.72597
-1.72036

93050
12839
55464
17286
94731

586230
439853
083079
900519
413821

0.225
0.226
0.227
0.228
0.229

-1.49165
-1.48722
-1.48280
-1.47840
-1.47403

48767
02797
52615
96500
32754

777169
098512
007344
276963
278974

0.275
0.276
0.277
0.278
0.279

-1.29098
-1.28735
-1.28373
-1.28013
-1.27654

41813
44132
77727
41652
34971

155658
649871
947986
915000
607714

0.180 -1.71479 84280 919267

0.181 -1. 70925 82477 163113
0.182 -1.70374 85919 053417
0.183 -1.69826 91261 407161
0.184 -1.69281 95213 731514

0.230
0.231
0.232
0.233
0.234

-1.46967
-1.46533
-1.46101
-1.45671
-1.45243

59700
75684
79073
68254
41636

589417
603435
158271
164365
244356

0.280
0.281
0.282
0.283
0.284

-1.27296
-1.26940
-1.26584
-1.26230
-1.25878

56758
06096
82080
83813
10408

128874
483913

0.185
0.186
0.187
0.188
0.189

038122
689358
275504
521878
224947

0.235
d.236
0.237
0.238
0.239

-1.44816
-1.44392
-1.43969
-1.43548
-1.43129

97648
34739
51378
46053
17270

379781
565270
470059
106624
506264

0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.289

-1.25526
-1.25176
-1.24827
-1.24479
-1.24132

60987
34681
30632
47988
85908

134865
622845
225159
461911
697049

0.190 -1.66073 12068 216509

0.191 -1.65548 18509 355072
0.192 -1.65025 99069 543555
0.193 -1.64506 50900 772515
0.194 -1.63989 71199 188089

0.240
0.241
0.242
0.243
0.244

-1.42711
-1.42295
-1.41881
-1.41469
-1.41058

63556
83454
75528
38356
70536

401457
914821
254507
415886
889352

0.290
0.291
0.292
0.293
0.294

-1.23787
-1.23443
-1.23100
-1.22758
-1.22417

43560
20118
14767
26699
55116

016173
106445
138553
650697
434554

0.195
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.199

-1.63475
-1.62964
-1.62455
-1.61948
-1.61445

183903
516198
441485
876018
576447

0.245
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.249

-1.40649
-1.40242
-1.39836
-1.39432
-1.39030

70684
37430
69423
65328
23825

374101
497742
541599
171549
174294

0.295
0.296
0.297
0.298
0.299

-1.22077
-1.21739
-1.21402
-1.21066
-1.20731

99226
58246
31401
17924
17055

423172
580767
794374
767326
914506

0.200

-1.60943 79124 341004

0.250

-1.38629 43611 198906

0.300

-1.20397 28043 259360

-1.68739
-1.68200
-1.67664
-1.67131
-1.66600

94539
86052
66621
33161
82639

57204
06197
15502
82482
04542

[C

-g) 5]

[C-g)3]
In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

[C -~)2]

4~0235

388994
209310

102

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.2

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

In

:1'

In

,I'

,1'

In

:r

,I'

,I'

0.300
0.301
0.302
0.303
0.304

-1.20397
-1.20064
-1.19732
-1.19402
-1.19072

28043
50142
82616
24734
75775

259360
332613
072674
727679
759154

0.350
0.351
0.352
0.353
0.354

-1.04982
-1.04696
-1.04412
-1.04128
-1.03845

21244
90555
41033
72220
83658

986777
162712
840400
488403
483626

0.400
0.401
0.402
0.403
0.404

-0.91629
-0.91379
-0.91130
-0.90881
-0.90634

07318
38516
31903
87170
04010

741551
755679
631160
354541
209870

0.305
0.306
0.307
0.308
0.309

-1.18744
-1.18417
-1.18090
-1.17765
-1.17441

35023
01770
75313
54960
40020

747254
297563
949399
085626
843916

0.355
0.356
0.357
0.358
0.359

-1.03563
-1.03282
-1.03001
-1.02722
-1.02443

74895
45481
94972
22925
28904

067213
301066
024980
814367
938582

0.405
0.406
0.407
0.408
0.409

-0.90386
-0.90140
-0.89894
-0.89648
-0.89404

82118
21193
20935
81045
01229

755979
804044
395421
779754
393353

0.310
0.311
0.312
0.313
0.314

-1.17118
-1.16796
-1.16475
-1.16155
-1.15836

29815
23668
20911
20884
22930

029451
029029
726547
419838
738837

0.360
0.361
0.362
0.363
0.364

-1.02165
-1.01887
-1.01611
-1.01335
-1.01060

12475
73206
10671
24447
14113

319814
492561
563660
172863
453964

0.410
0.411
0.412
0.413
0.414

-0.89159
-0.88916
-0.88673
-0.88430
-0.88188

81192
20644
19296
76860
93051

837836
859024
326107
211043
568227

0.315
0.316
0.317
0.318
0.319

-1.15518
-1.15201
-1.14885
-1.14570
-1.14256

26401
30653
35051
38962
41761

565040
952249
048564
019602
972925

0.365
0.366
0.367
0.368
0.369

-1.00785
-1.00512
-1.00239
-0.99967
-0.99695

79253
19455
34309
23408
86349

996455
807708
275668
132061
416099

0.415
0.416
0.417
0.418
0.419

-0.87947
-0.87707
-0.87466
-0.87227
-0.86988

67587 514388
00187 208738
9057~ 833356
38464 573807
43590 599993

0.320
0.321
0.322
0.323
0.324

-1.13943
-1.13631
-1.13320
-1.13010
-1.12701

42831
41558
37334
29557
17631

883648
521212
377287
594805
898077

0.370
0.371
0.372
0.373
0.374

-0.99425
-0.99155
-0.98886
-0.98617
-0.98349

22733
32163
14247
68593
94815

438669
747019
089905
383215
676051

0.420
0.421
0.422
0.423
0.424

-0.86750
-0.86512
-0.86274
-0.86038
-0.85802

05677
24452
99649
30999
18237

047231
997556
461252
358591
501793

0.325
0.326
0.327
0.328
0.329

-1.12393
-1.12085
-1.11779
-1.11474
-1.11169

00966
78976
51080
16705
75282

523996
154294
848837
979933
167652

0.375
0.376
0.377
0.378
0.379

-0.98082
-0.97816
-0.97551
-0.97286
-0.97021

92530
61355
00915
10833
90738

117262
922425
341263
625494
997107

0.425
0.426
0.427
0.428
0.429

-0.85566
-0.85331
-0.85097
-0.84863
-0.84629

61100
59327
12657
20834
83600

577202
127666
535125
003403
541201

0.330
0.331
0.332
0.333
0.334

-1.10866
-1.10563
-1.10262
-1.09961
-1.09661

26245
69036
03100
27890
42860

216111
050742
656485
016932
054366

0.380
0.381
0.382
0.383
0.384

-0.96758
-0.96495
-0.96233
-0.95972
-0.95711

40262
59038
46703
02898
27263

617056
554361
755619
014911
944102

0.430
0.431
0.432
0.433
0.434

-0.84397
-0.84164
-0.83932
-0.83701
-0.83471

00702
71888
96907
75509
07448

945289
783893
380267
796472
817322

0.335
0.336
0.337
0.338
0.339

-1.09362
-1.09064
-1.08767
-1.08470
-1.08175

47471
41190
23486
93834
51716

570706
189328
297753
991183
016868

0.385
0.386
0.387
0.388
0.389

-0.95451
-0.95191
-0.94933
-0.94674
-0.94417

19446
79095
05859
99393
59353

943528
173062
523552
588636
636908

0.435
0.436
0.437
0.438
0.439

-0.83240
-0.83011
-0.82782
-0.82553
-0.82325

92478
30356
20838
63686
58659

934530
331027
865469
Q56909
069657

0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

-1.07880
-1.07587
-1.07294
-1.07002
-1.06711

96613
28016
45419
48318
36216

719300
986203
195319
161971
087387

0.390
0.391
0.392
0.393
0.394

-0.94160 85398 584449

-0.93904 77189 967713
-0.93649 34391 916745
-0.933~4 56671 128758
-0.93140 43696 842032

0.440
0.441
0.442
0.443
0.444

-0.82098
-0.81871
-0.81644
-0.81418
-0.81193

05520
04035
53969
55089
07165

698302
352911
044389
370014
499123

0.345
0.346
0.347
0.348
0.349

-1.06421
-1.06131
-1.05843
-1.05555
-1.05268

08619
65039
04990
27992
33567

507773
244128
352779
076627
797099

0.395
0.396
0.397
0.398
0.399

-0.92886
-0.92634
-0.92381
-0.92130
-0.91879

810152
276565
949466
976993
922736

0.445
0.446
0.447
0.448
0.449

-0.80968
-0.80743
-0.80519
-0.80296
-0.80073

09968
63269
66843
20465
23912

158968
620730
685682
671519
398828

0.350

-1.04982 21244 986777

0.400

-0.91629 07318 741551

0.450

-0.79850 76962 177716

[( -~)1]

95140
10677
89982
32736
38620

[( -~)1]
In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

'See page n.

[<-P8]

103

ELEME:NTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

In x

In x

Table 4.2

In x

0.450
0.451
0.452
0.453
0.454

-0.79850
-0. 79628
-0. 79407
-0.79186
-0. 78965

76962
79394
30991
31534
80809

177716
794587
499059
991030
407891

0.500
0.501
0.502
0.503
0.504

-0.69314
-0.69114
-0.68915
-0.68716
-0.68517

71805
91778
51592
51088
90109

599453
972723
904079
823978
107684

0.550
0.551
0.552
0.553
0.554

-0.59783
-0.59602
-0.59420
-0.59239
-0.59059

70007
04698
72327
72774
05922

556204
292226
050417
598023
348532

0.455
0.456
0.457
0.458
0.459

-0. 78745
-0. 78526
-0. 78307
-0.78088
-0.77870

78600
24694
18880
60948
50689

311866
677510
879324
679521
215919

0.505
0.506
0.507
0.508
0.509

-0.68319
-0.68121
-0.67924
-0.67727
-0.67530

68497
86096
42753
38314
72624

067772
946715
909539
036552
316143

0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559

-0.58878
-0.58698
-0.58519
-0.58339
-0.58160

71652
69847
00390
63166
58058

357025
315547
548530
008261
270379

0.460
0.461
0.462
0.463
0.464

-0. 77652
-0. 77435
-0. 77219
-0. 77002
-0. 76787

87894
72359
03879
82248
07267

989964
854885
003982
959030
558818 .

0.510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514

-0.67334
-0.67138
-0.66943
-0.66747
-0.66553

45532
56887
06539
94338
20135

637656
784326
426293
113675
269719

0.560
0.561
0.562
0.563
0.564

-0.57981
-0.57803
-0.57625
-0.57447
-0.57270

84952
43734
34290
56508
10274

529421
594407
884460
424467
840782

0.465
0.466
0.467
0.468
0.469

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

76571
76356
76142
75928
75715

78733
96448
60213
69830
25105

947807
564912
132397
644903
358577

0.515
0.516
0.517
0.518
0.519

-0.66358
-0.66164
-0.65971
-0.65778
-0.65585

83783
85135
24044
00367
13958

184009
005743
737079
226540
162484

0.565
0.566
0.567
0.568
0.569

-0.57092
-0.56916
-0.56739
-0.56563
-0.56387

95478
12007
59752
38602
48448

356961
789541
543850
609857
558061

0.470
0.471
0.472
0.473
0.474

-0. 75502
-0. 75289
-0.75077
-0. 74865
-0. 74654

25842
71849
62933
98904
79572

780328
657193
965817
902041
870606

0.520
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524

-0.65392
-0.65200
-0.65008
-0.64817
-0.64626

64674
52372
76910
38149
35946

066640
287701
994983
172142
610949

0.570
0.571
0.572
0.573
0.574

-~56211

-0.56036
-0.55861
-0.55686
-0.55512

89181
60693
62876
95622
58826

535412
261268
023392
673975
625706

0.475
0.476
0.477
0.478
0.479

-0.74444
-0.74233
-0. 74023
-0. 73814
-0. 73605

04749
74247
87880
45464
46815

474958
507170
937958
906811
712218

0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529

-0.64435
-0.64245
-0.64055
-0.63865
-0.63676

70163
40662
47304
89952
68471

905133
444272
407747
758756
238377

0.575
0.576
0.577
0.578
0.579

-0.55338
-0.55164
-0.54991
-0.54818
-0.54645

52381
76182
30124
14103
28014

847866
862458
740375
097596
091418

0.480
0.481
0.482
0.483
0.484

-0.73396
-0. 73188
-0. 72981
-0. 72773
-0. 72567

91750
80088
11649
86253
03722

802004
763759
315367
295644
655053

0.530
0.531
0.532
0.533
0.534

-0.63487
-0.63299
-0.63111
-0.62923
-0.62735

82724
32577
17896
38548
94400

359695
401982
404927
162925
219422

0.580
0.581
0.582
0.583
0.584

-0.54472
-0.54300
-0.54128
-0.53956
-0.53785

71754
45221
48312
80926
42961

416720
302258
506992
316447
539100

0.485
0.486
0.487
0.488
0.489

-0. 72360
-0.72154
-0.71949
-0.71743
-0. 71539

63880
66550
11558
98731
27895

446539
816433
995473
289899
072650

0.535
0.536
0.537
0.538
0.539

-0.62548
-0.62362
-0.62175
-0.61989
-0.61803

85320
11179
71844
67188
97080

861305
113351
732724
203526
731399

0.585
0.586
0.587
0.588
0.589

-0.53614
-0.53443
-0.53273
-0.53102
-0.52932

34317
54894
04591
83310
90953

502806
051244
540406
835101
305503

0.490
0.491
0.492
0.493
0.494

-0. 71334
-0. 71131
-0. 70927
-0. 70724
-0.70521

98878
11511
65624
61049
97617

774648
876165
898289
394469
942145

0.540
0.541
0.542
0.543
0.544

-0.61618
-0.61433
-0.61248
-0.61064
-0.60880

61394
60001
92775
59590
60321

238170
356555
424908
482016
261944

0.590
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594

-0.52763
-0.52593
-0.52424
-0.52256
-0.52087

27420
92615
86440
08799
59596

823719
760389
981314
844116
194921

0.495
0.496
0.497
0.498
0.499

-0.70319
-0.70117
-0.69916
-0.69715
-0.69514

75164
93522
52528
52019
91832

134468
572096
855083
574841
306184

0.545
0.546
0.547
0.548
0.549

-0.60696
-0.60513
-0.60330
-0.60147
-0.59965

94843
63032
64765
99920
68374

188930
372320
601558
341215
726064

0.595
0.596
0.597
0.598
0.599

-0.51919
-0.51751
-0.51583
-0.51416
-0.51249

38734
46119
81655
45250
36808

365073
167873
895350
315053
666877

0.500

-0.69314 71805 599453

0.550

-0.59783 70007 556204

0.600

-0.51082 56237 659907

[(-P6]

[( -J)5]
In 10=2.3025850929 940457

[( -J)4]

104

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

Table 4.2

In x

In x

In x

0.600 -0.51082 56237 659907

0.601 -0.50916 03444 469295
0.602 -0.50749 78336 733160
0.603 -0.50583 80822 549516
0.604 -0.50418 10810 473221

0.650
0.651
0.652
0.653
0.654

924543
735678
554841
057060
249384

O. 700
0.701
0.702
O. 703
0.704

-0.35667
-0.35524
-0.35382
-0.35239
-0.35097

49439
73919
18749
83871
69228

387324
475470
563259
714721
240947

0.605 -0.50252 68209 512956

0.606 -0.50087 52929 128226
0.607 -0.49922 64879 226388
0.608 -0.49758 03970 159700
0.609 -0.49593 70112 722400

0.655 -0.42312 00433 468851

0.656 -0.42159 44900 380480
0.657 -0.4200712604 975265
0.658 -0.41855 03476 568199
0.659 -0.41703 17444 796298

O. 705
O. 706
0.707
0.708
O. 709

-0.34955
-0.34814
-0.34672
-0.34531
-0.34389

74761
00414
46130
11852
97524

698684
888950
855643
884173
500096

0.610
0.611
0.612
0.613
0.614

-0.49429
-0.49265
-0.49102
-0.48939
-0.48776

63218
8319B
29964
03430
03508

147801
105417
698110
459257
349946

0.660
0.661
0.662
0.663
0.664

-0.41551
-0.41400
-0.41248
-0.41098
-0.40947

54439
14391
97230
02887
31295

616658
304508
451288
962745
057032

0.710
0.711
0.712:
O. 713
O. 711~

-0.34249
-0. 3410B
-0.33967
-0.33827
-0.33687

03089
28491
73675
38585
23166

467759
788962
701613
678411
425527

0.615
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619

-0.48613
-0.48450
-0.48288
-0.48126
-0.47965

30111
83154
62550
68215
00062

756192
486173
767492
244463
975409

0.665
0.666
0.661
0.668
0.669

-0.40796
-0.40646
-0.40496
-0.40346
-0.40197

B2383
56084
52330
71054
12188

262829
417479
665133
454913
539086

O. 71~i
0.716
O. 717
O. n:!3
0.719

-0.33547
-0.33407
-0.33267
-0.33128
-0.32989

27362
51120
94383
57099
39212

881294
214914
825167
339129
610904

0.620 -0.47803 58009 429998

0.621 -0.47642 41970 486583
0.622 -0.47481 51862 429576
0.623 -0.47320 87601 946839
0.624 -0.47160 49106 127094

0.670
0.671
0.672
0.673
0.674

-0.40047
-0.39898
-0.39749
-0.39600
-0.39452

75665
61420
69384
99493
51680

971253
104553
589875
374092
698300

0.720
0.721
0.722
0.723
0.724

-0.32850
-0.32711
-0.32573
-0.32434
-0.32296

40669
61416
01400
60568
38865

720361
971880
893108
233724
964207

0.625 -0.47000 36292 457356

0.626 -0.46840 49078 820385
0.627 -0.46680 87383 492164
0.628 -0.46521 51125 139384
0.629 -0.46362 40222 816965

0.675
0.676
0.677
0.678
0.619

-0.39304
-0.39156
-0.39008
-0,38860
-0.38713

25881
22029
40060
79910
41514

096072
391730
698621
417415
234409

0.725
O. n6
o. n7
O. n8
0.729

-0.32158
-0.32020
-0.31882
-0.31745
-0.31608

36241
52641
88014
42307
15469

274623
573410
486177
854511
734789

0.630 -0.46203 54595 965587

0.631 -0.46044 94164 409239
0.632 -0.45886 58848 352796
0.633 -0.45728 48568 379609
0.634 -0.45570 63245 449111

0.680
0.681
0.682
0.683
0.684

-0.38566
-0.38419
-0.38272
-0.38126
-0.37979

24808
29728
56211
04194
73613

119847
326247
386750
113470
595866

0.730
0.731
O. 732
O. 733
0.734

-0.31471
-0.31334
-0.31197
-0.31060
-0.30924

07448
18192
47650
95770
62503

397002
323585
208255
954856
676215

0.635
0.636
0.637
0.638
0.639

-0.45413
-0.45255
-0.45098
-0.44941
-0.44785

02800
67156
56234
69956
08246

894454
420149
099737
373472
046022

0.685
0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689

-0.37833 64407
-0.3768776512
-0.37542 09867
-0.3739664410
-0.37251 40079

199118
562518
597877
487934
684785

0.735
0.736
0.737
0.738
0.739

-0.30788
-0.30652
-0.30516
-0.30381
-0.30245

47797
51602
73867
14543
73580

693004
532608
928004
816646
339353

0.640
0.641
0.642
0.643
0.644

-0.44628
-0.44472
-0.44316
-0.44161
-0.44005

11026
58220
69752
05541
65528

284195
614670
921759
445111
777834

0.690
0.691
0.692
0.693
0.694

-0.37106
-0.36961
-0.36816
-0.36612
-0.36528

36813
54552
93233
52191
33184

908320
144672
644675
922338
753326

0.740
0.741
0.742
0."143
0.744

-0.30110
-0.29975
-0.29840
-0.29105
-0.29571

50927
46536
60358
92342
42441

839216
860502
147566
643719
490452

0,645 -0.43850 49621 863646

0.646 -0.43695 57751 995352
0.647 -0.43540 89844 812365
0.648 -0.43386 45826 298624
0.649 -0.43232 25622 780471

0.695
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699

-0.36384
-0.36240
-0,36096
-0.35953
-0.35810

34334
56186
98682
61762
45361

173449
477174
216132
197646
483268

O. 745
0.746
0.747
O. 748
0.749

-0.29437
-0.29302
-0.29169
-0.29035
-0.28901

10606
96787
00938
23010
62954

025775
783762
493197
076598
649176

0.650

O. 700

-0.35661 49439 387324

O. 750

-0.28768 20124 517809

-0.43078 29160 924543

[<-J)3]

-0.43078
-0.42924
-0.42771
-0.42617
-0.42464

29160
56367
07170
81497
79275

[(-J)3)
In 10=2.3025850929 940457

[(-J)3)

ELE~J:ENTARY

105

TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

In x

In

Table 4.2

In x

:r

o. 750
0.751
0.752
0.753
0.754

-0.28768
-0.28634
-0.28501
-0.28369
-0.28236

20724
96272
89550
00511
29109

517809
180023
322973
822435
741810

0.800
0.801
0.802
0.803
0.804

-0.22314
-0.22189
-0.22064
-0.21940
-0.21815

35513
43319
66711
05650
60098

142098
137778
156226
353754
031707

0.850
0.851
0.852
0.853
0.854

-0.16251
-0.16134
-0.16016
-0.15899
-0.15782

89294
31504
87521
57314
40851

977749
087629
528213
904579
935672

0.755
0.756
0.757
0.758
0.759

-0.28103
-0.27971
-0.27839
-0.27707
-0.27575

75297
39028
20255
18933
35015

331123
026041
446883
397654
865071

0.805
0.806
0.807
0.808
0.809

-0.21691
-0.21567
-0.21443
-0.21319
-0.21195

30015
15364
16107
32204
63619

635737
755088
121883
610417
236454

0.855
0.856
0.857
0.858
0.859

-0.15665
-0.15548
-0.15431
-0.15315
-0.15198

38100
49028
73603
11794
63569

453768
403950
843573
941748
978817

0.760
0.761
0.762
0.763
0.764

-0.27443
-0.27312
-0.27180
-0.27049
-0.26918

68457
19211
87232
72476
74898

017603
204512
954908
976800
156166

0.810
0.811
0.812
0.813
0.814

-0.21072 10313 156526

-0.20948 72248 667241
-~2D825 49388 204591
-0.20702 41694 343265
-0.20579 49129 795968

0.860
0.861
0.862
0.863
0.864

-0.15082
-0.14966
-0.14850
-0.14734
-0.14618

28897
07745
00083
05878
25101

345836
544063
184440
987091
780814

0.765
0.766
0.767
0.768
0.769

-0.26787
-0.26657
-0.26526
-0.26396
-0.26266

94451
31092
84776
55458
43094

556012
415458
148809
344649
764931

0.815
0.816
0.817
0.818
0.819

-0.20456
-0.20334
-0.20211
-0.20089
-0.19967

71657
09240
61841
29423
11951

412743
180300
221342
793900
290676

0.865
0.866
0.867
0.868
0.869

-0.14502
-0.14387
-0.14271
-0.14156
-0.14041

57720
03704
63022
35643
21537

502577
197019
015952
217869
167450

0.770
0.771
0.772
O. 773
0.774

-0.26136
-0.26006
-0.25877
-0.25747
-0.25618

47641
69054
07289
62303
34053

344075
188076
573609
947151
924099

0.820
0.821
0.822
0.823
0.824

-0.19845
-0.19723
-0.19601
-0.19479
-0.19358

09387
21695
48839
90783
47490

238383
297088
259571
050672
726654

0.870
0.871
0.872
0.873
0.874

-0.13926
-0.13811
-0.13696
-0.13581
-0.13467

20673
33021
58550
97231
49033

335076
296343
731574
425348
266016

0.775
0.776
0.777
0.778
0.779

-0.25489
-0.25360
-0.25231
-0.25102
-0.24974

22496
27587
49286
87548
42331

287901
989183
144896
037454
113888

0.825
0.826
0.827
0.828
0.829

-0.19237
-0.19116
-0.18995
-0.18874
-0.18753

18926
05054
05839
21245
51238

474561
611590
584457
968774
468421

0.875
0.876
0.877
0.878
0.879

-0.13353
-0.13238
-0.13124
-0.13010
-0.12897

13926
91880
82866
86853
03812

245226
457456
099540
470204
969601

0.780
0.781
0.782
0.783
0.784

-0.24846
-0.24718
-0.24590
-0.24462
-0.24334

13592
01291
05384
25829
62586

984996
424511
368260
913340
317292

0.830
0.831
0.832
0.833
0.834

-0.18632
-0.18512
-0.18392
-0.18272
-0.18152

95781
54841
28381
16368
18766

914934
266889
609285
152944
233903

0.880
0.881
0.882
0.883
0.884

-0.12783
-0.12669
-0.12556
-0.12443
-0.12329

33715
76530
32229
00783
82163

098849,
459575
753457
781770
444936

0.785
0.786
0.787
0.788
0.789

-0.24207
-0.24079
-0.23952
-0.23825
-0.23698

15611
84865
70305
71891
89581

997286
529305
647338
242579
362628

0.835
0.836
0.837
0.838
0.839

-0.18032
-0.17912
-0.17793
-0.17673
-0.17554

35541
66658
12084
71785
45725

312816
974354
926617
000540
149309

0.885
0.886
0.887
0.888
0.889

-0.12216
-0.12103
-0.11991
-0.11878
-0.1176'5

76339
83283
02966
35359
80434

742075
770561
725576
899670
682325

0.790
O. 791
0.792
0.793
O. 794

-0.23572
-0.23445
-0.23319
-0.23193
-0.23067

23335
73112
38871
20573
18177

210699
144832
677112
472891
350013

0.840
0.841
0.842
0.843
0.844

-0.17435
-0.17316
-0.17197
-0.17078
-0.16960

33871
36190
52647
83209
27843

447778
091890
398103
802816
861799

0.890
0.891
0.892
0.893
0.894

-0.11653
-0.11541
-0.11428
-0.11316
-0.11204

38162
08515
91464
86981
95038

559515
113277
021277
056380
086229

0.795
0.796
0.797
0.798
0.799

-0.22941
-0.22815
-0.22690
-0.22564
-0.22439

31643
60931
06001
66815
43332

278052
377540
919220
323283
158624

0.845
0.846
0.847
0.848
0.849

-0.16841
-0.16723
-0.16605
-0.16487
-0.16369

86516
59193
45843
46431
60926

249632
759138
300827
902340
707897

0.895
0.896
0.897
0.898
0.899

-0.11093
-0.10981
-0.10869
-0.10758
-0.10647

15607
48660
94169
52106
22445

072817
072066
233409
799374
105168

0.800

-0.22314 35513 142098

0.850

-0.16251 89294 977749

0.900

-0.10536 05156 578263

[( -J)2]

[( -J)2]
In 10=2.3025850929 940457

[(-J)2]

106

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.2

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

In x

In x

In x

0.900
0,901
0.902
0.903
0.904

-0.10536
-0.10425
-0.10314
-0.10203
-0.10092

05156
00213
07589
27255
59185

578263
737991
195134
651516
899606

0.950
0,951
0,952
0.953
0.954

-0.05129
-0.05024
-0.04919
-0.04814
-0.04709

32943
12164
02441
03753
16075

875505
367467
907717
279349
338505

1. 000
1. 001
1.00;!
1. 003
1. 004

0.00000
0.00099
0.00199
0.00299
0.00399

00000
95003
80026
55089
20212

000000
330835
626731
797985
695375

0.905
0.906
0.907
0.908
0,909

-0.09982
-0.09871
-0.09761
-0.09651
-0,09541

03352
59729
28288
09003
01848

822109
391577
670004
808438
046582

0.955
0.956
0.957
0.958
0.959

-0.04604
-0.04499
-0.04395
-0,04290
-0.04186

39385
73659
18875
75010
42040

014068
307358
291828
112765
986988

1. OOS
1. 006
1.007
1. OOB
1. 009

0,00498
0,00598
0.00697
0.00796
0.00895

75415
20716
56137
81696
97413

110391
775475
364252
491769
714719

0.910
0.911
0,912
0.913
0.914

-0.09431
-0.09321
-0.09211
-0.09101
-0.08992

06794
23817
52889
93983
47075

712413
221787
078057
871686
279870

0.960
0.961
0.962
0.963
0.964

-0.04082
-0,03978
-0.03874
-0.03770
-0,03666

19945
08700
08283
18671
39843

202551
118446
164306
840115
715914

1. 010
1. Oll
1. 01;!
1.013
1.014

0.00995
0.01093
0.01192
0.01291
0.01390

03308
99400
85708
62252
29051

531681
383344
652738
665463
689914

0.915
0,916
0,917
0.918
0,919

-0,08883
-0,08773
-0.08664
-0.08555
-0.08446

12137
89143
78067
78883
91566

066157
080068
256722
616466
264500

0.965
0.966
0.967
0.968
0.969

-0.03562
-0.03459
-0.03355
-0,03252
-0.03149

71776
14447
67835
31917
06670

431511
696191
288427
055600
913708

1. 01~j
1. 016
1. 017
1. OHI
1.019

0.01488
0.01587
0.01685
0.01783
0.01882

86124
33491
71170
99181
17542

937507
562901
664229
283310
405878

0,920
0.921
0.922
0.923
0.924

-0.08338
-0.08229
-0.08121
-0.08012
-0.07904

16089
52427
00554
60444
32073

390511
268302
255432
792849
404529

0.970
0.971
0.972
0.973
0.974

-0.03045
-0.02942
-0.02839
-0.02737
-0.02634

92074
88106
94745
11967
39753

847085
908121
216980
961320
396020

1. 020
1.021
1.02;!
1. 023
1. 024

0.01980
0.02078
0.02176
0.02273
0.02371

26272
25391
14917
94869
65266

961797
825285
815127
694894
173160

0.925
0.926
0,927
0.928
0.929

-0.07796
-0.07688
-0.07580
-0.07472
-0.07364

15414
10443
17134
35461
65401

697119
359577

-0.02531
-0.02429
-0.02326
-0.02224
-0.02122

78079
26925
86269
56089
36364

842899
690446
393543
473197
516267

1. 02~i

959365
682985

0.975
0.976
0.977
0,978
0.979

0.02469
0.02566
0.02664
0.02761
0.02858

26125
77467
19309
51670
74568

903715
485778
464212
329734
519126

'0.930
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.934

-0.07257
-0.07149
-0.07042
-0.06935
-0.06827

06928
60017
24642
00781
88407

348354
050700
965459
347932
532944

0.980
0.981
0.982
0.983
0.984

-0.02020
-0.01918
-0.01816
-0.01714
-0.01612

27073
28194
39706
61588
93819

175194
167740
276712
349705
298836

1.03;!
1. 03~1
1. 034

0.02955
0.03052
0.03149
0.03246
0.03343

88022
92050
86670
71901
47760

415444
348229
593710
375015
862374

0.935
0.936
0,937
0.938
0,939

-0.06720
-0.06613
-0.06507
-0.06400
-0.06293

87496
98025
19967
53299
97997

934501
045450
437149
759124
738741

0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989

-0.01511
-0.01409
-0.01308
-0.01207
-0.01106

36378
89243
52395
25812
09473

100482
795016
486555
342692
594249

1. 03~i
1. 036
1.037
1.038
1.039

0.03440
0.03536
0.03633
0.03729
0.03825

14267
71438
19292
57847
87121

173324
372913
473903
436969
170903

0.940
0.941
0.942
0.943
0.944

-0.061B7
-0.06081
-0.05975
-0.05868
-0.05762

54037
21393
00044
89963
91128

180875
967574
057740
486796
366364

0.990
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.994

-0.01005
-0.00904
-0.00803
-0.00702
-0.00601

03358
07446
21716
46149
80723

535014
521491
972643
369645
255630

1. 040
1.041
1.042:
1. 043
1. 044

0.03922
0.04018
0.04114
0.04210
0.04305

07131
17896
19433
11760
94894

532813
328318
311752
186354
604470

0.945
0.946
0.947
0.948
0,949

-0.05657
-0.05551
-0.05445
-0.05340
-0.05234

03514
27099
61857
07767
64803

883943
302588
960588
271152
722092

0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999

-0.00501
-0.00400
-0.00300
-0.00200
-0.00100

25418
80213
45090
20026
05003

235443
975388
202987
706731
335835

1. 04~'
1.046
1. 047
1. 048
1.049

0.04401
0.04497
0.04592
0.04688
0.04783

68854
33656
89318
35858
73294

167743
427312
883998
988504
141601

0.950

-0.05129 32943 875505

1.000

0.00000 00000 000000

1. 05C1

0.04879 01641 694320

[(-J)2]

16281~

[( -J)l]

In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

1. 026

1.027
1. 020
1. 029
1.030

1. 031

[(-J)l]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

107

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

In x

In x

Table 4.2

In x

1.050
1. 051
1. 052
1. 053
1. 054

0.04879
0.04974
0.05069
0.05164
0.05259

01641
20918
31143
32331
24501

694320
948141
155181
518384
191706

1.100
1. 101
1.102
1.103
1.104

0.09531
0.09621
0.09712
0.09803
0.09893

01798
88577
67107
37402
99478

043249
405429
307227
713654
549036

1.150
1.151
1. 152
1. 153
1.154

0.13976
0.14063
0.14149
0.14236
0.14323

19423
11297
95622
72412
41680

751587
397456
736995
869220
859078

1. 055
1. 056
1. 057
1.058
1. 059

0.05354
0.05448
0.05543
0.05638
0.05732

07669
81852
47068
03334
50666

280298
840697
881006
361076
192694

1.105
1.106
1. 107
1. 108
1. 109

0.09984
0.10074
0.10165
0.10255
0.10345

53349
99031
36537
65883
87083

697161
001431
264998
250921
682300

1.155
1.156
1.157
1.158
1. 159

0.14410
0.14496
0.14583
0.14669
0.14755

03439
57702
04482
43791
75643

737569
501857
115395
508035
576147

1. 060
1. 061
1. 062
1. 063
1. 064

0.05826
0.05921
0.06015
0.06109
0.06203

89081
18596
39228
50993
53909

239758
318461
197471
598109
194526

1. 110
1.111
1.112
1.113
1.114

0.10436
0.10526
0.10616
0.10705
0.10795

00153
05106
01958
90722
71415

242428
574929
283906
934078
050923

1. 160
1.161
1.162
1.163
1.164

0.14842
0.14928
0.15014
0.15100
0.15186

00051
17027
26584
28735
23493

182733
157544
297195
365274
092461

1. 065
1.066
1. 067
1.068
1. 069

0.06297
0.06391
0.06485
0.06578
0.06672

47991
33257
09723
77405
36320

613884
436528
196163
380031
429082

1.115
1.116
1.117
1.118
1.119

0.10885
0.10975
0.11064
0.11154
0.11243

44049
08639
65200
13747
54293

120821
591192
870637
329074
297882

1.165
1.166
1.167
1.168
1.169

0.15272
0.15357
0.15443
0.15529
0.15614

10870
90879
63533
28844
86824

176639
283006
044189
060353
899314

1. 070
1.071
1.072
1.073
1. 074

0.06765
0.06859
0.06952
0.07045
0.07138

86484
27914
60626
84636
99960

738148
656117
486102
485614
866729

1. 120
1.121
1.122
1. 123
1. 124

0.11332
0.11422
0.11511
0.11600
0.11689

86853
11440
28071
36757
37514

070032
900229
005046
563061
714993

1. 170
1.171
1.172
1.173
1.174

0.15700
0.15785
0.15871
0.15956
0.16041

37488
80846
16911
45696
67214

096648
155803
548209
713384
059047

1. 075
1. 076
1.077
1. 078
1. 079

0.07232
0.07325
0.07417
0.07510
0.07603

06615
04617
93981
74724
46862

796261
395927
742515
868054
759976

1.125
1.126
1.127
1.128
1.129

0.11778
0.11867
0.11955
0.12044
0.12133

30356
15297
92350
61530
22851

563835
174986
576392
758672
675250

1.175
1.176
1.177
1.178
1. 179

0.16126
0.16211
0.16296
0.16381
0.16466

81475
88494
88282
80852
66215

961223
764352
781397
293950
552339

1. 080
1.081
1. 082
1. 083
1. 084

0.07696
0.07788
0.07881
0.07973
0.08065

10411
65386
11804
49680
79030

361283
570712
242898
188536
174545

1.130
1.131
1.132
1.133
1. 134

0.12221
0.12310
0.12398
0.12486
0.12575

76327
21971
59797
89820
12053

242492
339834
809912
458693
055603

1.180
1.181
1. 182
1.183
1.184

0.16551
0.16636
0.16720
0.16805
0.16889

44384775734
15372 152253
79189 839065
35849 962497
85364 618139

1.085
1. 086
1. 087
1.088
1. 089

0.08157
0.08250
0.08342
0.08434
0.08525

99869
12215
16081
11484
98439

924229
117437
390724
337509
508234

1.135
1.136
1.137
1.138
1.139

0.12663
0.12751
0.12839
0.12927
0.13015

26509
33202
32147
23357
06844

333660
989596
683990
041392
650451

1.185
1.186
1.187
1.188
1.189

0.16974
0.17058
0.17142
0.17227
0.17311

27745
63005
91156
12209
26177

870945
755337
275310
404532
086448

1. 090
1. 091
1.092
1. 093
1. 094

0.08617
0.08709
0.08801
0.08892
0.08984

76962
47068
08773
62091
07039

410523
509338
227133
944015
997895

1. 140
1.141
1.142
1.143
1.144

0.13102
0.13190
0.13278
0.13365
0.13453

82624
50708
11112
63848
08929

064041
799386
338185
126736
576062

1.190
1.191
1.192
1.193
1. 194

0.17395
0.17479
0.17563
0.17647
0.17730

33071
32903
25686
11431
90149

234380
731631
431580
157791
704103

1. 095
1. 096
1. 097
1.098
1.099

0.09075
0.09166
0.09257
0.09349
0.09440

43632
71885
91812
03430
06754

684641
258238
930932
873389
214843

1. 145
1. 146
1.147
1.148
1.149

0.13540
0.13627
0.13714
0.13802
0.13889

46370
76182
98381
12978
19988

062030
925478
472336
973747
666186

1.195
1.196
1. 197
1.198
1.199

0.17814
0.17898
0.17981
0.18065
0.18148

61853
26555
84265
34996
78760

834740
284400
758361
932576
453772

1.100

0.09531 01798 043249

1.150

0.13976 19423 751587

1. 200

0.18232 15567 939546

[(-J)l]

[( -J)l]

In 10=2.30258 50929 940457

[(-~)9]

108

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

Table 4.2

In

In

In

1.200
1.201
1. 202
1. 203
1,204

0.18232
0.18315
0.18398
0.18481
0.18564

15567
45430
68361
84369
93468

939546
978465
130158
925418
866293

1.250
1.251
1. 252
1. 253
1. 254

0.22314
0.22394
0.22474
0.22554
0.22633

35513
32314
22726
06759
84422

142098
847741
779068
139312
107290

1.300
1.301
1. 302
1. 303
1. 304

0.26236
0.26313
0.26390
0.26466
0.26543

42644
31995
15437
92981
64635

674911
303682
863775
427081
044612

1.205
1.206
1.207
1. 208
1.209

0.18647
0.18730
0.18813
0,18896
0.18979

95669
90983
79421
60995
35716

426183
049937
153944
126232
326556

1. 255

0.22713
0.22793
0.22872
0.22952
0.23031

55725
20680
79296
31582
77550

837472
460069
081104
782488
622101

1. 305
1. 306
1. 307
1. 30B
1. 309

0.26620
0.26696
0.26773
0.26849
0.26926

30407
90308
44346
92530
34869

746567
542393
420849
350070
277629

1. 210
1. 211
1.212
1.213
1.214

0.19062
0.19144
0.19227
0.19309
0.19392

03596
64645
18876
66299
06926

086497
709552
471227
619131
373065

1. 260
1. 261
1. 262

1.263
1. 264

0.23111
0.23190
0.23269
0.23348
0.23428

17209
50569
77641
98433
12957

633866
827825
190214
683541
246657

1.31()
1.311
1. 31,!
1. 3D
1.3H

0.27002
0.27079
0.27155
0.27231
0.27307

71372
02047
26905
45953
59200

130602
815628
218973
206591
624188

1.215
1. 216
1. 217
1. 218
1. 219

0.19474
0.19556
0.19638
0.19721
0.19803

40767
67835
88140
01692
08504

925118
439753
053901
877053
991345

1.265
1.266
1. 267
1.268
1.269

0.23507
0.23586
0.23665
0.23744
0.23822

21221
23237
19013
08560
91887

794836
219844
390020
150342
322506

1.315
1. 316
1. 317
1. 318
1. 319

0.27383
0.27459
0.27535
0.27611
0.27687

66656
68329
64227
54360
38737

297279
031255
611440
803155
351775

1.220
1. 221
1.222
1.223
1.224

0.19885
0.19967
0.20048
0.20130
0.20212

08587
01951
88607
68567
41840

451652
285676
494036
050353
901343

1.270
1.271
1.272
1.273
1.274

0.23901
0.23980
0.24059
0.24137
0.24216

69004
39922
04649
63195
15571

704999
073170
179304
752695
499716

1.320
1.321
1. 322
1.323
1.324

0.27763
0.27838
0.27914
0.27990
0.28065

17365
90255
57414
18851
74575

982795
401883
294945
328186
148165

1. 225
1. 226
1. 227

1.228
1.229

0.20294
0.20375
0.20457
0.20538
0.20620

08439
68375
21657
68297
08305

966903
140197
287744
249507
838978

1.275
1. 276
1.277
1.278
1. 279

0.24294
0.24373
0.24451
0.24529
0.24607

61786
01849
35770
63559
85225

103895
225981
504022
553431
967056

1. 3:;~5
1. 326
1.3'!7
1. 3:~9

0.28141
0.28216
0.28292
0.28367
0.28442

24594
68917
07553
40510
67797

381855
636708
500705
542421
311083

1.230
1. 231
1. 232
1. 233
1. 234

0.20701
0.20782
0.20863
0.20945
0.21026

41693
68472
88651
02241
09254

843261
023165
113280
822072
831961

1. 280
1.281
1. 282
1.283
1. 284

0.24686
0.24764
0.24842
0.24920
0.24998

00779
10229
13584
10856
02052

315258
145972
984783
334994
677694

1.330
1.331
1.332
1.333
1. 334

0.28517
0.28593
0.28668
0.28743
0.28818

89422
05394
15721
20411
19474

336624
129746
181974
965716
934320

1.235
1. 236
1. 237
1.238
1.239

0.21107
0.21188
0.21268
0.21349
0.21430

09700
03590
90934
71742
46026

799405
354990
103508
624044
470054

1. 285
1.286
1.287
1. 288
1. 289

0.25075
0.25153
0.25231
0.25309
0.25386

87183
66258
39286
06276
67239

471831
154276
139896
821619
570503

1. 335
1.336
1. 337
1. 338
1. 339

0.28893
0.28968
0.29042
0.29117
0.29192

12918
00751
82981
59617
30667

522129
144540
198061
060367
090355

1. 240
1.241
1.242
1. 243
1. 244

0.21511
0.21591
0.21672
0.21752
0.21833

13796
75062
29835
78125
19943

169455
224702
112870
285741
169877

1.290
1. 291
1. 292
1. 293
1.294

0.25464
0.25541
0.25619
0.25696
0.25773

22183
71118
14053
50997
81960

735807
645054
604101
897204
787088

1. 340
1.341
1. :142
1. 343
1. :~44

0.29266
0.29341
0.29416
0.29490
0.29565

96139
56042
10385
59175
02421

628200
995415
494901
411005
009578

1. 245
1. 246
1. 247
1. 248
1. 249

0.21913
0.21993
0.22074
0.22154
0.22234

5529 q
84203
06666
22699
32311

166709
652614
978994
472359
434406

1.295
1. 296
1.297
1.298
1.299

0.25851
0.25928
0.26005
0.26082
0.26159

06951
25979
39053
46182
47376

515011
300830
343068
818983
884625

1.345
1.346
1. 347
1.348
1.349

0.29639
0.29713
0.29787
0.29862
0.29936

40130
72312
98974
20124
35772

538024
225361
282269
901153
256188

1.250

0.22314 35513 142098

1.300

0.26236 42644 674911

1.350

0.30010 45924 503381

[(-~)9]

1. 256
1. 257
1. 258
1. 259

[(-~)8]
In 10=2.3025850929 940457

l.n8

[(-~)7]

109

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

In x

In x

Table 4.2
x

In x

1.350
1. 351
1. 352
1.353
1.354

0.30010
0.30084
0.30158
0.30232
0.30306

45924
50589
49776
43491
31744

503381
780618
207723
886510
900833

1. 400
1. 401
1. 402
1. 403
1. 404

0.33647
0.33718
0.33789
0.33861
0.33932

22366
62673
97886
28011
53056

212129
548700
123983
203239
036194

1.450
1. 451
1. 452
1. 453
1.454

0.37156
0.37225
0.37294
P.37363
0.37431

35564
29739
19164
03845
83791

324830
020508
026043
881459
113276

1.355
1. 356
1. 357
1. 358
1. 359

0.30380
0.30453
0.30527
0.30601
0.30674

14543
91895
63808
30291
91351

316642
182038
527321
365044
690067

1. 405
1.406
1. 407
1.408
1.409

0.34003
0.34074
0.34145
0.34217
0.34288

73027
87933
97781
02577
02329

857091
884732
322520
358507
165432

1. 455
1.456
1. 457
1.458
1.459

0.37500
0.37569
0.37637
0.37706
0.37775

59006
29497
95272
56335
12695

234558
744942
130678
864664
406486

1. 360

1.361
1. 362
1.363
1.364

0.30748
0.30821
0.30895
0.30968
0.31042

46997 479606
97236 693290
42077 273206
81527 143956
15594212704

1. 410
1. 411
1.412
1.413
1.414

0.34358
0.34429
0.34500
0.34571
0.34642

97043
86728
71390
51037
25674

900769
706770
710503
023904
743810

1. 460
1. 461
1. 462
1. 463
1.464

0.37843
0.37912
0.37980
0.38048
0.38117

64357
11327
53613
91220
24155

202451
685624
275868
379873
391198

1. 365
1. 366
1.367
1. 368
1.369

0.31115
0.31188
0.31261
0.31334
0.31408

44286
67611
85577
98192
05463

369231
485983
418125
003587
063118

1. 415
1.416
1. 417
1. 418
1. 419

0.34712
0.34783
0.34854
0.34924
0.34995

95310
59952
19607
74281
23981

952009
715280
085434
099358
779056

1. 465

0.38185
0.38253
0.38321
0.38390
0.38458

52424
76034
94991
09301
18971

690306
644597
608447
923238
917403

1. 370
1.371
1.372
1.373
1.374

0.31481
0.31554
0.31626
0.31699
0.31772

07398
04005
95293
81267
61938

400335
801773
036935
858340
001576

1. 420

1.421
1. 422
1. 423
1. 424

0.35065
0.35136
0.35206
0.35276
0.35346

68716
08491
43313
73191
98129

131694
149636
810491
077153
897840

1.471
1. 472
1.473
1. 474

0.38526
0.38594
0.38662
0.38730
0.38797

24007
24416
20203
11374
97937

906449
193005
066845
804932
671449

1. 375
1.376
1. 377
1. 378
1. 379

0.31845
0.31918
0.31990
0.32063
0.32135

37311
07395
72197
31725
85988

185346
111519
465178
914668
111648

1. 425
1.426
1.427
1. 428
1. 429

0.35417
0.35487
0.35557
0.35627
0.35697

18137
33219
43384
48639
48989

206138
921042
946994
173926
477304

1. 475
1.476
1.477
1. 478
1. 479

0.38865
0.38933
0.39001
0.39068
0.39136

79897
57261
30035
98225
61837

917831
782808
492427
260100
286627

1.380
1. 381
1. 382
1. 383
1. 384

0.32208
0.32280
0.32353
0.32425
0.32497

34991
78744
17253
50526
78571

691133
271551
454782
826212
954778

1. 430
1.431
1. 432
1. 433
1.434

0.35767 44442
~35837 35005
0.35907 20685
0.35977 01488
0.36046 77421

718159
7431j9
384539
460348
774286

1.480
1. 481
1. 482
1. 483
1. 484

0.39204
0.39271
0.39339
0.39406
0.39474

20877
75352
25268
70631
11447

760237
856617
738951
557950
451887

1. 385
1. 386

01396
19007
31413
38620
40637

393018
677115
326945
846128
722067

1.435
1. 436
1.437
1. 438
1.439

0.36116
0.36186
0.36255
0.36325
0.36394

48492
14706
76070
32592
84279

115844
260324
968879
988549
052308

1.485

1. 387
1. 388
1. 389

0.32570
0.32642
0.32714
0.32786
0.32858

1. 486
1. 487
1. 488
1. 489

0.39541
0.39608
0.39676
0.39743
0.39810

47722 546629
79462 955674
06674780180
29364 109001
47537 018719

1.390
1. 391
1. 392
1.393
1. 394

0.32930
0.33002
0.33074
0.33145
0.33217

37471
29129
15619
96947
73123

426004
413059
122279
976686
383321

1. 440
1. 441
1. 442
1.443
1. 444

0.36464
0.36533
0.36603
0.36672
0.36741

31135
73170
10388
42797
70404

879093
173850
627573
917338
706345

1.490
1. 491
1. 492
1.493
1. 494

0.39877
0.39944
0.40011
0.40078
0.40145

61199
70357
75017
75185
70867

573678
826014
815691
570533
106256

1.395
1. 396
1. 397
1. 398
1. 399

0.33289
0.33361
0.33432
0.33504
0.33575

44152
10043
70802
26438
76956

733290
401807
748248
116185
833441

1. 445
1. 446
1.447
1.448
1. 449

0.36810
0.36880
0.36949
0.37018
0.37087

93215
11237
24476
32939
36633

643955
365729
493468
635246
385453

1. 495
1. 496
1. 497
1.498
1. 499

0.40212
0.40279
0.40346
0.40413
0.40479

62068
48795
31054
08850
82191

426497
522855
374913
950277
204607

1. 400

0.33647 22366 212129

1. 450

0.37156 35564 324830

1. 500

0.40546 51081 081644

[(-~)7]

[(-~)6]
In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

1. 466

1. 467
1. 468
1. 469
1. 470

[( -~)6]

110

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

Table 4.2

In x

In x

In x

1. 500
1. 501

51081
15526
75533
31107
82255

081644
513249
419430
708374
276481

1. 550
1. 551

1.502
1. 503
1.504

0.40546
0.40613
0.40679
0.40746
0.40812

1.552
1. 553
1. 554

0.43825
0.43889
0.43954
0.44018
0.44083

49309
98841
44217
85441
22519

311553
944018
610270
665500
454557

1. 600
1. 601
1. 602
1. 603
1. 604

0.47000
0.47062
0.47125
0.47187
0.47250

36292
84340
28486
68736
05094

457356
145776
461675
274159
443228

1. 505
1. 5{)6
1. 507
1. 508
1. 509

0.40879
0.40945
0.41012
0.41078
0.41144

28982
71293
09196
42695
71797

008391
777018
443584
857643
857118

1. 555
1. 556
1. 557
1. 558
1. 559

0.44147
0.44211
0.44276
0.44340
0.44404

55456
84257
08928
29474
45900

311975
561999
518613
485565
756395

1. 605
1. 606
1. 607
1. 608
1.609

0.47312
0.47374
0.47436
0.47499
0.47561

37565
66155
90867
11707
28680

819792
245699
553755
567746
102462

1. 510
1. 511

0.41210
0.41277
0.41343
0.41409
0.41475

96508
16832
32777
44348
51550

268330
906025
573413
062189
152570

1. 560
1.561
1. 562
1. 563
1.564

0.44468
0.44532
0.44596
0.44660
0.44724

58212
66415
70514
70514
66421

614457
332950
174942
393396
231193

1. 610
1.611
1. 612
1. 613
1. 614

0.47623
0.47685
0.47747
0.47809
0.47871

41789
51041
56440
57991
55698

963716
948373
844365
430718
477571

0.41541
0.41607
0.41673
0.41739
0.41805

54389
52872
47003
36789
22236

613325
201799
663952
734382
136358

1. 565
1. 566
1. 567

0.44788
0.44852
0.44916
0.44980
0.45043

58239
45975
29633
09219
84737

921165
686114
738838
282161
508955

1.615
1. 616
1. 617
1. 618
1. 619

0.47933
0.47995
0.48057
0.48119
0.48180

49566
39600
25805
08186
86746

746199
989036
949698
362999
954981

1.521
1. 522
1. 523
1.524

0.41871
0.41936
0.42002
0.42068
0.42133

03348
80132
52594
20739
84572

581850
771558
394941
130248
644545

1. 570
1. 571
1. 572

0.45107
0.45171
0.45234
0.45298
0.45362

56193
23592
86940
46240
01499

602167
734841
070148
761408
952115

1. 620
1. 621
1. 622
1. 623

0.48242
0.48304
0.48365
0.48427
0.48489

61492
32427
99556
62885
22417

442927
535391
932212
324542
394862

1.525
1. 526
1. 527
1. 528
1. 529

0.42199
0.42264
0.42330
0.42395
0.42461

44100
99328
50262
96907
39269

593749
622653
364954
443287
469252

1.577
1. 578
1. 579

0.45425
0.45488
0.45552
0.45615
0.45679

52722
99914
43079
82224
17352

775964
356874
809013
236825
735050

0.48550
0.48612
0.48673
0.48735
0.48796

78157
30111
78282
22675
63296

817008
256188
369007
803486
199081

1. 530
1. 531
1. 532
1. 533
1. 534

0.42526
0.42592
0.42657
0.42722
0.42787

77354
11166
40713
65998
87029

043441
755467
183996
896771
450644

1.580
1. 581
1. 582
1. 583
1. 584

0.45742
0.45805
0.45868
0.45932
0.45995

48470
75582
98693
17808
32933

388754
273350
454621
988751
922341

1. 630
1. 631
1. 632
1. 633

1.634

0.48858
0.48919
0.48980
0.49041
0.49103

00148
33236
62565
88139
09964

186710
388768
419153
883281
378111

1. 535
1. 536
1. 537
1. 538
1. 539

0.42853
0.42918
0.42983
0.43048
0.43113

03810
16347
24645
28710
28548

391605
254804
564588
834522
567422

1. 585
1.586
1.587
1. 588
1. 589

0.46058
0.46121
0.46184
0.46247
0.46310

44073
51232
54415
53628
48875

292439
126562
442720
249440
545789

1. 635
1. 636
1. 637
1. 638
1. 639

0.49164
0.49225
0.49286
0.49347
0.49408

28043
42381
52983
59854
62997

492167
805553
889979
308777
616926

1. 540
1. 541

24164
15563
02751
85733
64516

255378
379787
411377
810238
025844

1. 590

1.542
1. 543
1. 544

0.43178
0.43243
0.43308
0.43372
0.43437

0.46373
0.46436
0.46499
0.46561
0.46624

40162
27493
10874
90309
65803

321402
556498
221913
279115
680233

1. 640
1. 641
1. 642
1. 643
1. 644

0.49469
0.49530
0.49591
0.49652
0.49713

62418
58121
50110
38390
22966

361071
079538
302365
551310
339882

1. 545
1.546
1. 547
1. 548
1. 549

0.43502
0.43567
0.43631
0.43696
0.43760

39103
09501
75715
37751
95614

497088
652302
909291
675354
347316

1. 595
1. 596
1. 597

1. 598
1.599

0.46687
0.46750
0.46812
0.46875
0.46937

37362
04990
68692
28473
84338

368079
276170
328754
440829
518172

1. 645
1.646
1. 647
1. 648
1.649

0.49774
0.49834
0.49895
0.49956
0.50016

03842
81022
54511
24314
90435

173352
548781
955033
872800
774619

1. 550

0.43825 49309 311553

1. 600

0.47000 36292 457356

1. 650

0.50077 52879 124892

1.512

1. 513
1. 514
1. 515

1.516
1. 517
1. 518
1. 519
1. 520

[(-g)6]

1.568

1. 569

1.573

1. 574

1.575

1. 576

1.591
1.592
1. 593
1. 594

[(-g)5]

In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

1.624
1.625
1. 626

1.627
1. 628
1.629

[(-g)5]

ELEM:~NTARY

111

TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

In x

In x

Table 4.2

In x

1.650
1. 651
1.652
1.653
1.654

0.50077 52879 124892

0.50138 11649 379910
~50198 66750 987863
0.50259 18188 388871
0.50319 65966 014996

1.700
1. 701
1. 702
1.703
1. 704

0.53062
0.53121
0.53180
0.53239
0.53297

82510
63134
40301
14016
84284

621704
137247
511824
805512
071240

1. 750
1. 751
1.752
1.753
1. 754

0.55961
0.56018
0.56075
10.56132
0.56189

57879
70533
79925
86059
88939

354227
037148
141997
390974
499913

1.655
1.656
1.657
1. 658
1.659

0.50380 10088 290262

0.50440 50559 630679
0.50500 87384 444259
0.~0561 20567 131032
0.50621 50112 083074

1. 705
1. 706
1. 707
1. 708
1. 709

0.53356
0.53415
0.53473
0.53532
0.53590

51107
14490
74438
30953
84041

354801
694874
123036
663781
334538

1. 755
1. 756
1. 757
1. 758
1. 759

0.56246
0.56303
0.56360
0.56417
0.56474

88569
84952
78092
67992
54657

178291
129249
049601
629853
554211

1. 660
1.661
1.662
1. 663
1. 664

0.50681
0.50741
0.50802
0.50862
0.50922

76023
98306
16964
32002
43423

684519
311578
332564
107906
990168

1. 710
1.711
1.712
1.713
1. 714

0.53649
0.53707
0.53766
0.53824
0.53882

33705
79949
22777
62193
98201

145685
100564
195504
419829
755880

1. 760
1. 761
1. 762

1. 763
1. 764

0.56531
0.56588
0.56644
0.56701
0.56758

38090
18295
95275
69034
39575

500604
140691
139878
157332
845996

1. 665
1. 666
1. 667
1. 668
1.669

0.50982
0.51042
0.51102
0.51162
0.51222

51234
55437
56037
53039
46446

324071
446509
686569
365550
796980

1. 715
1.716
1. 717
1.718
1.719

0.53941
0.53999
0.54057
0.54116
0.54174

30806
60010
85819
08235
27264

179032
657705
153385
620636
007122

1.765
1. 766
1. 767
1.768
1. 769

0.56815
0.56871
0.56928
0.56984
0.57041

06903
71021
31933
89642
44151

852601
817683
375593
154517
776482

1.670
1.672
1.673
1.674

0.51282
0.51342
0.51402
0.51461
0.51521

36264
22496
05146
84220
59720

286637
132567
625099
046869
672836

1.720
1. 721
1. 722
1. 723
1. 724

0.54232
0.54290
0.54348
0.54406
0.54464

42908
55172
64060
69575
71722

253617
294024
055391
457926
415014

1.770
1.771
1.772
1. 773
1. 774

0.57097
0.57154
0.57210
0.57267
0.57323

95465
43588
88521
30270
68838

857378
006965
828892
920708
873877

1.675
1.676
1.677
1. 678
1. 679

0.51581
0.51641
0.51700
0.51760
0.51819

31652
00020
64828
26080
83780

770298
598913
410718
450144
954038

1.725
1.726
1.727
1. 728
1.729

0.54522
0.54580
0.54638
0.54696
0.54754

70504
65926
57991
46703
32067

833231
612362
645415
818639
011534

1. 775
1. 776
1.777
1. 778
1. 779

0.57380
0.57436
0.57492
0.57548
0.57605

04229
36445
65491
91370
14086

273791
699783
725143
917128
836981

1. 680
1. 681
1. 682
1.683
1. 684

0.51879
0.51938
0.51998
0.52057
0.52117

37934
88544
35615
79152
19158

151676
264786
507563
086690
201350

1.730
1. 731
1. 732
1.733
1. 734

0.54812
0.54869
0.54927
0.54985
0.55043

14085
92761
68101
40107
08783

096876
940722
402434
334690
583501

1. 780
1. 781

1. 782
1. 783
1. 784

0.57661
0.57717
0.57773
0.57829
0.57885

33643
50043
63290
73388
80341

039938
075246
486176
810034
578176

1. 685
1. 686

1.687
1.688
1. 689

0.52176
0.52235
0.52295
0.52354
0.52413

55638
88595
18035
43961
66378

043250
796637
638312
737654
256630

1. 735
1. 736
1.737
1. 738
1.739

0.55100
0.55158
0.55215
0.55273
0.55331

74133
36162
94872
50268
02353

988225
381584
589679
432003
721460

1. 785
1. 786
1.787
1. 788
1.789

0.57941
0.57997
0.58053
0.58109
0.58165

84152
84824
82361
76767
68045

316024
543073
772910
513224
265821

1. 690
1. 691
1.692
1.693
1.694

0.52472
0.52532
0.52591
0.52650
0.52709

85289
00699
12611
21031
25962

349821
164432
840315
509983
298627

1. 740
1. 741
1. 742
1. 743
1. 744

0.55388
0.55445
0.55503
0.55560
0.55618

51132
96607
38784
77665
13254

264377
860520
303111
378839
867879

1.790

1.792
1. 793
1. 794

0.58221
0.58277
0.58333
0.58389
0.58444

56198
41230
23145
01946
77636

526636
785747
527387
229958
366044

1. 695
1. 696
1. 697
1.698
1. 699

0.52768
0.52827
0.52886
0.52945
0.53003

27408
25373
19862
10878
98426

324136
697113
520893
891556
897950

1. 745
1.746
1.747
1. 748
1.749

0.55675
0.55732
0.55790
0.55847
0.55904

45556
74574
00311
22772
41960

543905
174105
519195
333437
364650

1. 795
1. 796
1. 197
1.798
1.799

0.58500
0.58556
0.58611
0.58667
0.58723

50219
19698
86018
49360
09549

402422
800079
014220
494285
683961

1. 700

0.53062 82510 621704

1. 150

0.55961 57879 354227

1. 800

0.58778 66649 021190

1. 671

[(-~)5]

[(-~)4]
In 10=2.30258 50929 940457

1. 791

[(-~)4]

112

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

Table 4.2

In x

In x

In x

1.800
1.801
1. 802
1. 803
1.804

0.58778
0.58834
0.58889
0.58945
0.59000

66649
20661
71591
19442
64216

021190
938190
861462
211802
404319

1. 850
1.851
1.852
1.853
1.854

0.61518
0.61572
0.61626
0.61680
0.61734

56390
60335
61362
59473
54671

902335
913605
239876
032227
436634

1. 900
1. 901
1. 902
1.903
1. 904

0.64185
0.64238
0.64290
0.64343
0.64395

38861
00635
59641
15883
69363

723948
062921
231986
140124
691736

1. 805
1. 806
1. 807
1. 808
1.809

0.59056
0.59111
0.59166
0.59222
0.59277

05917
44549
80116
12619
42064

848442
947937
100914
699848
131581

1. 855
1.856
1. 857
1.858
1. 859

0.61788
0.61842
0.61896
0.61950
0.62003

46960
36343
22823
06403
87087

593985
640088
705687
916468
393070

1.905
1.906
1.907
1. 908
1. 909

0.64448
0.64500
0.64553
0.64605
0.64657

20085
68052
13266
55730
95447

786643
320104
182820
260948
436106

1. 810
1.811
1. 812
1. 813
1. 814

0.59332
0.59387
0.59443
0.59498
0.59553

68452
91789
12076
29317
43516

777344
012763
207876
727140
929449

1.860
1. 861
1. 862
1. 863
1.864

0.62057
0.62111
0.62165
0.62218
0.62272

64877
39776
11788
80916
47162

251099
601137
548753
194514
633994

1.910
1.911
1. 91;1
1.9D
1. 914

0.64710
0.64762
0.64814
0.64867
0.64919

32420
66652
98146
26904
52930

585385
581360
292095
581158
307625

1. 815
1. 816
1. 817
1. 818
1.819

0.59608
0.59663
0.59718
0.59773
0.59828

54677
62801
67894
69957
68995

168141
791016
140341
552871
359852

1.865
1.866
1.867
1.868
1.869

0.62326
0.62379
0.62433
0.62486
0.62540

10530
71024
28645
83398
35284

957789
251521
595856
066509
734258

1.915
1. 916
1. 917
1.918
1.919

0.64971
0.65023
0.65076
0.65128
0.65180

76226
96795
14640
29764
42170

326093
486688
635074
612465
255629

1.820
1. 821 .
1. 822
1. 823
1. 824

0.59883
0.59938
0.59993
0.60048
0.60103

65010
58007
47988
34956
18916

887040
454709
377666
965260
521396

1.870
1.871
1.872
1.873
1.874

0.62593
0.62647
0.62700
0.62754
0.62807

84308
30472
73780
14234
51838

664953
919526
554003
619515
162304

1. 920
1.921
1. 922
1. 9,~3
1.9:14

0.65232
0.65284
0.65336
0.65388
0.65440

51860
58837
63105
64666
63522

396902
864196
481007
066427
435147

1. 825
1. 826
1. 827
1. 828
1.829

0.60157
0.60212
0.60267
0.60322
0.60376

99870
77821
52773
24730
93694

344548
727767
958697
319583
087286

1.875
1.876
1.877
1.878
1.879

0.62860
0.62914
0.62967
0.63020
0.63073

86594
18505
47576
73807
97204

223741
840329
043718
860712
313283

1. <):~5
1.926
1.927
1.928
1.929

0.65492
0.65544
0.65596
0.65648
0.65700

59677
53133
43894
31961
17339

397475
759338
322293
883539
235920

1. 830
1. 831
1. 832
1. 833
1.834

0.60431
0.60486
0.60540
0.60595
0.60649

59668
22656
82662
39688
93738

533296
923737
519385
575680
342731

1.880
1.881
1.882
1. 883
1.884

0.63127
0.63180
0.63233
0.63286
0.63339

17768
35503
50411
62496
71761

418578
188933
631879
150154
541713

1.930
1. 931
1.932
1.933
1.934

0.65752 00029
0.6580~ 80034
0.65855 57357
0.65907 32002
0.65959 03970

167942
463774
903263
261938
311026

1.835
1.836
1. 837
1.838
1.839

0.60704
0.60758
0.60813
0.60867
0.60922

44815
92921
38062
80239
19456

065336
982987
329886
334953
221840

1. 885
1.886
1.887
1.888
1.889

0.63392
0.63445
0.63498
0.63551
0.63604

78208
81842
82663
80677
75885

999741
112658
864132
233089
193725

1. 935
1. '136
1. 937
1.938
1. 939

0.66010
0.66062
0.66114
0.66165
0.66217

73264
39888
03844
65134
23762

817451
543853
248588
685745
605148

1.840
1.841
1.842
1. 843
1.844

0.60976
0.61030
0.61085
0.61139
0.61193

55716
89022
19378
46786
71251

208943
509408
331151
876862
344021

1. 890
1.891
1.892
1.893
1.894

0.63657
0.63710
0.63763
0.63816
0.63869

68290
57896
44706
28722
09947

715510
763204
296865
211858
638865

1.940
1. 941
1. 942
1. 943
1. 944

0.66268
0.66320
0.66371
0.66423
0.66474

79730
33041
83698
31703
17060

752368
868732
691332
953030
382473

1.845
1.846
1. 847
1.848
1. 849

0.61247
0.61302
0.61356
0.61410
0.61464

92774
11360
27012
39732
49524

924905
806604
171029
194924
049878

1.895
1.896
1. 897
1.898
1. 899

0.63921
0.63914
0.64027
0.64080
0.64132

88385
64038
36909
07001
74318

343897
328301
528772
817361
301488

1. 945
1.946
1.941
1. 948
1.. 949

0.66526
0.66577
0.66628
0.66680
0.66731

19770
59837
97263
32052
64205

104096
638133
900626
203434
254238

1.850

0.61518 56390 902335

1.900

0.64185 38861 723948

1..950

0.66782 93125 756554

[(-~)4]

[(-~)4]
In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

[(-~)3]

113

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

In x

In x

Table 4.2

In x

1. 950
1.951
1. 952
1.953
1.954

0.66782
0.66834
0.66885
0.66936
0.66987

93725
20616
44879
66518
85536

756554
409742
909007
945419
205910

2.000
2.001
2.002
2.003
2.004

0.69314
0.69364
0.69414
0.69464
0.69514

71805
70556
66808
60566
51832

599453
015964
930288
836812
226184

2.050
2.051
2.052
2.053
2.054

0.71783
O. 71832
O. 71881
0.71930
0.71978

97931
74790
49273
21380
91115

503168
902436
085231
367965
063665

1.955
1. 956
1.957
1. 958
1. 959

0.67039
0.67090
0.67141
0.67192
0.67243

01934
15716
26884
35441
41389

373291
126256
139392
083186
624037

2.005
2.006
2.007
2.008
2.009

0.69564
0.69614
0.69664
0.69713
0.69763

40607
26895
10698
92018
70858

585325
397438
142011
294828
327974

2.055
2.056
2.057
2.058
2.059

O. 72027
O. 72076
O. 72124
0.72173
O. 72222

58479
23475
86106
46374
04280

481979
929187
708201
118579
456524

1.960

1.962
1.963
1. 964

0.67294
0.67345
0.67396
0.67447
0.67498

44732
45472
43611
39152
32099

424259
142092
431713
943240
322741

2.010
2.011
2.012
2.013
2.014

0.69813
0.69863
0.69912
0.69962
O. 70012

47220
21107
92522
61466
27942

709844
905150
374928
576544
963706

2.060
2.061
2.062
2.063
2.064

0.72270
0.72319
O. 72367
O. 72416
O. 72464

59828
13019
63855
12340
58476

014897
083220
947682
891148
193163

1. 965
1.966
1.967
1. 968
1.969

0.67549
0.67600
0.67650
0.67701
0.67752

22453
10217
95394
77986
57996

212246
249748
069220
300617
569885

2.015
2.016
2.017
2.018
2.019

0.70061
O. 70111
0.70161
0.70210
O. 70260

91953
53502
12589
69219
23393

986463
091222
720747
314172
307004

2.065
2.066
2.067
2.068
2.069

O. 72513
O. 72561
0.72609
0.72658
O. 72706

02264
43706
82806
19566
53987

129961
974468
996312
461827
634060

1. 970

1.971
1. 972
1.973
1.974

0.67803
0.67854
0.67904
0.67955
0.68006

35427
10281
82561
52270
19410

498971
705832
804437
404783
112898

2.020
2.021
2.022
2.023
2.024

0.70309
0.70359
O. 70408
O. 70458
0.70507

75114
24384
71205
15581
57514

131134
214840
982797
856084
252191

2.070
2.071
2.072
2.073
2.074

O. 72754
O. 72803
O. 72851
O. 72899
0.72947

86072
15824
43243
68334
91098

772777
134471
972366
536425
073356

1.975
1.976
1. 977
1. 978
1.979

0.68056 83983 530852

0.68107 45993 256761
0.68158 05441 884799
~68208 62332 005204
0.68259 16666 204287

2.025
2.026
2.027
2.028
2.029

O. 70556
O. 70606
0.70655
O. 70705
0.70754

97005 585025
34058 264916
68674698630
00857 289367
30608 436777

2.075
2.076
2.017
2.078
2.079

O. 72996
O. 73044
O. 73092
O. 73140
O. 73188

11536
29653
45448
58926
70088

826616
036422
939753
770357
758759

1. 980
1. 981
1. 982
1. 983
1.984

0.683G9 68447 064439

0.6836if~7677 164139
0.68410 64359 077962
0.68461 08495 376589
0.68511 50088 626811

2.030
2.031
2.032
2.033
2.034

O. 70803
0.70852
O. 70902
O. 70951
O. 71000

57930
82825
05297
25346
42976

536960
982476
162355
462096
263682

2.080
2.081
2.082
2.083
2.084

O. 73236
O. 73284
O. 73332
O. 73380
O. 73428

78937
85474
89701
91622
91238

132266
114974
927771
788349
911205

1. 985

1.986
1. 987
1. 988
1. 989

0.68561
0.68612
0.68662
0.68712
0.68763

89141
25656
59635
91082
19998

391537
229808
696798
343823
718351

2.035
2.036
2.037
2.038
2.039

O. 71049
O. 71098
O. 71147
0.71196
O. 71245

58188
70986
81372
89348
94915

945583
882763
446688
005331
923181

2.085
2.086
2.087
2.088
2.089

O. 73476
O. 73524
O. 73572
O. 73620
O. 73668

88552
83565
76280
66700
54825

507648
785807
950637
203923
744287

1.990
1. 991
1. 992
1.993
1.994

0.68813
0.68863
0.68913
0.68964
0.69014

46387
70250
91591
10412
26715

364010
820592
624065
306577
396466

2.040
2.041
2.042
2.043
2.044

O. 71294
O. 71343
O. 71392
O. 71441
O. 71490

98078
98838
97197
93158
86723

561250
277077
424738
354850
414580

2.090
2.091
2.092
2.093
2.094

0.73716
O. 73764
O. 73812
O. 73859
O. 73907

40659
24204
05462
84434
61124

767196
464965
026765
638627
483451

1. 995
1.996
1.997
1.998
1.999

0.69064
0.69114
0.69164
0.69214
0.69264

40503
51778
60544
66802
70555

418268
892722
336782
263618
182630

2.045
2.046
2.047
2.048
2.049

O. 71539
O. 71588
O. 71637
O. 71686
0.71735

77894
66675
53066
37071
18692

947651
294347
791525
772614
567627

2.095
2.096
2.097
2.098
2.099

O. 73955
O. 74003
0.74050
O. 74098
O. 74146

35533
07664
77519
45099
10408

741011
587957
197829
741054
384959

2.000

0.69314 71805 599453

2.050

0.71783 97931 503168

2.100

0.74193 73447 293773

1. 961

For

x>2.1

[(-~)3]

see Example 5.

[(-~)3]

In 10=2.3025850929 940457

[(-~)3]

114

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.3

RADIX TABLE OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS

In (1 +x10- n)

-In (l-xlO- n)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00000
00001
00002
00003
00004
00005
00006
00007
00008

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99998
99995
99992
99987
99982
99975
99968
99959

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00001
00002
00003
00004
00005
00006
00007
00008
00009

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00009
00019
00029
00039
00049
00059
00069
00079
00089

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99950
99800
99550
99200
98750
98200
97550
96800
95950

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00002
00002

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00010
00020
00030
00040
00050
00060
00070
00080
00090

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02450
03200
04050

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00002
00002

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00099
00199
00299
00399
00499
00599
00699
00799
00899

99999
99999
99999
99999
99998
99998
99997
99996
99995

95000
80000
55000
20000
75000
20000
55000
80000
95000

00003
00027
00090
00213
00417
00720
01143
01707
02430

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00100
00200
00300
00400
00500
00600
00700
00800
00900

00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00002
00003
00004

05000
20000
45000
80000
25000
80000
45000
20000
05000

00003
00027
00090
00213
00417
00720
01143
01707
02430

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00999
01999
02999
03999
04999
05999
06999
07999
08999

99995
99980
99955
99920
99875
99820
99755
99680
99595

00000
00000
00000
00002
00004
00007
00011
00017
00024

03333
26667
90000
13333
16667
20000
43333
06666
29998

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

01000
02000
03000
04000
05000
06000
07000
08000
09000

00005
00020
00045
00080
00125
00180
00245
00320
00405

00000
00000
00000
00002
00004
00007
00011
00017
00024

03333
26667
90000
13333
16667
20000
43334
06668
30002

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

09999
19999
29999
39999
49999
59999
69999
79999
89999

99500
98000
95500
92000
87500
82000
75500
68000
59500

00033
00266
00899
02133
04166
07199
11433
17066
24299

33331
66627
99798
32693
65104
96760
27331
56427
83598

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000

00500
02000
04500
08000
12500
18000
24500
32000
40500

00033
00266
00900
02133
04166
07200
11433
17066
24300

33336
66707
00203
33973
68229
03240
39336
76907
16403

For n>10, In (lxlO- n) = xlO-n-~x210-2n to 25D.

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

115

RADIX TABLE OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS

x

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

O. 00000
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008

99999 150000
99998 00002
99995 50008
99992 00021
9998750041
99982 00071
99975 50114
99968 00170
99959 .50242

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

0.00009
0.00019
0.00029
0.00039
0.00049
0.00059
0.00069
0.00079
0.00089

99950
99800
99550
99200
98750
98200
97551
96801
95952

00333
)2666
)8997
21326

1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

0.00099
0.00199
0.00299
0.00399
0.00498
0.00598
0.00697
0.00796
0.00895

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1

In (1 +xlO- n )

Table 4.3

-In (l-xlO- n )

33333
66662
99979
33269
66510
99676
32733
65642
98359

08334
66673
75049
33538
42292
01555
11695
73220
86809

0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008
0.00009

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

50000
00002
50009
00021
50041
00072
50114
00170
50243

33333
66670
00020
33397
66822
00324
33933
67690
01640

58334
66673
25049
33538
92292
01555
61695
73221
36811

30833
26673
97548
93538
~1651 04791
71967 61554
14273 34192
70564 33215
~2836 09300

53332
06560
58785
06509
40636
42280
77369
90059
94948

0.00010
0.00020
O. 00030
0.00040
0.00050
0.00060
0.00070
0.00080
0.00090

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02451
03201
04052

00333
02667
09002
21339
41682
72032
14393
70769
43164

35833
06673
02548
73538
29791
41555
39196
13224
14318

53335
06773
61215
20162
92719
97800
69533
63873
66419

95003
80026
55089
20212
75415
20716
56137
81696
97413

33083
62673
79798
69537
11039
77547
36425
49176
71471

53316
05601
47881
45299
07361
46378
24209
87351
90444

68094
82538
16106
90751
21022
20189
95222
07973
31465

0.00100
0.00200
0.00300
0.00400
0.00501
0.00601
0.00702
0.00803
0.00904

05003
20026
45090
80213
25418
80723
46149
21716
07446

33583
70673
20298
97538
23544
25563
36964
97264
52149

53350
07735
72181
81834
28204
01620
45987
25903
06220

01430
16511
32509
87927
30937
19350
41123
86494
55241

0.00995
0.01980
0.02955
0.03922
0.04879
0.05826
0.06765
0.07696
0.08617

03308
26272
88022
07131
01641
89081
86484
10411
76962

53168
96179
41544
53281
69432
23975
73814
36128
41052

08284
71302
40273
29626
00306
77552
80526
32498
33234

82154
60291
26194
92009
53744
57184
84159
42170
13335

0.01005
0.02020
0.03045
0.04082
0.05129
0.06187
0.07257
0.08338
0.09431

03358
27073
92074
19945
32943
54037
06928
16089
06794

53501
17519
84708
20255
87550
18087
34835
39051
71241

44118
44840
54591
12955
53342
47179
43071
05839
32687

35489
80453
92613
45771
61961
78001
15733
47658
71427

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

0.09531
0.18232
0.26236
0.33647
0.40546
0.47000
0.53062
0.58778
0.64185

01798
15567
42644
22366
51081
36292
82510
66649
38861

04324
93954
67491
21212
08164
45735
62170
02119
72394

86004
62621
05203
93050
38197
55365
39623
00818
77599

39521
17180
54960
45934
80131
09370
15432
97311
10360

0.10536
0.22314
0.35667
0.51082
0.69314
0.91629
1.20397
1.60943
2.30258

05156
35513
49439
56237
71805
07318
28043
79124
50929

57826
14209
38732
65990
59945
74155
25935
34100
94045

30122
75576
37891
68320
30941
06518
99262
37460
68401

75010
62951
26387
55141
72321
35272
27462
07593
79915

0.69314 71805 59945 30941 72321

00

116

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.4

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
e- x

eX

0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004

1.00000
1.00100
1.00200
1.00300
1.00400

00000
05001
20013
45045
80106

00000
66708
34000
03377
77341

000
342
267
026
872

1.00000
0.99900
0.99800
0.99700
0.99600

00000
04998
19986
44955
79893

00000
33374
67333
03372
43991

000
992
067
976
472

0.00'5
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

1.00501
1.00601
1.00702
1.00803
1.00904

25208
80360
45572
20855
06217

59401
54064
66848
04273
73867

063
865
555
431
814

0.99501
0.99401
0.99302
0.99203
0.99104

24791
79640
44429
19148
03787

92682
53935
33235
37060
72883

313
265
105
630
662

0.010
O.Oll
0.012
0.013
0.014

1.01005
1.01106
1.01207
1.01308
1.01409

01670
07224
22888
48673
84589

84168
44719
66077
59809
38492

058
556
754
158
345

0.99004
0.98906
0.98801
0.98708
0.98609

,d337
02787
17128
41350
75442

49168
75368
61930
20287
62861

054
698
540
583
903

0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019

1.01511
1.01612
1.01714
1.01816
1.01918

30646
86854
53223
29763
16486

15718
06094
25240
89793
17408

979
822
748
761
011

0.98511
0.98412
0.98314
0.98216
0.98111

19396
73200
36846
10323
93622

03062
55285
34909
58300
42806

661
115
635
718
006

0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024

1.02020
1.02122
1.02224
1.02326
1.02429

13400
20516
37844
65395
03178

26755
37528
70438
47217
90621

810
653
235
475
534

0.98019
0.97921
0.97824
0.97726
0.97628

86733
89645
02350
24837
57097

06755
69459
51210
73277
57909

302
588
045
073
314

0.025
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.029

1.02531
1.02634
1.02736
1.02839
1.02942

51205
09484
78027
56844
45944

24428 841
73442 115
63489 392
2142~ 045
75130 820

0.97530
0.97433
0.97336
0.97238
0.97141

99120
50896
12415
83668
64644

28332
08749
24336
01246
66604

669
328
791
891
825

0.030
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.034

1.03045
1.03148
1.03251
1.03355
1.03458

45339
55038
75053
05392
46067

53516
86522
05118
41305
28117

856
716
420
472
894

0.97044
0.96941
O. 96850
0.96753
0.96651

55335
55730
65820
85595
15046

48508
76025
79197
89032
37506

177
948
585
009
651

0.035
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.039

1.03561
1.03665
1.03769
1.03873
1.03977

97087
58464
30208
12328
04836

99623
90923
38157
78497
50157

260
727
074
733
831

0.96560
0.96464
0.96367
0.96271
0.96175

54162
02934
61353
29408
07091

57566
83123
49053
91199
46366

478
030
452
529
723

0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.044

1.04081
1.04185
1.04289
1.04393
1.04498

07741
21055
44787
78948
23548

92388
45479
50763
50612
88443

227
549
238
586
779

0.96078
0.95982
0.95886
0.95791
0.95695

94391
91299
97805
13900
39574

52323
47798
72484
67030
73046

209
914
552
669
678

0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049

1.04602
1.04707
1.04812
1.04917
1.05022

78599
44109
20090
06553
03507

08716
56937
79655
24470
40028

943
184
638
516
148

0.95599
0.95504
0.95408
0.95313
0.95218

74818
19621
73975
37870
11296

33099
90714
90371
77504
98504

907
635
141
745
853

0.050

1.05127 10963 76024 040

0.95122 94245 00714 009

[C-J)1]

[C-J)1]

For use and extension of the table see Examples 8-11.

See Table 7.1 for values of

Fe
~

-x'

and Table 26.1 for

&2~ e

-~

2.

117

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.4

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
eX

e- x

0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054

1.05127
1.05232
1.05337
1.05442
1.05548

10963
28932
57425
96451
46021

76024
83203
13364
19355
55080

040
913
763
907
041

0.95122
0.95027
0.94932
0.94838
0.94743

94245
86705
88668
00124
21065

00714
32426
42889
82298
01798

009
935
583
184
300

0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059

1.05654
1.05759
1.05865
1.05971
1. 0,:'077

06146
76837
58103
49957
52407

75494
36611
95500
10287
40159

286
252
087
540
012

0.94648
0.94553
0.94459
0.94364
0.94270

51479
91358
40693
99474
67691

53483
90396
66523
36798
57099

869
267
349
514
754

0.060
0.061
0.062
0.063
0.064

1.0,)183
1. 06289
1. 0,:'396
1. 0,:'502
1. 0,:'609

65465
89141
23447
68392
23987

45359
87195
28033
31305
61505

622
264
669
464
244

0.94176
0.94082
0.93988
0.93894
0.93800

45335
32397
28867
34736
49995

84248
76009
91088
89133
30729

710
730
928
241
488

0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069

1. 0,)715 90243 84192 625

1. 06822 67171 65993 321
1. 0:'929 54781 74600 202

0.93706
0.93613
0.93519
0.93426
0.93332

74633
08642
52013
04735
66800

77403
91618
36776
77213
78201

433
844
558
542
958

0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074

1.07250
1.0'7358
1.0'7465
1.0'7573
1.0'7680

81812
12258
53440
05369
68054

54216
68357
63813
14703
96219

479
383
620
476
891

0.93239
0.93146
0.93053
0.92960
0.92867

38199
18921
08958
08300
16938

05948
27592
11205
25792
41287

229
106
732
713
187

0.075
0.076
0.077
0.078
0.079

1.0'7788
1.0'7896
1. 0:3004
1. 0:3112
1.0:3220

41508
25741
20763
26586
43220

84631
5728>
92600
70083
70314

536
889
313
133
117

0.92774
0.92681
0.92588
0.92496
0.92403

34863
62065
98536
44265
99244

28552
59382
06495
43539
45086

892
237
377
280
807

0.080
0.081
0.082
0.083
0.084

1. 013437 08965 66760 341

1. 0:3545 58098 29549 059

1.0:3328 70676 74958 554

1. 0:3762 88938 08826 156

0.92311
0.92219
0.92127
0.92035
0,91943

63463
36914
19586
11472
12560

86635
44608
96348
20124
95124

783
072
654
706
674

0.085
0.086
0.087
0.088
0.089

1.0:3871 70666 98398

1.0:3980 63283 05128
1. 0'~089 66797 18277
1. on 98 81220 28197
1.09308 06563 26330

696
660
747
460
201

0.91851
0.91759
0,91667
0.91576
0.91484

22844
42312
70956
08767
55735

01457
20150
33152
23325
74452

356
982
295
631
003

0.090
0.091
0.092
0.093
0.094

1.09417
1.09526
1. 0%36
1.09746

1.07036 53084 78774 366

1.07143 62091 48346 205

1.0:3654 18085 48238 061

0'~855

42837
90052
48220
17352
97459

05210
58465
80816
68081
17173

358
401
975
994
736

0.91393
0.91301
0.91210
0.91119
0.91028

11852
77108
51495
35002
27622

71228
99265
45090
96140
40766

187
803
403
557
940

0.095
0.096
0.097
0.098
0.099

1. 09965
1.11)075
1.1'1l86
1.1)296
1.11)406

88551
90639
03736
27851
62995

26102
93978
21010
08507
58881

942
912
606
743
902

0.90937
0.90846
0.90755
0.90664
0.90574

29344
40160
60061
89037
27080

68231
68706
33272
53920
23548

420
150
654
921
496

0.100

1.1)517 09180 75647 625

-~)lJ

1.

[(

0.90483 74180 35959 573

-~)lJ

[(

118

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.4

EXPONENTIAL FL'NCTION

e- X

eX

0.100
0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104

1.10517
1.10627
1.10738
1.10849
1.10960

09180
66417
34717
14090
04549

75647
63423
27933
76007
15582

625
521
371
230
540

0.90483
0.90393
0.90302
0.90212
0.90122

74180
30328
95516
69734
52974

35959
85864
68876
81516
21204

573
089
819
470
780

0.105
0.106
0.107
0.108
0.109

1.11071
1.11182
1.11293
1.11404
1.11516

06103
18765
42544
77453
23503

55705
06530
79325
86467
41447

232
839
605
594
807

0.90032
0.89942
0.89852
0.89762
0.89673

45225
46480
56729
75964
04174

86265
75924
90305
30434
98235

613
059
534
876
450

0.1l0
0.111
0.112
0.113
0.114

1.11627
1.11739
1.11851
1.11963
1.12075

80704
49068
28606
19329
21248

58871
54458
45045
48585
84153

292
258
196
987
031

0.89583
0.89493
0.89404
0.89315
0.89225

41352
87489
42575
06601
79558

96528
29031
00357
16015
82408

251
000
257
519
325

0.115
0.116
0.1l7
0.118
0.1l9

1.12187 34375
1.12299 58721
1.12411 94296
1.12524 41113
1.1263699182

71938
33254
90536
67342
88352

354
738
839
307
913

0.89136
0.89047
0.88958
0.88869
0.88780

61439
52232
51931
60526
78007

06831
97472
63411
14617
61950

368
599
334
364
067

0.120
0.121
0.122
0.123
0.124

1.12749
1.12862
1.12975
1.13088
1.13201

68515
49123
41017
44209
58709

79375
67343
80318
47489
99175

671
967
682
324
153

0.88692
0.88603
0,88514
0.88426
0,88337

04367
39595
83685
36625
98408

17157
92875
02627
60820
82750

516
591
096
866
886

0.125
0.126
0.127
0.128
0.129

1.13314
1.13428
1.13541
1. 13655
1.13769

84530
21682
70177
30026
01241

66826
83024
81486
97060
65731

317
976
442
307
582

0,88249
0.88161
0.88073
0.87985
0.87897

69025
48467
36725
33791
39655

84595
83416
97156
44643
45583

403
046
940
827
178

0.130
0.131
0.132
0.133
0.134

1.13882
1.13996
1.14110
1.14224
1.14339

83833
77813
83192
99983
28196

24621
11990
67235
30894
44646

831
306
091
235
898

0.87809
0.87721
0.87634
0.87546
0.87459

54309
77743
09950
50921
00646

20561
91043
79373
08771
03334

324
564
297
138
043

0.135
0.136
0.137
0.138
0.139

1.14453
1.14568
1.14682
1.14797
1. 14912

67843
18935
81485
55502
41000

51314
94861
20398
74178
03605

488
807
195
672
088

0.87371
0.87284
0.87197
0.87109
0.87022

59116
26324
02261
86917
80284

88034
88719
32109
45798
58251

434
322
436
347
595

0.140
0.141
0.142
0.143
0.144

1.15027
1.15142
1.15257
1.15372
1.15488

37988
46479
66485
98016
41085

57227
84744
37004
66010
24913

268
161
992
407
632

0.86935
0.86848
0.86762
0.86675
0.86588

82353
93116
12564
40688
77480

98805
97667
85914
95488
59205

820
890
032
962
017

0.145
0.146
0.147
0.148
0.149

1.15603
1.15719
1.15835
1.15951
1.16067

95702
61880
39630
28963
29892

68021
50796
29855
62973
09085

623
218
297
936
563

0.86502
0.86415
0.86329
0.86243
0.86156

22931
77031
39774
11149
91148

10741
84642
16319
42045
98958

288
755
421
443
277

0.150

1.16183 42427 28283 123

[(-~)lJ

0.86070 79764 25057 807

-~)1J

[(

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

119

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
x

Table 4.4

eX

e- x

0.150
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.154

1. 16183
1.16299
1.16416
1.16532
1.16649

42427
66580
02364
49789
08867

28283
81820
32112
42737
78439

123
230
335
886
490

0.86070
0.85984
0.85898
0.85812
0.85727

79764
76986
82807
97218
20210

25057
59205
41123
11393
11457

807
488
482
800
440

0.155
0.156
0.157
0.158
0.159

1.16765
1.16882
1.16999
1.17116
1.17233

79611
62030
56139
61947
79466

05125
89869
00913
07669
80717

080
080
572
465
662

0.85641
0.85555
0.85470
0.85384
0.85299

51774
91903
40588
97819
63589

83613
71018
17685
68481
69131

531
473
083
735
511

0.160
0.161
0.162
0.163
0.164

1.17351
1.17468
1.17586
1.17703
1.17821

08709
49688
02413
66896
43150

91810
13871
20999
88467
92722

235
592
654
025
171

0.85214
0.85129
0.85044
0.84959
0.84874

37889
20711
12045
11884
20218

66211
07151
40232
14590
80206

338
144
998
263
741

0.165
0.166
0.167
0.168
0.169

1.17939
1.18057
1.18175
1.18293
1.18412

31187
31017
42653
66106
01389

11390
23276
08361
47810
23969

594
011
533
843
378

0.84789
0.84704
0.84619
0.84535
0.84450

37040
62341
96113
38346
89033

87915
89399
37188
84658
86034

828
660
270
733
326

0.170
0.171
0.172
0.173
0.174

1.18530
1.18649
1.18767
1.18886
1.19005

4851320365
07490 21711
78332 13905
61050 84032
5565820362

514
746
874
188
660

0.84366
0.84282
0.84197
0.84113
0.84029

48165
15734
91731
76148
68976

96383
71619
68499
44623
58431

682
939
904
201
438

0.175
0.176
0.177
0.178
0.179

1.19124
1.19243
1.19363
1.19482
1.19602

62166
80586
10931
53212
07441

12358
50669
27138
34800
67883

122
468
834
796
563

0.83945
0.83861
0.83777
0.83694
0.83610

70207
79833
97845
24234
58993

69207
37074
22993
88768
97035

358
003
869
073
511

0.180
0.181
0.182
0.183
0.184

1.19721
1.19841
1.19961
1.20081
1.20201

73631
51792
41938
44080
58230

21810
93199
79868
80830
96301

165
657
311
812
462

0.83527
0.83443
0.83360
0.83276
0.83193

02114
53586
13404
81557
58038

11272
95789
15735
37090
26671

021
549
309
951
728

0.185
0.186
0.187
0.188
0.189

1.20321
1.20442
1.20562
1.20683
1.20804

84401
22603
72850
35153
09524

27695
77629
49924
49605
82901

376
686
742
317
811

0.83110
0.83027
0.82944
0.82861
0.82778

42838
35949
37363
47072
65066

52125
81932
85403
32680
94733

659
701
915
634
637

0.190
0.191
0.192
0.193
0.194

1. 20924
1.21045
1.21167
1. a288
1.21409

95976
94520
05169
27935
62829

57251
81299
64900
19119
56233

458
533
562
527
085

0.82695
0.82613
0.82530
0.82448
0.82365

91339
25881
68684
19741
79042

43362
51193
91682
39108
68576

318
854
387
186
832

0.195
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.199

1. 21531
1. n652
1. n 774
1. 21896

09864
69053
40407
23938
1. n018 19658

89730
34316
05908
21642
99872

774
229
396
747
499

0.82283
0.82201
0.82119
0.82036
0.81954

46580
22346
06333
98531
98933

56018
78186
12657
37831
32925

384
562
919
021
626

0.200

1.22140 27581 60169 834

[( -:)lJ

O. 81873 07530 77981 859

[(-:)1J

120

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

eX

e- x

0.200
0.201
0.202
0.203
0.204

1.22140
1.22262
1.22384
1.22507
1.22629

27581
47718
80081
24682
81534

60169
23327
11358
47499
56210

834
112
099
185
607

0.81873
0.81791
0.81709
0.81627
0.81546

07530
24315
49279
82414
23711

77981
53859
42236
25609
87292

859
397
649
934
668

0.205
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209

1.22752
1.22875
1.22998
1.23121
1.23244

50649
32039
25717
31695
49985

63177
95312
80752
48867
30254

678
005
723
721
869

0.81464
0.81383
0.81301
0.81220
0.B1139

73164
30762
96499
70367
52356

11414
82920
87570
11939
43411

545
720
998
015
427

0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214

1.23367
1.23491
1.23614
1.23738
1.23862

80599
23550
78850
46512
26547

56743
61394
78503
43600
93452

251
396
512
719
285

0.BI058
0.80977
0.80896
0.80815
0.80734

42459
40668
46975
61372
83850

70187
81276
66499
16488
22681

100
291
845
379
475

0.215
0.216
0.217
0.218
0.219

1.23986
1.24110
1.24234
1.24358
1.24483

18969
23790
41021
70676
12766

66061
00671
37764
19061
87531

862
728
020
978
187

0.80654
0.80573
0.80492
0.80412
0,80332

14401
53018
99693
54416
17181

77326
73479
05001
66559
53626

874
662
467
655
521

0.220
0.221
0.222
0.223
0.224

1.24607
1.24732
1.24857
1.24982
1.25107

67305
34305
13778
05737
10194

87380
64064
64283
35983
28362

820
879
447
926
294

0.80251
0.80171
0.80091
0.80011
O. 79931

87979
66802
53643
48492
51343

62478
90195
34659
94554
69365

483
284
186
165
114

0.225
0.226
0.227
0.228
0.229

1.25232
1.25357
1.25482
1.25608
1.25734

27161
56652
98679
53254
20390

91864
78186
40279
32344
09839

345
948
295
151
113

0.79851
0.79771
O. 79692
O. 79612
O. 79532

62187
81016
07822
42598
85335

59377
65674
90139
35453
05093

043
'274
647
721
973

0.230
0.231
0.232
0.233
0.234

1.25860
1. 25985
1.26111
1.26238
1.26364

00099
92394
97288
14793
44922

29477
4't231
28329
27261
07777

863
426
426
349
797

O. 79453
O. 79373
O. 79294
0.79215
O. 79136

36025
94660
61233
35735
18158

03334
35242
06683
24314
95583

008
758
687
003
855

0.235
0.236
0.237
0.238
0.239

1.26490
1.26617
1.26744
1.26870
1.26997

87687
43101
11177
91928
85365

32891
66879
75283
24910
83836

756
857
640
818
547

O. 79057
O. 78978
0.78899
O. 78820
0.78741

08496
06739
12880
26910
48823

28735
32802
17609
93770
72687

550
754
706
426
922

0.240
0.241
0.242
0.243
0.244

1.27124
1.27252
1.27379
1.27506
1.27634

91503
10353
41928
86241
43304

21404
08229
16194
18459
89454

692
095
849
570
665

O. 78662
O. 78584
0.78505
O. 78427
O. 78348

78610
16263
61775
15137
76342

66553
88345
51829
71556
62862

409
515
496
451
532

0.245
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.249

1.27762
1.27889
1.28017
1.28145
1.28274

13132
95735
91127
99321
20330

04886
41738
78269
94021
69811

611
230
966
162
341

O. 78270
0.78192
O. 78114
0, 78035
O. 77957

45382
22249
06935
99432
99733

41868
25477
31376
78034
84700

168
270
458
273
396

0.250

1.28402 54166 87741 484

[( -:)2J

O. 77880 07830 71404 868

[( -:)1J

121

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

eX

54166
00843
60372
32768
18042

e-x

0.250
0.251
0.252
0.253
0.254

1.28402
1.28531
1.28659
1.28788
1.28917

87741
31195
84840
34630
67804

484
317
591
366
299

O. 77880 07830
0.77802 23715
O. 77724 47380
0.7764678818
O. 77569 18020

71404
58957
68946
23737
46476

0.255
0.256
0.257
0.258
0.259

1.29046 16208 72889

1.29175 27279 39703
1.2~304 51267 59353
1.29433 88186 24237
1.29563 38048 28048

931
974
603
745
373

O. 77491 64979
0.7741419687
O. 77336 82137
0.77259 52321
0.77182 30230

61080 928
92248 360
65449 096
06928 045
43703483

0.260
0.261
0.262
0.263
0.264

1.29693
1.29822
1.29952
1.30082
1.30212

00866
76654
65424
67189
81963

65771
33689
29381
51724
00894

798
967
755
266
131

0.77105
0.77028
O. 76951
O. 76874
0.76797

15858
09196
10237
18973
35396

03566
15079
07575
11160
56706

284
142
806
303
173

0.265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269

1.30343
1.30473
1.30604
1.30734
1.30865

09757
50586
04463
71400
51410

78368
86927
30654
14936
46466

808
883
372
028
646

0.76720
0.76643
0.76567
O. 76490
0.76414

59499
91275
30714
77811
32556

75855
01019
65373
02864
48198

698
133
938
015
937

0.270
0.271
0.272
0.273
0.274

1.30996
1.31127
1.31258
1.31390
1.31521

44507
50703
70013
02448
48022

33247
84587
11108
24739
38724

364
979
252
218
500

0.76337
0.76261
O. 76185
O. 76109
0.76033

94943
64964
42610
27876
20752

36853
05065
89837
28934
60882

186
386
543
278
066

0.275
0.2"16
0.277
0.278
0.279

1.31653
1.31784
1.31916
1.32048
1.32180

06748
78640
63710
61972
73438

67621
27303
34958
09095
69539

623
324
873
387
151

O. 75957
O. 75881
O. 75805
0.75729
0.75653

21232
29307
44971
68215
99032

24968
61241
10508
14335
15047

476
409
337
547
380

0.280
0.281
0.282
0.283
0.284

1.32312
1.32445
1.32577
1.32710
1.32843

98123
36039
87199
51618
29307

37436
35257
86792
17157
52794

936
318
007
164
731

O. 75578
O. 75502
O. 75427
0.75351
0.75276

37414
83354
36845
97878
66447

55725
80208
33088
59717
06196

472
002
932
250
222

0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.289

1.32976
1.33109
1.33242
1.33375
1.33509

20281
24552
42134
73041
17285

21473
52291
75675
23384
28508

753
710
843
488
403

0.75201
O. 75126
0.75051
0.74976
O. 74901

42543
26159
17288
15922
22054

19382
46886
37067
39041
02669

630
026
974
301
348

0.290
0.291
0.292
0.293
0.294

1.33642
1.33776
1.33910
1.34044
1.34178

74880
45839
30176
27904
39036

25472
50035
39293
31681
66971

103
199
724
481
373

O. 74826
0.74751
O. 74676
O. 74602
O. 74527

35675
56780
85359
21406
64914

78565
18091
73357
97221
43288

215
016
128
444
626

0.295
0.296
0.297
0.298
0.299

1.34312
1.34447
1.34581
1.34716
1.34850

63586
01568
52994
17878
96234

86276
32052
48097
79554
72910

747
735
594
052
654

O. 74453
0.74378
0.74304
O. 74230
O. 74155

15874
74280
40123
13397
94094

65909
20179
61939
47774
35010

357
599
843
369
502

0.300

1.34985 88075 76003 104

[C-l)2]

868
312
150
828
034

0.74081 82206 81717 866

[( -l)l]

122

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.4

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
eX

e- x

0.300
0.301
0.302
0.303
0.304

1.34985
1.35120
1.35256
1.35391
1.35526

88075
93415
12267
44644
90560

76003
38015
09482
42288
89671

104
618
272
348
692

0.74081
O. 74007
O. 73933
O. 73859
0.73786

82206
77727
80648
90963
08664

81717
46707
89531
70482
50591

866
647
848
549
171

0.305
0.306
0.307
0.308
0.309

1.35662
1.35798
1.35934
1.36070
1.36206

50030
23065
09680
09889
23705

06224
47892
71980
37150
03421

066
497
642
137
961

O. 73712
0.73638
O. 73565
O. 73491
O. 73418

33743
66194
06009
53180
07700

91627
56100
07253
09068
26263

732
112
313
726
391

0.310
0.311
0.312
0.313
0.314

1.36342
1.36478
1.36615
1.36752
1.36888

51141
92211
46930
15310
97365

32177
86161
29479
27605
47375

794
378
880
258
624

O. 73344
O. 73271
0.73198
O. 73124
O. 73051

69562
38758
15282
99125
90281

24289
69332
28312
68882
59424

264
482
628
001
881

0.315
0.316
0.317
0.318
0.319

1.37025
1.37163
1.37300
1.37437
1.37575

93109 56996
0255626042
25719 25458
62612 27561
13249 06039

611
743
804
208
370

O. 72978
O. 72905
O. 72833
O. 72760
O. 72687

88742
94501
07551
27884
55493

69056
67623
25701
14595
06338

797
797
720
463
254

0.320
0.321
0.322
0.323
0.324

1.37712
1.37850
1.37988
1.38126
1.38264

77643
55808
47759
53509
73071

35957
93753
57246
05630
19479

085
895
476
003
542

O. 72614
O. 72542
O. 72469
0.72397
O. 72325

90370
32509
81903
38543
02423

73690
90141
29902
67915
79842

925
181
880
300
419

0.325
0.326
0.327
0.328
0.329

1.38403
1.38541
1.38680
1.38818
1.38957

06459
53688
14771
89722
78555

80751
72784
80302
89412
87610

421
617
136
403
642

O. 72252
0.72180
O. 72108
0.72036
O. 71964

73536
51874
37430
30197
30167

42072
31715
26607
05301
47075

189
812
016
338
395

0.330
0.331
0.332
0.333
0.334

1.39096
1.39235
1.39375
1.39514
1.39654

81284
97923
28485
72984
31435

63780
08194
12516
69803
74505

266
268
609
608
339

0.71892
O. 71820
0.71748
0.71677
O. 71605

37334
51690
73228
01941
37822

31926
40570
54443
55698
27208

170
286
294
947
486

0.335
0.336
0.337
0.338
0.339

1.39794
1.39933
1.40073
1.40214
1.40354

03852
90248
90637
05034
33452

22467
10930
38535
05320
12726

023
424
249
540
081

O. 71533
O. 71462
O. 71390
0.71319
O. 71248

80863
31058
88399
52878
24490

52559
16057
02720
98282
89191

924
326
095
260
756

0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

1.40494
1.40635
1.40776
1.40916
1.41057

75905
32408
02975
87619
86355

63593
62169
14102
26450
07678

797
155
572
817
418

0.71177
O. 71105
0.71034
O. 70963
O. 70892

03227
89082
82047
82115
89280

62609
06409
09177
60208
49510

715
751
248
649
748

0.345
0.346
0.347
0.348
0.349

1.41198
1.41340
1.41481
1.41623
1.41764

99196
26158
67253
22497
91903

67659
17677
70428
40023
41986

075
066
658
522
146

O. 70822
O. 70751
O. 70680
O. 70609
O. 70539

03534
24871
53282
88762
31302

67799
06501
57749
14384
69954

973
685
463
398
390

0.350

1.41906 75485 93257 248

[(-l)2]

O. 70468 80897 18713 434

[( -68)9J

123

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
x

Table 4.4

eX

e- x

0.350
0.351
0.352
0.353
0.354

1.41906
1.42048
1.42190
1.42333
1.42475

75485
73259
85237
11434
51864

93257
12195
18577
33601
79888

248
200
438
886
380

O. 70468
O. 70398
O. 70328
0.70257
O. 70187

80897
37538
01219
71933
49673

18713
55620
76340
77241
55394

434
921
929
521
037

0.355
0.356
0.357
0.358
0.359

1.42618
1.42760
1.42903
1.43046
1.43189

06542
75482
58698
56204
68015

81480
63844
53876
79897
71658

082
915
979
983
672

0.70117
O. 70047
0.69977
0.69907
0.69837

34432
26202
24977
30750
43513

08572
35252
34611
06525
51573

398
399
008
666
587

0.360
0.361
0.362
0.363
0.364

1.43332
1.43476
1.43619
1.43763
1.43907

94145
34608
89419
58592
42141

60340
78555
60351
41209
58046

258
848
880
556
276

0.69767
0.69697
0.69628
0.69558
0.69489

63260
89984
23678
64334
11947

71031
66872
41770
99095
42910

057
738
967
062
621

0.365
0.366
0.367
0.368
0.369

1.44051
1.44195
1.44339
1.44484
1.44628

40081
52426
79191
20389
76036

49217
54516
15177
73879
74739

078
071
881
090
677

0.69419
0.69350
0.69280
0.69211
0.69142

66508
28012
96450
71816
54104

77978
09755
44391
88730
50308

831
768
707
425
508

0.370
0.371
0.372
0.373
0.374

1.44773
1.44918
1.45063
1.45208
1.45353

46146
30733
29812
43398
71504

63324
86644
93158
32775
56852

462
554
799
223
487

0.69073
0.69004
0.68935
0.68866
0.68797

43306
39415
42425
52328
69118

37354
58789
24222
43955
28979

660
010
423
806
422

0.375
0.376
0.377
0.378
0.379

1.45499
1.45644
1.45790
1.45936
1.46082

14146
71337
43093
29428
30357

18201
71086
71225
75796
43431

336
052
910
632
842

0.6872892787
0.68660 23330
0.68591 60738
0.68523 05006
0.68454 56126

90972
42301
96020
65870
66278

199
040
141
297
222

0.380
0.381
0.382
0.383
0.384

1.46228
1.46374
1.46521
1.46667
1.46914

45894
76054
20851
80300
54416

34224
09728
32959
68398
81989

532
512
881
485
380

0.68386
0.68317
0.68249
0.68181
0.68113

14092
78896
50532
28992
14271

12355
19899
05390
85990
79547

858
696
084
553
125

0.385
0.386
0.387
0.388
0.389

1.46961
1.47108
1.47255
1.47402
1.47550

43214
46708
64912
97842
45513

41144
14743
73135
88141
33054

302
133
370
592
939

0.68045
0.67977
0.67909
0.67841
0.67773

06362
05256
10949
23432
42700

04587
80321
26636
64104
13971

638
060
810
077
142

0.390
0.391
0.392
0.393
0.394

1.47698
1.47845
1.47993
1.48141
1.48290

07938
85134
77114
83893
05486

82642
13147
02288
29264
74753

577
180
401
352
084

0.67705
0.67638
0.67570
0.67502
0.67435

68744
01560
41139
87475
40562

98164
39289
60626
86133
40444

700
177
058
209
198

0.395
0.396
0.397
0.398
0.399

1.48438
1.48586
1.48735
1.48884
1.49033

41909
93175
59300
40299
36186

20914
51389
51306
07277
07402

066
667
642
615
565

0.67368
0.67300
0.67233
0.67166
0.67099

00392
66959
40256
20276
07013

48867
37386
32657
62009
53445

624
438
274
771
901

0.400

1.49182 46976 41270 318

[(-~)2J

0.67032 00460,35639 301

[(-68)9J

124

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

e- x

eX

0.400
0.401
0.402
0.403
0.404

1.49182
1.49331
1.49481
1.49630
1.49780

46916
12684
13326
68916
39469

41210
99960
16042
63582
58138

318
030
686
585
840

0.61032
0.66965
0.66898
0.66831
0.66764

00460
00610
07456
20993
41212

35639
31934
90346
23560
68928

301
596
733
309
902

0.405
0.406
0.401
0.408
0.409

1.49930
1.50080
1.50230
1.50380
1.50531

25000
25524
41056
11611
17204

56166
58019
61950
10111
85559

810
898
452
860
154

0.66691
0.66631
0.66564
0.66491
0.66431

68108
01614
41903
88788
42323

58414
24886
01521
22401
22216

400
338
221
888
186

0.410
0.411
0.412
0.413
0.414

1.50681
1.50832
1.50983
1.51134
1.51285

11851
53565
44363
50259
71268

12853
58058
28144
33993
84394

518
082
838
142
526

0.66365
0.66298
0.66232
0.66166
~66100

02501
69316
42160
22828
09512

36319
00127
52122
21848
65912

366
386
256
312
454

0.415
0.416
0.417
0.418
0.419

1.51431
1.51588
1.51140
1.51892
1.52044

01406
58688
25129
06144
03547

92048
70568
35084
02239
90196

265
894
118
927
115

0.66034
0.65968
0.65902
0.65836
0.65770

02807
02104
09199
22284
41952

04982
84389
44120
24821
67816

886
050
613
158
932

0.420
0.421
0.422
0.423
0.424

1.52196
1.52348
1.52500
1.52653
1.52806

15556
42184
85246
42959
15931

18633
08153
83219
66456
84051

796
926
422
685
126

0.65704
0.65639
0.65513
0.65501
0.65442

68198
01014
40393
86331
38819

15056
09171
93441
11806
08858

182
201
728
293
560

0.425
0.426
0.427
0.428
0.429

1.52959
1.53112
1.53265
1.53418
1.53512

04196
01151
26611
60809
10343

63378
33247
24018
61579
91349

690
382
802
666
347

0.65376
0.65311
0.65246
0.65181
0.65115

91851
63421
35522
14147
99291

29847
20615
21900
98731
81032

271
593
462
930
515

0.430
0.431
0.432
0.433
0.434

1.53125
1.53819
1.54033
1.54181
1.54341

15235
55499
51151
62201
88681

48281
56865
61127
00632
16487

402
110
008
428
038

0.65050
0.64985
0.64920
0.64856
0.64791

90941
89107
93766
04918
22554

23316
14149
85141
04916
85350

545
506
398
015
604

0.435
0.436
0.431
0.438
0.439

1.54496
1.54650
1.54805
1.54960
1.55115

30589
81947
60110
49074
52813

51338
49311
56340
19508
87714

384
427
096
826
108

0.64726
0.64661
0.64591
0.64532
0.64468

46670
11259
14314
57828
07796

78034
35439
10624
51294
29801

611
635
479
565
285

0.440
0.441
0.442
0.443
0.444

1.55270
1.55426
1.55581
1.55137
1.55893

1218511336
01023 42305
51404 34101
23343 41179
04856 21915

042
879
580
367
217

0.64403
0.64339
0.64274
0.64210
0.64146

64210
21065
96354
12070
54208

83141
72956
55531
87795
21319

359
185
200
233
863

0.445
0.446
0.441
0.448
0.449

1.56049
1.56205
1.56361
1.56517
1.56614

01958
14665
42992
86956
46511

32666
33144
86418
53521
99451

119
035
055
663
356

0.64082
0.64018
0.63954
0.63890
0.63826

42160
37120
39082
46840
60986

32318
61647
14800
31916
93168

116
123
880
208
809

0.450

1.56831 21854 90168 811

[C -J)2]

0.63762 81516 21773 293

[( -:)9J

125

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIOl\"
eX

Table 4.4

e- X

0.450
0.451
0.452
0.453
0.454

1.56831
1.56988
1.57145
1.57302
1.57459

21854
12820
19485
41865
79974

90168
93202
77649
14175
75018

811
449
003
089
775

0.63762
0.63699
0.63635
0.63571
0.63508

81516
08421
41697
81336
27332

21773
77982
25087
26414
45928

293
535
037
293
153

0.455
0.456
0.457
0.458
0.459

1.57617
1.57775
1.57932
1.5g090
1.53249

33830
03447
88842
90030
07027

33991
66477
49440
61419
82533

152
911
916
781
449

0.63444
0.63381
0.63318
0.63254
0.63191

79679
38370
03400
74762
52448

48228
98549
62759
07363
99495

182
030
794
387
898

0.460
0.461
0.462
0.463
0.464

1.53407
1.53565
1. 53724
1. 53883
1. 59042

39849
88512
53032
33424
29704

94481
80547
25595
16080
40039

775
101
846
087
147

0.63128
0.63065
0.63002
0.62939
0.62876

36455
26773
23399
26325
35544

06925
98054
41912
08162
67098

969
154
291
872
411

0.465
0.466
0.467
0.468
0.469

1. 59201
1.59360
1. 59520
1. 59679
1. 59839

41888
69993
14034
74026
49987

87101
48484
17000
87052
54640

182
772
511
601
444

0.62813
0.62750
0.62688
0.62625
0.62562

51051
72840
00904
35236
75831

89640
47340
12377
57555
56310

814
750
027
956
730

0.470
0.471
0.472
0.473
0.474

1. 59999
1. 60159
1. 60319
1. 60480
1.60640

41932
49876
73837
13829
69870

17360
74406
26574
76258
27460

241
589
077
891
416

0.62500
0.62437
0.62375
0.62313
0.62250

22682
75784
35129
00711
72525

82700
11411
17752
77657
67686

796
229
104
876
754

0.475
0.476
0.477
0.478
0.479

1. 60801
1. 60962
1. 61123
1.61284
1. 6:l445

41974
30159
34440
54833
91355

85782
58436
54240
83623
58623

835
741
740
064
174

0.62188
0.62126
0.62064
0.62002
0.61940

50564
34822
25292
21969
24846

65020 075
47461 685
93437 314
81993957
92799 250

0.480
0.481
0.482
0.483
0.484

1. 6:.607
1. 6:.769
1. 6:.930
1. 6:!092
1.6:!255

44021
12849
97853
99050
16456

92893
01700
01927
12074
52261

382
456
238
265
382

0.61878
0.61816
0.61754
0.61692
0.61631

33918
49177
70617
98233
32019

06140
02925
64680
73547
12289

853
827
018
436
639

0.485
0.486
0.487
0.488
0.489

1. 6:!417
1. 6:!579
1. 6n42
1. 6:!905
1.6:1068

50088
99962
66093
48499
47196

44229
11341
78585
72574
21548

364
538
406
272
865

0.61569
0.61508
0.61446
0.61385
0.61323

71967
18073
70329
28730
93269

64285
13528
44630
42817
93927

113
659
776
043
508

0.490
0.491
0.492
0.493
0.494

1. 6:1231
1. 6:1394
1. 6:1558
1. 6:1722
1.6:1885

62199
93526
41192
05213
85607

55378
05565
05239
89170
93758

970
057
912
270
453

0.61262
0.61201
0.61140
0.61079
0.61018

63941
40740
23658
12690
07830

84416
01349
32408
65884
90679

069
867
668
251
799

0.495
0.496
0.497
0.498
0.499

61~049

1. 61~213
1.M378
1. 61~542
1. 61~707

82390
95578
25187
71234
33735

57044
18705
20061
04072
15345

002
315
292
971
173

0.60957 09072 96309

0.60896 16410 72896
0.608~5 29838 11176
0.60774 49349 02490
0.60713 74937 38789

287
868
269
178
634

0.500

1.

1. 61~872 12707 00128 147

-~)2J

[(

0.60653 06597 12633 424

[(-:)8J

126

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.4

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
e- x

eX

~60653

0.500
0.501
0.502
0.503
0.504

1.64872
1.65037
1.65202
1.65367
1.65532

12707
08166
20128
48611
93631

00128
06319
83464
82760
57054

147
214
418
175
920

0.60592
0.60531
0.60471
0.60410

06597
44322
88106
37943
93828

12633
17187
46224
94122
55864

424
470
228
075
709

0.505
0.506
0.507
0.508
0.509

1.65698
1.65864
1.66030
1.66196
1.66362

55204
33347
28076
39409
67361

60850
50305
83232
19105
19058

766
156
516
918
736

0.60350
0.60290
0.60229
0.60169

55754
23715
97704
77717
63747

27040
03842
83065
62109
38975

541
093
390
362
237

0.510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514

1.66529
1.66695
1.66862
1.67029
1.67196

11949
73190
51101
45698
56998

45886
64047
39666
40535
36112

308
601
871
333
826

~60049 55788
0.59989 53833
~59929 57878
0.59869 67916
~59809 83940

12265
81185
45538
05729
62761

943
502
434
153
369

0.515
0.516
0.517
0.518
0.519

1.67363
1.67531
1.67698
1.67866
1.68034

85017
29773
91283
69562
64627

97529
97587
10762
13205
82744

486
414
348
342
439

0.59750
0.59690
0.59630
0.59571
0.59511

05946
33926
67876
07789
53658

18237
74358
33920
00321
77550

489
019
965
238
053

0.520
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524

1.68202
1.68371
1.68539
1.68708
1.68876

76496
05186
50712
13093
92344

98886
42818
97408
47211
78463

347
123
851
326
738

0.59452
0.59392
0.59333
0.59273
0.59214

05479
63245
26951
96589
72156

70194
83436
23052
95412
07481

339
138
015
460
294

0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529

1.69045
1.69215
1.69384
1.69553
1.69723

88483 79091
01527 38708
31492 48618
78396 01819
4225493001

359
232
855
881
803

0.59155 53643 66815

0.59096 41046 81562
~59037 34359 60463
~58978 33576 12850
0.58919 38690 48643

082
533
912
450
749

0.530
0.531
0.532
0.533
0.534

1.69893
1. 70063
1. 70233
1.70403
1.70574

23086
20906
35733
67583
16474

18550
76549
66781
90727
51574

654
702
146
817
883

0.58860
0.58801
0.58742
0.58684
0.58625

196
372
463
670
626

0.535
0.536
0.537
0.538
0.539

1. 70744
1. 70915
1. 71086
1. 71257
1.71429

82422
65445
65559
82781
17130

54211
05232
12940
87347
40175

545
748
887
510
036

0.58566 92901 44793 803

0.58508 39135 91706 932
0.58449 91221 22582 409
~58391 49151 52628 716
~58333 12920 97638 836

0.540
0.541
0.542
0.543
0.544

1. 71600
1.71772
1.71944
1. 72116
1. 72288

68621
37273
23102
26125
46360

84858
36547
12106
30118
10887

460
069
159
747
296

0.582H
0.58216
0.58158
0.58100
0.58042

82523
57953
39205
26273
19151

73989
98641
89137
63601
40742

665
430
107
839
351

0.545
0.546
0.547
0.548
0.549

1. 72460
1. 72633
1. 72806
1.72978
1. 73152

83823
38533
10506
99760
06311

76435
50509
58581
27847
87233

429
656
095
197
477

0.57984
0.57926
0.57868
0.57810
0.57752

17833
22313
32586
48646
70487

39846
80782
83997
70519
61954

373
055
389
631
718

0.550

1. 73325 30178 67395 237

[( -J)2J

~60109

49696
66589
89361
18008
52523

78355
13085
64523
44946
67219

0.57694 98103 80486 695

[( -68)8J

127

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.4

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
eX

e- x

0.550
0.551
0.552
0.553
0.554

1. 73325
1.73498
1.73672
1. 73846
1.74019

30178
71378
29927
05843
99144

67395
00719
21325
65069
69542

237
302
750
647
780

0.57694
0.57637
0.57579
0.57522
0.57464

98103
31489
70638
15546
66205

80486
48877
90464
29163
89465

695
132
548
839
693

0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559

1. 74194
1.74368
1.74542
1.74717
1.74892

09847
37970
83529
46543
27028

74075
19737
49342
07446
40349

399
955
837
121
310

0.57407
0.57349
0.57292
0.57235
0.57178

22611
84758
52640
26251
05586

96436
75715
53518
56633
12420

024
391
425
257
941

0.560
0.561
0.562
0.563
0.564

1.75067
1. 75242
1.75417
1.75593
1. 75768

25002
40484
73489
24037
92143

96101
24499
77091
07179
69816

083
041
459
036
648

0.57120
0.57063
0.57006
0.56949
0.56892

90638
81402
77873
80045
87911

48814
94320
78013
29541
79121

886
280
522
648

161

0.565
0.566
0.567
0.568
0.569

1. 75944
1.76120
1.76297
1. 76473
1. 76649

77827
81105
01995
40515
96682

21815
21742
29927
08459
21189

104
902
989
520
621

0.56836
0.56779
0.56722
0.56665
0.56609

01467
20706
45624
76213
12469

57540
96153
26884
82224
95233

464
288
125
657
792

0.570
0.571
0.572
0.573
0.574

1. 76826
1. 77003
1.77180
1.77357
1. 77535

70514
62029
71244
98177
42846

33735
13479
29574
52941
56273

152
471
208
024
392

0.56552
0.56496
0.56439
0.56383
0.56326

54386
01959
55181
14047
78551

99537
29326
19358
04955
22004

097
229
370
664
648

0.575
0.576
0.577
0.578
0.579

1. 77713
1. 77890
1. 78068
1. 78246
1. 78425

05269
85463
83445
99235
32850

14038
02478
99612
85240
40940

362
341
864
377
016

0.56270 48688
0.5621424451
0.56158 05837
0.56101 92838
0.56045 85449

06955
96822
29181
42170
74490

693
437
224
538
445

0.580
0.581
0.582
0.583
0.584

1. 78603
1. 78782
1. 78961
1. 79140
1.79319

84307
53624
40820
45912
68918

50073
97786
71010
58466
50662

382
336
772
414
599

0.55989
0.55933
0.55877
0.55822
0.55766

83665
87480
96888
11884
32463

65402
54726
82846
90701
19791

033
843
320
245
179

0.585
0.586
0.587
0.588
0.589

1.79499
1.79678
1. 79858
1.80038
1.80218

09856
68744
45599
40441
53286

39900
20272
87669
39776
76077

067
757
600
313
198

0.55710
0.55654
0.55599
0.55543
0.55488

58618
90344
27635
70486
18892

12173
10464
57836
98018
75294

905
868
621
264
892

0.590
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594

1.80398
1.80579
1.80760
1.80940
1.81121

84153
33061
00026
85067
88202

97856
08202
12004
15959
28572

940
413
477
787
596

0.55432
0.55377
0.55321
0.55266
0.55211

72847
32345
97380
67948
44043

34507
21050
80873
60481
06930

035
107
848
771
610

0.595
0.596
0.597
0.598
0.599

1.81303
1.81484
1.81666
1.81847
1.82029

09449
48827
06353
82045
75923

60156
22836
30550
99051
45908

569
588
566
264
101

0.55156
0.55101
0.55046
0.54991
0.54936

25658
12789
05431
03577
07222

67829
91340
26176
21601
27429

766
753
649
542
984

0.600

1.82211 88003 90508 975

[(-~)2J

0.54881 16360 94026 433

[( -:)7J

128

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

e-~

eX

0.600
0.601
0.602
0.603
0.604

1.82211
1.82394
1.82576
1.82759
1.82942

88003
18305
66846
33645
18719

90508
54062
59597
31970
97859

975
083
740
2Q3
499

0.54881
0.54826
0.54771
0.54716
0.54662

16360
30987
51097
76683
07741

94026
72304
13727
70305
94597

433
710
448
543
605

0.605
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.609

1.83125
1.83308
1.83491
1.83675
1.83859

2~088

43770
83782
42143
18872

85773
26048
50853
94189
91893

244
479
497
676
312

0.54607
0.54552
0.54498
0.54443
0.54389

44266
86251
33692
86582
44917

39709
59293
07547
39217
09589

413
368
943
140
946

0.610
0.611
0.612
0.613
0.614

1.84043 13987
1.8422727507
1.84411 59448
1.84596 09832
1.84780 78674

81637
02933
97134
07433
78869

455
750
270
364
496

0.54335
0.54280
0.54226
0.54172
0.54118

08690
77897
52533
32591
18066

74499
90323
13983
02940
15202

787
981
200
922
890

0.615
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619

1.84965
1.85150
1.85335
1.85521
1.85707

65995
71812
96145
39011
00429

58327
94538
38085
41401
58772

090
381
258
120
725

0.54064
0.54010
0.53956
0.53902
0.53848

08953
05246
06940
14030
26510

09316
44370
79994
76357
94167

571
616
313
053
789

0.620
0.621
0.622
0.623
0.624

1.85892
1.86078
1.86264
1.86451
1.86637

80418
78996
96182
31995
86452

46342
62108
65928
19523
86472

044
121
925
215
402

0.5379444375
0.53740 67620
0.53686 96238
0.53633 30226
0.53579 69576

94674
39663
91459
12924
67456

492
618
568
149
037

0.625
0.626
0.627
0.628
0.629

1.86824
1.87011
1.87198
1.87385
1.87573

59574
51378
61883
91108
39071

32222
24085
31242
24743
77511

407
530
321
442
543

0.53526
0.53472
0.53419
0.53365
0.53312

14285
64346
19754
80505
46591

18990
31997
71484
02990
92592

242
571
093
602
086

0.630
0.631
0.632
0.633
0.634

1.87761
1.87948
1.88136
1.88325
1.88513

05792
91289
95581
18687
60625

64343
61910
48763
05331
13924

132
454
361
198
678

0.53259
0.53205
0.53152
0.53099
0.53046

18010
94754
76818
64198
56888

06897
13047
78717
72114
61974

190
683
927
344
883

0.635
0.636
0.637
0.638
0.639

1.88702
1.88891
1.89079
1.89269
1.89458

21414
01074
99623
17079
53463

58737
25849
03226
80722
50084

766
565
199
703
912

0.52993
0.52940
0.52887
0.52834
0.52781

54883
58177
66765
80641
99802

17568
08694
05682
79390
01207

489
574
485
975
673

0.640
0.641
0.642
0.643
0.644

1.89648
1.89837
1.90027
1.90217
1.90408

08793
83087
76365
88646
19949

04951
40855
55225
47391
18580

353
140
865
502
301

0.52729
0.52676
0.52623
0.52571
0.52518

24240
53951
88930
29172
74670

43048
77357
77105
15790
67436

557
426
369
242
140

0.645
0.646
0.647
0.648
0.649

1.90598
1.90789
1.90980
1.91171
1.91362

70292
39696
28118
35758
62456

71922
12453
47112
84748
36119

692
188
287
384
674

0.52466
0.52413
0.52361
0.52309
0.52256

25421
81418
42656
09131
80836

06592
08335
48263
02500
47694

872
432
478
807
830

0.650

1.91554 08290 13896 070

[( 1)2J

0.52204 57767 61016 048

[( -68

)7J

-----------------------------

129

ELEM1CNTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4
e- X

eX

0.650
0.651
0.652
0.653
0.654

1. n!i54
1.91145
1.91937
1.92129
1.92321

08290
73279
57443
60800
83371

13896
32661
08913
61070
09468

070
108
867
883
067

0.52204
0.52152
0.52100
0.52048
0.51996

57767
39919
27286
19862
17644

61016
20157
03334
89283
57261

048
530
394
277
823

0.655
0.656
0.657
0.658
0.659

1.92514
1.92706
1.92899
1.93092
1.9~285

25173
86227
66552
66167
85091

76362 630
85934997
64290 740
39462 496
41411 902

0.51944
0.51892
0.51840
0.51788
0.51736

20625
28801
42166
60715
84443

87048
58940
53755
52831
38021

156
364
974
438
612

0.660
0.661
0.662
0.663
0.664

1.9J479
1.93672
1.93866
1. 9,~060
1.94254

23344
80944
57912
54266
70027

02031
55146
36517
83841
36754

522
776
879
774
070

0.51685
0.51633
0.51581
0.51530
0.51478

13344
47414
86648
31039
80584

91699
96754
36594
95141
56836

238
426
140
674
146

0.665
0.666
0.667
0.668
0.669

1.94449
1.94643
1.94838
1.95033
1.~5228

05213
59844
33939
27518
40601

36830
27591
54498
64961
08339

982
272
192
432
065

0.51427
0.51375
0.51324
0.51273
0.51222

35277
95112
60085
30190
05423

06631
29998
12918
41890
03924

974
365
798
516
002

0.670
0.671
0.672
0.673
0.674

1.95423
1.05619
1. 115814
1. 116010
1.Q6206

73206
25354
97063
88354
99246

35939
01023
58805
66457
83108

496
417
754
630
314

0.51170
0.51119
0.51068
0.51017
0.50966

85777
71249
61833
57524
58316

86542
77781
66187
40820
91247

478
383
865
271
632

0.675
0.676
0.677
0.678
0.679

1.96403
1. 96599
1,96796
1.96993
1.97190

29759
79912
49726
39218
48411

69847
89725
07759
90929
08185

187
700
335
575
868

0.50915
0.50864
0.50813
0.50763
0.50712

64206
75186
91254
12402
38627

07549
80313
00639
60132
50908

157
718
348
723
661

0.680
0.681
0.682
0.683
0.684

1.97387
1.97585
1.97782
1.97980
1.98178

77322
25972
94380
82567
90552

30447
30606
83526
66049
56994

594
040
371
605
589

0.50661
0.50611
0.50560
0.50509
0.50459

69923
06285
47709
94188
45719

65589
97305
39691
86890
33551

610
142
448
827
185

0.685
0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689

1.98377
1. 98575
1,98774
1.98973
1.99172

18355
65995
33493
20869
28142

37159979
89326 220
98257 531
50703 885
35403 001

0.50409
0.50358
0.50308
0.50258
0.50207

02295
63913
30566
n2250
.3960

74825
06371
24350
25428
06773

526
449
644
387
037

0.690
0.691
0.692
0.693
0.694

1.99371
1.99571
1.99770
].99970
t.00170

55332
02459
69544
56605
63663

43082
66461
00252
41163
87902

329
043
033
899
948

0.50157
0.50107
0.50057
0.50007
0.49957

60690
47437
39194
35956
37720

66055
01448
11627
95767
53,44

534
895
713
658
971

0.695
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699

~.00370
:~. 00571

90739
37852
2.00772 05021
2.00972 92268
1.01173 99613

41175
03688
80153
77288
03818

193
356
865
865
219

0.49907
0.49857
0.49807
0.49757
0.49708

44479
56229
72965
94682
21374

85i35
91216
72961
32044
70637

969
541
653
844
732

0.700

2.01375 27074 70476 522

[C-J)2J

0.49658 53037 91409 515

[C -:)6J

130

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

e- x

eX

0.700
0.701
0.702
0.703
0.704

2.01375
2.01576
2.01778
2.01980
2.02182

27074
74673
42430
30365
38498

70476
90010
77179
48759
23544

522
108
065
247
296

0.49658
0.49608
0.49559
0.49509
0.49460

53037
89666
31256
77802
29299

91409
97526
92651
80943
67056

515
471
465
451
976

0.705
0.706
0.707
0.708
0.709

2.02384
2.02587
2.02789
2.02992
2.03195

66849
15438
84286
73414
82840

22347
68004
85374
01341
44819

653
586
210
511
374

0.49410
0.49361
0.49312
0.49262
0.49213

85742
47126
13446
84698
60875

56141
53841
66295
00135
62485

685
826
756
445
987

0.710
O. 711
0.712
0.713
O. 714

2.03399
2.03602
2.03806
2.04010
2.04214

12586
62672
33118
23945
35173

46750
40109
59906
43184
29026

612
996
288
280
822

0.49164
0.49115
0.49066
0.49017
0.48968

41974
27990
18916
14750
15485

60965
03682
99240
56730
85736

102
649
129
197
169

0.715
0.716
0.717
0.718
0.719

2.04418
2.04623
2.04827
2.05032
2.05237

66822
18913
91467
84503
98043

58556
74939
23384
51146
07529

873
531
083
049
226

0.48919
0.48870
0.48821
0.48772
0.48723

21117
31641
47053
67346
92516

96331
99079
05032
25731
73205

534
460
312
153
263

O. 720
0.721
0.722
0.723
0.724

2.05443
2.05648
2.05854
2.06060
2.06266

32106
86714
61886
57644
74008

43887
13628
72211
77154
88034

743
106
257
626
189

0.48675
0.48626
0.48577
0.48529
0.48480

22559
57469
97243
41873
91357

59971
99034
03884
88500
67343

650
560
990
207
253

0.725
0.726
0.727
0.728
0.729

2.06473
2.06679
2.06886
2.07093
2.07300

10999
68637
46943
45938
65642

66486 529
76210 896
82971 273
54598438
60992 036

0.48432
0.48384
0.48335
0.48287
0.48239

45689
04864
68878
37725
11401

55362
67990
21146
31229
15125

467
997
315
734
923

0.730
0.731
0.732
0.733
0.734

2.07508
2.07715
2.07923
2.08131
2.08339

06076
67261
49218
51967
75529

74122
68033
18844
04749
06025

645
852
323
882
589

0.48190
0.48142
0.48094
0.48046
0.47998

89900
73219
61352
54295
52042

90202
74309
85778
43422
66536

427
180
027
238
031

0.735
0.736
0.737
0.738
0.739

2.08548
2.08756
2.08965
2.09174
2.09384

19925
85175
71302
78325
06265

05027
86196
36056
43220
98392

819
344
419
868
173

0.47950
0.47902
0.47854
0.47806
0.47759

54589
61931
74064
90982
12680

74894
88751
28841
16377
73052

090
082
182
589
052

0.740
0.741
0.742
0.743
0.744

2.09593
2.09803
2.10013
2.10223
2.10433

55144
24983
15801
27621
60464

94364
26026
90360
86450
15478

563
109
816
725
007

0.47711
0.47663
0.47616
0.47568
0.47520

39155
70400
06412
47186
92716

21034
82972
81989
41687
86144

388
004
423
803
466

0.745
0.746
0.747
0.748
0.749

2.10644
2.10854
2.11065
2.11277
2.11488

14349
89299
85335
02477
40747

80727
87586
43551
58226
43325

065
641
917
625
155

0.47473
0.47425
0.47378
0.47331
0.47283

42999
98029
57801
22312
91555

39912
28019
75969
09739
55779

416
867
767
326
537

0.750

2.11700 00166 12674 669

[(-:)3J

0.47236 65527 41014 707

[( -68)6J

131

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

0.750
0.751
0.752
0.753
0.754

2.11700
2.11911
2.12123
2.12336
2.12548

00166
80754
82534
05526
49752

12674
82217
70011
96236
83191

669
212
830
688
190

0.47236
0.47189
0.47142
0.47095
0.47048

65527
44222
27637
15766
08604

41014
92841
39130
08222
28930

707
982
875
791
562

0.755
0.756
0.757
0.758
O. 759

2.12761
2.12974
2.13187
2.13400
2.13613

15233
0"1990
10044
39417
90130

55298
39105
63289
58655
58141

098
663
745
946
739

0.47001
0.46954
0.46907
0.46860
0.46813

06147
08390
15328
26958
43273

30537
42799
95938
20650
48096

969
274
749
211
543

0.760
0.761
0.762
0.763
0.764

2.13827
2.14041
2.14255
2.14470
2.14684

62204
55662
70523
06810
64544

96818
11894
42714
30765
19676

602
152
282
301
075

0.46766
0.46719
0.46673
0.46626
0.46579

64270
89943
20288
55301
94976

09909
38187
65499
24879
49828

234
907
852
557
242

0.765
O. 766
0.767
0.768
0.769

2.14899
2.15114
2.15329
2.15545
2.15760

43746
44438
66642
10379
75670

55220
85318
60038
31603
54385

173
010
993
678
916

0.46533
0.46486
0.46440
0.46394
0.46347

39309
88296
41931
00210
63129

74313
32768
60091
91646
63261

393
297
573
708
598

0.770
0.771
O. 772
0.773
0.774

2.15976
2.16192
2.16409
2.16625
2.16842

62537
71002
01087
52812
26199

84915
81877
06121
20653
90647

008
866
167
514
604

0.46301
0.46255
0.46208
0.46162
0.46116

30683
02866
79675
61105
47152

11228
72301
83700
83104
08658

073
444
034
714
446

0.775
0.776
0.777
0.778
0.779

2.17059
2.17276
2.17493
2.17711
2.17929

21271
38049
76555
36810
18836

83442
68545
17634
04559
05347

386
234
114
757
830

0.46070
0.46024
0.45978
0.45932
0.45886

37809
33074
32942
37407
46465

98965
93092
30565
51370
95954

818
580
189
344
527

0.780
0.781
0.782
0.783
O. 784

2.18147
2.18365
2.18583
2.18802
2.19021

22654
48288
95758
65087
56296

98201
63501
83813
43882
30643

117
691
099
545
070

0.45840
0.45794
0.45749
0.45703
0.45657

60113
78344
01154
28540
60496

05223
20542
83733
37077
23314

545
069
175
890
727

O. 785
0.786
0.787
O. 788
O. 789

2.19240
2.19460
2.19679
2.19899
2.20119

69407
04442
61423
40372
41311

33215
42911
53235
59883
60752

744
852
086
740
903

0.45611
0.45566
0.45520
0.45475
0.45429

97017
38100
83740
33931
88670

85639
67703
13615
67940
75695

236
540
885
176
532

0.790
0.791
O. 792
0.793
O. 794

2.20339
2.20560
2.20780
2.21001
2.21222

64262
09247
76288
65407
76626

55936
47730
40632
41347
58787

659
288
465
466
377

0.45384
0.45339
0.45293
0.45248
0.45203

47952
11773
80127
53011
30420

82355
33849
76557
57316
23414

822
215
724
754
649

O. 795
0.796
0.797
O. 798
0.799

2.21444
2.21665
2.21887
2.22109
2.22331

09968
65453
43106
42947
64999

04074
90542
33740
51434
63608

299
561
936
850
607

0.45158
0.45112
0.45067
0.45022
0.44977

12349
98794
89750
85213
85178

22592
03042
13409
02789
20727

237
379
518
227
758

0.800

2.22554 09284 92467 605

[( -l)3]

0.44932 89641 17221 591

[(-:)6J

132

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4
x

e- X

e~

0.800
0.801
0.802
0.803
0.804

2.22554
2.22776
2.22999
2.23222
2.23446

09284
75825
64644
75762
09202

92467
62440
00181
34573
96726

605
556
717
III
759

0.44932
0.44887
0.44843
0.44798
0.44753

89641
98597
12042
29971
52381

17221
42716
48109
84743
04412

591
986
530
691
369

0.805
0.806
0.807
0.808
0.809

2.23669
2.23893
2.24117
2.24341
2.24566

64988
43140
43681
66635
12022

19986
39932
94378
23379
69230

909
270
249
186
599

0.44708
0.44664
0.44619
0.44574
0.44530

79265
10621
46442
86726
31467

59356
02264
86271
64960
92358

447
340
556
242
738

0.810
0.811
0.812
0.813
0.814

2.24790
2.25015
2.25240
2.25466
2.25691

79866
70189
83014
18363
76258

76471
91886
64507
45618
88752

419
242
569
061
788

0.44485
0.44441
0.44396
0.44352
0.44308

80662
34305
92392
54918
21880

22941
11626
13780
85209
82167

134
826
063
512
806

0.815
0.816
0.817
0.818
0.819

2.25917
2.26143
2.26369
2.26596
2.26823

56723
59779
85450
33758
04725

49701
86510
59486
31195
66470

480
786
532
979
087

0.44263
0.44219
0.44175
0.44131
0.44087

93273
69092
49333
33992
23064

61351
79898
95392
65856
49756

106
654
332
218
146

0.820
0.821
0.822
0.823
0.824

2.27049
2.27277
2.27504
2.27732
2.27960

98375
14729
53812
15645
00251

32405
98368
35993
19188
24138

781
215
046
700
650

0.44043
0.43999
0.43955
0.43911
0.43867

16545
14429
16714
23395
34466

05999
93933
73347
04469
47967

263
588
574
662
847

0.825
0.826
0.827
0.828
0.829

2.28188
2.28416
2.28644
2.28873
2.29102

07653
37874
90936
66863
65678

29303
15424
65522
64904
01164

690
217
506
998
583

0.43823
0.43779
0.43735
0.43692
0.43648

49924
69765
93983
22575
55537

64949
16959
65982
74441
05193

237
611
985
171
342

0.830
0.831
0.832
0.833
0.834

2.29331
2.29561
2.29790
2.30020
2.30251

87402
32060
99674
90267
03862

64182
46132
41479
46985
61709

888
567
593
553
945

0.43604
0.43561
0.43517
0.43474
0.43430

92863
34549
80592
30987
85729

21535
87200
66356
23608
23995

593
502
699
428
109

0.835
0.836
0.837
0.838
0.839

2.30481
2.30712
2.30942
2.31173
2.31405

40482
00151
82890
88724
17676

87012
26555
86305
74537
01834

474
358
628
437
366

0.43387
0.43344
0.43300
0.43257
0.43214

44814
08238
75996
48084
24498

32990
16504
40877
72886
79740

906
293
616
664
233

0.840
0.841
0.842
0.843
0.844

2.31636
2.31868
2.32100
2.32332
2.32565

69767
45023
43465
65117
10003

81091
27518
58641
94304
56672

734
913
644
351
462

0.43171
0.43127
0.43084
0.43041
0.42998

05234
90286
79652
73326
71304

29079
88978
27942
14906
19239

693
558
052
679
788

0.845
0.846
0.847
0.848
0.849

2.32797
2.33030
2.33263
2.33497
2.33730

78145
69567
84292
22343
83745

70234
61805
60527
97872
07647

734
575
370
812
233

0.42955
0.42912
0.42869
0.42827
0.42784

73582
80155
91020
06172
25606

10739
59632
36577
12659
59395

148
516
204
654
005

0.850

2.33964 68519 25990 937

[(-~)3J

0.42741 49319 48726 670

[( -68)6J

133

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

eX

e- x

0.850
0.851
0.852
0.853
0.854

2.33964
2.34198
2.34433
2.34667
2.34902

68519
76689
08280
63314
41814

25990
91381
44636
28914
89719

937
538
295
459
607

0.42741
0.42698
0.42656
0.42613
0.42570

49319
77306
09563
46085
86869

48726
53025
45091
98148
85850

670
901
367
726
193

0.855
0.856
0.857
0.858
0.859

2.35137
2.35372
2.35608
2.35843
2.36079

43805
69310
18352
90954
87141

74901
34660
21547
90464
98674

997
911
002
656
336

0.42528
0.42485
0.42443
0.42400
0.42358

31910
81204
34746
92533
54560

82274
61924
99730
71047
51652

123
574
893
281
373

0.860
0.861
0.862
0.863
0.864

2.36316
2.36552
2.36789
2.37026
2.37263

06937
50363
17445
08206
22669

05794
73806
67050
52237
98442

948
196
946
586
400

0.42316
0.42273
0.42231
0.42189
0.42147

20823
91317
66039
44983
28147

17748
45962
13343
97363
75917

817
841
840
945
606

0.865
0.866
0.867
0.868
0.869

2.37500
2.37738
2.37976
2.38214
2.38452

60859
22799
08513
18024
51357

77111
62065
29496
57978
28460

933
359
863
010
126

0.42105
0.42063
0.42021
0.41979
0.41937

15526
07115
02910
02908
07103

27321
30312
64050
08114
42503

165
439
296
234
963

0.870
0.871
0.872
0.873
0.874

2.38691
2.38929
2.39168
2.39408
2.39647

08535
89582
94522
23379
76177

24276
31145
37171
32849
11065

682
671
999
872
184

0.41895
0.41853
0.41811
0.41769
0.41727

15492
28071
44834
65779
90901

47638
04358
93919
97998
98691

983
162
324
822
126

0.875
0.876
0.877
0.878
0.879

2.39887
2.40127
2.40367
2.40608
2.40849

52939
53690
78455
27255
00117

67097
98624
05720
90861
58929

915
518
327
947
666

0.41686
0.41644
0.41602
0.41561
0.41519

20196
53660
91288
33076
79020

78508
20380
07652
24088
53866

403
096
513
408
560

0.880
0.881
0.882
0.883
0.884

2.41089
2.41331
2.41572
2.41814
2.42056

97064
18119
63308
32654
26181

17209
75397
45597
42330
82530

851
361
956
708
413

0.41478
0.41436
0.41395
0.41354
0.41312

29116
83360
41748
04276
70938

81581
92242
71274
04515
78218

367
420
097
140
250

0.885
0.886
0.887
0.888
0.889

2.42298
2.42540
2.42783
2.43026
2.43269

43914
85877
52094
42590
57387

85550
73163
69565
01380
97656

015
018
911
593
799

0.41271
0.41230
0.41188
0.41147
0.41106

41732
16653
95698
78861
66139

79049
94088
10827
17170
01433

666
753
593
568
949

0.890
0.891
0.892
0.893
0.894

2.43512
2.43756
2.44000
2.44244
2.44488

96512
59989
47841
60092
96769

89874
11946
00220
93481
32956

527
472
460
882
134

0.41065
0.41024
0.40983
0.40942
0.40901

57527
53022
52620
56315
64106

52345
59044
11078
98410
11406

488
001
959
082
922

0.895
0.896
0.897
0.898
0.899

2.44733
2.44978
2.45223
2.45468
2.45714

57894
43493
53589
88208
47374

62311
27659
77561
63026
37516

060
394
203
343
904

0.40860
0.40819
0.40779
0.40738
0.40697

75986
91952
12001
36127
64327

40848
77922
14226
41763
52948

458
685
207
826
135

0.900

2.45960 31111 56949 664

[( -~)3J

0.40656 96597 40599 112

[( -68)5J

134

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

0.900
0.901
0.902
0.903
0.904

2.45960
2.46206
2.46452
2.46699
2.46946

31111
39444
72398
29997
12266

56949
79698
66597
80940
88490

664
548
083
863
006

0.40656
0.40616
0.40575
0.40535
0.40494

96597
32932
73330
17784
66293

40599
97943
18615
96654
26504

112
710
453
028
879

0.905
0.906
0.907
0.908
0.909

2.47193
2.47440
2.47688
2.47935
2.48183

19230
50913
07340
88536
94525

57471
58582
64990
52339
98748

626
298
529
232
200

0.40454
0.40413
0.40373
0.40333
0.40292

18851
75454
36098
00780
69495

03018
21451
77463
67118
86885

802
540
377
736
773

0.910
0.911
0.912
0.913
0.914

2.48432 25333
2.48680 80984
2.48929"61504
2.49178 66916
2.49427 97246

84816
93625
10739
24212
24583

587
386
912
291
942

0.40252
0.40212
0.40171
0.40131
0.40091

42240
19010
99800
84609
73430

33635
04643
97586
10541
41992

975
753
047
915
136

0.915
0.916
0.917
0.918
0.919

2.49677
2.49927
2.50177
2.50427
2.50678

52519
32759
37992
68243
23537

04888
60652
89900
93156
73445

075
177
513
620
810

0.40051
0.40011
0.39971
0.39931
0.39891

66260
63096
63933
68767
77594

90818
56304
38134
36389
51555

809
950
089
877
677

0.920
0.921
0.922
0.923
0.924

2.50929
2.51180
2.51431
2.51682
2.51934

03899
09353
39926
95642
76526

36297
89748
44344
13141
11713

671
577
189
971
703

0.39851
0.39812
0.39772
0.39732
0.39692

90410
07212
27995
52755
81488

84514
36546
09334
04954
25882

173
962
165
021
492

0.925
0.926
0.927
0.928
0.929

2.52186
2.52439
2.52691
2.52944
2.53197

82603
13899
70439
52249
59352

58147
73052
79557
03317
72513

991
794
936
633
022

0.39653
0.39613
0.39573
0.39534
0.39494

14190
50858
91487
36074
84614

74992
55555
71236
26099
24603

866
360
720
830
311

0.930
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.934

2.53450
2.53704
2.53958
2.54212
2.54466

91776
49544
32683
41218
75174

17854
72585
72481
55857
63568

680
166
544
927
010

0.39455
0.39415
0.39376
0.39337
0.39297

37103
93538
53915
18229
86477

71601
72342
32469
58022
55429

130
199
987
122
996

0.935
0.936
0.937
0.938
0.939

2.54721
2.54976
2.55231
2.55486
2.55742

34577
19452
29824
65720
27164

39007
28117
79384
43847
75094

611
220
537
026
464

0.39258
0.39219
0.39180
0.39140
0.39101

58655
34758
14784
98728
86585

31518
93504
49000
06006
72918

373
997
198
497
221

0.940
0.941
0.942
0.943
0.944

2.55998
2.56254
2.56510
2.56767
2.57024

14183
26801
65045
28940
18511

29271
65080
43782
29203
87732

496
189
593
299
007

0.39062
0.39023
0.38984
0.38945
0.38906

78353
74027
73604
77079
84448

58521
71991
22897
21196
77236

102
894
977
971
341

0.945
0.946
0.947
0.948
0.949

2.57281
2.57538
2.57796
2.58054
2.58312

33785
74788
41544
34079
52420

88326
02513
04393
70643
80516

089
161
651
376
117

0.38867
0.38829
0.38790
0.38751
0.38712

95709
10856
29886
52794
79579

01753
05872
01110
99369
12940

010
971
896
747
390

0.950

2.58570 96593 15846 199

[(-;)3J

0.38674 10234 54501 207

[(-68)5J

135

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
x

Table 4.4

eX

e- x

0.950
0.951
0.952
0.953
0.954

2.58570
2.58829
2.59088
2.59347
2.59607

96593
66622
62535
84356
32112

15846
61051
03133
31686
38890

199
072
898
135
126

0.38674
0.38635
0.38596
0.38558
0.38519

10234
44757
83143
25389
71491

54501
37117
74242
79713
67755

207
707
140
III
194

0.955
0.956
0.957
0.958
0.959

2.59867
2.60127
2.60387
2.60647
2.60908

05829
05532
31248
83003
60823

19521
70952
93153
88696
62757

695
740
828
799
366

0.38481
0.38442
0.38404
0.38365
0.38327

21445
75247
32893
94380
59703

52978
50378
75335
43613
71361

545
516
273
409
560

0.960
0.961
0.962
0.963
0.964

2.61169
2.61430
2.61692
2.61954
2.62216

64734
94761
50932
33272
41807

23117
80169
46914
38971
74573

718
136
592
373
688

0.38289
0.38251
0.38212
0.38174
0.38136

28859
01844
78654
59286
43734

75112
71780
78665
13447
94189

023
368
061
076
517

0.965
0.966
0.967
0.968
0.969

2.62478
2.62741
2.63004
2.63267
2.63530

76564
37569
24848
38428
78334

74575 291
62452101
64304 825
08861 583
27480 539

0.38098
0.38060
0.38022
0.37984
0.37946

31997
24069
19947
19628
23107

39337
67716
98534
51378
46217

233
437
325
697
574

0.970
0.971
0.972
0.973
0.974

2.63794
2.64058
2.64322
2.64587
2.64851

44593
37232
56276
01753
73689

54152
25503
80798
61940
13478

532
708
158
558
808

0.37908
0.37870
0.37832
0.37794
0.37756

30381
41445
56296
74931
97345

03398
43649
88076
58165
75777

818
757
798
054
964

0.975
0.976
0.977
0.978
0.979

2.65116
2.65381
2.65647
2.65913
2.66179

72109
97042
48512
26548
31174

82606
19166
75651
07209
71643

682
470
628
434
642

0.37719
0.37681
0.37643
0.37606
0.37568

23535
53497
87227
24721
65976

63156
42920
38065
71965
68367

913
859
949
147
855

0.980
0.981
0.982
0.983
0.984

2.66445
2.66712
2.66979
2.67246
2.67513

62419
20308
04868
16127
54109

29417
43654
80145
07345
96380

138
602
169
099
441

0.37531
0.37493
0.37456
0.37418
0.37381

10988
59753
12267
68527
28529

51399
45561
75729
67156
45466

539
350
751
142
482

0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989

2.67781
2.68049
2.68317
2.68585
2.68854

18844
10356
28673
73822
45830

21049
57826
85862
86989
45722

708
547
418
272
235

0.37343
0.37306
0.37269
0.37232
0.37194

92269
59743
30948
05880
84535

36660
67113
63571
53155
63358

918
412
361
231
181

0.990
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.994

2.69123
2.69392
2.69662
2.69932
2.70202

44723
70528
23273
02984
09688

49262
87498
53013
41079
49668

289
962
016
142
652

0.37157
0.37120
0.37083
0.37046
0.37009

66910
53000
42802
36313
33529

22045
57455
98195
73247
11961

691
187
674
362
296

0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999

2. 70472
2. 70743
2. 71013
2.71285
2. 71556

43412
04184
92030
06977
49053

79452
33802
18796
43219
18566

181
382
637
755
687

0.36972
0.36935
0.36898
0.36861
0.36824

34445
39058
47366
59363
75046

44058
99632
09141
03418
13662

983
024
744
822
921

1. 000

2. 71828 18284 59045 235

[( -l)3J

0.36787 94411 71442 322

[( -61l

)5J

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

136

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

e- X

eX

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1.00000
1.10517
1.22140
1.34985
1.49182

00000
09180
27581
88075
46976

00000
75648
60170
76003
41270

1.00000
0.90483
0.81873
0.74081
0.67032

00000
74180
07530
82206
00460

00000
35959
77981
81717
35639

00000
57316
85867
86607
30074

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.64872
1.82211
2.01375
2.22554
2.45960

12707
88003
27074
09284
31111

00128
90509
70477
92468
56950

0.60653
0.54881
0.49658
0.44932
0.40656

06597
16360
53037
89641
96597

12633
94026
91409
17221
40599

42360
43263
51470
59143
11188

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

2. 71828
3.00416
3.32011
3.66929
4.05519

18284
60239
69227
66676
99668

59045
46433
36547
19244
44675

0.36787
0.33287
0.30119
0.27253
0.24659

94411
10836
42119
17930
69639

71442
98079
12202
34012
41606

32160
55329
09664
60312
47694

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

4.48168
4.95303
5.47394
6.04964
6.68589

90703
24243
73917
74644
44422

38065
95115
27200
12946
79269

0.22313
0.20189
0.18268
0.16529
0.14956

01601
65179
35240
88882
86192

48429
94655
52734
21586
22635

82893
40849
65022
53830
05264

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

7.38905
8.16616
9.02501
9.97418
11.02317

60989
99125
34994
24548
63806

30650
67650
34121
14721
41602

0.13533
0.12245
0.11080
0.10025
0.09071

5,2832
64282
31583
88437
79532

36612
52981
62333
22803
89412

69189
91022
88333
73373
50338

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

12.18249
13.46373
14.87973
16.44464
18.17414

39607
80350
17248
67710
53694

03473
01690
72834
97050
43061

0.08208
0.07427
0.06720
0.06081
0.05502

49986
35782
55127
00626
32200

23898
14333
39749
25217
56407

79517
88043
76513
96500
22903

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

20.08553
22.19795
24.53253
27.11263
29.96410

69231
12814
01971
89206
00473

87668
41633
09349
57887
97013

0.04978
0.04504
0.04076
0.03688
0.03337

70683
92023
22039
31674
32699

67863
93557
78366
01240
60326

94298
80607
21517
00545
07948

3.5
3.6
3. 7
3.9

33.11545
36.59823
40.44730
44. 70118
49.40244

1958692314
44436 77988
43600 67391
44933 00823
91055 30174

0.03019
0.02732
0.02472
0.02237
0.02024

73834
37224
35264
07718
19114

22318
47292
70339
56165
45804

50074
56080
39120
59578
38847

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

54.59815
60.34028
66.68633
73.69979
81.45086

00331
75973
10409
36995
86649

44239
61969
25142
95797
68117

0.01831
0.01657
0.01499
0.01356
0.01227

56388
26754
55768
85590
73399

88734
01761
20477
12200
03068

18029
24754
70621
93176
44118

4.5
4.6
4.7

90.01713
99.48431
109.94717
121.51041
134.28977

13005
56419
24521
75187
96849

21814
33809
23499
34881
35485

0.01110
0.01005
0.00909
0.00822
0.00744

89965
18357
52771
97470
65830

38242
44633
01695
49020
70924

30650
58164
81709
02884
34052

3.8

4.8

4.9

5.0
148.41315 91025 76603
0.00673 79469 99085 46710
From C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of the exponential function and of the circular sine and cosine
to radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission) for e- x , x::;2.4.

137

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

148.41315
164.02190
181.27224
200.33680
221.40641

91025
72999
18751
99747
62041

77
02
51
92
87

0.00673
0.00609
0.00551
0.00499
0.00451

79469
67465
65644
15939
65809

99085
65515
20760
06910
42612

46710
63611
77242
21621
66798

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

244.69193
270.42640
298.86740
330.29955
365.03746

22642
74261
09670
99096
78653

20
53
60
49
29

0.00408
0.00369
0.00334
0.00302
0.00273

67714
78637
59654
75547
94448

38464
16482
57471
45375
18768

06699
93082
27277
81475
36923

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

403.42879
445.85777
492. 74904
544.57191
601.84503

34927
00825
10932
01259
78720

35
17
56
29
82

0.00247
0.00224
0.00202
0.00183
0.00166

87521
28677
94306
63047
15572

76666
19485
36295
77028
73173

35842
80247
73436
90683
93450

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

665.14163
735.09518
812.40582
897.84729
992.27471

30443
92419
51675
16504
56050

62
73
43
18
26

0.00150
0.00136
0.00123
0.00111
0.00100

34391
03680
09119
37751
77854

92977
37547
02673
47844
29048

57245
89342
48118
80308
51076

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1096.63315
1211.96707
1339.43076
1480.29992
1635.98442

84284
44925
43944
75845
99959

59
77
18
45
27

0.00091
0.00082
0.00074
0.00067
O. 00061

18819
51049
65858
55387
12527

65554
23265
08376
75193
61129

51621
90427
67937
84424
57256

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

1808.04241
1998.19589
2208.34799
2440.60197
2697.28232

44560
51041
18872
76244
82685

63
18
09
99
09

0.00055
0.00050
0.00045
0.00040
0.00037

30843
04514
28271
97349
07435

70147
33440
82886
78979
40459

83358
61070
79706
78671
08837

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2980.95798
3294.46807
3640.95030
4023.87239
4447.06674

70417
52838
73323
38223
76998

28
41
55
10
56

0.00033
0.00030
0.00027
0.00024
0.00022

54626 27902
3539138078
46535 69972
85168 27107
48673 24178

51184
86666
14233
95202
84827

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

4914. 76884
5431.65959
6002.91221
6634.24400
7331.97353

02991
13629
72610
62778
91559

34
80
22
85
93

0.00020 34683
0.0001841057
0.00016 65858
0.00015 07330
0.00013 63889

69010
93667
10987
75095
26482

64417
57912
63341
47660
01145

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

8103.08392
8955.29270
9897.12905
10938.01920
12088.38073

75753
34825
87439
81651
02169

84
12
16
84
84

0.00012
0.00011
0.00010
0.00009
0.00008

34098
16658
10394
14242
27240

04086
08490
01837
31478
65556

67955
11474
09335
17334
63226

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

13359. 72682
14764. 78156
16317.60719
18033. 74492
19930.37043

96618
55772
80154
78285
82302

72
73
32
11
89

0.00007
0.00006
0.00006
0.00005
0.00005

48518
77287
12834
54515
01746

29887
36490
95053
99432
82056

70059
85387
22210
17698
17530

10.0

22026.46579 48067 17

0.00004 53999 29762 48485

138

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

0)1.00000
0)2.71828
0) 7.38905
1)2.00855
1)5.45981

00000
18284
60989
36923
50033

00000
59045
30650
18766
14423

000
235
227774-908

2)1.48413
2)4.03428
3)1.09663
3)2.98095
3) 8.10308

15910
79349
31584
79870
39275

25766
27351
28458
41728
75384

034 -226,-599
275
008 --

3
3
4
4
4

6. 73794
2.47875
9.11881
3.35462
1.23409

10
11
12
13
14

4) 2.20264
415.9874.1
5 1.62754
5 4.42413
6 1.20260

65794
41715
79141
39200
42841

80671
19781
90039
89205
64776

652846 -,
208
033778~

5
5
6
6
7

15
16
17
18
19

( 6)3.26901
6)8.88611
7)2.41549
7) 6. 56599
8) 1. 78482

73724 72110 639 ~

05205 07872 637
5~753 57529 821
69137 33051 114300.96 31872 608

8
9
9
9
(10

4.85165
1.31881
3.58491
9.74480
2.64891

19540
57344
28461
34462
22129

97902
83214
31591
48902
84347

10~7'20048

99337
60942
24060
70642
42971

38587
88387
17986
91475
44042

643
167
174074_

2
3
4
5
6

7
8

20

21

25
26
27
28
29

22
23
24

( 0)1.00000 00000
(- 1)3.67879 44117
- 1~1.35335 28323
- 2 4.97870 68367
- 2 1.83156 38888

00000
14423
66126
86394
73418

000
216
919
298
029

69990
21766
96555
62790
80408

85467
66358
45162
25118
66795

097
423
080
388
495

4.53999
1.67017
6.14421
2.26032
8.31528

29762
00790
23533
94069
71910

48485
24565
28209
81054
35678

154
931
759
326
841

7
7
8
8
9

3.05902
1.12535
4.13993
1.52299
5.60279

32050
17471
77187
79744
64375

18257
92591
85166
71262
37267

884
145
660
844
540

780697562-600-229

- 9
-10
-10
-10
-11

2.06115
7.58256
2. 78946
1.02618
3. 77513

36224
04279
80928
79631
45442

38557
11906
68924
70189
79097

828
728
808
030
752

252-~

-11
-12
-12
-13
-13

1.38879
5.10908
1.87952
6.91440
2.54366

43864
90280
88165
01069
56473

96402
63324
39083
40203
76922

059
720
295
009
910

34

l
!

2.90488
7.89629
2. 14643
5.83461

49665
60182
57978
74252

24742
68069
59160
74548

523 __
516
646814

-14
-14
-14
-15
1-15

9.35762
3.44247
1.26641
4.65888
1. 71390

29688
71084
65549
61451
84315

40174
69976
09417
03397
42012

605
458
572
364
966

35
36
37
38
39

(15)1.58601
15~4. 31123
16 1.17191
16 3.18559
(16)8.65934

34523
15471
42372
31757
00423

13430
15195
80261
11375
99374

728
227_
131 __
622 .....
695

-16
-16
-17
-17
-17

6.30511
2.31952
8.53304
3.13913
1.15482

67601
28302
76257
27920
24173

46989
43569
44065
48029
01578

386
388
794
629
599

40
41
42
43
44

(17)2.35385 26683
17~6.39843 49353
18 1. 73927 49415
18 4. 72783 94682
(19)1.28516 00114

70199
00549
20501
29346
35930

854
492
047
561
828

-18
-18
-19
-19
-20

4.24835
1.56288
5.74952
2.11513
7. 78113

42552
21893
22642
10375
22411

91588
34988
93559
91080
33796

995
768
807
487
516

45
46
47
48
49

1913.49342
19 9.49611
20 2.58131
120 7.01673
(21)1.90734

48509
02448
90067
97631
95099

535
875
396
739
691

-20
-20
-21
-21
-22

2.86251
1.05306
3.87399
1.42516
5.24288

85805
17357
76286
40827
56633

49393
55381
87187
40935
63463

644
238
113
106
937

50

(21)5.18470 55285 87072 464

30
31
32
33

11 1.95729
11 5.32048
12) 1. 44625
12) 3. 93133

13
13
13
14
(14

1. 06864 74581 52446 215_

~
~

71057
94206
28861
59120
65724

(-22)1.92874 98479 63917 783

139

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIO~

Table 4.4
e- X

eX

50
51
52
53
54

21~5.18470 55285
22 1.40934 90824
22 3.83100 80007
23~1.04137 59433
23 2.83075 33032

55
56
57
58
59

23
24
24
25
25

7.69478
2.09165
5.68571
1.54553
4.20121

60
61
62
63
64

26
26
26
27
27

65
66
67
68
69
70

~-22

87072
26938
16576
02908
74693

464
796
849
780
900

52651
94960
99993
89355
04037

42017
12996
35932
90103
90514

138
154
223
930
255

-24
-25
-25
-26
-26

1.14200
3.10429
8.43835
2.29378
6.23514

73898
79357
66687
31594
90808

15684
01919
41454
69609
11616

284
909
489
879
883

28
28
29
29
29

1.69488
4.60718
1.25236
3.40427
9.25378

92444
66343
31708
60499
17255

10333
31291
42213
31740
87787

30
30
31
31
32

2.51543
6.83767
1.85867
5.05239
1.37338

86709
12297
17452
36302
29795

19167
62743
84127
76104
40176

98479
41622
90696
00545
85722

63917
84704
67704
08676
00807

783
139
805
030
030

1.29958
4. 78089
1. 75879
6.47023
2.38026

14250
28838
22024
49256
64086

07503
85469
24311
45460
94400

074
081
649
326
606

-27
-27
-27
-28
-28

8.75651
3.22134
1.18506
4.35961
1.60381

07626
02859
48642
00000
08905

96520
92516
33981
63080
48637

338
089
006
974
853

714
543
781
521
600

-29
-29
-30
-30
-30

5.90009
2.17052
7.98490
2.93748
1.08063

05415
20113
42456
21117
92777

97061
03639
86978
10802
07278

391
412
808
947
495

006
867
980
195
188

-31
-31
-32
-32
-33

3.97544
1.46248
5.38018
1.97925
7.28129

97359
62272
61600
98779
01783

08646
51230
21138
46904
21643

808
947
414
554
834

78
79

32}3.73324 19967 99QOl 640

33 1.01480 03881 13888 728
33 2.75851 34545 23170 206
33~7.49841 69969 90120 435
34 2.03828 10665 12668 767

-33
-34
-34
-34
-35

2.67863
9.85415
3.62514
1.33361
4.90609

69618
46861
09191
48155
47306

08077
11258
43559
02261
49280

944
029
224
341
566

80
81
82
83
84

34
35
35
36
36

71
72

73
74
75
76
77

85
86
87
88
89
90

5.54062
1.50609
4.09399
1.11286
3.02507

1.92874
-23 7.09547
-232.61027
~-24 9.60268
-24 3.53262

23843
73145
69621
37547
73222

93510
85030
27454
91759
01142

053
548
697
412
338

-35
-36
-36
-37
-37

1.80485
6.63967
2.44260
8.98582
3.30570

13878
71995
07377
59440
06267

45415
80734
40527
49380
60734

172
401
679
670
298

27146
37 2.23524 66037
{37 6.07603 02250
38~1.65163 62549
38 4.48961 28191

22913
34715
56872
94001
74345

510
047
150
856
246

-37
-38
-38
-39
-39

1.21609
4.47377
1.64581
6.05460
2.22736

92992
93061
14310
18954
35617

52825
81120
82273
01185
95743

564
735
651
885
739

~36~8.22301

92
93
94

3'\"22040
39 3.31740
39 9.01762
40 2.45124
40 6.66317

32'43
00983
84050
55429
62164

17840
35742
34298
20085
10895

802
626
931
786
834

-40
-40
-40
-41
-41

8.19401
3.01440
1.10893
4.07955
1.50078

26239
87850
90193
86671
57627

90515
65374
12136
77560
07394

430
553
379
158
888

95
96
97
98
99

41
41
42
42
42

1.81123
4.92345
1.33833
3.63797
9.88903

90828
82860
47192
09476
03193

89023
12058
04269
08804
46946

282
400
500
579
771

-42
-42
-43
-43
-43

5.52108
2.03109
7.47197
2. 74878
1.01122

22770
26627
23373
50079
14926

28532
34810
42990
10214
10448

732
926
161
930
530

91

100

(43)2.68811 71418 16135 448

For ixi>100 see Example 11.

(-44)3.72007 59760 20835 963

140

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.5

RADIX TABLE OF THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

e XlO- n

e- x1o- n

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00001
00002
00003
00004
00005
00006
00007
00008
00009

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99998
99997
99996
99995
99994
99993
99992
99991

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1. 00000
1.00000
1.00000

00010
00020
00030
00040
00050
00060
00070
00080
00090

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02450
03200
04050

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00001

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99990
99980
99970
99960
99950
99940
99930
99920
99910

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02449
03199
04049

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
99999
99999
99999

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00100
00200
00300
00400
00500
00600
00700
00800
00900

00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00002
00003
00004

05000
20000
45000
80000
25000
80000
45000
20000
05000

00002
00013
00045
00107
00208
00360
00572
00853

~1215

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99900
99800
99700
99600
99500
99400
99300
99200
99100

00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00002
00003
00004

04999
19999
44999
79999
24999
79999
44999
19999
04999

99998
99987
99955
99893
99792
99640
99428
99147
98785

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

01000
02000
03000
04000
05000
06000
07000
08000
09000

00005
00020
00045
00080
00125
00180
00245
00320
00405

00000
00000
00000
00001
00002
00003
00005
00008
00012

01667
13333
45000
06667
08333
60000
71667
53334
15000

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99000
98000
97000
96000
95000
94000
93000
92000
91000

00004
00019
00044
00079
00124
00179
00244
00319
00404

99999
99999
99999
99998
99997
99996
99994
99991
99987

98333
86667
55000
93333
91667
40000
28333
46667
85000

0.99999 90000 00499 99983 33334

1
6 1.00000 10000 00500 00016 66667
2
6 1.00000 20000 02000 00133 33340
0.99999 80000 01999 99866 66673
0.99999 70000 04499 99550 00034
6 1.00000 30000 04500 00450 00034
3
4
0.99999 60000 07999 98933 33440
6 1.00000 40000 08000 01066 66773
0.99999 50000 12499 97916 66927
5
6 1.00000 50000 12500 02083 33594
6
6 1.00000 60000 18000 03600 00540
0.99999 40000 17999 96400 00540
7
0.99999 30000 24499 94283 34334
6 1.00000 70000 24500 05716 67667
8
6
1.00000 80000 32000 08533 35040
0.99999 20000 31999 91466 68373
9
6 1.00000 90000 40500 12150 02734
0.99999 10000 40499 87850 02734
For n>lO, exIO-n =] xlO-n+~ x 21O- 2n to 25D.
Compiled from C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of the exponential function and of the circular sine
and cosine to radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. vol. 14, Fifth
Memoir. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission).

141

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

RADIX TABLE OF THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

ex10-

Table 4.5

e- x1O- n

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

1.00001
1.00002
1.00003
1.00004
1.00005
1.00006
1.00007
1.00008
1.00009

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

50000
00001
50004
00010
50020
00036
50057
00085
50121

16666
33334
50003
66677
83359
00054
16766
33504
50273

70833
00000
37502
33342
37526
00065
70973
00273
37992

0.99999
0.99998
0.99997
0.99996
0.99995
0.99994
0.99993
0.99992
0.99991

00000
00001
00004
00007
00012
00017
00024
00031
00040

49999
99998
49995
99989
49979
99964
49942
99914
49878

83333
66667
50003
33343
16692
00053
83433
66837
50273

37500
33333
37498
99991
70807
99935
37360
33060
37008

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

1.00010
1.00020
1.00030
1.00040
1.00050
1.00060
1.00070
1.00080
1.00090

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02450
03200
04051

OOlJ~

01333
04500
10667
20835
36005
57176
85350
21527

67083
40000
33752
73341
93776
40064
67223
40273
34242

34167
26668
02510
86724
04384
80648
40801
10308
14882

0.99990
0.99980
0.99970
0.99960
0.99950
0.99940
0.99930
0.99920
0.99910

00049
00199
00449
00799
01249
01799
02449
03199
04048

99833
98666
95500
89334
79169
64005
42843
14683
78527

33749
73333
33747
39991
27057
39935
33609
73060
33257

99167
06668
46724
29384
20648
95801
30307
99880

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1.00100
1.00200
1.00300
1.00400
1.00501
1.00601
1.00702
1.00803
1.00904

05001
20013
45045
80106
25208
80360
45572
20855
06217

66708
34000
03377
77341
59401
54064
66848
04273
73867

34166
26675
02601
87235
06338
86485
55523
43117
81406

80558
55810
29341
88080
35662
55845
16000
20736
25705

0.99900
0.99800
0.99700
0.99600
0.99501
0.99401
0.99302
0.99203
0.99104

04998
19986
44955
79893
24791
79640
44429
19148
03787

33374
67333
03372
43991
92682
53935
33235
37060
72883

99166
06675
97601
47235
31335
26474
10490
63033
66216

80554
55302
20662
23064
25642
44988
47970
98697
45648

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

1.01005
1.02020
1.03045
1.04081
1.05127
1.06183
1.07250
1.08328
1.09417

01670
13400
45339
07741
10963
65465
81812
70676
42837

84168
26755
53516
92388
76024
45359
54216
74958
05210

05754
81016
85561
22675
03969
62222
47905
55443
35787

21655
01439
24400
70448
75176
46849
31039
59878
28976

0.99004
0.98019
0.97044
0.96078
0.95122
0.94176
0.93239
0.92311
0.91393

98337
86733
55335
94391
94245
45335
38199
63463
11852

49168
06755
48508
52323
00714
84248
05948
86635
71228

05357
30222
17693
20943
00909
70953
22885
78291
18674

39060
08141
25284
92107
14253
71528
79726
07598
73535

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1.10517
1.22140
1.34985
1.49182
1.64872
1.82211
2.01375
2.22554
2.45960

09180
27581
88075
46976
12707
88003
27074
09284
31111

75647
60169
76003
41270
00128
90508
70476
92467
56949

62481
83392
10398
31782
14684
97487
52162
60457
66380

17078
10720
37443
48530
86508
53677
45494
95375
01266

0.90483
0.81873
O. 74081
0.67032
0.60653
0.54881
0.49658
0.44932
0.40656

74180
07530
82206
00460
06597
16360
53037
89641
96597

35959
77981
81717
35639
12633
94026
91409
17221
40599

57316
85866
86606
30074
42360
43262
51470
59143
11188

42491
99355
68738
44329
37995
84589
48001
01024
34542

2. 71828 18284 59045 23536 02875

9/5::'8

0.36787 94411 71442 32159 55238

142

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x
0.00000
0.00099
0.00199
0.00299
0.00399

00000
34166
93333
02499
86666

000
667
331
957
342

1.00000
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

00000
95000
80000
55000
20000

00000 00000 000

00041 66666 528
0066666657778
03374 99898 750
10666 66097 778

0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

0.00499 99791 66692 70831

0.00599 99640 00064 79994
0.00699994283347339150
0.00799 99146 66939 73291
0.00899 98785 00492 07405

783
446
327
723
100

0.99998
0.99998
0.99997
0.99996
0.99995

75000
20000
55001
80001
95002

26041
53999
00041
70666
73374

64496
93520
50326
30257
26188

529
004
542
819
857

0.010
0.012
0.013
0.014

0.00999
0.01099
0.01199
0.01299
0.01399

98333
97781
97120
96338
95426

34166 66468254
6800875446 684
02073 59289 053
36427 42921 659
71148 51241 801

0.99995
0.99993
0.99992
0.99991
0.99990

00004
95006
80008
55011
20016

16665
10039
63995
90034
00656

27778
20617
85281
96278
20901

026
059
066
551
438

0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019

0.01499
0.01599
0.01699
0.01799
0.01899

94375
93173
91811
90280
88568

06328 09109
42071 41340
7849872691
15746 27852
53967 31431

944
585
726
832
205

0.99988
0.99987
0.99985
0.99983
0.99981

75021
20027
55034
80043
95054

09359
30643
80008
73952
29976

17975
36508
14243
76107
32558

106
430
829
331
650

0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024

0.01999
0.02099
0.02199
0.02299
0.02399

86666
84565
82253
79722
76960

93333
34033
76279
20302
66354

07936
81764
77175
18277
28999

649
335
771
769
311

0.99980
0.99977
0.99975
0.99973
0.99971

00066
95081
80097
55116
20138

66577
03255
60509
59836
23734

77841
88132
19593
06320
58193

270
556
878
750
002

0.025
0.026
0,027
0.028
0,029

0.02499
0.02599
0.02699
0.02799
0,02899

73959
70707
67196
63414
59353

14712
65676
19572
76750
37589

33066
53973
14955
38952
48577

217
517
411
746
881

0.99968
0.99966
0,99963
0.99960
0.99957

75162
20190
55221
80256
95294

75702
40237
42836
09997
69215

58624
62215
92299
38394
53557

967
698
214
779
207

0,030
0,031
0.032
0.033
0.034

0,02999
0.03099
0.03199
0.03299
0.03399

55002
50350
45389
40108
34497

02495
71904
46280
26119
11951

66076
13288
11602
81908
44553

853
752
188
762
435

0.99955
0.99951
0.99948
0.99945
0.99942

00337
95384
80436
55494
20556

48987
78809
89175
11581
78521

51627
04381
38584
32936
14926

216
810
710
824
773

0.035
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.039

0.03499
0.03599
0.03699
0.03799
0.03899

28546
22245
15584
08553
01142

04336
03869
11180
26937
51841

19281 702
25183461
80633 489
03228414
09720 085

0.99938
0.99935
0.99931
0.99927
0.99923

75625
20699
55780
80868
95963

23488
80976
86478
76484
88487

57581
76116
24487
91840
98862

460
700
902
819
358

0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.044

0.03998
0.04098
0.04198
0.04298
0.04398

93341
85141
76530
67500
58040

86634
32096
89047
58349
40905

15945
36751
85918
76078
18626

255
449
946
755
492

0.99920
0.99915
0.99911
0.99907
0.99903

01066 60977 94031

96177 3344449770
81296 46376 58494
5642441262 28564
21561 60588 80138

457
040
043
524
853

0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049

0.04498
0.04598
0.04698
0.04798
0.04898

48140
37790
26980
15701
03941

37660
49604
77774
23249
87159

23632
99745
54095
92191
17808

066
054
689
340
403

0.99898
0.99894
0.99889
0.99884
0.99879

76708
21865
57033
82211
97401

992
869
849
299
272

0.050

0.04997 91692 70678 32879 487

O.Oll

00000
99998
99986
99955
99893

00000
33333
66666
00002
33341

cos x

0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004

[(-i)6]

47842
47508
05071
67013
80818

40921
41817
12480
76767
48087

0.99875 02603 94966 24656 287

[(-PI]

For conversion from degrees to radians see Example 13.

For use and extension of the table see Examples 15-17.
From C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of the exponential function and of the cir~
cular sine and cosine to radian arguments,Memoirs of the National Academy of
Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1921 (with permission). Known errors have been corrected.

143

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sm x

Table 4.6

cos x

0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054

0.04997
0.05097
0.05197
0.05297
0.05397

91692
78943
65685
51906
37598

70678
75032
01496
51396
26109

32879
37375
29184
03981
55099

487
800
649
925
505

0.99875
0.99869
0.99864
0.99859
0.99854

02603
97818
83046
58287
23542

94966
58936
23208
39259
59564

24656
84647
81242
37585
41634

287
237
407
623
531

0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059

0.05497
0.05597
0.05696
0.05796
0.05896

22750
07352
91395
74868
57761

27067
55755
13712
02534
23875

73387
47070
61601
99503
40214

446
891
567
794
896

0.99848
0.99843
0.99837
0.99831
0.99826

78812
24097
59397
84714
00048

37598
27834
85743
67796
31461

40913
37163
80900
65862
23365

005
704
770
676
235

0.060
0.061
0.062
0.063
0.064

0.05996
0.06096
0.06196
0.06295
0.06395

40064
21768
02863
83337
63182

79444
71012
00408
69523
80309

59919
31380
23757
02430
28803

909
500
982
343
166

0.99820
0.99814
0.99807
0.99801
0.99795

05399
00768
86156
61562
26989

35204
38490
01782
86542
55229

16554
34561
86552
95687
92968

766
437
769
334
628

0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069

0.06495
0.06595
0.06694
0.06794
0.06894

42388
20944
98840
76067
52615

34782
35022
83173
81445
32117

60114
49232
44449
89264
22165

361
601
361
458
004

0.99788
0.99782
0.99775
0.99768
0.99762

82436
27904
63395
88907
04443

71301
99211
04415
53362
13501

10999
77634
09538
05636
40472

144
635
592
926
866

0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074

0.06994
0.07094
0.07193
0.07293
0.07393

28473
03632
78081
51811
24811

37532
00106
22323
06738
55977

76397
79734
54229
15974
74838

655
071
480
250
360

0.99755
0.99748
0.99740
0.99733
0.99726

10002
05586
91195
66830
32492

53279
42140
50526
49875
12624

57462
62048
14757
24157
39707

091
084
726
139
777

0.075
0.076
0.077
0.078
0.079

0.07492
0.07592
0.07692
0.07792
0.07891

97072
68584
39337
09320
78524

72742
59805
20017
56301
71660

34208
90718
33972
46257
02252

684
980
485
015
478

0.99718
0.99711
0.99703
0.99695
0.99688

88181
33898
69644
95419
11225

12207
23055
20596
81256
82457

44522
48023
78496
75551
82476

774
568
785
417
279

0.080
0.081
0.082
0.083
0.084

0.07991
0.08091
0.08190
0.08290
0.08390

46939
14555
81362
47349
12508

69172
51998
23374
86621
45140

68730
04247
58826
73635
80655

688
389
394
718
638

0.99680
0.99672
0.99663
0.99655
0.99647

17063
12932
98834
74769
40739

02619
21157
18485
76013
76147

38497
70937
87272
67091
53953

771
933
823
212
598

0.085
0.086
0.087
0.088
0.089

0.08489
0.08589
0.08689
0.08788
0.08888

76828
40298
02910
64653
25516

02416
62015
27592
02885
91720

02338
51260
29764
29594
31524

544
514
492
973
112

0.99638
0.99630
0.99621
0.99613
0.99604

96745
42786
78864
04980
21135

02290
38841
71197
85750
69887

47151
93367
78234
17797
49872

570
506
626
412
388

0.090
0.091
0.092
0.093
0.094

0.08987
0.09087
0.09187
0.09286
0.09386

85491
44568
02735
59984
16304

98011
25760
79059
62093
79136

04969
07600
84943
69966
82662

125
919
819
323
751

0.99595
0.99586
0.99577
0.99567
0.99558

27330
23565
09841
86159
52521

11994
01450
28634
84916
62665

25309
99152
21703
29482
36090

284
586
483
217
844

0.095
0.096
0.097
0.098
0.099

0.09485
0.09585
0.09684
0.09784
0.09883

71686
26119
79593
32099
83627

34557
32817
78472
76177
30679

29625
03609
83083
31775
98210

724
347
006
683
683

0.99549
0.99539
0.99529
0.99520
0.99510

08927
55378
91875
18419
35011

55245
57015
63330
70541
75992

22976
30094
46473
00679
51179

426
649
881
686
796

0.100

0.09983 34166 46828 15230 681

[<-78)IJ

0.99500 41652 78025 76609 556

[< -PlJ

144

--

-------

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

cos x

sm x

0.100
0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104

0.09983
0.10082
0.10182
0.10281
0.10381

34166
83707
32239
79754
26240

46828
29567
83945
15107
28302

15230
99512
51074
52769
69768

681
975
864
040
897

0.99500
0.99490
0.99480
0.99470
0.99459

41652
38343
25085
01879
68726

78025
75976
70176
61949
53618

76609
65937
08533
84132
52703

556
840
469
117
737

0.105
0.106
0.107
0.108
0.109

0.10480
O. 10580
0.10679
0.10779
0.10878

71688
16088
59430
01704
42900

28882
22302
14121
10007
15731

49043
18823
88052
45835
60869

655
209
588
941
939

0.99449
0.99438
0.99428
0.99417
0.99406

25627
72583
09595
36665
53792

48497
50896
66120
00466
61230

44220
48325
03900
88538
07909

501
268
596
307
607

0.110
0.111
0.112
0.113
0.114

0.10977
0.11077
0.11176
0.11275
0.11375

83008
22018
59921
96706
32364

37174
80326
51285
56261
01575

80866
31964
18131
20553
97013

495
714
952
909
636

0.99395
0.99384
0.99373
0.99362
0.99350

60979
58226
45535
22907
90342

56696
96148
89860
49101
86134

85035
49459
26316
25308
29576

784
483
578
652
080

0.115
0.116
0.117
0.118
0.119

0.11474
0.11574
0.11673
0.11772
0.11871

66883
00256
32471
63519
93389

93663
39072
44465
16621
62434

81259
82361
84055
44080
93496

372
097
722
790
613

0.99339
0.99327
0.99316
0.99304
0.99292

47843
95409
33043
60744
78516

14215
47595
01517
92218
36926

84471
86235
70568
01110
57814

755
439
768
921
950

0.120
0.121
0.122
0.123
0.124

0.11971
0.12070
0.12169
0.12269
0.12368

22072
49559
75838
00900
24735

88919
03206
12547
24315
46003

35996
47206
73970
33626
13267

735
615
447
003
407

0.99280
0.99268
0.99256
0.99244
0.99232

86358
84272
72259
50321
18458

53866
62252
82294
35193
43142

25224
80653
82259
57029
88655

810
067
329
382
070

0.125
0.126
0.127
0.128
0.129

0.12467
0.12566
0.12665
0.12765
0.12864

47333
68685
88780
07608
25160

85227
49729
47372
86148
74174

68995
25157
73569
72735
47043

744
389
978
909
273

0.99219
0.99207
0.99194
0.99181
0.99169

76672
24964
63335
91787
10320

29329
17930
34118
04055
54896

05314
67355
54873
55198
50278

910
462
474
803
123

0.130
0.131
0.132
0.133
0.134

0.12963
0.13062
0.13161
0.13260
0.13359

41426
56395
70058
82404
93425

19694
31083
16843
85608
46144

85954
43179
35844
43632
07929

121
968
433
907
171

0.99156
0.99143
0.99130
0.99116
0.99103

18937
17638
06424
85298
54260

14788
12868
79267
45107
42499

03959
49177
75039
13813
27814

451
481
751
659
325

0.135
0.136
0.137
0.138
0.139

0.13459
0.13558
0.13657
0.13756
0.13855

03110
11448
18431
24048
28290

07348
78252
68023
85962
41508

30938
74799
60677
67852
32784

844
575
867
453
107

0.99090
0.99076
0.99063
0.99049
0.99035

13312
62454
01689
31018
50441

04547
65348
59985
24535
96067

96193
01628
16913
91451
37644

339
375
714
667
937

0.140
0.141
0.142
0.143
0.144

0.13954
0.14053
0.14152
0.14251
0.14350

31146
32607
32662
31302
28517

44236
03861
30237
33359
23362

48171
61995
76542
47427
82584

799
092
691
025
791

0.99021
0.99007
0.98993
0.98979
0.98964

59962
59580
49297
29115
99035

12637
13293
38073
28007
25111

17189
27270
86655
21689
52197

895
829
145
546
214

0.145
0.146
0.147
0.148
0.149

0.14449
0.14548
0.14647
0.14746
0.14844

24297
18632
11512
02927
92868

10526
05272
18167
59922
41398

41263
32992
16543
98870
34041

~32

773
800
997
627

0.98950
0.98936
0.98921
0.98906
0.98892

59058
09187
49421
79764
00216

72394
13854
94478
60241
58111

77275
60997
18007
99027
76256

984
551
704
617
193

0.150

0.14943 81324 73599 22149 773

[( -78

)2J

0.98877 10779 36042 28673 498

[( -7)lJ

145

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

x

Table 4.6

cos x

sin x

0.150
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.154

0.14943
0.15042
0.15141
0.15240
0.15339

81324
68286
53744
37687
20107

73599
67680
34944
86847
34994

22149
08215
81070
72225
54727

773
725
532
604
267

0.98877
0.98862
0.98847
0.98831
0.98816

10779 36042
11454 "42977
02243 28849
83147 44579
54168 42076

28673
27245
20028
17178
75856

498
283
611
614
382

0.155
0.156
0.157
0.158
0.159

0.15438
0.15536
0.15635
0.15734
0.15833

00992
80334
58122
34347
08998

91143
67205
75247
27490
36311

41996
86651
79319
47428
53983

190
555
902
529
354

0.98801
0.98785
0.98770
0.98754
0.98738

15307
66566
07947
39451
61079

74239
94954
59094
22522
42087

85038
50224
78054
60814
60855

006
794
663
736
150

0.160
0.101
0.162
0.163
0.164

0.15931
0.16030
0.16129
0.16227
0.16326

82066
53540
23412
91670
58306

14245
73987
28387
90460
73379

96331
04906
41960
00278
01876

146
020
095
226
705

0.98722
0.98706
0.98690
0.98674
0.98658

72833
74715
66727
48869
21144

75626
81965
20914
53272
40826

94904
18284
09029
51905
22328

095
099
574
638
234

0.165
0.166
0.167
0.168
0.169

0.16425
0.16523
0.16622
0.16721
0.16819

23309
86670
48378
08424
66798

90480
55265
81396
82704
73183

96685
61216
97208
30268
08481

825
228
916
843
981

0.98641
0.98625
0.98608
0.98592
0.98575

83553
36098
78780
11602
34564

46347
33596
67316
13241
38088

70185
03560
72356
51818
25966

554
791
233
712
434

0.170
0.171
0.172
0.173
0.174

0.16918
0.17016
0.17115
0.17213
0.17312

23490 66996
78490 78473
3178922117
83376 12595
33241 64750

01015
96702
02607
42577
55773

762
805
812
560
865

0.98558
0.98541
0.98524
0.98507
0.98490

47669
50917
44312
27854
01546

09560
96348
68126
95555
50280

70917
38117
37476
20391
62691

193
998
124
598
158

0.175
0.176
0.177
0.178
0.179

0.17410
0.17509
0.17607
0.17706
0.17804

81375
27769
72411
15292
56403

93595
14318
42278
93011
82230

95189
26146
24778
76492
74417

433
505
176
317
975

0.98472
0.98455
0.98437
0.98419
0.98402

65389
19384
63534
97840
22304

04933
33129
09469
09537
09903

47463
47797
09416
33225
57745

670
052
699
443
046

0.180
0.181
0.182
0.183
0.184

0.17902,95734
0.18001 33274
O. 18099 69014
0.18198 02944
0.18296 35054

25824
39859
40581
44417
67974

17834
10581
59452
72574
57756

180
029
980
233
116

0.98384
0.98366
0.98348
0.98330
0.98311

36927
41713
36661
21775
97056

88121
22728
93246
80179
65017

41459
45058
13586
58485
39552

272
522
083
974
448

0.185
0.186
0.187
0.188
O. ,189

0.18394
0.18492
0.18591
0.18689
0.18787

65335 28041
93776 41589
2036825775
45100 97940
67964 75611

20836
64000
84083
70855
05288

370
231
224
554
013

0.98293
0.98275
0.98256
0.98237
0.98219

62506
18126
63919
99886
26029

30231
59276
36591
47595
78693

46781
82121
41132
94537
69683

122
799
959
971
022

0.190
0.191
0.192
0.193
0.194

O. 18885
0.18984
0.19082
0.19180
0.19278

88949
08046
25244
40533
53905

76500
18510
19732
98445
73120

57799 285
86484571
35325 424
32380 691
87958 485

0.98200
0.98181
0.98162
0.98143
0.98124

42351
48852
45535
32402
09455

17270
51693
71313
66461
28451

31896
65751
56228
69777
35290

788
875
034
178
214

0.195
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.199

0.19376
0.19474
0.19572
0.19670
0.19768

65349
74855
82414
88016
91650

62421
85204
60517
07604
45907

92769
16058
03723
76404
27565

0.98104
0.98085
0.98065
0.98046
0.98026

76695
34125
81746
19561
47571

49577
23115
43322
05437
05677

24965
35080
66661
06062
05434

723
479
867
170
796

0.200

0.19866 93307 95061 21545 941

[( -l)2]

058
510
204
820
917

0.98006 65778 41241 63112 420

[(-PI]

146

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sm x

cos x

0.200
0.201
0.202
0.203
0.204

0.19866
0.19964
0.20062
0.20160
0.20258

93307
92978
90653
86321
79972

95061
74900
05459
06969
99863

21545
91597
37903
25571
82615

941
545
151
640
083

0.98006
0.97986
0.97966
0.97946
0.97926

65778
74185
72793
61604
40621

41241
10310
12041
46575
15030

63112
03887
59192
47187
52742

420
090
306
084
047

0.205
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209

0.20356
0.20454
0.20552
0.20650
0.20748

71599
61189
48734
34224
17648

04777
42549
34218
01031
64439

97905
19110
50612
51399
32944

397
856
330
175
665

0.97906
0.97885
0.97865
0.97844
0.97823

09845
69278
18923
58781
88855

19505
63076
49802
84716
73834

07327
68803
01113
53874
41879

536
784
156
491
553

0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214

0.20845
0.20943
0.21041
0.21139
0.21237

98998
78263
55434
30501
03453

46099
67877
51846
20289
95699

57060
33732
18932
12409
55467

871
895
346
982
398

0.97803
0.97782
0.97761
0.97740
0.97718

09147
19658
20391
11348
92531

24148
43628
41225
26863
11448

24491
84946
09554
66806
86380

614
201
014
039
882

0.215
0.216
0.217
0.218
0.219

0.21334
0.21432
0.21530
0.21627
0.21725

74283
42978
09530
73930
36166

00782
58454
91846
24303
79385

28707
49764
71012
77249
83368

677
905
439
851
434

0.97697
0.97676
0.97654
0.97633
0.97611

63942
25583
77456
19564
51909

06862
25963
82586
91546
68630

38054
10511
90059
39246
75378

344
247
555
782
736

0.220
0.221
0.222
0.223
0.224

0.21822
0.21920
0.22018
0.22115
0.22213

96230
54112
09802
63290
14566

80869
52747
19233
04757
33970

31995
91115
51671
25146
41115

179
124
977
920
484

0.97589
0.97567
0.97545
0.97523
0.97501

74493
87317
90385
83699
67259

30605
95212
81168
08167
96877

48940
21920
46034
40857
71849

602
392
788
388
392

0.225
0.226
0.227
0.228
0.229

0.22310
0.22408
0.22505
0.22602
0.22700

63621
10445
55028
97360
37433

31745
23176
33582
88504
13708

44782
94494
59230
16071
47642

417
428
720
214
363

0.97479
0.97457
0.97434
0.97412
0.97389

41070
05133
59450
04024
38856

68943
46983
54590
16334
57756

28292
01125
60681
34326
84008

737
708
052
607
477

0.230
0.231
0.232
0.233
0.234

0.22797
0.22895
0.22992
0.23089
0.23187

75235
10757
43990
74924
03549

35188
79163
72082
40621
11686

39540
77732
45933
22962
80075

462
354
437
869
884

0.97366
0.97343
0.97320
0.97297
0.97274

63950
79306
84929
80819
66980

Q5374
86678
30133
65176
22218

83696
96733
53085
26494
11536

773
940
695
602
294

0.235
0.236
0.237
0.238
0.239

0.23284
0.23381
0.23478
0.23575
0.23673

29855
53832
75472
94763
11697

12416
70180
12580
67453
62868

78273
65586
74343
18405
90384

112
809
904
752
520

0.97251
0.97228
0.97204
0.97181
0.97157

43413
10121
67106
14371
51917

32643
28807
44041
12644
69892

00578
60642
10166
95675
68349

389
091
529
843
034

0.240
0.241
0.242
0.243
0.244

0.23770
0.23867
0.23964
0.24061
0.24158

26264
38453
48256
55663
60663

27134
88793
76627
19655
47136

58836
65429
22091
08131
67335

079
334
869
828
933

0.97133
0.97109
0.97086
0.97062
0.97037

79748
97865
06272
04970
93961

52029
96272
40809
24800
88375

60492
61916
96210
96928
83670

618
095
262
391
294

0.245
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.249

0.24255
0.24352
0.24449
0.24546
0.24643

63247
63406
61130
56408
49232

88572
73702
32513
95231
92328

05043
85196
27365
03750
36159

522
546
389
445
337

0.97013
0.96989
0.96965
0.96940
0.96915

73249
42836
02723
52914
93411

72635
19650
72463
75084
72494

38069
79682
41782
47054
83195

313
233
166
425
397

0.250

0.24740 39592 54522 92959 685

[(-:)3J

0.96891 24217 10644 78414 459

[(-PIJ

147

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR

x

RADIA~ ARGUME~TS

Table 4.6

cos x

sin x

0.250
0.251
0.252
0.253
0.254

0.24740
0.24837
0.24934
0.25030
0.25127

39592
27478
12879
95788
76193

54522
12778
98307
42569
77272

92959
86007
67549
27105
88317

685
332
922
742
722

0.96891
0.96866
0.96841
0.96816
0.96791

24217
45333
56762
58508
50572

10644
36453
97810
43570
23561

78414
76838
13822
91154
52178

459
955
250
897
941

0.255
0.256
0.257
0.258
0.259

0.25224
0.25321
0.25418
0.25514
0.25611

54086
29456
02294
72590
40335

34378
46095
44888
63473
34820

05782
61854
63424
38674
33804

506
486
714
587
209

0.96766
0.96741
0.96715
0.96690
0.96664

32956
05664
68698
22061
65754

88575
90374
81687
16211
48609

56805
56434
68781
52599
82314

375
780
180
126
035

0.260
0.261
0.262
0.263
0.264

0.25708
0.25804
0.25901
0.25997
0.26094

05518
68131
28163
85606
40448

92155
68959
98972
16189
54868

09735
38788
01336
82426
68386

339
820
401
844
239

0.96638
0.96613
0.96587
0.96561
0.96535

99781
24144
38845
43888
39275

34513
30519
94190
84058
59618

22555
02595
90687
68308
04309

822
835
131
107
520

0.265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269

0.26190
0.26287
0.26383
0.26480
0.26576

92681
42295
89280
33627
75325

49524
34933
46135
18431
87386

43392
86023
65779
39579
48230

399
278
278
372
942

0.96509
0.96483
0.96456
0.96430
0.96403

25008
01091
67525
24313
71458

81330
10622
09885
42476
72716

28964
07924
16072
11288
08109

923
537
584
118
368

0.270
0.271
0.272
0.273
0.274

0.26673
0.26769
0.26865
0.26962
0.27058

14366
50740
84437
15447
43761

88831
58861
33839
50396
45431

12873
31394
74821
83684
64354

229
301
451
915
828

0.96377
0.96350
0.96323
0.96296
0.96269

08963
36830
55063
63662
62633

65890
88248
07004
90334
07377

51301
89328
47727
02389
52736

623
696
972
084
246

0.275
0.276
0.277
0.278
0.279

0.27154
0.27250
0.27347
0.27443
0.27539

69369
92262
12429
29862
44551

56112
19879
74443
57786
08166

85351
73627
10825
29507
09350

302
557
981
043
952

0.96242
0.96215
0.96188
0.96160
0.96133

51976
31695
01792
62271
13133

28237
23980
66634
29189
85596

94814
94278
59286
13299
67778

248
169
807
879
997

0.280
0.281
0.282
0.283
0.284

0.27635
0.27731
0.27827
0.27923
0.28019

56485
65656
72054
75669
76492

64113
64435
48215
54812
23866

73331
83865
38926
68142
28856

967
270
293
411
909

0.96105
0.96077
0.96050
0.96022
0.95994

54383
86021
08052
20478
23302

10770
80586
71880
62449
31050

94792
99523
92684
62830
48581

459
878
682
504
495

0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.289

0.28115
0.28211
0.28307
0.28403
0.28499

74512
69722
62110
51667
38384

95294
09293
06345
27208
12929

02165
88922
05725
80861
50237

110
591
374
997
384

0.95966
0.95938
0.95909
0.95881
0.95852

16526
00154
74188
38630
93485

57401
22179
07021
94525
68245

10746
04351
50572
08568
47227

590
746
193
713
984

0.290
0.291
0.292
0.293
0.294

0.28595
0.28691
0.28786
0.28882
0.28978

22251
03258
81396
56656
29027

04835
44540
73943
35230
70875

53268
28750
10698
24153
80965

394
981
841
475
551

0.95824
0.95795
0.95767
0.95738
0.95709

38755
74442
00549
17080
24037

12697
13353
56644
29961
21649

16807
20481
85799
36036
61457

013
688
478
308
636

0.295
0.296
0.297
0.298
0.299

0.29073
0.29169
0.29265
0.29360
0.29456

98501
65067
28716
89439
47225

23642
36583
53042
16653
71345

75547
80597
42792
78457
69198

489
155
582
616
389

0.95680
0.95651
0.95621
0.95592
0.95563

21423
09241
87494
56184
15316

21013
18315
04772
72560
14809

90483
60759
90127
47507
23678

768
429
632
858
590

0.300

0.29552 02066 61339 57510 532

[( -78 )4J

0.95533 64891 25606 01964 231

[(-PIJ

148

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

cos x

0.300
0.301
0.302
0.303
0.304

0.29552
0.29647
0.29743
0.29838
0.29933

02066
53952
02873
48819
91782

61339
31151
25592
89771
69093

57510
42357
74716
53102
19051

532
025
586
518
897

0.95533
0.95504
0.95474
0.95444
0.95414

64891
04912
35384
56308
67687

25606
99993
33968
24485
69450

01964
28826
84359
52692
92289

231
414
763
116
242

0.305
0.306
0.307
0.308
0.309

0.30029
0.30124
0.30220
0.30315
0.30410

31752
68718
02672
33604
61505

09261
56279
56451
56380
02974

52585
67635
07447
39950
53093

026
045
613
549
365

0.95384
0.95354
0,95324
0.95294
0.95263

69525
61825
44589
17820
81523

67727
19130
24430
85350
04568

06164
11990
12121
63513
47552

084
559
945
878
001

0.310
0.311
0.312
0.313
0.314

0.30505
0.30601
0.30696
0.30791
0.30886

86364
08173
26921
42601
55200

43443
25301
96367
04767
98932

50156
45030
57464
08284
14579

564
632
615
189
138

0.95233
0.95202
0.95172
0.95141
0.95110

35698
80351
15483
41098
57199

85713
33367
53066
51295
35494

39784
79558
39561
95271
94302

281
038
711
383
111

0.315
0.316
0.317
0.318
0.319

0.30981
0.31076
0.31171
0.31266
0.31361

64712
71125
74430
74619
71680

27602
39828
84966
12688
72974

84860
14184
79252
33468
01977

120
658
234
402
833

0.95079
0.95048
0.95017
0.94986
0.94954

63789
60870
48447
26523
95099

14053
96311
92562
14047
72959

25664
88923
63269
76481
73811

080
617
094
749
467

0.320
0.321
0.322
0.323
0.324

0.31456
0.31551
0.31646
0.31741
0.31836

65606
56385
44010
28470
09756

16117
92727
53724
50346
34148

76666
11130
15619
51938
28330

176
659
332
844
674

0.94923
0.94892
0.94860
0.94828
0.94796

54180
03769
43869
74482
95613

82440
56583
10427
59963
22130

86757
01754
28762
69764
87164

531
395
501
173
613

0.325
0.326
0.327
0.328
0.329

0.31930
0.32025
0.32120
0.32215
0.32309

87858
62767
34474
02968
68241

57000
71094
28937
83360
87512

94315
35507
68391
35077
98012

718
128
319
048
460

0.94765
0.94733
0.94701
0,94668
0.94636

07264
09438
02139
85370
59134

14815
56853
68025
69063
81642

72098
12639
61918
06147
32541

048
034
976
877
351

0.330
0.331
0.332
0.333
0.334

0.32404
0.32498
0.32593
0.32687
0.32782

30283
89085
44637
96929
45953

94868
59222
34694
75730
37100

34670
32199
82047
74545
93468

020
224
011
756
777

0.94604
0.94571
0.94539
0.94506
0.94473

23435
78275
23658
59587
86065

28386
32866
19598
14042
42606

97152
92611
15765
35228
58837

941
768
535
939
502

0.335
0.336
0.337
0.338
0.339

0.32876
0.32971
0.33065
0.33160
0.33254

91698
34156
73316
09170
41708

73903
41562
95834
92801
88879

10553
79990
32882
71669
64517

241
386
957
766
288

0.94441
0.94408
0.94375
0.94341
0.94308

03096
10683
08829
97537
76811

32643
12448
11264
59275
87612

01006
49997
35085
93637
38092

864
577
413
243
499

0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

0.33348
0.33442
0.33537
O. 33631
0.33725

70921
96799
19332
38512
54328

40814
05684
40903
04216
53706

39678
79816
16300
23460
12813

177
635
519
104
399

0.94275
0.94242
0.94208
0.94174
0.94141

46655
07071
58062
99633
31786

28346
14493
80011
59801
89707

22850
11062
41330
94311
59229

264
025
105
834
468

0.345
0.346
0.347
0.348
0.349

0.33819
0.33913
0.34007
0.34101
0.34195

66772
75834
81505
83774
82634

47791
45227
05108
86866
50276

27257
35228
24823
97891
64093

928
880
531
850
188

0.94107
0.94073
0.94039
0.94005
0.93971

54526
67854
71775
66292
51409

06513
47944
52668
60293
11367

00285
22986
40365
39119
45650

905
218
059
944
473

0.350

0.34289 78074 55451 34918963

[(-~)4]

0.93937 27128 47378 92003 503

[(-PI]

149

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

Table 4.6

cos x

0.350
0.351
0.352
0.353
0.354

0.34289
0.34383
0.34477
O. 34571
0.34665

78074
70085
58658
43783
25451

55451
62847
33263
27841
08071

34918
17681
09467
91058
20819

963
237
102
778
319

0.93937
0.93902
0.93868
0.93833
0.93799

27128
93454
50389
97937
36103

47378
10755
44865
94014
03447

92003
81724
55613
57391
99266

503
321
841
869
461

0.355
0.356
0.357
0.358
0.359

0.34759
0.34852
0.34946
0.35040
0.35133

03652
78377
49617
17363
81604

35784
73161
82729
27364
70292

28543
09276
17091
58840
87868

852
237
064
891
632

0.93764
0.93729
0.93694
0.93659
0.93624

64888
84296
94332
94998
86299

19349
88839
59978
81762
04124

27409
87337
89202
72980
73578

412
915
418
716
312

0.360
0.361
0.362
0.363
0.364

0.35227
0.35320
0.35414
0.35508
0.35601

42332
99538
53211
03343
49923

75089
05683
26351
01729
96801

97684
15610
96384
15734
63913

991
866
608
065
294

0.93589
0.93554
0.93519
0.93483
0.93448

68236
40815
04038
57910
02433

77934
54999
88060
30795
37816

85835
29438
13742
02492
78462

091
322
042
855
165

0.365
0.366
0.367
0.368
0.369

0.35694
0.35788
0.35881
0.35975
0.36068

92944
32396
68268
00552
29239

76911
07756
55391
86229
67042

39203
41380
65142
93504
91160

863
647
021
354
721

0.93412
0.93376
0.93340
0.93304
0.93268

37611
63448
79948
87113
84948

64673
67846
04751
33740
14096

07984
05404
97425
87371
19348

897
739
922
606
871

0.370
0.371
0.372
0.373
0.374

0.36161
0.36254
0.36347
0.36441
0.36534

54319
75783
93621
07825
18384

64961
47479
82448
38085
82970

97803
21412
31502
52343
56131

729
373
813
006
067

0.93232
0.93196
0.93160
0.93123
0.93087

73456
52640
22505
83054
34291

06034
70704
70188
67499
26582

42320
74082
65151
62553
73524

381
737
560
347
125

0.375
0.376
0.377
0.378
0.379

0.36627
0.36720
0.36813
0.36906
0.36999

25290
28534
28105
23995
16194

86047
16625
44381
39357
71964

56137
99809
61843
37211
34164

291
733
251
926
758

0.93050
0.93014
0.92977
0.92940
0.92903

76219
08841
32163
46186
50916

12314
90501
27881
92123
51824

29114
47704
98417
64451
06312

948
265
211
836
328

0.380
0.381
0.382
0.383
0.384

0.37092
0.37184
0.37277
0.37370
0.37463

04694
89484
70556
47899
21506

12982
33562
05224
99862
89741

67184
49909
88020
72083
70366

549
881
096
184
479

0.92866
0.92829
0.92792
0.92754
0.92717

46355
32508
09378
76968
35283

76510
36638
03592
49686
48161

24949
24806
76777
81063
29943

253
858
471
030
792

0.385
0.386
0.387
0.388
0.389

0.37555
0.37648
0.37741
0.37833
0.37926

91367
57472
19812
78378
33161

47501
46155
59093
60081
23263

21610
27762
46681
84790
89706

089
945
397
240
110

0.92679
0.92642
0.92604
0.92566
0.92528

84326
24101
54613
75863
87857

73184
99852
04187
63138
54580

70454
66966
63679
47019
07941

235
223
438
143
297

0.390
0.391
0.392
0.393
0.394

0.38018
0.38111
0.38203
0.38296
0.38388

84151
31339
74716
14272
49999

23161
34675
33087
94059
93636

42823
51860
43373
55222
29011

118
671
349
774
366

0.92490
0.92452
0.92414
0.92376
0.92338

90598
84090
68337
43342
09109

57313
51063
16481
35142
89547

04145
22192
39537
86457
07898

068
776
314
070
401

0.395
0.396
0.397
0.398
0.399

0.38480
0.38573
0.38665
0.38757
0.38849

81888
09928
34110
54427
70867

08245
14697
90188
12300
59002

02477
01854
34186
79611
83601

888
707
658
426
363

0.92299
0.92261
0.92222
0.92183
0.92144

65643
12947
51025
79880
99517

63117
40199
06064
46904
49832

25225
97879
84939
06602
05558

693
040
589
584
150

0.400

0.38941 83423 08650 49166 631

[(-~)5J

0.92106 09940 02885 08279 853

[(-PlJ

150

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

cos x

sin x

0.400
0.401
0.402
0.403
0.404

0.38941
0.39033
0.39125
0.39217
0.39309

83423
92084
96842
97687
94611

08650
39988
32150
64660
17434

49166
29019
17700
43663
61324

631
595
358
363
955

0.92106
0.92067
0.92028
0.91988
0.91949

09940
11151
03157
85959
59563

02885
95020
16118
56976
09315

08279
86221
16919
45007
43137

853
075
248
979
110

0.405
0.406
0.407
0.408
0.409

0.39401
0.39493
0.39585
0.39677
0.39769

87603
76656
61759
42903
20080

70780
05398
02384
43226
09812

43071
71230
29995
97324
36782

820
202
816
356
508

0.91910
0.91870
0.91831
0.91791
0.91751

23971
79189
25219
62067
89735

65774
19913
66209
00060
17781

72800
45073
81253
73416
44875

745
295
568
956
737

0.410
0.411
0.412
0.413
0.414

0.39860
0.39952
0.40044
0.40135
0,40227

93279
62493
27711
88925
46126

84422
49738
88838
85200
22702

89359
65238
35528
23958
98524

380
251
558
010
766

0.91712
0.91672
0.91632
0.91592
0.91551

08228
17549
17704
08695
90527

16605
94682
51081
85785
99696

10547
37232
03796
61266
92832

564
150
202
649
194

0.415
0.416
0.417
0,418
0.419

0.40318
0.40410
0.40501
0.40593
0.40684

99303
48449
93554
34608
71603

85626
58653
26869
75762
91229

63109
49047
06660
96747
82037

550
645
654
939
655

0.91511
0.91471
0.91430
0.91390
0.91349

63204
26730
81109
26344
62441

94631
73322
39416
97475
52975

73753
31180
03880
01872
65972

232
180
251
722
725

0.420
0.421
0.422
0.423
0.424

0.40776
0.40867
0.40958
0.41049
0.41140

04530
33379
58142
78808
95370

59570
67491
02108
50946
01936

18597
47203
84671
15143
81337

279
546
703
980
201

0.91308
0.91268
0.91227
0.91186
0.91145

89403
07233
15937
15518
05981

12308
82776
72597
90901
47728

27243
66357
72866
04379
45647

609
915
996
332
576

0.425
0.426
0.427
0.428
0.429

0.41232
0.41323
0.41414
0.41505
0.41596

07817
16141
20333
20384
16283

43424
64165
53326
00488
95646

75749
31825
15081
14189
32014

435
593
889
067
301

0.91103
0.91062
0.91021
0.90979
0.90938

87329
59567
22698
76727
21659

54033
21681
63449
93022
24998

67564
86066
20950
54591
90577

373
990
808
701
360

0.430
0.431
0.432
0.433
0.434

0.41687
0.41777
0.41868
0.41959
0.42050

08024
95595
78989
58196
33207

29210
92007
75279
70687
70310

76621
52231
50136
39579
58584

692
243
257
028
774

0.90896
0.90854
0.90813
0.90771
0.90729

57496
84244
01906
10488
09991

74885
59097
94960
00709
95484

12247
41143
95366
47844
84510

591
638
563
729
435

0.435
0.436
0.437
0.438
0.439

0.42141
0,42231
0.42322
0.42412
0.42503

04013
70605
32974
91110
45005

66648
52619
21565
67248
83856

04753
26011
11315
81323
79016

684
018
146
456
027

0.90687
0.90644
0.90602
0.90560
0.90517

00422
81785
54083
17320
71502

99336
33221
19003
79452
38245

62385
67577
73181
97096
59747

731
465
601
848
647

0.440
0.441
0.442
0.443
0.444

0.42593
0.42684
0.42774
0.42865
0.42955

94650
40036
81153
17992
50545

65999
08712
07458
58123
57025

60276
84433
04751
58891
59317

972
381
750
823
745

0.90475
0.90432
0.90389
0.90346
0.90304

16632
52714
79753
97753
06718

19963
50093
55027
62061
99394

41716
41286
31889
19473
99766

554
061
904
892
305

0.445
0.446
0.447
0.448
0.449

0.43045
0.43136
0.43226
0.43316
0.43406

78803
02755
22395
37711
48696

00908
86947
12746
76342
76203

83666
65073
82453
50745
11100

443
141
917
219
244

0.90261
0.90217
0.90174
0.90131
0.90088

06653
97562
79449
52319
16175

96132
82279
88745
47341
90780

15457
13291
01061
04523
24210

899
573
718
319
832

0.450

0.43496 55341 11230 21042 084

[( -:)5J

0.90044 71023 52676 92166 884

[(-i)lJ

151

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARG{;MENTS

x

Table 4.6

cos x

sin x

0.450
0.451
0.452
0.453
0.454

0.43496
0.43586
0.43676
0.43766
0.43856

55341
57635
55571
49140
38331

11230
80759
84561
22842
96246

21042
44573
42243
61170
25020

084
567
681
507
568

0.90044
0.90001
0.89957
0.89913
0.89870

71023
16866
53709
81556
00412

52676
67546
70803
98765
88646

92166
28580
98337
67474
59552

884
847
319
569
965

0.455
0.456
0.457
0.458
0.459

0.43946
0.44036
0.44125
0.44215
0.44305

23138
03549
79557
51152
18326

05853
53183
40194
69287
43301

23944
04468
59344
17350
33053

492
918
542
215
008

0.89826
0.89782
0.89738
0.89693
0.89649

10281
11168
03076
86010
59975

78561
07522
15441
43127
32287

11933
31966
53089
90836
98759

463
167
030
721
714

0.460
0.461
0.462
0.463
0.464

0.44394
0.44484
0.44573
0.44663
0.44752

81069
39373
93228
42626
87558

65519
39668
69916
60878
17615

76524
23010
42563
89618
92537

151
752
218
275
506

0.89605
0.89560
0.89516
0.89471
0.89426

24975
81014
28097
66229
95414

25525
66339
99127
69179
22683

24253
64298
21110
57699
53342

639
937
867
908
602

0.465
0.466
0.467
0.468
0.469

0.44842
0.44931
0.45020
0.45110
0.45199

28014
63986
95465
22442
44907

45634
50888
39782
19166
96343

43101
85958
08029
27868
84976

319
244
479
603
342

0.89382
0.89337
0.89292
0.89247
0.89202

15656
26959
29329
22770
07286

06720
69266
59190
26256
21120

58962
52423
93730
80142
01196

873
883
459
134
857

0.470
0.471
0.472
0.473
0.474

0.45288
0.45377
0.45466
0.45555
0.45644

62853
76270
85149
89482
89259

79068
75545
94432
44843
36343

29070
09309
63474
07100
22566

327
736
735
635
671

0.89156
0.89111
0.89066
0.89020
0.88974

82881
49562
07330
56193
96153

95328
01323
92437
22891
47800

93645
96296
04773
26178
33674

402
541
005
292
367

0.475
0.476
0.477
0.478
0.479

0.45733
0.45822
0.45911
0.46000
0.46089

84471
75110
61167
42633
19498

78955
83158
59888
20540
76967

48139
66969
96047
75103
55473

307
994
279
180
739

0.88929
0.88883
0.88837
0.88791
0.88745

27216
49386
62667
67065
62583

23168
05888
53744
25407
80438

20970
56721
38842
48723
05369

288
822
074
197
212

0.480
0.481
0.482
0.483
0.484

0.46177
0.46266
0.46355
0.46443
0.46532

91755
59394
22406
80783
34515

41482
26861
46338
13613
42849

88913
16364
56679
95295
72867

664
968
522
430
132

0.88699
0.88653
0.88606
0.88560
0.88514

49227
27001
95910
55958
07150

79284
83281
54652
56506
52837

19439
47206
44417
20075
90129

995
469
051
401
517

0.485
0.486
0.487
0.488
0.489

0.46620
0.46709
0.46797
0.46886
0.46974

83594
28011
67757
02823
33201

48672
46175
50915
78918
46678

73849
15033
34040
77761
90760

162
451
104
558
024

0.88467
0.88420
0.88374
0.88327
0.88280

49491
82984
07636
23450
30432

08528
89343
61933
93833
53462

31072
33453
55301
75463
46844

223
094
874
416
214

0.490
0.491
0.492
0.493
0.494

0.47062
0.47150
0.47238
0.47327
0.47415

58881
79855
96114
07649
14451

71158
69788
60472
61583
91970

03618
21242
11121
91533
19709

136
715
556
149
261

0.88233
0.88186
0.88138
0.88091
0.88044

28586
17916
98427
70125
33014

10121
33995
96151
68537
23984

49570
44058
23994
69230
98588

547
307
541
763
075

0.495
0.496
0.497
0.498
0.499

0.47503
0.47591
0.47679
0.47766
0.47854

16512
13823
06374
94157
77164

70950
18319
54345
99774
75827

79950
71693
97532
51191
05452

264
150
118
668
099

0.87996
0.87949
0.87901
0.87853
0.87806

87098
32382
68872
96571
15485

36204
79786
30204
63808
57828

22574
96012
70581
47270
28743

157
154
529
917
023

0.500

0.47942 55386 04203 00027 329

[(-:)6J

0.87758 25618 90372 71611 628

[(-PIJ

152

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

cos x

0.500
0.501
0.502
0.503
0.504

0.47942
0.48030
0.48117
0.48205
0.48293

55386
28813
97437
61249
20240

04203
07080
07116
27448
91696

00027
29394
30578
70881
35573

329
947
414
314
583

0.87758
0.87710
0.87662
0.87614
0.87565

25618
26976
19562
03383
78441

90372
40428
87859
13407
98689

71611
38630
50795
39357
97748

628
733
903
847
295

0.505
0.506
0.507
0.508
0.509

0.48380
0.48468
0.48555
0.48643
0.48730

74403
23727
68204
07826
42584

23960
48823
91355
77106
32116

15529
94818
38243
78840
05316

617
170
967
928
931

0.87517
0.87469
0.87420
0.87371
0.87323

44744
02294
51098
91160
22484

26201
79311
42264
00180
39053

33418
19588
46912
75052
84166

203
355
391
318
561

0.510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514

0.48817
0.48904
0.48992
0.49079
0.49166

72468
97471
17583
32796
43101

82907
56492
80371
82532
91455

49450
73435
57187
85582
35667

013
934
006
104
778

0.87274
0.87225
0.87176
0.87127
0.87078

45076
58941
64083
60507
48219

45751
08013
14454
54560
18687

26310
76750
85187
26898
53787

581
129
176
565
441

0.515
0.516
0.517
0.518
0.519

0.49253
0.49340
0.49427
0.49514
0.49601

48490
48953
44482
35068
20703

36108
45953
50944
81528
68647

63810
92799
98899
98859
36861

364
025
617
309
855

0.87029
0.86979
0.86930
0.86881
0.86831

27222
97523
59126
12036
56258

98065
84793
71841
53049
23126

45347
59540
83584
84660
60524

504
132
429
240
189

0.520
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524

0.49688
0.49774
0.49861
0.49948
0.50034

01378
77084
47812
13555
74302

43736
38729
86055
18641
69914

71433
62299
57189
78596
10484

446
043
109
658
518

0.86781
0.86732
0.86682
0.86632
0.86582

91796
18657
36844
46363
47218

77649
13065
26688
16698
82144

90038
83614
33565
64378
82893

785
647
898
779
524

0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529

0.50121
0.50207
0.50294
0.50380
0.50467

30046
80778
26489
67171
02815

73797
64718
77603
47881
11483

84942
68796
50161
24954
83349

748
092
411
981
596

0.86532
0.86482
0.86431
0.86381
0.86331

39416
22960
97856
64109
21723

22941
39868
34571
09560
68210

28399
22644
19753
56071
99902

561
077
996
436
671

0.530
0.531
0,532
0.533
0.534

0.50553
0.50639
0.50725
0.50811
0.50898

33412
58953
79431
94836
05160

04846
64911
29121
35431
22300

96181
01306
89905
92741
66364

366
143
473
999
220

0.86280
0.86230
0.86179
0.86128
0.86077

70705
11058
42788
65901
80400

14761
54312
92829
37140
94932

01180
41041
81312
13920
10201

670
248
894
311
726

0.535
0.536
0.537
0.538
0.539

0.50984
0.51070
0.51156
0.51241
0.51327

10394
10529
05558
95471
80260

28695
94093
58481
62356
46726

79260
97962
73096
25387
31605

534
456
946
754
686

0.86026
0.85975
0.85924
0.85873
0.85822

86292
83581
72273
52372
23884

74755
86021
39001
44824
15482

70140
71507
18926
92837
98393

025
760
068
581
339

0.540
0.541
0.542
0.543
0.544

0.51413
0.51499
0.51585
0.51670
0.51756

59916
34431
03796
68002
27041

53113
23551
00588
27290
47234

10467
08484
85758
01726
00855

728
914
874
969
920

0.85770
0.85719
0.85667
0.85616
0,85564

86813
41166
86946
24160
52812

63824
03555
49241
16304
21022

14253
41303
51282
35326
52425

797
947
623
032
567

0.545
0.546
0.547
0.548
0.549

0.51841
0.51927
0.52012
0.52098
0.52183

80905
29584
73071
11356
44432

04516
43752
10073
49129
07094

98283
65410
15436
88849
38858

861
714
812
675
868

0.85512
0.85460
0.85408
0.85356
0.85304

72907
84452
87450
81907
67829

80530
12819
36734
71975
39096

77799
51181
25018
12587
36027

957
787
472
703
442

0.550

0.52268 72289 30659 16778 838

[( -ll7]

0.85252 45220 59505 74280 498

[( -PI]

153

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

x

sin x

Table 4.6

cos x

0.550
0.551
0.552
0.553
0.554

0.52268
0.52353
0.52439
0.52524
0.52609

72289
94919
12314
24465
31364

30659
67038
63969
69712
33053

16778
57359
64065
94301
44585

838
653
565
297
976

0.85252
0.85200
0.85147
0.85095
0.85042

45220
14086
74432
26263
69585

59505
55464
50084
67333
32026

74280
10953
82092
23867
20180

498
761
114
110
431

0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559

0.52694
0.52779
0.52864
0.52949
0.53033

33002
29370
20460
06264
86773

03301
30292
64391
56488
58002

35674
97627
54824
10933
33815

635
180
757
415
002

0.84990
0.84937
0.84884
0.84831
0.84778

04402
30721
48545
57881
58734

69831
07267
71701
91352
95285

50182
35704
88608
58049
77652

218
287
318
047
517

0.560
0.561
0.562
0.563
0.564

0.53118
0.53203
0.53287
0.53372
0.53457

61979
31872
96446
55691
09598

20883
97610
41195
05179
43639

40385
81418
26300
47726
06347

187
533
543
585
607

0.84725
0.84672
0.84619
0.84565
0.84512

51110
35012
10448
77421
35938

13416
76506
16165
64850
55863

12609
06683
29136
21564
44654

452
799
481
438
991

0.565
0.566
0.567
0.568
0.569

0.53541
0.53626
0.53710
0.53794
0.53878

58160
01367
39212
71686
98780

11183
62956
54637
42441
83121

35362
25057
07291
39926
91211

572
521
168
969
553

0.84458
0.84405
0.84351
0.84297
0.84244

86004
27624
60803
85547
01861

23353
02313
28580
38838
70611

24855
00958
70603
36691
53715

579
945
796
011
445

0.570
0.571
0.572
0.573
0.574

0.53963
0.54047
0.54131
0.54215
0.54299

20487
36797
47702
53195
53266

33969
52812
98021
28505
03714

24099
80524
65614
31859
63213

446
005
465
028
905

0.84190
0.84136
0.84082
0.84027
0.83973

09751
09222
00279
82928
57175

62268
53020
82920
92863
24582

74013
93925
99876
14368
41893

376
658
632
839
605

0.575
0.576
0.577
0.578
0.579

0.54383
0.54467
0.54551
0.54634
0.54718

47906
37109
20865
99165
72002

83642
28825
00342
59818
69423

59158
18694
24296
25797
24232

222
718
136
231
321

0.83919
0.83864
0.83810
0.83755
0.83701

23024
80481
29551
70241
02555

20654
24493
80354
33330
29351

14757
38825
39176
05683
38499

543
019
658
918
807

0.580
0.581
0.582
0.583
0.584

0.54802
0.54886
0.54969
0.55053
0.55136

39367
01252
57649
08548
53942

91873
90432
28912
71672
83624

55618
74682
38538
90300
42652

270
851
382
563
424

0.83646
0.83591
0.83536
0.83481
0.83426

26499
42078
49298
48164
38683

15186
38442
47559
91816
21326

93465
27434
43511
36205
36508

789
927
337
988
907

0.585
0.586
0.587
0.588
0.589

0.55219
0.55303
0.55386
0.55469
0.55552

93823
28181
57009
80299
98041

30227
77494
91989
40829
91685

61353
48692
26889
21434
44380

309
799
504
637
278

0.83371
0.83315
0.83260
0.83205
0.83149

20858
94697
60204
17385
66245

87037
40732
35026
23370
60044

56877
36143
84331
27399
51895

861
543
337
720
332

0.590
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594

0.55636
0.55719
0.55802
0.55885
0.55968

10229
16852
17904
13375
03258

12783
72905
41388
88127
83575

77572
55827
50056
50327
48880

254
556
192
409
201

0.83094
0.83038
0.82982
0.82926
0.82870

06791
39026
62959
78593
85934

00163
99672
15348
04797
26455

49524
61643
23660
09361
75147

800
346
255
243
786

0.595
0.596
0.597
0.598
0.599

0.56050
0.56133
0.56216
0.56299
0.56381

87544
66226
39293
06739
68555

98744
05205
75090
81092
96468

23078
18307
30821
90525
43709

004
516
541
792
545

0.82814
0.82758
0.82702
0.82646
0.82589

84988
75761
58257
32484
98446

39590
04294
81491
32932
21193

04193
50517
82974
29164
19254

468
407
799
660
799

0.600

0.56464 24733 95035 35720 095

[( -78)7J

0.82533 56149 09678 29724 095

[( -PIJ

154

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCl:LAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

cos x

sin x

0.600
0.601
0.602
0.603
0.604

0.56464
0.56546
0.56629
0.56711
0.56793

24733
75265
20142
59356
92899

95035
51175
39837
36531
17336

35720
93580
08553
18642
91043

095
897
336
028
574

0.82533
0.82477
0.82420
0.82363
0.82307

56149
05598
46800
79760
04483

09678
62617
45065
22901
62830

29724
27022
11146
59135
68484

095
123
193
858
934

0.605
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.609

0.56876
0.56958
0.57040
0.57122
0.57204

20762
42938
59418
70194
75257

58900
38434
33722
23115
85537

04538
31827
21808
81800
59705

687
607
719
299
300

0.82250
0.82193
0.82136
0.82079
0.82022

20976
29243
29292
21127
04753

32380
99900
34564
06368
86127

00471
23403
55786
09403
32317

116
216
102
380
893

0.610
0.611
0.612
D.613
0.614

0.57286
0.57368
0.57450
0.57532
0.57614

74601
68215
56093
38225
14604

00481
48012
08770
63966
95387

26119
56380
12563
25415
76236

098
III
221
904
989

0.81964
0.81907
0.81850
0.81792
0.81734

80178
47406
06443
57296
99969

45479
56882
93612
29766
40259

51790
17114
42372
49108
08915

075
225
770
549
198

0.615
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619

0.57695
0.57777
0.57859
0.57940
0.58022

85222
50071
09141
62426
09916

85396
16931
73507
39217
98732

78697
60606
45614
34861
88572

975
809
047
330
073

0.81677
0.81619
0.81561
0.81503
0.81445

34469
60800
78970
88984
90847

00822
88007
79180
52524
87037

85945
79339
65565
40689
62551

685
051
411
288
318

0.620
0.621
D.622
0.623
0.624

0.58103
0.58184
0.58266
0.58347
0.58428

51605
87483
17542
41775
60174

37305
40765
95525
88579
07505

07584
14825
36729
84595
35888

296
522
641
681
387

0.81387
0.81329
0.81271
0.81213
0.81154

84566
70146
47593
16913
78111

62533
59641
59801
45270
99116

92868400
39252 335
97147 027
91684 290
19458 331

0.625
0.626
0.627
0.628
0.629

0.58509
0.58590
0.58671
0.58752
0.58833

72729
79433
80279
75257
64359

40462
76194
04032
13891
96274

15480
76836
83139
88356
18246

540
923
861
252
006

0.81096
0.81037
0.80979
0.80920
0.80861

31195
76168
13038
41809
62489

05217
48267
13768
88032
58182

90218
68483
15067
28536
86569

953
556
973
214
178

0.630
0.631
0.632
0.633
0.634

0.58914
0.58995
0.59075
0.59156
0.59237

47579
24907
96335
61856
21462

42269
43555
92400
81661
04785

51311
99690
89983
44033
59635

811
151
484
509
440

0.80802
0.80743
0.80684
0.80625
0.80566

75083
79596
76035
64405
44713

12151
38679
27315
68414
53140

87252
90282
58094
96904
97676

371
722
522
569
566

0.635
0.636
0.637
0.638
0.639

0.59317
0.59398
0.59478
0.59559
0.59639

75143
22893
64703
00565
30471

55812
29375
20697
25599
40494

91193
30315
86352
66873
58084

198
454
425
364
641

0.80507
0.80447
0.80388
0.80328
0.80269

16964
81165
37320
85437
25521

73462
22155
92798
79775
78276

77004
17917
10598
93030
91556

837
411
548
752
338

0.640
0.641
0.642
0.643
0.644

0.59719
0.59799
0.59879
0.59959
0.60039

54413
72383
84374
90376
90382

62392
88897
18215
49145
81087

05188
92681
24594
04673
16496

355
375
757
426
070

0.80209
0.80149
0.80089
0.80030
O. 79970

57578
81614
97636
05648
05657

84292
94617
06847
19380
31415

61358
26862
22056
30729
26635

611
715
216
469
842

D.645
0.646
0.647
0.648
0.649

0.60119
0.60199
0.60279
0.60359
0.60439

84385
72375
54345
30288
00194

14041
48606
85984
27978
76993

03535
49156
56561
28662
47908

151
949
576
868
070

0.79909
0.79849
0.79789
0.79729
0.79668

97669
81690
57726
25783
85868

42951
54786
68519
86546
12061

13571
65377
65855
48612
36819

848
243
159
327
444

0.650

0.60518 64057 36039 56037 252

-~)8]

[(

O. 79608 37985 49055 82891 760

[(-Pi]

155

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

Table 4.6

cos x

0.650
0.651
0.652
0.653
0.654

0.60518
0.60598
0.60677
0.60757
0.60836

64057
21868
73618
19302
58909

36039
08730
99284
12527
53891

56037
33782
80505
93778
48897

252
358
818
646
929

O. 79608
O. 79547
O. 79487
O. 79426
0.79365

37985
82142
18343
46596
66907

49055
02318
77432
80778
19531

82891
08089
42041
62180
33114

760
927
183
929
757

0.655
0.656
0.657
0.658
0.659

0.60915
0.60995
0.61074
0.61153
0.61232

92433
19865
41198
56423
65533

29414
45745
10140
30466
15201

78343
51174
52364
62074
34867

652
755
359
073
307

O. 79304
O. 79243
O. 79182
O. 79121
O. 79060

79281
83724
80243
68843
49532

01659
35925
31885
99886
51069

45900
57253
28666
65458
55734

987
785
909
154
550

0.660
0.661
0.662
0.663
0.664

0.61311
0.61390
0.61469
0.61548
0.61627

68519
65375
56091
40660
19075

73433
14865
49810
89197
44570

78861
34819
55178
83019
30974

515
272
137
186
165

O. 78999
0.78937
O. 78876
O. 78814
O. 78753

22314
87197
44186
93287
34506

97365
51494
26970
38093
99953

09278
96354
86436
86857
81380

382
080
061
558
523

0.665
0.666
0.667
0.668
0.669

0.61705
0.61784
0.61863
0.61941
0.62020

91327
57408
17311
71027
18550

28086
52521
31267
78333
08348

60071
58518
20428
24475
12498

171
785
576
901
919

O. 78691
O. 78629
0.78568
0.78506
O. 78444

67851
93326
10938
20693
22598

28428
40184
52672
84132
53587

68686
00789
21368
04022
90446

643
551
279
017
244

0.670
0.671
0.672
0.673
0.674

0.62098
0.62176
0.62255
0.62333
0.62411

59870
94980
23873
46540
62974

36559
78835
51665
72160
58052

68035
94799
95092
48154
88456

744
654
281
700
349

O. 78382
O. 78320
0.78257
0.78195
O. 78133

16658
02880
81270
51835
14579

80849
86510
91948
19324
91581

28530
10376
10240
22393
98907

294
414
374
698
578

0.675
0.676
0.677
0.678
0.679

0.62489
0.62567
0.62645
0.62723
0.62801

73167
77111
74797
66220
51370

27699
00082
94805
32101
32827

83921
14094
48239
23383
22288

682
496
849
477
658

O. 78070
O. 78008
O. 77945
O. 77882
O. 77820

69511
16635
55959
87488
11228

32446
66425
18805
15655
83820

87358
68455
93590
22308
59699

526
830
877
414
786

0.680
0.681
0.682
0.683
0.684

0.62879
0.62957
0.63034
0.63112
0.63189

30240
02822
69108
29091
82762

18468
11138
33578
09159
61884

51370
18547
11028
73043
83499

418
018
644
207
197

O. 77757
O. 77694
O. 77631
O. 77568
O. 77505

27187
35370
35783
28434
13327

50927
45381
96362
33829
88518

93718
32416
41105
79438
38411

239
339
566
156
247

0.685
0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689

0.63267
0.63344
0.63422
0.63499
0.63576

30115
71140
05832
34181
56180

16386
97929
32410
46361
66947

33585
04308
43963
45549
24110

498
084
542
306
566

0.77441
O. 77378
O. 77315
O. 77251
O. 77188

90470
59869
21530
75460
21664

91938
76376
74891
21318
50263

77293
60473
94232
63436
68154

390
500
293
286
418

0.690
0.691
0.692
0.693
0.694

0.63653
0.63730
0.63807
0.63884
0.63961

71822
81098
84001
80523
70657

21967
39859
49694
81182
64670

94023
46216
25323
06781
73855

743
467
984
899
200

0.77124
0.77060
O. 76997
0.76933
O. 76869

6014997106
90922 97998
13989 89862
29357 10392
37030 98049

60197
79579
90904
19670
88505

354
541
069
418
132

0.695
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699

0.64038
0.64115
0.64192
0.64268
0.64345

54395
31729
02651
67154
25230

31146
12236
40207
47966
69063

94603
98782
54680
45892
48031

464
185
136
698
063

0.76805
0.76741
O. 76677
O. 76612
O. 76548

37017
29324
13956
90921
60224

53315
39366
77279
38958
73431

502
321
757
434
759

0.700

0.64421 76872 37691 05367 261

[(-:)8J

92068
32449
59961
16142
43294

0.7648421872 8448842625 586

[( -PIJ

156

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCVLAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sm x

cos x

D. 700
0.701
0.702
0.703
0.704

0.64421
0.64498
0.64574
0.64650
0.64727

76872
22071
60821
93113
18940

37691
88685
57525
80337
93892

05367
07414
65445
88940
61979

261
902
583
870
783

O. 76484
0.76419
O. 76355
0.76290
O. 76225

21872
75872
22230
60953
92046

84488
83558
85105
34492
77847

42625
57055
11442
20253
53166

586
252
075
368
023

0.705
0.706
0.707
0.708
0.709

0.64803
0.64879
0.64955
0.65031
0.65107

38295
51169
57555
57446
50833

35607
43546
56422
13597
55081

19561
23864
40438
14335
46169

705
641
747
062
354

0.76161
O. 76096
0.76031
0.75966
0.75901

15517
31372
39617
40259
33304

62061
34787
44439
40193
71984

70453
58298
64022
31253
34997

752
030
815
107
406

0.710
0.711
0.712
O. 713
0.714

0.65183
0.65259
0.65334
0.65410
0.65486

37710
18068
91900
59199
19957

21536
54275
95261
87111
73096

68121
19866
24450
64083
55888

013
915
173
709
565

O. 75836
0.75770
O. 75705
0.75640
O. 75574

18759
96631
66925
29649
84809

90508
47219
94330
84811
72391

16654
18942
20755
71940
28003

146
159
235
852
128

O. 715
0.716
0.717
0.718
0.719

0.65561
0.65637
0.65712
0.65787
0.65863

74166
21820
62909
97427
25366

97140
03821
38376
46694
75324

27566
93009
27837
44880
69585

883
463
851
853
417

O. 75509
O. 75443
0.75378
O. 75312
0.75246

32412
72463
04970
29939
47378

11552
57536
66335
94701
00135

84730
12745
91983
46092
76755

074
203
563
263
558

0.720
0.721
0.722
0.723
0.724

0.65938
0.66013
0.66088
0.66163
0.66238

46719
61478
69636
71185
66117

71473
83004
58443
46973
98439

15361
58862
15198
13079
69907

800
952
027
967
065

O. 75180
O. 75114
0.75048
0.74982
O. 74916

57291
59686
54570
41949
21830

40894
75987
65174
68966
48626

97944
70091
34189
45814
09078

549
576
363
983
707

0.725
0.726
0.727
0.728
0.729

0.66313
0.66388
0.66463
0.66537
0.66612

54426
36103
11142
79534
41272

63349
92872
38839
53748
90759

66778
23443
73184
37633
01524

441
354
280
666
309

0.74849
0.74783
0.74717
O. 74650
O. 74584

94219
59123
16549
66503
08992

66165
84344
66673
77410
81559

10497
52795
88624
54215
02955

806
369
209
910
103

0.730
0.731
0.732
0.733
0.734

0.66686
0.66761
0.66835
0.66910
0.66984

96350
44758
86490
21539
49897

03697
47057
75996
46342
14589

87373
30099
51573
35102
99849

259
195
181
739
159

0.74517
0.74450
0.74383
0.74317
O. 74250

44023
71602
91736
04431
09695

44870
33841
15714
58475
30855

38879
50102
42167
71321
77713

013
364
693
153
862

0.735
0.736
0.737
0.738
0.739

0.67058
0.67132
0.67206
0.67280
0.67354

71556
86509
94749
96269
91060

37903
74117
81736
19936
48565

75177
74942
71700
70863
84779

973
523
537
650
796

O. 74183
O. 74115
0.74048
0.73981
0.73914

07534
97954
80963
56567
24772

02328
43109
24156
17168
94586

18528
01033
15559
68402
14660

866
791
237
998
158

0.740
O. 741
0.742
O. 743
0.744

0.67428
0.67502
0.67576
0.67650
0.67723

79116
60429
34991
02796
63836

28145
19868
85605
87900
89971

06748
84968
96417
20669
13633

388
216
996
485
096

O. 73846
O. 73779
O. 73711
O. 73644
0.73576

85587
39016
85068
23749
55065

29587
96092
68756
22975
34881

90979
48243
84181
75897
12335

142
787
492
532
582

0.745
O. 746
O. 747
O. 748
0.749

0.67797
0.67870
0.67944
0.68017
0.68090

18104
65592
06293
40199
67304

55714
49704
37191
84105
57056

81235
53032
55745
86745
87450

936
193
803
313
880

O. 73508
O. 73440
O. 73373
0.73305
O. 73237

79023
95631
04894
06821
01416

81341
39960
89077
07766
75833

26664
28591
36602
10125
81627

537
681
285
695
975

0.750

0.68163 87600 23334 16673 324

[(-~)9]

O. 73168 88688 73820 88631 184

[(-PI]

157

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCl'LAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

Table 4.6

cos x

0.750
0.751
0.752
0.753
O. 754

0.68163
0.68237
0.68310
0.68383
0.68456

87600
01079
07735
07559
00545

23334
50908
08431
65237
91345

16673
23885
22423
62625
04892

324
163
554
080
285

O. 73168
0.73100
O. 73032
O. 72964
0.72895

0.755
0.756
0.757
0.758
0.759

0.68528
0.68601
0.68674
0.68747
0.68819

86686
65974
38401
03962
62647

57454
34953
95911
13086
59922

92691
25484
31587
40963
57950

917
772
089
419
885

O. 72827 15431 82687 42395 268

O. 72758 58904 92503 49472 750
O. 72689 95102 16489 70515 436
0.72621 24030 41026 27404 867
0.72552 45696 53220 31961 494

0.760
0.761
0.762
0.763
O. 764

0.68892
0.68964
0.69036
0.69109
0.69181

14451
59365
97383
28497
52700

10551
39792
23154
36835
57724

33914
39835
38826
58582
63761

776
383
030
200
700

0.72483
0.72414
0.72345
O. 72276
O. 72207

60107
67269
67190
59877
45336

40905
92639
97707
46116
28598

17233
68715
55489
61298
15545

969
814
548
318
123

0.765
0.766
0.767
0.768
0.769

0.69253
0.69325
0.69397
0.69469
0.69541

69985
80345
83772
80259
69800

63401
32137
42896
75335
09807

28295
07631
10903
73038
26789

794
223
039
195
802

0.72138
0.72068
0.71999
0.71930
O. 71860

23574
94598
58415
15033
64457

36606
62317
98627
39157
78243

24219
00753
96800
32949
29362

693
084
072
410
010

0.770
0.771
0.772
0.773
0.774

0.69613
0.69685
0.69756
0.69828
0.69900

52386
28011
96667
58347
13045

27356
09725
39351
99368
73609

74701
61005
43442
65024
25718

988
296
524
972
983

0.71791
0.71721
O. 71651
O. 71581
0.71512

06696
41755
69642
90364
03928

10943
33033
41008
32078
04171

36337
64806
16757
15581
36356

129
626
355
770
807

O. 775
O. 776
0.777
0.778
0.779

0.69971
O. 70043
0.70114
O. 70185
0.70256

60753
01464
35170
61865
81541

46603
03580
30469
13900
41203

54062
78713
99923
60948
19385

747
256
379
949
818

0.71442
0.71372
0.71302
0.71231
0.71161

10340
09608
01739
86740
64618

55931
86716
96600
86370
57525

36051
83660
90273
39059
15198

117
709
093
972
564

0.780
0.781
0.782
0.783
0.784

0.70327
O. 70398
O. 70469
O. 70540
O. 70611

94192
99809
98387
89918
74395

00410
80256
70180
60324
41535

18436
58108
66337
70046
66131

790
374
280
581
480

O. 71091
O. 71020
O. 70950
O. 70880
O. 70809

35380
99032
55582
05038
47405

12277
53550
84980
10910
36395

35721
79296
15931
36614
82877

626
239
435
737
671

0.785
0.786
0.787
O. 788
0.789

O. 70682
O. 70753
0.70823
O. 70894
O. 70964

51811
22158
85430
41620
90720

05365
44073
50625
18692
42656

92374
98290
15901
30436
50970

614
801
193
730
857

0.70738
O. 70668
O. 70597
O. 70526
0.70455

82691
10904
32049
46135
53168

67199
09793
71355
59771
83632

76290
47885
67509
73107
99934

330
059
330
880
173

0.790
0.791
0.792
0.793
0.794

0.71035
O. 71105
0.71175
O. 71246
O. 71316

32724
67624
95414
16086
29633

17607
39345
04380
09933
53937

80981
88841
78239
58529
15005

403
574
979
620
776

O. 70384
0.70313
O. 70242
0.70171
O. 70099

53156
46105
32023
10917
82793

52236
75582
64376
30026
84643

09691
19602
31409
60306
63792

278
208
812
275
314

0.795
0.796
O. 797
0.798
0.799

O. 71386
O. 71456
0.71526
O. 71596
O. 71665

36049
35326
27458
12436
90256

35036
52590
06672
98066
28277

79112
98579
07482
96241
81536

713
148
391
109
630

O. 70028
0.69957
0.69885
0.69814
0.69742

47660
05524
56392
00271
37169

41039
12728
13922
59535
65179

70466
08742
35499
64661
95703

123
151
779
971
964

0.800

0.71735 60908 99522 76162 718

[(-:)9J

88688
68643
41288
06630
64676

73820
83000
85375
63683
01388

88631
05659
76111
44059
85978

184
342
160
608
367

0.69670 67093 47165 42092 075

[(-l)9J

158

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

cos x

sin x

0.800
0.801
0.802
0.803
0.804

0.71735
O. 71805
O. 71874
0.71944
0.72013

60908
24388
80686
29797
71714

99522
14736
77571
92397
64303

76162
58803
43741
50488
73354

718
753
255
651
263

0.69670
0.69598
0.69527
0.69455
0.69383

67093
90050
06047
15091
17189

47165
22499
08886
24727
89116

42092
59652
74871
13123
26831

075
695
538
218
236

0.805
0.806
0.807
0.808
0.809

O. 72083 06429 99098 50932 396

O. 72152 33937 03310 35522 503
O. 72221 54228 84188 62476 322
O. 72359 73139 08550 15721 677

0.69311
0.69239
0.69166
0.69094
0.69022

12350
00579
81884
56273
23752

21844
43394
74945
38365
56214

23558
94027
40074
02528
89026

425
956
951
784
151

0.810
0.8ll
0.812
0.813
0.814

0.72428
0.72497
0.72566
O. 72635
0.72703

71743
63105
47217
24072
93664

70142
44620
42849
76416
57636

51092
85175
06266
00277
19583

818
959
069
085
027

0.68949
0.68877
0.68804
0.68732
0.68659

84329
38011
84805
24719
57759

51747
48903
72316
47306
99881

01754
65129
53394
18165
15892

964
158
472
280
545

0.815
0.816
0.817
0.818
0.819

0.72772
0.72841
O. 72909
O. 72977
O. 73046

55985
11030
58790
99259
32430

99550
15926
21260
30776
60427

51786
88414
93542
72343
39565

534
775
651
223
302

0.68586
0.68514
0.68441
0.68368
0.68295

83934
03250
15714
21335
20118

56737
45257
93509
30246
84907

35262
24529
18772
67094
59742

969
414
652
544
692

0.820
0.821
0.822
0.823
0.824

O. 73114
O. 73182
0.73250
O. 73318
O. 73386

58297
76852
88089
92001
88581

26895
47595
40670
24998
20187

87938
56503
98872
51414
01366

131
084
320
329
283

0.68222
0.68148
0.68075
0.68002
0.67929

12072
97204
75521
47030
11740

87613
69169
61060
95457
05207

55166
07005
91008
31885
30088

656
802
857
232
213

0.825
0.826
0.827
0.828
0.829

0.73454
O. 73522
O. 73590
O. 73658
O. 73725

77822
59718
34261
01446
61264

46578
25249
78008
27404
96715

54873
04953
99391
08557
93150

150
477
793
557
579

0.67855
0.67782
0.67708
0.67635
0.67561

69656
20786
65139
02720
33538

23839
85563
25264
78508
81536

88530
39229
69888
50409
59331

058
106
949
750
781

0.830
0.831
0.832
0.833
0.834

O. 73793
O. 73860
O. 73927
O. 73995
O. 74062

13711
58777
96458
26746
49635

09962
91899
68020
64557
08481

71872
89026
82039
48913
15603

858
752
434
544
989

0.67487
0.67413
0.67339
0.67265
0.67191

57600
74913
85485
89323
86434

71267
85293
61885
39984
59207

10211
77928
24928
27394
01352

246
481
580
537
983

0.835
0.836
0.837
0.838
0.839

0.74129
0.74196
O. 74263
O. 74330
O. 74397

65117
73186
73836
67059
52849

27503
50074
05390
23383
34732

03320
95758
06248
44844
85324

808
049
576
755
932

0.67117
0.67043
0.66969
0.66895
0.66820

76826
60506
37482
07761
71351

59842
82850
69864
63185
05786

28712
83235
56439
83438
68708

570
098
445
385
357

0.840
0.841
0.842
0.843
0.844

0.74464
0.74531
O. 74597
O. 74664
0.74730

31199
02103
65554
21545
70070

70859
63927
46848
53275
17609

32125
87199
16798
18184
86260

657
577
923
539
385

0.66746
0.66671
0.66597
0.66522
0.66447

28258
78491
22056
58962
89216

41308
14059
69016
51824
08791

11792
32935
98654
47240
14192

267
396
482
065
152

0.845
0.846
0.847
0.848
0.849

O. 74797
O. 74863
O. 74929
0.74995
O. 75062

11121
44693
70779
89371
00464

74999
61339
13273
68190
64233

80133
89598
01550
66317
63922

429
886
724
368
547

0.66373
0.66298
0.66223
0.66148
0.66073

12824
29796
40137
43857
40961

86891
33764
97713
27703
73363

57589
83391
70674
96802
62530

286
100
409
946
783

0.850

O. 75128 04051 40292 70271 207

0.72290 67298 49704 19472 935

[( -l)9]

0.65998 31458 84982 17039 542

[(-~)9J

159

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

Table 4.6

cos x

0.850
0.851
0.852
0.853
0.854

O. 75128
0.75194
0.75259
O. 75325
O. 75391

04051
00125
88679
69708
43204

40292
36009
91775
48737
48790

70271
23260
88815
26849
57151

207
432
295
594
380

0.65998
0.65923
0.65847
0.65772
0.65697

31458
15356
92661
63381
27524

84982
13509
10556
28392
19944

17039
82909
81024
55410
98010

542
449
321
547
152

0.855
0.856
0.857
0.858
0.859

0.75457
0.75522
O. 75588
0.75653
0.75718

09161
67572
18431
61731
97466

34586
49528
37776
44244
14602

25193
67867
79144
75659
62217

237
227
450
143
260

0.65621
0.65546
0.65470
0.65395
0.65319

85097
36108
80564
18474
49843

38799
39199
76042
04884
81933

73388
43373
91635
48193
13861

013
300
218
134
148

0.860
0.861
0.862
0.863
0.864

O. 75784
0.75849
O. 75914
O. 75979
O. 76044

25628
46213
59212
64620
62430

95276
33451
77068
74826
76186

97229
58068
06350
53141
24087

459
441
566
684
122

0.65243
0.65167
0.65092
0.65016
0.64940

74681
92995
04791
10079
08865

64051
08756
74216
19251
03332

84627
75966
47091
25131
29254

203
794
357
418
574

0.865
0.866
0.867
0.868
0.869

O. 76109
0.76174
O. 76239
O. 76303
O. 76368

52636
35230
10208
77561
37284

31366
91346
07866
33429
21299

24465
04168
22598
13500
49706

750
073
272
144
858

0.64864
0.64787
0.64711
0.64635
0.64559

01156
86962
66288
39144
05536

86580
29767
94312
42282
36391

94718
96858
75010
56369
79782

373
196
176
276
561

0.870
0.871
0,872
0.873
0.874

O. 76432
0.76497
O. 76561
0.76625
0.76690

89370
33813
70606
99742
21217

25505
00837
02852
87869
12977

07814
32779
02438
91953
38182

480
191
134
834
114

0.64482
0.64406
0.64329
0.64253
0.64176

65472
18960
66007
06621
40810

40001
17117
32390
51117
39234

19477
08727
63447
05733
87329

766
234
280
091
202

0.875
0.876
0.877
0.878
0.879

O. 76754 35022 36027 03963 458

O. 76818 41152 15638 42337 736
O. 76882 39600 11198 60682 252
O. 76946 30359 82862 84773 027
O. 77010 13424 91555 22769 271

0.64099
0.64022
0.63946
0.63869
0.63792

68581
89942
04901
13466
15643

63325
90610
88955
26862
73477

13035
64049
21244
88380
15258

656
903
528
872
639

0.880
0.881
0.882
0.883
0.884

O. 77073
0.77137
O. 77201
O. 77264
O. 77328

88788
56445
16388
68611
13107

98969
67568
60587
42032
76680

29120
68399
79051
37074
19618

965
506
337
497
049

0.63715
0.63638
0.63560
0.63483
0.63406

11441
00868
83931
60638
30997

98580
72592
66570
52208
01835

20801
16079
27264
18529
14874

550
131
710
695
218

0.885
0.886
0.887
0.888
0.889

O. 77391
O. 77454
0.77518
O. 77581
0.77644

49871
78895
00174
13701
19470

30081
68560
59214
69915
69310

68504
53673
36552
33343
78237

290
706
600
321
045

0.63328
0.63251
0.63174
0.63096
0.63018

95U14
52699
04059
49102
87834

88415
85546
67460
09021
85724

24894
63485
74481
53235
69127

213
020
571
256
530

0.890
0.891
0.892
0.893
0.894

0.77707
0.77770
O. 77832
O. 77895
0.77958

17475
07709
90165
64839
31723

26823
12654
97778
53950
53704

86549
17776
38577
85676
28683

033
316
722
211
432

0.62941
0.62863
0.62785
0.62707
0.62629

20265
46402
66252
79824
87125

73696
49694
91105
75942
82849

88020
94643
14919
38222
39581

355
540
057
428
242

0.895
0.896
0.897
0.898
0.899

O. 78020
0.78083
0.78145
0.78208
0.78270

90811
42097
85575
21238
49080

70350
77980
51465
66458
99392

32846
21716
39740
14771
20508

443
548
163
667
171

0.62551
0.62473
0.62395
0.62317
0.62239

88163
82946
71482
53778
29842

91096
80578
31818
25961
44779

01810
37587
11458
61790
22654

880
545
656
683
524

0.900

O. 78332 69096 27483 38846 138

[<-PI]

0.62160 99682 70664 45648 472

[<-~)8J

160

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

cos x

0.900
0.901
0.902
0.903
0.904

O. 78332
O. 78394
0.78456
0.78518
O. 78580

69096
81278
85620
82117
70762

27483
28730
81914
66602
63143

38846
22159
55501
18722
48518

138
796
279
439
260

0.62160
0.62082
0.62004
0.61925
0.61847

99682
63306
20722
71938
16961

70664
86633
76323
23992
14519

45648
21658
02558
22842
21204

472
870
530
983
658

0.905
0.906
0.907
0.908
0.909

0.78642
0.78704
0.78765
0.78827
O. 78888

51549
24472
89524
46700
95992

52674
17115
39174
02347
90915

00391
10540
57664
24696
60447

817
713
940
094
888

0.61768
0.61689
0.61611
0.61532
0.61453

55799
88460
14953
35284
49462

33401
66755
01314
24430
24068

62045
56924
85952
19111
37523

040
921
792
466
020

0.910
0.911
0.912
0.913
0.914

O. 78950
0.79011
O. 79072
0.79134
0.79195

37396
70905
96513
14214
24001

89950
85311
63647
12398
19793

41187
32130
48850
18619
41660

896
474
789
897
812

0.61374
0.61295
0.61216
0.61137
0.61058

57494
59390
55155
44799
28329

88811
07856
71013
68705
91968

54652
37447
27423
61677
93848

118
803
839
674
110

0.915
0.916
0.917
0.918
0.919

O. 79256
0.79317
O. 79378
O. 79438
O. 79499

25868
19810
05820
83893
54021

74854
67394
88020
28129
79915

52325
80192
11086
48016
72036

499
738
785
785
860

0.60979
0.60899
0.60820
0.60741
0.60661

05754
77080
42317
01471
54552

32450
82406
34706
82824
20845

15011 758
74518 350
00764 999
2190~ 476
86522 589

0.920
0.921
0.922
0.923
0.924

O. 79560
O. 79620
0.79681
0.79741
O. 79801

16200
70422
16683
54975
85293

36366
91262
39183
75501
96389

03026
60393
23692
93169
50226

828
471
319
858
129

0.60582
0.60502
0.60422
0.60343
0.60263

01566
42522
77428
06291
29120

43462
45973
24282
74899
94936

84179
65991
65074
16960
79945

741
745
984
980
468

0.925
0.926
0.927
0.928
0.929

0.79862
0.79922
O. 79982
0.80042
0.80102

07631
21983
28343
26704
17061

98814
80542
40138
76967
91191

17797
20660
45653
01823
80485

639
537
978
638
294

0.60183
0.60103
0.60023
0.59943
0.59863

45923
56708
61482
60254
53031

82112
34746
51758
32673
77612

55377
07885
85549
40005
46494

~43

0.930
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.934

0.80161
0.80221
0.80281
0.80340
0.80400

99408
73739
40048
98328
48574

83777
56488
11892
53358
85059

15208
41719
57726
82661
17341

432
806
899
218
371

0.59783
0.59703
0.59622
0.59542
0.59462

39822
20635
95478
64358
27284

87298
63051
06791
21032
08887

23849
54424
03960
41397
58618

491
260
905
846
345

0.935
0.936
0.937
0.938
0.939

0.80459
0.80519
0.80578
0.80637
0.80696

90781
24941
51049
69100
79086

11969
39867
75339
25773
99364

03555
83565
59525
52827
63359

863
545
671
488
313

0.59381
0.59301
0.59220
0.59140
0.59059

84263
35305
80416
19605
52881

74063
20863
54181
79507
02922

90139
32740
65034
66977
39319

324
634
867
785
443

0.940
0.941
0.942
0.943
0.944

0.80755
0.80814
0.80873
0.80932
0.80991

81004
74845
60605
38278
07857

05114
52830
53130
17436
57982

28687
83153
16899
34799
15321

022
915
872
758
017

0.58978
0.58898
0.58817
0.58736
0.58655

80?50
01721
17303
27003
30829

31098
71298
31375
19770
45514

22996
18462
04967
59766
77276

099
976
973
388
748

0.945
0.946
0.947
0.948
0.949

0.81049
0.81108
0.81166
0.81225
0.81283

69337
22713
67977
05125
34150

87809 69300
20770 98639
71528 54920
55555 97938
8913854154

383
669
560
351
591

0.58574
0.58493
0.58412
0.58330
0.58249

28790
20893
07147
87560
62139

18224
48104
45944
23117
91583

88177
78446
08339
31310
12874

827
913
436
012
994

0.950

0.81341 55047 89373 75068 542

[(-PI]

466
703
791
584

0.58168 30894 63883 49416 618

[(-~)8J

161

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

x

sin x

Table 4.6

cos x

0.'950
0.951
0.952
0.953
0.954

0.81341
0.81399
0.81457
0.81515
0.81573

55047
67810
72433
68910
57236

89373
74171
62256
73166
27252

75068
95507
91835
40081
73984

542
433
411
165
145

0.58168
0.58086
0.58005
0.57924
0.57842

30894
93832
50961
02290
47826

63883
53142
73067
37944
62640

49416
86928
39704
08966
01435

618
810
748
253
096

0.955
0.956
0.957
0.958
0.959

0.81631
0.81689
0.81746
0.81804
0.81861

37404
09409
73245
28907
76388

45683
50441
64327
10956
14762

42959
69980
09381
04577
45701

322
433
654
644
891

0.57760
0.57679
0.57597
0.57515
0.57433

87578
21554
49762
72210
88907

62601
53853
52997
77213
44256

47846
21403
56176
65441
59961

300
511
536
113
007

0.960
0.961
0.962
0.963
0.964

0.81919
0.81976
0.82033
0.82090
0.82147

15683
46785
69691
84393
90886

00998
95734
25859
19084
03938

27163
05121
54877
28189
10495

322
101
569
263
962

0.57351
0.57270
0.57188
0.57105
0.57023

99860
05078
04569
98342
86403

72456
80718
88520
15912
83518

66212
44551
07322
36911
03741

505
395
513
940
923

0.965
0.966
0.967
0.968
0.969

0.82204
0.82261
0.82318
0.82375
0.82432

89164
79221
61053
34652
00014

09771
66757
05889
58985
58683

78067
55069
70544
15315
98799

694
656
986
328
136

0.56941
0.56859
0.56777
0.56694
0.56612

68763
45428
16407
81708
41340

12530
24714
42403
88498
86469

84208
78562
28733
36093
79171

614
699
004
162
417

0.970
0.971
0.972
0.973
0.974

0.82488
0.82545
0.82601
0.82657
0.82714

57133
06003
46618
78974
03063

38450
32571
76161
05158
56326

05747
52898
45547
34034
70155

662
564
087
750
495

0.56529
0.56447
0.56364
0.56282
0.56199

95311
43629
86302
23338
54747

60354
34754
34839
86340
15554

31303
78229
35633
66624
99167

653
727
190
480
663

0.975
0.976
0.977
0.978
0.979

0.82770
0.82826
0.82882
0.82938
0.82993

18881
26422
25681
16651
99327

67257
76369
22907
46947
89390

63479
37592
86257
29486
69534

226
699
689
397
022

0.56116
0.56034
0.55951
0.55868
0.55785

80535
00712
15285
24263
27654

49341
15121
40876
55149
87042

43450
09200
22937
45183
87601

813
110
736
654
358

0.980
0.981
0.982
0.983
0.984

0.83049
0.83105
0.83160
0.83216
0.83271

73704
39776
97538
46983
88107

91970
97248
48619
90304
67360

46808
95697
00310
50142
95650

453
028
290
703
254

0.55702
0.55619
0.55536
0.55452
0.55369

25467
17710
04390
85517
61099

66217
22891
87840
92397
68448

30087
37806
78167
37748
39160

666
645
757
295
207

0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989

0.83327
0.83382
0.83437
0.83492
0.83547

20904
45368
61493
69275
68708

25676
11970
73796
59543
18432

03744
13205
90007
82563
76889

902
801
262
379
279

0.55286
0.55202
0.55119
0.55036
0.54952

31144
95660
54656
08140
56120

48435
65354
52753
44732
75943

57861
38911
13672
16453
01100

376
453
322
272
969

0.990
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.994

0.83602
0.83657
0.83712
0.83766
0.83821

59786
42503
16855
82835
40439

00520
56699
38697
99079
91248

51678
33299
50701
90248
50455

926
444
883
385
694

0.54868
0.54785
0.54701
0.54617
0.54534

98605
35603
67123
93173
13760

81587
97417
59732
05380
71756

57534
28224
24618
43512
83362

313
252
647
268
006

0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999

0.83875
0.83930
0.83984
0.84038
0.84093

89661
30495
62937
86979
02618

69442
88741
05059
75154
56621

96654
15567
69798
52241
40408

953
733
245
668
555

0.54450
0.54366
0.54282
0.54198
0.54114

28894
38584
42836
41661
35065

96802
19004
77392
11542
61572

60547
25576
79237
88693
03531

375
412
026
907
067

1. 000

0.84147 09848 07896 50665 250

[(-PIJ

0.54030 23058 68139 71740 094

[( -:)7J

162

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

cos x

sm x

1. 000
1. 001
1. 002
1. 003
1.004

0.84147
0.84201
0.84254
0.84308
0.84362

09848
08662
99057
81026
54565

07896
88256
57821
77549
09246

50665
92390
22046
97169
30271

250
268
578
747
873

0.54030
0.53946
0.53861
0.53777
0.53693

23058
05648
82844
54653
21084

68139
72446
16233
41780
91907

71740
55654
47828
86864
73184

094
214
237
465
669

1. 005
1. 006
1. 007
1. 008
1.009

0.84416
0.84469
0.84523
0.84576
0.84629

19667
76327
24541
64302
95605

15556
59970
06821
21289
69397

42661
18177
56844
28431
25943

273
851
116
774
853

0.53608
0.53524
0.53439
0.53355
0.53270

82147
37848
88197
33202
72871

09970
39863
26016
13394
47496

84748
92716
77062
42130
32136

188
262
668
747
904

1.010
1.011
1.012
1. 013
1. 014

0.84683
0.84736
0.84789
0.84842
0.84895

18446
32818
38716
36136
25071

18015
34859
88491
48323
84612

19012
07211
73284
36290
04660

310
051
331
466
810

0.53186
0.53101
0.53016
0.52931
0.52846

07213
36237
59950
78362
91481

74355
40537
93140
79791
48651

46620
55841
16121
85137
37156

673
426
808
984
798

1.015
1. 016
1.017
1. 018
1. 019

0.84948
0.85000
0.85053
0.85105
0.85158

05517
77468
40919
95865
42300

68464
71835
67530
29204
31363

29173
55845
78730
92646
45804

940
003
164
III
549

0.52761
0.52677
0.52591
0.52506
0.52421

99315
01873
99163
91194
77974

48406
28274
37999
27850
48627

78219
61274
01253
90098
11734

896
932
921
832
503

1. 020
1. 021
1.022
1. 023
1. 024

0.85210
0.85263
0.85315
0.85367
0.85419

80219
09617
30489
42829
46633

49362
59411
38569
64749
16717

92361
44882
26719
24308
39374

655
415
808
778
945

0.52336
0.52251
0.52166
0.52080
0.51995

59512
35816
06896
72758
33413

51649
88764
12341
75271
30969

56988
38461
05336
58150
63497

961
245
792
502
542

1. 025
1. 026
1.027
1.028
1. 029

0.85471
0.85523
0.85575
0.85626
0.85678

41894
28609
06771
76375
37417

74093
17351
27819
87681
79977

41057
17949
30046
60616
67982

997
715
586
931
525

0.51909
0.51824
0.51738
0.51653
0.51567

88868
39132
84213
24121
58864

33369
36926
96612
67920
06859

68691
16373
59061
73657
75899

985
373
276
956
186

1. 030

0.85729
0.85781
0.85832
0.85883
0.85935

89891
33792
69115
95855
14006

88603
98311
94711
64271
94317

37214
31744
44887
51283
58248

627
398
626
734
998

0.51481
0.51396
0.51310
0.51224
0.51138

88449
12887
32184
46351
55396

69955
14248
97296
77168
12447

34753
86768
50370
40101
80821

350
878
116
715
625

1. 037
1. 038
1.039

0.85986
0.86037
0.86088
0.86139
0.86189

23564
24523
16879
00625
75758

73034
89466
33518
95953
68397

57043
74054
21889
50385
97536

938
819
224
634
975

0.51052
0.50966
0.50880
0.50794
0.50708

59326
58151
51880
40520
24082

62230
86122
44242
97216
06180

21842
51023
08807
02209
18757

776
535
028
404
138

1.040
1. 041
1. 042
1.043
1. 044

0.86240
0.86291
0.86341
0.86391
0.86442

42272
00162
49422
90049
22036

43338
14123
74964
20934
47972

40328
45486
20150
62441
11963

079
997
131
124
456

0.50622
0.50535
0.50449
0.50363
0.50276

02572
76000
44374
07704
65997

32778
39161
87986
42416
66117

40373
57213
81451
61010
93250

447
919
427
426
711

1. 045
1. 046
1.047
1. 048
1. 049

0.86492
0.86542
0.86592
0.86642
0.86692

45379
60073
66112
63493
52209

52878
33318
87822
15788
17477

00206
00866
B0077
46561
01685

699
385
424
037
140

0.50190
0.50103
0.50017
0.49930
0.49843

19263
67509
10745
48980
82221

23261
78520
97070
44586
87247

38600
34140
07134
88513
26307

728
520
396
415
756

1. 050

0.86742 32255 94016 89438 141

1. 031
1. 032
1. 033
1. 034
1. 035
1. 036

[(-PI]

0.49757 1047B 91726 99029 085

[( -C~)7]

163

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCuLAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

Table 4.6

cos x

1.050
1. 051
1.052
1.053
1. 054

0.86742
0.86792
0.86841
0.86891
0.86940

32255
03628
66321
20330
65651

94016
47403
80499
97035
01611

89438
46316
51123
74685
29477

141
092
146
276
198

0.49757
0.49670
0.49583
0.49496
0.49409

10478
33760
52074
65430
73836

91726
25200
55338
50311
78782

99029
29002
95651
48726
21490

085
975
499
051
510

1. 055
1. 056
1. 057
1. 058
1. 059

0.86990
0.87039
0.87088
0.87137
0.87186

02276
30203
49427
59941
61741

99694
97621
02601
22711
66899

19162
88046
70443
39954
58660

460
624
529
543
794

0.49322
0.49235
0.49148
0.49061
0.48974

77302
75835
69444
58139
41927

09910
13349
59246
18239
61459

43854
55459
18707
31756
41446

806
008
979
732
534

1. 060
1. 061
1.062
1.063
1. 064

0.87235
0.87284
0.87333
0.87381
0.87430

54823
39181
14811
81707
39866

44986
67663
46494
93918
23243

26228
28925
88556
11299
36468

295
947
345
356
402

0.48887
0.48799
0.48712
0.48625
0.48537

20818
94820
63943
28194
87582

60527
87554
15140
16372
64825

56191
58818
19351
07757
06632

864
317
528
202
362

1.065
1. 066
1. 067
1. 068
1. 069

0.87478
0.87527
0.87575
0.87623
0.87671

89281
29948
61863
85020
99415

48654
85211
48845
56366
25458

85179
08932
38105
30362
18969

424
453
753
492
874

0.48450
0.48362
0.48275
0.48187
0.48100

42117
91807
36660
76686
11893

34560
00124
36547
19345
24514

23847
05142
46667
07484
22014

867
311
387
800
811

1.070
1.071
1. 072
1. 073
1.074

0.87720
0.87768
0.87815
0.87863
0.87911

05042
01898
89976
69274
39784

74681
23473
92149
01900
74797

61030
85627
41877
46904
33716

706
336
919
963
III

0.48012
0.47924
0.47836
0.47749
0.47661

42290
67886
88689
04709
15953

28534
08365
41447
05700
79522

12436
01039
22529
36282
38551

509
904
904
289
762

1. 075
1. 076
1. 077
1. 078
1.079

0.87959
0.88006
0.88053
0.88101
0.88148

01504
54428
98551
33868
60376

33788
02703
06248
70011
20461

98997
50816
56244
88879
76291

101
869
731
619
297

0.47573
0.47485
0.47397
0.47309
0.47221

22432
24153
21126
13359
00861

41788
71851
49538
55152
69469

74632
50968
47223
28292
56273

160
911
840
396
392

1. 080
1. 081
1.082
1. 083
1. 084

0.88195
0.88242
0.88289
0,88336
0.88383

78068
86941
86990
78210
60596

84947
91699
69831
49337
61096

47373
79609
46247
63390
36998

533
169
031
660
790

0.47132
0.47044
0.46956
0.46868
0.46779

83641
61708
35070
03737
67717

73740
49685
79499
45845
31856

02391
58871
50767
47743
75803

353
547
810
217
727

1. 085
1. 086
1. 08"{
1.088
1. 089

0,88430
0.88476
0.88523
0.88570
0.88616

34144
98849
54706
01710
39858

36869
09301
11921
79145
46272

09797
08104
88562
84791
53940

534
243
972
522
000

0.46691
0.46602
0.46514
0.46425
0.46337

27019
81651
31624
76945
17623

21135
97750
46239
51605
99315

28984
80991
96791
44159
05181

862
522
014
401
235

1. 090
1.091
1.092
1. 093
1. 094

0.88662
0,88708
0.88755
0,88801
0.88846

69144
89564
01113
03786
97579

49487
25861
13352
50807
77956

23160
35990
98641
26207
88779

860
371
470
951
948

0.46248
0.46159
0.46071
0.45982
0.45893

53668
85088
11892
34089
51687

75300
65958
58145
39181
96847

87702
36738
45833
68372
28855

790
852
190
764
783

1. 095
1. 096
1.097
1. 098
1.099

0.88892
0.88938
0.88984
0.89029
0.89075

82488
58507
25633
83860
33184

35422
64713
08227
09252
11966

57470
50354
78315
90807
21527

660
274
047
488
609

0.45804
0.45715
0.45626
0.45537
0.45448

64697
73125
76983
76277
71018

19382
95485
14314
65483
39062

34113
84487
84956
56224
45757

686
142
158
382
688

1.100

0.89120 73600 61435 33995 180

[(-PI]

0.45359 61214 25577 38777 137

[( -l)6]

164

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

cos x

sin x

1. 100
1.101
1.102
1. 103
1.104

0.89120
0.89166
0.89211
0.89256
0.89301

73600
05105
27692
41359
46100

61435
03618
85365
54417
59408

33995
67046
80240
99171
60693

180
971
901
080
678

0.45359
0.45270
0.45181
0.45092
0.45002

61214
46874
28007
04621
76727

25577
16008
01790
74808
27402

38777
69206
30573
86868
83352

137
400
730
576
928

1. 105
1.106
1.107
1. 108
1.109

0.89346
0.89391
0.89436
0.89480
0.89525

41911
28787
06724
75718
35763

49863
76201
89735
42671
88110

58063
85981
85553
89157
65223

585
812
594
146
027

0.44913
0.44824
0.44734
0.44645
0.44555

44332
07446
66077
20235
69929

52361
42924
92780
96065
47363

57327
48852
11424
22607
94616

478
689
866
305
628

1.110
1.111
1.112
1.113
1.114

0.89569
0.89614
0.89658
0.89702
0.89747

86856
28992
62167
86375
01614

80047
73373
23874
88234
24030

62924
56775
91147
24683
74633

063
801
427
120
785

0.44466
0.44376
0.44286
0.44197
0.44107

15167
55958
92312
24237
51742

41706
74570
41874
39984
65707

84864
06453
38633
37201
44874

374
951
030
474
890

1.115
1.116
1. 117
1.118
1. 119

0.89791
0.89835
0.89878
0.89922
0.89966

07877
05162
93463
72776
43097

89740
44737
49293
64577
52658

61099
51180
03041
09884
43829

138
079
321
230
826

0.44017
0.43927
0.43838
0.43748
0.43658

74837
93529
07829
17745
23287

16293
89431
83253
96329
27666

01603
54849
69812
39623
95482

891
166
438
410
777

1.120
1.121
1.122
1. 123
1.124

0.90010
0.90053
0.90097
0.90140
0.90183

04421
56744
00062
34371
59665

76504
99984
87864
05813
20399

99711
38780
32313
05144
79088

910
263
880
201
276

0.43568
0.43478
0.43388
0.43298
0.43207

24462
21281
13752
01884
85686

76712
43347
27890
31095
54146

16761
41055
74199
00232
91323

399
736
612
420
845

1. 125
1. 126
1.127
1. 128
1.129

0.90226
0.90269
0.90312
0.90355
0.90398

75940
83194
81420
70615
50774

99095
10271
23203
08069
35948

16291
62482
90131
41527
71758

842
258
256
464
658

0.43117
0.43027
0.42937
0.42846
0.42756

65167
40337
11204
77777
40066

98666
66704
60745
83700
38914

17655
57257
05806
86372
59134

197
452
078
749
030

1.130
1.131
1.132
1.133
1.134

0.90441
0.90483
0.90526
0.90568
0.90611

21893
83969
36996
80970
15887

78825
09589
02030
30848
71644

91603
10334
78425
30177
26245

708
160
425
523
348

0.42665
0.42575
0.42485
0.42394
0.42303

98079
51825
01314
46554
87555

30157
61627
37950
64178
45785

31037
65422
91605
14410
23669

122
763
376
540
902

1.135
1.136
1.137
1.138
1.139

0.90653
0.90695
0.90737
0.90779
0.90821

41744 00926
5853496110
66256 35516
64903 98372
54473 64813

96078
80269
72815
63281
78880

401
960
632
260
126

0.42213
0.42122
0.42031
0.41941
0.41850

24325
56874
85211
09345
29285

88672
99161
83998
50349
05800

03673
42580
41784
25243
48758

585
219
656
478
379

1. 140
1. 141
1.142
1.143
1.144

0.90863
0.90905
0.90946
0.90988
0.91029

34961
06362
68673
21889
66006

15883
33532
00620
00918
19102

26459
34395
94400
03234
04326

422
940
939
153
885

0.41759
0.41668
0.41577
0.41486
0.41395

45039
56618
64029
67283
66389

58358
16446
88907
85000
14400

09217
53794
89108
90333
10281

519
933
094
707
852

1. 145
1. 146
1.147
1.148
1.149

0.91071
0.91112
0.91153
0.91194
0.91235

01020
26927
43723
51403
49965

40761
52394
41410
96130
05786

29314
39475
67087
56676
06195

164
912
073
684
821

0.41304
0.41213
0.41122
0.41031
0.40940

61354
52190
38904
21505
00004

87194
13888
05397
73050
28587

88428
59906
64456
55331
08169

529
732
120
381
395

1.150

0.91276 39402 60521 08094 403

[( -PlJ

0.40848 74408 84157 29815 258

[( -:)6J

165

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

Table 4.6

cos X

1.150
1.151
1. 152
1.153
1.154

0.91276
0.91317
0.91357
0.91398
0.91439

39402
19712
90890
52933
05835

60521
51391
70367
10330
65075

08094
90306
57146
30107
88579

403
792
165
602
865

0.40848
0.40757
0.40666
0.40574
0.40483

74408
44728
10972
73149
31269

84157
52320
46045
78706
64086

29815
67107
15621
28372
24481

258
284
071
706
224

1.155
1.156
1.157
1.158
1.159

0.91479
0.91519
0.91560
0.91600
0.91640

49594
84204
09663
25966
33109

29314
98669
69679
39800
07401

10465
12711
91743
63815
05261

816
431
383
143
556

0.40391
0.40300
0.40208
0.40117
0.40025

85341
35373
81375
23357
61326

16372
50159
80441
22620
92496

97790
25449
76456
20152
34689

397
945
266
779
958

1. 160
1.161
1.162
1.163
1.164

0.91680
0.91720
0.91759
0.91799
0.91839

31087
19898
99536
69999
31282

71766
33100
92520
52063
14682

92661
42911
53200
40902
83374

866
136
023
883
147

0.39933
0.39842
0.39750
0.39658
0.39566

95294
25267
51257
73271
91320

06273
80553
32340
79035
38435

15445
83402
93491
42889
79278

164
355
775
706
377

1. 165
1. 166
1.167
1.168
1. 169

0.91878
0.91918
0.91957
0.91996
0.92035

83380
26291
60010
84533
99857

84250
65556
64310
87139
41592

57652
80075
45798
68222
18336

941
906
178
492
360

0.39475
0.39383
0.39291
0.39199
0.39107

05412
15556
21762
24039
22396

28737
68530
76800
72926
76682

09066
05567
17146
75312
02789

125
898
187
486
366

1.170
1.171
1.172
1.173
1.174

0.92075
0.92114
0.92152
0.92191
0.92230

05977
02889
90590
69076
38343

36135
80158
83968
58796
16793

63957
08886
31967
26061
36915

301
071
851
369
902

0.39015
0.38923
0.38830
0.38738
0.38646

16843
07387
94040
76809
55705

08230
88126
37316
77135
29304

21533
60718
64679
00821
67479

266
072
599
054
575

1.175
1.176
1.177
1. 178
1. 179

0.92268
0.92307
0.92345
0.92384
0.92422

98386
49203
90789
23140
46253

71033
3551J
25145
55777
44173

01956
88974
34733
83468
25312

127
783
097
944
701

0.38554
0.38462
0.38369
0.38277
0.38184

30736
01911
69240
32733
92397

15936
59525
82956
09495
62792

01753
87293
62048
25982
48743

942
547
718
487
902

1.180
1.181
1.182
1. 183
1.184

0.92460
0.92498
0.92536
0.92574
0.92612

60124
64748
60123
46244
23108

08020
65932
37446
43024
04056

34610
08156
03329
76141
19188

754
619
642
242
645

0.38092
0.38000
0.37907
0.37814
0.37722

48243
00280
48517
92963
33627

66881
46178
25478
29958
85174

77302
43547
71840
86542
19493

960
271
534
917
444

1.185
1.186
1. 187
1. 188
1.189

0.92649
0.92687
0.92724
0.92762
0.92799

90710
49047
98116
37912
68432

42853
82657
47634
62876
54404

99516
96383
38942
43819
52606

095
480
352
290
588

0.37629
0.37537
0.37444
0.37351
0.37258

70520
03649
33025
58656
80552

17056
51921
16451
37709
43133

17454
49518
14476
48149
30684

471
342
334
962
752

1. 190
1.191
1.192
1. 193
1.194

0.92836
0.92874
0.92911
0.92947
0.92984

89672
01628
04297
97675
81758

49166
75038
60825
36260
32004

69260
97404
77546
24192
62877

202
950
899
928
403

0.37165
0.37073
0.36980
0.36887
0.36794

98722
13176
23922
30970
34330

60532
18091
44362
68273
19116

93806
28040
89893
08995
95213

568
589
026
672
382

1.195
1.196
1.197
1.198
1.199

0.93021
0.93058
0.93094
0.93131
0.93167

56542
22025
78201
25068
62622

79650
11719
61664
63866
53638

67095
95146
26876
00337
48349

956
303
083
679
974

0.36701
0.36608
0.36515
0.36422
0.36328

34010
30020
22369
11066
96122

26558
20629
31729
90622
28438

45714
52004
06923
11604
82399

570
819
698
876
631

1. 200

0.93203 90859 67226 34967 013

[( -PI]

0.36235 77544 76673 57763 837

[( -:)5]

166

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

coS' x

sin x

1. 200
1.201
1. 202
1. 203
1. 204

0.93203
0.93240
0.93276
0.93312
0.93348

90859
09776
19369
19634
10568

67226
41805
15485
27305
17240

34967
91853
54567
98748
76215

013
542
367
519
175

0.36235
0.36142
0.36049
0.35956
0.35862

77544
55343
29528
00108
67092

76673
67184
32190
04273
16376

57763
05108
27614
71008
30309

837
539
189
651
065

1. 205
1. 206
1. 207
1. 208
1. 209

0.93383
0.93419
0.93455
0.93490
0.93526

92167
64427
27346
80919
25144

26196
96013
69465
90260
03041

50966
35090
24584
35070
37431

302
992
444
567
162

0.35769
0.35675
0.35582
0.35488
0.35395

30490
90310
46564
99259
48405

01799
94203
27606
36382
55261

56527
63341
33727
26557
83165

660
607
018
166
039

1. 210
1. 211
1. 212
1. 213
1. 214

0.93561
0.93596
0.93632
0.93667
0.93702

60015
85530
01686
08478
05904

53385
87806
53752
99608
74693

93341
90713
79041
04663
45913

646
291
926
095
598

0.35301
0.35208
0.35114
0.35021
0.34927

94012
36088
74644
09688
41230

19330
64027
25144
38826
41568

33870
04470
22698
24640
61124

301
775
521
616
730

1. 215
1.216
1. 217
1.218
1. 219

0.93736
0.93771
0.93806
0.93841
0.93875

93960
72642
41946
01870
52410

29266
14521
82590
86543
80386

48199
58969
62598
15169
79170

416
959
617
574
848

0.34833
0.34739
0.34646
0.34552
0.34458

69279
93845
14937
32564
46736

70217
61966
54360
85289
92990

04069
52800
40329
39601
69704

578
358
260
140
455

1.220
1. 221
1.222
1. 223
1.224

0.93909
0.93944
0.93978
0.94012
0.94046

93563
25324
47691
60660
64228

19067
58470
55418
67676
53946

58093
30937
86621
58302
57600

524
151
257
957
622

0.34364
0.34270
0.34176
0.34082
0.33988

57463
64752
68615
69060
66097

16047 02047
93385 66500
64277 57501
6833640132
45517 56153

552
405
890
702
996

1. 225
1. 226
1.227
1. 228
1. 229

0.94080
0.94114
0.94148
0.94181
0.94215

58391
43146
18490
84419
40930

73872
88036
57965
46123
15917

08723
82507
30357
18091
59701

559
685
157
912
104

0.33894
0.33800
0.33706
0.33612
0.33518

59735
49983
36852
20349
00486

36117
80771
20455
96483
50503

30011
74807
98234
08479
20093

855
668
533
750
523

1. 230
1. 231
1. 232
1. 233
1. 234

0.94248
0.94282
0.94315
0.94348
0.94381

88019
25683
53919
72724
82093

31697
58754
63320
12574
74633

51002
03206
76390
12870
70486

382
998
684
299
175

0.33423
0.33329
0.33235
0.33140
0.33046

77271
50713
20823
87608
51080

24502
60802
02059
91261
71729

59823
72418
26391
19759
85740

955
427
462
164
328

1.235
1. 236
1. 237
1. 238
1.239

0.94414
0.94447
0.94480
0.94513
0.94545

82025
72515
53560
25157
87303

18562
14367
32999
46354
27272

55790
57139
77695
68328
60431

164
322
223
851
046

0.32952
0.32857
0.32763
0.32668
0.32574

11247
68119
21705
72015
19058

87117
81408
98914
84277
82466

98424
78405
98386
88743
43066

316
786
387
487
054

1.240
1. 241
1. 242
1.243
1.244

0.94578
0.94610
0.94643
0.94675
0.94707

39994
83227
17000
41308
56148

49538
87884
17986
16467
60895

98628
73405
53628
18984
92311

471
063
942
738
309

0.32479
0.32385
0.32290
0.32195
0.32101

62844
03381
40681
74751
05601

38776
98828
08569
14269
62521

23657
67007
89227
91456
65238

769
475
042
764
364

1. 245
1. 246
1. 247
1.248
1. 249

0.94739
0.94771
0.94803
0.94835
0.94866

61518
57414
43832
20770
88225

29788
02608
59766
82619
53474

71844
63367
12259
35461
53335

815
118
472
479
262

0.32006
0.31911
0.31816
0.31721
0.31627

33242
57681
78930
96997
11891

00239
74660
33339
24152
95292

97855
77643
99262
68947
09714

712
341
871
423
116

1.250

0.94898 46193 55586 21434 849

[< -i)lJ

0.31532 23623 95268 66544 754

[< -:)5J

167

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

x

Table 4.6

cos x

sin x

1. 250
1. 251
1.252
1. 253
1.254

0.94898
0.94929
0.94961
0.94992
0.95023

46193
94671
33656
63145
83135

55586
73157
91340
96237
74899

21434
62180
96439
75008
10006

849
713
444
528
196

0.31532
0.31437
0.31342
0.31247
0.31152

23623
32202
37637
39938
39114

95268
72909
77355
58064
64805

66544
11534
49010
20615
10363

754
791
665
601
979

1. 255
1. 256
1..257
1. 258
1. 259

0.95054
0.95085
0.95116
0.95147
0.95178

93623
94605
86078
68040
40486

15326
06469
38232
01466
87975

06166
92038
51091
52726
83188

303
225
729
783
287

0.31057
0.30962
0.30867
0.30772
0.30676

35175
28130
17989
04761
88456

47660
57024
43600
58403
52756

49664
22311
69445
94485
68021

355
242
729
052
196

1. 260
1.261
1.262
1. 263
1. 264

0.95209
0.95239
0.95270
0.95300
0.95330

03415
56824
00708
35065
59892

90515
02793
19468
36151
49407

76385
44617
09200
31003
40886

682
416
227
222
709

0.30581
0.30486
0.30391
0.30295
0.30200

69083
46652
21173
92654
61106

78289
86939
30948
62866
35544

32688
08001
95158
81822
46859

634
291
833
373
693

1. 265
1. 266
1. 267
1. 268
1. 269

0.95360
0.95390
0.95420
0.95450
0.95480

75186
80944
77163
63840
40972

56753
56660
48552
3280B
10759

70045
80258
94039
24694
06289

767
512
032
963
671

0.30105
0.30009
0.29914
0.29819
0.29723

26538
88959
48379
04808
58254

02136
16100
31192
01472
81295

65060
11818
67791
23518
84019

070
814
595
675
121

1.270
1.271
1.272
1. 273
1. 274

0.95510
0.95539
0.95569
0.95598
0.95627

08555
66588
15067
53989
83351

84692
57849
34427
19578
19409

23509
41432
35209
19640
78657

018
673
944
104
170

0.29628
0.29532
0.29437
0.29341
0.29245

08729
56240
00799
42413
81094

25318
88493
26068
93588
46891

73355
39166
57175
35661
19906

114
425
182
000
579

1.275
1. 276
1. 271
1. 278
1. 279

0.95657
0.95686
0.95715
0.95744
0.95772

03150
13383
14048
05142
86661

40985
92326
82408
21166
19488

94719
78101
96095
02109
64678

118
497
419
886
437

0.29150
0.29054
0.28958
0.28863
0.28767

16850
49691
79626
06666
30819

42108
35665
84278
44951
74982

96613
98290
07609
61732
56616

869
890
308
860
726

1. 280
1. 281
1. 282
1.283
1. 284

0.95801
0.95830
0.95858
0.95887
0.95915

58602
20964
73742
16935
50539

89224
43180
95120
59764
52796

96370
82604
10371
96853
17957

075
453
286
962
320

0.28671
0.28575
0.28479
0.28383
0.28288

52096
70505
86057
98761
08626

31955
73742
58503
44681
91007

51277
72036
16730
58895
51923

939
934
332
050
831

1. 285
1. 286
1. 287
1. 288
1.289

0.95943
0.95971
0.95999
0.96027
0.96055

74551
8B969
93790
89011
74629

90853
91535
73400
55966
59710

36739
31748
25260
11427
84322

577
357
814
805
094

0.28192
0.28096
0.28000
0.27904
0.27808

15663
19881
21288
19896
15714

56494
00438
82417
62291
00198

33192
28157
54428
25809
56310

303
651
993
577
871

1. 290
1. 291
1. 292
1.293
1. 294

0.96083
0.96111
0.96138
0.96166
0.96193

50642
17046
73839
21018
58580

06072
17450
17203
29652
80080

65890
33810
49249
84528
50693

556
354
056
675
590

0.27712 08750 56557 64138

0.27615 99015 92064 75651
0.27519 86519 67693 29289
~.27423 71271 44692 79480
0.27327 53280 84588 00512

661
234
769
997
263

1. 295
1. 296
1.297
1. 298
1. 299

0.96220
0.96248
0.96275
0.96302
0.96329

86523
04845
13541
12610
02048

94730
00807
26481
00880
54098

24982
78203
02013
36103
95282

339
231
782
915
920

0.27231
0.27135
0.27038
0.26942
0.26846

053
108
206
711
992

1. 300

0.96355 81854 17192 96470 135

[(-PI]

32557
09111
82951
54087
22529

49177
00534
01003
13198
00008

90379
74605
10035
88600
41057

0.26749 88286 24587 40699 798

[(-~)4J

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

168
Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

cos x

sin x

1. 301
1. 302
1. 303

1.304

0.96355
0.96382
0.96409
0.96435
0.96462

81854
52024
12556
63446
04694

17192
22181
02048
90740
23167

96470
85589
64366
17032
36927

135
331
761
855
537

0.26749
0.26653
0.26557
0.26460
0.26364

88286
51368
11785
69546
24661

24587
50360
41018
60519
73088

40699
07039
09469
70890
71318

798
695
650
877
016

1. 305
1.306
1. 307
1.308
1.309

0.96488
0.96514
0.96540
0.96566
0.96592

36295
58247
70548
73195
66185

35205
63694
46439
22209
30740

53009
56266
26036
56221
81411

126
806
635
061
924

0.26267
0.26171
0.26074
0.25978
0.25881

77140
26992
74227
18854
60883

43213
35646
15401
47755
98246

51456
16255
38427
61955
05556

761
031
774
494
626

1. 310
1.311
1.312
1.313
1. 314

0.96618
0.96644
0.96669
0.96695
0.96720

49516
23185
87189
41527
86195

12734
09856
64740
20986
23159

02916
14689
29162
02983
62656

926
520
218
276
736

0.25785
0.25688
0.25591
0.25495
0.25398

00325
37188
71482
03217
32402

32669
17082
17797
01385
34673

66133
22194
37244
63156
43517

818
242
030
911
173

1. 315
1. 316
1. 317
1.318
1. 319

0.96746
0.96771
0.96796
0.96821
0.96846

21191
46512
62156
68121
64403

16794
48390
65416
16306
50465

30085
48019
05402
62628
76697

794
478
607
991
879

0.25301
0,25204
0.25108
0.25011
0.24914

59047
83163
04758
23842
40425

84742
18927
04816
10251
03323

16937
20348
92269
76046
23067

022
457
738
556
996

1. 321
1. 322
1. 323
1. 324

1.320

0.96871
0.96896
0.96920
0.96945
0.96970

51001
27911
95132
52661
00495

18265
71045
61115
41752
67204

26273
36648
04608
23202
06414

590
340
211
252
685

0.24817
0.24720
0.24623
0.24526
0.24429

54516
66126
75263
81939
86161

52372
25991
93018
22539
83886

95957
71738
44974
30889
68450

398
199
865
004
760

1. 325
1. 326
1. 327
1. 328
1. 329

0.96994
0.97018
0.97042
0.97066
0.97090

38632
67070
85806
94838
94163

92687
74387
69462
36036
33208

13740
74662
13034
71365
35004

188
236
465
051
060

0.24332
0.24235
0.24138
0.24041
0.23944

87941
87287
84210
78719
70824

46638
80615
55885
42753
11769

23445
91516
01181
16828
41682

582
463
759
662
448

1. 330
1. 331
1. 332
1.333
1.334

0.97114
0.97138
0.97162
0.97185
0.97209

83779
63683
33874
94348
45104

21044
60583
13835
43780
14372

56233
78261
59117
95451
46235

768
900
786
405
282

0.23847
0.23750
0.23653
0.23556
0.23458

60534
47859
32810
15395
95624

33723
79643
20797
28690
75063

20751
43748
47988
21258
04672

578
768
097
288
221

1. 335
1. 336
1.337
1.338
1. 339

0.97232
0.97256
0.97279
0.97302
0.97325

86138
17450
39036
50894
53021

90534
38163
24129
16271
83406

56369
80187
04871
73757
09557

230
900
129
046
931

0.23361
0.23264
0.23167
0.23069
0.22972

73508
49055
22276
93180
61778

31892
71391
66003
88407
11512

95492
49935
85946
85958
99624

805
286
099
358
085

1. 340
1.341
1. 342
1. 343
1. 344

0.97348
0.97371
0.97394
0.97416
0.97439

45416
28077
01000
64184
17626

95319
22772
37498
12205
20575

37478
08238
20994
46167
48173

787
616
365
522
349

0.22875
0.22777
0.22680
0.22583
0.22485

28078
92090
53825
13291
70500

08459
52617
17584
77188
05482

46523
18849
84074
87585
55305

264
831
691
859
819

1.345
1. 346
1. 347
1.348
1. 349

0.97461
0.97483
0.97506
0.97528
0.97550

61324
95276
19479
33932
38633

37264
37901
99092
98416
14428

08052
46006
43832
67265
88217

713
501
603
423
916

0.22388
0.22290
0.22193
0.22095
0.21998

25459
78180
28672
76944
23007

76744
65480
46415
94502
84913

96286
05279
65290
50100
26774

212
929
729
463
007

1. 350

0.97572 33578 26659 06926 III

1.300

[(-PIJ

0.21900 66870 93041 58142 002

-~)3J

[(

169

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

cos x

sin x

Table 4.6

1.350
1. 351
1. 352
1.353
i. 354

0.97572
0.97594
0.97615
0.97637
0.97659

33578
18766
94194
59861
15764

26659
15612
62771
50591
62506

06926
73996
12353
39095
87244

III
110
536
407
418

0.21900
0.21803
0.21705
0.21607
0.21510

66870
08543
48036
85358
20520

93041
94501
65124
80961
18281

58142
05261
29854
96725
76154

002
504
627
291
163

1.355
1.357
1. 358
1. 359

0.97680
0.97701
0.97723
0.97744
0.97765

61901
98270
24869
41696
48748

82927
97238
91804
53965
72037

27405
89325
83352
21803
40225

609
386
894
706
805

0.21412
0.21314
0.21217
0.21119
0.21021

53530
84399
13137
39753
64257

53567
63517
25046
15278
11553

46271
95410
24434
49048
02083

899
772
790
406
908

1.360
1. 361
1.362
1.363
1. 364

0.97786
0.97807
0.97828
0.97848
0.97869

46024
33521
11237
79171
37319

35316
34074
59561
04006
60615

18567
02249
23135
20406
61343

849
690
125
864
685

0.20923
0.20826
0.20728
0.20630
0.20532

86658
06968
25195
41349
55440

91419
32637
13175
11211
05130

35767
23964
64404
80880
25435

598
842
112
089
952

1. 365
1.366
1. 367
1.368
1. 369

0.97889
0.97910
0.97930
0.97950
0.97970

85681
24253
53035
72024
81217

23574
88047
50175
07082
56868

61999
07786
73954
45982
39862

774
196
516
521
027

0.20434
0.20336
0.20238
0.20140
0.20042

67477
77471
85432
91369
95291

73521
95182
49113
14517
70801

80524
61151
16990
34489
38946

932
240
457
495
217

1.370
1. 371
1. 372
1.373
1. 374

0.97990
0.98010
0.98030
0.98050
0.98069

80613
70211
50007
20000
80189

98614
32380
59206
81114
01103

22288
30754
93540
49613
68424

769
328
094
233
652

0.19944
0.19846
0.19748
0.19650
0.19552

97209
97133
95072
91036
85036

97572
74640
82010
99890
08682

96568
16515
52911
06852
28380

820
079
545
798
853

1. 375
1. 376
1.377
1.378
1.379

0.98089
0.98108
0.98128
0.98147
0.98166

30570
71142
01903
22852
33986

23155
52232
94276
56212
45944

69608
42586
66065
27452
42153

920
155
826
479
343

0.19454
0.19356
0.19258
0.19160
0.19062

77079
67178
55340
41577
25898

88987
21600
87511
67905
44156

18444
30840
74132
13553
72884

822
918
912
129
094

1.380
1.381
1.382
L 383
L 384

0.98185
0.98204
0.98223
0.98241
0.98260

35303
26802
08480
80336
42368

72359
45326
75694
75296
56947

72787
48298
82965
95320
26961

813
791
850
221
571

0.18964
0.18865
0.18767
0.18669
0.18571

08312
88831
67462
44217
19105

97834
10696
64691
41955
24813

36320
50314
25395
37980
32156

915
508
757
715
930

1.385
1.386
1. 387
1. 388
1.389

0.98278
0.98297
0.98315
0.98333
0.98352

94574
36952
69500
92216
05100

34442
22562
37068
94707
13205

61276
42059
92032
31273
95537

561
162
708
673
148

0.18472
0.18374
0.18276
0.18178
0.18079

92135
63319
32665
00183
65884

95776
37540
32988
65185
17379

21451
90577
97169
73489
28124

016
542
360
451
404

1.390
1.391
1.392
1.393
1.394

0.98370
0.98388
0.98405
0.98423
0.98441

08148
01359
84731
58262
21952

11276
08614
25898
84790
07939

54484
29809
13274
84637
29485

004
722
870
207
405

0.17981
0.17882
0.17784
0.17686
0.17587

29776
91871
52177
10704
67464

72999
15656
29142
97424
04651

47659
98336
27690
66173
28756

616
311
484
860
976

1. 39-5
1. 396
1. 397
1.398
1. 399

0.98458
0.98476
0.98493
0.98510
0.98527

75797
19796
53948
78250
92701

18974
42512
04152
30479
49063

56974
17462
20048
50013
86162

360
083
145
670
846

0.17489
0.17390
0.17292
0.17193
0.17095

22464
75715
27228
77011
25074

35146
73409
04115
12112
82423

16514
18192
11759
65937
41718

467
681
690
830
833

1. 400

0.98544 97299 88460 18065 947

1. 356

[(-PI]

0.16996 71429 00240 93861 675

[(-~)3J

170

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENtS

cos x

sin x

1. 400
1. 401
1. 402
1. 403
1. 404

0.98544
0.98561
0.98578
0.98595
0.98612

97299
92043
76931
51961
17131

88460
78208
48834
31850
59751

18065
63203
84013
04837
28769

947
840
966
776
609

0.16996
0.16898
0.16799
0.16701
0.16602

71429
16083
59048
00332
39947

00240
50929
20024
93227
56412

93861
72373
23971
93533
25523

675
233
842
854
303

1.405
1. 406
1. 407
1. 408
1.409

0.98628
0.98645
0.98661
0.98677
0.98693

72440
17886
53468
79184
95031

66021
85129
52531
04669
78970

54406
92502
82515
09070
18307

982
294
912
631
486

0.16503
0.16405
0.16306
0.16207
0.16109

77901
14205
48869
81902
13314

95615
97042
47062
32209
39179

65404
61039
64065
31258
25882

770
544
184
571
568

1. 410

1.411
1. 412
1. 413
1.414

0.98710
0.98725
0.98741
0.98757
0.98773

01010
97117
83352
59712
26197

13850
48711
23943
80922
62012

34142
74427
67004
65672
66048

909
198
304
895
706

0.16010
0.15911
0.15812
0.15714
0.15615

43115
71315
97924
22952
46408

54831
66184
60420
24876
47050

19016
90869
32080
44997
44945

356
577
359
336
751

1.415
1. 416
1. 417
1. 418
1. 419

0.98788
0.98804
0.98819
0.98834
0.98850

82805
29533
66381
93348
10430

10565
70919
88402
09330
81005

21328
57953
91177
40532
45199

142
120
144
586
170

0.15516
0.15417
0.15319
0.15220
0.15121

68303
88646
07447
24716
40463

14596
15325
37202
68347
97033

61477
39606
41027
45317
51126

752
967
471
231
135

1.420
1.422
1. 423
1. 424

0.98865
0.98880
0.98895
0.98909
0.98924

17628
14939
02362
79896
47539

51719
70753
88375
55844
25405

79273
66940
97544
40562
60478

627
521
222
021
351

0.15022
0.14923
0.14824
0.14725
0.14626

54699
67432
78672
88430
96716

11685
00880
53344
57953
03732

77348
64281
74765
95314
37224

698
559
840
499
747

1.425
1. 426
1. 427
1.428
1.429

0.98939
0.98953
0.98967
0.98982
0.98996

05289
53145
91106
19171
37337

50295
84738
83949
04132
02480

31560
52533
61159
48716
74376

129
174
714
941
619

0.14528
0.14429
0.14330
0.14231
0.14132

03538
08908
12835
15329
16400

79851
75628
80526
84153
76259

37675
60810
98807
72928
34563

648
986
514
666
848

1. 430

1.431
1.432
1. 433
1. 434

0.99010
0.99024
0.99038
0.99052
0.99065

45603
43968
32431
10990
79644

37177
67397
53301
56046
37773

79485
01748
89307
14729
88889

729
121
176
460
346

0.14033
0.13934
0.13835
0.13736
0.13637

16058
14312
11173
06651
00755

46736
85619
83083
29440
15144

66253
82699
31761
95441
90849

390
275
733
799
940

1. 435
1.436
1. 437
1. 438
1. 439

0.99079
0.99092
0.99106
0.99119
0.99132

38391
87230
26160
55180
74287

61619
91709
93157
32073
75552

74754
01072
75959
00385
81565

605
941
459
060
735

0.13537
0.13438
0.13339
0.13240
0.13141

93495
84881
74924
63632
51017

30784
67086
14910
65254
09245

71160
26554
85143
13887
19491

849
495
546
244
852

1. 440
1.441
1. 442
1. 443
1.444

0.99145
0.99158
0.99171
0.99184
0.99197

83481
82761
72125
51571
21099

91686
49554
19229
71773
79243

46252
53923
09874
78212
94748

760
766
676
505
990

0.13042
0.12943
0.12844
0.12744
0.12645

37087
21853
05325
87512
68425

38145
43347
16375
48881
32647

49297
92153
79275
85098
28105

752
306
576
002
135

1. 445
1. 446
1. 447
1. 448
1. 449

0.99209
0.99222
0.99234
0.99247
0.99259

80708
30395
70160
00002
19919

14686
52141
66639
34203
31850

79795
50856
35228
82494
76923

055
088
024
216
086

0.12546
0.12447
0.12348
0.12248
0.12149

48073
26467
03616
79530
54219

59580
21717
11217
20366
41572

71654
24785
43017
29130
33939

525
871
513
391
548

1. 450

0.99271 29910 37588 49766 535

1. 421

[(-PiJ

0.12050 27693 67366 57053 287

[( -:)2J

171

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL F1JNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sm

Table 4.6

cos x

1. 450
1. 451
1. 452
1. 453
1.454

0.99271
0.99283
0.99295
0.99307
0.99318

29910
29974
20109
00315
70591

37588
30417
90332
98319
36356

49766
91459
63717
11543
75120

535
118
946
325
114

0.12050
0.11950
0.11851
0.11752
0.11653

27693
99962
71037
40925
09639

67366
90401
03450
99404
71276

57053
47620
05063
79804
73971

287
080
327
068
735

1.455
1. 456
1. 457
1.458
1. 459

0.99330
0.99341
0.99353
0.99364
0.99375

30934
81345
21821
52362
72967

87418
35468
65467
63366
16112

01619
56903
37123
80232
77380

777
143
830
355
893

0.11553
0.11454
0.11355
0.11255
0.11156

77188
43581
08828
72940
35927

12194
15402
74262
82249
32951

42103
91829
84551
36104
17410

061
237
407
618
313

1. 460
1. 461
1. 462
1.463
1. 464

0.99386
0.99397
0.99408
0.99419
0.99430

83634
84362
75150
55998
26904

11644
38896
87794
49260
15209

84228
32148
39331
21797
04300

683
075
194
223
286

0.11056
0.10957
0.10858
0.10758
0.10659

97798
58563
18232
76816
34324

20069
37417
78917
38604
10617

55117
32232
88737
22199
88365

465
463
835
915
556

1. 465
1. 466
1. 467
1.468
1.469

0.99440
0.99451
0.99461
0,99472
0,99482

87866
38885
79958
11085
32265

78550
33187
74019
96938
98831

31137
76860
56879
37979
48727

923
141
043
012
437

0.10559
0.10460
0.10361
0.10261
0.10162

90765
46151
00491
53795
06072

89208
68730
43646
08521
58026

01747
36201
25487
63826
06440

983
884
846
230
584

1. 470
1. 471
1. 472
1. 473
1. 474

0.99492
0.99502
0.99512
0.99522
0.99531

43497
44780
36112
17493
88922

77580
32063
62150
68709
53602

89785
44122
87122
96604
62729

993
430
898
762
932

0.10062
0.09963
0.09863
0.09764
0.09664

57333
07588
56847
05119
52415

86931
90112
62542
99295
95545

70090
33595
38345
88804
53005

698
391
147
678
525

1. 475
1. 476
1. 477
1.478
1. 479

0.99541
0.99551
0.99560
0.99569
0.99578

50398
01919
43486
75096
96749

19685
70812
11829
48581
87906

97818
46063
93145
75747
90969

664
854
787
356
720

0.09564
0.09465
0,09365
0.09266
0.09166

98745
44118
88544
32034
74598

46561
47711
94456
82355
07058

63028
15478
71943
59452
70920

806
186
189
948
484

1.480
1.481
1. 482
1.483
1. 484

0.99588
0.99597
0.99606
0.99614
0.99623

08445
10182
01959
83775
55630

37640
06611
04648
42571
32200

05648
65569
04588
53643
49677

408
851
337
374
461

0.09067
0.08967
0,08867
0.08768
0.08668

16244
56984
96827
35783
73863

64309
49943
59886
90154
36851

65577
69400
75526
44661
05477

623
641
752
519
303

1.485
1.486
1. 487
1.488
1. 489

0.99632
0.99640
0.99649
0.99657
0.99665

17522
69452
11417
43417
65452

86349
18829
44446
79005
39305

44454
13277
63607
43586
50450

246
079
933
693
815

0.08569
0.08469
0.08369
0.08270
0.08170

11075
47431
82940
17612
51456

96168
64385
37866
13060
86499

55002
59004
52356
39407
94334

845
070
240
518
076

1. 490
1.491
1. 492
1.493
1. 494

0.99673
0.99681
0.99689
0.99697
0.99705

77520
79621
71753
53917
26110

43143
09312
57602
08799
84688

38855
29093
15215
73054
68141

320
143
811
448
099

0.08070
0.07971
0.07871
0.07771
0.07672

84484
16705
48128
78764
08624

54800
14659
62854
96243
11762

61486
55729
62770
39483
14220

832
907
926
234
152

1. 495
1.496
1. 497
1.498
1.499

0.99712
0.99720
0.99727
0.99735
0.99742

88334
40586
82865
15173
37506

08049
02660
93295
05727
66724

63530
27521
41279
06360
52131

364
334
821
877
595

0.07572
0.07472
0.07372
0,07273
0.07173

37716
66050
93638
20488
46611

06424
77322
21620
36561
19459

87121
30411
88691
79219
92192

354
478
060
898
943

1. 500

0.99749 49866 04054 43094 172

[( -plJ

0.07073 72016 67702 91008 819

[(-:)2J

172

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

cos x

sin x

1.500
1. 501
1. 502
1. 503
1. 504

0.99749
0.99756
0.99763
0.99770
0.99776

49866
52250
44659
27091
99547

04054
46480
23765
66667
06942

43094
86109
37519
10173
80349

172
251
509
501
750

0.07073
0.06973
0.06874
0.06774
0.06674

72016
96714
20715
44028
66664

67702
78750
50131
79447
64365

91008
12531
67342
39990
89231

819
065
208
761
245

1. 505
1. 506
1. 507
1. 508
1. 509

0.99783
0.99790
0.99796
0.99802
0.99809

62024
14524
57044
89585
12145

77346
11631
44547
11841
50260

94581
76379
32859
61264
55394

063
092
104
976
397

0.06574
0.06475
0.06375
0.06275
0.06175

88633
09943
30607
50633
70031

02623
92023
30434
15789
46086

48257
24928
01988
37280
63952

343
268
470
758
953

1.510
1. 511
1.512
1. 513
1. 514

0.99815
0.99821
0.99827
0.99833
0.99838

24724
27322
19938
02571
75221

97548
92446
74695
85033
65198

11924
36636
50542
95912
42198

274
332
912
947
118

0.06075
0.05976
0.05876
0.05776
0.05676

88812
06985
24560
41548
57959

19385
33809
87538
78816
05945

90658
01748
57464
94113
24248

160
769
281
053
072

1. 515
1. 516
1.517
1. 518
1. 519

0.99844
0.99849
0.99855
0.99860
0.99865

37887
90569
33265
65976
88701

57923
06943
56990
53793
44081

91859
86092
10456
00399
46683

188
495
612
163
784

0.05576
0.05476
0.05377
0.05277
0.05177

73801
89086
03823
18023
31695

67282
61243
86301
40981
23862

36836
97425
48297
08625
74620

851
545
399
609
716

1. 520
1. 521
1. 522
1. 523
1. 524

0.99871
0.99876
0.99880
0.99885
0.99890

01439
04190
96954
79730
52517

75583
97023
58128
09621
03224

00717
79776
72136
42098
34913

231
634
872
089
328

0.05077
0.04977
0.04877
0.04777
0.04677

44849
57495
69644
81305
92488

33579
68814
28305
10835
15238

19672
94487
27218
23593
67036

613
284
360
598
388

1.525
1. 526
1. 527
1.528
1. 529

0.99895
0.99899
0.99904
0.99908
0.99912

15314
68123
10941
43769
66606

91658
28645
68902
68148
83100

81616
03749
17990
40684
92265

285
180
729
234
762

0.04578
0.04478
0.04378
0.04278
0.04178

03203
13460
23270
32642
41586

40397
85239
48738
29915
27830

18782
17991
81854
05695
63073

371
291
166
871
262

1. 530
1. 531
1. 532
1.533
1.534

0.99916
0.99920
0.99924
0.99928
0.99932

79452
82306
75169
58038
30915

71476
91989
04354
69286
48498

01592
10170
76285
79026
22220

427
755
152
436
463

0.04078
0.03978
0.03878
0.03778
0.03678

50112
58230
65951
73283
80238

41591
70343
13276
69617
38633

05868
64380
47406
42326
15178

899
513
277
008
390

1. 535
1. 536
1. 537
1. 538
1. 539

0;99935
0.99939
0.99942
0.99946
0.99949

93799
46689
89585
22486
45393

04701
01607
03928
77374
88654

38256
91817
83506
53376
84360

819
592
202
306
752

0.03578
0.03478
0.03378
0.03279
0.03179

86825
93054
98935
04478
09693

19628
11943
14956
28078
50755

10734
52566
43115
63750
74831

312
435
073
505
796

1.540
1.541
1. 542
1.543
1. 544

0.99952
0.99955
0.99958
0.99961
0.99964

58306
61222
54144
37069
09999

05479
96555
31593
81300
17383

05600
95674
85726
62497
71251

596
180
242
095
832

0.03079
0.02979
0.02879
0.02779
0.02679

14590
19180
23471
27475
31200

82466
22720
71058
27051
90300

15762
05041
40314
98418
35423

248
568
858
526
217

1. 545
1.546
1. 547
1. 548
1. 549

0.99966
0.99969
0.99971
0.99974
0.99976

72932
25868
68807
01749
24694

12550
40506
75959
94615
73179

18609
75272
78656
35418
23886

586
821
660
249
150

0.02579
0.02479
0.02379
0.02279
0.02179

34658
37858
40810
43524
46010

60430
37097
19980
08784
03238

86673
66826
69885
69229
17647

867
971
184
328
934

1. 550

0.99978 37641 89356 96389 761

[<-PI]

0.02079 48278 03092 47364 391

[<-i)9]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

173

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6

1.551
1. 552
1. 553
1. 554

0.99978
0.99980
0.99982
0.99984
0.99985

37641
40591
33542
16495
89450

sin x
89356
21853
50374
55624
19308

96389
81488
86102
97539
85428

761
767
606
966
298

0.02079
0.01979
0.01879
0.01779
0.01679

48278
50338
52200
53874
55370

03092
08120
18116
32894
52286

47364
70061
76905
38564
05229

391
827
802
929
507

1. 555
1. 556
L 557
1. 558
1. 559

0.99987
0.99989
0.99990
0.99991
0.99993

52406
05363
48321
81281
04241

24131 03543
53795 91538
93P07 76575
21470 74851
4388893030

342
676
277
093
623

0.01579
0.01479
0.01379
0.01279
0.0117~

56698
57869
58891
59775
60532

76142
04329
36731
73245
13782

06628
52043
30323
09896
38778

284
433
849
874
533

1. 560
1. 561
1. 562
1. 563
1. 564

0.99994
0.99995
0.99996
0.99996
0.99997

17202
20163
13125
96087
69050

29966
74406
66914
98192
59945

29574
75969
17856
36062
07529

517
172
344
758
731

0.01079
0.00979
0.00879
0.00779
0.00679

61170
61701
62133
62478
62744

58267
06636
58835
14822
74562

44582
34527
95443
93777
75597

392
146
014
062
546

1. 565
1. 566
1. 567
1. 568
1. 569

0.99998
0.99998
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

32013
84976
27939
60902
83866

44876
46689
60087
80775
05456

06142
03461
6934a
72499
80873

794
318
142
201
162

0.00579
0.00479
0.00379
0.00279
0.00179

62943
63084
63176
63231
63258

38028
05200
76064
50611
28835

66597
72096
77045
46023
23243

372
784
359
436
059

1. 570
1. 571
1. 572
1. 573
1.574

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

96829
99792
92755
75719
48682

31834
58612
85495
13185
43386

62021
83315
12082
15626
61164

053
895
337
285
539

+0.00079
-0.00020
-0.00120
-0.00220
-0.00320

63267
36732
36729
36714
36677

10733
03695
14450
21533
24944

32548
22583
59042
14087
45343

541
254
804
901
613

1. 575

1.576
1.577
1.578
1.579

0.99999
0.99998
0.99998
0.99997
0.99996

11645
64609
07572
40536
63500

78803
23138
81096
58379
61693

15654
45523
16298
92137
35254

423
419
798
261
568

-0.00420
-0.00520
-0.00620
-0.00720
-0.00820

36608
36497
36334
36109
35811

24688
20771
13205
02006
87197

30802
68822
78129
97812
87324

109
280
029
142
647

1.580
1.581
1. 582
1.583
1.584

0.99995
0.99994
0.99993
0.99992
0.99991

76464
79429
72395
55361
28327

98740
78223
09847
04315
73330

05255
58361
46545
16554
08844

179
895
499
408
324

-0.00920 35432 68808 26480

-~0102Q 34961 46876 15451
-0.01120 343882144874764
-0.01220 33702 92583 45294
-0.01320 32895 60348 88260

539
796
568
454
743

1. 585
1. 586
1.587
1. 588
1.589

0.99989
0.99988
0.99986
0.99985
0.99983

91295
44263
87233
20204
43177

29595
86814
59691
63927
16226

56407
83504
04289
21344
24106

893
374
313
232
322

-0.01420
-0.01520
-0.01620
-0.01720
-0.01820

31956
30874
29641
28245
26678

24825
86108
44304
99538
51948

85219
38055
68973
20485
55400

553
737
475
440
452

1. 590
1.591
1.592
1.593
1.594

0.99981
0.99979
0.99977
0.99975
0.99973

56151
59127
52105
35085
08068

34290
36823
43527
75103
53254

87198
68657
08066
24582
14867

158
422
646
972
933

-0.01920 24929
-0.0202022987
-0.02120 20843
-0.02220 18488
-0.02320 15910

01692
48945
93900
36773
77799

56809
28070
92788
94801
98151

503
065
583
039
502

1.595
1.596
1.597
1. 598
1. 599

0.99970
0.99968
0.99965
0.99963
0.99960

71054
24042
67033
00029
23027

00681
41086
99171
00635
72179

50917
77790
11241
35248
99440

259
702
891
219
759

-0.02420
-0.02520
-0.02620
-0.02720
-0.02819

17236
55365
92491
28945
65082

87068 552
65939 492
59282 234
11714764
87922 093

1.600

0.99957 36030 41505 16434 211

.r
1. 550

cos x

[(-J)lJ

13101
10049
06745
03180
99342

-0.02919 95223 01288 72620 577

[(-i)3J

For x>1.6 see Example 16.

~=1.57079 63267 94896 61923 132

11"=3.14159 26535 89793 23846 264

174

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

RADIX TABLE OF CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES

Table 4.7

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

0.00000
0.00000
O. 00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0,00000
0.00000
0.00000

sin .1'10- n
00001 00000 00000
00002 00000 00000
00003 00000 00000
00004 00000 00000
00005 00000 00000
00006 00000 00000
00007 00000 00000
00008 00000 00000
00009 00000 00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
O. 99999
0.99999

cos 110- n
99999 99999 99999
999999999999998
99999 99999 99995
99999 99999 99992
9999999999 99987
9999999999 99982
99999 99999 99975
99999 99999 99968
99999 99999 99959

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

4
5
6
7
8
9

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

0,00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0,00000
0,00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00010 00000
00020 00000
00030 00000
00040 00000
00050 00000
00060 00000
00069 99999
0007999999
00089 99999

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
99999
99999
99999

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
99999
99999
99999

0.99999
0.99999
0,99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999 99999 99950

99999 99999 99800
99999 99999 99550
99999 99999 99200
9999999999 98750
99999 99999 98200
999999999997550
99999 99999 96800
99999 99999 95950

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

0.00000
0,00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00099
00199
00299
00399
00499
00599
00699
00799
00899

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99998
99987
99955
99893
99792
99640
99428
99147
98785

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
O. 99999
0.99999
O. 99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99998
99998
99997
99996
99995

95000
60000
55000
20000
75000
20000
55000
80000
95000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00999
01999
02999
03999
04999
05999
06999
07999
08999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999 98333
99999 86667
99999 55000
9999893333
99997 91667
99996 40000
99994 28333
99991 46667
99987 85000

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
O. 99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99995
99980
99955
99920
99875
99820
99755
99680
99595

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

09999
19999
29999
39999
49999
59999
69999
79999
89999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99983
99866
99550
98933
97916
96400
94283
91466
67850

33333
66667
00000
33333
66667
00000
33333
66667
00000

0.~9999

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999 99500
9999998000
9999995500
99999 92000
99999 87500
99999 82000
99999 75500
99999 68000
99999 59500

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00007
00034
00107
00260
00540
01000
01707
02734

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

0.00000 99999 99999

0.00001 99999 99998
0.00002 99999 99995
0.000039999999989
0.00004 99999 99979
0.00005 99999 99964
0.00006 99999 99942
0.00007 99999 99914
0.0000699999 99878

83333
66666
50000
33333
16666
00000
83333
66666
50000

33333
66667
00002
33342
66693
00065
33473
66940
00492

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99998
99995
99992
99987
99982
99975
99968
99959

00000
00000
00003
00010
00026
00054
00100
00170
00273

04167
66667
37500
66667
04167
00000
04167
66667
37500

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

0.00009 99999 99833 33333

0.00019 99999 98666 66666
0.000299999995500 00002
0.00039 99999 89333 33341
0.00049999997916666692
0.00059 99999 64000 00064
0.0006999999 42833 33473
0.00079 99999 14666 66939
0.00089 99996 76500 00492

34167
93333
02500
86667
70833
80000
39167
73333
07499

0.9999999950
0.99999 99800
0.99999 99550
0.99999 99200
0.99999 98750
0.99999 98200
0.99999 97550
0.9999996800
0.99999 95950

.r

1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
1

2
3

11

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

00000 00416 66667

00000 06666 66666
00000 33749 99990
0000106666 66610
00002 6041666450
00005 39999 99352
00010 00416 65033
00017 06666 63026
00027 33749 92619

0.9999995000 00041 66666 52778

0.00099 9999833333 34166 66665
n
For 1/ >10, sin .rlO- = .rlO-n; cos .rlO-n = 1- ~ .r210-2n; to 25D.

From C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of tlie exponential function and of the circular sine and cosine to
radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission).

175

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

x

Table 4.8

cos x

0
1
2
3
4

0.00000
+0.84147
+0.90929
+0.14112
-0. 75680

00000
09848
74268
00080
24953

sin x
00000
07896
25681
59867
07928

00000
50665
69539
22210
25137

000
250
602
074
264

+0.54030
-0.41614
-0.98999
-0.65364

23058
68365
24966
36208

68139
47142
00445
63611

71740
38699
45727
91463

094
757
157
917

5
6
7
8
9

-0.95892
-0.27941
+0.65698
+0.98935
+0.41211

42746
54981
65987
82466
84852

63138
98925
18789
23381
41756

46889
87281
09039
77780
56975

315
156
700
812
627

+0.28366
+0.96017
+0. 75390
-0.14550
-0.91113

21854 63226
0~866 50366
22543 43304
00338 08613
02618 84676

26446
02054
63814
52586
98836

664
565
120
884
829

10
11
12
13
14

-0.54402
-0.99999
-0.53657
+0.42016
+0.99060

11108
02065
29180
70368
73556

89369
50703
00434
26640
94870

81340
45705
97166
92186
30787

475
156
537
896
535

-0.83907
+0.00442
+0.84385
+0.90744
+0.13673

15290
56979
39587
67814
72182

76452
88050
32492
50196
07833

45225
78574
10465
21385
59424

886
836
396
269
893

15
16

+0.65028
-0.28790
-0.96139
-0. 75098
+0.14987

78401
33166
74918
72467
72096

57116
65065
79556
71676
62952

86582
29478
85726
10375
32975

974
446
164
016
424

-0. 75968
-0.95765
-0.27516
+0.66031
+0.98870

79128
94803
33380
67082
46181

58821
23384
51596
44080
86669

27384
64189
92222
14481
25289

815
964
034
610
835

22
23
24

+0.91294
+0.83665
-0.00885
-0.84622
-0.90557

52507
56385
13092
04041
83620

27627
36056
90403
75170
06623

65437
03186
87592
63524
84513

610
648
169
133
579

+0.40808
-0.54772
-0.99996
-0.53283
+0.42417

20618
92602
08263
30203
90073

13391
24268
94637
33397
36996

98606
42138
12645
55521
97593

227
427
417
576
705

25
26
27
28
29

-0.13235
+0. 76255
+0.95637
+0.27090
-0.66363

17500
84504
59284
57883
38842

97773
79602
04503
07869
12967

02890
73751
01343
01998
50215

201
582
234
634
117

+0.99120
+0.64691
-0.29213
-0.96260
-0.74805

28118
93223
88087
58663
75296

63473
28640
33836
13566
89000

59808
34272
19337
60197
35176

329
138
140
545
519

30
31
32
33
34

-0.98803
-0.40403
+0.55142
+0.99991
+0.52908

16240
76453
66812
18601
26861

92861
23065
41690
07267
20023

78998
00604
55066
14572
82083

775
877
156
808
249

+0.15425
+0.91474
+0.83422
-0.01327
-0.84857

14498
23578
33605
67472
02747

87584
04531
06510
23059
84605

05071
27896
27221
47891
18659

866
244
553
522
997

35
36
37
38
39

-0.42818
-0.99177
-0.64353
+0.29636
+0.96379

26694
88534
81333
85787
53862

96151
43115
56999
09385
84087

00440
73683
46068
31739
75326

675
529
567
230
066

-0.90369
-0.12796
+0.76541
+0.95507
+0.26664

22050
36896
40519
36440
29323

91506
27404
45343
47294
59937

75984
68102
35649
85758
25152

730
833
108
654
683

40
41
42
43
44

+0. 74511
-0.15862
-0.91652
-0.83177
+0.01770

31604
26688
15479
47426
19251

79348
04708
15633
28598
05413

78698
98710
78589
28820
57780

771
332
899
958
795

-0.66693
-0.98733
-0.39998
+0.55511
+0.99984

80616
92775
53149
33015
33086

52261
23826
88351
20625
47691

84438
45822
29395
67704
22006

409
883
471
483
901

45
46
47
48
49

+0.85090
+0.90178
+0.12357
-0. 76825
-0.95375

35245
83476
31227
46613
26527

34118
48809
45224
23666
59471

42486
18503
00406
79904
81836

238
329
153
497
042

+0.52532
-0.43217
-0.99233
-0.64014
+0.30059

19888
79448
54691
43394
25437

17729
84778
50928
69199
43637

69604
29495
71827
73131
08368

746
278
975
294
703

17

18
19
20
21

1. 00000 00000 00000 00000 000

50
-0.26237 48537 03928 78591 439
+0.96496 60284 92113 27406 896
From C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of the exponential function and of the circular sine and cosine to
radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission) for x:$lOO.

176

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.8

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

cos x

50
51
52
53
54

-0.26237
+0.67022
+0.98662
+0.39592
-0.55878

48537
91758
75920
51501
90488

03928
43374
40485
81834
51616

78591
73449
29658
18150
24581

439
435
757
339
787

+0.96496
+0.74215
-0.16299
-0.91828
-0.82930

60284
41968
07807
27862
98328

92113
13782
95705
12118
63150

27406
53946
48100
89119
14772

896
738
333
973
785

55
56
57
58
59

-0.99975
-0.52155
+0.43616
+0.99287
+0.63673

51733
10020
47552
26480
80071

58619
86911
47824
84537
39137

83659
88018
95908
11816
88077

863
741
053
509
123

+0.02212
+0.85322
+0.89986
+0.11918
-0. 77108

67562
01077
68269
01354
02229

61955
22584
69193
48819
75845

73456
11396
78650
28543
22938

356
968
300
584
744

60
61
62
63
64

-0.30481
-0.96611
-0.73918
+0.16735
+0.92002

06211
77700
06966
57003
60381

02216
08392
49222
02806
96790

70562
94701
86727
92152
68335

565
829
602
784
154

-0.95241
-0.25810
+0.67350
+0.98589
+0.39185

29804
16359
71623
65815
72304

15156
38267
23586
82549
29550

29269
44570
25288
69743
00516

382
121
783
864
171

65
66
67
68
69

+0.82682
-0.02655
-0.85551
-0.89792
-0.11478

86794
11540
99789
76806
48137

90103
23966
75322
89291
83187

46771
79446
25899
26040
22054

021
384
683
073
507

-0.56245
-0.99964
-0.51776
+0.44014
+0.99339

38512
74559
97997
30224
03797

38172
66349
89505
96040
22271

03106
96483
06565
70593
63756

212
045
339
105
155

70
72
73
74

+0. 77389
+0.95105
+0.25382
-0.67677
-0.98514

06815
46532
33627
19568
62604

57889
54374
62036
87307
68247

09778
63665
27306
62215
37085

733
657
903
498
189

+0.63331
-0.30902
-0.96725
-0.73619
+0.17171

92030
27281
05882
27182
73418

86299
66070
73882
27315
30777

83233
70291
48729
96016
55609

201
749
171
815
845

75
76
77
78
79

-0.38778
+0.56610
+0.99952
+0.51397
-0.44411

16354
76368
01585
84559
26687

09430
98180
80731
87535
07508

43773
32361
24386
21169
36850

094
028
610
609
760

+0.92175
+0.82433
-0.03097
-0.85780
-0.89597

12697
13311
50317
30932
09467

24749
07557
31216
44987
90963

31639
75991
45752
85540
14833

230
501
196
835
703

80
81
82
83
84

-0.99388
-0.62988
+0.31322
+0.96836
+0.73319

86539
79942
87824
44611
03200

23375
74453
33085
00185
73292

18973
87856
15263
40435
16636

081
521
353
015
321

-0.11038
+0.77668
+0.94967
+0.24954
-0.68002

72438
59820
76978
01179
34955

39047
21631
82543
73338
87338

55811
15768
20471
12437
79542

787
342
326
735
720

85
86
87
88
89

-0.17607
-0.92345
-0.82181
+0.03539
+0.86006

56199
84470
78366
83027
94058

48587
04059
30822
33660
12453

07696
80260
54487
68362
22683

212
163
211
543
685

-0.98437
-0.38369
+0.56975
+0.99937
+0.51017

66433
84449
03342
32836
70449

94041
49741
65311
95124
41668

89491
84477
92000
65698
89902

821
893
851
442
379

90
91
92
93
94

+0.89399
+0.10598
-0. 77946
-0.94828
-0.24525

66636
75117
60696
21412
19854

00557
51156
15804
69947
67654

89051
85002
68855
23213
32522

827
021
400
104
044

-0.44807
-0.99436
-0.62644
+0.31742
+0.96945

36161
74609
44479
87015
93666

29170
28201
10339
19701
69987

15236
52610
06880
64974
60380

548
672
027
551
439

95
96
97
98
99

+0.68326
+0.98358
+0.37960
-0.57338
-0.99920

17147
77454
77390
18719
68341

36120
34344
27521
90422
86353

98369
85760
69648
88494
69443

958
773
192
922
272

+0.73017
-0.18043
-0.92514
-0.81928
+0.03982

35609
04492
75365
82452
08803

94819
91083
96413
91459
93138

66479
95011
89170
25267
89816

352
850
475
566
180

71

100

-0.50636 56411 09758 79365 656

+0.86231 88722 87683 93410 194

177

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.8

cos x

sin x

cos x

sin x

100
101
102
103
104

-0.50636
+0.45202
+0.99482
TO. 62298
-0.32162

564
579
679
863
240

+0.86231
+0.89200
+0.10158
-0.78223
-0.94686

887
487
570
089
801

150
151
152
153
154

-0. 71487
+0.20214
+0.93332
+0.80640
-0.06192

643
988
052
058
034

+0.69925 081
+0.97935 460
+0.35904429
-0. 59136 968
-0.99808 109

105
106
107
108
109

-0.97053
-0. 72714
+0.18478
+0.92681
+0.81674

528
250
174
851
261

-0.24095
+0.68648
+0.98277
+0. 37550
-0.57700

905
655
958
900
218

155
156
157
158
159

-0.87331
-0.88178
-0.07954
+0.79582
+0.93951

198
462
854
410
973

-0. 48716
+0.47165
+0.99683
+0.60552
-0.34249

135
229
099
787
478

110
111
112
113
114

-0.04424
-0. 86455
-0.88999
-0.09718
+0. 78498

268
145
560
191
039

-0.99902
-0.50254
+0.45596
+0.99526
+0.61952

081
432
910
664
061

160
161
162
163
164

+0. 21942
-0. 70240
-0.97845
-0.35491
+0. 59493

526
779
035
018
278

-0.97562
-0. 71177
+0.20648
+0.93490
+0.80377

931
476
223
040
546

115
116
117
118
119

+0.94543
+0.23666
-0.68969
-0.98195
-0.37140

533
139
794
217
410

-0.32580
-0.97159
-0.72409
+0. 18912
+0.92847

981
219
720
942
132

165
166
167
168
169

+0.99779
+0.48329
-0.47555
-0. 99717
-0. 60199

728
156
019
329
987

-0.06633
-0. 87545
-0.87968
-0.07513
+0. 79849

694
946
859
609
619

120
121
122
123
124

+0. 58061
+0.99881
+0.49871
-0. 45990
-0.99568

118
522
315
349
699

+0.81418
-0.04866
-0.86676
-0.88796
-0. 09277

097
361
709
891
620

170
171
172
173
174

+0.34664946
+0.97659 087
+0. 70865 914
-0.21081 053
-0.93646 197

+0.93799
+0.21510
-0. 70555
-0.97752
-0. 35076

475
527
101
694
911

125
126
127
128
129

-0. 61604
+0.32999
+0.97263
+0. 72103
-0.19347

046
083
007
771
339

+0. 78771
+0.94398
+0.23235
-0. 69289
-0. 98110

451
414
910
582
552

175
176
177
178
179

-0. 80113
+0.07075
+0.87758
+0.87757
+0.07072

460
224
979
534
217

+0.59848
+0.99749
+0.47941
-0.47943
-0. 99749

422
392
231
877
605

130
131
132
133
134

-0.93010
-0.81160
+0.05308
+0.86896
+0.88592

595
339
359
576
482

-0.36729
+0.58420
+0.99859
+0. 49487
-0.46382

133
882
007
222
887

180
181
182
183
184

-0.80115
-0. 93645
-0.21078
+0. 70868
+0.97658

264
140
107
041
438

-0. 59846
+0. 35079
+0.97753
+0. 70552
-0.21513

007
734
329
964
471

135
136
137
138
139

+0. 08836
-0.79043
-0.94251
-0.22805
+0. 69608

869
321
445
226
013

-0.99608
-0.61254
+0.33416
+0.97364
+0. 71796

784
824
538
889
410

185
186
187
188
189

+0. 34662
-0.60202
-0,99717
-0.47552
+0.48331

118
394
102
367
795

-0.93800
-0.79847
+0.07516
+0.87970
+0. 87544

520
804
615
293
489

140
141
142
143
144

+0.98023
+0.36317
-0.58779
-0.99834
-0.49102

966
137
501
536
159

-0.19781
-0.93172
-0.80900
+0.05750
+0.87114

357
236
991
253
740

190
191
192
193
194

+0.99779
+0.59490
-0.35493
-0.97845
-0. 70238

928
855
836
657
633

+0.06630
-0.80379
-0.93488
-0.20645
+0.71179

686
339
971
273
593

145
146
147
148
149

+0.46774
+0.99646
+0. 60904
-0.33833
-0.97464

516
917
402
339
865

+0.88386
+0.08395
-0. 79313
-0.94102
-0,22374

337
944
642
631
095

195
196
197
198
199

+0. 21945
+0.93953
+0. 79580
-0.07957
-0.88179

467
006
584
859
884

+0.97562
+0.34246
-0.60555
-0.99682
-0.47162

270
646
186
859
571

150

-0. 71487 643

+0.69925 081

200

-0. 87329 730

+0.48718 768

178

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.8

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

cos x

sin x

cos x

sin x

200
201
202
203
204

-0.87329
-0. 06189
+0.80641
+0.93330
+0.20212

730
025
841
970
036

+0.48718
+0.99808
+0.59134
-0. 35907
-0.97936

768
296
538
242
069

250
251
252
253
254

-0.97052
-0.32159
+0.62301
+0.99482
+0.45199

802
386
221
373
890

+0.24098
+0.94687
+0. 78221
-0.10161
-0. 89201

831
771
211
569
850

205
206
207
208
209

-0.71489
-0.97464
-0.33830
+0.60906
+0.99646

751
190
503
793
664

-0.69922
+0.22377
+0.94103
+0. 79311
-0. 08398

926
033
651
806
947

255
256
257
258
259

-0.50639
-0.99920
-0.57335
+0.37963
+0.98359

163
803
717
563
318

-0.86230
-0.03979
+0.81930
+0.92513
+0. 18040

361
076
553
609
080

210
211
212
213
214

+0.46771
-0.49104
-0.99834
-0. 58777
+0.36319

852
785
709
062
945

-0.88387
-0.87113
-0.05747
+0.80902
+0.93171

747
260
243
763
141

260
261
262
263
264

+0.68323
-0.24528
-0. 94829
-0. 77944
+0.10601

970
121
171
719
749

-0. 73019
-9.96945
-0.31740
+0. 62646
+0.99436

416
197
012
794
427

215
216
217
218
219

+0.98024
+0. 69605
-0.22808
-0.94252
-0.79041

562
849
161
453
474

+0.19778
-0. 71798
-0.97364
-0.33413
+0.61257

403
508
202
697
207

265
266
267
268
269

+0.89401
+0.86005
+0.03536
-0.82183
-0.92344

017
403
818
501
688

+0.44804
-0.51020
-0.99937
-0. 56972
+0.38372

667
297
435
556
628

220
221
222
223
224

+0.08839
+0.88593
+0.86895
+0.05305
-0.81162

871
880
084
349
100

+0.99608
+Q.46380
-0.49489
-0.99859
-0.58418

517
216
841
167
435

270
271
272
273
274

-0.17604
+0. 73321
+0.96835
+0.31320
-0. 62991

595
082
694
015
141

+0.98438
+0.68000
-0.24956
-0.94968
-0. 77666

195
139
931
714
699

225
226
227
228
229

-0.93009
-0.19344
+0.72105
+0.97262
+0. 32996

488
382
860
306
237

+0.36731
+0.98111
+0.69287
-0.23238
-0.94399

937
135
409
842
409

275
276
277
278
279

-0. 99388
-0. 44408
+0.51400
+0.99952
+0.56608

533
566
431
109
279

+0.11041
+0.89598
+0.85778
+0.03094
-0.82434

720
433
760
490
840

230
231
232
233
234

-0.61606
-0.99568
-0.45987
+0.49873
+0.99881

420
419
672
928
669

-0. 78769
+0.09280
+0.88798
+0.86675
+0.04863

594
622
277
206
350

280
281
282
283
284

-0.38780
-0.98515
-0.67674
+0.25385
+0.95106

942
144
976
252
397

-0.92173
-0. 17168
+0. 73621
+0.96724
+0.30899

958
765
312
294
406

235
236
237
238
239

+0.58058
-0.37143
-0.98195
-0. 68967
+0.23669

664
209
787
611
068

-0.81419
-0.92846
-0.18909
+0. 72411
+0.97158

847
012
982
799
506

285
286
287
288
289

+0. 77387
-0.11481
-0.89794
-0.85550
-0.02652

159
476
095
437
102

-0.63334
-0.99338
-0.44011
+0.51779
+0.99964

253
692
595
559
826

240
241
242
243
244

+0.94544
+0.78496
-0. 09721
-0.89000
-0. 86453

515
171
191
935
630

+0.32578
-0.61954
-0.99526
-0.45594
+0. 50257

131
428
371
228
038

290
291
292
293
294

+0.82684
+0.92001
+0.16732
-0. 73920
-0. 96610

563
423
598
100
999

+0.56242
-0.39188
-0.98590
-0.67348
+0.25813

893
496
163
488
076

245
246
247
248
249

-0.04421
+0.81676
+0.92680
+0.18475
-0.72716

256
000
719
212
319

+0.99902
+0.57697
-0.37553
-0.98278
-0. 68646

215
756
754
515
463

295
296
297
298
299

-0. 30478
+0. 63676
+0.99286
+0.43613
-0.52157

191
125
906
763
672

+0.95242
+0. 77106
-0.11921
-0.89987
-0.85320

217
103
006
997
439

250

-0.97052 802

+0.24098 831

300

-0.99975 584

-0.02209 662

179

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.8

cos x

sin x

cos x

sin x

300
301
302
303
304

-0.99975
-0.55876
+0.39595
+0.98663
+0.67020

584
405
283
250
680

-0. 02209
+0. 82932
+0. 91827
+0.16296
-0.74217

662
668
085
104
440

350
351
352
353
354

-0.95893
-0. 75678
+0.14114
+0.90930
+0.84145

283
279
985
997
470

-0.28363
+0.65366
+0. 98998
+0.41611
-0.54032

328
643
824
943
767

305
306
307
308
309

-0. 26240
-0.95376
-0. 76823
+0.12360
+0.90180

394
171
536
304
137

-0.96495
-0.30056
+0.64016
+0.99233
+0.43215

812
379
750
174
076

355
356
357
358
359

-0. 00003
-0.84148
-0.90928
-0.14109
+0. 75682

014
727
488
017
220

-1.00000
-0.54027
+0.41617
+0.98999
+0.65362

000
694
425
675
081

310
311
312
313
314

+0.85088
+0.01767
-0.83179
-0.91650
-0.15859

769
179
148
949
291

-0.52534
-0.99984
-0.55508
+0.40001
+0.98734

764
384
823
294
406

360
361
362
363
364

+0.95891
+0. 27938
-0.65700
-0.98935
-0.41209

572
655
932
386
102

-0.28369
-0. 96017
-0. 75388
+0.14552
+0.91114

109
871
245
986
268

315
316
317
318
319

+0. 74513
+0.96378
+0.29633
-0.64356
-0. 99177

326
735
979
121
500

+0.66691
-0.26667
-0.95508
-0. 76539
+0.12799

560
199
258
465
359

365
366
367
368
369

+0.54404
+0. 99999
+0.53654
-0.42019
-0.99061

640
007
748
439
148

+0.83905
-0.00445
-0.84387
-0.90743
-0. 13670

513
584
013
412
736

320
321
322
323
324

-0.42815
+0.52910
+0.99991
+0.55140
-0.40406

543
827
226
153
522

+0.90370
+0.84855
+0.01324
-0.83423
-0.91473

511
433
661
998
018

370
371
372
373
374

-0.65026
+0.28793
+0.96140
+0. 75096
-0.14990

494
218
579
734
701

+0. 75970
+0.95765
+0.27513
-0.66033
-0.98870

752
080
436
935
010

325
326
327
328
329

-0.98803
-0.66361
+0.27093
+0.95638
+0. 76253

627
133
481
473
895

-0.15422
+0. 74807
+0.96259
+0.29210
-0.64694

167
753
770
998
231

375
376
377
378
379

-0.91295
-0. 83663
+0. 00888
+0.84623
+0.90556

755
913
145
647
557

-0.40805
+0.54775
+0.99996
+0.53280
-0.42420

454
448
056
751
631

330
331
332
333
334

-0.13238
-0.90559
-0.84620
-0. 00882
+0.83667

163
115
434
117
215

-0.99119
-0.42415
+0.53285
+0.99996
+0.54770

882
171
853
109
404

380
381
382
383
384

+0.13232
-0. 76257
-0.95636
-0.27087
+0.66365

187
795
712
677
643

-0.99120
-0.64689
+0.29216
+0.96261
+0. 74803

680
634
764
403
752

335
336
337
338
339

+0.91293
+0.14984
-0. 75100
-0.96138
-0.28787

295
741
715
920
445

-0.40810
-0.98870
-0. 66029
+0.27519
+0.95766

958
914
407
232
816

385
386
387
388
389

+0. 98802
+0.40401
-0.55145
-0.99991
-0. 52905

697
007
183
146
711

-0.15428
-0.91475
-0.83420
+0. 01330
+0.84858

123
454
674
689
622

340
341
342
343
344

+0.65031
+0.99060
+0.42013
-0.53659
-0.99999

074
323
968
836
034

+0. 75966
-0.13676
-0.90745
-0.84383
-0.00439

831
708
945
778
555

390
391
392
393
394

+0.42820
+0.99178
+0.64351
-0.29639
-0.96380

991
271
506
737
342

+0.90367
+0.12793
-0. 76543
-0.95506
-0.26661

930
379
345
471
388

345
346
347
348
349

-0.54399
+0.41214
+0.98936
+0.65696
-0.27944

582
595
263
387
444

+0.83908
+0.91111
+0.14547
-0.75392
-0.96016

793
784
021
206
186

395
396
397
398
399

-0.74509
+0.15865
+0.91653
+0.83175
-0. 01773

306
243
361
801
206

+0.66696
+0.98733
+0.39995
-0.55513
-0.99984

052
450
769
837
277

350

-0.95893 283

-0.28363 328

400

-0.85091 936

-0.52529 634

180

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.8

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

cos x

smx

cos x

400
401
402
403
404

-0. 85091
-0. 90177
-0.12354
+0.76827
+0.95374

936
532
321
396
359

-0.52529
+0.43220
+0.99233
+0.64012
-0.30062

634
513
919
118
129

450
451
452
453
454

-0. 68328
-0.98358
-0.37957
+0.57340
+0.99920

373
231
985
657
563

-0. 73015
+0.18046
+0. 92515
+0.81927
-0.03985

296
010
898
096
100

405
406
407
408
409

+0.26234
-0.67025
-0.98662
-0.39589
+0.55881

577
155
268
747
405

-0.96497
-0. 74213
+0. 16302
+0.91829
+0. 82929

394
399
052
472
299

455
456
457
458
459

+0.50633
-0. 45205
-0. 99482
-0.62296
+0.32165

965
268
985
505
095

-0.86233
-0.89199
-0.10155
+0. 78224
+0.94685

414
124
572
967
832

410
411
412
413
414

+0.99975
+0.52152
-0.43619
-0.99287
-0.63671

451
528
188
624
476

-0.02215
-0.85323
-0.89985
-0. 11915
+0. 77109

689
583
368
021
942

460
461
462
463
464

+0.97054
+0. 72712
-0. 18481
-0.92682
-0.81672

255
181
137
982
521

+0.24092
-0. 68650
-0. 98277
-0.37548
+0. 57702

979
847
401
166
680

415
416
417
418
419

+0. 30483
+0.96612
+0.73916
-0.16738
-0.92003

933
555
039
542
785

+0.95240
+0.25807
-0.67352
-0.98589
-0.39182

379
251
944
154
950

465
466
467
468
469

+0.04427
+0. 86456
+0.88998
+0.09715
-0. 78499

279
660
186
190
906

+0.99901
+0.50251
-0.45599
-0.99526
-0.61949

948
826
593
957
695

420
421
422
423
424

-0.82681
+0.02658
+0.85553
+0.89791
+0.11475

172
129
559
441
487

+0.56247
+0.99964
+0.51774
-0.44017
-0.99339

878
666
401
009
384

470
471
472
473
474

-0.94542
-0.23663
+0. 68971
+0.98194
+0.37137

551
211
977
647
611

+0.32583
+0.97159
+0. 72407
-0.18915
-0.92848

830
932
641
902
252

425
426
427
428
429

-0.77390
-0.95104
-0.25379
+0.67679
+0.98514

977
534
421
415
108

-0.63329
+0.30905
+0.96725
+0. 73617
-0.17174

587
140
824
232
704

475
476
477
478
479

-0.58063
-0.99881
-0.49868
+0.45993
+0.99568

573
376
703
026
978

-0.81416
+0.04869
+0.86678
+0.88795
+0.09274

347
372
212
504
619

430
431
432
433
434

+0.38775
-0.56613
-0.99951
-0.51395
+0.44413

385
249
922
260
968

-0.92176
-0.82431
+0.03100
+0.85781
+0.89595

296
427
516
859
756

480
481
482
483
484

+0.61601
-0.33001
-0.97263
-0. 72101
+0. 19350

671
928
707
682
297

-0. 78773
-0.94397
-0.23232
+0.69291
+0.98109

308
419
978
756
969

435
436
437
438
439

+0.99389
+0. 62986
-0.31325
-0.96837
-0.73316

198
458
741
198
982

+0.11035
-0. 77670
-0.94966
-0. 24951
+0.68004

728
497
826
093
560

485
486
487
488
489

+0.93011
+0.81158
-0.05311
-0. 86898
-0. 88591

702
578
369
067
083

+0.36726
-0.58423
-0.99858
-0. 49484
+0.46385

329
328
847
603
557

440
441
442
443
444

+0.17610
+0.92347
+0.82180
-0.03542
-0.86008

529
001
066
843
478

+0.98437
+0.38367
-0.56977
-0.99937
-0.51015

134
061
511
222
112

490
491
492
493
494

-0. 08833
+0.79045
+0.94250
+0. 22802
-0. 69610

866
167
438
291
177

+0.99609
+0. 61252
-0.33419
-0.97365
-0. 71794

050
441
379
577
312

445
446
447
448
449

-0.89398
-0.10595
+0. 77948
+0.94827
+0.24522

316
754
495
257
276

+0.44810
+0.99437
+0.62642
-0.31745
-0.96946

056
066
095
729
676

495
496
497
498
499

-0.98023
-0.36314
+0.58781
+0. 99834
+0.49099

370
328
939
363
533

+0.19784
+0.93173
+0.80899
-0. 05753
-0.87116

312
331
219
262
220

450

-0. 68328 373

-0. 73015 296

500

-0.46777 181

-0.88384 927

181

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

cos x

sin x

Table 4.8
cos x

smx

500
501
502
503
504

-0.46777
-0.99647
-0. 60902
+0.33836
+0.97465

181
170
011
176
539

-0. 88384
-0.08392
+0. 79315
+0.94101
+0.22371

927
940
478
611
157

550
551
552
553
554

-0.21948
-0.93954
-0. 79578
+0. 07960
+0.88181

408
038
759
864
305

-0. 97561
-0.34243
+0.60557
+0.99682
+0.47159

608
814
585
620
913

505
506
507
508
509

+0. 71485
-0.20217
-0.93333
-0.80638
+0.06195

535
940
135
275
042

-0.69927
-0.97934
-0.35901
+0. 59139
+0.99807

236
850
615
399
923

555
556
557
558
559

+0.87328
+0. 06186
-0.80643
-0. 93329
-0.20209

261
016
623
888
084

-0.48721
-0. 99808
-0.59132
+0.35910
+0.97936

400
483
107
055
678

510
511
512
513
514

+0.87332
+0. 88177
+0.07951
-0. 79584
-0.93950

667
040
849
235
941

+0.48713
-0.47167
-0.99683
-0.60550
+0.34252

502
887
339
389
310

560
561
562
563
564

+0.71491
+0.97463
+0.33827
-0.60909
-0.99646

859
516
666
184
411

+0.69920
-0.22379
-0. 94104
-0.79309
+0. 08401

771
971
671
970
951

515
516
517
518
519

-0.21939
+0. 70242
+0.97844
+0.35488
-0.59495

585
924
413
199
701

+0.97563
+0. 71175
-0.20651
-0.93491
-0.80375

593
358
172
110
753

565
566
567
568
569

-0.46769
+0.49107
+0.99834
+0.58774
-0.36322

187
411
883
623
754

+0.88389
+0.87111
+0. 05744
-0.80904
-0.93170

157
780
234
534
046

520
521
522
523
524

-0.99779
-0.48326
+0.47557
+0. 99717
+0.60197

528
517
670
555
580

+0.06636
+0.87547
+0.87967
+0.07510
-0. 79851

701
403
426
603
433

570
571
572
573
574

-0.98025
-0.69603
+0.22811
+0.94253
+0. 79039

158
684
096
460
628

-0.19775
+0. 71800
+0.97363
+0. 33410
-0.61259

448
607
514
856
589

525
526
527
528
529

-0.34667
-0.97659
-0. 70863
+0.21084
+0.93647

773
735
787
000
255

-0.93798
-0.21507
+0. 70557
+0.97752
+0.35074

430
583
237
059
088

575
576
577
578
579

-0.08842
-0.88595
-0.86893
-0.05302
+0.81163

874
278
592
338
861

-0.99608
-0.46377
+0. 49492
+0.99859
+0.58415

251
546
461
327
989

530
531
532
533
534

+0.80111
-0. 07078
-0.87760
-0. 87756
-0.07069

655
230
424
088
210

-0.59850
-0.99749
-0.47938
+0.47946
+0.99749

837
179
586
522
818

580
581
582
583
584

+0.93008
+0.19341
-0. 72107
-0.97261
-0.32993

380
424
948
606
391

-0.36734
-0.98111
-0.69285
+0.23241
+0.94400

740
719
235
774
403

535
536
537
538
539

+0.80117
+0.93644
+0.21075
-0. 70870
-0.97657

068
083
160
168
790

+0.59843
-0.35082
-0.97753
-0. 70550
+0.21516

592
557
965
828
415

585
586
587
588
589

+0.61608
+0.99568
+0.45984
-0.49876
-0.99881

795
139
996
541
816

+0.78767
-0.09283
-0.88799
-0.86673
-0.04860

737
623
663
702
339

540
541
542
543
544

-0. 34659
+0.60204
+0.99716
+0.47549
-0.48334

290
801
876
715
434

+0.93801
+0. 79845
-0. 07519
-0.87971
-0.87543

565
989
621
726
032

590
591
592
593
594

-0.58056
+0.37146
+0.98196
+0. 68965
-0.23671

210
008
357
428
997

+0.81421
+0.92844
+0.18907
-a, 72413
-0.97157

597
893
022
878
792

545
546
547
548
549

-0.99780
-0.59488
+0.35496
+0.97846
+0. 70236

128
432
654
280
487

-0.06627
+0. 80381
+0.93487
+0.20642
-0. 71181

678
133
901
324
710

595
596
597
598
599

-0.94545
-0. 78494
+0. 09724
+0.89002
+0. 86452

497
304
191
309
115

-0.32575
+0.61956
+0.99526
+0.45591
-0. 50259

281
794
078
545
644

550

-0.21948 408

-0.97561 608

600

+0.04418 245

-0.99902 348

182

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.8

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sm x

cos x

sin x

cos x

600
601
602
603
604

+0. 04418
-0.81677
-0.92679
-0.18472
+0. 72718

245
739
586
249
389

-0.99902
-0.57695
+0.37556
+0.98279
+0. 68644

348
294
547
072
271

650
651
652
653
654

+0.30475
-0. 63678
-0.99286
-0.43611
+0.52160

320
449
546
050
244

-0.95243
-0. 77104
+0.11923
+0. 89989
+0.85318

136
183
999
312
866

605
606
607
608
609

+0.97052
+0.32156
-0. 62303
-0.99482
-0.45197

075
532
579
067
201

-0.24101
-0.94688
-0.78219
+0.10164
+0.89203

756
740
333
568
212

655
656
657
658
659

+0.99975
+0. 55873
-0.39598
-0. 98663
-0.67018

651
905
051
742
443

+0.02206
-0.82934
-0.91825
-0.16293
+0.74219

648
352
891
130
460

610
611
612
613
614

+0.50641
+0.99920
+0.57333
-0.37966
-0.98359

763
923
248
351
862

+0. 86228
+0.03976
-0. 81932
-0.92512
-0.18037

834
064
281
465
115

660
661
662
663
664

+0.26243
+0.95377
+0. 76821
-0.12363
-0.90181

303
077
607
295
440

+0.96495
+0.30053
-0.64019
-0. 99232
-0.43212

021
504
066
802
358

615
616
617
618
619

-0.68321
+0.24531
+0.94830
+0. 77942
-0.10604

769
043
128
830
746

+0.73021
+0. 96944
+0.31737
-0.62649
-0.99436

475
458
153
144
107

665
666
667
668
669

-0.85087
-0.01764
+0.83180
+0.91649
+0.15856

185
165
821
743
314

+0.52537
+0.99984
+0.55506
-0.40004
-0.98734

329
437
315
057
884

620
621
622
623
624

-0. 89402
-0. 86003
-0. 03533
+0.82185
+0.92343

368
865
805
218
531

-0.44801
+0.51022
+0.99937
+0.56970
-0.38375

972
890
542
079
412

670
671
672
673
674

-0. 74515
-0.96377
-0.29631
+0,64358
+0.99177

337
931
100
428
114

-0.66689
+0.26670
+0.95509
+0. 76537
-0.12802

314
104
151
525
348

625
626
627
628
629

+0.17601
-0. 73323
-0.96834
-0. 31317
+0.62993

627
132
941
153
482

-0.98438 726
-0.67997 929
+0.24959 850
+0.94969 658
+0.77664801

675
676
677
678
679

+0.42812
-0.52913
-0.99991
-0.55137
+0.40409

819
384
266
639
279

-0.90371
-0.84853
-0.01321
+0.83425
+0.91471

802
838
646
660
800

630
631
632
633
634

+0. 99388
+0.44405
-0.51403
-0.99952
-0.56605

200
865
017
202
794

-0.11044
-0.89599
-0.85777
-0.03091
+0. 82436

716
772
210
477
546

680
681
682
683
684

+0. 98804
+0.66358
-0.27096
-0,95639
-0. 76251

092
878
382
354
945

+0.15419
-0. 74809
-0.96258
-0. 29208
+0. 64696

188
754
953
115
529

635
636
637
638
639

+0.38783
+0.98515
+0.67672
-0.25388
-0.95107

721
661
757
168
328

+0.92172
+0. 17165
-0.73623
-0.96723
-0.30896

789
795
352
528
539

685
686
687
688
689

+0,13241
+0.90560
+0.84618
+0. 00879
-0. 83668

151
393
828
102
866

+0.99119
+0.42412
-0.53288
-0.99996
-0.54767

483
441
404
136
882

640
641
642
643
644

-a, 77385
+0.11484
+0.89795
+0.85548
+0.02649

250
470
421
876
089

+0.63336
+0.99338
+0.44008
-0.51782
-0. 99964

586
346
889
138
905

690
691
692
693
694

-0.91292
-0.14981
+0. 75102
+0.96138
+0.28784

065
760
706
090
558

+0.40813
+0.98871
+0,66027
-0.27522
-0.95767

710
365
143
130
684

645
646
647
648
649

-0.82686
-0.92000
-0.16729
+0. 73922
+0.96610

259
241
626
130
221

-0.56240
+0.39191
+0.98590
+0.67346
-0.25815

400
270
667
260
988

695
696
697
698
699

-0.65033
-0.99059
-0.42011
+0. 53662
+0.99999

364
911
233
379
047

-0.75964
+0. 13679
+0.90747
+0.84382
+0.00436

871
694
211
161
541

650

+0.30475 320

-0.95243 136

700

+0.54397 052

-0.83910 433

183

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

cos x

sin x

Table 4.8
cos x

700
701
702
703
704

+0.54397
-0.41217
-0.98936
-0.65694
+0.27947

052
342
702
115
339

-0.83910
-0.91110
-0.14544
+0. 75394
+0. 96015

433
541
039
186
344

750
751
752
753
754

+0.74507
-0. 15868
-0.91654
-0.83174
+0. 01776

295
219
566
127
220

-0.66698
-0.98732
-0. 39993
+0.55516
+0.99984

298
971
006
345
224

705
706
707
708
709

+0.95894
+0.75676
-0. 14117
-0.90932
-0.84143

137
309
969
251
841

+0.28360
-0.65368
-0. 98998
-0.41609
+0.54035

437
925
399
202
304

755
756
757
758
759

+0.85093
+0.90176
+0.12351
-0. 76829
-0.95373

519
229
330
325
453

+0.52527
-0.43223
-0.99234
-0. 64009
+0.30065

069
231
292
802
004

710
711
712
713
714

+0.00006
+0.84150
+0.90927
+0.14106
-0.75684

029
356
234
032
190

+1. 00000
+0.54025
-0.41620
-0.99000
-0.65359

000
157
166
100
799

760
761
762
763
764

-0. 26231
+0.67027
+0.98661
+0.39586
-0. 55883

668
392
776
979
905

+0.96498
+0.74211
-0.16305
-0.91830
-0.82927

184
379
026
665
614

715
716
717
718
719

-0.95890
-0.27935
+0.65703
+0.98934
+0. 41206

717
761
205
947
355

+0.28372
+0.96018
+0. 75386
-0.14555
-0.91115

000
713
264
968
511

765
766
767
768
769

-0.99975
-0. 52149
+0.43621
+0.99287
+0.63669

384
956
901
983
152

+0.02218
+0.85325
+0.89984
+0.11912
-0. 77111

703
155
053
028
861

720
721
722
723
724

-0.54407
-0.99998
-0.53652
+0.42022
+0.99061

170
994
204
174
560

-0. 83903
+0.00448
+0.84388
+0.90742
+0.13667

873
599
631
145
750

770
771
772
773
774

-0.30486
-0.96613
-0. 73914
+0.16741
+0.92004

804
333
009
514
966

-0. 95239
-0.25804
+0.67355
+0.98588
+0.39180

460
339
173
649
176

725
726
727
728
729

+0.65024
-0.28796
-0.96141
-0. 75094
+0.14993

204
105
408
744
682

-0. 75972
-0.95764
-0.27510
+0. 66036

712
212
538
198
+0. 'J8869 558

775
776
777
778
779

+0.82679
-0. 02661
-0.85555
-0.89790
-0.11472

477
142
119
114
492

-0.56250
-0. 99964
-0.51771
+0. 44019
+0.99339

370
585
822
716
730

730
731
732
733
734

+0.91296
+0.83662
-0.00891
-0.84625
-0.90555

985
262
160
253
279

+0. 40802
-0.54777
-0.99996
-0. 53278
+0.42423

7B2
970
029
200
360

780
781
782
783
784

+0. 77392
+0.95103
+0.25376
-0.67681
-0.98513

886
602
505
634
591

+0.63327
-0.30908
-0.96726
-0. 73615
+0.17177

255
007
589
192
673

735
736
737
738
739

-0.13229
+0. 76259
+0.95635
+0.27084
-0.66367

199
745
831
775
898

+0.99121
+0.64687
-0.29219
-0.96262
-0. 74801

079
335
647
220
752

785
786
787
788
789

-0.38772
+0.56615
+0.99951
+0.51392
-0.44416

606
733
829
674
668

+0.92177
+0.82429
-0.03103
-0.85783
-0.89594

465
720
529
408
417

740
741
742
743
744

-0.98802
-0.40398
+0. 55147
+0.99991
+0.52903

232
250
697
106
153

+0.15431
+0.91476
+0.83419
-0.01333
-0.84860

102
672
011
703
217

790
791
792
793
794

-0.99389
-0.62984
+0. 31328
+0.96837
+0. 73314

531
117
604
950
932

-0. 11032
+0.77672
+0.94965
+0.24948
-0.68006

732
396
881
174
770

745
746
747
748
749

-0. 42823
-0.99178
-0.64349
+0.29642
+0.96381

715
657
199
616
146

-0. 90366
-0.12790
+0.76545
+0.95505
+0.26658

639
390
285
577
483

795
796
797
798
799

-0.17613
-0.92348
-0.82178
+0.03545
+0.86010

497
158
349
855
016

-0.98436
-0. 38364
+0.56979
+0.99937
+0.51012

603
277
988
115
519

750

+0.74507 295

-0. 66698 298

800

+0.89396 965

-0.44812 751

184

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.8

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

cos x

sin x

cos x

800
801
802
803
804

+0. 89396
+0.10592
-0. 71950
-0.94826
-0. 24519

965
756
384
300
354

-0.44812
-0.99437
-0.62639
+0.31748
+0.96947

751
385
745
587
415

850
851
852
853
854

+0.98022
+0.36311
-0.58784
-0.99834
-0.49096

713
519
378
189
907

-0.19787
-0.93174
-0.80897
+0.05756
+0.87117

267
426
447
271
700

805
806
807
808
809

+0.68330
+0.98357
+0.37955
-0.57343
-0.99920

573
687
196
126
443

+0.73013
-0.18048
-0.92517
-0.81925
+0. 03988

237
975
042
368
112

855
856
857
858
859

+0.46779
+0.99647
+0.60899
-0.33839
-0.97466

845
423
620
013
214

+0.88383
+0.08389
-0. 79317
-0.94100
-0.22368

517
936
314
591
219

810
811
812
813
814

-0.50631
+0.45207
+0.99483
+0.62294
-0.32167

365
956
291
147
949

+0.86234
+0.89197
+0.10152
-0. 78226
-0.94684

940
762
573
845
862

860
861
862
863
864

-0. 71483
+0.20220
+0.93334
+0.80636
-0.06198

427
893
217
493
051

+0. 69929
+0.97934
+0.35898
-0.59141
-0. 99807

390
241
802
830
736

815
816
817
818
819

-0.97054
-0.72710
+0.18484
+0.92684
+0.81670

981
III
099
114
782

-0.24090
+0.68653
+0.98276
+0.37545
-0.57705

054
039
844
372
142

865
866
867
868
869

-0.87334
-0. 88175
-0.07948
+0. 79586
+0.93949

135
618
845
060
908

-0.48710
lO.47170
+0.99683
+0. 60547
-0.34255

870
545
579
989
142

820
821
822
823
824

-0.04430
-0.86458
-0. 88996
-0. 09712
+0. 78501

291
174
811
190
774

-0.99901
-0.50249
+0.45602
+0.99527
+0.61947

814
220
276
249
329

870
871
872
873
874

+0.21936
-0. 70245
-0.97843
-0. 35485
+0. 59498

644
070
790
381
124

-0.97564
-0. 71173
+0.20654
+0.93492
+0.80373

254
241
122
180
959

825
826
827
828
829

+0. 94541
+0.23660
-0.68974
-0.98194
-0.37134

569
282
159
076
812

-0.32586
-0.97160
-0.72405
+0.18918
+0.92849

680
646
561
862
371

875
876
877
878
879

+0.99779
+0.48323
-0.47560
-0.99717
-0. 60195

328
878
322
782
173

-0. 06639
-0.87548
-0. 87965
-0.07507
+0. 79853

709
859
992
597
248

830
831
832
833
834

+0.58066
+0.99881
+0.49866
-0.45995
-0.99569

027
229
090
702
258

+0.81414
-0. 04872
-0. 86679
-0. 88794
-0. 09271

596
383
716
118
618

880
881
882
883
884

+0. 34670
+0.97660
+0. 70861
-0.21086
-0.93648

601
383
660
947
312

+0.93797
+0.21504
-0. 70559
-0.97751
-0.35071

385
639
373
423
265

835
836
837
838
839

-0.61599
+0.33004
+0. 97264
+0. 72099
-0.19353

297
774
407
594
254

+0. 78775
+0.94396
+0.23230
-0.69293
-0. 98109

165
424
046
929
386

885
886
887
888
889

-0.80109
+0.07081
+0.87761
+0.87754
+0.07066

851
237
869
643
203

+0.59853
+0.99748
+0.47935
-0.47949
-0.99750

252
965
940
167
031

840
841
842
843
844

-0.93012
-0.81156
+0. 05314
+0.86899
+0.88589

809
816
379
559
685

-0.36723
+0. 58425
+0.99858
+0. 49481
-0.46388

525
775
687
983
228

890
891
892
893
894

-0. 80118
-0.93643
-0.21072
+0. 70872
+0.97657

871
025
213
294
141

-0.59841
+0. 35085
+0.97754
+0. 70548
-0.21519

177
380
600
692
358

845
846
847
848
849

+0. 08830
-0.79047
-0.94249
-0.22799
+0.69612

863
014
431
356
342

-0.99609
-0.61250
+0.33422
+0.97366
+0.71792

316
058
221
264
213

895
896
897
898
899

+0. 34656
-0.60207
-0.99716
-0.47547
+0.48337

463
208
649
063
073

-0.93802
-0.79844
+0.07522
+0.87973
+0.87541

610
174
627
159
575

850

+0.98022 773

-0.19787 267

900

+0.99780 327

+0.06624 670

185

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.8
Sill x
x
cos x
sin x
cos X
+0.06624 670
+0.94546
479
900
+0.99780 327
+0.32572 4'31
950
-0.80382 926
+0. 78492 436
951
901
+0.59486 009
-0. 61959 160
-0.93486 831
-0. 09727 191
952
-0. 35499 472
-0. 99525 784
902
-0.20639 374
-0.89003 684
-0.45588 862
953
903
-0. 97846 902
+0.71183 827
-0.86450 600
+0.50262 250
904
954
-0. 70234 341

905
906
907
908
909

+0.21951
+0.93955
+0. 79576
-0. 07963
-0.88182

349
070
933
869
727

+0.97560
+0.34240
-0.60559
-0.99682
-0.47157

947
981
984
380
255

955
956
957
958
959

-0. 04415
+0.81679
+0.92678
+0.18469
-0. 72720

233
478
454
287
458

+0.99902
+0.57692
-0. 37559
-0.98279
-0. 68642

481
832
341
629
079

910
911
912
913
914

-0.87326
-0.06183
+0. 80645
+0.93328
+0.20206

792
008
406
805
131

+0.48724
+0.99808
+0.59129
-0.35912
-0.97937

032
669
676
869
287

960
961
962
963
964

-0.97051
-0.32153
+0.62305
+0.99481
+0.45194

349
677
937
760
512

+0.24104
+0.94689
+0. 78217
-0.10167
-0.89204

682
709
455
567
574

915
916
917
918
919

-0. 71493
-0.97462
-0.33824
+0.60911
+0.99646

966
841
829
575
158

-0.69918
+0.22382
+0.94105
+0. 79308
-0.08404

616
909
690
134
955

965
966
967
968
969

-0. 50644
-0.99921
-0.57330
+0.37969
+0.98360

362
043
778
140
406

-0. 86227
-0.03973
+0.81934
+0.92511
+0.18034

308
052
009
320
150

920
921
922
923
924

+0.46766
-0.49110
-0.99835
-0.58772
+0. 36325

523
037
056
184
562

-0.88390
-0. 87110
-0.05741
+0.80906
+0.93168

567
299
224
306
952

970
971
972
973
974

+0.68319
-0.24533
-0.94831
-0. 77940
+0.10607

568
966
084
942
744

-0. 73023
-0.96943
-0.31734
+0. 62651
+0.99435

535
718
294
493
787

925
926
927
928
929

+0.98025
+0.69601
-0.22814
-0.94254
-0. 79037

754
520
031
461
181

+0.19772
-0.71802
-0.97362
-0.33408
+0. 61261

493
705
827
015
972

975
976
977
918
919

+0.89403
+0.86002
+0.03530
-0.82186
-0.92342

718
327
793
936
314

+0.44799
-0.51025
-0.99931
-0.56961
+0.38318

277
482
648
601
195

930
931
932
933
934

+0.08845
+0.88596
+0.86892
+0. 05299
-0.81165

817
676
100
328
622

+0.99601
+0.46374
-0. 49495
-0.99859
-0.58413

984
875
080
487
542

980
981
982
983
984

-0.17598
+0. 13325
+0.96834
+0. 31314
-0.62995

660
181
189
290
823

+0.98439
+0.61995
-0.24962
-0. 94970
-0. 77662

256
119
169
602
902

935
936
937
938
939

-0.93007
-0.19338
+0.72110
+0.97260
+0.32990

273
467
037
905
546

+0.36731
+0.98112
+0.69283
-0.23244
-0.94401

544
302
061
106
398

985
986
981
988
989

-0.99387
-0,44403
+0.51405
+0.99952
+0.56603

861
164
603
296
309

+0.11047
+0. 89601
+0.85715
+0.03088
-0.82438

712
111
661
464
252

940
941
942
943
944

-0.61611
-0.99567
-0.45982
+0.49819
+0.99881

169
859
319
154
962

-0.18765
+0.09286
+0.88801
+0.86672
+0.04851

880
625
049
199
328

990
991
992
993
994

-0.38786
-0.98516
-0. 61610
+0.25391
+0.95108

499
119
538
083
260

-0.92171
-0.11162
+0. 73625
+0.96722
+0.30893

620
825
392
163
672

945
946
941
948
949

+0.58053
-0.37148
-0.98196
-0.68963
+0.23614

755
806
921
246
926

-0.81423
-0.92843
-0.18904
+0. 72415
+0,91157

341
773
062
951
078

995
996
991
998
999

+0.17383
-0.11481
-0.89196
-0.85541
-0. 02646

341
465
148
315
015

-0.63338
-0.99338
-0.44006
+0.51784
+0.99964

919
000
182
116
985

950

+0.94546 479

+0.32512 431

1000

For x> 1000 see Example 16.

+0.82681 954

+0.56231 908

186

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.9
CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

tan x
0.00000 0000
0.01000 0333
0.02000 2667
0.03000 9003
0.04002 1347

99.99666
49.99333
33.32333
24.98666

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.05004
0.06007
0.07011
0.08017
0.09024

1708
2104
4558
1105
3790

'0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.10033
0.11044
0.12057
0.13073
0.14092

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

66
32
27
52

sec x
1.00000
1.00005
1.00020
1.00045
1.00080

00
00
00
02
05

100.00166
50.00333
33.33833
25.00666

19.98333
16.64666
14.26237
12.47332
11.08109

06
19
33
19
49

1.00125
1.00180
1.00245
1.00320
1.00406

13
27
50
86
37

467
582
934
732
189

9.96664
9.05421
8.29329
7.64892
7.09612

44
28
49
55
94

1.00502
1.00608
1.00724
1.00850
1.00988

0.15113
0.16137
0.17165
0.18196
0.19231

522
946
682
953
984

6.61659
6.19657
5.82557
5.49542
5.19967

15
54
68
56
16

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.20271
0.21314
0.22361
0.23414
0.24471

004
244
942
336
670

4.93315
4.69169
4.47188
4.27088
4.08635

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.25534
0.26602
0.27675
0.28755
0.29841

192
154
814
433
279

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.30933
0.32032
0.33138
0.34252
0.35373

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

cot x

x-1-cotx

csc x

CSC X-X- 1

67
35
39
79

0.00000
0.00333
0.00666
0.01000
0.01333

000
335
684
060
476

0.00000
0.00166
0.00333
0.00500
0.00666

000
668
349
053
791

20.00833
16.67667
14.29738
12.51334
11.12612

58
09
76
32
53

0.01666
0.02000
0.02334
0.02667
0.03001

944
480
096
805
621

0.00833
0.01000
0.01167
0.01334
0.01501

576
420
334
330
419

09
07
35
99
07

10.01668
9.10926
8.35336
7.71401
7.16624

61
83
70
72
39

0.03335
0.03669
0.04003
0.04338
0.04672

558
628
845
223
776

0.01668
0.01835
0.02003
0.02170
0.02338

614
925
365
946
680

1.01135
1.01293
1.01462.
1.01642
1.01832

64
80
61
16
55

6.69173
6.27674
5.91078
5.58566
5.29495

24
65
21
93
84

0.05007
0.05342
0.05677
0.06013
0.06348

516
458
615
000
628

0.02506
0.02674
0.02842
0.03011
0.03180

578
653
915
379
054

49
81
35
77
78

1.02033
1.02246
1.02469
1.02704
1.02950

88
26
78
58
78

5.03348 95
4.79708 57
4.58232 93
4.38639 73
4.20693.71

0.06684
0.07020
0.07357
0.07693
0.08030

512
667
105
841
889

0.03348
0.03518
0.03687
0.03857
0.04027

955
092
477
124
044

3.91631
3.75909
3.61326
3.47760
3.35106

74
41
32
37
28

1.03208
1.03477
1.03759
1.04052
1.04357

50
89
10
27
57

4.04197
3.88983
3.74908
3.61852
3.49708

25
14
94
56
77

0.08368
0.08705
0.09044
0.09382
0.09721

264
978
046
483
302

0.04197
0.04367
0.04538
0.04709
0.04881

250
754
569
707
181

625
751
941
487
688

3.23272
3.12180
3.01759
2.91949
2.82696

81
50
80
61
00

1.04675
1.05005
1.05347
1.05703
1.06072

16
22
94
51
13

3.38386
3.27805
3.17897
3.08600
2.99861

34
83
74
99
68

0.10060
0.10400
0.10740
0.11080
0.11421

519
147
202
697
648

0.05053
0.05225
0.05397
0.05570
0.05744

003
186
744
689
034

0.36502
0.37640
0.38786
0.39941
0.41105

849
285
316
272
492

2.73951
2.65672
2.57822
2.50367
2.43276

22
80
89
59
50

1.06454
1.06849
1.07258
1.07681
1.08118

02
38
47
50
74

2.91632
2.83869
2.76536
2.69599
2.63027

08
75
87
57
48

0.11763
0.12104
0.12447
0.12790
0.13133

070
976
383
306
759

0.05917
0.06091
0.06266
0.06441
0.06617

792
976
601
678
222

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.42279
0.43463
0.44657
0.45862
0.47078

322
120
255
102
053

2.36522
2.30080
2.23927
2.18044
2.12413

24
12
78
95
20

1.08570
1.09036
1.09518
1.10015
1.10527

44
89
36
15
57

2.56793
2.50872
2.45242
2.39882
2.34775

25
20
03
48
15

0.13477
0.13822
0.14167
0.14513
0.14859

758
318
456
185
524

0.06793
0.06969
0.07146
0.07324
0.07502

246
763
789
336
418

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.48305
0.49544
0.50796
0.52061
0.53338

507
877
590
084
815

2.07015
2.01837
1.96863
1.92082
1.87480

74
22
61
05
73

1.11055
1.11600
1.12161
1.12740
1.13335

94
60
91
22
91

2.29903
2.25251
2.20805
2.16553
2.12483

27
55
98
72
00

0.15206
0.15554
0.15902
0.16251
0.16600

486
089
348
280
901

0.07681
0.07860
0.08040
0.08220
0.08401

051
247
022
390
366

0.50

0.54630 249

)2J

00

1.83048 77

1.13949 39

2.08582 96

0.16951 228

0.08582 964

[(-;)9J
[( -;)8J
Compilation of tan x and cot x from National Bureau of Standards, Table of circular and hyperbolic tangents and cotangents for radian arguments, 2d printing. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).
[( -45

[(-1)2J

00

187

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS

tan x

Table 4.9

FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sec x
cot x
1.13949
1.83048 772
1.14581
1. 78776 154
1.15231
1.74653 626
1.15900
1. 70672 634
1.16589
1.66825 255

39
07
38
77
70

esc x
2.08582
2.04843
2.01255
1.97810
1.94501

96
63
78
89
07

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.54630
0.55935
0.57256
0.58591
0.59942

249
872
183
701
962

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.61310
0.62694
0.64096
0.65516
0.66955

521
954
855
845
565

1.63104
1.59502
1.56013
1.52632
1.49352

142
471
894
503
784

1.17298
1.18028
1.18778
1.19551
1.20345

68
21
81
06
53

1.91319
1.88257
1.85311
1.82473
1. 79739

00
90
45
78
41

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.68413
0.69891
0.71390
0.72911
0.74454

681
886
901
473
382

1.46169
1.43078
1.40073
1.37152
1.34310

595
125
873
626
429

1.21162
1.22003
1.22868
1.23758
1.24673

83
59
47
16
39

1.77103
1.74560
1.72106
1.69737
1.67449

22
45
62
57
37

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.76020
0.77610
0.79225
0.80866
0.82533

440
491
417
138
611

1.31543
1.28848
1.26222
1.23661
1.21162

569
559
118
155
759

1.25614
1.26583
1.27580
1.28605
1.29660

92
52
04
34
31

1.65238
1.63101
1.61034
1.59034
1.57100

34
05
23
84
01

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.84228
0.85952
0.87706
0.89491
0.91308

838
867
790
753
953

1.18724
1.16342
1.14016
1.11742
1.09518

un
833
258
140
285

1.30745
1.31863
1.33013
1.34196
1.35415

93
17
09
77
3e

1.55227
1.53413
1.51656
1.49954
1.48304

03
35
54
35
60

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.93159
0.95045
0.96966
0.98926
1.00924

646
146
833
154
629

1.07342
1.05213
1.03128
1.01085
0.99083

615
158
046
503
842

1.36670
1.37962
1.39293
1.40664
1.42076

11
24
10
08
67

1.46705
1.45154
1.43650
1.42190
1.40775

27
43
25
99
03

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

1.02963
1.05045
1.07171
1.09343
1.11563

857
514
372
292
235

0.97121
0.95196
0.93308
0.91455
0.89635

460
830
500
085
264

1.43532
1.45032
1.46580
1.48175
1.49821

42
96
02
42
08

1.39400
1.38066
1.36771
1.35513
1.34292

78
78
62
96
52

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

1.13833
1.16155
1.18532
1.20966
1.23459

271
586
486
412
946

0.87847
0.86091
0.84365
0.82667
0.80997

778
426
058
575
930

1.51519
1.53271
1.55080
1.56948
1.58878

02
39
46
63
44

1.33106
1.31953
1.30833
1.29745
1.28688

09
53
72
63
25

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.26015
1.28636
1.31326
1.34087
1.36923

822
938
370
383
448

0.79355
0.77738
0.76146
0.74578
0.73033

115
169
169
232
510

1.60872
1.62933
1.65065
1.67270
1.69552

58
92
49
52
44

1.27660
1.26661
1.25691
1.24747
1.23830

62
84
05
40
10

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.39838
1.42835
1.45920
1.49095
1.52367

259
749
113
827
674

0.71511
0.70010
0.68530
0.67070
0.65630

188
485
649
959
719

1.71914
1.74361
1.76897
1.79525
1.82252

92
84
37
95
32

1.22938
1.22071
1.21228
1.20409
1.19613

40
57
91
77
51

1.00

'See page U.

1.55740 772

,.

[(-t)1 ]

0.64209 262

[(-:)2J

1.85081 57

[( -t)lJ

1.18839 51

[( -t)2J

188

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS

FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS
esc x
sec x
tan :1'
cot ./'
1.55740 77
1.85081 57
1.18839
0.64209 262
1.59220 60
1.88019 15
1.18087
0.62805 942
1.62813 04
1. 91070 89
1.17356
0.61420 141
1.66524 40
1.94243 08
1.16645
0.60051 260
1. 70361 46
47
1.97542
1.15954
0.58698 722

Table 4.9
,I'

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

51
20
01
42
90

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

1.74331
1.78442
1.82702
1.87121
1.91709

53
48
82
73
18

0.57361
0.56040
0.54733
0.53441
0.52162

970
467
693
147
342

2.00976
. 2.04552
2.08279
2.12166
2.16223

32
49
43
31
06

1.15283
1.14632
1.13999
1.13384
1.12787

98
17
02
11
01

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

1.96475
2.01433
2.06595
2.11975
2.17587

97
82
53
01
51

0.50896
0.49644
0.48403
0.47175
0.45958

811
096
759
371
520

2.20460
2.24890
2.29524
2.34378
2.39466

44
16
97
77
75

1.12207
1.11644
1.11098
1.10569
1.10055

33
69
71
05
37

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

2.23449
2.29579
2.35998
2.42726
2.49789

69
85
11
64
94

0.44752
0.43557
0.42373
0.41198
0.40033

802
829
221
610
638

2.44805
2.50413
2.56310
2.62518
2.69063

57
48
57
99
21

1.09557
1.09074
1.08607
1.08154
1.07715

35
67
04
17
79

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

2.57215
2.65032
2.73275
2.81981
2.91192

16
46
42
57
99

0.38877
0.37731
0.36593
0.35463
0.34341

957
227
119
310
486

2.75970
2.83270
2.90997
2.99188
3.07885

36
55
35
25
30

1.07291
1.06881
1.06485
1.06102
1.05732

64
46
01
06
39

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

3.00956
3.11326
3.22363
3.34135
3.46720

97
91
32
00
57

0.33227
0.32120
0.31020
0.29928
0.28841

342
577
899
023
670

3.17135
3.26993
3.37517
3.48778
3.60853

77
04
57
15
36

1.05375
1.05032
1.04700
1.04382
1.04076

79
05
98
41
14

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

3.60210
3.74708
3.90334
4.07230
4.25561

24
10
78
98
79

0.27761
0.26687
0.25619
0.24556
0.23498

565
440
034
088
350

3.73833
3.87822
4.02940
4.19329
4.37153

41
33
74
31
10

1.03782
1.03499
1.03229
1.02970
1.02723

00
85
53
88
77

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

4.45522
4.67344
4.91305
5.17743
5.47068

18
12
81
74
86

0.22445
0.21397
0.20353
0.19314
0.18279

572
509
922
574
234

4.56607
4.77923
5.01379
5.27312
5.56133

06
14
49
60
39

1.02488
1.02263
1.02050
1.01848
1.01656

07
65
39
18
93

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

5.79788
6.16535
6.58111
7.05546
7.60182

37
61
95
38
61

0.17247
0.16219
0.15194
0.14173
0.13154

673
663
983
413
734

5.88349
6.24592
6.65666
7.12597
7.66731

01
80
08
85
76

1.01476
1.01306
1.01147
1.00999
1.00861

51
85
85
43
52

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

8.23809
8.98860
9.88737
10.98337
12.34985

28
76
49
93
64

0.12138
0.11125
0.10113
0.09104
0.08097

732
194
908
6660
2601

8.29856
9.04406
9.93781
1l.02880
12.39027

45
25
58
87
66

1.00734
1.00616
1.00510
1.00413
1.00327

05
95
15
62
29

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

14.10141
16.42809
19.66952
24.49841
32.46113

99
17
78
04
89

0.07091
0.06087
0.05084
0.04081
0.03080

4844
1343
0061
8975
6066

14.13683
16.45849
19.69493
24.51881
32.47653

29
92
14
14
83

1.00251
1.00185
1.00129
1.00083
1.00047

13
09
15
27
44

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

48.07848
92.62049
+1255.76559
- 108.64920
- 52.06696

25
63
15
36
96

0.02079
0.01079
+ 0.00079
- 0.00920
- 0.01920

9325
6746
6327
3933
6034

48.08888
92.62589
+1255.76598
- 108.65380
- 52.07657

10
45
97
55
18

1.00021
1.00005
1.00000
1.00004
1.00018

63
83
03
24
44

1.60

34.23253 27

For x>1.6, use 4.3.44.

- 0.02921 1978

[C -;)2]

- 34.24713 56

1.00042 66

[( -1)3]

189

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

(J

sin 8

cos

Table 4.10
90-0

(J

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00000
0.00174
0.00349
0.00523
0.00698

00000
53283
06514
59638
12602

00000
65898
15224
31420
97962

1.00000
0.99999
0.99999
0.99998
0.99997

00000
84769
39076
62922
56307

00000
13288
57790
47427
05395

90.0
89.9
89.8
89.7
89.6

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.00872
0.01047
0.01221
0.01396
0.01570

65354
17841
70008
21803
73173

98374
16246
35247
39145
11821

0.99996
0.99994
0.99992
0.99990
0.99987

19230
51693
53696
25240
66324

64171
65512
60452
09304
81661

89.5
89.4
89.3
89.2
89.1

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.01745
0.01919
0.02094
0.02268
0.02443

24064
74423
24198
73335
21781

37284
99690
83357
72781
52653

0.99984
0.99981
0.99978
0.99974
0.99970

76951
57121
06834
26093
14897

56391
21644
74845
22698
81183

89.0
88.9
88.8
88.7
88.6

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.02617
0.02792
0.02966
0.03141
0.03315

69483
16387
62440
07590
51783

07873
23569
85111
78128
88526

0.99965
0.99961
0.99955
0.99950
C.99945

73249
01150
98601
65603
02159

75557
40354
19384
65732
41757

88.5
88.4
88.3
88.2
88.1

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.03489
0.03664
0.03838
0.04013
0.04187

94967
37087
78090
17925
56537

02501
06556
87520
32560
29200

0.99939
0.99932
0.99926
0.99919
0.99912

08270
83937
29164
43951
28300

19096
78656
10621
14446
98858

88.0
87.9
87.8
87.7
87.6

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.04361
0.04536
0.04710
0.04884
0.05059

93873
29881
64507
97697
29400

65336
29254
09643
95613
76713

0.99904
0.99897
0.99888
0.99880
0.99871

82215
05697
98749
61373
93571

81858
90715
61970
41434
84186

87.5
87.4
87.3
87.2
87.1

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.05233
0.05407
0.05582
0.05756
0.05930

59562
88129
15049
40269
63735

42944
84775
93164
59567
75962

0.99862
0.99853
0.99844
0.99834
0.99823

95347
66703
07641
18166
98279

54574
26212
81981
14028
23765

87.0
86.9
86.8
86.7
86.6

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.06104
0.06279
0.06453
0.06627
0.06801

85395
05195
23082
39004
52906

34857
29313
52958
00000
65248

0.99813
0.99802
0.99791
0.99780
0.99768

47984
67284
56182
14682
42788

21867
28272
72179
92050
35605

86.5
86.4
86.3
86.2
86.1

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.06975
0.07149
0.07323
0.07497
0.07671

64737
74443
81971
87268
90281

44125
32686
27632
26328
26819

0.99756 40502
0.99744 07829
0.99731 44772
0.9971851335
0.99705 27522

59824
30944
24458
25116
26920

86.0
85.9
85.8
85.7
85.6

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.07845
0.08019
0.08193
0.08367
0.08541

90957
89243
85086
78433
69231

27845
28859
30041
32315
37367

0.99691
0.99677
0.99663
0.99649
0.99634

33128
56247
18037
49504
90906

85.5
85.4
85.3
85.2
85.1

5.0

0.08715 57427 47658

0.99619 46980 91746

85.0

sin t1

(J

90-0

,.

cos 0

[( -58)3J

For conversion from radians to degrees see Example 14.

'See page D.

73337
88784
73868
28592
52961

[( -I)4J

190

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.10

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

sin 8

cos 8

90-8

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.08715
0.08889
0.09063
0.09237
0.09410

57427
42968
25801
05874
83133

47658
66442
97780
46562
18514

0.99619
0.99604
0.99588
0.99572
0.99556

46980
10654
43986
46981
19646

91746
10770
15970
84582
03080

85.0
84.9
84.8
84.7
84.6

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

0.09584
0.09758
0.09931
0.10105
0.10279

57525
28997
97497
62971
25367

20224
59149
43639
82946
87247

0.99539
0.99522
0.99505
0.99488
0.99470

61983
73999
55699
07088
28171

67179
81831
61226
28788
17174

84.5
84.4
84.3
84.2
84.1

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

0.10452
0.10626
0.10799
0.10973
0.11146

84632
40713
93557
43110
89322

67653
36233
06023
91045
06325

0.99452
0.99433
0.99415
0.99396
0.99376

18953
79441
09639
09554
79191

68273
33205
72315
55180
60596

84.0
83.9
83.8
83.7
83.6

6.5
6.6
6. 7
6.8
6.9

0.11320
0.11493
0.11667
0.11840
0.12013

32137
71504
07370
39683
68388

67907
92867
99333
06501
34647

0.99357
0.99337
0.99317
0.99296
0.99275

18556
27656
06495
55081
73419

76587
00396
38486
06537
29446

83.5
83.4
83.3
83.2
83.1

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.12186
0.12360
0.12533
0.12706
0.12879

93434
14767
32335
46086
55965

05147
40493
64304
01350
77563

0.99254
0.99233
0.99211
0.99189
0.99167

61516
19378
47013
44425
11623

41322
85489
14478
90030
83090

83.0
82.9
82.8
82.7
82.6

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.13052
0.13225
0.13398
0.13571
0.13744

61922
63902
61854
55724
45460

20052
57122
18292
34304
37147

0.99144
0.99121
0.99098
0.99074
0.99050

48613
55402
31997
78404
94632

73810
51542
14836
71444
38309

82.5
82.4
82.3
82.2
82.1

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

0.13917
0.14090
0.14262
0.14435
0.14608

31009
12319
89337
62010
30285

60065
3758)
05512
00973
62412

0.99026
0.99002
0.98977
0.98952
0.98927

80687
36577
62309
57890
23329

41570
16558
07789
68969
62988

82.0
81.9
81.8
81. 7
81.6

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

0.14780
0.14953
0.15126
0.15298
0.15471

94111
53434
08202
58362
03862

29611
43710
47219
84038
99468

0.98901
0.98875
0.98849
0.98822
0.98795

58633
63810
38868
83814
98657

61917
47006
08684
46553
69389

81.5
81.4
81.3
81. 2
81.1

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

0.15643
0.15815
0.15988
0.16160
0.16332

44650
80672
11876
38211
59622

40231
54484
91835
03361
41622

0.98768
0.98741
0.98713
0.98685
0.98657

83405
38067
62650
57164
21616

95138
50911
72988
06807
06969

81.0
80.9
80.8
80. 7
80.6

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

0.16504
0.16676
0.16848
0.17020
0.17192

76058
87467
93795
94991
91002

60678
16102
65003
66033
79410

0.98628
0.98599
0.98570
0.98540
0.98510

56015
60370
34690
78984
93261

37231
70505
88854
83490
54774

80.5
80.4
80.3
80.2
80.1

0.98480 77530 12208

80.0

10.0
90-8

'See page u.

0.17364 81776 66930

cos 8

,.

[(-:)7]

sin

/I.

[( -i)4]

IJ.

191

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

sin 8

Table 4.10
90 0 -/1

cos 8

10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4

0.17364
0.17536
0.17708
0.17880
0.18051

81776
67260
47403
22151
91452

66930
91987
19583
16350
50560

0.98480
0.98450
0.98419
0.98388
0.98357

77530
31799
56079
50379
14708

12208
74437
69242
33542
13386

80.0
79.9
79.8
79.7
79.6

10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9

0.18223
0.18395
0.18566
0.18738
0.18909

55254
13506
66153
13145
54429

92147
12720
85577
85725
89891

0.98325
0.98293
0.98261
0.98228
0.98195

49075
53491
27965
72507
87126

63955
49554
43615
28689
96444

79.5
79.4
79.3
79.2
79.1

11.0
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4

0.19080
0.19252
0.19423
0.19594
0.19765

89953
19665
43512
61442
73403

76545
25907
19972
42518
79126

0.98162
0.98129
0.98095
0.98061
0.98027

71834
26639
51553
46585
11746

47664
92245
49192
46613
21722

79.0
78.9
78.8
78.7
78.6

11.5
11.6
11.7
11. 8
11.9

0.19936
0.20107
0.20278
0.20449
0.20620

79344
79211
72953
60518
41853

17197
45965
56512
41790
96630

0.97992
0.97957
0.97922
0.97886
0.97850

47046
52495
28106
73887
89851

20830
99344
21766
61685
01778

78.5
78.4
78.3
78.2
78.1

12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

0.20791
0.20961
0.21132
0.21303
0.21473

16908
85629
47964
03862
53271

17759
03822
55389
74977
67063

0.97814
0.97778
0.97741
0.97704
0.97667

76007
32367
58942
55744
22783

33806
58606
86096
35264
34168

78.0
77.9
77.8
77.7
77.6

12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9

0.21643
0.21814
0.21984
0.22154
0.22325

96139
32413
62043
84976
01160

38103
96543
52838
19467
10951

0.97629
0.97591
0.97553
0.97514
0.97476

60071
67619
45439
93543
11941

19933
38747
45857
05563
91222

77.5
77.4
77.3
77.2
77.1

13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

0.22495
0.22665
0.22835
0.23004
0.23174

10543
13074
08701
97371
79034

43865
36855
10656
88104
94157

0.97437
0.97397
0.97357
0.97317
0.97277

00647
59672
89028
88727
58782

85235
79052
73160
77088
09397

77.0
76.9
76.8
76.7
76.6

13. 5
13.6
13. 7
13.8
13.9

0.23344
0.23514
0.23683
0.23853
0.24022

53638
21131
81460
34575
80424

55905
02590
65619
78581
77264

0.9723699203
0.97196 10005
0.97154 91199
0.97113 42799
0.97071 64815

97677
78546
97646
09636
78191

76.5
76.4
76.3
76.2
76.1

14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

0.24192
0.24361
0.24530
0.24699
0.24868

18955
50117
73858
90127
98871

99668
86023
78803
22743
64855

0.97029
0.96987
0.96944
0.96901
0.96858

57262
20152
53498
57314
31611

75996
84747
95139
06870
28631

76.0
75.9
75.8
75.7
75.6

14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9

0.25038
0.25206
0.25375
0.25544
0.25713

00040
93582
79445
57579
27931

54441
43114
84806
35791
54696

0.96814
0.96770
0.96726
0.96682
0.96637

76403
91704
77527
33886
60793

78108
81971
75877
04459
21329

75.5
75.4
75.3
75.2
75.1

15.0

0.25881 90451 02521

0.96592 58262 89068

75.0

cos /I

90-0

'See page U.

[(-;)1J

sin

/I

[( -i)4]

/I

192

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.10

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

sin 8

90-8

cOS 8

15.0
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4

0,25881
0.26050
0.26218
0.26387
0.26555

90451
45086
91786
30499
61174

02521
42648
40865
65373
86809

0.96592
0.96547
0.96501
0.96455
0.96409

58262
26308
64944
74184
54042

89068
79225
72311
57798
34110

75.0
74.9
74.8
74. 7
74.6

15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

0.26723
0.26891
0.27060
0.27228
0.27395

83760
98206
04459
02470
92186

78257
15266
75864
92432

0.96363
0.96316
0.96269
0.96221
0.96174

04532
25667
17464
79935
13095

08623
97658
26479
29285
49211

74.5
74.4
74.3
74.2
74.1

16.0
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4

0.27563
0.27731
0.27899
0.28066
0.28234

73558
46533
11060
67089
14568

16999
02378
39229
20788
42876

0.96126
0.96077
0.96029
0.95980
0.95931

16959
91541
36856
52919
39745

38319
57594
76943
75187
40058

74.0
73.9
73.8
73.7
73.6

16.5
16.6
16. 7
16.8
16.9

0.28401
0.28568
0.28736
0.28903
0.29070

53447
83674
05198
17969
21935

03923
04974
49712
44472
98252

0.95881
0.95832
0.95782
0.95731
0.95681

97348
25744
24948
94975
35840

68193
65133
45315
32067
57607

73.5
73.4
73.3
73.2
73.1

17.0
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4

0.29237
0.29404
0.29570
0.29737
0.29904

17047
03252
80500
48740
07922

22737
32304
44047
77786
56087

0.95630
0.95579
0.95527
0.95476
0.95424

47559
30147
83621
07995
03285

63035
98330
22344
02797
16277

73.0
72,9
72.8
72.7
72.6

17.5
17.6
17. 7
17.8
17.9

0.30070
0.30236
0.30403
0.30569
0.30735

57995
98907
30609
53049
66177

04273
50445
25490
63106
99807

0.95371
0.95319
0.95266
0.95212
0.95159

69507
06677
14812
93927
44038

48227
92947
53586
42139
79438

72.5
72.4
72.3
72.2
72.1

18.0
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4

0.30901
0.31067
0.31233
0.31399
0.31564

69943
64296
49185
24559
90369

74947
30732
12233
67405
47102

0.95105
0.95051
0.94997
0.94942
0.94887

65162
57316
20515
54776
60116

95154
27784
24653
41904
44497

72.0
71.9
71.8
71. 7
71.6

18.5
IB.6
18.7
18.8
18.9

0.31730
0.31895
0.32061
0.32226
0.32391

46564
93092
29905
56952
74181

05092
98070
85676
30511
98149

0.94832
0.94776
0.94721
0.94664
0.94608

36552
84100
02777
92601
53588

06199
09586
46029
15696
27545

71.5
71.4
71.3
71.2
71.1

19.0
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4

0.32556
0.32721
0.32886
0.33051
0.33216

81544
78989
66467
43927
1131B

57157
79104
38583
13223
83703

0.94551
0.94494
0.94437
0.94380
0.94322

85755
89121
63702
09515
26579

99317
57531
37481
83229
47601

71.0
70.9
70.8
70.7
70.6

19.5
19.6
19.7
19. B
19.9

0.33380
0.33545
0.33709
0.33873
0.34037

68592
15697
52584
79202
95502

33771
50255
23082
45291
13050

0.94264
0.94205
0.94147
0.94088
0.94028

14910
74527
05448
07689
81270

92178
87297
12038
54225
10419

70.5
70.4
70.3
70.2
70.1

20.0

0.34202 01433 25669

0.93969 26207 85908

70.0

sin 8

90-8

cos 8

)1]

* [(-57

'See page U.

~0574

[( -Z)4]

193

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

sin 0

cos 0

Table 4.10
90-0

20.0
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4

0.34202
0.34365
0.34529
0.34693
0.34857

01433
96945
81989
56515
20473

25669
85616
98535
73256
21815

0.93969
0.93909
0.93849
0.93788
0.93728

26207
42520
30227
89346
19894

85908
94709
59556
11898
91892

70.0
69.9
69.8
69.7
69.6

20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9

0.35020
0.35184
0.35347
0.35510
0.35673

73812
16484
48437
69624
79993

59467
04702
79257
08137
19625

0.93667
0.93605
0.93544
0.93482
0.93420

21892
95357
40308
56763
44743

48398
38973
29867
96014
21030

69.5
69.4
69.3
69.2
69.1

21.0
21. 1
21. 2
21. 3
21. 4

0.35836
0.35999
0.36162
0.36325
0.36487

79495
68081
45700
12304
67843

45300
20051
82092
72978
37620

0.93358
0.93295
0.93232
0.93169
0.93105

04264
35348
38012
12275
58158

97202
25489
15512
85549
62528

69.0
68.9
68.8
68. 7
68.6

21. 5
21.6
21. 7
21. 8
21.9

0.36650
0.36812
0.36974
0.37136
0.37298

12267
45526
67572
78355
77825

24297
84678
73829
50235
75809

0.93041
0.92977
0.92913
0.92848
0.92783

75679
64858
25715
58268
62538

82025
88251
34056
80914
98920

68.5
68.4
68.3
68.2
68.1

22.0
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4

0.37460
0.37622
0.37784
0.37945
0.38107

65934
42631
07868
61595
03763

15912
39366
18467
29005
50274

0.92718
0.92652
0.92587
0.92520
0.92454

38545
86308
05848
97183
60336

66787
71837
09995
85782
12313

68.0
67.9
67.8
67.7
67.6

22.5
22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9

0.38268
0.38429
0.38590
0.38751
0.38912

34323
53226
60423
55864
39501

65090
59804
24319
52103
40206

0.92387
0.92321
0.92253
0.92186
0.92118

95325
02171
80894
31515
54055

11287
12981
56246
88501
65721

67.5
67.4
67.3
67.2
67.1

23.0
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4

0.39073
0.39233
0.39394
0.39554
0.39714

11284
71166
19095
55025
78906

89274
03561
90951
62965
34781

0.92050
0.91982
0.91913
0.91844
0.91775

48534
14973
53392
63813
46256

52440
21738
55234
43087
83981

67.0
66.9
66.8
66.7
66.6

23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9

0.39874
0.40034
0.40194
0.40354
0.40514

90689
90325
77766
52963
15867

25246
56895
55960
52390
79863

0.91706
0.91636
0.91566
0.91495
0.91425

00743
27295
25933
96678
39552

85124
62240
39561
49825
34264

66.5
66.4
66.3
66.2
66.1

24.0
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4

0.40673
0.40833
0.40992
0.41151
0.41310

66430
04603
30338
43586
44298

75800
81385
41573
05109
24542

0.91354
0.912S3
0.91212
0.91140
0.91068

54576 42601
41772 33043
01161 72273
3276635445
36608 06177

66.0
65.9
65.8
65.7
65.6

24.5
24.6
24.7
24.8
24.9

0.41469
0.41628
0.41786
0.41945
0.42103

32426
07922
70738
20824
58133

56239
60401
01077
46177
67491

0.90996
0.90923
0.90850
0.90777
0.90704

12708
61090
81775
74785
40142

76543
47069
26722
32909
91465

65.5
65.4
65.3
65.2
65.1

25.0

0.42261 82617 40699

0.90630 77870 36650

65.0

90-0

'See page U.

,..

cos 0

[(-~)2J

sin 0

[( -;)4J

194

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.10

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

sin 0

90-0

cos 6

25.0
25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4

0.42261
0.42419
0.42577
0.42735
0.42893

82617
94227
92915
78633
51334

40699
45390
65073
87192
03146

0.90630
0.90556
0.90482
0.90408
0.90333

77870
87990
70524
25496
52928

36650
11140
66020
60778
63301

64.9
64.8
64.7
64.6

25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8
25.9

0.43051
0.43208
0.43365
0.43523
0.43680

10968
57488
90845
10993
17883

08295
01982
87544
72328
67702

0.90258
0.90183
0.90107
0.90031
0.89955

52843
25264
70213
87714
77789

49861
05114
22092
02194
55180

64.5
64.4
64.3
64.2
64.1

26.0
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4

0.43837
0.43993
0.44150
0.44307
0.44463

11467
91698
58527
11908
51791

89077
55915
91745
24180
84927

0.89879
0.89802
0.89725
0.89648
0.89571

40462
75757
83696
64303
17602

99167
60616
74328
83441
39413

64.0
63.9
63.8
63.7
63.6

26.5
26.6
26.7
26.8
26.9

0.44619
0.44775
0.44931
0.45087
0.45243

78131
90878
89986
75406
47093

09809
38770
15897
89431
11783

0.89493
0.89415
0.89337
0.89258
0.89179

43616
42368
13883
58184
75296

02025
39368
27838
52125
05214

63.5
63.4
63.3
63.2
63.1

27.0
27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4

0.45399
0.45554
0.45709
0.45864
0.46019

04997
49072
79270
95544
97847

39547
33516
58694
84315
83852

0.89100
0.89021
0.88941
0.88861
0.88781

65241
28046
63732
72326
53851

88368
11127
91298
54949
36401

63.0
62.9
62.8
62.7
62.6

27.5
27.6
27.7
27.8
27.9

0.46174
0.46329
0.46484
0.46638
0.46792

86132
60351
20457
66403
98142

35034
19862
24620
39891
60573

0.88701
0.88620
0.88539
0.88458
0.88376

08331
35792
36257
09752
56300

78222
31215
54416
15084
88693

62.5
62.4
62.3
62.2
62.1

28.0
28. 1
28.2
28.3
28.4

0.46947
0.47101
0.47255
0.47408
0.47562

15627
18812
07648
82090
42090

85891
19410
69054
47116
70275

0.88294
0.88212
0.88130
0.88047
0.87964

75928
68660
34520
73535
85728

58927
17668
64992
09162
66617

62.0
61. 9
61. 8
61. 7
61. 6

28.5
28.6
28.7
28.8
28.9

0.47715
0.47869
0.48022
0.48175
0.48328

87602
18579
34974
36741
23832

59608
40607
43189
01715
55002

0.87881
0.87798
0.87714
0.87630
0.87546

71126
29754
61637
66800
45270

61965
27981
05589
43864
00018

61.5
61. 4
61. 3
61.2
61.1

29.0
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4

0.48480
0.48633
0.48785
0.48938
0.49090

96202
53804
96591
24517
37536

46337
23490
38733
48846
15141

0.87461
0.87377
0.87292
0.87206
0.87121

97071
22230
20772
92724
38111

39396
35465
69810
32121
20189

61. 0
60.9
60.8
60.7
60.6

29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9

0.49242
0.49394
0.49545
0.49697
0.49848

35601
18665
86684
39610
77397

03467
84231
32408
27555
53830

0.87035
0.86949
0.86863
0.86776
0.86689

56959
49295
15144
54533
67489

39900
05219
38191
68928
35603

60.5
60.4
60.3
60.2
60.1

30.0

0.50000 00000 00000

0.86602 54037 84439

60.0

90-0

cos 0

*See page II.

[(-;)2J

sin 0

[( -;)4J

65.0

195

ELEMENTARY i'RANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

sin 0

cos 0

Table 4.10

90-0

30.0
30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4

0.50000
0.50151
0.50301
0.50452
0.50603

00000
07371
99466
76238
37641

00000
59457
30235
15019
21164

0.86602
0.86515
0.86427
0.86339
0.86251

54037
14205
48019
55506
36692

84439
69704
53705
06772
07257

60.0
59.9
59.8
59.7
59.6

30.5
30.6
30.7
30.8
30.9

0.50753
0.50904
0.51054
0.51204
0.51354

83629
14157
29179
28648
12520

60704
50371
11606
70572
58170

0.86162
0.86074
0.85985
0.85895
0.85806

91604
20270
22715
98969
49057

41526
03944
96873
30664
23645

59.5
59.4
59.3
59.2
59.1

31. 0
31.1
31. 2
31. 3
31. 4

0.51503
0.51653
0.51802
0.51951
0.52100

80749
33288
70093
91118
96318

10054
66642
73130
79509
40576

0.85716
0.85626
0.85536
0.85445
0.85355

73007
70846
42601
88301
07972

02112
00328
60507
32807
75327

59.0
58.9
58.8
58.7
58.6

31.5
31. 6
31.7
31. 8
31. 9

0.52249
0.52398
0.52547
0.52695
0.52843

85647
59059
16510
57954
83347

15949
70079
72268
96678
22347

0.85264
0.85172
0.85081
0.84989
0.84897

01643
69341
11094
26929
16876

54092
43048
24051
86864
29141

58.5
58.4
58.3
58.2
58.1

32.0
32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4

0.52991
0.53139
0.53287
0.53435
0.53582

92642
85795
62760
23493
67949

33205
18083
70730
89826
78997

0.84804
0.84712
0.84619
0.84526
0.84432

80961
19213
31661
18332
79255

56426
82137
27564
21856
02015

58.0
57.9
57.8
57.7
57.6

32.5
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.9

0.53729
0.53877
0.54024
0.54170
0.54317

96083
07850
03204
82102
44499

46824
06863
77655
82740
50671

0.84339
0.84245
0.84151
0.84056
0.83961

14458
23970
07819
66034
98645

12886
07148
45306
95684
34413

57.5
57.4
57.3
57.2
57.1

33.0
33.1
33.2
33.3
33.4

0.54463
0.54610
0.54756
0.54902
0.55048

90350
19610
32234
28179
07400

15027
14429
92550
98132
84996

0.83867
0.83771
0.83676
0.83580
0.83484

05679
87166
43134
73613
78632

45424
20439
58962
68270
63407

57.0
56.9
56.8
56.7
56.6

33.5
33.6
33.7
33.8
33.9

0.55193
0.55339
0.55484
0.55629
0.55774

69853
15492
44274
56155
51089

12058
43344
47999
00305
79690

0.83388
0.83292
0.83195
0.83098
0.83001

58220
12407
41221
44692
22850

67168
10099
30483
74328
95367

56.5
56.4
56.3
56.2
56.1

34.0
34.1
34.2
34.3
34.4

0.55919
0.56063
0.56208
0.56352
0.56496

2903470747
89945 63242
33778 52131
60489 37571
70034 24938

0.82903
0.82806
0.82708
0.82609
0.82511

75725 55042
03346 22494
05742 74562
8294495764
34982 78295

56.0
55.9
55.8
55.7
55.6

34.5
34.6
34.7
34.8
34.9

0.56640
0.56784
0.56927
0.57071
0.57214

62369
37450
95234
35676
58734

0.82412
0.82313
0.82214
0.82114
0.82015

61886
63685
40410
92091
18758

22016
34442
30737
33704
73772

55.5
55.4
55.3
55.2
55.1

35.0

0.57357 64363 51046

0.81915 20442 88992

55.0

9()0-O

'See page u.

,.

24833
53101
30844
84432
45516

cos 0

sin 0

[(-~)21

e-~)3J

196

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.10

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

sin 9

cos 9

90-9

35.0
35.1
35.2
35.3
35.4

0.57357
0.57500
0.57643
0.57785
0.57928

64363
52520
23161
76243
11723

51046
43279
69793
83505
42679

0.81915
0.81814
0.81714
0.81613
0.81512

20442
97174
48983
75900
77957

88992
25023
35129
80160
28554

55.0
54.9
54.8
54. 7
54.6

35.5
35.6
35.7
35.8
35.9

0.58070
0.58212
0.58354
0.58495
0.58637

29557
29701
12113
76749
23567

10940
57289
56118
87215
35789

0.81411
0.81310
0.81208
0.81106
0.81004

55183
07610
35268
38189
16404

56319
47028
91806
89327
45796

54.5
54.4
54.3
54.2
54.1

36.0
36.1
36.2
36.3
36.4

0.58778
0.58919
0.59060
0.59201
0.59341

52522
63573
56676
31787
88866

92473
53342
19925
99220
03701

0.80901
0.80798
0.80696
0.80592
0.80489

69943
98838
03121
82822
37973

74947
98031
43802
48516
55914

54.0
53.9
53.8
53.7
53.6

36.5
36.6
36.7
36.8
36.9

0.59482
0.59622
0.59762
0.59902
0.60042

27867
48749
51469
35985
02253

51341
65616
75521
15586
25884

0.80385
0.80281
0.80177
0.80073
O. 79968

68606
74751
56442
13709
46584

17217
91115
43754
48733
87091

:-3.5
53.4
53.3
53.2
53.1

37.0
37.1
37.2
37.3
37.4

0.60181
0.60320
0.60459
0.60598
0.60737

50231
79877
91148
84002
58397

52048
45282
62375
65711
23287

O. 79863 55100 47293

O. 79758 39288 25229

0.79652 99180 24196

O. 79547 34808 54896
O. 79441 46205 35418

53.0
52.9
52.8
52. 7
52.6

37.5
37.6
37.7
37.8
37.9

0.60876
0.61014
0.61152
0.61290
0.61428

14290
51639
70401
70536
52000

08721
01268
85831
52976
98943

O. 79335
0.79228
0.79122
O. 79015
O. 78908

33402
96433
35329
50123
40848

91235
55191
67490
75690
34691

52.5
52.4
52.3
52.2
52.1

38.0
38.1
38.2
38.3
38.4

0.61566
0.61703
0.61840
0.61977
0.62114

14753
58751
83953
90317
77802

25658
40749
57554
95140
78310

O. 78801
O. 78693
O. 78585
O. 78477
O. 78369

07536
50219
68931
63705
34573

06722
61337
75402
33083
25840

52.0
51. 9
51.8
51.7
51. 6

38.5
38.6
38.7
38.8
38.9

0.62251
0.62387
0.62524
0.62660
0.62796

46366
95967
26563
38113
30576

37620
09386
35705
64461
49338

O. 78260 81568 52414

0.78152
O. 78043
O. 77933
O. 77824

04724
04073
79649
31485

18819
38330
31474
26021

51.5
51.4
51.3
51.2
51.1

39.0
39.1
39.2
39.3
39.4

0.62932
0.63067
0.63202
0.63338
0.63473

03910
58074
93026
08726
05132

49837
31286
64851
27550
02268

O. 77714
O. 77604
O. 77494
O. 77384
O. 77273

59614
64070
44887
02097
35734

56971
66546
04180
26506
97351

51.0
50.9
50.8
50.7
50.6

39.5
39.6
39.7
39.8
39.9

0.63607
0.63742
0.63876
0.64010
0.64144

82202
39897
78175
96994
96315

77764
48690
15598
84955
69158

O. 77162
O. 77051
O. 76939
O. 76828
O. 76716

45833
32427
95550
35235
51518

87720
75789
46895
93523
15300

50.5
50.4
50.3
50.2
50.1

40.0

0.64278 76096 86539

0.7660444431 18978

50.0

90-0

'See page D.

,.

cos 8

[(-;)2]

[(

sin 9

-~)3J

197

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

sin 0

cos 0

Table 4.10
90-0

40.0
40.1
40.2
4.0.3
40.4

0.64278
0.64412
0.64545
0.64678
0.64811

76096
36297
76877
97795
99010

86539
61387
23951
10460
63131

O. 76604
O. 76492
O. 76379
O. 76266
0.76153

44431
14009
60286
83296
83075

18978
18432
34642
95688
36737

50.0
49.9
49.8
49.7
49.6

40.5
40.6
40.7
40.8
40.9

0.64944
0.65077
0.65209
0.65342
0.65474

80483
42172
84038
06039
08137

30184
65851
30392
90105
17340

O. 76040
O. 75927
O. 75813
0.75699
0.75585

59656
13073
43361
50556
34691

00031
34881
97652
51756
67640

49.5
49.4
49.3
49.2
49.1

41. 0
41.1
41. 2
41. 3
41. 4

0.65605
0.65737
0.65868
0.66000
0.66131

90289
52457
94601
16679
18653

90507
94096
18680
60937
23652

O. 75470
O. 75356
O. 75241
O. 75126
O. 75011

95802
33923
49088
41335
10696

22772
01638
95724
03511
30460

49.0
48.9
48.8
48.7
48.6

41. 5
41. 6
41.7
41. 8
41. 9

0.66262
0.66392
0.66523
0.66653
0.66783

00482
62126
03546
24702
25554

15737
52242
54361
49452
71047

O. 74895
O. 74779
O. 74663
O. 74547
O. 74431

57207
80904
81822
59996
15462

89002
98532
85391
82862
31154

48.5
48.4
48.3
48.2
48.1

42.0
42.1
42.2
42.3
42.4

0.66913
0.67042
0.67172
0.67301
0.67430

06063
66189
05893
25135
23875

58858
58799
22990
09773
83723

O. 74314
0.74197
0.74080
O. 73963
O. 73845

48254
58409
45962
10949
53406

77394
75616
86750
78610
25884

48.0
47.9
47.8
47.7
47.6

42.5
42.6
42.7
42.8
42.9

0.67559
0.67687
0.67815
0.67944
0.68072

02076
59696
96698
13042
08689

15660
82661
68071
61517
58918

O. 73727
0.73609
O. 73491
O. 73372
O. 73254

73368
70871
45951
98645
28987

10124
19734
49960
02876
87379

47.5
47.4
47.3
47.2
47.1

43.0
43.1
43.2
43.3
43.4

0.68199
0.68327
0.68454
0.68581
0.68708

83600
37736
71059
83529
75108

62499
80799
28689
27376
04423

0.73135
O. 73016
O. 72896
O. 72777
0.72657

37016
22766
86274
27576
46709

19170
20752
21412
57210
70976

47.0
46.9
46.8
46.7
46.6

43.5
43.6
43.7
43.8
43.9

0.68835
0.68961
0.69088
0.69214
0.69340

45756
95437
24110
31738
18282

93754
35670
76858
70407
75813

O. 72537
0.72417
O. 72296
0.72176
O. 72055

43710
18614
71459
02280
11116

12288
37468
09568
98362
80330

46.5
46.4
46.3
46.2
46.1

44.0
44.1
44.2
44.3
44.4

0.69465
0.69591
0.69716
0.69841
0.69966

83704
27965
51028
52854
33405

58997
92314
54565
31006
13365

0.71933
O. 71812
O. 71691
O. 71569
O. 71447

98003
62977
06076
27337
26796

38651
63189
50483
03736
32803

46.0
45.9
45.8
45. 7
45.6

44.5
44.6
44.7
44.8
44.9

O. 70090
O. 70215
0.70339
O. 70463
O. 70587

92642
30529
47028
42099
15706

99851
95162
10504
63595
78681

O. 71325
O. 71202
O. 71079
O. 70957
O. 70833

04491
60459
94738
07365
98377

54182
90996
72992
36521
24529

45.5
45.4
45.3
45.2
45.1

45.0

O. 70710 67811 86548

O. 70710 67811 86548

45.0

cos 6

90-6

'See page n.

[<-;)3J

sin 0

[( -Z)3J

198

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.11

CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS

TO FIVE TENTHS OF A DEGREE
tan 8
sec 8
esc 8
cot 8

8
0

co

90 0 -8

O. 00000
0.00872
0.01745
0.02618
0.03492

00000
68677
50649
59215
07694

00000
90759
28217
69187
91747

114.58865
57.28996
38.18845
28.63625

01293
16307
92970
32829

09608
59424
25609
15603

1.00000
1. 00003
1. 00015
1. 00034
1. 00060

000
808
233
279
954

114.59301
57.29868
38.20155
28.65370

348
850
001
835

90.0
89.5
89.0
88.5
88.0

2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

0.04366
0.05240
0.06116
0.06992
0.07870

09429 08512
77792 83041
26201 50484
68119 43510
17068,24618

22.90376
19.08113
16.34985
14.30066
12. 70620

55484
66877
54760
62567
47361

31198
28211
99672
11928
74704

1.00095
1. 00137
1. 00186
1. 00244
1. 00309

269
235
869
190
220

22.92558
19.10732
16.38040
14.33558
12. 74549

563
261
824
703
484

87.5
87.0
86.5
86.0
85.5

5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

0.08748
0.09628
0.10510
0.11393
0.12278

86635
90481
42352
56083
45609

25924
97538
65676
01645
02904

11.43005
10.38539
9.51436
8. 77688
8.14434

23027
70801
44542
73568
64279

61343
38159
22585
69956
74594

1,00381
1.00462
1. 00550
1. 00646
1. 00750

984
509
828
973
983

11.47371
10.43343
9.56677
8.83367
8.20550

325
052
223
147
905

85.0
84.5
84.0
83.5
83.0

7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5

0.13165
0.14054
0.14945
0.15838
0.16734

24975
08347
10013
44403
26090

87396
02391
49128
24536
81419

7.59575
7.11536
6.69115
6.31375
5.97576

41127
97223
62383
15146
43644

25150
84209
17409
75043
33065

1. 00862
1. 00982
1. 01110
1.01246
1. 01390

896
757
613
513
510

7.66129
7.18529
6. 76546
6.39245
6.05885

758
653
908
322
796

82.5
82.0
81. 5
81. 0
80.5

10.0
10.5
11. 0
11.5
12.0

0.17632
0.18533
0.19438
0.20345
0.21255

69807
90449
03091
22994
65616

08465
31534
37718
23699
70022

5.67128
5.39551
5.14455
4.91515
4. 70463

18196
71743
40159
70310
01094

17709
19137
70310
71205
78454

1. 01542
1. 01703
1. 01871
1.02048
1. 02234

661
027
670
657
059

5. 75877
5.48740
5.24084
5.01585
4.80973

049
427
307
174
435

80.0
79.5
79.0
78.5
78.0

12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5

0.22169
0.23086
0.24007
0.24932
0.25861

46626
81911
87590
80028
75843

42940
25563
80116
43180
55890

4.51070
4.33147
4.16529
4.01078
3.86671

85036
58742
97700
09335
30948

62057
84155
90417
35844
98738

1. 02427
1.02630
1.02841
1,03061
1.03290

951
411
519
363
031

4.62022
4.44541
4.28365
4.13356
3.99392

632
148
757
550
916

77.5
77.0
76.5
76.0
75.5

15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0

0.26794
0.27732
0.28674
0.29621
0.30573

91924
45440
53857
34949
06814

31122
59838
58808
62080
58660

3. 73205
3.60588
3.48741
3.37594
3.27085

08075
35087
44438
34225
26184

68877
60874
40908
91246
84141

1.03527
1.03774
1. 04029
1.04294
1. 04569

618
221
944
891
176

3.86370
3.74197
3.62795
3.52093
3.42030

331
754
528
652
362

75.0
74.5
74.0
73.5
73.0

17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5

0.31529
0.32491
0.33459
0.34432
0.35411

87888
96962
53195
76132
85725

78983
32906
02073
89665
30698

3.17159
3.07768
2.98868
2.90421
2.82391

48023
35371
49627
08776
28856

63212
75253
42893
75823
00801

1. 04852
1. 05146
1. 05449
1.05762
1. 06084

913
222
231
068
870

3.32550
3.23606
3.15154
3.07155
2.99574

952
798
530
349
431

72.5
72.0
71.5
71.0
70.5

20.0
20.5
21. 0
21. 5
22.0

0.36397
0.37388
0.38386
0.39391
0.40402

02342
46794
40350
04756
62258

66202
84804
35416
14942
35157

2.74747
2.67462
2.60508
2.53864
2.47508

74194
14939
90646
78956
68534

54622
26824
93801
64307
16296

1.06417
1. 06760
1.07114
1.07478
1.07853

777
936
499
624
474

2.92380
2.85545
2. 79042
2.72850
2.66946

440
095
811
383
716

70.0
69.5
69.0
68.5
68.0

22.5

0.41421 35623 73095

2.61312 593

67.5

0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

90-8

cot 8

)1J

[(-85

2.41421 35623 73095

tan 8

1. 08239 220
esc 8

[(-:)lJ

co

sec 8

Ii

199

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.11

CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS

TO FIVE TENTHS OF A DEGREE
tan 8
esc 8
sec d
cot 8

90-8
0

22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5

0.41421
0.42447
0.43481
0.44522
0.45572

35623
48162
23749
86853
62555

73095
09604
60933
08536
32584

2.41421
2.35585
2.29984
2.24603
2.19429

35623
23658
25472
67739
97311

73095
23753
36257
04216
65038

1.08239
1.08636
1. 09044
1. 09463
1. 09894

220
038
110
628
787

2.61312
2.55930
2.50784
2.45859
2.4ll42

593
467
285
334
102

67.5
67.0
66.5
66.0
65.5

25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0

0.46630
0.47697
0.48773
0.49858
0.50952

76581
55326
25885
16080
54494

54998
98160
65861
53431
94429

2.14450
2.09654
2.05030
2.00568
1.96261

69205
35990
38415
97082
05055

09558
88174
79296
59020
05150

1.10337
1. 10792
1.ll260
1. ll740
1.12232

792
854
194
038
624

2.36620
2.32282
2.28ll7
2.24ll5
2.20268

158
050
203
845
926

65.0
64.5
64.0
63.5
63.0

27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5

0.52056
0.53170
0.54295
0.55430
0.56577

70505
94316
56996
90514
27781

51746
61479
38437
52769
87770

1.92098
1.88072
1.84177
1.80404
1.76749

21269
64653
08860
77552
40162

71166
46332
33458
71424
42891

1.12738
1.13257
1.13789
1.14335
1. 14895

195
005
318
407
554

2.16568
2.13005
2.09573
2.06266
2.03077

057
447
853
534
204

62.5
62.0
61. 5
61.0
60.5

30.0
30.5
31. 0
31. 5
32.0

0.57735
0.58904
0.60086
0.61280
0.62486

02691
50164
06190
07881
93519

89626
20551
27560
39932
09327

1. 73205
1.69766
1.66427
1.63185
1.60033

08075
31193
94823
16871
45290

68877
26089
50518
28789
41050

1. 15470
1.16059
1.16663
1.17282
1.17917

054
210
340
770
840

2.00000
1. 97029
1. 94160
1. 91388
1. 88707

000
441
403
086
991

60.0
59.5
59.0
58.5
58.0

32.5
33.0
33.5
34.0
34.5

0.63707
0.64940
0.66188
0.67450
0.68728

02608
75931
55611
85168
09586

07493
97510
95691
42426
01613

1.56968
1.53986
1.51083
1.48256
1.45500

55771
49638
51936
09685
90286

17490
14583
14901
12740
72445

1.18568
1.19236
1.19920
1. 20621
1. 21340

905
329
494
795
641

1. 86115
1. 83607
1.8ll80
1. 78829
1. 76551

900
846
103
165
728

57.5
57.0
56.5
56.0
55.5

35.0
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.0

O. 70020
0.71329
O. 72654
O. 73996
O. 75355

75382 09710
30678 97005
25280 05361
1075028487
40501 02794

1.42814
1.40194
1.37638
1.35142
1.32704

80067
82944
19204
24379
48216

42114
76336
71173
45808
20410

1. 22077
1.22832
1. 23606
1. 24400
1.25213

459
691
798
257
566

1. 74344
1. 72205
1.70130
1. 68117
1.66164

680
082
162
299
014

55.0
54.5
54.0
53.5
53.0

37.5
38.0
38.5
39.0
39.5

0.76732
0.78128
O. 79543
0.80978
0.82433

69879
56265
59166
40331
63858

78960
06717
67828
95007
17495

1.30322
1.27994
1.25717
1.23489
1.21309

53728
16321
22989
71565
70040

41206
93079
18954
35051
92932

1. 26047
1.26901
1.27777
1. 28675
1. 29596

241
822
866
957
700

1. 64267
1.62426
1.60638
1. 58901
1.57213

963
925
793
573
369

52.5
52.0
51. 5
51. 0
50.5

40.0
40.5
41. 0
41. 5
42.0

0.83909
0.85408
0.86928
0.88472
0.90040

96311
06854
67378
52645
40442

77280
63466
16226
55944
97840

1.19175
1.17084
1.15036
1.13029
1.11061

35925
95661
84072
43863
25148

94210
12539
21009
61753
29193

1. 30540
1. 31508
1. 32501
1.33519
1. 34563

729
700
299
242
273

1. 55572
1. 53976
1. 52425
1. 50916
1.49447

383
904
309
050
655

50.0
49.5
49.0
48.5
48.0

42.5
43.0
43.5
44.0
44.5

0.91633
0.93251
0.94896
0.96568
0.98269

11740
50861
45667
87748
72631

17423
37661
14880
07074
15690

1.09130
1.07236
1.05378
1.03553
1.01760

85010
87100
01252
03137
73929

69271
24682
80962
90569
72125

1. 35634
1.36732
1. 37859
1. 39016
1. 40203

170
746
847
359
206

1. 48018
1.46627
1.45273
1. 43955
1. 42671

723
919
967
654
819

47.5
47.0
46.5
46.0
45.5

45.0

1.00000 00000 00000

1.41421 356

45.0

90-8

eot 8
[(-95)4J

1.00000 00000 00000

tan 8

[(-4)3J

1. 41421 356
esc 8

[(-:)4J

sec 8
4 )3J

[(-6

----------------

200

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.12

CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS FOR THE ARGUMENT

sm

11"

11"

ZX.

11"

2x
11"

cos 2 x

I-x

tan 2x

O. 00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
0.01570
0.03141
0.04710
0.06279

00000
73173
07590
64507
05195

00000
11820
78128
09642
29313

00000 1.00000 00000 00000 00000

67575 0.99987 66324 81660 59864
29384 0.99950 65603 65731 55700
66090 0.99888 98749 61969 97264
37607 0.99802 67284 28271 56195

0.00000
0.01570
0.03142
0.04715
0.06291

00000
92553
62660
88028
46672

00000
23664
43351
77480
53649

00000
91632
14782
47448
75722

1.00
0,99
0.98
0.97
0.96

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.07845
0.09410
0.10973
0.12533
0.14090

90957
83133
43110
32335
12319

27844
18514
91045
64304
37582

94503
31847
26802
24537
66116

0.99691
0.99556
0.99396
0.99211
0.99002

73337
19646
09554
47013
36577

33127
03080
55179
14477
16557

97620
01290
68775
83105
56725

0.07870
0.09452
0.11040
0.12632
0.14232

17068
78311
10278
93784
10757

24618
79282
15818
46108
02942

44806
04901
94497
17478
94229

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0.10 0.15643 44650 40230 86901

0.11 0.17192 91002 79409 54661
0.12 0.18738 13145 85724 63054
0.13 0.20278 72953 56512 48344
0.14 0.21814 32413 96542 55202

0.98768
0.98510
0.98228
0.97922
0.97591

83405
93261
72507
28106
67619

95137
54773
28688
21765
38747

72619 0,15838 44403 24536 29384

91802 0.17452 79388 94365 08461
68108 0.1907602022 1856674856
78086 0.20709 00444 27938 70402
39896 0.22352 64828 97149 10184

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.23344
0.24868
0.26387
0.27899
0.29404

53638
98871
30499
11060
03252

55905
64854
65372
39229
32303

41177
78824
89696
25185
95777

0.97236
0.96858
0.96455
0.96029
0.95579

99203
31611
74184
36856
30147

97676
28631
57798
76943
98330

60183
11949
09366
07175
12664

0.24007
0.25675
0.27356
0.29052
0.30764

87590
63603
90430
68567
01696

80116
67726
82237
31916
59898

03926
78332
23655
45432
29067

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.30901 69943
0.32391 74181
0.3387379202
0.35347 48437
0.36812 45526

74947
98149
45291
79257
84677

42410
41440
38122
12472
95915

0.95105
0.94608
0.94088
0.93544
0.92977

65162
53588
07689
40308
64858

95153
27545
54225
29867
88251

57211
31853
47232
32518
40366

0.3249196962
0.34237 65257
0.36002 21530
0.37786 85117
0.39592 80087

32906
28683
95756
75820
97721

32615
05965
62634
93670
26049

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.38268 34323
0.3971478906
0.41151 43586
0.42577 92915
0.43993 91698

65089
34780
05108
65072
55915

77173
61375
77405
64886
14083

0.92387
0.91775
0.91140
0.90482
0.89802

95325
46256
32766
70524
75757

11286
83981
35445
66019
60615

75613
14114
24821
52771
63093

0.41421
0.43273
0.45151
0.47056
0.48989

35623
86422
73130
42812
49450

73095
47425
86983
12251
22477

04880
93197
28945
49308
05270

O. 75
O. 74
O. 73
0.72
O. 71

0.30 0.45399 04997 39546 79156

0.31 0.46792 98142 60573 37723
0.32 0.48175 36741 01715 27498
0.33 0.49545 86684 32407 53805
0.34 0.50904 14157 50371 30028

0.89100
0.88376
0.87630
0.86863
0.86074

65241
56300
66800
15144
20270

88367
88693
43863
38191
03943

86236
42432
58731
24777
63716

0.50952 54494
0.52947 27451
0.54975 46521
0.5703899296
0.59139 83513

94428
82014
92770
73294
99471

81051
63252
07429
88698
09817

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.52249
0.53582
0.54902
0.56208
0.57500

85647
67949
28179
33778
52520

15948
78996
98131
52130
43278

86499
61827
74352
60010
56590

0.85264
0.84432
0.83580
0.82708
0.81814

01643
79255
73613
05742
97174

54092
02015
68270
74561
25023

22152
07855
25847
82492
43213

0.61280
0.63461
0.65687
0.67959
0.70281

07881
92975
72224
92982
17712

39931
44148
01279
24526
40357

99664
10071
37691
52184
33761

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.58778 52522
0.6004202253
0.61290 70536
0.62524 26563
0.63742 39897

92473
25884
52976
35705
48689

12917
04976
49336
17290
71017

0.80901
O. 79968
O. 79015
O. 78043
O. 77051

69943
46584
50123
04073
32427

74947
87090
75690
38329
75789

42410
53868
36516
73585
23080

0.7265425280
O. 75082 12380
O. 77567 95110
0.80115 10705
0.82727 19459

05360
38764
49613
58751
72475

88589
68575
10378
23382
63403

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.64944
0.66131
0.67301
0.68454
0.69591

30183
23651
09773
28688
92314

65572
87657
33872
67373
32549

0.76040
O. 75011
O. 73963
O. 72896
O. 71812

59656
10696
10949
86274
62977

00030
30459
78609
21411
63188

93817
54151
69747
52314
83037

0.85408
0.88161
0.90992
0.93906
0.96906

63466
63189
77737
17492
93793

63752
11465
46579
35255
27618

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

0.50

O. 70710 67811 'II:86547 52440

1.00000 00000 00000 00000

0.50

I-x

80483
18653
25135
71059
27965

cos 2x

[( -f~)2J

0.70710 67811 86547 52440

SIn

'II:

[( -rli

3]

06854
85923
99881
25058
74171

'II:

cot 2x

[( -4)IJ

201

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS FOR THE ARGUMENT ~ x
7r

1.00000
11628 71580 99500 1.00012
59537 73958 03934 1.00049
87896 88751 52283 1.00111
48438 65303 44576 1.00197

0.05 12.70620 47361 74704 64602

0.06 10.57889 49934 05635 52417
0.07 9.05788 66862 38928 19329
0.08 7.91581 50883 05826 84427
0.09 7.02636 62290 41380 19848

I-x

esc Zx

00000
33827
36832
13587
71730

00000
39761
37144
85243
71142

00000
81169 63.66459 53060
42400 31.83622 52090
76109 21.22851 50958
10978 15.92597 11099

58546
95566
17580
59358

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

1.00309
1.00445
1.00607
1.00794
1.01007

21984
78193
57361
79708
68726

82825
57019
86291
09297
13784

50283 12.74549 48431 82374 28619

51480 10.62605 37962 83115 99865
90575
9.11292 00161 49841 72675
28943
7.97872 97555 59476 60149
19104 7.09717 00264 69225 38129

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

63.65674
31.82051
21.20494
15.89454

Table 4.12
7r

sec ZX

cot ZX

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

7r

00564
97622
16816
08654

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

6.31375
5.72974
5.24218
4.82881
4.47374

15146
16467
35811
73521
28292

75043
24314
13176
92759
11554

09898 1.01246
86192 1.01511
73758 1.01803
97818 1.02121
62415 1.02467

51257
57576
21481
80406
75534

88002
62501
91042
26567
55900

93136
87437
38259
47910
33566

6.39245
5.81635
5.33671
4.93127
4.58414

32214
10329
14122
53949
38570

99661
24944
92458
49859
27373

54704
03199
78659
96253
56913

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

4.16529
3.89474
3.65538
3.44202
3.25055

97700
28549
43546
25766
08012

90417
29859
52259
69218
99836

20387
33474
73004
62809
37634

1.02841
1.03243
1.03674
1.04134
1.04625

51936
587J4
49162
80947
16303

65208
17339
32016
70681
39647

54585
88710
53065
14007
78848

4.28365
4.02107
3.78970
3.58434
3.40089

75697
22333
11465
36523
40753

31185
75967
59780
72161
61802

03924
50952
81919
57038
31848

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

3.07768
2.92076
2.77760
2.64642
2.52571

35371
09892
68539
32102
16894

75253
98816
14974
86631
47304

40257
40048
88865
86514
99451

1.05146
1.05698
1.06283
1.06901
1.07552

22242
70790
39243
10439
73070

38267
93232
36113
98926
22247

21205
61183
96396
01199
78234

3.23606
3.08720
2.95213
2.82905
2. 71647

79774
66268
47928
56388
18916

99789
08416
09339
91501
65871

69641
38088
97327
64260
74307

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
O. 76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

2.41421
2.31086
2.21475
2.12510
2.04125

35623
36538
44978
81731
39671

73095
82410
13361
57202
21703

04880
63708
51875
76115
26026

1.08239
1.08961
1.09720
1.10518
1.11355

22002
58646
91341
35787
15511

92393
48705
29537
56399
90413

96880
30888
26252
59380
37268

2.61312
2.51795
2.43004
2.34863
2.27304

59297
36983
88648
46560
15214

52753
10349
55296
54351
61957

05571
34110
52041
86300
72361

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.31
0.34

1.96261
1.88867
1.81899
1.75318
1.69090

05055
13416
32472
66324
76557

05150
31067
81066
72237
85011

58230
67620
27571
08332
24674

1.12232
1.13152
1.14115
1.15123
1.16178

62376
17133
30035
61494
82810

34360
97749
92241
81376
72765

80715
42882
17245
51287
98515

2.20268
2.13707
2.07574
2.01833
1.96447

92645
26325
96076
18280
66988

85266
27611
48793
89559
67248

62156
85837
05903
43676
48330

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1.63185
1.57574
1.52235
1.47145
1.42285

16871
78599
45068
53158
60774

28789
68651
96131
19969
31870

61767
08688
24085
04283
59031

1.17282
1.18437
1.19644
1.20907
1.22227

76966
39497
79450
20434
01770

14008
36918
89806
06541
86068

94955
17500
17366
15436
14117

1.91388
1.86627
1.82141
1.77909
1.73911

08554
47167
79214
54854
45497

30942
00567
74081
79867
30640

72280
54120
38479
33350
74960

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.37638
1.33187
1.28919
1.24820
1.20879

19204
49515
22317
40363
23504

71173
02597
85066
53049
09609

53820 1.23606 79774 99789

59439 1.25049 29154 09784
67042 1.26557 44560 72090
43751 1.28134 42308 20677
13115 1.29783 62271 84727

69641
85573
15648
31999
12712

1.70130
1.66550
1.63156
1.59937
1.56881

1616704079
01910 65749
87575 13749
90408 68062
45035 05365

86436
08074
73007
88301
75750

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

22520
46422
56382
86700
57182

80424
40410
12805
28453
49662

1.53976
1.51214
1.48585
1.46081
1.43696

90432
58610
64735
98491
16493

30748
40092
76608
12750
20394

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

1.41421 35623 73095 04880

0.50

0.45 1.1708495661 12539

0.46 1.13427 73492 55405
0.47 1.09898 56505 36301
0.48 1.06489 18403 24791
0.49 1.03191 99492 80495
0.50
I-x

1.00000 00000 00000 00000

1.31508
1.33313
1.35202
1.37180
1.39251

69998
59054
53634
11480
27141

90784
50172
40027
64918
49012

1.41421 35623 73095 04880

22366
31226
81717
22513
57094
7r

sec ZX

202

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.13
,.

SIn

2~,

2~,.

COS-

~~-

s~3

1
2

0.86602 54038

0.86602 54038
0.86602 54038
0.0000000000

1
2
3
4
5

0.64278
0.98480
0.86602
0.34202

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

0.5000000000
0.86602 54038
1. 00000 00000
0.86602 54038
0.50000 00000
0.00000 00000

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

0.40673
0.74314
0.95105
0.99452
0.86602
0.58778
0.20791

0.91354
66431
48255
0.66913
65163 + O. 30901
18954 -0.10452
54038 -0.50000
52523 -0.80901
16908 -0.97814

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

-0.50000 00000

s~6

2
3
4

+0.50000 00000
-0.50000 00000
-1.00000 00000

HARMONIC ANALYSIS
. 2~r
2",.

cos-

SIn-

8=4
1.00000 00000 +0.00000 00000
0.00000 00000 -1.0000000000
8=7
0.78183 14824 +0.6234898019
0.97492 79122 -0.22252 09340
0.4338837391 -0.90096 88679

44431
81777
00000
26208

0.5877852523
0.8090169944
0.95105 65163 +0.30901 69944
0.95105 65163 -0.30901 69944
0.58778 52523 -0.80901 69944
0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000

54038
00000
00000
00000
54038
00000

0.46472
0.82298
0.99270
0.93501
0.66312
0.23931

54576
06064
69944
84633
00000
69944
76007

0.38268 34324
0.92387 95325
0.70710 67812
0.70710 67812
0.92387 95325
0.38268 34324
1.00000 00000 +0.00000 00000
0.92387 95325 -0.38268 34324
0.70710 67812 -0.70710 67812
0.3826834324 -0.92387 95325
0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000

0.34202
O. 6427 8
0.86602
0.98480
0.98480
0.86602
0.64278
0.34202
0.00000

01433
0.93969 26208
76097
O. 76604 44431
0.50000 00000
54038
77530 +0.17364 81777
77530 -0. 17364 81777
54038 -0.50000 00000
76097 -0.76604 44431
01433 -0.9396926208
00000 -1.00000 00000

0.3246994692
0.94581 72417
0.61421 27127
0.78914 05094
0.83716 64782
0.54694 81581
0.96940 02659 +0.24548 54872
0.9965844930 -0.0825793455
0.91577 33266 -0.40169 54247
0.73572 39107 -0.67728 15716
0.4759473930 -0.87947 37512
0.16459 45903 -0.98636 13034

0.29475
0.56332
0.78183
0.93087
O. 99720
0.97492
O. 86602
0.68017
0.43388
0.14904

51744
0.95557 28058
0.82623 87743
00580
0.62348 98019
14825
37486
0.36534 10244
37972 +0.07473 00936
79122 -0.22252 09340
54038 -0.50000 00000
27378 -0.73305 18718
37391 -0. 90096 88679
22662 -0.98883 08262

O. 25881
0.50000
0.70710
0.86602
O. 96592
1.00000
0.96592
0.86602
0.70710
0.50000
0.25881
0.00000

0.96592
90451
00000
O. 86602
0.70710
67812
0.50000
54038
58263
0.25881
00000 + O. 00000
-0.25881
58263
54038 -0.50000
67812 -0.70710
00000 -0.86602
90451 -0. 96592
00000 -1.00000

31720
38659
88741
62427
26582
56643

8~16

8=11
08174
0.84125 35328
19953 +0.41541 50130
14419 -0.1423148383
95743 -0.65486 07340
25568 -0.95949 29736

0.43388 37391
0.90096 88679
0.78183 14825
0.62348 98019
0.97492 79122 +0.22252 09340
0.97492 79122 -0.22252 09340
0.78183 14825 -0.62348 98019
0.43388 37391 -0.90096 88679
0.0000000000 -1.00000 00000

s=17
0.36124 16662
0.93247 22294
0.67369 56436
0.73900 89172
0.89516 32913
0.44573 83558
0.99573 41763 +0.09226 83595
0.96182 56432 -0.27366 29901
0.79801 72273 -0.6026346364
0.52643 21629 -0.85021 71357
0.1837495178 -0.9829730997
8~20

s~22

s~21

11

0.95949
0.84125
0.65486
0.41541
+0.14231
-0.14231
-0.41541
-0.65486
-0.84125
-0.95949
-1.00000

25568
08174
95743
19953
14419
14419
19953
95743
08174
25568
00000

29736
35328
07340
50130
48383
48383
50130
07340
35328
29736
00000

0.24868
0.48175
0.68454
0.84432
0.95105
0.99802
0.98228
0.90482
0.77051
0.58778
0.36812
0.12533

98872
0.96858 31611
36741
0.87630 66801
71059
0.72896 86274
79255
0.53582 67950
65163
0.30901 69944
67284 +0.06279 05196
72507 -0.18738 13146
70525 -0.42577 92916
32428 -0.63742 39898
52523 -0.80901 69944
45527 -0.92977 64859
32336 -0.99211 47013

s~25

58263
54038
67812
00000
90451
00000
90451
00000
67812
54038
58263
00000

0.30901
0.58778
0.80901
0.95105
1.00000
0.95105
0.80901
0.58778
0.30901
0.00000

69944
0.95105 65163
52523
0.80901 69944
69944
0.5877852523
65163
0.30901 69944
00000 +0.00000 00000
65163 -0.30901 69944
69944 -0.58778 52523
52523 -0.80901 69944
69944 -0.95105 65163
00000 -1.0000000000
s~23

0.28173
0.54064
0.75574
0.90963
0.98982
0.98982
0.90963
0.75574
0.54064
0.28173
0.00000

s~24

11

0.54064
0.90963
0.98982
0.75574
0.28173

s~19

s~18

12

s~8

0.7071067812
0.7071067812
1.00000 00000 +0.00000 00000
0.70710 67812 -0.70710 67812
0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000

8=14

0.88545 60257
0.5680647468
+0.12053 66803
-0.35460 48871
-0.74851 07482
-0.97094 18174

8~15

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

s~5

0.95105 65163 + 0.30901 69944

0.58778 52523 -0.80901 69944

s~13

8~12

0.86602
0.50000
+0.00000
-0.50000
-0. 86602
-1. 00000

8=10

8~9

76097
O. 76604
77530 + O. 17364
54038 -0.50000
01433 -0.93969

. 2lrT

SIn-

0.26979 67711
0.51958 39500
0.7308359643
0.88788 52184
0.97908 40877
0.99766 87692
0.94226 09221
0.81696 98930
0.63108 79443
0.39840 10898
0.13616 66491

0.96291 72874
0.85441 94046
0.6825531432
0.46006 50378
+ 0.20345 60131
-0.06824 24134
-0.33487 96122
-0.57668 03221
-0.77571 12907
-0.91721 13015
-0.99068 59460

203

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.14

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

arcsin 1;
00000
00001
00013
00045
00106

arctan x
00000
99996
99973
99910
99786

arcsin x
08568
21344
34632
48442
62784

06
17
28
51
97

0.04995
0.05095
O. 05195
0.05295
0.05394

0.05502
0.05602
0.05703
0.05803
0.05903

77669
93107
09107
25679
42835

81
15
14
92
64

O. 05494
0.05594
0.05693
0.05793
0.05893

46421
15712
83890
50936
16829

07
34
60
23
64

0.060
0.061
0.062
0.063
0.064

O. 06003
0.06103
0.06203
0.06304
0.06404

605'84 45
78~6 52
97902 01
17491 09
37713 94

O. 05992
0.06092
O. 06192
O. 06291
0.06391

81551
45081
07400
68489
28327

21
38
58
26
89

88751 52
86:~48 76
83626 17
80%3 78
77141 62

0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069

0.06504
0.06604
0.06705
0.06805
O. 06905

58580
80101
02286
25146
48691

75
69
97
79
36

0.06490
0.06590
0.06690
0.06789
0.06889

86896
44176
00148
54791
08087

93
90
29
63
46

0.01999
0.02099
0.02199
0.02299
0.02399

73:n9
69138
64!;16
59456
53935

73
17
97
20
92

0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074

0.07005 72930
0.0710597875
0.07206 23535
0.07306 49921
0.07406 77043

88
58
68
42
03

0.06988
0.07088
0.07187
0.07287
0.07386

60016
10558
59695
07407
53674

35
85
56
09
06

99
25
77
58
72

0.02499
0.02599
0.02699
0.02799
0.02899

47936
41437
34418
26861
18744

19
08
68
07
33

0.075
0.076
0.077
0.078
0.079

0.07507
0.07607
O. 07707
0.07807
0.07908

04910
33534
62925
93093
24048

77
87
62
26
07

0.07485
O. 07585
0.07684
0.07784
0.07883

98477
41796
83614
23909
62663

II
89
08
37
48

45018
49673
54638
59924
65540

23
15
51
37
77

0.02999
0.03099
0.03198
0.03298
0.03398

10048
00753
90840
80288
69077

57
89
39
21
46

0.080
0.081
0.082
0.083
0.084

0.08008
0.08108
0.08209
0.08309
0.08409

55800
88360
21738
55944
90989

34
35
40
79
83

O. 07982
0.08082
0.08181
O. 08281
O. 08380

99857
35471
69486
01882
32642

12
05
04
86
31

0.03500
0.03600
0.03700
O. 03800
O. 03900

71497
77805
84473
91512
98932

75
38
72
81
73

0.03498
0.03598
0.03698
0.03798
O. 03898

57188
44600
31295
17251
02450

29
82
22
64
25

0.085
0.086
0.087
0.088
0.089

0.08510
0.08610
0.08711
0.088ll
0.08911

26883
63637
01260
39763
79156

84
15
09
00
23

O. 08479
0.08578
0.08678
0.08777
O. 08876

61745
89172
14904
38923
61208

23
45
84
27
65

0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.044

0.04001
0.04101
0.04201
0.04301
0.04401

06743
14955
23578
32622
42097

54
31
12
04
16

O. 03997
0.04097
0.04197
0.04297
0.04397

86871
70494
53301
35270
16382

23
77
05
30
71

0.090
0.091
0.092
0.093
0.094

0.09012
O. 09112
0.09213
0.09313
0.09413

19450
60655
02781
45839
89840

15
II
49
68
07

0.08975
0.09075
0.09174
O. 09273
0.09372

81741
00503
17475
32638
45972

90
96
79
38
74

0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049

O. 04501
0.04601
0.04701
0.04801
0.04901

52013
62381
73210
845ll
96293

56
33
57
37
83

0.04496
0.04596
0.04696
0.04796
0.04896

96618
75957
54381
31868
08400

52
97
30
77
65

0.095
0.096
0.097
0.098
0.099

0.09514
0.09614
0.09715
0.09815
0.09916

34793
80709
27598
75471
24339

06
05
48
75
32

0.09471
0.09570
0.09669
0.09768
0.09867

57459
67080
74816
80648
84557

88
87
76
65
66

0.050

O. 05002 08568 06

0.04995 83957 22

0.100

O. 10016 742ll 62

O. 09966 86524 91

[(-g)lJ

[( -g)2J

0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004

O. 00000
0.00100
0.00200
0.00300
0.00400

00
67
33
00
67

0.00000
0.00099
0.00199
0.00299
0.00399

0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

0.00500
0.00600
0.00700
0.00800
0.00900

00208
00360
00571
00853
01215

34
01
68
36
04

0.00499
0.00599
0.00699
0.00799
0.00899

0.010
0.01l
0.012
0.013
0.014

0.01000
0.01l00
0.01200
0.01300
0.01400

01666
02218
02880
03661
04573

74
45
19
95
74

0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019

0.01500
0.01600
O. 01700
0.01800
0.01900

05625
06827
08189
09721
ll433

0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024

0.02000
0.02100
0.02200
0.02300
0.02400

0.025
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.029

00
67
33
00
67

0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054

0.05002
O. 05102
0.05202
0.05302
0.05402

99583
99280
98856
98293
97570

34
02
70
40
12

0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059

0.00999
0.01099
0.01l99
0.01299
0.01399

96&66
95563
94240
92&77
90354

87
66
50
41
41

57
45
40
42
52

0.01499
O. 01599
0.01699
0.01799
0.01899

13335
15438
17750
20283
23045

73
06
53
16
97

0.02500
0.02600
0.02700
0.02800
0.02900

26048
29302
32815
36599
40663

0.030
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.034

0.03000
0.03100
0.03200
0.03300
0.03400

0.035
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.039

[( -1)6J

[(-g)1]

arctan x
83957
58518
32065
04578
76036

22
77
61
05
42

For use and extension of the table see Examples 21-25. For other inverse functions see 4.4 and
4.3.45.
~=1.57079 63267 95
Compilation of arcsin :v from National Bureau of Standards, Table of arcsin x. Columbia Gniv.
Press, New York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

204

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.14
x

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

arcsin x

arctan x

arcsin x

arctan x

0.100
0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104

O. 10016
0.10117
0.10217
0.10318
0.10418

74211
25099
77012
29961
83957

62
11
25
53
41

0.09966
0.10065
0.10164
0.10263
0.10362

86524
86531
84558
80587
74599

91
58
83
89
97

0.150
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.154

0.15056
0.15157
O. 15259
0.15360
0.15461

82727
97940
14716
33066
53001

77
40
20
23
61

0.14888
0.14986
0.15084
0.15182
0.15279

99476
77989
53616
26338
96139

09
58
21
59
37

0.105
0.106
0.107
0.108
0.109

0.10519
O. 10619
0.10720
0.10821
0.10921

39010
95131
52329
10617
70003

40
00
72
08
62

0.10461
0.10560
0.10659
0.10758
0.10857

66576
56498
44346
30103
13750

33
23
99
93
39

0.155
0.156
0.157
0.158
0.159

0.15562 74533
0.15663 97672
0.15765 22431
0.1586648819
0.15967 76848

44
86
01
05
15

0.15377
0.15475
O. 15572
0.15670
0.15768

63001
26906
87838
45780
00713

20
78
86
19
58

0.110
0.111
0.112
0.113
0.114

0.11022
0.11122
0.11223
O. 11324
0.11424

30499
92116
54863
18752
83793

88
41
77
55
32

0.10955
0.11054
0.11153
O. 11252
0.11350

95267
74637
51840
26859
99674

74
38
74
25
40

0.160
0.161
0.162
0.163
0.164

0.16069
0.16170
0.16271
O. 16373
0.16474

06529
37874
70893
05599
42001

52
35
88
34
99

0.15865
0.15963
O. 16060
O. 16157
0.16255

52621
01487
47294
90024
29661

86
91
61
91
78

0.115
0.116
0.117
0.118
0.119

0.11525
0.11626
O. 11726
0.11827
0.11928

49996
17373
85933
55688
26648

68
23
61
42
32

0.11449
0.11548
0.11647
0.11745
O. 11844

70267
38620
04714
68531
30052

67
60
73
63
90

0.165
0.166
0.167
0.168
0.169

0.16575
0.16677
0.16778
0.16880
0.16981

80113
19943
61505
04810
49868

10
96
87
17
19

0.16352
0.16449
0.16547
0.16644
0.16741

6618821
99587 25
29841 97
56935 49
80850 93

0.120
0.121
0.122
0.123
0.124

0.12028
0.12129
0.12230
0.12331
0.12431

98823
72225
46865
22751
99897

95
97
07
92
22

O. 11942
0.12041
0.12140
0.12238
0.12337

89260
46135
00659
52814
02582

18
12
40
72
82

0.170
0.171
0.172
0.173
0.174

0.17082
O. 17184
0.17285
0.17387
0.17489

96691
45290
95678
47864
01862

29
84
23
87
19

0.16839 01571
0.1693619080
0.17033 33360
0.17130 44396
0.17227 52169

48
34
78
07
54

0.125
0.126
0.127
0.128
0.129

0.12532
0.12633
0.12734
0.12835
0.12936

78311
58006
38990
21277
04875

68
02
98
29
72

0.12435
0.12533
0.12632
0.12730
0.12829

49945
94884
37381
77418
14977

47
45
58
71
71

0.175
0.176
0.177
0.178
0.179

0.17590
0.17692
0.17793
0.17895
0.17996

57681
15334
74832
36187
99410

64
66
75
40
13

0.17324
0.17421
0.17518
0.17615
0.17712

52
43
68
74
10

0.130
0.131
0.132
0.133
0.134

O. 13036
0.13137
O. 13238
0.13339
0.13440

89797
76052
63651
52606
42926

03
01
45
16
95

0.12927
O. 13025
0.13124
O. 13222
O. 13320

50040
82588
12605
40070
64968

48
96
10
89
35

0.180
0.181
0.182
0.183
0.184

0.18098
O. 18200
0.18302
0.18403
0.18505

64512
31505
00402
71212
43949

47
97
20
76
25

0.17809 29382 31
0.179061385894
0.18002 94941 59
0.18099 72613 91
0.18196 46859 59

0.135
0.136
0.137
0.138
0.139

0.13541
0.13642
0.13743
0.13844
0.13945

34624
27710
22194
18087
15401

67
15
25
85
83

0.13418
0.13517
0.13615
0.13713
0.13811

87279
06986
24071
38516
50303

52
49
35
25
34

0.185
0.186
0.187
0.188
0.189

0.18607
0.18708
0.18810
0.18912
0.19014

18623
95246
73830
54387
36928

31
57
71
40
36

0.18293
0.18389
0.18486
0.18583
0.18679

17662
85005
48874
09250
66119

35
94
16
85
87

0.140
0.141
0.142
0.143
0.144

0.14046
0.14147
0.14248
0.14349
0.14450

14147
14334
15975
19079
23659

10
56
13
77
42

0.13909
0.14007
0.14105
0.14203
0.14301

59414
65832
69539
70518
68749

82
92
90
03
65

0.190
0.191
0.192
0.193
0.194

0.19116
0.19218
0.19319
0.19421
0.19523

21465
08009
96574
87169
79808

31
99
17
63
18

0.18776
0.18872
0.18969
0.19065
0.19161

19465
69270
15520
58198
97288

14
59
22
05
15

0.145
0.146
0.147
0.148
0.149

O. 14551
O. 14652
0.14753
0.14854
0.14955

29725
37287
46358
56947
69067

04
64
19
71
22

O. 14399
0.14497
0.14595
O. 14693
0.14791

64217
56902
46789
33858
18093

09
74
00
33
19

0.195
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.199

0.19625
0.19727
0.19829
0.19931
0.20033

74501
71261
70100
71030
74061

64
85
69
03
80

0.19258
0.19354
0.19450
0.19547
0.19643

32774
64641
92873
17453
38367

60
55
18
71
38

0.150

0.15056 82727 77

0.14888 99476 09

0.200

0.20135 79207 90

[(-:)2J

[(-:)4J

~=

1.57079 63267 95

[(-:>3J

56664
57864
55752
50312
41528

0.19739 55598 50

[(-48)5J

205

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

x

arcsin x

arctan x

Table 4.14

arCSIn x

arctan x

0.200
0.201
0.202
0.203
0.204

0.20135
0.20237
0.20339
0.20442
0.20544

79207
86480
95890
07451
21175

90
31
97
90
10

0.19739
0.19835
0.19931
0.20027
0.20123

55598
69131
78950
85040
87384

50
40
44
06
69

0.250
0.251
0.252
0.253
0.254

0.25268
0.25371
0.25474
0.25577
0.25681

02551
31886
63988
98871
36548

42
28
49
33
08

0.24497
0.24591
0.24686
0.24780
0.24873

86631
96179
01284
01933
98113

27
19
51
77
53

0.205
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209

0.20646
0.20748
0.20850
0.20952
0.21055

37072
55156
75438
97931
22647

61
48
81
68
22

0.20219
0.20315
0.20411
0.20507
0.20603

85968
80777
71793
59003
42391

83
01
81
83
73

0.255
0.256
0.257
0.258
0.259

0.25784
0.25888
0.25991
0.26095
0.26198

77032
20336
66475
15461
67307

07
66
22
18
97

0.24967
0.25061
0.25155
0.25249
0.25343

89810
77010
59702
37870
11502

38
99
05
29
51

0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214

0.21157
0.21259
0.21362
0.21464
0.21566

49597
78794
10251
43979
79990

58
93
46
39
96

0.20699
0.20794
0.20890
0.20986
0.21082

21942
97639
69469
37416
01465

20
97
83
57
06

0.260
0.261
0.262
0.263
0.264

O. 26302
0.26405
0.26509
0.26613
0.26716

22029
79638
40148
03573
69927

08
02
31
53
28

0.25436
0.25530
0.25624
0.25717
0.25811

80585
45106
05051
60408
11163

53
23
53
40
83

0.215
0.216
0.217
0.218
0.219

0.21669
0.21771
0.21874
0.21976
0.22078

18298
58914
01850
47119
94733

42
06
19
15
28

0.21177
0.21273
0.21368
0.21464
0.21559

61600
17806
70070
18375
62706

20
92
19
04
53

0.265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269

0.26820
0.26924
0.27027
0.27131
0.27235

39223
11474
86696
64900
46102

20
95
22
75
31

0.25904
0.25997
0.26091
0.26184
0.26277

57304
98818
35692
67913
95468

89
68
33
04
05

0.220
0.221
0.222
0.223
0.224

0.22181
0.22283
0.22386
0.22489
0.22591

44704
97046
51770
08889
68415

97
62
66
55
75

0.21655
0.21750
0.21845
0.21941
0.22036

03049
39389
71712
00001
24243

76
87
05
53
57

0.270
0.271
0.272
0.273
0.274

0.27339
0.27443
0.27547
0.27651
0.27754

30314
17551
07827
01155
97549

67
69
21
13
38

0.26371
0.26464
0.26557
0.26650
0.26743

18344
36530
50011
58777
62813

62
10
84
27
84

0.225
0.226
0.227
0.228
0.229

0.22694
0.22796
0.22899
0.23002
0.23105

30361
94740
61563
30844
02595

79
17
45
22
07

0.22131
0.22226
0.22321
0.22416
0.22511

44423
60526
72538
80444
84229

48
61
37
19
53

0.275
0.276
0.217
0.278
0.279

0.27858
0.27962
0.28067
0.28171
0.28275

97023
99592
05269
14069
26005

92
75
90
43
45

0.26836
0.26929
0.27022
0.27115
0.27208

62109
56650
46425
31422
11628

06
49
71
39
19

0.230
0.231
0.232
0.233
0.234

0.23207
0.23310
0.23413
0.23516
0.23618

76828
53557
32794
14552
98843

63
56
53
26
48

0.22606
0.22701
0.22796
0.22891
0.22986

83879
79380
70718
57817
40844

94
96
22
34
03

0.280
0.281
0.282
0.283
0.284

0.28379
0.28483
0.28587
0.28692
0.28796

41092
59343
80173
05397
33228

08
51
93
58
75

0.27300
0.27393
0.27486
0.27578
0.27671

87030
57618
23377
84298
40366

87
19
99
14
55

0.235
0.236
0.237
0.238
0.239

0.23721
O. ~3824
0.23927
0.24030
0.24133

85680
75077
67045
61598
58749

94
44
78
80
37

0.23081
0.23175
0.23270
0.23365
0.23459

19604
94143
64447
30501
92293

03
10
07
80
19

0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.289

0.28900
0.29004
0.29109
0.29213
0.29318

64281
98570
36110
76915
20999

74
89
61
30
43

0.27763
0.27856
0.27948
0.28041
0.28133

91571
37900
79341
15882
47512

20
08
26
83
95

0.240
0.241
0.242
0.243
0.244

0.24236
0.24339
0.24442
0.24545
0.24648

58510
60894
65915
73585
83917

39
17
47
45
73

0.23554
0.23649
0.23743
0.23837
0.23932

49807
03029
51947
96545
36809

21
83
10
10
95

0.290
0.291
0.292
0.293
0.294

0.29422
0.29527
0.29631
0.29736
0.29840

68317
19064
73073
30420
91120

49
01
57
76
25

0.28225
0.28317
0.28410
0.28502
0.28594

74219
95991
12816
24683
31580

81
65
76
46
14

0.245
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.249

0.24751
0.24855
0.24958
0.25061
0.25164

96925
12621
31018
52130
75970

34
33
81
88
69

0.24026
0.24121
0.24215
0.24309
0.24403

72727
04284
31467
54261
72654

81
90
47
82
29

0.295
0.296
0.297
0.298
0.299

0.29945
0.30050
0.30154
0.30259
0.30364

55186
22634
93479
61735
45417

70
85
45
30
24

0.28686
0.28178
0.28870
0.28962
0.29053

33495
30417
22334
09235
91109

23
18
53
83
69

0.250

0.25268 02551 42

0.24497 86631 27

0.300

0.30469 26540 15

[< -l)4J

[( -48 )6J

[( --l)4J
~ = 1.57079 63267 95

0.29145 67944 78
[(-1)6J

206

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.14

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

arctan x

arcsin x

arcsin x

arctan x

0.300
0.301
0.302
0.303
0.304

0.30469
0.30574
0.30678
0.30783
0.30888

26540
11118
99168
90704
85740

15
95
60
09
46

0.29145
0.29237
0.29329
0.29420
0.29512

67944
39729
06453
68104
24672

78
79
47
62
09

0.350
0.351
0.352
0.353
0.354

0.35757
0.35863
0.35970
0.36077
0.36184

11036
88378
69995
55905
46125

46
55
85
70
51

0.33667
0.33756
0.33845
0.33934
0.34023

48193
54100
54442
49211
38398

87
58
85
81
61

0.305
0.306
0.307
0.308
0.309

0.30993
0.31098
O. 31203
0.31309
0.31414

84292
86376
92005
01196
13964

78
19
83
91
68

0.29603
0.29695
0.29786
O. 29877
0.29969

76144
22511
63761
99883
30866

75
55
46
52
80

0.355
0.356
0.357
0.358
0.359

0.36291
0.36398
0.36505
0.36612
0.36719

40672
39564
42819
50454
62486

71
82
39
05
46

0.34112
0.34200
0.34289
0.34378
0.34467

21994
99990
72378
39149
00294

49
70
56
42
69

0.310
0.311
0.312
0.313
0.314

0.31519
O. 31624
O. 31729
0.31835
0.31940

30324
50291
73881
01108
31990

41
43
12
88
18

0.30060
0.30151
0.30242
0.30334
0.30425

56700
77373
92875
03195
08322

42
55
41
25
38

0.360
0.361
0.362
0.363
0.364

0.36826
0.36933
0.37041
0.37148
0.37255

78934
99815
25147
54949
89237

37
54
84
16
46

0.34555
0.34644
0.34732
0.34820
0.34909

55805
05674
49891
88449
21339

82
30
68
54
52

0.315
0.316
0.317
0.318
0.319

O. 32045
0.32151
0.32256
0.32361
0.32467

66540
04775
46710
92361
41743

50
38
42
24
51

0.30516
0.30607
0.30697
0.30788
0.30879

08246
02955
92441
76691
55696

16
99
31
62
46

0.365
0.366
0.367
0.368
0.369

0.37363
0.37470
0.37578
0.37685
0.37793

28030
71347
19204
71621
28616

75
12
71
69
34

0.34997
0.35085
O. 35173
0.35261
0.35350

48553
70082
85919
96054
00481

30
60
21
93
64

0.320
0.321
0.322
0.323
0.324

0.32572
0.32678
0.32784
O. 32889
O. 32995

94872
51765
12436
76902
45178

95
31
42
11
29

0.30970
0.31060
0.31151
0.31242
0.31332

29445
97928
61134
19053
71675

42
14
29
60
84

0.370
0.371
0.372
0.373
0.374

0.37900
0.38008
0.38116
0.38224
0.38331

90206
56411
27249
02738
82897

96
93
69
73
61

0.35437
0.35525
0.35613
0.35701
0.35789

99191 23
92175 68
7942698
60937 18
36698 38

0.325
0.326
0.327
0.328
0.329

O. 33101
0.33206
0.33312
0.33418
0.33524

17280
93225
73029
56707
44276

89
91
38
38
04

0.31423
0.31513
0.31603
0.31694
0.31784

18990
60988
97658
28991
54976

84
47
63
30
47

0.375
0.376
0.377
0.378
0.379

0.38439
O. 38547
0.38655
0.38763
0.38871

67744
57299
51579
50604
54393

96
45
83
92
57

O. 35877
0.35964
0.36052
0.36139
0.36227

06702
70942
29409
82096
28995

71
35
56
58
76

0.330
0.331
0.332
0.333
0.334

0.33630
0.33736
0.33842
0.33948
0.34054

35751
31150
30487
33781
41047

54
09
98
50
05

0.31874
0.31964
0.32055
0.32145
0.32235

75604
90864
00747
05244
04343

21
60
81
03
49

0.380
0.381
0.382
0.383
0.384

0.38979
0.39087
0.39195
0.39304
0.39412

62964
76337
94530
17563
45455

74
42
68
64
51

0.36314
O. 36402
0.36489
0.36576
0.36663

70099
05400
34890
58562
76408

46
09
12
04
40

0.335
0.336
0.337
0.338
0.339

0.34160
0.34266
O. 34372
0.34479
0.34585

52301
67559
86840
10158
37531

02
88
15
39
21

0.32324
0.32414
0.32504
0.32594
0.32684

98036
86313
69164
46580
18551

48
34
46
25
19

0.385
0.386
0.387
0.388
0.389

0.39520
0.39629
0.39737
0.39846
0.39954

78225
15893
58477
05998
58474

54
06
48
24
89

0.36750
0.36837
0.36924
0.37011
0.37098

88421
94594
94920
89390
77999

81
90
36
92
35

0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

0.34691
0.34798
0.34904
0.35010
0.35117

68975
04507
44144
87902
35798

27
29
03
30
98

0.32773
O. 32863
0.32953
0.33042
0.33131

85067
46120
01700
51797
96403

81
66
37
60
04

0.390
0.391
0.392
0.393
0.394

0.40063
0.40171
0.40280
0.40389
0.40497

15927
78374
45836
18333
95884

01
28
44
27
67

0.37185
O. 37272
0.37359
0.37445
0.37532

60738
37601
08580
73668
32860

49
18
36
96
01

0.345
0.346
0.347
0.348
0.349

0.35223
0.35330
0.35437
0.35543
0.35650

87850
44075
04488
69108
37952

97
25
84
81
29

0.33221
0.33310
0.33399
0.33489
0.33578

35507
69101
97176
19722
36731

47
67
49
83
63

0.395
0.396
0.397
0.398
0.399

0.40606
0.40715
0.40824
0.40933
0.41042

78510
66231
59066
57035
60160

57
00
02
81
60

0.37618
0.37705
0.37791
0.37878
0.37964

86146
33521
74978
10510
40109

53
62
43
12
93

0.350

0.35757 11036 46

0.33667 48193 87

0.400

0.41151 68460 67

[( -48)5J

[( -1)7J

[( -1)6J
~ = 1.57079 63267 95

O. 38050 63771 12
[( -48)8J

207

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS
x

arcsin x

arctan x

Table 4.14

arcsin x

arctan x

0.400
0.401
0.402
0.403
0.404

0.41151
0.41260
0.41370
0.41479
0.41588

68460
81956
00668
24616
53822

67
42
29
80
54

0.38050
0.38136
0.38222
0.38308
0.38394

63771
81487
93250
99056
98896

12
02
97
39
72

0.450
0.451
0.452
0.453
0.454

0.46676
0.46788
0.46900
0.47012
0.47124

53390
54404
61761
75486
95604

47
09
03
20
59

0.42285
0.42368
0.42451
0.42534
0.42617

39261
52156
58823
59257
53454

33
87
89
92
56

0.405
0.406
0.407
0.408
0.409

0.41697
0.41807
0.41916
0.42026
0.42135

88306
28088
73190
23632
79435

20
50
29
45
96

0.38480
0.38566
0.38652
0.38738
0.38824

92765
80656
62562
38477
08395

46
14
34
69
85

0.455
0.456
0.457
0.458
0.459

0.47237
0.47349
0.47461
0.47574
0.47686

22141
55121
94570
40513
92976

29
50
53
79
80

0.42700
0.42783
0.42865
0.42948
0.43031

41409
23118
98576
67780
30725

43
21
60
36
28

0.410
0.411
0.412
0.413
0.414

0.42245
0.42355
0.42464
0.42574
O. 42684

40621
07211
79225
56685
39613

87
31
49
70
30

0.38909
0.38995
O. 39080
0.39166
0.39251

72310
30215
82104
27971
67810

55
54
62
64
48

0.460
0.461
0.462
0.463
0.464

0.47799
0.47912
0.48024
0.48137
0.48250

51985
17564
89741
68540
53988

19
68
12
46
75

0.43113
0.43196
0.43278
0.43361
0.43443

87407
37821
81965
19833
51422

19
96
51
80
81

0.415
0.416
0.417
0.418
0.419

0.42794
0.42904
0.43014
0.43124
0.43234

28029
21956
21415
26427
37015

74
53
30
72
57

0.39337
0.39422
0.39507
0.39592
0.39677

01615
29379
51097
66763
76371

09
43
52
44
29

0.465
0.466
0.467
0.468
0.469

0.48363
0.48476
0.48589
0.48702
0.48815

46112
44937
50489
62796
81884

18
02
67
64
55

0.43525
0.43607
0.43690
0.43772
0.43854

76728
95747
08474
14907
15041

58
19
74
40
36

0.420
0.421
0,422
0.423
0.424

0.43344
0.43454
0.43565
0.43675
0.43785

53200
75005
02450
35559
74353

70
03
60
49
90

0.39762
0,39847
0,39932
0,40017
0,40102

79915
77389
68788
54105
33336

22
43
14
66
29

0.470
0.471
0.472
0.473
0.474

0.48929
0,49042
0.49155
0.49269
0.49382

07780
40510
80101
26582
79978

14
26
88
08
07

0.43936
0.44017
0.44099
0.44181
0.44263

08872
96398
77613
52515
21100

85
14
55
43
17

0.425
0.426
0.427
0.428
0.429

0.43896
0.44006
0.44117
0, 44227
0.44338

18856
69088
25073
86833
54391

10
44
36
39
16

0.40187
0.40271
0.40356
0.40440
0.40525

06474
73514
34450
89278
37990

40
42
79
00
60

0.475
0.476
0.477
0.478
0.479

0.49496
0.49610
0.49723
0.49837
0.49951

40317
07626
81934
63268
51655

17
82
59
16
34

0.44344
0.44426
0.44507
O. 44589
0.44670

83364
39303
88916
32196
69143

20
99
06
95
24

0.430 0.44449 27769 36

0.431 .0.44560 06990 78
0.432 0.44670 92078 31
0.433 0.44781 83054 92
0.434 0.44892 79943 67

0.40609
0.40694
O. 40778
0.40862
0.40946

80583
17050
47386
71587
89646

18
34
77
18
31

0.480
0.481
0.482
0.483
0.484

0.50065
0.50179
0.50293
0.50407
O. 50522

47124
49702
59418
76300
00377

05
34
39
52
13

0.44751
0.44833
0.44914
0.44995
0.45076

99751
24018
41941
53515
58739

57
60
03
61
11

0.435
0.436
0.437
0.438
0.439

0.45003
0.45114
0.45226
0.45337
O. 45448

82767
91550
06314
27084
53882

71
28
71
44
99

0.41031
0.41115
0.41199
0.41283
0.41366

01558
07319
06924
00366
87642

96
97
22
64
17

0.485
0.486
0.487
0.488
0.489

0.50636
0.50750
0.50865
0.50979
0.51094

31676
70228
16060
69201
29681

79
19
14
57
57

0.45157
0.45238
0.45319
0.45400
0.45480

57608
50120
36271
16059
89480

36
20
55
33
51

0.440
0.441
0.442
0.443
0.444

0.45559
0.45671
0.45782
0.45894
0.46005

86733
25661
70688
21838
79137

96
07
11
99
71

0.41450
0.41534
0.41618
0.41701
0.41785

68745
43672
12417
74976
31343

85
70
83
36
48

0.490
0.491
0.492
0.493
0.494

0.51208
0.51323
0.51438
0.51553
0.51668

97529
72774
55445
45573
43186

34
22
69
34
93

0.45561
0.45642
0.45722
0.45803
0.45883

56532
17211
71514
19440
60984

11
17
78
06
16

0.445
0.446
0.447
0.448
0.449

0.46117
0.46229
0.46340
0.46452
0.46564

42608
12275
88162
70294
58695

35
10
25
19
40

0.41868
0.41952
0.42035
0.42118
0.42202

81514
25484
63248
94802
20141

38
34
66
67
75

0.495
0.496
0.497
0.498
0.499

0.51783
0.51898
0.52013
0.52129
0.52244

48316
60991
81242
09100
44594

32
55
77
26
47

0.45963
0.46044
0.46124
O. 46204
O. 46284

96144
24917
47301
63293
72890

30
71
65
45
44

0.450

0.46676 53390 47

0.42285 39261 33

0.500

0.52359 87755 98

[( -1)8J

8)8J

[( -4

~ = 1.57079 63267 95

[( -1)lJ

0.46364 76090 01

[C -48)8J

208

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.14
x

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

arcsin x

arctan x

arcsin x

arctan x

0.500
0.501
0.502
0.503
0.504

0.52359
0.52475
0.52590
0.52706
0.52822

87755
38615
97203
63552
37691

98 0.46364 76090
51 0.46444 72889
91 0.46524 63286
20 0.46604 47278
54 0.46684 24863

01
58
62
61
09

0.550
0.551
0.552
0.553
0.554

0.58236
0.58356
0.58476
0.58596
0.58716

42378
20792
08688
06104
13082

69
89
33
84
43

0.50284
0.50361
0.50437
0.50514
0.50590

32109
06410
74226
35557
90402

0.505
0.506
0.507
0.508
0.509

0.52938
0.53054
0.53170
0.53286
0.53402

19653
09468
07169
12787
26354

22
69
56
56
61

0.46763
0.46843
0.46923
0.47002
0.47082

96037
60799
19147
71077
16589

63
83
34
82
00

0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559

0.58836
0.58956
0.59076
0.59197
O. 59317

29661
55882
91785
37411
92803

37
10
32
92
04

0.50667
0.50743
0.50820
0.50896
0.50972

38759 68
80629 53
16011 02
44903 52
6730643

0.510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514

0.53518
0.53634
0.53751
0.53867
0.53984

47902
77464
15071
60756
14552

76
20
30
57
69

0.47161
0.47240
0.47320
0.47399
0.47478

55678
88344
14584
34396
47777

62
48
38
20
82

0.560
0.561
0.562
0.563
0.564

0.59438
0.59559
0.59680
0.59801
0.59922

58000
33044
17978
12842
17681

01
41
05
95
37

0.51048
0.51124
0.51200
0.51276
0.51352

83219
92641
95572
92011
81958

17
21
04
19
22

0.515
0.516
0.517
0.518
0.519

0.54100
0.54217
0.54334
0.54451
0.54568

76492
46608
24935
11504
06350

49
96
25
67
69

0.47557
0.47636
0.47715
0.47794
0.47873

54727
55242
49320
36961
18161

17
22
97
45
73

0.565
0.566
0.567
0.568
0.569

0.60043
0.60164
0.60285
0.60407
0.60528

32535
57448
92463
37623
92971

81
99
89
71
89

0.51428
0.51504
0.51580
0.51655
0.51731

65412
42374
12842
76817
34297

69
25
52
18
96

0.520
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524

0.54685
0.54802
0.54919
0.55036
0.55154

09506
21007
40885
69176
05913

96
28
61
11
07

0.47951
0.48030
0.48109
0.48187
0.48266

92919
61234
23102
78523
27495

93
17
64
54
12

0.570
0.571
0.572
0.573
0.574

0.60650
0.60772
0.60894
0.61016
0.61138

58552
34408
20584
17125
24076

13
36
75
74
01

0.51806
0.51882
0.51957
0.52032
0.52108

85284
29776
67774
99277
24285

57
79
41
27
22

0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529

0.55271
0.55389
0.55506
0.55624
0.55742

51130
04864
67148
38017
17507

97
46
37
69
59

0.48344
0.48423
0.48501
0.48579
0.48657

70015
06083
35696
58854
75554

67
50
94
40
29

0.575
0.576
0.577
0.578
0.579

0.61260
0.61382
0.61505
0.61627
0.61750

41480
69384
07833
56872
16548

49
37
09
37
17

0.52183
0.52258
0.52333
0.52408
0.52483

42798
54815
60338
59366
51898

14
96
62
09
38

0.530
0.531
0.532
0.533
0.534

0.55860
0.55978
0.56096
0.56214
0.56332

05653
02490
08055
22382
45509

43
72
18
69
33

0.48735
0.48813
0.48891
0.48969
0.49047

85795
89575
86893
77747
62137

05
18
19
65
12

0.580
0.581
0.582
0.583
0.584

0.61872
0.61995
0.62118
0.62241
0.62364

86906
67994
59858
62545
76102

72
52
34
21
44

0.52558
0.52633
0.52707
0.52782
0.52857

37935
17477
90524
57076
17134

52
57
63
82
28

0.535
0.536
0.537
0.538
0.539

0.56450
0.56569
0.56687
0.56806
0.56924

77471
18305
68047
26734
94404

34
17
44
97
76

0.49125
0.49203
0.49280
0.49358
0.49435

40060
11515
76502
35018
87062

25
68
10
23
83

0.585
0.586
0.587
0.588
0.589

0.62488
0.62611
0.62734
0.62858
0.62982

00577
36018
82473
39990
08619

61
60
54
87
28

0.52931
0.53006
0.53080
0.53154
0.53229

70697
17765
58340
92420
20007

19.
76
23
86
93

0.540
0.541
0.542
0.543
0.544

0.57043
0.57162
0.57281
0.57400
0.57519

71094
56840
51680
55653
68796

00
08
58
28
15

0.49513
0.49590
0.49668
0.49745
O. 49822

32634
71732
04355
30502
50171

68
62
48
17
59

0.590
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594

0.63105
0.63229
0.63353
0.63477
0.63602

88407
79405
81662
95228
20152

78
66
50
17
84

0.53303
0.53377
0.53451
0.53525
0.53599

41101
55702
63811
65427
60552

77
73
18
53
20

0.545
0.546
0.547
0.548
0.549

0.57638
0.57758
0.57877
0.57997
0.58116

91147
22745
63628
13835
73406

36
29
51
79
12

0.49899
0.49976
0.50053
0.50130
0.50207

63362
70074
70305
64056
51324

71
50
98
22
28

0.595
0.596
0.597
0.598
0.599

0.63726
0.63851
0.63975
0.64100
0.64225

56487
04281
63587
34455
16938

00
42
17
66
57

0.53673
0.53747
0.53821
0.53894
0.53968

49185
31328
06980
76143
38817

66
39
90
74
48

0.550

0.58236 42378 69

0.50284 32109 28

0.600

0.64350 11087 93

[( -l)lJ

[( -48

)8J

~ = 1.57079 63267 95

[( -1)2J

28
37
73
57
12

0.54041 95002 71

[( -f)8J

209

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

x

arcsin x

arctan x

Table 4.14

arcsin x

arctan x

0.600
0.601
0.602
0.603
0.604

0.64350
0.64475
0.64600
0.64725
0.64851

11087
16956
34595
64059
05401

93
07
63
60
26

0.54041
0.54115
0.54188
0.54262
0.54335

95002
44700
87910
24633
54871

71
04
15
69
37

0.650
0.651
0.652
0.653
0.654

0.70758
0.70890
O. 71021
0.71153
O. 71285

44367
10818
92154
88447
99773

25
82
53
93
14

0.57637
0.57707
0.57777
0.57848
0.57918

52205
78870
99113
12935
20337

91
95
37
07
94

0.605
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.609

0.64976
0.65102
0.65228
0.65353
0.65479

58674
23932
01230
90622
92163

24
51
34
38
58

0.54408
0.54481
0.54555
0.54628
0.54701

78623
95892
06676
10978
08798

92
10
70
51
38

0.655
0.656
0.657
0.658
0.659

O. 71418
0.71550
O. 71683
O. 71815
0.71948

26204
67817
24688
96892
84506

76
97
45
45
75

0.57988
0.58058
0.58128
0.58197
0.58267

21323
15895
04053
85800
61138

94
01
13
31
57

0.610
0.611
0.612
0.613
0.614

0.65606
0.65732
0.65858
0.65985
0.66111

05909
31915
70237
20931
84055

25
05
00
44
09

0.54774
0.54846
0.54919
0.54992
0.55065

00137
84995
63375
35276
00699

16
75
05
01
59

0.660
0.661
0.662
0.663
0.664

O. 72081 87608 70
O. 72215 06276 21
0.723484058776
O. 72481 90622 40
0.72615 56459 74

0.58337
0.58406
0.58476
O. 58545
0.58615

30069
92596
48720
98443
41768

94
49
31
49
17

0.615
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619

0.66238
0.66365
0.66492
0.66619
0.66746

59665
47818
48573
61988
88121

02
67
84
69
78

0.55137
0.55210
0.55282
0.55354
0.55427

59646
12118
58116
97640
30692

79
61
10
33
38

0.665
0.666
0.667
0.668
0.669

O. 72749
O. 72883
0.73017
0.73151
O. 73286

38180
35864
49593
79449
25515

01
02
16
44
49

0.58684
0.58754
0.58823
0.58892
0.58961

78696
09230
33372
51125
62489

50
63
77
11
89

0.620
0.621
0.622
0.623
0.624

0.66874
0.67001
0.67129
0.67257
0.67385

27032
78778
43421
21020
11636

02
71
53
54
20

0.55499
0.55571
0.55643
0.55715
0.55787

57273
77384
91026
98201
98910

39
48
82
62
07

0.670
0.671
0.672
0.673
0.674

0.73420
0.73555
O. 73690
O. 73825
0.73961

87874
66610
61807
73551
01927

53
44
69
41
39

0.59030
0.59099
0.59168
0.59237
0.59306

67469
66065
58281
44118
23579

35
77
44
66
77

0.625
0.626
0.627
0.628
0.629

0.67513
0.67641
0.67769
0.67898
0.68026

15329
32161
62193
05488
62108

37
29
62
41
12

0.55859
0.55931
0.56003
0.56075
0.56147

93153
80932
62249
37105
05501

44
97
97
74
63

0.675
0.676
0.677
0.678
0.679

O. 74096
O. 74232
0.74367
0.74503
O. 74639

47022
08922
87716
83492
96338

03
43
32
13
96

0.59374
0.59443
0.59512
0.59580
0.59649

96667
63383
23729
77710
25326

11
05
99
32
49

0.630
0.631
0.632
0.633
0.634

0.68155
0.68284
0.68413
0.68542
0.68671

32115
15574
12547
23100
47295

63
24
66
04
93

0.56218
0.56290
0.56361
0.56433
0.56504

67439
22919
71943
14513
50631

00
24
75
97
37

0.680
0.681
0.682
0.683
0.684

O. 74776
O. 74912
O. 75049
O. 75186
O. 75323

26346
73605
38206
20242
19805

60
52
91
68
42

0.59717
0.597B6
0.59854
O. 59922
0.59990

66580
01476
30014
52198
68031

93
11
52
66
06

0.635
0.636
0.637
0.638
0.639

0.68800
0.68930
0.69060
0.69189
0.69319

85200
36878
02396
81821
75218

35
74
97
37
73

0.56575
0.56647
0.56718
0.56789
0.56860

80297
03513
20281
30602
34478

42
63
53
67
63

0.685
0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689

O. 75460
0.75597
O. 75735
O. 75872
O. 76010

36988
71885
24592
95204
83816

49
95
63
10
68

0.60058
0.60126
0.60194
0.60262
O. 60330

77514
80650
77443
67894
52006

26
81
31
35
54

0.640
0.641
0.642
0.643
0.644

0.69449
0.69580
0.69710
0.69840
0.69971

82656
04201
39923
89889
54169

27
68
13
23
09

0.56931
0.57002
0.57073
0.57143
0.57214

31911
22901
07451
85562
57237

01
42
52
98
47

0.690
0.691
0.692
0.693
0.694

O. 76148
O. 76287
O. 76425
O. 76564
0.76703

90527
15434
58636
20231
00322

48
36
00
84
15

0.60398
0.60466
0.60533
0.60601
0.60668

29782
01224
66336
25119
77577

53
96
52
88
76

0.645
0.646
0.647
0.648
0.649

O. 70102
O. 70233
0.70364
0.70495
0.70626

32832
25948
33589
55824
92726

27
84
34
80
76

0.57285
0.57355
0.57426
0.57496
0.57567

22476
81282
33656
79600
19116

73
48
48
51
38

0.695
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699

O. 76841
O. 76981
O. 77120
O. 77260
0.77399

99008
16391
52574
07661
81757

00
29
75
95
30

0.60736
0.60803
0.60870
0.60938
0.61005

23712
63528
97025
24209
45081

89
01
88
28
01

0.650

0.70758 44367 25

0.57637 52205 91

O. 700

O. 77539 74966 11

[( -l)2J

8)8J

[( -4

~ = 1.57079 63267 95

[( -l)2J

0.61072 59643 89

[( -1)8J

210

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

Table 4.14
x

arcsin x

arctan x

arcsin x

arctan x

O. 700
0.701
0.702
0.703
O. 704

O. 77539
O. 77679
0.77820
O. 77960
O. 78101

74966
87394
19149
70339
41072

11
52
57
20
23

0.61072
0.61139
0.61206
O. 61273
0.61340

59643
67900
69854
65507
54863

89
75
44
83
79

0.750
O. 751
O. 752
O. 753
O. 754

0.84806
0.84957
0.85109
0.85260
0.85413

20789
52355
10007
93916
04254

81
56
70
63
45

0.64350
0.64414
0.64477
0.64541
0.64605

11087
08016
98804
83456
61974

93
53
75
20
52

0.705
0.706
O. 707
0.708
0.709

O. 78242
O. 78383
O. 78524
O. 78666
O. 78807

31458
41608
71633
21647
91762

43
47
95
44
45

0.61407
0.61474
0.61540
0.61607
0.61674

37925
14695
85176
49371
07284

25
10
29
78
52

0.755
O. 756
O. 757
O. 758
O. 759

0.85565
0.85718
0.85870
0.86024
0.86177

41195
04914
95588
13398
58524

04
02
84
74
85

0.64669
0.64733
0.64796
0.64860
0.64923

34363
00626
60767
14789
62697

37
40
30
75
45

0.710
0.711
O. 712
0.713
0.714

O. 78949
O. 79091
O. 79234
O. 79376
0.79519

82093
92755
23866
75542
47901

46
96
39
24
99

0.61740
0.61807
0.61873
0.61939
0.62006

58917
04273
43356
76168
02712

52
76
27
09
26

O. 760
O. 761
0.762
0.763
O. 764

0.86331
O. 86485
0.86639
0.86794
0.86949

31150
31459
59639
15879
00370

16
55
86
89
42

0.64987
0.65050
0.65113
0.65176
0.65240

04494
40183
69769
93255
10645

12
48
28
25
18

0.715
0.716
0.717
0.718
0.719

0.79662
O. 79805
O. 79948
0.80092
0.80236

41065
55152
90285
46586
24179

16
32
08
13
26

0.62072
0.62138
0.62204
0.62270
0.62336

22991
37009
44769
46274
41526

86
97
70
14
45

O. 765
O. 766
0.767
0.768
0.769

0.87104
O. 87259
0.87415
0.87571
0.87727

13304
54876
25283
24724
53401

26
26
38
65
29

0.65303
0.65366
0.65429
0.65492
0.65555

21942
27151
26276
19320
06286

83
99
46
05
59

0.720
O. 721
0.722
0.723
0.724

0.80380
0.80524
0.80668
O. 80813
0.80958

23189
43742
85965
49986
35935

33
33
35
66
64

0.62402
0.62468
0.62533
O. 62599
0.62665

30529
13287
89802
60077
24116

77
26
10
48
63

0.770
0.771
0.772
0.773
0.774

O. 87884
0.88040
0.88198
O. 88355
0.88513

11516
99276
16888
64562
42511

69
42
33
55
51

0.65617
0.65680
0.65743
O. 65805
0.65868

87179
62003
30762
93459
50098

91
87
31
11
15

0.725
0.726
0.727
0.728
0.729

0.81103
0.81248
0.81394
O. 81540
0.81685

43942
74140
26660
01637
99207

88
11
28
58
37

0.62730
0.62796
0.62861
O. 62927
0.62992

81922
33499
78848
17975
50882

76
11
95
54
17

O. 775
0.776
0.777
0.778
0.779

0.88671
0.88829
0.88988
0.89147
0.89306

50950
90095
60166
61386
93979

00
19
70
58
43

0.65931
0.65993
O. 66055
0.66118
0.66180

00683
45218
83707
16154
42563

33
55
72
79
67

0.730
O. 731
0.732
0.733
O. 734

0.81832
0.81978
0.82125
0,82272
0.82419

19506
62672
28844
18163
30770

32
31
52
44
85

0.63057
0.63122
0.63188
0.63253
0.63318

77572
98048
12315
20375
22232

15
79
41
38
04

O. 780
O. 781
0.782
0, 783
O. 784

0.89466
0.89626
0.89786
0.89947
0.90108

58172
54195
82279
42661
35578

34
03
83
72
41

O. 66242
0.66304
0.66366
0.66428
0.66490

62938
77282
85600
87896
84174

33
73
83
62
09

0.735
O. 736
O. 737
O. 738
0.739

0.82566
0.82714
0.82862
0.83010
0.83158

66809
26424
09761
16968
48191

86
94
92
01
83

0.63383
0.63448
0.63512
0.63577
0.63642

17888
07348
90616
67693
38584

78
99
06
42
50

0.785
O. 786
0.787
O. 788
0.789

0.90269
0.90431
0.90593
0.90755
0.90917

61270
19980
11956
37444
96699

38
87
01
80
17

0.66552
0.66614
0.66676
0.66738
0.66799

74437
58690
36936
09181
75427

26
12
71
07
24

0.740
0.741
0.742
O. 743
0.744

0.83307
0.83455
0.83604
0.83754
0.83903

03583
83294
87477
16286
69878

42
24
24
83
93

0.63707
0.63771
0.63836
0.63900
0.63965

03292
61821
14174
60355
00366

76
64
63
21
89

O. 790
O. 791
0.792
O. 793
0.794

0.91080
0.91244
0.91407
0.91571
0.91736

89974
17527
79620
76517
08485

07
48
46
23
19

0.66861
0.66922
0.66984
0.67045
0.67107

35679 28
89941 25
38217 24
80511' 32
16827 61

0.745
0.746
0.747
0.748
0.749

0.84053
0.84203
O. 84353
0.84504
0.84655

48410
52041
80932
35244
15141

98
95
39
42
77

0.64029
0.64093
0.64157
O. 64221
0.64286

34213
61897
83423
98795
08015

19
63
76
14
33

O. 795
O. 796
O. 797
O. 798
0.799

0.91900
0.92065
0.92231
O. 92396
0.92563

75795
78720
17539
92532
03983

02
67
49
24
15

0.67168
0.67229
0.67290
O. 67352
0.67413

47170
71543
89950
02397
08886

0.750

0.84806 20789 81
[( -;)3J

0.64350 11087 93
[( -:)8J

0.800

0.92729 52180 02
[( -;)5J

~ = 1.57079 63267 95

20
22
79
05
15

0.67474 09422 24
[( -:)8J

211

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

x

arcsin x

arctan x

Table 4.14

arcsin x

arctan x

0.800
0.801
0.802
0.303
0.804

0.92729
0.92896
0.93063
0.93231
0.93399

52180
37414
59980
20178
18310

02
22
83
64
25

0.67474
0.67535
0.67595
0.67656
0.67717

09422
04009
92652
75354
52120

24
49
08
19
01

0.850
0.851
0.852
0.853
0.854

1.01598
1. 01788
1. 01979
1. 02170
1. 02362

52938
65272
36361
66824
57289

15
25
62
41
29

O. 70449
O. 70507
0.70565
O. 70623
0.70681

40642
43293
40219
31425
16914

42
58
63
16
73

0.805
0.806
0.807
0.808
0.809

0.93567
0.93736
0.93905
0.94074
0.94244

54682
29604
43392
96363
88840

12
66
28
49
95

0.67778
0.67838
0.67899
0.67959
0.68020

22953
87859
46841
99904
47052

77
65
90
74
41

0.855
0.856
0.857
0.858
0.859

1.02555
1. 02748
1. 02941
1. 03136
1.03331

08395
20794
95147
32127
32420

76
40
10
41
77

O. 70738
O. 70796
0.70854
O. 70912
O. 70969

96692
70764
39133
01805
58784

96
42
73
50
34

0.810
0.811
0.812
0.813
0.814

0.94415
0.94585
0.94757
0.94928
0.95100

21151
93626
06601
60416
55415

54
48
38
29
87

0.68080
0.68141
0.68201
0.68261
0.68321

88289
23619
53046
76576
94212

16
25
96
55
31

0.860
0.861
0.862
0.863
0.864

1.03526
1.03723
1. 03920
1.04117
1.04316

96724
25749
20218
80867
08445

81
68
39
05
30

O. 71027
O. 71084
O. 71141
O. 71199
O. 71256

10074
55681
95609
29862
58446

87
72
52
92
55

0.815
0.816
0.817
0.818
0.819

0.95272
0.95445
0.95618
0.95792
0.95966

91949
70370
91039
54318
60576

40
88
18
04
23

0.68382
0.68442
0.68502
0.68562
0.68621

05958
11819
11799
05903
94134

54
54
62
10
31

0.865
0.866
0.867
0.868
0.869

1. 04515
1.04714
1. 04915
1. 05116
1. 05317

03716
67458
00463
03538
77506

61
63
62
76
61

O. 71313
O. 71370
O. 71428
O. 71485
0.71542

81365
98623
10225
16176
16481

07
14
41
56
25

0.820
0.821
0.822
0.823
0.824

0.96141
0.96316
0.96491
0.96667
0.96843

10187
03531
40991
22958
49827

64
36
79
76
60

0.68681
0.68741
0.68801
0.68860
0.68920

76497
52997
23637
88423
47358

59
28
73
31
39

0.870
0.871
0.872
0.873
0.874

1. 05520
1. 05723
1. 05927
1. 0613J
1.0633

23205
41489
33231
99317
40653

49
91
01
03
78

0.71599
0.71656
O. 71712
0.71769
0.71826

11144
00169
83563
61329
33471

16
99
41
12
82

0.825
0.826
0.827
0.828
0.829

0.97020
0.97197
0.97375
0.97553
0.97731

21999
39880
03884
14428
71937

29
56
00
17
77

0.68980
0.69039
0.69098
0.69158
0.69217

00447
47694
89104
24681
54429

34
55
41
33
71

0.875
0.876
0.877
0.878
0.879

1. 06543
1. 06750
1.06958
1.07166
1. 07376

58165
52793
25500
77266
09094

11
43
24
67
07

O. 71882
0.71939
0.71996
O. 72052
O. 72109

99996
60907
16208
65906
10005

22
02
94
70
03

0.830
0.831
0.832
0.833
0.834

0.97910
0.98090
0.98270
0.98450
0.98631

76843
29583
30600
80344
79274

68
19
05
64
13

0.69276
0.69335
0.69395
0.69454
0.69513

78353
96458
08747
15226
15898

97
54
85
33
44

0.880
0.881
0.882
0.883
0.884

1.07586
1. 07797
1.08008
1.08221
1. 08435

22004
17041
95270
57780
05681

54
59
75
22
59

O. 72165
O. 72221
0.72278
O. 72334
0.72390

48508
81422
08750
30498
46670

65
30
71
64
83

0.835
0.836
0.837
0.838
0.839

0.98813
0.98995
0.99177
0.99360
0.99544

27852
26551
75847
76228
28187

56
06
95
94
22

0.69572
0.69630
0.69689
0.69748
0.69807

10768
99841
83121
60612
32319

63
36
11
34
55

0.885
0.886
0.887
0.888
0.889

1. 08649
1. 08864
1.09080
1. 09297
1.09515

40110
62227
73218
74295
66698

49
36
22
43
56

O. 72446
O. 72502
0.72558
O. 72614
0.72670

57272
62307
61780
55697
44062

04
01
53
34
23

0.840
0.841
0.842
0.843
0.844

0.99728
0.99912
1.00097
1.00283
1.00469

32223
88847
98574
61930
79448

72
18
39
35
46

0.69865
0.69924
0.69983
O. 70041
O. 70100

98247
58399
12781
61398
04252

21
85
94
02
59

0.890
0.891
0.892
0.893
0.894

1.09734
1.09954
1.10175
1.10396
1. 10619

51695
30581
04685
75362
44002

23
99
30
43
56

O. 72726
0.72782
O. 72837
0.72893
0.72949

26879
04155
75893
42098
02775

97
34
12
11
09

0.845
0.846
0.847
0.848
0.849

1.00656
1. 00843
1. 01031
1. 01220
1.01408

51670
79147
62439
02114
98751

67
75
41
56
50

0.70158
O. 70216
O. 70274
O. 70333
O. 70391

41350
72695
98292
18146
32261

19
35
60
49
58

0.895
0.896
0.897
0.898
0.899

1. 10843
1. 11067
1.11293
1. 11520
1. 11748

12027
80894
52092
27151
07636

75
12
94
85
13

O. 73004
O. 73060
0.73115
O. 73170
O. 73226

57928
07564
51686
90299
23408

87
24
02
00
01

0.850

1.01598 52938 15

0.70449 40642 42

0.900

1.11976 95149 99

[( -1)7J

[(-:)7J

~ = 1.57079 63267 95

[1-:)1J

O. 73281 51017 87

[(-:)7J

212

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.14

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

arcsin

0.900
0.901
0.902
0.903
0.904

1.11976
1. 12206
1.12437
1. 12670
1.12903

95149
91337
97886
16524
49026

99
93
21
29
45

0.73281
0.73336
O. 73391
O. 73447
O. 73502

51017
73133
89759
00900
06562

87
38
38
70
16

0.950
0.951
0.952
0.953
0.954

1.25323
1.25645
1.25970
1.26298
1.26630

58975
42223
47250
84259
64000

03
06
03
28
67

O. 75976
0.76028
O. 76081
0.76133
O. 76186

27548
81166
29540
72674
10574

76
70
28
43
14

j(x)
1. 00421 42513
1.00412 90197
1. 00,404 38274
1.00395 86742
1.00387 35601

02
55
04
15
52

0.905
0.906
0.907
0.908
0.909

1. 13137
1.13373
1. 13610
1.13848
1.14087

97213 39
62953 96
48166 99
54823 12
8494683

0.73557
0.73612
O. 73666
0.73721
O. 73776

06748
01464
90715
74506
52841

62
89
84
30
13

0.955
0.956
0.957
0.958
0.959

1. 26965
1.27304
1.27647
1.27994
1.28345

97812
97667
76222
46878
23838

42
20
92
88
00

O. 76238
0.76290
O. 76342
0.76395
0.76447

43244
70690
92916
09927
21129

37
08
23
81
78

1.00378
1.00370
1.00361
1.00353
1.00344

84851
34492
84523
34944
85754

78
58
57
39
69

0.910
0.911
0.912
0.913
0.914

1. 14328
1.14570
1. 14813
1. 15057
1. 15303

40618
23976
37219
82610
62474

50
58
91
10
12

0.73831
O. 73885
0.73940
0.73995
0.74049

25725
93163
55160
11721
62850

17
30
36
22
76

0.960
0.961
0.962
0.963
0.964

1.28700
1.29059
1.29423
1.29792
1.30165

22175
57917
48124
10987
65939

87
69
14
43
20

O. 76499
0.76551
0.76603
0.76655
0.76707

28327
29724
25927
16941
02769

11
78
75
02
55

1.00336
1.00327
1.00319
1.00310
1.00302

36954
88542
40518
92883
45635

10
28
88
53
89

0.915
0.916
0.917
0.918
0.919

1. 15550
1.15799
1. 16049
1.16300
1. 16553

79206 90
3527419
33215 50
75647 25
65266 04

0.74104
0.74158
O. 74212
0.74267
0.74321

08553
48835
83700
13153
37199

83
32
10
04
05

0.965
0.966
0.967
0.968
0.969

1.30544
1.30928
1.31317
1.31713
1.32115

33771
36776
98896
45907
05615

97
35
52
19
54

0.76758
O. 76810
0.76862
O. 76913
0.76965

83418
58892
29196
94335
54315

33
33
53
92
49

1.00293
1.00285
1.00277
1.00268
1.00260

98775
52302
06215
60515
15201

61
33
71
39
02

0.920
0.921
0.922
0.923
0.924

1.16808
1.17063
1.17321
1.17580
1.17841

04852
97273
45487
52550
21615

14
16
95
71
31

O. 74375
0.74429
0.74483
0.74537
0.74591

55842
69089
76944
79411
76495

99
76
25
35
97

0.970
0.971
0.972
0.973
0.974

1. 32523
1.32937
1.33359
1.33789
1.34226

08092
85940
74601
12711
42528

80
93
02
79
47

0.77017
0.77068
O. 77120
0.77171
O. 77222

09140
58815
03345
42735
76990

20
06
05
14
34

1.00251
1.00243
1.00234
1.00226
1.00217

70272 25
2572874
81570 13
37796 07
94406 23

0.925
0.926
0.927
0.928
0.929

1.18103
1.18367
1. 18633
1.18900
1.19170

55939
58892
33953
84725
14936

97'
09
44
71
35

0.74645
0.74699
0.74753
0.74807
0.74860

68203
54537
35503
11107
81353

00
35
92
62
36

0.975
0.976
0.977
0.978
0.979

1.34672
1.35126
1.35590
1.36064
1.36549

10414
67425
69996
80777
69629

93
45
85
70
42

O. 77274
O. 77325
0.77376
O. 77427
0.77478

06115
30116
48996
62761
71417

63
01
45
95
51

1.00209
1.00201
1.00192
1.00184
1.00175

51400
08777
66538
24682
83208

0.930
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.934

1.19441
1.19714
1.19989
1.20266
1.20544

28444
29249
21492
09472
97647

77
00
75
92
69

O. 74914
0.74968
O. 75021
O. 75075
0.75128

46246
05790
59991
08855
52384

06
63
99
06
76

0.980
0.981
0.982
0.983
0.984

1.37046 14844
1.37555 04644
1.38077 39033
1.3861432129
1.39167 15119

72
29
32
70
16

0.77529
0.77580
0.77631
O. 77682
O. 77733

74968
73418
66774
55040
38220

12
77
45
17
91

1.00150 61077 45
1.00142 21129 93
1.00133 81563 16

0.935
0.936
0.937
0.938
0.939

1.20825
1.21108
1.21394
1.21681
1.21971

90645
93272
10524
47598
09898

07
10
70
22
74

O. 75181
0.75235
O. 75288
O. 75341
O. 75394

90586
23463
51022
73268
90205

03
79
96
49
30

0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989

1.39737
1.40326
1.40937
1.41572
1.42233

99
96
46
31
98

0.77784
O. 77834
O. 77885
0.77936
0.77986

16321
89347
57303
20194
78024

67
44
23
04
85

1. 00125
1.00117
1.00108
1. 00100
1.00091

42376
03570
65143
27096
89428

80
52
98
82
72

0.940
0.941
0.942
0.943
0.944

1.22263
1.22557
1.22854
1.23153
1.23455

03055
32932
05645
27575
05382

22
59
81
05
02

0.75448
0.75501
O. 75554
O. 75607
O. 75659

01838
08172
09212
04964
95431

34
55
86
22
57

0.990
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.994

1. 44422 07408 32

1.42925 68534 70
1.43653 14207 77

1.45240 56012 67
1.46119 69689 63

0.78037
0.78087
O. 78138
0.78188
0.78238

30800
78526
21207
58848
91453

67
49
32
15
98

1.00083
1.00075
1.00066
1.00058
1.00050

52139
15228
78695
42540
06762

33
31
32
02
08

0.945
0.946
0.947
0.948
0.949

1.23759
1.24066
1.24376
1.24689
1.25004

46027
56791
45292
19509
87811

74
62
24
90
06

0.75712
0.75765
0.75818
O. 75871
0.75923

80619
60534
35179
04559
68681

86
05
08
90
48

0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999

1.47075
1.48132
1.49331
1. 50754
1.52607

0.78289
O. 78339
0.78389
O. 78439
O. 78489

19029
41580
59111
71627
79133

81
64
47
31
14

1. 00041 71361 15
1.00033 3633691
1.00025 01689 01
1.00016 67417 11
1.0000833520 89

0.950

1.25323 58975 03

0.75976 27548 76

1. 000

1.57079 63267 95

O. 78539 81633 97

1.00000 00000 00

arctan

J'

[(-f)7J

[(-~)4]
For arctan

,t',

~'

~'

,1:>1 see Example 22.

arcsin '1'=2-[2(1-:r)]~f(x)

arcsin

:t'

40056
84832
59766
16538
60557

46131
37665
72818
02279
12396

83
90
71
20
26

arctan x

[(-f)7J
2=1.570796326795

25
78
49
01
02

1.00167 42116 16

1. 00159 01406 08

[(-!)5J

213

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

TaMe 4.15

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

sinh x

cosh x

tanh x

coth x

x
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
0.01000
0.02000
0.03000
0.04001

0000
0167
1333
4500
0668

1.00000
1.00005
1. 00020
1. 00045
1. 00080

0000
0000
0007
0034
0107

0.00000
0.00999
0.01999
0.02999
0.03997

000
967
733
100
868

100.00333
50.00666
33.34333
25.01333

33
65
27
19

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.05002
0.06003
0.07005
O. 08008
0.09012

0836
6006
7181
5361
1549

1. 00125
1. 00180
1.00245
1. 00320
1. 00405

0260
0540
1001
1707
2734

0.04995
0.05992
0.06988
0.07982
0.08975

838
810
589
977
779

20.01666
16.68666
14.30904
12.52665
11.14109

.39
19
00
53
49

0.10
0.11
0.12
O. 13
0.14

0.10016
O. 11022
O. 12028
0.13036
O. 14045

6750
1968
8207
6476
7782

1. 00500
1.00605
1. 00720
1. 00846
1. 00981

4168
6103
8644
1907
6017

0.09966
0.10955
0.11942
0.12927
0.13909

800
847
730
258
245

10.03.331
9.12754
8 .37329
7. 73559
7.18946

11
62
50
23
29

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.15056
0.16068
0.17082
0.18097
0.19114

3133
3541
0017
.3576
5232

1. 01127
1. 01282
1. 01448
1.01624
1. 01810

1110
73.30
4834
3787
4.366

0.14888
0.15864
0.16838
0.17808
0.18774

503
850
105
087
621

6.71659
6.30324
5.93891
5.61542
5.32633

18
25
07
64
93

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

O. 20133
0.21154
0.22177
0.23203
0.242.31

6003
6907
8966
3204
0645

1. 02006
1.02213
1. 02429
1.02656
1.02893

6756
1153
7764
6806
8506

0.19737
0.20696
0.21651
0.22602
0.23549

532
650
806
8.35
575

5.06648
4.83169
4.61855
4.42422
4.24636

96
98
23
37
11

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.25261
0.26293
0.27329
0.28367
0.29408

2317
9250
2478
.3035
1960

1. 03141
1. 03399
'.03667
1. 03945
1. 04234

3100
0836
1973
6777
5528

0.24491
0.25429
0.26362
0.27290
0.28213

866
553
484
508
481

4.08298
3.93243
.3. 79.326
.3.66427
3.54440

82
24
93
77
49

0.30
0.31
O .32
0.33
0.34

0.30452
0.31498
0.32548
0.3.3602
0.34658

0293
9079
9364
2198
8634

1. 045.33
1.04843
1.05163
1.05494
1.05835

8514
6035
8401
5931
8957

0.29131
0.30043
O .30950
0.31852
0.32747

261
710
692
078
740

3.43273
3.32848
3.23094
3.13951
3.05364

84
38
55
26
59

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.35718
O. 36782
0.37850
0.38921
0.39996

9729
6544
0142
1590
1960

1.06187
1. 06550
1.06923
1. 07307
1.07701

7819
2870
4473
2999
8834

0.33637
0.34521
0.35399
0.36270
0.37136

554
403
171
747
023

2.97286
2.89675
2.82492
2. 75704
2.69280

77
36
49
28
32

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.41075
0.42158
0.43245
0.44337
0.45433

2326
3767
7368
4214
5399

1.08107
1.08523
1.08950
1. 09388
1. 09837

2372
4018
4188
3309
1820

0.37994
0.38847
0.39693
0.40532
0.41364

896
268
043
131
444

2.63193
2.57418
2.51933
2.46717
2.41753

24
36
32
85
52

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.46534
0.47639
0.48749
0.49864
0.50984

2017
5170
5962
5505
4913

1.10297 0169

1. 10767 8815
1. 11249 8231
1. 11742 8897
1.12247 1307

0.42189
0.43008
0.43819
0.44624
0.45421

901
421
932
361
643

2.37023
2.32512
2.28206
2.24092
2.20159

55
60
66
84
36

0.50

0.52109 5305

1. 12762 5965

0.46211 716

[(-~)6]

[(-f) 1]

co

2.16395 34

[(-~)9]

For coth x, x $ .1 use 4.5.67.

Compilation of tanh ;c and coth x from National Bureau of Standards. Table
of circular and hyperbolic tangents and cotangents for radian arguments, 2d
printing. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

214

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Table 4.15

sinh x

cosh x

tanh x

coth x

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.52109
0.53239
0.54375
0.55516
0.56662

5305
7808
3551
3669
9305

1.12762
1. 13289
1. 13827
1. 14376
1.14937

5965
3387
4099
8639
7557

0.46211
0.46994
0.47770
0.48538
0.49298

716
520
001
109
797

2.16395
2.12790
2.09336
2.06023
2.02844

34
77
40
68
71

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.57815
0.58973
0.60137
0.61307
0.62483

1604
1718
0806
0032
0565

1. 15510
1. 16094
1. 16689
1. 17296
1. 17915

1414
0782
6245
8399
7850

0.50052
0.50797
0.51535
0.52266
0.52989

021
743
928
543
561

1.99792
1. 96859
1.94039
1. 91326
1.88716

13
14
39
98
42

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.63665
0.64854
0.66049
0.67250
0.68459

3582
0265
1802
9389
4228

1. 18546
1. 19189
1. 19843
1.20510
1.21188

5218
1134
6240
1190
6652

0.53704
0.54412
0.55112
0.55805
0.56489

957
710
803
222
955

1. 86202
1. 83780
1.81446
1.79194
1. 77022

55
59
04
70
62

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.69674
O. 70897
0.72126
O. 73363
O. 74606

7526
0500
4371
0370
9732

1. 21879
1.22582
1.23297
1.24024
1. 24764

3303
1834
2949
7362
5801

0.57166
0.57836
0.58497
0.59151
0.59798

997
341
988
940
200

1.74926
1.72901
1. 70946
1.69056
1. 67229

10
67
05
16
11

0.70
O. 71
O. 72
O. 73
0.74

O. 75858
0.77117
O. 78384
O. 79658
0.80941

3702
3531
0477
5809
0799

1.25516
1. 26281
1. 27059
1. 27849
1.28652

9006
7728
2733
4799
4715

0.60436
0.61067
0.61690
0.62306
0.62914

778
683
930
535
516

1.65462
1.63752
1. 62098
1. 60496
1.58945

16
73
38
81
83

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.82231
0.83530
0.84837
0.86153
0.87477

6732
4897
6593
3127
5815

1. 29468
1. 30297
1. 31138
1. 31993
1.32862

3285
1324
9661
9138
0611

0.63514
0.64107
0.64692
0.65270
0.65840

895
696
945
671
904

1.57443'38
1. 55987 51
1.54576 36
1.53208 17
1.51881 27

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.88810
0.90152
0.91503
0.92863
0.94232

5982
4960
4092
4727
8227

1. 33743
1.34638
1. 35546
1. 36468
1. 37403

4946
3026
5746
4013
8750

0.66403
0.66959
0.67506
0.68047
0.68580

677
026
987
601
906

1.50594
1. 49345
1. 48132
1.46955
1. 45813

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.95611 5960
0.96999 9306
0.983979652
0.99805 8397
1. 01223 6949

1. 38353 0892

947
767
413
932
373

1. 44703 25

1.40293 1201
1. 41284 1309
1. 42289 2702

0.69106
0.69625
O. 70137
O. 70641
0.71139

1. 43624
1.42577
1.41558
1.40569

99
26
98
13

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1. 02651
1. 04089
1. 05538
1. 06997
1. 08467

6726
9155
5674
7734
6791

1.43308
1. 44342
1. 45390
1. 46453
1. 47530

6385
3379
4716
1444
4627

0.71629
0.72113
O. 72589
0.73059
0.73522

787
225
742
390
225

1.39606
1.38670
1. 37760
1.36874
1. 36013

73
82
51
95
29

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.09948
1. 11440
1. 12943
1. 14457
1. 15982

4318
1794
0711
2572
8891

1.48622
1. 49729
1. 50851
1. 51988
1.53140

5341
4680
3749
3670
5582

0.73978
O. 74427
O. 74870
O. 75306
0.75736

305
687
429
591
232

1.35174
1.34358
1. 33564
1.32790
1.32037

76
60
08
50
20

1. 00

1. 17520 1194
-45)1J

[C

1. 39316 1388

1. 54308 0635
[( -45)2J

O. 76159 416
[( -46 )9J

07
06
81
95
18

1.31303 53
4)2J

[( 5

215

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
x

sinh x

cosh x

Table 4.15
tanh x

coth x

1.00
1. 01
1. 02
1.03
1.04

1. 17520
1. 19069
1. 20629
1. 22202
1. 23788

1194
1018
9912
9437
1166

1. 54308
1. 55490
1.56689
1. 57903
1.59133

0635
9997
4852
6398
5848

O. 76159
O. 76576
O. 76986
0.77390
O. 77788

416
202
654
834
807

1. 31303
1.30588
1. 29892
1. 29214
1. 28553

53
87
64
27
20

1.05
1. 06
1.07
1.08
1.09

1. 25385
1. 26995
1.28618
1. 30254
1. 31902

6684
7589
5491
2013
8789

1. 60379
1. 61641
1. 62919
1.64213
1. 65524

4434
3400
4009
7538
5283

O. 78180
O. 78566
O. 78946
0.79319
O. 79687

636
386
122
910
814

1. 27908
1. 27280
1.26668
1. 26071
1.25489

91
90
67
75
70

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

1.33564
1. 35239
1. 36928
1.38631
1.40347

7470
9717
7204
1622
4672

1. 66851
1. 68195
1. 69556
1. 70934
1. 72329

8554
8678
6999
4878
3694

0.80049
0.80406
0.80756
0.81101
0.81441

902
239
892
926
409

1.24922
1. 24368
1.23828
1. 23301
1. 22787

08
46
44
63
66

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

1. 42077
1.43822
1. 45581
1.47354
1. 49142

8070
3548
2849
7732
9972

1. 73741
1. 75170
1. 76617
1. 78082
1. 79565

4840
9728
9790
6471
1236

0.81775
0.82103
0.82427
0.82745
0.83057

408
988
217
161
887

1. 22286
1. 21796
1. 21319
1.20852
1. 20397

15
76
15
99
96

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

1. 50946
1. 52764
1.54597
1.56446
1. 58311

1355
3687
8783
8479
4623

1.81065
1.82584
1.84120
1. 85676
1. 87249

5567
0966
8950
1057
8841

0.83365
0.83667
0.83965
0.84257
0.84545

461
949
418
933
560

1.19953
1.19520
1.19096
1.18683
1.18279

75
08
65
19
42

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1. 29

1. 60191
1.62088
1. 64001
1. 65930
1.67875

9080
3730
0470
1213
7886

1. 88842
1.90453
1. 92084
1.93733
1.95402

3877
7757
2092
8513
8669

0.84828
0.85106
0.85379
0.85648
0.85912

364
411
765
492
654

1. 17885
1.17499
1. 17123
1.16756
1. 16397

10
96
77
29
29

1. 30
1. 31
1.32
1.33
1.34

1.69838
1. 71817
1. 73814
1. 75828
1. 77859

2437
6828
3038
3063
8918

1.970n 4230
1. 98799
2. 00527
2.02276
2.04044

6884
8340
0324
4587

0.86172
0.86427
0.86678
0.86924
0.87167

316
541
393
933
225

1.16046
1.15703
1.15369
1.15041
1.14722

55
86
01
79
02

1. 35
1. 36
1.37
1.38
1. 39

1. 79909
1. 81976
1. 84062
1.86166
1. 88288

2635
6262
1868
1537
7374

2.05833
2.07642
2.09472
2.11324
2.13196

2896
7039
8828
0090
2679

0.87405
0.87639
0.87869
0.88095
0.88317

329
307
219
127
089

1.14409
1.14104
1.13805
1.13513
1.13228

50
05
50
66
37

1. 40
1. 41
1. 42
1.43
1. 44

1. 90430
1. 92590
1. 94770
1. 96969
1.99188

1501
6060
3212
5135
4029

2.15089
2. 17004
2.18941
2.20900
2.22881

8465
9344
7229
4057
1788

0.88535
0.88749
0.88959
0.89166
0.89369

165
413
892
660
773

1.12949
1. 12676
1. 12410
1.12149
1. 11894

47
80
21
54
66

1. 45
1. 46
1.47
1.48
1.49

2.01427
2.03686
2.05965
2.08265
2.10586

2114
1627
4828
3996
1432

2.24884
2.26909
2.28958
2.31029
2.33123

2402
7902
0313
1685
4087

0.89569
0.89765
0.89957
0.90146
0.90332

287
260
745
799
474

1.11645
1. 11401
1. 11163
1. 10930
1. 10702

41
67
30
17
16

1. 50

2.12927 9455

[< -l)3J

2. 35240 9615

[< -t)3J

0.90514 825

[< -:)8J

1.10479 14

[< -l)2J

216

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.15
x

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
cosh x

sinh x

tanh x

coth x

2.12927
2.15291
2.17675
2.20082
2.22510

9455
0408
6654
0577
4585

2.35240
2.37382
2.39546
2. 41735
2.43948

9615
0386
8541
6245
5686

0.90514
0.90693
0.90869
0.91042
0.91212

825
905
766
459
037

1.10479
1. 10260
1.10047
1. 09838
1. 09634

14
99
60
86
65

1. 56
1. 57
1. 58
1. 59

2.24961
2.27434
2.29930
2.32449
2.34991

1104
2587
1506
0357
1658

2.46185
2.48447
2.50734
2.53046
2.55383

9078
8658
6688
5455
7270

0.91378
0.91542
0.91702
0.91860
0.92014

549
046
576
189
9.33

1. 09434
1. 09239
1. 09048
1. 08861
1. 08678

87
42
19
09
01

1. 60
1. 61
1. 62
1. 63
1.64

2 .37556
2.40146
2.42759
2.45397
2.48059

7953
1807
5809
2572
4735

2.57746
2.601.34
2. 62549
2.64990
2.67457

4471
9421
4508
2146
4777

0.92166
0.92316
0.92462
0.92606
0.92747

855
003
422
158
257

1.08498
1. 08323
1. 08152
1.07984
1.07819

87
58
04
18
90

1. 65
1. 66
1.67
1. 68
1. 69

2.50746
2.53458
2. 56196
2.58959
2.61748

4959
5932
0366
0998
0591

2.69951 4868
2. 72472 4912
2.75020 7431
2.775964974
2.80200 0115

0.92885
0.93021
0.93155
0.93286
0.93414

762
718
168
155
721

1. 07659
1. 07501
1. 07347
1.07197
1.07049

13
78
77
04
51

1. 70
1.71
1.72
1. 73
1. 74

2. 64563
2.67404
2. 70273
2.73168
2.76091

1934
7843
1158
4749
1511

2. 82831
2.85491
2.88179
2.90896
2.93643

5458
3635
7306
9159
1912

0.93540
0.93664
0.93786
0.93905
0.94022

907
754
303
593
664

1. 06905
1. 06763
1. 06625
1. 06489
1. 06357

10
75
38
93
34

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1. 79

2. 79041
2.82019
2. 85026
2.88060
2.91124

4366
6265
0186
9136
6148

2.96418
2.99224
3. 02059
3.04924
3.07820

8310
1129
3175
7283
6318

0.94137
0.94250
0.94360
0.94469
0.94576

554
301
942
516
057

1.06227
1.06100
1. 05976
1.05854
1. 05735

53
46
05
25
01

1. 80
1.81
1. 82
1. 83
1. 84

2.94217
2.97339
3.00491
3. 03673
3.06886

4288
6648
6349
6545
0417

3.10747
3.13705
3.16694
3.19715
3.22767

3176
0785
2100
0113
7844

0.94680
0.94783
0.94883
0.94982
0.95079

601
185
842
608
514

1. 05618
1.05503
1. 05392
1. 05282
1.05175

26
95
02
43
13

1. 85
1. 86
1. 87
1. 88
1. 89

3.10129
3. 13403
3. 16708
3.20045
3.23414

1178
2071
6369
7378
8436

3.25852
3.28970
3. 32121
3.35304
3. 38522

8344
4701
0031
7484
0245

0.95174
0.95267
0.95359
0.95449
0.95537

596
884
412
211
312

1. 05070
1.04967
1. 04866
1. 04767
1. 04671

05
17
42
76
15

1. 90
1.91
1.92
1. 93
1. 94

3.26816
3.30250
3.33717
3.37218
3.40752

2912
4206
5754
1022
3510

3.41773
3.45058
3.48378
3.51732
3.55122

1531
4593
2716
9220
7460

0.95623
0.95708
0.95791
0.95873
0.95953

746
542
731
341
401

1. 04576
1. 04483
1. 04393
1. 04304
1. 04217

53
88
14
28
25

1. 95
1. 96
1.97
1. 98
1.99

3.44320
3.47923
3.51560
3.55233
3.58941

6754
4322
9816
6874
9168

3. 58548
3. 62009
3. 65506
3. 69040
3. 72611

0826
2743
6672
6111
4594

0.96031
0.96108
0.96184
0.96258
0.96331

939
983
561
698
422

1. 04132
1.04048
1.03966
1.03886
1.03808

02
55
79
72
29

2.00

3.62686 0408
[( -;)4J

1.50

1. 51

1. 52
1.53
1. 54

1. 55

3. 76219 5691
[( -55)5J

0.96402 758
[( -46)4J

1.03731 47
[( -36)6J

217

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

sinh x

cosh x

Table 4.15

tanh x

coth x

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

3.62686
4.02185
4.45710
4.93696
5.46622

0408
6742
5171
1806
9214

3. 76219
4.14431
4.56790
5. 03722
5.55694

5691
3170
8329
0649
7167

0.96402
0.97045
0.97574
0.98009
O. 98367

75801
19366
31300
63963
48577

1.03731
1. 03044
1.02485
1. 02030
1. 01659

47207
77350
98932
78022
60756

2.5
2.6
2. 7
2.8
2.9

6.05020
6.69473
7.40626
8.19191
9.05956

4481
2228
3106
8354
1075

6.13228
6. 76900
7.47346
8. 25272
9. 11458

9480
5807
8619
8417
4295

0.98661
0.98902
0.99100
0.99263
0.99396

42982
74022
74537
15202
31674

I. 01356
1. 01109
1.00907
1. 00742
1. 00607

73098
43314
41460
31773
34973

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

10.01787
11.07645
12.24588
13.53787
14.96536

4927
1040
3997
7877
3389

10.06766
11. 12150
12.28664
13.57476
14.99873

1996
0242
6201
1044
6659

0.99505
0.99594
0.99668
O. 99728
0.99777

47537
93592
23978
29601
49279

1. 00496
1. 00406
1. 00332
1. 00272
1. 00223

98233
71152
86453
44423
00341

3.5
3.6
3. 7
3.8
3.9

16.54262
18. 28545
20.21129
22.33940
24.69110

7288
5361
0417
6861
3597

16.57282
18. 31277
20.23601
22.36177
24. 71134

4671
9083
3943
7633
5508

0.99817
0.99850
0.99877
0.99899
0.99918

78976
79423
82413
95978
08657

1. 00182
1. 00149
1. 00122
1. 00100
1. 00081

54285
42872
32532
14040
98059

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

27. 28991
30.16185
33. 33566
36.84311
40. 71929

7197
7461
7732
2570
5663

27.30823
30. 17843
33.35066
36. 85668
40. 73157

2836
0136
3309
1129
3002

0.99932
0.99945
0.99955
0.99963
0.99969

92997
08437
03665
18562
85793

1.00067
1. 00054
1. 00044
1. 00036
1. 00030

11504
94581
98358
82794
15116

4.5
4.6
4. 7
4.8
4.9

45. 00301
49. 73713
54.96903
60. 75109
67.14116

1152
1903
8588
3886
6551

45.01412
49. 74718
54.97813
60. 75932
67.14861

0149
3739
3865
3633
3134

0.99975
0.99979
0.99983
O. 99986
O. 99988

32108
79416
45656
45517
91 030

1. 00024 68501
1. 00020
1. 00016
1. 00013
1. 00011

20992
54618
54666
09093

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

74.20321
82. 00790
90. 63336
100.16590
110. 70094

0578
5277
2655
9190
9812

74.20994
82.01400
90.63887
100.17090
no. 70546

8525
2023
9220
0784
6393

0.99990
0.99992
0.99993
0.99995
0.99995

92043
56621
91369
01692
92018

1.00009
1. 00007
1.00006
1. 00004
1. 00004

08040
43434
08668
98333
07998

5.5
5.6
5. 7
5.8
5.9

122.34392
135.21135
149.43202
165.14826
182.51736

2746
4781
7501
6177
4210

122.34800
135.21505
149.43537
165.15129
182.52010

9518
2645
3466
3732
3655

O. 99996
0.99997
0.99997
0.99998
0.99998

65972
26520
76093
16680
49910

1. 00003
1. 00002
1.00002
1.00001
1. 00001

34040
73488
23912
83323
50092

6.0

201. 71315 7370

201. 71563 6122

O. 99998 77117

[C -t)1J

1. 00001 22885

[< -94)2J

218

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.15
x

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

sinh x
201. 71315 7370
222.92776 3607
246.37350 5831
272. 28503 6911
300.92168 8157

cosh x
201. 71563 6122
222.93000 6475
246.37553 5262
272. 28687 3215
300.92334 9715

tanh x
O. 99998 77117
0.99998 99391
0.99999 17629
0.99999 32560
0.99999 44785

coth x
1. 00001 22885
1.00001 00610
1. 00000 82372
1. 00000 67441
1. 00000 55216

6.5
6.6
6. 7
6.8
6.9

332.57006
367.54691
406.20229
448.92308
496. 13685

4803
4437
7128
8938
3910

332.57156
367.54827
406.20352
448.92420
496. 13786

8242
4805
8040
2713
1695

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

54794
62988
69697
75190
79687

1.00000
1. 00000
1. 00000
1.00000
1. 00000

45207
37012
30303
24810
20313

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

548.31612
605.98312
669. 71500
740. 14962
817.99190

3273
4694
8904
6023
9372

548.31703
605.98394
669. 71575
740.15030
817.99252

5155
9799
5490
1562
0624

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

83369
86384
88852
90873
92527

1.00000
1. 00000
1. 00000
1.00000
1.00000

16631
13616
11148
09127
07473

7.5
7.6
7. 7
7.8
7.9

904.02093
999.09769
1104.17376
1220.30078
1348. 64097

0686
7326
9530
3945
8762

904.02148
999. 09819
1104.17422
1220.30119
1348.64134

3770
7778
2357
3680
9506

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
O. 99999
0.99999

93882
94991
95899
96642
97251

1. 00000
1. 00000
1. 00000
1. 00000
1.00000

06118
05009
04101
03358
02749

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

1490.47882
1647.23388
1820.47501
2011. 93607
2223.53326

5790
5872
6339
2653
1416

1490.47916
1647.23418
1820.47529
2011.93632
2223.53348

1252
9411
0993
1170
6284

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

97749
98157
98491
98765
98989

1.00000
1. 00000
1.00000
1. 00000
1. 00000

02251
01843
01509
01235
01011

8.5
8.6
8. 7
8.8
8.9

2457.38431
2715. 82970
3001.45602
3317. 12192
3665.98670

8415
3629
5338
7772
1384

2457.38452
2715.82988
3001. 45619
3317.12207
3665. 98683

1884
7734
1923
8505
7772

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99172
99322
99445
99546
99628

1. 00000
1.00000
1.00000
1. 00000
1. 00000

00828
00678
00555
00454
00372

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

4051. 54190
4477.64629
4948.56447
5469. 00955
6044.19032

2083
5908
8852
8370
3746

4051.54202
4477.64640
4948.56457
5469.00964
6044.19040

5493
7574
9892
9795
6471

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99695
99751
99796
99833
99863

1. 00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00305
00249
00204
00167
00137

9.5
9.6
9. 7
9.8
9.9

6679.86337
7382.39074
8158.80356
9016.87243
9965.18519

7405
8924
8366
6188
4028

6679.86345
7382.39081
8158.80362
9016.87249
9965.18524

2257
6653
9649
1640
4202

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99888
99908
99925
99939
99950

1.00000
1. 00000
1.00000
1.00000
1. 00000

00112
00092
00075
00061
00050

10.0

11013.23287 4703

11013.23292 0103

0.99999 99959

[(-:)5J

1. 00000 00041

[< -:)7J

For x> >0, sinh x",cosh x"'~ eX. For x> 10, tanh x", 1- 2e- 2x , coth x", 1+2e- 2x to 10D.
'See page n.

219

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE ARGUMENT

e- 1fX
cosh 1I"X
sinh 1I"X
e~X

1I"X

Table 4.16
tanh 1I"X

0.00
0.01
0.02
0,03
0.04

1.00000
1. 03191
1. 06484
1. 09883
1. 13390

00000
46153
77133
19803
07803

1. 00000
0.96907
0.93910
0.91005
O. 88191

00000
24263
13674
72407
13783

0.00000
0.03142
0.06287
0.09438
0.12599

00000
10945
32029
73698
47010

1.00000
1. 00049
1. 00197
1. 00444
1.00790

00000
35208
45704
46105
60793

0.00000
0.03140
0.06274
0.09396
O. 12500

00000
55952
93000
97111
63906

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.17008
1. 20743
1. 24596
1.28573
1.32676

87875
17210
64399
09795
45892

O. 85463
0.82820
0.80258
0.77776
O. 75371

59992
41813
98355
76792
32120

0.15712
0.18961
0.22168
0.25398
0.28652

63942
37699
83022
16502
56886

1. 01236
1. 01781
1. 02427
1.03174
1. 04023

23933
79512
81371
93294
89006

O. 15580
0.18629
0.21643
0.24616
0.27544

03292
43856
36952
60434
21974

0.10
0.11
0,12
0.13
0.14

1. 36910
1.41280
1. 45789
1.50441
1.55243

77706
23184
13610
94029
23694

O. 73040
O. 70781
0.68592
0.66470
0.64415

26910
31080
21659
82576
04440

0.31935
O. 35249
0.38598
0.41985
0.45414

25398
46052
45975
55727
09627

1. 04975
1. 06030
1.07190
1. 08456
1. 09829

52308
77132
67634
38303
14067

O. 30421
0.33244
0.36009
0.38711
0.41349

61929
55730
15776
92833
76928

0.15
0.16
0,17
0.18
0.19

1,60197
1. 65310
1. 70586
1. 76030
1. 81648

76513
41518
23348
42750
37088

0.62422
0.60492
O. 58621
0.56808
0.55051

84336
25628
37756
36059
41583

0.48887
0.52409
0.55982
O. 59611
0.63298

46088
07945
42796
03346
47753

1. 11310
1.12901
1. 14603
1. 16419
1. 18349

30425
33573
80552
39405
89335

0.43919
0.46420
O. 48848
0.51203
0.53484

97777
24748
66406
69673
18637

0,20
0,21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.87445
1.93427
1. 99601
2.05971
2.12544

60876
86325
03910
22948
72203

0.53348
0.51698
0.50099
0.48550
0.47048

80911
85988
93958
47001
92177

0.67048
O. 70864
O. 74750
O. 78710
0.82747

39982
50169
54976
37973
90013

1. 20397
1.22563
1. 24850
1. 27260
1.29796

20893
36157
48934
84975
82190

0.55689
0.57818
0.59872
O. 61849
O. 63751

33069
66683
05188
64181
86920

0.25
0,26
0.27
0.28
0.29

2.19328
2.26327
2.33550
2.41004
2.48696

00507
71398
93782
62616
19609

0.45593
0.44183
0.42817
0.41492
0.40209

81278
70677
21192
97945
70227

0.86867
0.9l072
0.95366
0.99755
1. 04243

09615
03361
86295
82336
24691

1. 32460
1.35255
1. 38184
1.41248
1. 44452

90893
74038
07487
80280
94918

0.65579
0.67333
0.69014
O. 70624
O. 72164

42026
21140
36583
19035
15276

0.30
0,31
0.32
0.33
0.34

2.56633
2.64823
2.73275
2.81996
2. 90996

23952
59064
33366
81081
63054

0.38966
0.37760
0.36593
0.35461
0.34364

11374
98638
13069
39395
65907

1. 08833
1. 13531
1. 18341
1. 23267
1. 28315

56289
30213
10148
70843
98573

1. 47799
1.51292
1. 54934
1. 58729
1. 62680

67663
28851
23218
10238
64481

O. 73635
O. 75041
O. 76381
0.77659
O. 78876

85995
03695
50706
17313
00021

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

3.00283
3.09867
3.19756
3.29961
3. 40491

67606
11407
40381
30643
89460

0.33301
0.32271
0.31273
0.30306
0.29369

84355
89833
80681
58385
27474

1. 33490
1. 38797
1.44241
1. 49827
1. 55561

91626
60787
29850
36129
30993

1. 66792
1. 71069
1. 75515
1. 80133
1.84930

75980
50620
10531
94514
58467

O. 80033
O. 81135
0.82181
O. 83175
0.84118

99933
21279
70068
52873
75743

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

3.51358
3.62572
3.74143
3.86084
3.98405

56243
03579
38283
02496
74810

0.28460
0.27580
0.26727
0.25901
0.25100

95433
72607
72113
09757
03946

1. 61448
1. 67495
1. 73707
1.80091
1. 86652

80405
65486
83085
46370
85432

1. 89909
1. 95076
2.00435
2.05992
2.11752

75838
38093
55198
56127
89378

0.85013
0.85861
0.86665
0.87426
0.88146

43239
57589
17947
19762
54241

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

4. 11120
4.24241
4.37780
4.51752
4.66170

71429
47373
97717
58864
09873

0.24323
0.23571
0.22842
0.22136
0.21451

75614
48138
47266
01040
39731

1.93398
2. 00334
2.07469
2.14808
2.22359

47907
99617
25226
28912
35071

2. 17722
2.23906
2.30311
2. 36944
2.43810

23522
47756
72491
29952
74802

0.88828
0.89472
0.90081
0.90657
0.91201

07899
62194
93236
71557
61950

0.50

4.81047 73810
[( -64)6J

0.20787 95764
[( -64)1J

2. 30129 89023
[(-64 )3J

2.50917 84787
[( -64)3J

0.91715 23357
[( -;)9J

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Mathematical Tables, vol. I. Circular and
hyperbolic functions, exponential, sine and cosine integrals, factorial function and allied functions, Hermitian
probability functions, 3d ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1951 (with permission). Known
errors have been corrected.

220

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.16
X

EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE ARGUMENT 1I"X

e'-X
e- rx
cosh 1I"X
sinh 1I"X
tanh

1I"X

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

4.81047
4.96400
5.12242
5.28590
5.45460

73810
19160
61276
63869
40558

0.20787
0.20145
0.19521
0.18918
0.18333

95764
03654
99944
23136
13637

2.30129
2.38127
2.46360
2.54836
2.63563

89023
57753
30666
20366
63461

2.50917
2. 58272
2.65882
2. 73754
2.81896

84787
61407
30610
43503
77098

0.91715
0.92200
0.92657
0.93089
O. 93496

23357
08803
65378
34251
50714

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

5.62868
5.80832
5.99369
6. 18497
6.38237

56460
29831
33767
97951
10460

0.17766
0.17216
0.16684
0.16168
0.15668

13694
67343
20350
20156
15832

2. 72551
2.81807
2.91342
3. OllM
3.11284

21383
81244
56709
88897
47314

2.90317
2.99024
3. 08026
3.17333
3.26952

35077
48587
77058
09054
63146

0.93880
0.94242
0.94583
0.94904
0.95207

44259
38675
52160
97460
82009

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

6.58606
6. 79625
7.01315
7.23697
7.46794

19627
35967
34158
55091
07985

0.15183
0.14713
0.14258
0.13817
0.13390

58020
98890
92093
92710
57214

3.21711
3.32455
3.43528
3.54939
3.66701

30804
68538
21032
81191
75386

3.36894
3.47169
3.57787
3.68757
3.80092

88823
67428
13125
73901
32600

0.95493
0.95761
O. 96014
0.96252
0.96477

08086
72978
69151
84417
02118

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

7. 70627
7.95222
8.20601
8.46790
8. 73815

72563
01304
21768
38986
37941

0.12976
0.12575
0.12186
O. 11809
O. 11444

43423
10461
18713
29793
06500

3. 78825
3.91323
4.04207
4.17490
4.31185

64570
45422
51527
54597
65720

3. 91802
4.03898
4.16393
4.29299
4.42629

07993
55883
70240
84390
72220

0.96688
0.96886
O. 97073
0.97249
0.97414

01293
56859
39783
17255
52857

O. 70
O. 71
0.72
O. 73
O. 74

9.01702
9.30480
9.60176
9.90819
10.22441

86109
36103
28381
94054
57779

0.1l090
0.10747
0.10414
0.10092
0.09780

12784
13709
75422
65114
50993

4.45306
4. 59866
4. 74880
4.90363
5.06330

36663
61197
7648-0
64470
53393

4.56396
4. 70613
4.85295
5.00456
5. 16111

49447
74906
51901
29584
04386

0.97570
6.97716
0.97853
O. 97983
0.98104

06726
35718
93563
31019
96015

O. 75
0.76
O. 77
0.78
O. 79

10.55072
10.88744
11. 23491
ll. 59347
1l.96347

40742
63743
50371
30285
42604

0.09478
0.09184
0.08900
0.08625
0.08358

02248
89025
82388
54299
77587

5.22797
5. 39719
5.57295
5. 75360
5.93994

19247
87359
33992
87993
32508

5.32275
5.48964
5.66196
5.83986
6.02353

21495
76384
16379
42292
10095

0.98219 33800
0.98326 87071
0.9842796111
0.98522 98912
0.98612 31297

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

12.34528
12. 73927
13.14584
13.56539
13.99832

39392
89270
81133
27988
70916

0.08100
0.07849
0.07606
O. 07371
0.07143

25922
73785
96451
69955
71077

6.13214
6.33039
6.53488
6.74583
6.96344

06735
07143
92341
79017
49919

6.21314
6.40888
6. 61095
6.81955
7.03488

32657
81528
88792
48972
20996

0.98696
0.98715
0.98849
O. 98919
0.98984

27033
17946
34022
03509
53014

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

14.44507
14.90608
15.38180
15. 87271
16.37928

83157
74333
94795
40119
55735

0.06922
0.06708
0.06501
0.06300
0.06105

77313
66855
18571
11981
27239

7.18792
7.41950
7.65839
7.90485
8. 15911

52922
03739
88112
64069
64248

7.25715
7.48658
7. 72341
7.96785
8.22016

30235
70594
06683
76050
91487

0.99046
0.99103
0.99158
0.99209
0.99257

07591
90830
24938
30818
28142

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

16. 90202
17.44144
17.99808
18.57248
19.16521

41717
57711
28034
46925
83968

0.05916
0.05733
0.05556
0.05384
0.05217

45113
46965
14735
30919
78557

8.42142
8.69205
8. 97126
9.25932
9.55652

98302
55373
06650
08003
02706

8.48059
8. 74939
9.02682
9.31316
9.60869

43415
02338
21384
38922
81263

0.99302
0.99344
0.99384
0.99421
0.99456

35419
70066
48468
86036
97268

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

19.77686
20.40804
21. 05935
21. 73145
22.42500

89693
01345
48847
60946
71560

O. 05056
0.04900
0.04748
0.04601
0.04459

41212
02956
48354
62446
30738

9. 86315
10.17951
10.50593
10.84271
1l.19020

24240
99195
50247
99250
70411

9.91371
10.22852
10.55341
10.88873
11.23480

65453
02151
98601
61696
01149

0.99489
0.99520
O. 99550
0.99517
0.99603

95797
94443
05263
39591
08084

1.00

23.14069 26328

[< -;)3J

0.04321 39183

[(-55)3J

11. 54873 93573

[( -;)1J

11. 59195 32755

[( -63)IJ

0.99627 20762

[( 65)4J

221

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

arcsinh x

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

arcsinh x
x
arctanh x

Table 4.17
arctanh x

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
O. 00999
0.01999
0.02999
0.03998

0000
9833
8667
5502
9341

0.00000
0.01000
0.02000
0.03000
0.04002

0000
0333
2667
9004
1353

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.48121
0.49013
O. 49902
0.50788
0.51669

1825
8161
8444
2413
9824

0.54930
0.56272
0.57633
0.59014
0.60415

6144
9769
9754
5160
5603

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.04997
0.05996
0.06994
0.07991
0.08987

9190
4058
2959
4912
8941

0.05004
0.06007
0.07011
0.08017
0.09024

1729
2156
4671
1325
4188

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.52548
0.53422
0.54293
0.55159
0.56023

0448
4074
0505
9562
1077

O. 61838
0.63283
0.64752
0.66246
0.67766

1313
3186
2844
2707
6068

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.09983
0.10977
O. 11971
0.12963
0.13954

4079
9366
3851
6590
6654

O. 10033
0.11044
0.12058
0.13073
0.14092

5347
6915
1028
9850
5576

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.56882
0.57738
0.58589
0.59437
0.60282

4899
0892
8932
8911
0733

0.69314
O. 70892
O. 72500
O. 74141
0.75817

7180
1359
5087
6144
3745

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.14944
0.15932
0.16919
0.17904
0.18887

3120
5080
1636
1904
5015

O. 15114
O. 16138
0.17166
0.18198
0.19233

0436
6696
6663
2689
7169

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.61122
0.61958
O. 62791
0.63620
0.64445

4314
9584
6485
4970
5005

O. 77529
O. 79281
0.81074
0.82911
0.84795

8706
3631
3125
4038
5755

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.19869
0.20848
0.21826
0.22801
0.23775

OllO
6350
2908
8972
3749

0.20273
0.21317
0.22365
0.23418
0.24477

2554
1346
6109
9466
4112

O. 70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.65266
0.66083
0.66897
0.67707
0.68512

6566
9641
4227
0332
7974

0.86730
0.88718
0.90764
0.92872
0.95047

0527
3863
4983
7364
9381

0.25
0.26
0:27
0.28
0.29

0.24746
0.25715
0.26682
0.27646
0.28608

6462
6349
2667
4691
1715

0.25541
0.26610
0.27686
0.28768
0.29856

2812
8407
3823
2072
6264

0.75
0.76
O. 77
0.78
0.79

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

69314
70112
70907
71697
72484

7181
7988
0441
4594
0509

0.97295
0.99621
1.02032
1.04537
1.07143

5074
5082
7758
0548
1684

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.29567
0.30523
0.31477
0.32428
0.33376

3048
8020
5980
6295
8352

0.30951
0.32054
0.33164
O. 34282
0.35409

9604
5409
7108
8254
2528

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

O. 73266
O. 74045
O. 74820
O. 75592
O. 76359

8256
7912
9563
3300
9222

1.09861
1. 12702
1.15681
1. 18813
1.22117

2289
9026
7465
6404
3518

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.34322
0.35264
0.36203
0.37140
0.38073

1555
5330
9121
2391
4624

0.36544
0.37688
O. 38842
0.40005
0.41180

3754
5901
3100
9650
0034

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

O. 77123
O. 77883
O. 78640
O. 79392
0.80141

7433
8046
1177
6950
5491

1. 25615
1. 29334
1. 33307
1.37576
1.42192

2811
4672
9629
7657
5871

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.39003
0.39930
0.40854
0.41774
0.42691

5320
4001
0208
3500
3454

0.42364
0.43561
0.44769
0.45989
0.47223

8930
1223
2023
6681
0804

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.80886
0.81628
0.82365
0.83100
0.83830

6936
1421
9091
0091
4575

1. 47221
1. 52752
1. 58902
1. 65839
1. 73804

9490
4425
6915
0020
9345

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.43604
0.44515
0.45421
0.46325
0.47224

9669
1759
9359
2120
9713

0.48470
0.49731
0.51007
0.52298
0.53606

0279
1288
0337
4278
0337

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.84557
0.85280
0.86000
0.86716
0.87428

2697
4617
0498
0507
4812

1.83178
1. 94591
2.09229
2.29755
2.64665

0823
0149
5720
9925
2412

0.50

0.48121 1825

0.54930 6144

1.00

0.88137 3587

00

[(-f)5]

[(-g)2]

[( --f) 5]

For use of the table see Examples 26-28.

Qo(x) (Legendre Function-Second Kind)=arctanh x(lxl<1)
=arccoth x(lxl> 1)
Compiled from Harvard Computation Laboratory, Tables of inverse hyperbolic
functions. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambrid~, Mass., 1949 (with permission).

222

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.17

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

x
1. 00
1. 01
1. 02
1. 03
1.04

arcsinh x
0.88137 3587
0.88842 7007
0.89544 5249
0.90242 8496
0.90937 6928

arccosh x
(X2-I)t
1. 00000 000
0.99667 995
0.99338 621
0.99011 848
0.98687 641

1. 05
1.06
1.07
1. 08
1. 09

0.91629
0.92317
0.93001
0.93682
0.94360

0732
0094
5204
6251
3429

0.98365
0.98046
0.97730
0.97415
0.97103

1. 10
1.11
1. 12
1.13
1.14

0.95034
0.95705
0.96373
O. 97037
0.97698

6930
6950
3684
7331
8088

1. 15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1. 19

0.98356
0.99011
O. 99662
1. 00310
1. 00955

1.20
1. 21
1.22
1. 23
1. 24

1. 50
1. 51
1. 52
1. 53
1. 54

arcsinh x
1. 19476 3217
1.20029 7449
1.20580 6263
1. 21128 9840
1.21674 8362

arccosh x
(xLI)!
0.86081 788
0.85849 554
0.85618 806
0.85389 528
0.85161 706

968
798
099
841
994

1. 55
1.56
1. 57
1. 58
1. 59

1. 22218
1.22759
1. 23297
1.23833
1.24367

2008
0958
5390
5478
1400

O. 84935
0.84710
0.84486
0.84264
0.84043

324
368
823
676
913

0.96794
0.96487
0.96182
0.95880
0.95579

529
415
625
131
904

1. 60
1.61
1. 62
1. 63
1. 64

1. 24898
1.25427
1.25953
1.26477
1.26999

3328
1436
5895
6877
4549

0.83824
0.83606
0.83389
0.83174
0.82960

520
483
788
424
376

6154
1729
5013
6208
5514

0.95281
0.94986
0.94692
0.94401
0.94111

918
146
561
139
853

1. 65
1. 66
1. 67
1. 68
1. 69

1. 27518
1.28036
1. 28550
1. 29063
1. 29573

9081
0639
9389
5495
9120

0.82747
0.82536
O. 82326
0.82117
0.81909

632
179
005
097
443

1. 01597
1. 02235
1. 02871
1. 03503
1. 04133

3134
9270
4123
7896
0792

0.93824
0.93539
0.93256
0.92975
0.92696

678
589
563
576
604

1. 70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1. 74

1. 30082
1. 30587
1. 31091
1. 31593
1.32092

0427
9576
6727
2038
5666

0.81703
0.81497
0.81293
0.81091
0.80889

032
850
888
132
572

1. 25
1. 26
1.27
1. 28
1.29

1. 04759
1. 05382
1.06002
1.06619
1. 07233

3013
4760
6237
7645
9185

0.92419
0.92144
0.91871
0.91600
0.91331

624
613
550
411
175

1. 75
1. 76
1. 77
1. 78
1. 79

1.32589
1. 33084
1.33577
1.34068
1. 34557

7767
8496
8006
6450
3978

0.80689
0.80489
0.80291
0.80095
O. 79899

197
994
954
066
318

1. 30
1. 31
1. 32
1. 33
1. 34

1. 07845
1. 08453
1. 09058
1. 09661
1. 10260

1059
3467
6610
0688
5899

0.91063
0.90798
0.90534
0.90272
n.90012

821
328
676
843
810

1. 80
1. 81
1. 82
1. 83
1. 84

1. 35044
1. 35528
1. 36011
1. 36491
1. 36970

0740
6886
2562
7914
3089

O. 79704
O. 79511
O. 79318
0.79127
O. 78937

701
203
816
527
328

1.35
1. 36
1. 37
1. 38
1. 39

1.10857
1. 11451
1. 12042
1. 12630
1.13215

2442
0515
0317
2042
5887

0.89754
0.89498
0.89243
0.88990
0.88738

557
064
313
284
959

1. 85
1. 86
1. 87
1. 88
1. 89

1. 37446
1. 37921
1. 38393
1. 38864
1. 39333

8228
3477
8975
4863
1280

O. 78748
O. 78560
O. 78373
O. 78187
O. 78002

209
160
170
231
334

1. 40
1. 41
1. 42
1. 43
1.44

1. 13798
1.14378
1. 14955
1. 15529
1.16101

2046
0715
2086
6351
3703

0.88489
0.88241
0.87995
0.87750
0.87507

320
348
026
336
261

1.90
1. 91
1. 92
1. 93
1. 94

1. 39799
1.40264
1. 40727
1. 41188
1. 41647

8365
6254
5083
4987
6099

O. 77818
O. 77635
O. 77453
O. 77272
O. 77093

468
625
796
971
142

1.45
1. 46
1. 47
1. 48
1. 49

1. 16670
1.17236
1. 17800
1.18361
1.18920

4331
8425
6174
7765
3384

0.87265
0.87025
0.86787
0.86550
0.86315

784
888
557
774
523

1. 95
1. 96
1. 97
1. 98
1. 99

1. 42104 8552

O. 76914
O. 76736
O. 76559
O. 76383
O. 76208

300
437
544
612
633

1.50

1.19476 3217

0.86081 788

2.00

1. 44363 5475

[(-46)4J

[( -;)3J.

1. 42560
1.43013
1. 43465
1. 43915

2476
8002
5259
4374

[(-46)3J

O. 76034 600

[(-46)2J

223

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

I~VERSE
X-I

arcsinh x-In x

Tabl.. 4.17

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

arccosh x-In x

<x>

X-I

arcsinh x-In x

arccosh x-In x

<x>

0.50
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.46

O. 75048
0.74839
0.74632
O. 74428
O. 74228

82946
16011
48341
85962
34908

0.62381
O. 62685
O. 62981
0.63268
0.63547

07164
90940
77884
90778
51194

2
2
2
2
2

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

70841
70724
70611
70503
70399

81861
57326
72820
32895
41963

0.67714
0.67842
0.67965
0.68082
0.68193

27078
57947
18411
14660
52541

4
4
4
5
5

0.45
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.41

O. 74031
O. 73836
O. 73646
O. 73458
0.73274

01215
90921
10057
64641
60676

0.63817
0.64079
0.64334
0.64580
0.64819

79566
95268
16670
61207
45429

2
2
2
2
2

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
D.16

O. 70300
O. 70205
O. 70115
O. 70029
0.69948

04288
23983
05002
51134
66000

0.68299
0.68399
0.68494
O. 68584
0.68668

37571
74947
69555
25981
48518

5
5

0.40
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36

O. 73094
0.72917
0.72743
0.72573
0.72407

04145
01001
57167
78524
70912

0.65050
0.65274
0.65491
0.65701
0,65904

85051
95004
89477
81952
85249

3
3
3
3
3

0.15
J.14
0.13
0,12
0.11

0.69872
0.69801
0.69734
O. 696 72
0.69615

53043
15527
56533
78946
85462

0.68747
0.68821
0.68889
0.68952
0.69010

41175
07683
51504
75836
83616

7
7

0.35
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.31

O. 72245
0.72086
0.71932
0.71781
O. 71634

40117
91873
31846
65636
98766

0.66101
0.66290
0.66473
0.66650
O. 66820

11555
72458
78974
41577
70226

3
3
3
3
3

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
1J.06

0.69563
0.69516
0.69474
0.69436
0.69404

78573
60572
33542
99357
59680

0.69063
0.69111
0.69154
0.69191
0.69224

77531
60018
33269
99235
59631

10
11
13
14
17

0.30
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.26

O. 71492
0.71353
0.71219
O. 71089
O. 70963

36678
84725
48165
32154
41742

0.66984
0.67142
0.67294
0.67440
O. 67580

74382
63038
44732
27575
19258

3
3
4
4
4

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

0.69377
0.69354
0.69337
0.69324
0.69317

15954
69408
21047
71656
21796

0.69252
0.69274
0.69292
0.69304
0.69312

15938
69403
21046
71656
21796

20
25
33
50
100

O. ?5

O. 70841 81861

0.67714 27078

0.00

0.69314 71806

[C-~)5]

[C-g)1]

[(-~)6]

0.69314 71806

[(-:)7J

6
6
6

8
9

00

<,,'>=nearest integer to ,/'.

ROOTS

XII.

4. 73004
7.85320
10.99560
14.13716
17.27875

2
3
4
5

XII

OF cos

XII

07
46
78
55
96

eo!!h x,,=-1

XII

1. 87510
4.69409
7.85475
10.99554
14.13716

41
11
74
07
84

For 11>5, "'II=H2u-l}r

See page D.

Xn=

%"

1
2
3
4

ROOTS

OF co~ x" cosh

Table 4.18

224

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

ROOTS X II OF tan X /I 'XXII

Table 4.19

;);4

X5

X6

X9

3.14159
2.99304
2.86277
2.75032
2.65366

6.28319
5.99209
5.76056
5.58578
5.45435

9.42478
9.00185
8.70831
8.51805
8.39135

12.56637
12.02503
11.70268
11.52018
11.40863

15.70796
15.06247
14.73347
14.56638
14.46987

18.84956
18.11361
17.79083
17.64009
17.55621

n
21.99115
21.17717
20.86724
20.73148
20.65782

X8

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

25.13274
24.25156
23.95737
23.83468
23.76928

28.27433
27.33519
27.05755
26.94607
26.88740

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

2.57043
2.49840
2.43566
2.38064
2.33208

5.35403
5.27587
5.21370
5.16331
5.12176

8.30293
8.23845
8.18965
8.15156
8.12108

11.33482
11.28284
11.24440
11.21491
11.19159

14.40797
14.36517
14.33391
14.31012
14.29142

17.50343
17.46732
17.44113
17.42129
17.40574

20.61203
20.58092
20.55844
20.54146
20.52818

23.72894
23.70166
23.68201
23.66719
23.65561

26.85142
26.82716
26.80971
26.79656
26.78631

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

2.28893
2.25037
2.21571
2.18440
2.15598

5.08698
5.05750
5.03222
5.01031
4.99116

8.09616
8.07544
8.05794
8.04298
8.03004

11.17271
11.15712
11.14403
11.13289
11.12330

14.27635
14.26395
14.25357
14.24475
14.23717

17.39324
17.38298
17.37439
17.36711
17.36086

20.51752
20.50877
20.50147
20.49528
20.48996

23.64632
23.63871
23.63235
23.62697
23.62235

26.77809
26.77135
26.76572
26.76096
26.75688

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

2.13008
2.10638
2.08460
2.06453
2.04597

4.97428
4.95930
4.94592
4.93389
4.92303

8.01875
8.00881
7.99999
7.99212
7.98505

11.11496
11.10764
11.10116
11. 09538
11.09021

14.23059
14.22482
14.21971
14.21517
14.21110

17.35543
17.35068
17.34648
17.34274
17.33939

20.48535
20.48131
20.47774
20.47457
20.47172

23.61834
23.61483
23.61173
23.60897
23.60651

26.75333
26.75023
26.74749
26.74506
26.74288

1.00

2.02876

4.91318

7.97867

11.08554

14.20744

17.33638

20.46917

23.60428

26.74092

Xl

-~

X2

X3

<~>

~-l

Xl

X2

:t4

J.'5

X'6

X9

2.02876
2.01194
1.99465
1.97687
1.95857

4.91318
4.90375
4.89425
4.88468
4.87504

7.97867
7.97258
7.96648
7.96036
7.95422

11.08554
11.08110
11.07665
11.07219
11.06773

14.20744
14.20395
14.20046
14.19697
14.19347

17.33638
17.33351
17.33064
17.32777
17.32490

:n
20.46917
20.46673
20.46430
20.46187
20.45943

X8

-1.00
-0.95
-0.90
-0.85
-0.80

23.60428
23.60217
23.60006
23.59795
23.59584

26.74092
26.73905
26.73718
26.73532
26.73345

1
1
1
1
1

-0.75
-0.70
-0.65
-0.60
-0.55

1.93974
1.92035
1.90036
1.87976
1.85852

4.86534
4.85557
4.84573
4.83583
4.82587

7.94807
7.94189
7.93571
7.92950
7.92329

11.06326
11.05879
11.05431
11.04982
11.04533

14.18997
14.18647
14.18296
14.17946
14.17594

17.32203
17.31915
17.31628
17.31340
17.31052

20.45700
20.45456
20.45212
20.44968
20.44724

23.59372
23.59161
23.58949
23.58738
23.58526

26.73159
26.72972
26.72785
26.72598
26.72411

1
1
2
2
2

-0.50
-0.45
-0.40
-0.35
-0.30

1.83660
1.81396
1. 79058
1.76641
1. 74140

4.81584
4.80575
4.79561
4.78540
4.77513

7.91705
7.91080
7.90454
7.89827
7.89198

11.04083
11.03633
11.03182
11.02730
11.02278

14.17243
14.16892
14.16540
14.16188
14.15835

17.30764
17.30476
17.30187
17.29899
17.29610

20.44480
20.44236
20.43992
20.43748
20.43503

23.58314
23.58102
23.57891
23.57679
23.57467

26.72225
26.72038
26.71851
26.71664
26.71477

2
2
3
3
3

-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05

1.71551
1.68868
1.66087
1.63199
1.60200

4.76481
4.75443
4.74400
4.73351
4.72298

7.88567
7.87936
7.87303
7.86669
7.86034

11.01826
11.01373
11.00920
11.00466
11.00012

14.15483
14.15130
14.14777
14.14424
14.14070

17.29321
17.29033
17.28744
17.28454
17.28165

20.43259
20.43014
20.42769
20.42525
20.42280

23.57255
23.57043
23.56831
23.56619
23.56407

26.71290
26.71102
26.70915
26.70728
26.70541

- 4
- 5
- 7
-10
-20

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.57080
1.53830
1.50442
1.46904
1.43203

4.71239
4.70176
4.69108
4.68035
4.66958

7.85398
7.84761
7.84123
7.83484
7.82844

10.99557
10.99102
10.98647
10.98192
10.97736

14.13717
14.13363
14.13009
14.12655
14.12301

17.27875
17.27586
17.27297
17.27007
17.26718

20.42035
20.41790
20.41545
20.41300
20.41055

23.56194
23.55982
23.55770
23.55558
23.55345

26.70354
26.70166
26.69979
26.69792
26.69604

20
10
7
5

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.39325
1.35252
1.30965
1.26440
1.21649

4.65878
4.64793
4.63705
4.62614
4.61519

7.82203
7.81562
7.80919
7.80276
7.79633

10.97279
10.96823
10.96366
10.95909
10.95452

14.11946
14.11592
14.11237
14.10882
14.10527

17.26428
17.26138
17.25848
17.25558
17.25268

20.40810
20.40565
20.40320
20.40075
20.39829

23.55133
23.54921
23.54708
23.54496
23.54283

26.69417
26.69230
26.69042
26.68855
26.68668

4
3
3
3
2

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.16556
1.11118
1.05279
0.98966
0.92079

4.60422
4.59321
4.58219
4.57114
4.56007

7.78988
7.78344
7.77698
7.77053
7.76407

10.94994
10.94537
10.94079
10.93621
10.93163

14.10172
14.09817
14.09462
14.09107
14.08752

17.24978
17.24688
17.24398
17.24108
17.23817

20.39584
20.39339
20.39094
20.38848
20.38603

23.54071
23.53858
23.53646
23.53433
23.53221

26.68480
26.68293
26.68105
26.67918
26.67730

2
2
2
2
1

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

0.84473
0.75931
0.66086
0.54228
0.38537

4.54899
4.53789
4.52678
4.51566
4.50454

7.75760
7.75114
7.74467
7.73820
7.73172

10.92704
10.92246
10.91788
10.91329
10.90871

14.08396
14.08041
14.07686
14.07330
14.06975

17.23527
17.23237
17.22946
17.22656
17.22366

20.38357
20.38112
20.37867
20.37621
20.37376

23.53008
23.52796
23.52583
23.52370
23.52158

26.67543
26.67355
26.67168
26.66980
26.66793

1
1
1
1
1

0.00000

4.49341

7.72525

10.90412

14.06619

17.22075

20.37130

23.51945

26.66605

1.00

For

A~-O,

X3

see J!, 8 of Table 10.6.

So

<~>=nearest

integer to

~.

co

225

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

ROOTS

X
X2
X3
Xl
0.00 1.57080 4.71239 7.85398
0.05 1.49613 4.49148 7.49541
0.10 1.42887 4.30580 7.22811
0.15 1.36835 4.15504 7.04126
0.20 1.31384 4.03357 6.90960

X4

Xn

OF cot

Xs

Table 4.20

Xn=XXn

Xij

X,

"'8

Xg

10.99557
10.51167
10.20026
10.01222
9.89275

14.13717
13.54198
13.21418
13.03901
12.93522

17.27876
16.58639
16.25936
16.10053
16.01066

20.42035
19.64394
19.32703
19.18401
19.10552

23.56194
22.71311
22.41085
22.28187
22.21256

26.70354
25.79232
25.50638
25.38952
25.32765

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.26459
1.21995
1.17933
1.14223
1.10820

3.93516
3.85460
3.78784
3.73184
3.68433

6.81401
6.74233
6.68698
6.64312
6.60761

9.81188
9.75407
9.71092
9.67758
9.65109

12.86775
12.82073
12.78621
12.75985
12.73907

15.95363
15.91443
15.88591
15.86426
15.84728

19.05645
19.02302
18.99882
18.98052
18.96619

22.16965
22.14058
22.11960
22.10377
22.09140

25.28961
25.26392
25.24544
25.23150
25.22062

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.07687
1.04794
1.02111
0.99617
0.97291

3.64360
3.60834
3.51756
3.55048
3.52649

6.57833
6.55380
6.53297
6.51508
6.49954

9.62956
9.61173
9.59673
9.58394
9.57292

12.72230
12.70847
12.69689
12.68704
12.67857

15.83361
15.82237
15.81297
15.80500
15.79814

18.95468
18.94523
18.93734
18.93065
18.92490

22.08147
22.07333
22.06653
22.06017
22.05583

25.21190
25.20475
25.19878
25.19373
25.18939

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

0.95116
0.93076
0.91158
0.89352
0.87647

3.50509
3.48590
3.46859
3.45292
3.43865

6.48593
6.47392
6.46324
6.45368
6.44508

9.56331
9.55486
9.54738
9.54072
9.53473

12.67121
12.66475
12.65904
1:!.65395
12.64939

15.79219
15.78698
15.78237
15.17827
15.17459

18.91991
18.91554
18.91168
18.90825
18.90518

22.05154
22.04178
22.04447
22.04151
22.03887

25.18563
25.18234
25.17943
25.17684
25.17453

1.00 0.86033 3.42562

6.43730

9.52933 12.64529 15.17128 18.90241 22.03650

25.17245

X-I

XI

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

X8

X9

<X>

1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80

0.86033
0.84426
0.82740
0.80968
0.79103

3.42562
3.41306
3.40034
3.38744
3.37438

6.43730
6.42987
6.42241
6.41492
6.40740

9.52933
9.52419
9.51904
9.51388
9.50871

12.64529
12.64138
12.63747
12.63355
12.62963

15.17128
15.76814
15.76499
15.76184
15.75868

18.90241
18.89978
18.89715
18.89451
18.89188

22.03650
22.03424
22.03197
22.02971
22.02745

25.17245
25.17047
25.16848
25.16650
25.16452

1
1
1
1
1

0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55

0.77136
0.75056
0.72851
0.70507
0.68006

3.36113
3.34172
3.33413
3.32037
3.30643

6.39984
6.39226
6.38464
6.37700
6.36932

9.50353
9.49834
9.49314
9.48793
9.48271

12.62570
12.62177
12.61784
12.61390
12.60996

15.75553
15.75237
15.74921
15.74605
15.74288

18.88924
18.88660
18.88396
18.88132
18.87868

22.02519
22.02292
22.02066
22.01839
22.01612

25.16254
25.16055
25.15857
25.15659
25.15460

1
1
2
2
2

0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30

0.65327
0.62444
0.59324
0.55922
0.52179

3.29231
3.27802
3.26355
3.24891
3.23409

6.36162
6.35389
6.34613
6.33835
6.33054

9.41749
9.47225
9.46700
9.46175
9.45649

12.60601
12.60206
12.59811
12.59415
12.59019

15.73972
15.73655
15.73338
15.73021
15.72704

18.87604
18.87339
18.87075
18.86810
18.86546

22.01386
22.01159
22.00932
22.00705
22.00478

25.15262
25.15063
25.14864
25.14666
25.14467

2
2
3
3
3

0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05

0.48009
0.43284
0.37788
0.31105
0.22176

3.21910
3.20393
3.18860
3.17310
3.15743

6.32270
6.31485
6.30696
6.29906
6.29113

9.45122
9.44595
9.44067
9.43538
9.43008

12.58623
12.58226
12.57829
12.57432
12.57035

15.72386
15.72068
15.71751
15.71433
15.71114

18.86281
18.86016
18.85751
18.85486
18.85221

22.00251
22.00024
21.99797
21.99569
21.99342

25.14268
25.14070
25.13871
25.13672
25.13473

4
5
7
10
20

9.42478 12.56637 15.70796 18.84956 21.99115

25.13274

00

0.00 0.00000 3.14159 6.28319

5
[(-35 )2J [(-2 )1J

[(-~J1J
[(-~)1J ,[-5)11
2 ..J
<X> = nearest integer to X.

[(-25)1J

[(-~)1J

[(-25)1J

For>. - I > .20, the maximum error in linear interpolation is (- 4)7; five-point interpolation gives 5D.
For>. -I

.;;

.20,
X, ""

See page n.

1 [
1
11
1
]
VA
1- 6>. + 360>. 2 ~ 432>. 3 + ....

5. Exponential Integral and Related Functions

WALTER GAUTSCHI

F.

AND WILLIAM

CAHILL

Contents
Page

Mathelliatical Properties. .
5.1. Exponential Integral
5.2. Sine and Cosine Integrals

228
228
231

NUllierical Methods . . . . . .
5.3. Use and Extension of the Tables

233
233

References

235

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 5.1. Sine, Cosine and Exponential Integrals (0:::; x:::; 10) .
x-1Si(x), x- 2[Ci(x)-ln x-'Yl
x-1[Ei(x)-ln x-'Y]' x-1[E1(x)+ln x+'Y], x=0(.01).5, lOS
Si(x), Ci(x), 10D; Ei(x), El (x), 9D; X= .5(.01)2
Si(x), Ci(x), 10D; xe-" Ei(x), xe" El(X), 9Dj x=2(.1)10

238

Table 5.2. Sine, Cosine and Exponential Integrals for Large Arguments

243

(10:::;x:::;co) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
xf(x) , 9D; x 2g(x), 7D; xe-"Ei(x), 8D; xe"E1(x), lOD
f(x)=-si(x) cos x+Ci(x) sin x, g(x)=-si(x) sin x-Ci(x) cos x

x- 1=.1(-.005)0

Table 5.3. Sine and Cosine Integrals for Arguments

Si('lI'x), Cin(1I'X), x=O(.l)lO, 7D

1I'X

(O:::;x:::; 10)

244

Table 5.4. Exponential Integrals En(x) (0:::;x:::;2)

E 2 (x)-x In x, En(x), n=3, 4, 10,20, x=0(.01).5
En(x), n=2, 3,4, 10,20, x=.5(.01)2, 7D

245

Table 5.5. Exponential Integrals En(x) for Large Arg,uments (2:::;x:::; co) .
(x+n)eXEn(x), n=2, 3,4,10,20,
x- 1=.5(-.05).1(-.01)0, 5D

248

Table 5.6. Exponential Integral for Complex Arguments (lzl<29)

..

249

Table 5.7. ExponentialIntegralfor Small Complex Arguments (Izl <5) .

251

zeZE1(z), z=x+iy, x=-19(1)20, y=0(1)20,

6D

eZE1(z), z=x+iy, x=-4(.5)-2, y=0(.2)1, 6D

E1(z)+ln z, z=x+iy, x=-2(.5)2.5, y=0(.2)1, 6D
The authors acknowledge the assistance of David S. Liepman in the preparation and
checking of the tables, Robert L. Durrah for the computation of Table 5.2, and Alfred E.
Beam for the computation of Table 5.6.
1 Guest worker, National Bureau of Standards, from the American University.
Purdue University.)
2 National Bureau of Standards.
(Presently NASA.)

(Presently

227

5. Exponential Integral and Related Functions

Mathematical Properties
Explicit Expressions for a,,(z) and (J,,(z)

5.1. Exponential Integral

5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3

lV1 (z)==

'"

Definitions
e-I

f'" e-

(Iarg zl<'II")

---t dt

Ei(x)=-- -:t

5.1.8

, -,,-1

an ( z)-n.z

-z

Z2

(1+z+2'+'"
.

5.1.9

f" -e' dt

dt==-

J _'"

li(x)== J:z~tt==Ei(ln x)

z"
+,)
n.

z"

Z2

-e- Z (1+z+-2'+
. ... +,)}
n.

(x>l)

5.1.4

f'" e- zt

lVn(Z)==Jl

Tn dt

(n=O, 1, 2, ... ; ~z>O)

t"e-Udt

(n=O, 1,2, ... ; ~z>O)

Ei(x)

5.1.5
a,,(z)=

i'"

1 ___L-~~__L-__L:==z:==~==~E~I(~X)=L~_
01-

5.1.6

(3,,(Z)=f

t"e-Udt

(n=O, 1, 2, ... )

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

-1

In 5.1.1 it is assumed that the path of integration

excludes the origin and does not cross the negative
real axis.
Analytic continuation of the functions in 5.1.1,
5.1.2, and 5.1.4 for n>O yields multi-valued functions with branch points at z=O and Z== ex>.3
They are single-valued functions in the z-plane
cut along the negative real axis.4 The function
li(z), the logarithmic integral, has an additional
branch point at Z=l.

-3

FIGURE

5.1.

y=Ei(x) and y=lV1 (x).

Interrelations

5.1.7

lV1(-xiO)=-Ei(x) 1= i'll",
-Ei(x)=![lV1( -x+iO) +lV1 ( -x-iO)]
8

Some authors [5.14], [5.16] use the entire function

So' (l-e-')dt/t

as the basic function and denote it by

Ein(z). We have Ein(z)=E1 (z)+ln z+'Y.

, Various authors define the integral f~", (e'/t)dt in the
z-plane cut along the positive real axis and denote it also
by Ei(z). For z=x>O additional notations such as Ei(x)
(e.g., in [5.10], [5.25]), E*(x) (in [5.2]), Ei*(x) (in [5.6]) ar~
then used to designate the principal value of the integral.
Correspondingly, E 1 (x) is often denoted by -Ei(-x).

228

.2

O~-=.~2==~A==~.6==:;.8~==I.~O~~li.2~~I.4~~1.-6~X
FIGURE

5.2.

y= lV" (x)
n==O, 1,2, 3,5, 10

229

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Symmetry Relation

EnCz)~En(z)

5.1.13

Recurrence Relations

5.1.14

(n=l, 2, 3, ... )
o

.5

1.0

1.5

FIGURE

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

5.1.16

y=an(x)
n=0(1)6

5.3.

Inequalities [5.8], [5.4]

5.1.17
15

n-1 En (x) <En+1 (x)< En (x)

n
.

(x>0;n=I,2,3, .. .)

10

5.1.18

E!(x) <En- 1 (x)En+l (x)

(x>0;n=1,2,3, .. . )

5.1.19

x~n <exEn{x) ~X+~-1

(X>Oi n=l, 2, 3, ... )

5.1.20

! In (1+~)<exEl(x)<In (1+D

FIGURE

5.4. Y=fJn(X)
n=O, 1,2,5, 10, 15

(X>Oi n=1, 2,3, ... )

Series Expansions

5.1.10

Continued Fraction

5.1.22

"" xn
nn.

Ei(x)='Y+Inx+ ~-,
n-l

En(z)=e

n 1 n+l 2
)
z+ 1+ z+ 1+ z+

-.( 1

Special Values

5.1.12

En{z)

(_z)n-l

""

(-z)m

5.1.23

(n-l)! [-In z+~(n)l-~o (m-n+1)m!

m.,En-l

5.1.24
n-l

m-l

~(1)=-'Y, ~(n)=-'Y+ ~-

"1=.57721 56649 . . . is Euler's constant.

5.1.25

1
E n (0)=n-1

(I arg z 1<7r)

230

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Derivatives

d~;z)=-En_l(Z)

5.1.26

(n=1,2,3, .. .)

5.1.36
at
e-

of

~in

bt dt = arctan

~ +JE1(a+ib)
(a>O, b real)

5.1.27
5.1.37

of

eat(l-tCOS bt)

dt=~ In (1+ !~+Ei(a)

+~El(-a+ib)

(a>O,b real)

5.1.38

Definite and Indefinite Integrals

(For more extensive tables of integrals see

[5.3], [5.6], [5.11], [5.12], [5.13]. For integrals
involving En(x) see [5.9].)

of e-at(l~COS
Jor" 1

5.1.28

5.1.40

i-

dt=~ In (1+ !:)-E1(a)

+~El(a+ib)

5.1.39

5.1.29

bt)

(a>O,b real)

e-t
t
dt=E1(z)+ln z+y

e t 1 dt=Ei (x)-ln x-,,(

5.1.41

.
-e~ dt=e-iabE (-tab)
o b+t
1

eiX

a2+x2 dX=2a [e- aE 1(-a-1,x)-e aE 1(a-1,x)]

+const.
(a>O, b>O)

5.1.42

5.1.31

xei:1:
1
.
.
a2+r dX=-2 [e-aE l (-a-1,x) +eaEl (a-1,x)]

+const.
5.1.43

5.1.32

5.1.33

i- E~(t)dt=2

2+e:1:

dx=-! f(eiaE1(-x+ia)+const. (a>O)

a

In 2
Relation to Incomplete Gamma Function (see 6.5)

5.1.34

i-

5.1.45

e- al En (t)dt =

5.1.46

(-It-\ln
(1+a)+~ (-l)ka
a
k
k=l

5.1.47
]

(a>-l)-

5.1.35

r
Jo

.Bn(z)=z-n-l[f(n+1, -z)-f(n+1, z)]

Relation to Spherical Bessel Functions (see 10.2)

5.1.48

eat sin bt
b
t
dt=1r-arctan +JE1(-a+ib)

(a>O,b>O)

5.1.49

231

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Number-Theoretic Significance of Ii (x)

ao=-.57721 566
al= .99999 193
~=-.24991 055

(Assuming Riemann's hypothesis that all nonreal zeros of r(z) have a real part of !)
(X~ co )

5.1.50 Ii (X)-1I"(X) = O(v'X In x)

5.1.54

1I"(X) is the number of primes less than or equal

aa= .05519 968

a4=-.00976 004
as= .00107 857

l=S;x< co

x2+alx+~+
(x)
2

xe"'Et(x)

x +b 1x+b 2

to x.

al = 2 .:J34 733
a2= .:~50621

200
li(x)

,-

5.1.55

b1 =3.330657
b2 = 1.681534

1O=S;x< co

/ / 7r(x)"

150

,-

100

,-

"

""

"

""

xe

;'

,-

,-

,-

,-

,- "

'/

.- .-

al=4.03640

b1 =5.03637

~=1.15198

b2=4.19160

5.1.56

;'

50

x +a1x+a2 + ( )
x 2 +b 1x+b 2 E X

"'E ()
I X

0~---2~0-0----4~00----6-0LO----8~00----10-OLO--~X

5.5.

FIGUR,E

al= 8.57332
~= 18.05901
aa= 8.63476
a4= .26777

y=li(x) and y=1I"(x)

Asymptotic Expansion

5.1.51
En(z)'" r" {1-~+ n(n+1)

Z2

Definitions

zl<tn-)
5.2.2 6

n +n(n-2x)
(x+n)2
(x+n)4
2
n(6x -8nx+n2)+R(
)}
+
(x+n)6
n, X

-.36n- 4=S;R(n, x) =S;(1+ X+~_1)n-4

(x>O)

Polynomial and Rational Approximations 5

5.1.53

Ci(z)='Y+ln z+
5.2.3

5.2.4

The approximation 5.1.53 is from E. E. Allen, Note

169, MTAC 8, 240 (1954); approximations 5.1.54 and
5.1.56 are from C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital
computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955;
approximation 5.1.55 is from C. Hastings, Jr., Note 143,
MTAC 7,68 (1953) (with permission).

.f

l'

i"

r" sint t dt

Jo

cos :-1 dt

Shi(z)=

Chi(z)='Y+ln z+

0 ~x ~ 1

E1(x)+ln X=aO+alX+a.~x2+aax3+a4x4+asX5+E(X)
IE(X)I <2 X 10-7
6

Si(z)=

5.2.1

Representation of E .. (x) for Large n

n X - x+n

23454
61486
30827
69228

5.2. Sine and Cosine Integrals

n(n+ l)a(n+2) + ... }

(Iarg
5.1.52
E ( )- e-'" {1+

b1 = 9.57332
b2 =25.63295
ba=21.09965
b4 = 3.95849

87401
69730
08925
37343

(/a.rg z/<1I")

rz sinh t dt

Jo

cosh/-1 dt

(Ia.rg

zl<1I")

Some authors [5.14], [5.16] use the entire function

(1- cos t) dtlt as the basic function and denote it by

Cin(z).
7

We have
Cin(z)=-Ci(z)+ln z+y.

The notations Sih(z) =

So' sinh t dtlt,

Cinh(z)= So'(COSh t-1)dtlt have also been proposed [5.14.]

232

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

si(z)=Si(z)-~

5.2.5

Auxiliary Functions

5.2.6

f(z)=Ci(z) sin z-si(z) cos z

5.2.7

g(z)= -Ci(z) cos z-si(z) sin z

Cl(z)=r+ln z+ ~ 2n(2n)!

5.2.17

Shl(Z)= ?; (2n+l){2n+l)!

5.2.18

Chl(Z)=r+ 1n z+~2
(2 )'
n=1 n n.

Si(z)=~-f(Z) cos z-g(z) sin z

5.2.9

Ci(z)=f(z) sin z-g(z) cos z

'"

Z211+1

Sine and Cosine Integrals in Terms of Auxiliary

Functions

5.2.8

'" (-I)lI z211

5.2.16

'"

Z211

Symmetry Relations

5.2.19

Si(-z)=-Si(z), Si(Z)=Si(z)

5.2.20

Ci( -z)=Ci(z)-ill'

Integral Representations

Ci(z)=Ci(z)

..
si(z)=-

5.2.10

f2 e-

.10

COBt

cos (z sin t)dt

5.2.11 Ci(z)+EI(z)=

5.2.12

i2

f'" sin t

Relation to Exponential Integral

5.2.21

Si(z)=;i [EI(iz)-E I( -iz)+~

e-Zco8t

f'"

(\arg z\<~)

sin (zsin t)dt

e- zt

1(z)=Jo t+z dt = Jo t2+1 dt

5.2.22

Si(ix)=~[Ei(x)+EI(X)]

(x>o)

5.2.23

Ci(z)=-~ [EI(iz)+EI(-iz)]
Si(x)

5.2.24

(\arg z\<~)

Ci(ix)=~ [Ei(x)-EI(x)]+i~

(x>o)

Value at Infinity

lim Si(x)=?!:2

5.2.25

%~'"

Integrals

(For more extensive tables of integrals see

[5.3], [5.6], [5.11), [5.12], [5.13].)

-1.0

5.2.26

f '"

5.2.27

f'" cost t dt=-Ci (z)

sin t
.
dt=-Sl (z)
t

y=Si(x) and y=Ci(x)

FIGURE 5.6.

Series Expansions

5.2.15
!lee page

'"

(_I)" z211+1

Sl(Z)=~ (2n+l)(2n+l)!

5.2.14

Si(z)=1r
II.

to J~+i (~)

5.2.29

f '"
o

1
e- at si (t)dt=-- arctan a
a

5.2.30 i'" costCi(t)dt=i'"

sintsi(t)dt=-~

233

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

i'" Ci2 (t)dt=i'" sF (t)dt=~

5.2.31

1 :$x< ex>

5.2.37

(X

J:'" Ci (t) si (t)dt= In 2

5.2.32*

1
+al x +az)
g(x)=:"i2 x4+blx2+b2 +E(X)

IE(x)I<IO- 4

5.2.33

al=7.547478

J:I (I-e-a~) cos bt dt=~ In (1+~) +Ci (b)

aa = 1.564072

bl =12.723684
b2 = 15.723606

*
*

5.2.38
+~EI(a+ib)

(areal, b>O)

Asymptotic Expansions

1(x) =! (X8+atx6+azx4+aax2+a4)+ E(X)

X x8+bIX6+bzx4+baxz+b4

5.2.34

/E(x)/<5XIO- 7

1(

fez) "'"2

2' 4' 6'

)
l-zi+?-zi+

(Iarg

zl<1I")

al= 38.1027264

b1 = 40.021433

aa=265.187033

b2 =322.624911

aa=335. '677320

b3= 570.236280

a4= 38.102495

b.=157.105423

5.2.35

1 ::;x< ex>

5.2.39
Rational Approximations 8

5.2.36

()
X

1 (x8+alx6+a2x4+aax2+a4)
(
x8+bIX6+bzX4+b3Xz+b. +E x)

=X"2

/E(x)!<3XIO- 7

al=7.241163
aa=2.463936

bl =9.068580
b2=7.157433

al = 42.242855

hi =

a2=302.757865

b2 = 482.485984

a3=352.018498

h3= 1114.978885

a4= 21.821899

b4= 449.690326

48.196927

Numerical Methods
5.3. Use and Extension of the Tables
Example 1. Compute Ci (.25) to 5D.
From Tables 5.1 and 4.2 we have
Ci (.25) -In(.25) -"(
(.25)2

_ 249350
.,

Ci (.25) = (.25)2( - .249350) + (-1.38629)

+.577216= -.82466.
Example 2. Compute Ei (8) to 58.
From Table 5.1 we have xe-"Ei (x) = 1.18185 for
x=8. From Table 4.4, e8 =2.98096XI03 Thus
Ei (8) =440.38.
'See page lI.
8 From C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital
computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N'.J., 1955
(with permission).

Example 3. Compute 8i (20) to 5D.

8ince 1/20=.05 from Table 5.2 we find
1(20) = .049757, g(20) = .002464. From Table 4.8,
sin 20=.912945, eos 20=.408082. Using 5.2.8

Si(20)=~-1(20) cos 20-g(20) sin 20

= 1.570796 - .022555 = 1.54824.

Example 4. Compute En(x), n=I(I)N, to 5S

for x=1.275, N=IO.
If x is less than about five, the recurrence
relation 5.1.14 can be used in increasing order of n
without serious loss of accuracy.
By quadratic interpolation in Table 5.1 we get
E I (1.275)=.1408099, and from Table 4.4, e-1.276
=.2794310. The recurrence formula 5.1.14 then
yields

234

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

E .. (1.275)

1
2
3
4
5

.1408099
.0998984
.0760303
.0608307
.0504679

E .. (1.275)

6
7
8
9
10

.0430168
.0374307
.0331009
.0296534
.0268469

Interpolating directly in Table 5.4 for n=10

we get E lO (1.275)=.0268470 as a check.
Example 5. Compute En (x) , n= 1(1)N, to 58
for x=lO, N=10.
If as in this example, x is appreciably larger
tha~ five and N~x, then the recurrence relation
5.1.14 may be safely used in decreasing order of
n([5.5]). From Table 5.5 for x- I =.1 we get
(x+ 10) eXElO (x) = 1.02436 so that E lO (lO) =2.325~9
X 10- 6 Using this as the initial value we obtam
column (2).
n
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

I()1E.. (10)
(1)

I()1E.. (10)
(2)

.41570
.38300
.35500
.33000
.31000
.28800
.27667
.25333
.25084
.22573

.41570
.38302
.35488
.33041
.30898
.29005
.27325
.25822
.24472
.23253

From Table 5.2 we get xe xE l (x)=.915633 so

that E 1 (10)=4.15697XlO- 6 as a check. Forward
recurrence starting with E 1 (1O)=4.1570XI0- 6
yields the values in column (1). The underlined
figures are in error.
Example 6. Compute En(x), n=l(l)N, to 58
for x=12.3, N=20.
If N is appreciably larger than x, and x appreciably larger than five, then the recurrence relation 5.1.14 should be used in the backward direction to generate En(x) for n<no, and in the forward
direction to generate En (x) for n>no, where
no=(x).
From 5.1.52, with no=12, x=12.3, we have
eEn (x) = 24 3 (1 + .02032 - .00043 - .00001)
O.
=1.91038XlO- 7
12 . 3

Using the recurrence relation 5.1.14, as indicated,

we get

10 6E n(12.3)
.191038
. 199213
.208098
.217793
.228406
.240073
.252951
.267234
.283155
.300998
.321117
.343953

n
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

10 6E n (12.3)
.191038
183498
176516
.170042
164015
158397
153144
148226
143608

n
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

From Tables 5.2 and 5.5 we find El (12.3) = .343953

X 10-6 , E 2o (12.3)=.143609XI0- 6 as a check.
Example 7. Compute a n (2) to 68 for n= 1 (1 )5.
The recurrence formula 5.1.15 can be used for
all x>O in increasing order of n without loss of
accuracy.

From 5.1.25 we have a o(2)=2" e- 2

= .0676676, so we get
n

a .. (2)

0
1
2
3
4
5

.0676676
.101501
.169169
.321421
.710510
1.84394

Independent calculation with 5.1.8 yields the

same result for as(2).
The functions ao(x) and al (x) can be obtained
from Table 10.8 using 5.1.48, 5.1.49.
Example 8. Compute f3n(x), n=O(I)N to 68
for x=l, N=5.
Use the recurrence relation 5.1.16 in increasing
order of n if
x>.368N+.184 In N+.821

and in decreasing order of n otherwise [5.5].

From 5.1.9 with n=5 we get f3s(I)=-.324297
correctly rounded to 6D. Using the recurrence
formula 5.1.16 in decreasing order of nand
carrying 9D we get the values in column (2).
n

o
1
2
3
4
5

.8 .. (1)

P.. (I)
(1)

2.35040
-.73575
.87888
- .44950
.55236
-.32434

(2)

2
9269
3849
9722
3499
3774

2.35040
-.73575
.87888
- .44950
.55237
-.32429

238~

8880
4629
7383
2854
7

Using forward recurrence instead, starting with

235

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

,60(1)=2 sinh 1=2.350402 and again carrying 9D,

we obtain column (1). The underlined figures
are in error. The above shows that three significant figures are lost in forward recurrence, whereas
about three significant figures are gained in backward recurrence!

with ~z=z-zo=.2578-.1057i. Thus with 5.1.27

we get

o
1
2
3

An alternative procedure is to start with an

arbitrary value for n sufficiently large (see also
[5.1)). To illustrate, starting with the value
zero at n= 11 we get
.8 .. (1)

11

10
9
8
7
6

O.

.280560
-.206984
.319908
-.253812
.404621

5
4
3
2
1
0

.059898
. 008174
-.001859
. 000088

-. 107895i
+. 012795i
+.000155i
-. 000212i

fez) == .063261
e- z ==.031510
E 1(z)=--.000332

.8 .. (1)
-.324297
.552373
-.449507
.878885
-.735759
2.350402

(AZ) kf(k) (zo) /k!

.059898
.003460
-.000094
-. 000003

-. 107895i
+.002435i
+.OOOIlOi
-. 000004i

-.105354i
-.022075i
-.004716i

Repeating the calculation with zo=3+6i and

~Z= .2578+ .8943i we get the same result.
An alternative procedure is to perform bivariate
interpolation in the real and imaginary parts of

The functions ,60 (x ) and ,61 (x) can be obtained

from Table 10.8 using 5.1.48, 5.1.49.
Exalllple 9. Compute E1(z) for z=3.2578
+6.8943i.
From Table 5.6 we have for zo=xo+iYo=3+7i

ze'E1(z).

Exalllple 10. Compute EI (z) for Z= -4.2

+12.7i.
Using the formula at the bottom of Table 5.6

"E ( ) ~

zoezoEI (zo) = .934958+ .095598i,

.711 093

z ~ -3.7842!~5+12.7i
.278518

eZoEI (zo) = .059898- .107895i.

.010389

+ -1.90572+12.7i+2.0900+12.7i
= -.0184106-.0736698i

From Taylor's formula with f(z) =ezE1(z) we have

EI (z) ~ -1.87133-4.70540i.

j(z)=j(zo+~z)=j(zo)+j'~~) ~z
+j'~\Zo) (~Z)2+ . ..
References
Texts
[5.1] F. J. Corbat6, On the computation of auxiliary
functions for two-center integrals by means of a
high-speed computer, J. Chern. Phys. 24,452-453
(1956).
[5.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1953).
[5.3] A. Erdelyi et al., Tables of integral transforms, vols.
1, 2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1954).
[5.4] W. Gautschi, Some elementary inequalities relating
to the gamma and incomplete gamma function,
J. Math. Phys. 38, 77-81 (1959).
[5.5] W. Gautschi, Recursive computation of certain
integrals, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 8, 21-40
(1961).

[5.6] W. Grobner and N. Hofreiter, Integraltafel

(Springer-Verlag, Wi en and Innsbruck, Austria,
1949-50).
[5.7] C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital computers (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.,
1955).
[5.8] E. Hopf, Mathematical problems of radiative
equilibrium, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics
and Mathematical Physics, No. 31 (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1934).
[5.9] V. Kourganoff, Basic methods in transfer problems
(Oxford Un:iv. Press, London, England, 1952).
[5.10] F. Losch and F. Schoblik, Die Fakultat und verwandte Funktionen (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig,
Germany, 1951).
[5.11] N. Nielsen, Theorie des Integrallogarithmus (B. G.
Teubner, Le,ipzig, Germany, 1906).

236

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

[5.12] F. Oberhettinger, Tabellen zur Fourier Transformation (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Gottingen, Heidelberg, Germany, 1957).
[5.13] 1. M. Ryshik and 1. S. Gradstein, Tables of series,
products and integrals (VEB Deutscher Verlag
der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Germany, 1957).
[5.14] S. A. Schelkunoff, Proposed symbols for the modified
cosine and exponential integral, Quart. Appl.
Math. 2, 90 (1944).
[5.15] J. Todd, Evaluation of the exponential integral for
large complex arguments, J. Research NBS 52,
313-317 (1954) RP 2508.
[5.16] F. G. Tricomi, Funzioni ipergeometriche confluenti
(Edizioni Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954).
Tables

[5.171 British Association for the Advancement of Science,

Mathematical Tables, vol. 1. Circular and
hyperbolic functions, exponential, sine and cosine
integrals, etc., 3d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1951). Ei(x)-ln x, -E1(x)
-In x, Ci(x)-ln x, Si(x), x=0(.1)5, llD; Ej(x),
x= 5(.1) 15, 10011S; El (x), x= 5(.1) 15, 13-14D;
Si(x), Ci(x), x=5(.1)20(.2)40, 10D.
[5.18] L. Fox, Tables of Weber parabolic cylinder functions
and other functions for large arguments, Mathematical Tables, vol. 4, National Physical Laboratory (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London,
England, 1960). e-zEi(x), ezE1(x), x-l=O(.OOl).l
'
IOD; I(x), (I(x), x-1=0(.001).I, IOD.
[5.19) J. W. L. Glaisher, Tables of the numerical values
of the sine-integral, cosine-integral and exponential integral, Philos.
Trans. Roy. Soc.
London 160, 367-388 (1870). Si(x), Ci(x), Ei(x),
-E1(x), x=O(.OI)I, 18D, x=1(.1)5(1)15, llD.
[5.20) B. S. Gourary and M. E. Lynam, Tables of the
auxiliary molecular integrals A .. (x) and the
auxiliary functions C.. (x) , The Johns Hopkins
Univ. Applied Physics Laboratory, CM Report
905, Baltimore, Md. (1957). Q!,,(x) , nle,,(x),
X= .05(.05) 15, n=0(1)18,
9S.
[5.21) F. E. Harris, Tables of the exponential integral
Ei(x), Math. Tables Aids Compo H, 9-16 (1957).
Et(x), ezE1(x), Ei(x), e-zEi(x), x= 1(1)4(.4)8(1)50,
18-19S.
[5.22) Harvard University, The Annals of the Computation Laboratory, vols. 18, 19; Tables of the generalized sine- and cosine-integral functions, parts
I, II (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,
xsin
I-cosu
1949). S(a,x)=
--dx,C(a,x)=
---dx,

6D; Ss(a,

ex usin u cos xdx,

Jo

Cc(a,x)=

O::::;x<lO.
[5.24) A. V. Hershey, Computing programs for the complex exponential integral, U.S. Naval Provinu
Ground, Dahlgren, Va., NPG Report No. 1646
(1959).
-E1(-z),. z=x+iy, x=-20(1)20,
y=0(1)20, 13S.
[5.25) E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th
ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1945). -E1(x), Ei(x), x=0(.01)1(.1)5(1) 15, 46S; Si(x), Ci(x) , x=0(.01)1(.1)5(1)15(5)100(lO)
200 (lQfr) 103(1) 7, generally 4-5S; maxima and
minima of Ci(x) and si(x), 0<x<16, 5S.
[5.26) K. A. Karpov and S. N. RazumovskiI, Tablitsy
integral' nogo logarifma (Izdat. Akad. N auk
SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1956). H(x), X=
0(.0001) 2.5 (.001) 20 (.01)200 (.1) 500 (1) 10000 (10)
25000, 7S; li(x) -In II-xl, X= .95(.0001) 1.05,
6D.
[5.27) M. Kotani, A. Amemiya, E. Ishiguro, T. Kimura,
Table of molecular integrals (Maruzen Co., Ltd.,
Tokyo, Japan, 1955). a,. (x) , X= .25(.25)9(.5) 19(1)
25, n=0(1)15, l1S; f1,.(x), x=.25 (.25)8(.5)19(1)
25, n=0(1)8,

Ebl+lnlzl=C.(~)+ln ~-iS.W, z=~e"', ~=0(.05)

5, a=OO(2)600(1)900, 6D; ze"E1(z)=A.('1) exp

[i~.('1), z=! e"', '1=.01(.01).2, Q!=OO(2)600W)

'1
90, 5-6D.
[5.29) G. F. Miller, Tables of generalized exponential
integrals, Mathematical Tables, vol. 3, National
Physical Laboratory (Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, London, England, 1958). (x+n)eZE,,(x) ,
x=O(.OI) 1,

[5.30)

[5.31)

Sc(a, x)=

[5.32)

fX cos u .
6D; Cs(a, x) =Jo -u- sm xdx,

xcos u

u
Sco --(I-cosx)dx,

_~

6D;u=-vx'+a ,
'

o::::;a<25, O::::;x ::::;25.

[5.23) Harvard University, The Annals of the Computation Laboratory, vol. 21; Tables of the generalized
exponential-integral functions (Harvard Univ.
Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1949). E(a, x) =

lIS.

[5.28) M. Mashiko, Tables of generalized exponential-,

sine- and cosine-integrals, Numerical Computation Bureau Report No.7, Tokyo, Japan (1953).

Scx

fcox usin u .
x)=
- - sm xdx,
Sco

fX 1-e-1l
fX e- sin u
Jo - u - dx, Es(a, x)= Jo - - u - dx, Ec(a, x) =
fX 1-e-1l cos u
-Jo
u
dx, 6D; u=.vx2+al , O::::;a<lO,

[5.33)

n=I(I)8,

x=0(.1)20,

n=1(1)24,

x- 1=0(.001).05, n= 1(1)24; 8D.

J. Miller, J. M. Gerhauser, and F. A. Matsen,
Quantum chemistry integrals and tables (Univ. of
Texas Press, Austin, Tex., 1959). Q!,,(x), x=.125
(.125)25,n= 0(1) 16, 14S;{j .. (x),x=0(.125)24.875,
n=0(I)16, 12-14S.
J. Miller and R. P. Hurst, Simplified calculation of
the exponential integral, Math. Tables Aids
Compo 12, 187-193 (1958). e-zEi(x), Ei(x),
ezEI (x) , E1(x), x=.2(.05)5(.I)IO(.2)20(.5)50(I)80;
16S.
National Bureau of Standards, Tables of sine,
cosine and exponential integrals, vol. I (U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
1940). Si(x) , Ci(x), Ei(x) , E1(x), x=0(.0001)2,
x=O(.l)lO; 9D.
National Bureau of Standards, Tables of sine, cosine
and exponential integrals, vol. II (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1940).
Si(x), Ci(x), Ei(x), E1(x), x=O(.OOI)lO, 9-10 D
or S; Si(x), Ci(x) , x=10(.1)40, lOD; Ei(x) ,
E 1(x), x=10(.1)15, 7-11S.

237

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

[5.341 National Bureau of Standards, Table of sine and

cosine integrals for arguments from 10 to 100,
Applied Math. Series 32 (U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1954). Si(x) ,
Ci(x), X= 10(.01) 100, lOD.
[5.351 National Bureau of Standards, Tables of functions
and of zeros of functions, Collected short tables
of the Computation Laboratory, Applied Math.
Series 37 (U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., 1954). En(x), n=0(1)20,
x=0(.Ol)2(.l) 10, 4-9S; E 2 (x)-x In x, x=O(.OI)
.5, 7S;E3(x)+~x2Inx,x=0(.01).I, 7S.
[5.361 National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the exponential integral for complex arguments, Applied Math. Series 51 (U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1958). E,(z)+ln z,
6D, x=0(.02)1, y=0(.02)1, x=-l(.l)O, y=
0(.1)1; EI(z), 6D, x=0(.02)4, y=0(.02)3(.05) 10,
x=0(1)20, y=0(1)20, x= -3.1(.1)0, y=0(.1)3.1,
x= ~4.5(.5)0, y=0(.1)4(.5) 10, X= -10(.5) -4.5,
y=0(.5) 10, x= -20(1)0, y= 0(1)20; ezEI (z), 6D,
x=4(.1) 10, y=0(.5) 10.
[5.371 S. Oberlander, Tabellen von Exponentialfunktionen
und-integralen zur Anwendung auf Gebieten der
Thermodynamik, Halbleitertheorie und Gaskinetik (Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, Germany,
AE kT
(-AE) kT
(-AE)
1959). kT' AE' exp -----W' AE exp 'k7" '

E{~~} A~ foT exp (~~E) dT, ~~exp (~~)x

E'(~~} l-~~exp(~~)E,(~~); AE=.2(.2)2,

T=25(25)1000,

T= 150(10)390,

3-4S;

X-I,

exp(-x- I ), x exp (-X-I), EI(x- I), foX exp (-t-I)dt,

X-I exp (x-'I)EI(x- I ), l.-x- 1 exp (X-I) EI (X-I) ; X= .01

(.0001) .1, 5-6S.

[5.381. V. I. Pagurova, Tables of the exponential integral
E,(x) =

f:'

e-zuu-du. Translated from the Rus-

sian by D. G. Fry (Pergamon Press, New York,

N.Y.; Oxford, London, England; Paris, France,
1961). E'n(x) , n=0(1)20, x=0(.01)2(.1)1O, 49S; E2(X)--X In x, x=0(.01)5, 7S; E a(x)+!x2 In x,
x=0(.01).1, 7S; ezEn(x), n=2(1)10, x=1O(.1)20,
7D; ezE,(x), ,,=0(.1)1, x=.01(.01)7(.05) 12(.1)20,
7 S or D.
[5.391 Tablitsy integral'nogo sinusa i kosinusa (Izdat.
Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1954).
Si(x), Ci(~~), X= 0(.0001) 2(.001) 10(.005) 100, 7D;
Ci(x)-ln:c, x=O(.OOOl).Ol, 7D.
[5.40] Tablitsy integral'nol pokazatel'nol funktsii (Izdat.
Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1954).
Ei(x), EI (x), x= 0(.0001) 1.3(.001)3(.0005) 10(.1) 15,
7D.
[5.41] D. K. Trubey, A table of three exponential integrals, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report
2750, Oak Ridge, Tenn. (June 1959). EI(x),
E 2 (x) , Ea(x), x=0(.0005).1(.001)2(.01) 10(.1)20,
68.

238

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

SINE, COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS

Table 5.1
x-1Si(x)

x- 2 [Ci(x) -In x - 'Yl

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1. 00000
0.99999
0.99997
0.99995
0.99991

00000
44444
77781
00014
11154

-0.25000
-0.24999
-0.24999
-0.24999
-0.24998

00000
89583
58333
06250
33339

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.99986
0.99980
O. 99972
0.99964
0.99955

11215
00216
78178
45127
01094

-0.24997
-0.24996
-0. 24994
-0.24993
-0.24991

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

O. 99944
0.99932
0.99920
0.99906
0.99891

46111
80218
03455
15870
17512

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.99875
0.99857
0.99839
0.99820
0.99799

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

x-1[Ei(x) -In x-'Yl

1. 00000 0000
1. 00250 5566
1. 00502 2306

x- 1[El(x)+ln x+'Yl

1. 01008 9560

1. 00000
0.99750
0.99502
O. 99254
0.99008

00000
55452
21392
97201
82265

39598
25030
89639
33429
56402

1. 01264
1.01520
1. 01777
1. 02036
1.02295

0202
2272
5836
0958
7705

0.98763
0.98519
0.98276
0.98035
0.97794

75971
77714
86889
02898
25142

-0.24989
-0.24987
-0.24985
-0.24982
-0.24979

58564
39923
00480
40244
59223

1. 02556
1. 02818
1. 03081
1.03346
1. 03611

6141
6335
8352
2259
8125

0.97554
0.97315
0.97078
0.96841
0.96606

53033
85980
23399
64710
09336

08435
88696
58357
17486
66151

-0.24976
-0.24973
-0.24969
-0.24966
-0.24962

57422
34850
91516
27429
42598

1.03878
1. 04146
1. 04415
1. 04686
1.04957

6018
6006
8158
2544
9234

0.96371
0.96138
0.95905
0.95674
0.95443

56702
06240
57383
09569
62237

0.99778
0.99755
0.99731
0.99706
0.99680

04427
32390
50122
57709
55242

-0.24958
-0.24954
-0.24949
-0.24944
-0.24940

37035
10749
63752
96056
07674

1. 05230
1. 05504
1.05780
1. 06057
1. 06334

8298
9807
3833
0446
9719

0.95214
0.94985
0.94758
0.94531
0.94306

14833
66804
17603
66684
13506

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.99653
0.99625
0.99595
0.99565
0.99533

42813
20519
88464
46750
95489

-0.24934
-0.24929
-0.24924
-0.24918
-0.24912

98618
68902
18540
47546
55938

1. 06614
1.06894
1. 07176
1. 07459
1. 07743

1726
6539
4232
4879
8555

0.94081
0.93857
0.93635
0.93413
0.93192

57528
98221
35046
67481
94997

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.99501
0.99467
0.99432
O. 99396
0.99360

34793
64779
85570
97288
00064

-0.24906
-0.24900
-0.24893
-0.24886
-0.24879

43727
10933
57573
83662
89219

1. 08fJ29 5334
1. 08316
1.08604
1. 08894
1. 09185

5293
8507
5053
5008

0.92973
0.92754
0.92536
0.92319
0.92103

17075
33196
42845
45510
40684

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.99321
0.99282
0.99242
0.99201
0.99158

94028
79320
56078
24449
84579

-0.24872
-0.24865
-0.24857
-0.24850
-0.24842

74263
38813
82887
06507
09693

1. 09477
1. 09771
1. 10066
1. 10363
1. 10660

8451
5458
6108
0481
8656

0.91888
0.91674
0.91460
0.9l248
0.91036

27858
06533
76209
36388
86582

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

O. 99115
0.99070
0.99025
0.98978
0.98930

36619
80728
17063
45790
67074

-0.24833
-0.24825
-0.24816
-0.24808
-0.24799

92466
54849
96860
18528
19870

1. 10960
1. 11260
1. 11562
1. 11866
1.12170

0714
6735
6800
0991
9391

0.90826
0.90616
0.90407
0.90199
O. 89992

26297
55048
72350
77725
70693

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.98881
0.98831
0.98780
O. 98728
0.98675

81089
88008
88010
81278
67998

-0.24790
-0.24780
-0.24771
-0.24761
-0.24751

00913
61685
02206
22500
22600

1. 12477 2082

O. 89786
0.89581
0.89376
0.89173
0.88970

50778
17511
70423
09048
32920

0.50

0.98621 48361

-0.24741 02526

1. 14030 2841

[(-46)1J

See Examples 1-2.

[(-1)3J
'Y =0.57721 56649

1.00755 0283

1.12784
1.13094
1. 13404
1. 13716

9147
0671
6738
7432

[( -46 )2J

0.88768 41584
[( -46 )2J

239

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

SINE, COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS

Table 5.1

x
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.49310
0.50268
0.51225
0.52179
0.53132

74180
77506
15212
84228
81492

-0. 17778
-0.16045
-0. 14355
-0. 12707
-0.11099

40788
32390
37358
07938
04567

0.45421
0.48703
0.51953
0.55173
0.58364

9'105
2167
0633
0'145
5931

0.55977
0.54782
0.53621
0.52495
0.51400

3595
2352
9798
1510
3886

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.54084
0.55033
0.55981
0.56926
0.57870

03951
48563
12298
92137
85069

-0.09529
-0.07998
-0.06503
-0. 05044
-0.03618

95274
55129
65744
14815
95707

0.61529
0.64667
0.67781
O. 70872
O. 73940

0657
7AI90
8642
5720
9764

0.50336
0.49301
0.48296
0.47317
0.46364

4081
9959
0034
3433
9849

0.60
0.61
O. b2
0.63
0.64

0.58812
0.59752
O. 60691
O. 61627
0.62561

88096
98233
12503
27944
41603

-0.02227
-0.00867
+0. 00460
O. 01758
O. 03026

07070
52486
59849
17424
03686

O. 76988
0.80015
O. 83022
O. 86011
0.88983

1290
0320
6417
8716
5949

0.45437
0.44535
0.43656
0.42799
0.41965

9503
3112
1854
7338
1581

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.63493
0.64423
0.65351
0.66277
0.67200

50541
51831
42557
19817
B0721

0.04264
0.05475
O. 06659
0.07815
0.08946

98293
77343
13594
76659
33195

0.91938
0.94877
0.97801
1. 00711
1. 03607

6468
B277
9042
6121
6576

0.41151
0.40358
0.39585
0.38830
0.38095

6976
6275
2563
9243
0010

0.70
O. 71
0.72
0.73
0.74

O. 68122
0.69041
0.69958
O. 70873
O. 71785

22391
41965
36590
03430
39660

0.10051
0.11131
0.12187
O. 13220
O. 14229

47070
79525
89322
32879
64404

1.06490
1. 09361
1.12220
1. 15068
1. 17905

719"5
4501
4777
4069
8208

0.37376
0.36675
0.35991
0.35323
0.34671

8843
9981
7914
7364
3279

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.72695
O. 73603
O. 74508
O. 75411
0.76311

42472
09067
36664
22494
63804

O. 15216
0.16180
O. 17123
0.18045
0.18946

36010
97827
98110
83335
9B290

1. 20733
1. 23551
1. 26360
1. 29161
1. 31954

2816
3319
4960
2805
1753

0.34034
0.33411
0.32803
0.32208
O. 31627

0813
5321
2346
7610
7004

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.77209
O. 78105
O. 78997
O. 79888
0.80776

57855
01921
93293
29277
07191

O. 19827
0.20688
0.21530
0.22352
0.23156

86160
88610
45859
96752
78824

1. 34739
1.37518
1. 40290
1.43056
1.45816

6548
17133
19JLO
1245
3978

0.31059
0.30504
0.29961
0.29429
0.28910

6579
2539
1236
9155
2918

0.85
0.86
O. B7
0.88
0.89

0.81661
0.82543
0.83423
0.84300
0.85175

24372
78170
65953
85102
33016

0.23942
0.24709
0.25459
0.26192
0.26907

28368
80486
69153
27264
86687

1. 48571
1. 51321
1. 54067
1. 56808
1.59546

41 i'6
5791
2664
85;14
70;16

0.28401
0.27904
0.27417
0.26941
0.26474

9269
5070
7301
3046
9496

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.86047
0.86916
0.87782
O. 88645
0.89506

07107
04808
23564
60839
14112

0.27606
0.28289
0.28955
0.29606
O. 30241

78305
32065
77018
41358
52458

1. 62281
1. 65012
1.67741
1.70467
1. 73191

1714
6019
3317
689l
9946

0.26018
0.25571
0.25133
0.24704
0.24285

3939
375B
6425
9501
0627

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.90363
0.91218
O. 92070
0.92919
0.93765

80880
58656
44970
37370
33420

O. 30861
0.31466
0.32056
0.32631
0.33193

36908
20547
28495
85183
14382

1. 75914
1.78635
1. 81355
1.84074
1. 86793

5612
6947
6941
8519
4543

0.23873
0.23470
0.23075
0.22689
0.22309

7524
7988
9890
1167
9826

1. 00

0.94608 30704

Si(x)

[( -:)4J

Ci(x)

O. 33740 39229

[( -65)5J

Ei(x)

1. 89511 7816

[( -55)4J

El(X)

0.21938 3934

[(-~)4J

240

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 5.1

SINE, COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1. 04

Si(x)
0.94608 30704
0.95448 26820
0.96285 19387
0.97119 06039
0.97949 84431

Ci(x)
0.33740 39229
0.34273 82254
0.34793 65405
0.35300 10067
0.35793 37091

Ei(x)
1.89511 7816
1.92230 1085
1. 94948 7042
1.97667 8325
2. 00387 7525

0.21938
0.21574
0.21217
0.20867
0.20523

3934
1624
1083
0559
8352

1. 05
1. 06
1. 07
1.08
1. 09

0.98777
0.99602
1. 00423
1. 01241
1. 02056

52233
07135
46846
69091
71617

O. 36273
0.36741
0.37196
0.37638
0.38069

66810
19060
13201
68132
02312

2.03108
2.05830
2.08554
2.11280
2.14007

7184
9800
7825
3672
9712

0.20187
0.19857
0.19533
0.19216
0.18904

2813
2347
5403
0479
6118

1.10
1.11
1. 12
1.13
1.14

1. 02868
1. 03677
1. 04482
1. 05284
1. 06083

52187
08583
38608
40082
10845

0.38487
0.38893
0.39288
0.39671
0.40043

33774
80142
58645
86134
79090

2.16737
2.19470
2.22205
2.24943
2.27684

8280
1672
2152
1949
3260

0.18599
O. 18299
0.18005
O. 17716
0.17433

0905
3465
2467
6615
4651

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

1. 06878
1. 07670
1.08459
1. 09244
1.10026

48757
51696
17561
44270
29760

0.40404
0.40754
0.41093
0.41421
0.41738

53647
25593
10390
23185
78816

2.30428
2.33176
2.35928
2.38684
2.41444

8252
9062
7800
6549
7367

0.17155
0.16882
0.16615
0.16352
0.16094

5354
7535
0040
1748
1567

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

1. 10804
1.11579
1. 12351
1. 13119
1. 13883

71990
68937
18599
18994
68160

0.42045
0.42342
0.42629
0.42906
0.43172

91829
76482
46760
16379
98802

2.44209
2.46978
2.49752
2.52531
2.55315

2285
3315
2442
1634
2836

0.15840
O. 15592
O. 15347
0.15108
0.14872

8437
1324
9226
1164
6188

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1. 29

1.14644
1. 15402
1. 16155
1. 16906
1.17652

64157
05063
88978
14023
78340

0.43430
0.43677
0.43915
0.44144
0.44363

07240
54665
53815
17205
57130

2.58104
2.60899
2.63700
2.66507
2. 69320

7974
8956
1673
5997
5785

0.14641
0.14414
0.14191
0.13971
0.13756

3373
1815
0639
8989
6032

1. 30
1. 31
1. 32
1. 33
1. 34

1.18395
1.19135
1. 19870
1. 20602
1. 21331

80091
17459
88649
91886
25418

0.44573
0.44775
0.44967
0.45151
v.45326

85675
14723
55955
20863
20753

2. 72139
2. 74965
2.77798
2.80637
2.83484

8880
7110
2287
6214
0677

0.13545
0.13337
O. 13133
0.12932
0.12735

0958
2975
1314
5224
3972

1.35
1. 36
1. 37
1. 38
1.39

1. 22055
1. 22776
1. 23493
1. 24207
1. 24916

87513
76460
90571
28180
87640

U.45492
n. 45650
0.45800
0.45941
0.46075

66752
69811
40711
90071
28349

2.86337
2.89198
2.92067
2.94943
2.97828

7453
8308
4997
9263
2844

O. 12541
0.12351
0.12164
0.11980
0.11799

6844
3146
2198
3337
5919

1. 40
1. 41
1. 42
1.43
1. 44

1. 25622
1. 26324
1. 27022
1. 27717
1. 28407

67328
65642
81004
11854
56658

O. 46200
0.46318
O. 46427
0.46529
0.46624

65851
12730
78995
74513
09014

3.00720
3.03621
3.06530
3.09448
3.12375

7464
4843
6691
4712
0601

0.11621
0.11447
0.11275
0.11106
0.10940

9313
2903
6090
8287
8923

1. 45
1. 46
1. 47
1. 48
1.49

1. 29094
1. 29776
1. 30455
1. 31130
1.31801

13902
82094
59767
45473
37788

0.46710
0.46790
0.46862
0.46927
0.46984

92094
33219
41732
26848
97667

3.15310
3.18255
3.21209
3.24172
3.27145

6049
2741
2355
6566
7042

0.10777
0.10617
0.10459
O. 10304
0.10151

7440
3291
5946
4882
9593

1.50

1.32468 35312

[(-46)5J

0.47035 63172

[( -;)2J

3.30128 5449

[( -;)1J

El(X)

0.10001 9582

[( -:)9J

241

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

SINE, COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS

Table 5.1

x
1.50
1.51
1. 52
1. 53
1. 54

1.32468
1. 33131
1.33790
1. 34445
1.35096

35312
36664
40489
45453
50245

0.47035
0.47079
0.47116
0.41146
0.47169

63172
32232
13608
15952
47815

3.30128
3.33121
3.36124
3.39131
3.42161

5449
3449
2701
4858
1576

0.10001
0.09854
0.09709
0.09566
0.09426

9582
4365
3466
6424
2786

1. 55
1. 56
1. 57
1. 58
1. 59

1.35743
1. 36386
1.37025
1.31660
1. 38291

53577
54183
50823
42275
27345

0.47186
0.47196
0.47200
0.47197
0.47188

17642
33785
04495
37932
42164

3.45195
3.48240
3.51296
3.54363
3.57442

4503
5289
5580
7024
1266

0.09288
0.09152
O. 09018
O. 08887
O. 08758

2108
3960
7917
3566
0504

1.60
1.61
1.62
1. 63
1.64

1. 38918
1. 39540
1.40159
1. 40773
1.41384

04859
73666
32640
80678
16698

0.47173
O. 47151
0.47124
0.47091
0.47052

25169
94840
58984
25325
01507

3.60531
3.63633
3.66746
3.69871
3. 73009

9949
4719
7221
9099
1999

O. 08630
0.08505
O. 08382
0.08261
O. 08142

8334
6670
5133
3354
0970

1. 65
1. 66

1. 41990
1.42592
1. 43190
1.43784
1. 44373

39644
48482
42202
19816
80361

0.47006
0.46956
0.46899
0.46837
0.46769

95096
13580
64372
54812
92169

3. 76158
3.79320
3.82495
3. 85682
3.88882

7569
1456
3.310
6783
9';28

0.08024
0.07909
0.07795
0.07683
0.07573

7627
2978
6684
8412
7839

1. 44959 22897

0.46696
0.46618
0.46534
0.46445
0.46351

83642
36359
57385
53716
32286

3.92096 3:201
3. 95322 9~62
3. 98562 9972
4. 01816 6:~95
4.05084 0400

0.07465
0.07358
O. 07253
0.07150
0.07048

4644
8518
9154
6255
9527

99967
63568
29839
05471
91097

4.08365
4.11660
4.14970
4.18294
4.21633

3659
71347
4645
5B6
2809

0.06948
0.06850
0.06753
0.06657
0.06563

8685
3447
3539
8691
8641

1.67
1.68
1. 69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1. 73
1.74

1. 75

Si(x)

1. 45540 46507
1. 46117 50299
1.46690 33404
1.47258 94974
1.47823 34189

Ci(X)

Ei(x)

E,(x)

1.76
1.77
1.78
1. 79

1. 48383 50249
1. 48939 42379
1.49491 09830
1. 50038 51872

0.46251
0.46147
O. 46038
0.45924
0.45804

1.80
1.81
1. 82
1.83
1. 84

1.50581
1.51120
1.51655
1.52185
1.52711

67803
56942
18633
52243
57165

0.45681
o. 45552
0.45419
0.45281
0.45139

11294
54585
33436
54262
23427

4.24986
4.28355
4. 31738
4.35137
4.38551

7557
1681
6B83
4B72
7364

O. 06471
0.06380
0.06290
0.06202
O. 06115

3129
1903
4715
1320
1482

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1. 89

1.53233
1.53750
1. 54263
1. 54772
1. 55277

32813
78626
94066
78621
31800

O. 44992
0.44841
0.44685
0.44526
0.44362

47241
31966
83813
08948
13486

4.41981
4.45427
4.48888
4.52366
4.55860

6080
2746
9(197
6B72
7817

0.06029
0.05945
O. 05862
0.05780
0.05699

4967
1545
0994
3091
7623

1.90
1. 91
1.92
1.93
1. 94

1. 55777 53137
1. 56273
1.56764
1. 57252
1. 57735

42192
98545
21801
11591

0.44194
0.44021
O. 43845
0.43665
0.43481

03497
85005
63991
46388
38088

4.59371
4. 62898
4.66442
4. 70003
4.73582

3687
62:42
7249
8485
1734

0.05620
0.05542
0.05465
0.05389
0.05314

4378
3149
3731
5927
9540

1.95
1.96
1. 97
1.98
1.99

1.58213
1. 58687
1. 59157
1.59623
1. 60084

67567
89407
76810
29502
47231

0.43293
0.43101
0.42906
0.42707
0.42504

44941
72752
27288
14273
39391

4. 77177
4.80791
4.84422
4.88071
4.91738

8785
1438
1501
0791
1131

0.05241
0.05169
0.05097
0.05027
0.04958

4380
0257
6988
4392
2291

2.00

1. 60541 29768
[( -46)5J

O. 42298 08288

[C -~)9J

4.95423 4356
-45)2J

[C

O. 04890 0511
-46)3J

[C

242

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

SINE, COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS

Table 5.1

x
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

Si(x)
1.60541 29768
1. 64869 86362
1.68762 48272
1.72220 74818
1. 75248 55008

Ci(x)
0.42298 08288
0.40051 19878
0.37507 45990
0.3471756175
0.31729 16174

1.34096
1.37148
1.39742
1.41917
1.43711

5420
6802
1992
1534
8315

O. 73079
O. 73843
0.74562
O. 75240

7234
1502
1132
2149
4829

2.5
2.6
2. 7
2.8
2.9

1. 77852
1.80039
1.81821
1. 83209
1.84219

01734
44505
20765
65891
01946

0.28587
0.25333
O. 22008
O. 18648
0.15289

11964
66161
48786
83896
53242

1.45162
1.46303
1.47166
1. 47780
1. 48174

5159
3397
2153
8187
6162

O. 75881
O. 76488
O. 77063
0.77610
O. 78130

4592
2722
6987
2123
0252

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.84865
1. 85165
1.85140
1. 84808
1.84191

25280
93077
08970
07828
39833

0.11962
O. 08699
0.05525
+0.02467
-0.00451

97860
18312
74117
82846
80779

1.48372
1. 48398
1.48274
1. 48017
1. 47646

9204
9691
0191
4491
8706

O. 78625
O. 79097
O. 79548
O. 79979
0.80391

1221
2900
1422
1408
6127

3.5
3.6
3. 7
3.8
3.9

1.83312
1. 82194
1.80862
1. 79339
1. 77650

53987
16809
03548
13604

-0.03212
-0. 05797
-0.08190
-0.10377
-0. 12349

85485
43519
10013
81504
93492

1. 47178
1.46625
1. 46003
1.45321
1. 44590

2389
9659
0313
0902
5765

0.80786
0.81165
0.81529
0.81878
0.82214

7661
7037
4342
8821
8967

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1. 75820
1. 73874
1.71836
1. 69731
1. 67583

31389
36265
85637
98507
39594

-0.14098
-0.15616
-0.16901
-0.17950
-0.18766

16979
53918
31568
95725
02868

1. 43820 8032
1.43020
1.42195
1. 41354
1.40501

0557
6813
1719
2424

0.82538
0.82849
0.83149
0.83439
0.83718

2600
6926
8602
3794
8207

4.5
4.6
4. 7
4.8
4.9

1.65414
1.63246
1.61100
1.58997
1.56955

04144
03525
51718
52782
89381

-0.19349
-0.19704
-0. 19839
-0.19760
-0. 19477

11221
70797
12468
36133
98060

1. 39641
1. 38780
1.37920
1.37066
1.36219

9030
5263
9093
3313
6054

0.83988
0.84249
0.84501
0.84745
O. 84982

7144
5539
7971
8721
1778

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1. 54993
1.53125
1. 51367
1.49731
1. 48230

12449
32047
09468
50636
00826

-0.19002
-0.18347
-0.17525
-0.16550
-0.15438

97497
62632
36023
59586
59262

1. 35383 1278
1. 34558 9212
1. 33748 6755
1.32953 7845
1.32175 3788

0.85211
0.85432
0.85648
0.85856
0.86059

0880
9519
0958
8275
4348

5.5
5.6
5. 7
5.8
5.9

1.46872
1.45666
1. 44619
1. 43735
1.43018

40727
83847
75285
91823
43341

-0.14205
-0.12867
-0.11441
-0.09944
-0.08393

29476
17494
07808
06647
26741

1.31414
1.30671
1.29947
1.29241
1.28555

3566
4107
0536
6395
3849

0.86256
O. 86447
0.86633
O. 86813
0.86989

1885
3436
1399
8040
5494

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1. 42468 75513
1.42086
1. 41870
1.41817
1. 41922

73734
68241
40348
29740

-0.06805
-0.05198
-0. 03587
-0. 01988
-0.00418

72439
25290
30193
82206
14110

1. 27888
1.27240
1.26612
1. 26002
1. 25411

3860
6357
0373
4184
5417

0.87160
0.87327
0.87489
0.87647
0.87801

5775
0793
2347
2150
1816

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.42179
1.42581
1. 43120
1.43786
1. 44570

42744
61486
53853
84161
24427

+0.01110
0.02582
O. 03985
0.05308
0.06539

15195
31381
54400
07167
23140

1.24839
1.24284
1.23748
1.23228
1.22726

1155
8032
2309
9952
6684

0.87951
0.88097
O. 88240
0.88379
0.88515

2881
6797
4955
8662
9176

7.0

1. 45459 66142

811~6

[( -/)5J

0.07669 52785

[( -84)4J

xe-XEi(x)

1.22240 8053

[( -/)6J

xeXE,(x)

o. 72265

O. 88648 7675

[( -65)6J

243

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

SINE, COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL

.,.

,,e-'Ei(,.)

Ci(r)

Si(r)

Tabl ..

INTEGRAL~

,J.]

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.45459
1. 46443
1.47508
1. 48643
1. 49834

66142
32441
90554
64451
47533

0.07669
0.08690
0.09595
0.10378
0.11035

52785
68881
70643
86664
76658

1.22240
1.21770
1.21316
1. 20877
1.20452

8053
9472
6264
3699
7026

:u,'E1(.1)
0.88648 7675
0.88778 5294
O. 88905 3119
O. 89029 2173
0.89150 3440

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

1.51068
1.52331
1. 53610
1.54893
1.56167

15309
37914
92381
74581
10702

0.11563
0.11959
0.12224
0.12358
0.12363

32032
75293
58319
59542
80071

1.20042
1. 19645
1. 19261
1.18890
1. 18531

1500
2401
5063
4881
7334

O. 89268
O. 89384
0.89497
0.89608
0.89717

7854
6312
9666
8737
4302

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

1.57418 68217
1.58636 66225
1.59809 85106
1.6092775419
1.61980 65968

0.12243
0.12001
0.11644
O. 11176
0.10607

38825
66733
00055
72931
09196

1.181847987
1. 17849 2509
1. 17524 6676
1.17210 6376
1. 16906 7617

0.89823
0.89927
0.90029
O. 90129
0.90227

7113
7888
7306
6033
4695

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

1.62959 70996
1.63856 96454
1.6466545309
1.65379 21861
1.65993 35052

0.09943 13586
O. 09193 62396
0.08367 93696
0.0747597196
0.06528 03850

1.16612
1.16327
1.16052
1.15785
1.15526

6526
9354
2476
2390
5719

0.90323 3900
0.90417 4228
O. 90509 6235
O. 90600 0459
0.906887415

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

1.66504
1. 66908
1.67204
1.67392
1.67472

00758
43056
94480
95283
91725

0.05534
O. 04506
0.03455
0.02391
0.01325

75313
93325
49134
33045
24187

1.15275
1.15032
1.14797
1. 14568
1.14347

9209
9724
4251
9889
3855

0.90775 7602
0.90861 1483
0.909449530
0.91027 2177
O. 911 07 9850

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

1.67446
1. 67315
1.67084
1.66756
1.66338

33423
69801
45697
96169
40566

+0.00267
-0.00770
-0.01780
-0.02751
-0.03676

80588
70361
40977
91811
39563

1.14132
1. 13923
1.13720
1. 13524
1.13332

3476
6185
9523
1130
8746

0.91187
0.91265
0.91341
0.91416
0.91490

10.0

1.65834 75942

[(-i) I]

-0.04545 64330

[(-i)2]

1.13147 0205

[(-g) 2]

2958
1897
7043
8766
7418

0.91563 3339

[(-g)4]

Table 5.2
SINE, COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS FOR LARGE AR(;UMENTS
.t- I

.,.2g(.,.)

.1'1(")

.,.e-'Ei(.,.)

.I'I"EI(.')

<.t:>

0.100
0.095
O. 090
0.085
0.080

0.98191 0351
0.983534427
O. 98509 9171
0.98660 1776
0.98803 9405

0.94885 39
0.95323 18
0.9574844
0.96160 17
0.96557 23

1.13147
1.12249
1. 11389
1. 10564
1.09773

021
671
377
739
775

0, 91563 33394
0.9192568286
O. 92293 15844
0,9266590998
0.9304409399

10
11
11
12
13

0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055

0.98940
0.99070
0.99193
0.99308
0.99415

9188
8244
3695
2682
2385

0.96938 56
0.97302 98
0.97649 35
0.9797647
0.98283 17

1. 09014 087

0.9342787466
0.9381742450
0.94212 92486
0.94614 56670
0.95022 55126

13
14
15
17
18

O. 050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

0.99514
0.99604
O. 99685
0.99758
0.99821

0052
3013
8722
4771
8937

0.9856824
0.98830 52
0.9906881
0.99282 12
0.99469 37

1. 05595 591
640
194
135
503

0.95437 09099
0.9585841038
0.96286 74711
0.96722 35311
0.97165 49596

20
22
25
29
33

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005

0.998759204
0.999203795
0.99955 1207
0.99980 0239
O. 99995 0015

0.99629
0.99761
0.99865
0.99940
0.99985

57
89
60
12
01

1.02635451
1. 02085 228
1.01547 157
1.01020625
1. 00505 077

0.9761646031
0.98075 54965
0.98543 08813
0.99019 42287
0.9950492646

40
50
67
100
200

0.000

1. 00000 0000

1. 00000 00

1.00000 000

1.00000 00000

co

[(-g)1]
Si (,.) ~

[(-l)4]

2-1 (.1') cos .1-.'1(") sin .,.

2~ 1.57079 63268
See Example 3.

1.08283
1.07578
1. 06896
1. 06236
1.04972
1. 04366
1. 03775
1. 03198

054
038
548
365

[( -g) 5]

Ci(t)~ 1 (r)
<:r>~nearest

[(-g)l]

sin .1'-.'1(.1) cos .r

integer to .,..

244

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 5.3
x
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

SINE AND COSINE INTEGRALS FOR ARGUMENTS ".x

Cin(",r)

Si("x)
0.00000
0.31244
0.61470
0.89718
1.15147
1. 37076
1.55023
1.68729
1.78166
1. 83523

Si(..x)

a;

Cin(".,r)

00
18
01
92
74
22
35
94
12
65

0.00000
0.02457
0.09708
0.21400
0.36970
0.55679
O. 76666
0.98995
1.21719
1.43932

00
28
67
75
10
77
63
93
42
68

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.63396
1.63088
1.62211
1. 60871
1.59212
1.57408
1.55635
1.54064
1.52839
1.52065

48
98
92
21
99
24
75
82
53
96

3.32742
3.36670
3.40335
3.43582
3.46297
3.48419
3.49941
3.50911
3.51426
3.51619

23
50
81
68
82
47
45
89
89
81

1. 85193 70

1.64827
1.83737
2.00168
2.13821
2.24595
2.32581
2.38040
2.41370
2.43067
2.43680

75
48
51
22
41
82
96
98
75
30

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.51803
1.52060
1.52794
1.53921
1.55318
1.56843
1. 58344
1.59679
1.60723
1.61383

39
20
77
04
17
12
97
62
30
85

3.51647
3.51674
3.51857
3.52330
3.53192
3.54500
3.56264
3.58447
3.60972
3.63727

44
38
25
06
30
55
55
72
10
15

34
23
73
95
47
40
53
59
93
41

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

1.61608
1.61388
1.60756
1.59785
1.58578
1.57257
1.55954
1.54794
1.53885
1.53309

55
08
18
21
13
88
96
81
84
50

3.66581
3.69395
3.72034
3. 74385
3.76362
3. 77914
3.79032
3. 79749
3.80131
3.80274

26
05
97
98
13
01
64
22
21
91

1.83732
1. 79815
1.74191
1. 67621
1. 60837
1. 54487
1. 49103
1. 45072
1. 42621

28
90
10
68
27
36
51
37
05

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1. 41815 16
1. 42569 13
1. 44667
1. 47794
1.51568
1. 55583
1.59441
1.62792
1. 65355
1.66945

38
03
40
10
60
16
62
05

2.43765
2.43844
2.44365
2.45676
2.48004
2.51446
2.55975
2.61452
2.67647
2. 74269

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.67476
1. 66968
1.65535
1.63369
1.60721
1.57870
1.55099
1. 52667
1.50788
1.49612

18
11
02
82
88
92
62
49
19
20

2.80993
2.87498
2.93491
2.98737
3.03074
3.06427
3.08807
3.10310
3.11100
3.11393

76
49
77
63
73
25
51
38
53
95

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

1.53113
1.53306
1.53860
1.54713
1.55776
1.56940
1.58091
1.59117
1.59922
1.60433

13
26
67
99
52
54
06
06
11
29

3.80295
3.80315
3.80453
3.80812
3.81467
3.82466
3.83818
3.85496
3.87444
3.89576

56
83
88
16
97
68
15
61
05
52

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.49216
1.49599
1.50687
1.52343
1. 54382
1. 56593
1.58755
1.60664
1.62147
1.63080

12
24
40
40
74
04
15
04
45
69

3.11435
3.11475
3.11746
3.12441
3.13699
3.15595
3.18134
3.21256
3.24843
3.28734

65
82
60
61
91
79
84
74
85
92

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

1.60607
1.60435
1.59942
1.59180
1. 58232
1. 57191
1. 56161
1.55241
1.54519
1.54059

69
85
00
91
00
16
12
46
00
74

3.91792
3.93984
3.96047
3.97890
3.99443
4.00666
4.01551
4.02119
4.02422
4.02537

84
77
61
22
58
94
22
22
80
29

5.0

1.63396 48

3.32742 23

10.0

[(-:)5J

[(-:)6J

1. 53902 91

4.02553 78

[(-i)7J

[(-i)7J

Ci(u)='Y+ln ,,.+In x-Cin("'J:)

'Y+ln ".=1.72194 55508
Si(n,,) are maximum values of Si(x) if n>O is odd, and minimum values if n>O is even.

[(n+~) "J,are maximum values of Ci(,r) if n>O is even, and minimum values if n>O is
,,(-I)n[1--
2' +-.
4' - ... ] (n-->w)
odd. We have
Si(n".)----2
4

Ci

nor

c;[H}J-(~-:~~ [1

".2

2!

,.4

4!

ly

(n+ 2It ".2 +( n+ 2

.. "]
".4

(n~.)

245

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS En{x)

x

Ez(x) -x In x

E3(X)

E4(X)

Table 5.4
BlO(X)

Ezo(x)

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.00000
0.99572
0.99134
0.98686
0.98229

00
22
50
87
39

0.50000
0.49027
0.48096
0.47199
0.46332

00
66
83
77
39

0.33333
0.32838
0.32352
0.31876
0.31408

33
24
64
19
55

0.11111
0.10986
0.10863
0.10742
0.10622

11
82
95
46
36

0.05263
0.05207
0.05153
0.05099
0.05045

16
90
21
11
58

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.97762
0.97285
0.96798
0.96301
0.95795

11
08
34
94
93

0.45491
0.44676
0.43883
0.43111
0.42360

88
09
27
97
96

0.30949
0.30498
0.30055
0.29620
0.29193

45
63
85
89
54

0.10503
0.10386
0.10270
O. 10155
0.10042

63
24
18
44
00

0.04992
0.04940
0.04888
0.04837
0.04786

60
19
33
02
24

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.95280
0.94755
0.94220
0.93676
0.93123

35
26
71
72
36

0.41629
0.40915
0.40219
0.39539
0.38876

15
57
37
77
07

0.28713
0.28360
0.27955
0.27556
0.27164

61
90
24
46
39

0.09929
0.09818
0.09709
0.09600
0.09493

84
96
34
95
80

0.04736
0.04686
0.04637
0.04588
0.04540

00
29
10
43
27

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.92560
0.91988
0.91407
0.90817
0.90217

67
70
48
06
50

0.38227
0.37593
0.36974
0.36367
0.35774

61
80
08
95
91

0.26778
0.26399
0.26026
0.25660
0.25299

89
79
96
26
56

0.09387
0.09,283
0.09179
0.091377
0.08975

86
12
56
18
95

0.04492
0.04445
0.04398
0.04352
0.04306

62
47
82
66
98

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.89608
0.88991
0.88364
0.87728
0.87083

82
09
33
60
93

0.35194
0.34626
0.34070
O. 33525
0.32991

53
38
05
18
42

0.24944
0.24595
0.24252
0.23914
0.23581

72
63
16
19
62

0.08B7587
0.08776 93
0.08679 10
0.08582 38
0.08486 75

0.04261
0.04217
0.04172
0.04129
0.04085

79
07
82
03
71

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.86430
0.85767
0.85096
0.84416
0.83728

37
97
76
78
08

0.32468
0.31955
0.31453
0.30960
0.30477

41
85
43
86
87

0.23254
0.22932
0.22615
0.22303
0.21995

32
21
17
11
93

O. 08:~92
O. 08;~98
O. 08;~06
0.08114
0.08024

20
72
30
92
57

0.04042
0.04000
0.03958
0.03916
0.03875

85
43
46
93
84

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.83030
0.82324
0.81610
0.80886
0.80155

71
69
07
90
21

0.30004
0.29539
0.29083
0.28636
0.28197

18
56
74
52
65

0.21q93
0.21395
0.21102
0.20814
0.20529

52
81
70
11
94

O. 07(J35
0.07846
0.07759
0.07673
0.07!i87

24
93
60
27
90

0.03835
0.03794
0.0:3755
0.03715
0.03676

18
95
15
76
78

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.79415
O. 78666
0.77909
0.77144
O. 76370

04
44
43
07
39

0.27766
0.27344
0.26929
0.26521
0.26121

93
16
13
65
55

0.20250
0.19974
0.19703
0.19435
0.19172

13
58
22
97
76

0.07!i03 50
0.07420 06
0.01337 55
0.On55 97
0.07lL7531

0.03638
0.03600
0.03562
0.03524
0.03487

22
06
31
95
98

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

O. 75588
O. 74798
O. 73999
O. 73193
O. 72378

43
23
82
24
54

0.25728
0.25342
0.24963
0.24591
0.24225

64
76
73
41
63

0.18913
0.18658
0.18406
0.18158
0.17914

52
16
64
87
79

0.07095 57
0.07016 71
0.06938 75
0.06B6167
0.06785 45

0.03451
0.03415
0.03379
0.03343
0.03308

40
21
39
96
89

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.71555
0.70724
0.69886
0.69039
0.68184

75
91
05
21
43

0.23866
0.23513
0.23166
0.22825
0.22489

25
13
12
08
90

0.17674
0.17437
0.17204
0.16974
0.16747

33
44
05
10
53

0.06710
0.06635
O. 06~i61
0.06489
0.00417

0.03274
0.03239
0.03205
O. 03172
0.03139

20
87
90
29
03

0.50

0.67321 75

[( -;)1J

See Examples 4-6.

0.22160 44

[< -:)5J

0.16524 28

[< -t)lJ

09
58
91
07
04

0.06;i45 83
--36

[<

)2J

0.03106 12

[( -i)7J

246

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

EXPO~ENTIAL

Table 5.4

INTEGRALS E,,(x)

x
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.32664
0.32110
0.31568
0.31038
0.30518

39
62
63
07
62

0.22160
0.21836
0.21518
0.21205
0.20897

44
57
18
16
39

0.16524
0.16304
0.16087
0.15873
0.15663

28
30
53
92
41

0.06345
0.06275
0.06205
0.06136
0.06068

83
42
80
96
89

0.03106
0.03073
0.03041
0.03009
0.02917

12
56
34
46
91

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.30009
0.29511
0.29023
0.28545
0.28077

96
79
82
78
39

0.20594
0.20297
0.20004
0.19716
0.19433

75
15
48
64
53

0.15455
0.15251
0.15050
0.14851
0.14655

96
50
00
39
65

0.06001
0.05935
0.05869
0.05804
0.05739

59
05
25
19
86

0.02946
0.02915
0.02885
0.02855
0.02825

70
81
25
01
08

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.21618
0.27168
0.26727
0.26295
0.25871

39
55
61
35
54

0.19155
0.18881
0.18611
0.18346
0.18085

06
14
66
56
73

0.14462
0.14272
0.14085
0.13900
0.13718

71
53
07
28
13

0.05676
0.05613
0.05551
0.05489
0.05428

26
36
18
69
89

0.02795
0.02766
0.02737
0.02708
0.02680

48
18
19
50
12

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.25455
0.25048
0.24648
0.24256
0.23872

97
44
74
67
06

0.17829
0.17576
0.17328
0.17083
0.16842

10
58
10
58
94

0.13538
0.13361
0.13187
0.13014
0.12845

55
53
01
95
33

0.05368
0.05309
0.05250
0.05192
0.05134

77
33
55
43
97

0.02652
0.02624
0.02596
0.02569
0.02542

04
25
75
54
62

0.70
0.71
O. 72
0.73
0.74

0.23494
0.23124
0.22761
0.22404
0.22054

71
46
14
57
61

0.16606
0.16373
0.16143
0.15917
0.15695

12
03
60
78
49

0.12678
0.12513
0.12350
0.12190
0.12032

08
19
61
31
24

0.05078
0.05021
0.04966
0.04911
0.04857

15
96
40
47
15

0.02515
0.02489
0.02463
0.02437
0.02412

98
62
53
72
19

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.21711
0.21373
0.21042
0.20717
0.20398

09
88
82
77
60

0.15476
0.15261
0.15049
0.14840
0.14634

67
25
17
37
79

0.11876
0.11722
0.11571
0.11421
0.11274

38
70
15
70
33

0.04803
0.04750
0.04697
0.04645
0.04594

44
33
81
88
53

0.02386
0.02361
0.02337
0.02312
0.02288

92
91
17
69
46

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.20085
0.19777
0.19475
0.19178
0.18886

17
36
04
10
41

0.14432
D.14233
0.14036
0.13843
0.13653

38
07
81
55
24

0.11129
0.10985
0.10844
0.10704
0.10567

00
67
33
93
44

0.04543
0.04493
0.04443
0.04394
0.04346

76
56
91
82
28

0.02264
D.02240
0.02217
0.02194
0.02171

49
78
31
08
11

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.18599
O. 18318
0.18041
0.17769
0.17502

86
33
73
94
87

0.13465
0.13281
0.13099
0.12920
0.12744

81
22
43
37
01

0.10431
O. 10298
0.10166
0.10036
0.09907

85
12
22
12
80

0.04298
0.04250
0.04203
0.04157
0.04111

29
82
89
49
60

0.02148
0.02125
0.02103
0.02081
0.02059

37
87
61
58
78

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.17240
0.16982
0.16728
0.16479
0.16234

41
47
95
77
82

0.12570
0.12399
0.12230
0.12064
0.11901

30
19
63
59
02

0.09781
0.09656
0.09533
0.09411
0.09291

23
39
24
77
94

0.04066
0.04021
0.03976
0.03933
0.03889

22
35
98
11
73

0.02038
0.02016
0.01995
0.01974
0.01954

21
87
75
86
18

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.15994
0.15757
0.15524
0.15295
0.15070

04
32
59
78
79

0.11739
0.11581
0.11424
0.11270
0.11118

88
13
72
63
80

0.09173
0.09057
0.08942
0.08828
0.08716

74
13
11
63
69

0.03846
0.03804
0.03762
0.03720
0.03679

83
41
46
98
96

0.01933
0.01913
0.01893
0.01873
0.01854

72
47
44
62
01

1.00

0.14849 55

E2(X)

[(-t)IJ

E3(X)

E4(X)

0.10969 20

[(-36)7J

EIO(X)

0.08606 25

[( -36)4J

0.03639 40

[( -36)1J

E20(X)

0.01834 60

[(-;)4J

247

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS En(x)
;1:

E2(.r)

E:I(.I')

E4(.1')

Table 5.4.

ElO('t)

E20(./')

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

0.14849
0.14631
0.14418
0.14207
0.14000

55
99
04
63
68

0.10969 20
0.10821 79
0.1067654
0.1053342
0.10392 38

0.08606
0.08497
0.08389
0.08283
0.08179

25
30
81
76
13

0.03639
0.03599
0.03559
0.03520
0.03481

40
29
63
41
63

0.01834
0.01815
0.01796
0.01777
0.01758

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

0.13797
0.13596
0.13399
0.13206
0.13015

13
91
96
22
62

0.10253
0.10116
0.09981
0.09848
0.09717

39
43
45
42
31

0.08075 90
0.07974 06
0.07873 57
0.07774 42
0.0767659

0.03443
0.03405
0.03367
0.03330
0.03294

28
35
85
77
10

0.01740 57
0.01722 35
0.01704 33
0.0168649
0.0166884

1.10
1.11
1. 12
1.13
1.14

0.12828
0.12643
0.12462
0.12283
0.12107

11
62
10
50
75

0.09588
0.09460
0.09335
0.09211
0.09089

09
74
21
49
53

0.07580
0.07484
0.07390
0.07298
0.07206

07
83
85
12
61

0.03257
0.03221
0.03186
0.03151
0.03116

84
98
52
45
78

0.01651
0.01634
0.01616
0.01600
0.01583

37
09
99
07
33

1.15
1.16
1.17
1. 18
1. 19

0.11934
0.11764
0.11597
0.11432
0.11270

81
62
14
08

0.08969
0.08850
0.08734
0.08618
0.08505

32
83
02
88
37

0.07116
0.07027
0.06939
0.06852
0.06766

32
22
30
53
91

0.03082 49
0.03048 58
0.03015 05
0.02981 89
0.0294910

0.01566
0.01550
0.01534
0.01518
0.01502

76
37
14
09
21

1.20
1. 21
1.22
1.23
1. 24

0.11110 41
0.10953 25
0.1079855
0.10646 27
0.10496 37

0.08393
0.08283
0.08174
0.08067
0.07961

47
15
39
17
46

0.06682
0.06599
0.06516
0.06435
0.06355

42
04
75
55
40

0.02916
0.02884
0.02852
0.02821
0.02790

68
61
90
55
54

0.01486
0.01470
0.01455
0.01440
0.01425

49
94
55
32
26

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

0.10348
0.10203
0.10060
0.09919
0.09781

81
53
51
70
06

0.07857
0.07754
0.07653
0.07553
0.07454

23
47
16
26
76

0.06276
0.06198
0.06121
0.06045
0.05970

31
25
22
19
15

0.02759
0.02729
0.02699
0.02669
0.02640

88
55
57
91
59

0.01410
0.01395
0.01381
0.01366
0.01352

35
59
00
55
26

1. 30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

0.09644
0.09510
0.09377
0.09247
0.09119

55
15
80
47
13

0.07357
0.07261
0.07167
0.07074
0.06982

63
86
42
29
46

0.05896
0.05822
0.05750
0.05679
0.05609

09
99
85
64
36

0.02611
0.02582
0.02554
0.02526
0.02498

59
91
55
51
78

0.01338
0.01324
0.01310
0.01296
O. 01283

11
12
27
57
01

1.35
1. 36
1. 37
1.38
1.39

0.08992
0.08868
0.08745
0.08624
0.08506

75
29
71
99
10

0.06891
0.06802
0.06714
0.06627
0.06542

91
60
53
68
03

0.05539
0.05471
0.05403
0.05337
0.05271

98
51
93
22
37

0.02471
0.02444
0.02417
0.02390
0.02364

35
23
41
88
65

0.01269
0.01256
0.01243
0.01230
0.01217

59
31
17
17
31

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

0.08388
0.08273
0.08160
0.08048
0.07937

99
65
04
13
89

0.06457
0.06374
0.06292
0.06211
0.06131

55
24
07
04
11

0.05206
0.05142
0.05078
0.05016
0.04954

37
22
89
37
66

0.02338
0.02313
0.02287
0.02262
0.02237

72
06
70
61
80

0.01204
0.01191
0.01179
0.01167
0.01154

58
98
52
19
99

1.45
1.46
1. 47
1.48
1. 49

0.07829
0.07722
0.07616
0.07513
0.07410

30
33
94
13
85

0.06052
0.05974
0.05897
0.05822
0.05747

27
52
82
17
55

0.04893
0.04833
0.04774
0.04715
0.04657

74
61
25
65
80

0.02213
0.02189
0.02165
0.02141
0.02117

27
01
01
28
82

0.01142
0.01130
0.01119
0.01107
0.01095

91
96
14
44
86

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

0.07310
0.07210
0.07112
0.07016
0.06921

08
80
98
60
64

0.05673
0.05601
0.05529
0.05459
0.05389

95
35
73
08
39

0.04600
0.04544
0.04488
0.04433
0.04379

70
32
67
72
48

0.02094
0.02071
0.02048
0.02026
0.02004

61
67
97
53
33

0.01084
0.01073
0.01061
0.01050
0.01039

40
07
85
75
77

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

0.06828
0.06735
0.06645
0.06555
0.06467

07
87
02
49
26

0.05320
0.05252
0.05185
0.05119
0.05054

64
83
92
92
81

0.04325
0.04273
0.04220
0.04169
0.04118

93
07
87
35
47

0.01982
0.01960
0.01939
0.01917
0.01896

38
67
21
98
98

0.01028
0.01018
0.01007
0.00996
0.00986

90
15
50
97
56

1.60

0.06380 32

:n

[C-~)5]

0.04990 57

0.04068 25

[C-~)3]

[C-~)2]

0.01876 22

[C-I)6]

60
39
39
59
98

0.00976 24

[C -I) 3]

248

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS En(x)

Table 5.4

E2(.r)

'"

E;j(.l')

E4(J:)

ElO(.l')

E20(.1)

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

0.0638032
0.06294 64
0.06210 20
0.06126 98
0.06044 97

0.0499057
0.04927 20
0.04864 67
0.0480299
0.04742 13

0.04068
0.04018
0.03969
0.03921
0.03873

25
66
70
36
64

0.01876
0.01855
0.01835
0.01815
0.01795

22
68
38
30
43

0.00976
0.00966
0.00955
0.00945
0.00936

24
04
95
96
07

1.65
1.66
l. 67
l. 68
1.69

0.05964 13
0.0588446
0.0580594
0.05728 54
0.05652 26

0.04682 09
0.04622 84
0.04564 39
0.04506 72
0.0444982

0.03826 52
0.0377999
0.0373406
0.03688 70
0.03643 92

0.01775
0.01756
0.01737
0.01718
0.01699

79
37
16
16
37

0.00926
0.00916
0.00907
0.00897
0.00888

29
61
03
56
18

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

0.05577
0.05502
0.05429
O. 05357
0.05286

06
94
88
86
86

0.04393
0.04338
0.04283
0.04229
0.04176

0.03599
0.03556
0.03512
0.03470
0.03428

70
04
93
37
34

0.01680
0.01662
0.01644
0.01626
0.01608

79
42
24
27
50

0.0087890
0.00869 72
0.00860 63
0.00851 64
0.00842 74

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

0.05216
0.05147
0.05079
0.05012
0.04946

87
88
86
81
70

0.0412393
0.04072 11
0.04020 97
0.03970 51
0.03920 71

0.03386 84
0.03345 86
0.03305 39
0.0326544
0.03225 98

0.01590
0.01573
0.01556
0.01539
0.01522

92
54
34
34
53

0.00833
0.00825
0.00816
0.00808
0.00799

94
22
60
07
63

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

0.04881
0.04817
0.04753
0.04691
0.04629

53
27
92
46
87

0.03871
0.03823
0.03775
0.03728
0.03681

57
08
22
00
39

0.03187
0.03148
0.03110
0.03073
0.03035

0.01505 90
0.0148945
0.01473 18
0.01457 10
0.01441 19

0.00791
0.00783
0.00774
0.00766
0.00758

28
02
84
74
74

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

0.04569
0.04509
0.04450
0.04392
0.04334

15
28
24
03
63

0.03635
0.03590
0.03545
0.03501
0.03457

40
01
21
00
37

0.02999 41
0.02963 28
0.02927 61
0.02892 38
0.0285759

0.01425
0.01409
0.01394
0.01379
0.01364

46
90
51
29
24

0.0075081
0.00742 97
0.00735 21
0.00727 53
0.00719 93

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93.
1.94

0.04278
0.04222
0.04167
0.04112
0.04059

03
22
18
91
38

0.03414 30
0.03371 80
0.03329 86
0.0328846
0.03247 59

0.02823
0.02789
0.02755
0.02722
0.02690

23
30
79
70
02

0.01349
0.01334
0.01320
0.01305
0.01291

35
63
07
67
43

0.00712
0.00704
0.00697
0.00690
0.00683

42
98
62
33
12

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

0.0400660
0.03954 55
0.03903 22
0.03852 59
0.03802 67

0.03207
0.03167
0.03128
0.03089
0.03051

27
46
17
39
12

0.02657 75
0.02625 87
0.0259440
0.02563 31
0.02532 61

0.01277
0.01263
0.01249
0.01236
0.01222

34
41
64
01
54

0.00675
0.00668
0.00661
0.00655
0.00648

99
93
95
04
20

2.00

0.0375343

0.03013 34

0.02502 28

0.01209 21

0.00641 43

[( -l)8]

[( -l)3]

[( -l)l]

[(-~)2]

Table 5.5

67
27
61
67
45

[(-~)1]

02
55
56
04
99

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS En(x) FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

x-I

(.I:+2)e'E2(J:)

(.r+3)e XE~(",)

(J:+4)e X E4(x)

0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10

1.10937
1.09750
1.08533
1.07292
1.06034
1.04770
1.03522
1.02325
1.01240

1.11329
1.10285
1.09185
1.08026
1.06808
1.05536
1.04222
1.02895
1.01617

1.10937
1.10071
1.09136
1.08125
1.07031
1.05850
l. 04584
1. 03247
1.01889

1.07219
1.06926
1.06586
1. 06187
1.05712
1.05138
1.04432
1.03550
1.02436

1.04270
1.04179
1.04067
1.03932
1. 03762
1.03543
1.03249
1.02837
1.02222

2
2
3
3
3
4
5
7
10

0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

1.01045
1.00861
1.00688
1.00528
1.00384
1.00258
1.00152
1.00071
1.00019
1.00000

1.01377
1.01147
1.00927
1.00721
1.00531
1.00361
1.00217
1.00103
1.00027
1.00000

1.01624
1.01366
1.01116
1. 00878
1.00654
1.00451
1.00275
1.00133
1.00036
1. 00000

1.02182
1.01917
1.01642
1.01360
1. 01074
1.00790
1. 00516
1.00271
1.00081
1.00000

1.02060
1.01883
1.01688
1.01472
1.01234
1.00973
1.00692
1. 00401
1.00137
1.00000

11
13
14
17
20
25
33
50
100

[(-t)l]

[( -t)3]

[(-t)3]

[(-t)l]

[(-t)7]

(x+l0)e X ElO(X) (x+20)eX Ezo(J:)

<I:>=nearest integer to .r.

<x>

00

249

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

TaMe 5.6

zezEl (z)
.I

fll

y\x

-19

91

.I

-18

.I

Y1

-17

.I

fll

-16

!It

.I

-15

0
1
2
3
4

1.059305
1.059090
1.058456
1.057431
1.056058

0.000000
0.003539
0.007000
0.010310
0.013410

1.063087
1.062827
1.062061
1.060829
1.059190

0.000001
0.004010
0.007918
0.011633
0.015079

1.067394
1.067073
1.066135
1.064636
1.062657

0.000002
0.004584
0.009032
0.013226
0.017075

1.072345
1.071942
1.070774
1.068925
1.066508

0.000006
0.005296
0.010403
0.015172
0.019486

1.078103
1.077584
1.076102
1.073783
1.070793

5
6
7
8
9

1.054391
1.052490
1.050413
1.048217
1.045956

0.016252
0.018806
0.021055
0.022996
0.024637

1.057215
1.054981
1.052565
1.050037
1.047458

0.018202
0.020969
0.023364
0.025391
0.027066

1.060297
1.057655
1.054829
1.051905
1.048958

0.020512
0.023505
0.026044
0.028141
0.029824

1.063659
1.060510
1.057187
1.053795
1.050421

0.023272
0.026499
0.029167
0.031306
0.032960

1.067318 0.026598
1.063538 0.030055
1.059610 0.032823
1.055664 0.034957
1.051797 0.036527

10
11
12
13
14

1.043672
1.041402
1.039177
1.037018
1.034942

0.025993
0.027086
0.027940
0.028581
0.029034

1.044880
1.042345
1.039882
1.037515
1.035259

0.028412
0.029461
0.030245
0.030796
0.031148

1.046045
1.043212
1.040490
1.037901
1.035456

0.031130
0.032102
0.032781
0.033211
0.033431

1.047129
1.043967
1.040965
1.038140
1.035501

0.034183
0.035034
0.035567
0.035836
0.035888

1.048081
1.044559
1.041259
1.038192
1.035359

0.037609
0.038282
0.038616
0.038677
0.038520

15
16
17
18
19

1.032959
1,031076
1.029296
1.027620
1.026046

0.029326
0,029477
0.029511
0.029445
0.029296

1.033123
1.031110
1.029222
1.027456
1.025809

0.031330
0,031368
0.031288
0.031110
0.030854

1.033162
1,031019
1.029025
1.027174
1.025459

0.033476
0.033377
0.033162
0.032855
0.032474

1.033049
1.030780
1.028685
1.026756
1.024981

0.035765
0.035502
0.035129
0.034672
0.034150

1.032754
1.030365
1.028180
1.026183
1.024360

0.038193
0.037735
0.037179
0.036552
0.035873

20

1.024570

0.029080

1.024275

0,030534

1.023872

0.032037

1.023349

0,033582

1.022695

0.035160

1.084892
1.084200
1.082276
1.079313
1.075560

0.000037
0.007359
0.014306
0.020604
0.026075

1.093027
1.092067
1.089498
1.085635
1.080853

0.000092
0.008913
0.017161
0.024471
0.030637

1.102975
1.101566
1.098025
1.092873
1.086686

0.000232
0.011063
0.020981
0.029507
0.036422

1.115431
1.113230
1.108170
1.101137
1.093013

0.000577
0.014169
0.026241
0.036189
0.043843

1.131470
1.127796
1.120286
1.110462
1.099666

1.071279
1.066708
1.062046
1.057448
1.053021

0.030642
0.034303
0.037117
0.039174
0.040580

1.075522
1.069960
1.064412
1.059054
1.053997

0.035599
0.039405
0.042169
0,044041
0.045176

1.079985
1.073185
1.066578
1.060352
1.054606

0.041724
0.045552
0.048115
0,049644
0.050359

1.084526
1.076197
1.068350
1.061159
1.054687

0.049336
0.052967
0.055093
0.056057
0.056158

1.088877 0.058817
1.078701 0.061886
1.069450 0.063225
1.061235 0,063322
1.054046 0.062566

10
11
12
13
14

1.048834
1.044928
1.041320
1.038010
1.034989

0.041444
0.041867
0.041938
0.041734
0.041321

1.049303
1.044997
1.041080
1.037537
1.034344

0.045719
0.045801
0.045531
0.044999
0.044277

1.049380
1.044674
1.040464
1.036713
1.033378

0.050452
0.050084
0.049384
0.048452
0.047365

1.048933
1.043853
1.039389
1.035473
1.032040

0.055640
0.054695
0.053465
0.052056
0.050547

1.047807
1.042417
1.037766
1.033752
1.030282

15
16
17
18
19

1.032241
1.029747
1.027486
1.025437
1.023580

0.040751
0.040066
0.039301
0.038481
0.037629

1.031474
1.028895
1.026579
1.024499
1.022628

0.043422
0.042477
0.041475
0.040444
0.039401

1.030414
1.027781
1.025438
1.023352
1.021489

0.046180
0.044941
0.043679
0.042417
0.041170

1.029026
1.026377
1.024043
1.021981
1.020155

0.048991
0.047428
0.045883
0.044374
0.042912

1.027274 0.051808
1.024658 0.049894
1.022375 0.048049
1.020375 0.046282
1.018617 0.044599

20

1.021896

0.036759

1.020942

0.038361

1.019824

0.039950

1.018533

0.041505

1.017066

y\x
0
1
2
3
4

y\x

-14

-13

-7

-8

-9

-12

-11

0.000014
0.006195
0.012118
0.017579
0.022432

-10

-6

0.001426
0.018879
0.033700
0.045218
0.053451

0.061249
0.059584
0.057719
0.055758
0.053773

0.043001

-5

0
1
2
3
4

1.152759
1.146232
1.134679
1,120694
1.106249

0.003489
0.026376
0.044579
0,057595
0.065948

1.181848
1.169677
1.151385
1,131255
1.111968

0.008431
0.038841
0.060814
0.074701
0.082156

1.222408
1.199049
1.169639
1.140733
1.115404

0.020053
0.060219
0.085335
0.098259
0.102861

1.278884
1.233798
1.186778
1.146266
1.114273

0.046723
0.097331
0.122162
0.130005
0.128440

1.353831
1.268723
1.196351
1.142853
1.105376

5
6
7
8
9

1.092564
1.080246
1.069494
1.060276
1.052450

0.070592
0.072520
0.072580
0.071425
0.069523

1.094818
1.080188
1.067987
1.057920
1.049645

0.085055
0.084987
0.083120
0.080250
0.076885

1.094475
1.077672
1.064339
1.053778
1.045382

0.102411
0.099188
0.094618
0.089537
0.084405

1.089952
1.071684
1.057935
1.047493
1.039464

0.122397
0.114638
0.106568
0.098840
0.091717

1.079407 0.143879
1.061236 0.130280
1.048279 0.118116
1.038838 0.107508
1,031806 0.098337

10
11
12
13
14

1.045832
1.040241
1.035508
1.031490
1,028065

0.067197
0.064664
0.062063
0.059482
0.056975

1.042834
1.037210
1.032539
1.028638
1.025359

0.073340
0.069803
0.066381
0.063128
0.060070

1.038659
1.033231
1.028808
1.025171
1.022152

0.079462
0.074821
0.070524
0.066576
0.062962

1.033205
1.028260
1.024300
1.021090
1.018458

0.085271
0.079488
0.074315
0.069688
0.065542

1.026459
1.022317
1,019052
1.016439
1.014319

0.090413
0.083544
0.077561
0.072320
0.067702

15
16
18
19

1.025132
1.022608
1.020426
1.018530
1.016874

0.054573
0.052291
0.050135
0.048106
0.046201

1.022583
1.020219
1.018192
1.016444
1.014929

0.057215
0.054559
0.052094
0.049806
0.047684

1.019626
1.017494
1.015681
1.014129
1.012790

0.059658
0.056638
0.053874
0.051341
0.049015

1.016277
1.014452
1.012912
1.011600
1.010476

0.061817
0.058460
0.055424
0.052670
0.050161

1.012577
1.011130
1.009915
1.008887
1.008009

0.063610
0.059962
0.056694
0.053752
0.051092

20

1,015422

0.044413

1,013607

0,045714

1,011629

0.046875

1.009505

0.047870

1.007254

0.048675

17

0.105839
0.160826
0.175646
0.170672
0.158134

For Izl>4, linear interpolation will yield about four decimals, eight-point interpolation will
yield about six decimals.
See Example 9 -10.

250

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

zezE I (z)
.~
f
f
f
f
91
:Jl

Table 5.6
J,f

-2

-3

-4

y\x

!It

-1

0
1
2
3
4

1.438208
1.287244
1.185758
1.123282
1.085153

0.230161
0.263705
0.247356
0.217835
0.189003

1.483729
1.251069
1.136171
1.080316
1.051401

0.469232
0.410413
0.328439
0.262814
0.215118

1.340965
1.098808
1.032990
1.013205
1.006122

0.850337
0.561916
0.388428
0.289366
0.228399

0.697175
0.813486
0.896419
0.936283
0.957446

1.155727
0.578697
0.378838
0.280906
0.222612

0.577216
0.621450
0.798042
0.875873
0.916770

0.000000
0.343378
0.289091
0.237665
0.198713

5
6
7
8
9

1.061263
1.045719
1.035205
1.027834
1.022501

0.164466
0.144391
0.128073
0.114732
0.103711

1.035185
1.025396
1.019109
1.014861
1.011869

0.180487
0.154746
0.135079
0.119660
0.107294

1.003172
1.001788
1.001077
1.000684
1.000454

0.187857
0.159189
0.137939
0.121599
0.108665

0.969809
0.977582
0.982756
0.986356
0.988955

0.183963
0.156511
0.136042
0.120218
0.107634

0.940714
0.955833
0.965937
0.972994
0.978103

0.169481
0.147129
0.129646
0.115678
0.104303

10
12
13
14

1.018534
1.015513
1.013163
1.011303
1.009806

0.094502
0.086718
0.080069
0.074333
0.069340

1.009688
1.008052
1.006795
1.005809
1.005022

0.097181
0.088770
0.081673
0.075609
0.070371

1.000312
1.000221
1.000161
1.000119
1.000090

0.098184
0.089525
0.082255
0.076067
0.070738

0.990887
0.992361
0.993508
0.994418
0.995151

0.097396
0.088911
0.081769
0.075676
0.070419

0.981910
0.984819
0.987088
0.988891
0.990345

0.094885
0.086975
0.080245
0.074457
0.069429

15
16
17
18
19

1.008585
1.007577
1.006735
1.006025
1.005420

0.064959
0.061086
0.057640
0.054555
0.051779

1.004384
1.003859
1.003423
1.003057
1.002747

0.065803
0.061786
0.058227
0.055052
0.052202

1.000070
1.000055
1.000043
1.000035
1.000028

0.066102
0.062032
0.058432
0.055224
0.052349

0.995751
0.996246
0.996661
0.997011
0.997309

0.065838
0.061812
0.058246
0.055066
0.052214

0.991534
0.992518
0.993342
0.994038
0.994631

0.065024
0.061135
0.057677
0.054583
0.051801

20

1.004902

0.049267

1.002481

0.049631

1.000023

0.049757

0.997565

0.049640

0.995140

0.049284

11

y\x

0
1
2
3
4

0.596347
0.673321
0.777514
0.847468
0.891460

0.000000
0.147864
0.186570
0.181226
0.165207

0.722657
0.747012
0.796965
0.844361
0.881036

0.000000
0.075661
0.118228
0.132252
0.131686

0.786251
0.797030;.
0.823055
0.853176
0.880584

0.000000
0.045686
0.078753
0.096659
0.103403

0.825383
0.831126
0.846097
0.865521
0.885308

0.000000
0.030619
0.055494
0.072180
0.081408

0.852111
0.855544
0.864880
0.877860
0.892143

0.000000
0.021985
0.040999
0.055341
0.064825

5
6
7
8
9

0.919826
0.938827
0.952032
0.961512
0.968512

0.148271
0.132986
0.119807
0.108589
0.099045

0.907873
0.927384
0.941722
0.952435
0.960582

0.125136
0.1166%
0.107990
0.099830
0.092408

0.903152
0.921.006
0.934958
0.945868
0.954457

0.103577
0.100357
0.095598
0.090303
0.084986

0.903231
0.918527
0.931209
0.941594
0.950072

0.085187
0.085460
0.083666
0.080755
0.077313

0.906058
0.918708
0.929765
0.939221
0.947219

0.070209
0.072544
0.072792
0.071700
0.069799

10
11
12
13
14

0.973810
0.977904
0.981127
0.983706
0.985799

0.090888
0.083871
0.077790
0.072484
0.067822

0.966885
0.971842
0.975799
0.979000
0.981621

0.085758
0.079836
0.074567
0.069873
0.065679

0.961283
0.966766
0.971216
0.974865
0.977888

0.079898
0.075147
0.070769
0.066762
0.063104

0.957007
0.962708
0.967423
0.971351
0.974646

0.073688
0.070080
0.066599
0.063300
0.060206

0.953955
0.959626
0.964412
0.968464
0.971911

0.067447
0.064878
0.062242
0.059630
0.057096

15
16
17
18
19

0.987519
0.988949
0.990149
0.991167
0.992036

0.063698
0.060029
0.056745
0.053792
0.051122

0.983791
0.985606
0.987138
0.988442
0.989561

0.061921
0.058539
0.055485
0.052717
0.050199

0.980414
0.982544
0.984353
0.985902
0.987237

0.059767
0.056723
0.053941
0.051394
0.049057

0.977430
0.979799
0.981827
0.983574
0.985089

0.057322
0.054644
0.052162
0.049861
0.047728

0.974858
0.977391
0.979579
0.981478
0.983135

0.054671
0.052371
0.050200
0.048160
0.046245

20

0.992784

0.048699

0.990527

0.047900

0.988395

0.046909

0.986410

0.045749

0.984587

0.044449

y\x

10

0
1
2
3
4

0.871606
0.873827
0.880023
0.889029
0.899484

0.000000
0.016570
0.031454
0.043517
0.052380

0.886488
0.888009
0.892327
0.898793
0.906591

0.000000
0.012947
0.024866
0.034995
0.042967

0.898237
0.899327
0.902453
0.907236
0.913167

0.000000
0.010401
0.020140
0.028693
0.035755

0.907758
0.908565
0.910901
0.914531
0.919127

0.000000
0.008543
0.016639
0.023921
0.030145

0.915633
0.916249
0.918040
0.920856
0.924479

0.000000
0.007143
0.013975
0.020230
0.025717

5
6
7
8
9

0.910242
0.920534
0.929945
0.938313
0.945629

0.058259
0.061676
0.063220
0.063425
0.062714

0.914952
0.923283
0.931193
0.938469
0.945023

0.048780
0.052667
0.054971
0.056047
0.056211

0.919729
0.926481
0.933096
0.939359
0.945154

0.041242
0.045242
0.047942
0.049570
0.050349

0.924336
0.929836
0.935365
0.940731
0.945812

0.035208
0.039123
0.041986
0.043936
0.045128

0.928664
0.933175
0.937807
0.942398
0.946833

0.030334
0.034063
0.036944
0.039060
0.040514

10

14

0.951965
0.957427
0.962128
0.966178
0.969673

0.061408
0.059735
0.057855
0.055877
0.053874

0.950850
0.955987
0.960495
0.964444
0.967903

0.055725
0.054790
0.053560
0.052146
0.050627

0.950427
0.955176
0.959421
0.963201
0.966559

0.050481
0.050135
0.049444
0.048514
0.047425

0.950535
0.954870
0.958814
0.962379
0.965591

0.045711
0.045818
0.045563
0.045038
0.044319

0.951035
0.954959
0.958586
0.961913
0.964949

0.041413
0.041861
0.041948
0.041755
0.041347

15
16
17
18
19

0.972699
0.975326
0.977617
0.979622
0.981384

0.051894
0.049966
0.048109
0.046332
0.044641

0.97093~

0.9735'1'
0.975940
0.978009
0.979839

0.049062
0.047489
0.045935
0.044419
0.042951

0.969539
0.972185
0.974538
0.976632
0.978500

0.046236
0.044992
0.043724
0.042456
0.041205

0.968477
0.971067
0.973393
0.975481
0.977357

0.043463
0.042516
0.041512
0.040477
0.039431

0.967710
0.970214
0.972484
0.974540
0.976402

0.040780
0.040095
0.039329
0.038508
0.037653

20

0.982938

0.043036

0.981465

0.041538

0.980169

0.039980

0.979047

0.038388

0.978090

0.036781

11
12

13

* If x>10

Or y>10 then (see [5.15])

eZEI(z)~ 0.711093 +~27851~+~.010389 H,IEI<3 x 10- 6
z+0.415775 z+2.29428 z+6.2900

EI (iy)~-Ci(y)+i si(y) (y real)

See page

II.

251

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

zezEJ (z)
.#
J
J
!3f
J
'#
J

!3f

12

11

y\x

14

13

Tahle 5,6
:jf

15

0
1
2
3
4

0,922260
0,922740
0,924143
0.926370
0,929270

0,000000
0,006063
0,011902
0,017321
0.022171

0,927914
0,928295
0,929416
0,931205
0,933560

0,000000
0,005212
0,010258
0,014991
0.019295

0,932796
0.933105
0,934013
0,935473
0.937408

0,000000
0,004528
0.008932
0,013098
0,016934

0,937055
0,937308
0.938055
0,939261
0.940870

0.000000
0.003972
0.007847
0,011540
0.014974

0,940804
0,941014
0.941636
0,942643
0,943994

0,000000
0.003512
0,006949
0.010242
0,013331

5
6
7
8
9

0.932672
0.936400
0.940297
0.944229
0,948093

0,026361
0.029857
0.032670
0.034847
0,036453

0,936356
0,939462
0.942757
0,946132
0,949500

0,023091
0.026339
0,029036
0.031205
0,032887

0,939729
0,942338
0,945140
0,948047
0.950985

0,020373
0,023378
0,025934
0,028052
0,029756

0,942816
0,945024
0,947419
0.949933
0.952502

0,018095
0,020867
0.023273
0.025315
0.027004

0,945640
0.947522
0.949582
0.951765
0.954018

0,016169
0.018725
0.020980
0,022931
0.024582

10
11
12
13
14

0.951816
0,955347
0.958659
0,961739
0,964583

0,037566
0,038261
0,038612
0.038684
0.038534

0,952792
0,955958
0,958968
0,961800
0,964447

0,034134
0.035004
0,035552
0,035833
0,035893

0.953895
0.956729
0.959454
0.962049
0.964499

0,031081
0.032068
0.032761
0,033201
0,033428

0.955075
0,957610
0,960073
0.962443
0.964702

0,028365
0,029426
0,030221
0,030781
0,031140

0,956296
0,958563
0,960787
0,962947
0,965026

0.025949
0.027052
0,027915
0.028564
0.029024

15
16
17
18
19

0.967199
0.969597
0.971789
0.973792
0.975621

0.038211
0,037756
0.037200
0.036572
0.035893

0.966907
0,969184
0,971285
0.973220
0.974999

0.035775
0,035515
0.035144
0.034687
0.034166

0.966799
0,968947
0,970946
0.972802
0.974521

0.033479
0,033384
0,033172
0,032865
0.032485

0.966843
0.968860
0.970752
0.972521
0.974172

0.031327
0,031370
0,031293
0.031117
0.030862

0.967011
0.968897
0.970680
0.972359
0.973936

0.029320
0.029476
0,029512
0,029448
0.029301

20

0.977290

0.035179

0.976634

0.033597

0.976112

0.032049

0.975709

0.030542

0.975414

0.029086

17

16

y\x

19

18

20

0
1
2
3
4

0.944130
0,944306
0.944829
0.945678
0.946824

0.000000
0.003128
0.006196
0.009150
0.011940

0.947100
0.947250
0.947693
0.948416
0.949395

0.000000
0.002804
0.005560
0.008223
0.010754

0.949769
0.949897
0.950277
0.950898
0.951741

0.000000
0.002527
0,005016
0.007430
0,009735

0.952181
0.952291
0.952619
0.953156
0.953887

0.000000
0.002290
0.004549
0.006745
0.008853

0.954371
0.954467
0.954752
0.955219
0.955856

0.000000
0.002085
0.004144
0.006151
0.008084

5
6
7
8
9

0.948226
0.949842
0,951624
0.953527
0.955509

0.014529
0.016886
0.018994
0.020847
0.022445

0.950600
0.951995
0.953545
0.955212
0.956960

0.013121
0.015296
0.017265
0.019019
0.020555

0.952782
0.953995
0.955349
0.956815
0.958363

0.011904
0.013916
0.015753
0.017409
0.018878

0,954793
0.955853
0.957043
0.958337
0.959712

0.010847
0.012709
0.014425
0.015986
0.017387

0.956650
0.957581
0.958631
0.959779
0.961004

0.009922
0.011649
0.013253
0.014723
0.016056

10
11
12
13
14

0.957530
0,959559
0.961568
0.963534
0.965443

0.023797
0.024917
0.025823
0.026534
0.027070

0,958758
0.960576
0.962391
0.964181
0.965931

0.021878
0.022998
0,023927
0.024679
0.025271

0.959966
0.961598
0.963238
0.964868
0.966472

0.020163
0.021270
0.022207
0.022984
0.023616

0.961144
0,962612
0.964097
0.965582
0.967052

0.018628
0.019712
0.020645
0.021436
0.022094

0.962288
0.963611
0.964956
0.966310
0.967658

0.017250
0.018305
0.019227
0.020021
0.020694

15
16
17
18
19

0,967280
0.969038
0.970712
0.972300
0.973800

0.027453
0.027700
0.027831
0.027862
0.027809

0.967628
0.969264
0.970832
0.972328
0.973751

0.025720
0.026041
0.026249
0.026388

0.968039
0.969558
0.971023
0.972430
0.973775

0.024114
0.024493
0.024765
0,024943
0.025038

0.968496
0.969906
0.971273
0.972594
0.973863

0,022629
0.023052
0.023375
0.023607
0.023760

0.968990
0.970297
0.971571
0.972808
0.974004

0.021255
0.021712
0.022075
0.022352
0.022552

20

0.975215

0.027685

0.975099

0.026343

0.975057

0.025062

0.975079

0.023842

0.975155

0.022684

Table 5.7
EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL FOR SMALL COMPLEX ARGUMENTS
ezEJ(z)
J
.f
J
J
#
f
!?l
#
.#

.:4'

ylx
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

0.~26361

-4.0
-0.359552
-0.347179
-0.333373
-0.318556
-0.303109
-0.287369

-0.057540
-0.078283
-0.096648
-0.112633
-0.126301
-0.137768

-3.5
-0.420509
-0.400596
-0.379278
-0.357202
-0.334923
-0.312894

-0.094868
-0.119927
-0.141221
-0.158890
-0.173169
-0,184355

-3.0
-0.494576
-0.462493
-0.429554
-0.396730
-0.364785
-0.334280

-0.156411
-0.185573
-0.208800
-0.226575
-0.239500
-0.248231

-2.5

-0.580650
-0.528987
-0.478303
-0.429978
-0.384941
-0.343719

-0.257878
-0.289009
-0.310884
-0.324774
-0,332047
-0.334043

-2.0

-0.670483
-0.587558
-0.510543
-0.441128
-0.380013
-0.327140

-0.425168
-0.451225
-0.463193
-0.464163
-0.457088
-0.444528

EJ(z)+ln z

y\x
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

y\x
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0,8
1,0

-2.0
-4.261087
-4.219228
-4.094686
-3.890531
-3.611783
-3.265262

0.000000
0.636779
1.260867
1.859922
2.422284
2.937296

0.5
-0.133374
-0.126168
-0.104687
-0.069328
-0.020743
+0.040177

0.000000
0.157081
0,312331
0,463961
0,610264
0,749655

-1.5
-2.895820
-2.867070
-2.781497
-2.641121
-2.449241
-2.210344

0.000000
0.462804
0.917127
1.354712
1.767748
2.149077

1.0
0.219384
0.224661
0,240402
0.266336
0,302022
0,346856

0.000000
0.126210
0,251143
0,373547
0.492229
0,606074

-1.0
-1.895118
-1.875155
-1.815717
-1.718135
-1.584591
-1.418052

0.000000
0.342700
0.679691
1.005410
1.314586
1.602372

1.5
0.505485
0.509410
0,521123
0.540441
0,567061
0.600568

0.000000
0.103432
0,205962
0.306707
0,404823
0,499516

-0.5
-1.147367
-1.133341
-1.091560
-1.022911
-0.928842
-0,811327

0.000000
0.258840
0.513806
0.761122
0.997200
1.218731

2.0
0.742048
0.745014
0,753871
0.768490
0.788664
0,814107

0.000000
0.086359
0.172075
0,256515
0,339075
0,419185

0
-0.577216
-0.567232
-0.537482
-0.488555
-0.421423
-0.337404

0.000000
0.199556
0.396461
0.588128
0.772095
0.946083

2.5
0.941206
0.943484
0.950289
0.961532
0.977068
0.996699

0.000000
0.073355
0.146246
0,218215
0,288822
0,357653

6. Gamma Function and Related Functions

PHILIP

J.

DAVIS

Contents
Page

255

Mathematical Properties.

Gamma Function.
Beta Function . .
Psi (Digamma) Function.
Polygamma Functions. .
Incomplete Gamma Function.
Incomplete Beta Function.

255
258
258
260
260
263

Numerical Methods. . . . . . . .

263

6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.

6.7. Use and Extension of the Tables.

6.8. Summation of Rational Series by Means of Polygamma Functions.

263
264

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

265

Table 6.1. Gamma, Digamma and Trigamma Functions (l~x~2)

267

f(x), In f(x), if;(x), if;'(x) , x=l(.005)2,

lOD

Table 6.2. Tetragamma and Pentagamma Functions (l~x~2)

if;"(x), if; (3) (x), x=I(.Ol)2,

271

lOD

Table 6.3. Gamma and Digamma Functions for Integer and HalfInteger Values (l~n~lOl) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ..

fen),

lIS

if;(n) ,

l/f(n), 98
f(n+!),

272

lOD

n!/[(2'71-)'nn+'je- n, 8D

88

In n-if;(n) , 8D

n=l(l)lOl
Table 6.4. Logarithmsofthe Gamma Function (l~n~ 101).

log to fen),

88

Iog 1o f(n+i),

Iog 1o f(n+t),

88

Iog tO f(n+!),

88

274

88

In f(n)-(n-!) In n+n,

8D

n=l(l)lOl

National Bureau of Standards.

253

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

254

Page

Table 6.S. Auxiliary Functions for Gamma and Digamma Functions (66:::; x:::; co) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

276

xl/[(2'71-)ixx+i e- x ], In r(x)-(x-t) In x+x, In x-'if;(x)

x- 1=.015 (-.001)0,

8D

Table 6.6. Factorials for Large Arguments (lOO:::;n:::; 1000)

nl, n= 100(100) 1000,

208

Table 6.7. Gamma Function for Complex Arguments.

In r(x+iy), x= 1 (.1)2, y=O(.l) 10,

'if;(x+iy) , x=1(.1)2, y=O(.1) 10,

277

12D

Table 6.8. Digamma Function for Complex Arguments

~'if;(l+iy),

276

288

5D

10D

~1f(l+iy)-ln

y, y-l=.l1 (-.01)0,

8D

The author acknowledges the assistance of Mary Orr in the preparation and checking of
the tables; and the assistance of Patricia Farrant in checking the formulas.

6. Gamma Function and Related Functions

Mathematical Properties
6.1. GalDlDa (Factorial) FUlltion
Euler's Integral

v:

.
Euler's Formula
l

r(z)=lim (+I)n!n
114",

+)

z n

(z0,-I,-2, ... )

-3

-4

zl
~()
:IT [(1 +~)
r z = ze'Yz n-l
n e- "]

(Izl<

,--- ....

-I -- -0

/.....

--. -- -:5

-I

-2
-3

f\

m4'"

Hankel's Contour Integral

'f

r
-5

FIGURE

6.1.9

6.1. Gamma function.

- - - , y=r(x),

- - - -, y=l/r(x)

r(3/2) = !'lI'i=.88622 69254 ... =(!)!

6.1.10 r(n+i)

(lzl<

6.1.4

, ."" r -

Q)

lim [1 +!+!+!+ ... +~-ln m]

2 3 4
m.
= .57721 56649 ...
'Y is known as Euler's constant and is given to 25
decimal places in chapter 1. r(z) is single valued
and analytic over the entire complex plane, save
for the points Z= -n(n=O, 1, 2, ... ) where it
possesses simple poles with residue (-I)"/nl. Its
reciprocall/r (z) is an entire function possessing
simple zeros at the points Z= -n(t/,=O, 1, 2, ...).
"Y=

-'\

Euler's Infinite Product

6.1.3

, .....

~~

3
2

IV"

6.1.2

1
/

15913 '4~' (4n-3) r(i)

Q)

r(!)=3.62560 99082 ...

The path of integration 0 starts at +
on the
real axis, circles the origin in the counterclockwise
direction and returns to the starting point.
Q)

6.1.11 r(n+t)

II(z) = zl= r(z+ 1)

'3'"

(3n-2) ret)

r(t)=2.67893 85347 ...

Factorial and IT Notations

6.1.5

14710

6.1.12

r(n+!) = 1357 . 2~ (2n-0 rei)

Integer Values

6.1.6

r(n+l)=1.2.3 ... (n-l)n=n!

6.1.13 r(n+I)

25811

'3'"

(3n-l) rei)

6.1.7

~ r(_z)=O (-n-l)!

r(I)=1.35411 79394 ...

(n=O, 1, 2, ... )

Fractional Values

6.1.8

ra) =2So'" e- 12 dt='lI'i=1.77245 38509 ... =(-!)!

6.1.14 r(n+i)

371115 ~~. (411,-1) rei)

_ _ _ _ r(t)=1.22541 67024 .
Bee page

II.

255

256

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Recurrence Formulas

f(z+ 1) =zf(z) =z!=z(z-l)!

6.1.15
6.1.16

6.1.29

f(iy)f(-iy)=lf(iy)12 Y si~ 'Try

6.1.30

f(t+ i y)f(t-iy)=lf(t+iy)12 cos~ 'Try

6.1.31

r(l+iy) r(l-iy)= 1f(l+iy)12

6.1.32

f(~+' )f(8 .)

r(n+z)=(n-1+z)(n-2+z) ... (1+z)f(1+z)

=Cn-1+z)!
=(n-1+z)(n-2+z) ... (l+z)z!
Reflection Formula

f(z)f(1-z)=-'zf(-z)f(z)=1I" esc 'TrZ

6.1.17

...

+2:
(-l)n[t(n)-lJ zn/n
n-2
Series Expansion 2 for 1 /r (z)

f(3z)= (2'Tr) -I 3a-t fez) f(Z+t)f(z+J)

k
Binomial Coefficient

6.1.21

7D

\,'

f(z+l)
fCw+l)fCz-W+l)

w!(z-w)!

Pochharnrner's Symbol

6.1.22

(z)o=I,

Gamma Function in the Complex Plane

6.1.24
6.1.25
6.1.26

f(z)=f(z)j In f(z)=ln r(z)

arg f(z+I)=arg f(z)+arctan ll

f(x+i y )/2=

/ f(x)

IT
n=O

[1 +~y_2J-

(x+n)2

If(x+iy)1 ~ If(x) 1

6.1.27
arg r(x+iy) =w(x) +

:t ( +y n-arctan x+yn)

n=o

(x+iy~0,-1,-2,

where

y,(z)=f'(z)/f(z)

6.1.28

f(l +iy)=iy f(iy)

"

J. ;
, \1

\1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

f(z+n)
(z)n=z(z+1)(z+2) ... (z+n-l)= fez)

6.1.23

\,

I\

... )

...

f(z)=~C/cZ/c

6.1.34

Gauss' Multiplication Formula

z!

(lzl<2)

ten) is the Riemann Zeta Function (see chapter

23).

Triplication Formula

( Z)

'Tr,;2
cosh 'Try+i sinh 'Try

,-~y

In r(l+z)=-In(l+z)+z(I-'Y)

l+t

Duplication Formula

6.1.19

~y

Power Series

6.1.33

t,-I

~-dt

sin;{'TrY

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

Cle
1.0000000000
O. 57721 56649
-0.65587 80715
-0.04200 26350
O. 16653 86113
-0.04219 77345
-0.00962 19715
0.00721 894~2
-0.00116 51675
-0.00021 52416
0.00012 80502
-0.00002 01348
-0.00000 12504
0.00000 11330
-0.00000 02056
0.00000 00061
0.00000 00050
- O. 00000 00011
0.00000 00001
0.00000 00000
-0.00000 00000
0.00000 00000
-0.00000 00000
-0.00000 00000
0.00000 00000
0.00000 00000

(izl<Q)
000000
"
015329 c ,....- I
202538 \ .--340952'
822915~

555443"\
278770
466630918591
741149
823882
5478070
934821 I,
272320 ~
338417 3
160950 i
020075 S
812746~'

0434271
077823"b
036968[\
005100 \'\
000206 V.
000054 v
000014 \)
000001 G

2 The coeffiCIents Ck are from H. T. Davis, Tables of

higher mathematical fUnctions, 2 vols., Principia Press,
Bloomington, Ind., 1933, 1935 (with permission); with
corrections due to H. E. Salzer.

f,

\~/

257

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Polynomial Approximations 3

Error Term for Asymptotic Expansion

6.1.35

6.1.42

r(x+ 1) =x!= 1+alx+a~2+a~+a~4+a6:t+ E(X)

IE(X) I ~ 5 X H)-6

If
Rn(z)= In r (z)-(z-t) In z+z-t In (21r)

a4= . 42455 49
a5= -. 10106 78

al=-.57486 46
a2= . 95123 63
aa=- 69985 88

B 2m
- m=12m(2m-1)z 2m

then

6.1.36

IB 2n +2IK(z)
IR n(Z)1 -< (2n+1)(2n+2)lzI2n+l

r(X+ 1) =x!= 1 +"IX+ b2x2+

IE(X) I ~ 3 X 10- 7

b1 =-.57719
b2 = . 98820
b3 =-.89705
b4 = .91820

1652
5891
6937
6857

where

b5 =-.75670
b6 = .48219
b7 =-.19352
bs= .03586

4078
9394
7818
8343

For z real and positive, Rn is less in absolute value

than the first term neglected and has the same
8ign.

Stirling's Formula

6.1.43

6.1.37

r(z) -e-z- 1(21r)

1+ 1~Z +

248~~~OZ4+"

=t

(z~<Xl in larg zl<1r)

-\ \(,S~T=i

'2090 \ ~~~O'ZE

6.1.38

9l'ln r(iY)=9l'ln r(-iy)

28~Z2 51~!~Za

XI=.J21rXz+lexp(-x+~)
12x

- ...

(X>O, 0<8<1)

In(y s~ 1rY)

-t In (211") --vv-i1n y,
6.1.44

.I1n r(iy)=arg r(iy)=-arg r(-iy)

=-Jln r(-iy)

Asymptotic Formulas

'"
(-1)n- 1 B 2 ,.
-y In y-y-l1r- ~ (2n-1)(2n)y2,.-1

6.1.39

r(az+b) -.J2; e-at(az)atH-l

6.1.40

(y~+

6.1.45

For Bn see chapter 23

lim{21r) -11 r (x+iy) lel.. 1v1Iyll-z= 1

11I1~'"

In r(z) - (z-t) In z- z+t In (21r)

+:E
B 2m
m-l 2m(2m-1)z2m-1

<Xl)

6.1.46

lim n b - a r(n+a)
n~'"
r(n+b)

6.1.47

1 (a-b)
( 3(a+b-1)2_ a +b-1 ) Z2+'"
1
+12
2

a From C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital

computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955
(with permission).

as z~ex> along any curve joining z=o and Z= ex> ,

providing z -a, -a-I, ... ; z -b, -b-1,

258

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Continued Fraction

6.1.48

In r(z)+z-(z-t) In z-t In (211")

an al a2 ag a4 a5
=z+ z+ z+ z+ z+ z+ ...
,v~ )
''f\-..,

(&iz

> 0)

an=

1
1
53
J95
12' a1=30' a2=21O' ag=371'

lQ95~5241009

.4

-3

-2

-I

/'

l.--:

1/2

48264275462
-I

Wallis' Formula 4

6.1.49

-2

~ Cr'2(sin)2n X dx
11"
cos

-3

135 ... (2n-l)

2+6 ... (2n)

Jo

(2n)!
1 (2n)
=2 2n (n!)2=2 2n n
'" _1

1I"tnt

-4
-5

1I"!r(n+1)

128n

...

FIGURE

CD)

SOIne Definite Integrals

6.1.50

C"'[ (z-l) e- I

e-1-e-ztJ dt (&iz
1-e- 1 t

> 0)

if (1)r

......

C'" arctan (t/z) dt

+ Jo

r.:;7

(&iz

e2"-'-l

> 0)

6.2. Beta Function

6.2.1

nteger Values

6.3.2

= (z-t) In z-z+t In 211"

6.2. Psi function.

y=",(x)=dln r(x)/dx
(n~

In r(z)= Jo

r(n+t)

[l-~_+_l__
2
8n

_-

n-l

'Y, if(n)=-'Y+ ~k-l

--'

Fractional Values

6.3.3
if(t)=-'Y-2In 2=-1.96351 00260 21423 ...
6.3.4
if(n+t)=-'Y-2In 2+2 (l+.!+ ... +_1_)
2n-1

(n~l)

6.2.2

B(z,w)

r(z)r(w)
r(z+w)

B(w,z)

6.3. Psi (Digalmna) Function 5

6.3.1

6.3.5

1
if(z+ 1) =if(z) +-

if(z)=d[In r(z)]/dz=r'(z)/r(z)

Some authors employ the special double factorial notation as follows:

n
(2n) ! ! =246 . . . (2n) =2 n !
(2n-l) ! ! =135 ... (2n-l)=1r-t 2ft r(n+t)
4

Recurrence Formulas

Home authors write ",(z)

the polygamma fUnctions.

=fz In r(z+ 1) and similarly for

6.3.6
if(n+z)

1
--;-(n---l'""')----:-+-z

+(n-2) +z + ...

259

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Reflection Fonnula

6.3.19

6.3.7

1f(1-Z)=If(Z)+1r cot 1rZ

Duplication Formula

b.3.8

1
1
1
=In y+ 12y 2+ 12Oy4+2.52y 6+ . ..

1f(2z)=tlf(Z)+tlf (z+t) +In 2

(y~aJ

Psi Function in the Complex Plane

6.3.9

Extrema 6 of r(x) -

Zeros of ",(x)

6.3.10
()flf(iy) = ()flf( -iy) = ()f1f(1 +iy) = ()flf(l-iy)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

6.3.12
6.3.13
'"

=y~(n2+y2)

-1

n=l

Series Expansions

'"
6.3.14 1f(1+Z)=-'Y+ ~(_l)nr(n)zn-l
n=2

r(X n )

Xn

+1. 462
-0.504
-1. 573
-2.611
-3.635
-4.653
-5.667
-6.678

~.053

+0.009
-0.001

(lzl<1)

21449 68362 ~ It -t 6

xo=1.46163

6.3.15

r(xo)= .88560 31944

1f(1+z)=tz- 1-i1r cot 1rZ-(1-Z 2)-1+1-'Y

6.3.20

'"

+0.886
-3.545
+2.302
-0.888
+0.245

10889

-c3

x,;=-n+(ln n)-l+ o[(ln n)-2]

- ~[r(2n+1)-1]z2n

Definite Integrals

n=l

6.3.21

6.3.16
a>
1f(1+Z)=-'Y+~

n=l

( +) (z;e-1,-2,-3, ... )

nn

6.3.17
1_
&l1f(1 +iy) = 1_'Y _ _
1+y2
a>

+~
n=l

(_l)n+1[r(2n+1)-1]y2n

(lyl<2)
'"

=-'Y+y2 ~ n- 1 (n 2+y2)-1

6.3.22

n=l

(- aJ<y< aJ)
Asymptotic Forlllulas

fa> e-'-e-"

If(Z)+'Y=Jo
'Y=

6.3.18

1-e

dt= Jo

1-t'-1

1=t dt

f'" (_1 -~) dt

Jo

e' -1

te'

1 ~ B 2n
If ()
Z ' "In z--- L....J-2z n=12nz2n

1
1
1
1
=In Z-2z -12z 2 +120z4-252z 6+ ..
(z~aJ

in largzl<1r)

6 From W. Sibagaki, Theory and applications of the

gamma function, Iwanami Syoten, Tokyo, Japan, 1952
(with permission).

260

GAMMA

FUNCTIO~

AND RELATED FUNCTJONR

6.4. Polygamma Functions 7

6.4.1

Series Expansions

6.4.9

!J'<nl(l+z)=(_I)n+l [n!t(n+ D

=(_1)n+1

"'

tn -"
_e_
dt
o l-e- t

tjzl<l)

6.4.10

!J'<nl(z),(n=O,l, . . . ), is a single valued analytic

function ov('r the ('utir(' compl('x plane save at
the points Z= -m(m=0,1,2, . . . ) where it possesses poles of order (n+I).

'" (z+k)-n-l
!J'<nl(Z) = (_1)n+1n! ~
k=O

(z;c0,-I,-2, .. .)
Asymptotic Formulas

6.4.11

o
Integpr Values

!J'<nl(z) "'( _1)n-l

6.4.2-

!J'<nl(1) = (_l)n+1 n !tCn+ I)

(n= 1,2,3, .. )

6.4.3

!J'<"'I(n+1)=(-I~m!

[ -t(m+1)+1

1
1 ]
+2"'+1+
... +n"'+1

6.4.4 .

- (ni/)!t(n+2)z+ (ntr 2 )!t(n+3)z2- .. .]

(n= 1,2,3, ... )

Fractional Values
~ .~~

[(n~,,1)! +A~!+l

'J
t;1"' B2t (2k+n-l)
(2k)!z2Hn'

(z~CX) in 1 arg z 1 <11')

6.4.12
,111111
!J' (z)"'z+2z2+6z3-30z5+ 42z 7 -30z9 +'"
(z~CX) in 1 arg zl<~)
6.4.13
1111135
"
!J' (z)"'-Zi-za-2z.+6zs-6zs+lOz10-6z12+

!J'<n)(t) = (-I)n+1n!(2ft+l_1 )t(n+ I)

(z~CX)in

(n= 1,2, ... )

6.4.5

n
y/(n+t)=tr-4~
k-l

(2k-1)-2

!J'<

I(Z)

2 3 2 1 4
3 10
"'za+:zt+ZS-?+3zv- Zl1+ Z13(z~CX)

!J'<nl (z+ I) =!J'<nl (z) + (-I )"n!z-n-l

ReSection Formula

6.4.7

arg z 1<11')

6.4.14

Recurffnce Formula

6.4.6

(I,

in 1 arg

,/

z 1<11')

6.5. Incomplete Gamma Function

(see also 26.4)
6.5.1
Pea .r) = -1-

(a)

l'
0

e-1t lJ - 1 dt

6.5.2
Multiplication Formula

6.4.8

'Y(a, x) =P(a, x) rea) =

So e- t lJ 1

6.5.3

8=1, n=O
8=0, n>O
7 !l-' is known as the trigamma function. !l-", !l-(31, !l-J nre
the tetra-. penta-, and hexagamma functions r('specti\'('ly.
Some authors write !l-(z) =d[In r(z+ I)l/dz, and similarly
for the polygamma functions.
*See

p~ II.

rea, x) = r(a)-'Y(a, x) =

dt

i'"

e-1tlJ-1dt

6.5.4

'Y. is a sin~lc valued analytic function of

x possessing no finite singularities.

a and

261

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

a
5r---~----T---------~---------r---------+--------~------~~----------~------~

4~~~~--~------~~----------+----------+----------r---------+----------+---------1

O<Y<O.25

3~~~~~~~--~~~--~.---;-~~-----+---------+---------+--------~r--------;

Z~----~~~~--~--~~~~--~+-~~--~~--------~~--------;---------~--------~

Y)6

...

Y,

-3

-2

-I

FIGURE

6.3. Incomplete gamma function.

x-a
'Y*(a x)=--

rea)

"

IX e-'ta-1dt
0

From F. G. Tricomi, Sulla funzione gamma incompleta, Annali di Matematica, IV, 33, 1950 (with permission).
'See page D.

262

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

6.5.5

6.5.16

x2)=21%e- 12 dt=.J; erf X

(!,

'Y

Probability Integral of the x 2-Distribution

6.5.17

w;. X'Y*(t,-x = Jof"e' dt

6.5.18

6.5.6

(_1)n[

(Pearson's Fonn of the Incomplete Gamma Function)

6.5.19
1

fu~

leu, p) = r(p+ 1) Jo

6.5.20

_~n-l(-I)Jj!J

r(-n,x)=--,- El(X)-e ~

n.

_I tJ

e t dt

XH1

i=o

r(a,ix)=e-i .. 1a [C(x,a)-iS(x,a)]

=P(p+l,1l!v'p+l)

6.5.7

C(x,a) =

i"'t

Recurrence Fonnulas

a- 1 cos tdt

6.5.21
6.5.8

S(x,a)=i"' t a - 1 sin t dt

6.5.9

6.5.22

e-%
'Y*(a-I,x) =X'Y*(a,x) +r (a)

6.5.23

Derivatives and Differential Equations

6.5.10
6.5.24

(-()-y*)
()a ...
6.5.11
6.5.25
Incomplete Gamma Function as a Confluent
Hypergeometric Function (see chapter 13)

=- i"'e-Idt
---In x=-E1(x)-ln x
t

()r(a,x)
()x

()'Y (a,x)

()x

6.5.26

~;n [x-ar (a, x)] =

6.5.12

(-I)nx-a-nr(a+n,x)
(n=O, 1, 2, ... )

6.5.27
Special Values

()n

2>x" [e"xa'Y* (a,x)] =e"xa-n'Y* (a-n, x)

6.5.13

(n=O, I, 2, ...)

6.5.28

For relation to the Poisson distribution, see

26.4.
6.5.14
6.5.15

'Y*(-n, x)=xn

X~~2* +(a+l+x)~: +a'Y*=O

Series Developments

6.5.29
'"

zn

'Y*(a,z)=e-'~ r(a+n+I)

rea)

'"

(-21)"

~ (a+n)nl
(121/<00)

GAMMA FUNCTION

A~D

263

RELATED FUNCTIONS
Definite Integrals

6.5.30
6.5.36

-yea, x+y)--y(a, x)
=e-xxa-1

11=0

(a-I) (a-2~ . .. (a-n) [1-e- Ven (y)]

x

- r(b)[
c
Jof'" e -at r(b,ct) dt---a
1- (a+c)b

(P4(a+cO,~b>-l)

(lyl<lxl)
6.5.37

Continued Fraction

J:'" ta-1r(b,t) dt=r(a:b)

6.5.31
1 I-a 1 2-a 2
)
a
r(a,x)=e-xx ( x+ 1+ x-t 1+ x+'"

(x>O,lal< ex
Asymptotic Expansions

6.5.32
rea z) ""za-le-z [1+ a-I
'

+ (a-l)Z2(a-2) +...

6.6. Incomplete Beta Function

6.6.1

Bx(a,b) = Sox t a- 1(1- t)b-1dt

6.6.2

I.,(a,b)=Bx(a,b)/B(a,b)

For statistical applications, see 26.5.

(z~ex> in larg zl<3;)

Suppose> R n(a,z) =U n+1(a,z) + ... is the remainc\e>r aftr'r n terms in this s('rie>s. Then if a,z
an' r('al, we have> for n>a-2

Symmetry

Ix(a,b) = 1- I1-x(b,a)

6.6.3

Relation to Binomial Expansion

6.6.4
For binomial distribution, see 26.l.

and sign H,,(a,z)=sign u,,+l(a,z).

6.5.33

6.5.34

'" (_l)n.,a+n
n=O (a+n)n.

Recurrence Formulas

-Y(a,z) '" L:---~-,

. en (an)
iJm--- =
11-7'" e""

(a~+ ex

6.6.5 I,,(a,b)=xIAa-l,b)+ (l-x)I.,(a,b-l)

{?

for a>1
"for a=1
i for O~a<1

6.5.35

r(z+l,z) "-e-zz{

6.6.6

(a+b-ax)l.,(a,b)
*
=a(l-x)I.,(a+ 1,b-l) +bI.,(a,b+ 1)

6.6.7

(a+b)I.,(a,b) =aI.,(a+ l,b) +bI.,(a,b+ 1)

~iZ!+~+~~7r :t+'-)
(z~ex>

in

1arg zl<k7r)

Relation to Hyper@eometric Function

6.6.8

NUlllerical Methods
6.7. Use and Extension of the Tables
Example 1. Compute> r(6.:)8) to 8S. "Using
tht' n'('llIT('IlCt' rPlation 6.1.16 and Table 6.1 we
have,
r(6.:)8) = [( 5.:38) (4.:)8) (:3.:)8) (2.:38) (1.:)8) )r(I.38)
=2:)2.4:)671.

Example 2. Computt'ln r(56.:)8), using Table

6.4 and lilll'IU' intlrpolation inf2'
havt'

"'p

In r(56.:38) = (56.38-i-) In (56.38) - (56.38)

+12(56.38)

The error of lilwar interpolation in the table of

til(' function 12 is smalle>r than 10- 7 in this region.
Hence, 12(56.38) =.92041 67 and In r(56.38) =
169.85497 42.
Dilwt interpolation in Table 6.4 of 10gJQ r(n)
e>liminat('s the n('cl'ssity of l'mploying logarithms.
Howl'v('r, thl' (,1'ro1' of lin('a1' int('rpolation is .002 so
that 10gJQ r(n) is obtainl'd with a relative error
of 10- 5
See page

II.

264

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Exantple 3. Compute ,p(6.38) to 88. Using the

recurrence relation 6.3.6 and Table 6.1.

6.8. Summation of Rational Series by Mean s

of Polygamma Functions

11111
1f(6.38) = 5.38+ 4.38+3.38 +2.38+1.38+ 1f (1.38)

An infinite series whose general term is a rational function of the index may always be reduced
to a finite series of psi and polygamma functions.
The method will be illustrated by writing the explicit formula when the denominator contains a
triple root.
Let the general term of an infinite series have
the form

=1.7727559.
Example 4. Compute 1f(56.38). Using Table
6.3 we have 1f(56.38) =In 56.38-j3(56.38).
The error of linear interpolation in the table of
the function f3 is smaller than 8 X 10- 7 in this
region. Hepce,ja(56.38) = .0088953 and 1f(56.38) =
4.023219.
Example 5. Compute In r(l-i). From the
reflection principle 6.1.23 and Table 6.7,
In r(l-i) =In r(1 +i) = - .6509+ .3016i.
Example 6. Compute In r(i+!i). Taking
the logarithm of the recurrence relation 6.1.15 we
have,
In r(i+ii)=ln r(!+ii)-ln (i+it)
=-.23419+.03467i
- (i In i+i arctan 1)
=.11239-.75073i

where

d2(n) = (n+ !31)2(n+ 132)2

(n+!3r)2

da(n) = (n+Yl)3(n+'Y2) 3

where pen) is a polynomial of degree m+2r+3s-2

at most and where the constants at, tJt, and 'Yt are
distinct. Expand u" in partial fractions as follows

The logarithms of complex numbers are found

from 4.1.2.
Example 7. Compute In r(3+7i) using the
duplication formula 6.1.18. Taking the logarithm
of 6.1.18, we have
--iln 271'= -

.91894

(!+7i) In 2= 1.73287+ 4.85203i

In r(i+i-i)=-3.31598+ 2.32553i
In r(2+i-i)=-2.66047+ 2.93869i
In r(3+7i)=-5.16252+1O.1l625i

<D

Then, we may express

~
n=l

u" in terms of the

constants appearing in this partial fraction expansion as follows

Example 8. Compute In r(3+7i) to 5D using

the asymptotic formula 6.1.41. We have
In (3+7i)=2.03022 15+1.16590 45i.
Then,
(2.5+7i) In (3+7i) =-3. 0857779+ 17.1263119i
-(3+7i)=-3.0000000- 7.0000000i
. 9189385
i In (271') =
.0043103- .OlO0575i
[12(3+7i)]-1=
-f360(3+7i)3]-1=
.0000059- .0000022i
------------In r(3+7i)=-5. 16252 +10. 11625i

Higher order repetitions in the denominator ar-e

handled similarly. If the denominator contains

265

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

only simple or double roots, omit the corresponding lines.

Therefore
8= 161f(1) -161f(1 t) +,p' (1) +1f'(1t) =

Exa:mple 9. Find
'"

Exa:mple

n.

Evaluate

8=].j (n2+ 1) (n2+4)

8=]; (n+1)(2n+1)(4n+1)'

.,

Since
1

(n+1) (2n+1) (4n+1)

n+1

.013499.

(see also 6.3.13).

(1

1)
i (1
1)
------.
12 n+2i n-2i

i
6 n+i-n-i

we have

Thus,

8= -

i,p(2) +,p(1!) -

llf(1 t) = .047198.
and therefore

Exa:mple 10.

8=

[1f(1+i)-,p(1-i)]+1~ [,p(1+2i)-,p(1-2i)].

By 6.3.9, this reduces to

we have,
From Table 6.8,8=.13876.

References
Texts

Tables

[6.1) E. Arlin, Einfiihrung in die Theorie der Gammafunktion (Leipzig, Germany, 1931).

[6.9) A. Abramov, Tables of In r(z) for complex argument. Translated from the Russian by D. G.
Fry (Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., 19(0).
In r(x+iy), x=0(.01)10, y=0(.01)4, 6D.

[6.2) P. E. Bohmer, Differenzengleichungen und bestimmte Integrale, chs. 3, 4, 5 (K. F. Koehler,

Leipzig, Germany, 1939).
[6.3) G. Doetsch, Handbuch der Laplace-Transformation, vol. II, pp. 52-61 (Birkhauser, Basel,
Switzerland, 1955).
[6".4) A. Erdelyi et aI., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 1, ch. 1, ch. 2, sec. 5; vol. 2, ch. 9 (McGrawHill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1953).
[6.5) C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital Computers (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.,
1955).
[6.6rF. Losch and F. Schoblik, Die. Fakultat und verwandte Funktionen (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig,
Germany, 1951).
[6.7) W. Sibagaki, Theory and applications of the gamma
function (Iwanami Syoten, Tokyo, Japan, 1952).
[6.8] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, ch. 12, 4th ed. (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).

[6.10] Ballistic Research Laboratory, A table of the factorial numbers and their reciprocals from I! through
1000! to 20 significant digits. Technical Note No.
381, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1951.
[6.11] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
Mathematical tables, vol. 1, 3d ed., pp. 40-59
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1951). The gamma and polygamma functions.
Also 1+

10giO (t)!dt, x=0(.01)1,10D.

[6.12] H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical

functions, 2 vols. (Principia Press, Bloomington,
Ind., 1933, 1935). Extensive, many place tables
of the gamma and polygamma functions up to
",(4) (x) and of their logarithms.
[6.13] F. J. Duarte, Nouvelles tables de loglo n! A 33 decimales depuis n= 1 jusqu'A n=3000 (Kundig,
Geneva, Switzerland; Index Generalis, Paris,
France, 1927).

266

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

[6.14] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of nl and

r(n+i) for the first thousand values of n, Applied Math. Series 16 (U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1951). nt, 16S; r(n+i),
8S.
[6.15] National Bureau of Standards, Table of Coulomb
wave functions, vol. I, pp. 114-135, Applied
Math. Series 17 (U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1952).

9f [r'(1+i'1)/r(1 +i'1],'1=0(.005)2 (.01)6 (.02)10(.1)

20 (.2)60(.5) 110, 10D; arg r(l+i'1),'1=O(.01) 1 (.02)

[6.18] E. S. Pearson, Table of the logarithms of the complete r-function, arguments 2 to 1200, Tracts for
Computers No. VIn (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1922). Log lO rep), p=2(.I)
5(.2)70(1)1200, 10D.
[6.19] J. Peters, Ten-place
pendix, pp. 58-68
New York, N.Y.,
(n!)-I, n=I(I)43,
l8D.

logarithm tables, vol. I, Ap(Frederick Ungar Publ. Co.,

1957). nl, n=I(1)60, exact;
54D; Log lO (nl), n=I(I)1200,

3 (.05) 10(.2)20(.4)30(.5)85, 8D.

[6.16] National Bureau of Standards, Table of the gamma
function for complex arguments, Applied Math.
Series 34 (U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., 1954).
In r(x+iy), x=O(.1)10, y=0(.1)10,

12D.

Contains an extensive bibliography.

[6.17] National Physical Laboratory, Tables of Weber
parabolic cylinder functions, pp. 226-233 (Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England,
1955).
Real and imaginary parts ofln r(i-k+iia) , k=0(1)3,
a=0(.1)5(.2)20, 8D; (Ir(t+tia)/r(i+tia)I)-1/2
a=0(.02)1(.1)5(.2)20,

8D.

[6.20] J. P. Stanley and M. V. Wilkes, Table of the reciprocal of the gamma function for complex ar/1:Ument (Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada,
1950). x= -.5(.01}.5, y=O(.OI)I, 6D.
[6.21] M. Zyczkowski, Tablice funkcyj eulera i pokrewnych
(Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw,
Poland, 1954). Ext~sive tables of integrals
involving gamma and beta functions.
For references to tabular material on the incomplete
gamma and incomplete beta functions, see the references
in chapter 26.

267

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 6.1

GAMMA, DlGAMMA AND TRIGAMMA FUNCTIONS

r(a')

In r(,I')

.p' (0)

1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020

1.00000
0.99713
0.99432
0.99156
0.98884

00000
85354
58512
12888
42033

0.00000
-0.00286
-0.00569
-0.00847
-0.01121

00000
55666
03079
45187
84893

.p(.I')
-0.57721 56649
-0.56902 09113
-0.56088 54579
-0.55280 85156
-0.54478 93105

1.64493
1.63299
1.62121
1.60958
1.59811

40668
41567
35283
91824
81919

0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020

1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045

0.98617
0.98354
0.98097
0.97843
0.97594

39633
99506
15606
82009
92919

-0.01392
-0.01658
-0.01921
-0.02179
-0.02434

25067
68539
18101
76511
46490

-0.53682
-0.52892
-0.52107
-0.51327
-0.50553

70828
10873
05921
48789
32428

1.58679
1.57562
1.56459
1.55371
1.54296

76993
49154
71163
16426
58968

0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045

1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070

0.97350
0.97110
0.96874
0.96642
0.96415

42656
25663
36495
69823
20425

-0.02685
-0.02932
-0.03175
-0.03414
-0.03650

30725
31868
52537
95318
62763

-0.49784
-0.49020
-0.48262
-0.47509
-0.46761

49913
94448
59358
38088
24199

1.53235
1.52188
1.51154
1.50133
1.49124

73421
3'5001
19500
03259
63164

0.050
0.055
0.060
0.065
0.070

1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095

0.96191
0.95972
0.95757
0.95545
0.95338

83189
53107
25273
94882
57227

-0.03882
-0.04110
-0.04335
-0.04556
-0.04773

57395
81702
38143
29148
57114

-0.46018
-0.45279
-0.44546
-0.43818
-0.43094

11367
93380
64135
17635
47988

1.48128
1.47145
1.46173
1.45214
1.44266

76622
21556
76377
19988
31755

0.075
0.080
0.085
0.090
0.095

1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120

0.95135
0.94935
0.94739
0.94547
0.94359

07699
41778
55040
43149
01856

-0.04987
-0.05197
-0.05403
-0.05606
-0.05806

24413
33384
86341
85568
33325

-0.42375
-0.41661
-0.40951
-0.40246
-0.39545

49404
16193
42761
23611
53339

1.43329
1.42404
1.41490
1.40587
1.39695

91508
79514
76482
63535
22213

0.100
0.105
0.110
0.115
0.120

1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145

0.94174
0.93993
0.93815
0.93641
0.93471

26997
14497
60356
60657
11562

-0.06002
-0.06194
-0.06383
-0.06569
-0.06751

31841
83322
89946
53867
77212

-0,38849
-0,38157
-0.37469
-0.36786
-0.36107

26633
38268
83110
56106
52291

1,38813
1.37941
1.37080
1.36229
1.35387

34449
82573
49288
17670
71152

0.125
0.130
0.135
0.140
0.145

1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170

0.93304
0.93140
0.92980
0.92823
0.92669

09311
50217
30666
47120
96106

-0.06930
-0.07106
-0.07278
-0.07447
-0.07612

62087
10569
24716
06558
58106

-0.35432
-0.34761
-0.34095
-0.33432
-0.32774

66780
94768
31528
72413
12847

1.34555
1.33733
1.32920
1.32117
, 1.31322

93520
68900
81752
16859
59322

0.150
0.155
0,160
0.165
0,170

1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195

0.92519
0.92372
0.92229
0.92088
0.91951

74225
78143
04591
50371
12341

-0.07774
-0.07933
-0.08089
-0.08242
-0.08391

81345
78240
50733
00745
30174

-0.32119
-0,31468
-0.30821
-0.30178
-0.29539

48332
74438
86809
81156
53259

1.30536
1.29760
1.28991
1.28232
1.27480

94548
08248
86421
15358
81622

0.175
0.180
0.185
0.190
0.195

1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220

0.91816
0.91685
0.91557
0.91432
0.91310

87424
72606
64930
61500
59475

-0.08537
-0.08680
-0.08820
-0.08956
-0.09090

40900
34780
13651
79331
33619

-0.28903
-0.28272
-0.27643
-0.27019
-0.26398

98966
14187
94897
37135
37000

1.26737
1.26002
1.25275
1.24556
1.23845

72054
73755
74090
60671
21360

0.200
0.205
0.210
0.215
0.220

1.225
1.230
1.235
1.240
1.245

0.91191
0.91075
0,90962
0.90852
0.90744

56071
48564
34274
10583
74922

-0.09220
-0.09348
-0,09472
-0,09593
-0,09711

78291
15108
45811
72122
95744

-0.25780
-0.25166
-0.24556
-0.23949
-0.23345

90652
94307
44243
36791
68341

1.23141
1.22445
1.21756
1.21074
1.20400

44258
17702
30254
70707
28063

0.225
0.230
0.235
0.240
0.245

1.250

0.90640 24771

1.19732 91545

0.250

J'

-0.09827 18364

y!

Iny!

[(-3)6J

[(-3)5J

For x>2 see Examples 1-4.

-0.22745 35334
d
-Iny!
dy

[(-~)7J

d~

y In y!

([2

[(-g)2J

IOglO e=0.43429 44819

Compiled from H. T. Davis. Tables of the higher mathematical functions, 2 vols. (Principia
Press, Bloomington, Ind.~ 1933, 1935) (with permission). Known error has been corrected.

268

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 6.1

GAMMA, DIGAMMA AND TRIGAMMA FUNCTIONS

rex)

In rex)

x
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
1.270

0.90640
0.90538
0.90439
0.90343
0.90250

24771
57663
71178
62946
30645

-0.09827
-0.09939
-0.10048
-0.10154
-0.10258

18364
41651
67254
96809
31932

"'(x)
-0.22745 35334
-0.22148 34266
-0.21554 61686
-0.20964 14193
-0.20376 88437

""(x)
1.19732 91545
1.19072 50579
1.18418 94799
1.17772 14030
1.17131 98301

0.250
0.255
0.260
0.265
0.270

1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295

0.90159
0.90071
0.89986
0.89904
0.89824

71994
84765
66769
15863
29947

-0.10358
-0.10456
-0.10550
-0.10642
-0.10731

74224
25269
86634
59872
46519

-0.19792
-0.19211
-0.18634
-0.18059
-0.17487

81118
88983
08828
37494
71870

1.16498
1.15871
1.15250
1.14635
1.14027

37821
22990
44385
92764
59053

0.275
0.280
0.285
0.290
0.295

1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320

0.89747
0.89672
0.89600
0.89530
0.89464

06963
44895
41767
95644
04630

-0.10817
-0.10900
-0.10981
-0.11058
-0.11133

48095
66107
02045
57384
33587

-0.16919 08889
-0.16353 45526
-0.15790 78803
-0~15231 05782
-0.14674 23568

1.13425
1.12829
1.12238
1.11654
1.11075

34350
09915
77175
27706
53246

0.300
0.305
0.310
0.315
0.320

1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345

0.89399
0.89337
0.89278
0.89221
0.89167

66866
80535
43850
55072
12485

-0.11205
-0.11274
-0.11341
-0.11404
-0.11465

32100
54356
01772
75756
77697

-0.14120
-0.13569
-0.13020
-0.12475
-0.11932

29305
20180
93416
46279
76069

1.10502
1.09934
1.09372
1.08816
1.08265

45678
97037
99497
45379
27136

0.325
0.330
0.335
0.340
0.345

1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370 /

0.89115
0.89065
0.89018
0.88973
0.88931

14420
59235
45324
71116
35074

-0.11524
-0.11579
-0.11632
-0.11682
-0.11 730

08974
70951
64980
92401
54539

-0.11392
-0.10855
-0.10321
-0.09789
-0.09259

80127
55827
00582
11840
87082

1.07719
1.07178
1.06643
1.06112
1.05587

37361
68773
14226
66696
19286

0.350
0.355
0.360
0.365
0.370

1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395

0.88891
0.88853
0.88818
0.88785
0.88754

35692
71494
41041
42918
75748

-0.11775
-0.11817
-0.11857
-0.11894
-0.11929

52707
88209
62331
76353
31538

-0.08733
-0.08209
-0.07687
-0.07168
-0.06652

23825
19619
72046
78723
37297

1.05066
1.04550
1.04040
1.03533
1.03032

65216
97829
10578
97036
50881

0.375
0.380
0.385
0.390
0.395

1.400
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420

0.88726
0.88700
0.88676
0.88654
0.88635

38175
28884
46576
89993
57896

-0.11961
-0.11990
-0.12017
-0.12041
-0.12063

29142
70405
56559
88823
68406

-0.06138
-0.05627
-0.05118
-0.04611
-0.04107

45446
00879
01337
44589
28433

1.02535
1.02043
1.01555
1.01072
1.00593

65905
36002
55173
17518
17241

0.400
0.405
0.410
0.415
0.420

1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445

0.88618
0.88603
0.88590
0.88580
0.88572

49081
62361
96587
50635
23397

-0.12082
-0.12099
-0.12114
-0.12125
-0.12135

96505
74307
02987
83713
17638

-0.03605
-0.03106
-0.02609
-0.02114
-0.01621

50697
09237
01935
26703
81479

1.00118
0.99648
0.99181
0.98719
0.98261

48640
06113
84147
17326
80318

0.425
0.430
0.435
0.440
0.445

1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470

0.88566
0.88562
0.88560
0.88560
0.88563

13803
20800
43364
80495
31217

-0.12142
-0.12146
-0.12148
-0.12148
-0.12145

05907
49657
50010
08083
24980

-0.01131
-0.00643
-0.00158
+0.00325
0.00806

64226
72934
05620
39677
64890

0.97807
0.97357
0.96911
0.96469
0.96031

87886
94874
96215
86921
62091

0.450
0.455
0.460
0.465
0.470

1.475
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495

0.88567
0.88574
0.88583
0.88594
0.88607

94575
69646
55520
51316
56174

-0.12140
-0.12132
-0.12122
-0.12110
-0.12095

01797
39621
39528
02585
29852

0.01285
0.01762
0.02237
0.02710
0.03180

71930
62684
39013
02758
55736

0.95597
0.95166
0.94739
0.94316
0.93896

16896
46592
46509
12052
38700

0.475
0.480
0.485
0.490
0.495

1.500

0.88622 69255

0.93480 22005

0.500

y!

[(-~)4]

-0.12078 22376

In y!

[(-g)4]

0.03648 99740

d
dy In y!

[(-~)4]

Iog 10 e=0.43429 44819

See page

II.

d2
,-Iny!
dy2
'

[(-~)9]

269

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

GAMMA, DIGAMMA AND TRIGAMMA FUNCTIONS

rex)

In rex)

if; (x)

Table 6.1
if;' (x)

1.500
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520

0.88622
0.88639
0.88659
0.88680
0.88703

69255
89744
16850
49797
87833

-0.12078
-0.12058
-0.12037
-0.12013
-0.11986

22376
81200
07353
01860
65735

0.03648
0.04115
0.04579
0.05041
0.05502

99740
36543
67896
95527
21146

0.93480
0.93067
0.92658
0.92252
0.91850

22005
57588
41142
68425
35265

0.500
0.505
0.510
0.515
0.520

1.525
1.530
1.535
1.540
1.545

0.88729
0.88756
0.88786
0.88817
0.88851

30231
76278
25287
76586
29527

-0.11957
-0.11927
-0.11893
-0.11858
-0.11820

99983
05601
83580
34900
60534

0.05960
0.06416
0.06871
0.07323
0.07773

46439
73074
02697
36936
77400

0.91451
0.91055
0.90663
0.90274
0.89888

37552
71245
32361
16984
21253

0.525
0.530
0.535
0.540
0.545

1.550
1.555
1.560
1.565
1.570

0.88886
0.88924
0.88963
0.89005
0.89048

83478
37830
91990
45387
97463

-0.11780
-0.11738
-0.11693
-0.11647
-0.11598

61446
38595
92928
25388
36908

0.08222
0.08668
0.09113
0.09556
0.09997

25675
83334
51925
32984
28024

0.89505
0.89125
0.88749
0.88375
0.88005

41371
73596
14249
59699
06378

0.550
0.555
0.560
0.565
0.570

1.575
1.580
1.585
1.590
1.595

0.89094
0.89141
0.89191
0.89242
0.89296

47686
95537
40515
82141
19949

-0.11547
-0.11494
-0.11438
-0.11380
-0.11321

28415
00828
55058
92009
12579

0.10436
0.10873
0.11309
0.11742
0.12174

38544
66023
11923
77690
64754

0.87637
0.87272
0.86911
0.86552
0.86196

50766
89402
18871
35815
36921

0.575
0.580
0.585
0.590
0.595

1.600
1.605
1.610
1.615
1.620

0.89351
0.89408
0.89468
0.89529
0.89592

53493
82342
06085
24327
36685

-0.11259
-0.11195
-0.11128
-0.11060
-0.10990

17657
08127
84864
48737
00610

0.12604
0.13033
0.13459
0.13884
0.14307

74528
08407
67772
53988
68404

0.85843
0.85492
0.85145
0.84800
0.84457

18931
78630
12856
18488
92455

0.600
0.605
0.610
0.615
0.620

1.625
1.630
1.635
1.640
1.645

0.89657
0.89724
0.89793
0.89864
0.89936

42800
42326
34930
20302
98138

-0.10917
-0.10842
-0.10765
-0.10687
-0.10606

41338
71769
92746
05105
09676

0.14729
0.15148
0.15566
0.15983
0.16398

12354
87158
94120
34529
09660

0.84118
0.83781
0.83446
0.83115
0.82785

31730
33330
94315
11790
82897

0.625
0.630
0.635
0.640
0.645

1.650
1.655
1.660
1.665
1.670

0.90011
0.90088
0.90166
0.90247
0.90329

68163
30104
83712
28748
64995

-0.10523
-0.10437
-0.10350
-0.10261
-0.10170

07282
98739
84860
66447
44301

0.16811
0.17222
0.17632
0.18040
0.18447

20776
69122
55933
82427
49813

0.82459
0.82134
0.81812
0.81493
0.81176

04826
74802
90092
48001
45875

0.650
0.655
0.660
0.665
0.670

1.675
1.680
1.685
1.690
1.695

0.90413
0.90500
0.90588
0.90678
0.90770

92243
10302
18996
18160
07650

-0.10077
-0.09981
-0.09884
-0.09785
-0.09684

19212
91969
63351
34135
05088

0.18852
0.19256
0.19658
0.20058
0.20457

59282
12015
09180
51931
41410

0.80861
0.80549
0.80239
0.79931
0.79626

81094
51079
53282
85198
44350

0.675
0.680
0.685
0.690
0.695

1.700
1.705
1.710
1.715
1.720

0.90863
0.90959
0.91057
0.91156
0.91258

87329
57079
16796
66390
05779

-0.09580
-0.09475
-0.09368
-0.09259
-0.09147

76974
50552
26573
05785
88929

0.20854
0.21250
0.21645
0.22037
0.22429

78749
65064
01462
89037
28871

0.79323
0.79022
0.78723
0.78427
0.78132

28302
34645
61012
05060
64486

0.700
0.705
0.710
0.715
0.720

1. 725
1.730
1.735
1.740
1.745

0.91361
0.91466
0.91573
0.91682
0.91793

34904
53712
62171
60252
47950

-0.09034
-0.08919
-0.08802
-0.08683
-0.08562

76741
69951
69286
75466
89203

0.22819
0.23207
0.23594
0.23980
0.24364

22037
69593
72589
32061
49038

0.77840
0.77550
0.77262
0.76976
0.76692

37011
20396
12424
10915
13714

0.725
0.730
0.735
0.740
0.745

1.750

0.91906 25268

0.24747 24535

0.76410 18699

0.750

d
-Iny!
dy
,

d2
dy2 In y!

y!

[(-g)3]

-0.08440 11210

In y!

[(-g)3]

[( -g)

Iog10 e=0.43429 44819

3]

[( -~)4]

/J

270

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 6.1

GAMMA, DIGAMMA AND TRIGAMMA FUNCTIONS

r(x)

if;(~)

In r(:r)

if;' (x)

x
1.750
1. 755
1.760
1.765
1.770

0.91906
0.92020
0.92137
0.92255
0.92376

25268
92224
48846
95178
31277

-0.08440
-0.08315
-0.08188
-0.08060
-0.07929

11210
42192
82847
33871
95955

0.24747
0.25128
0.25508
0.25887
0.26264

24535
59559
55103
12154
31686

0.76410
0.76130
0.75852
0.75576
0.75302

18699
23773
26870
25950
19003

0.750
0.755
0.760
0.765
0.770

1.775
1.780
1. 785
1. 790
1.795

0.92498
0.92622
0.92748
0.92876
0.93006

57211
73062
78926
74904
61123

-0.07797
-0.07663
-0.07527
-0.07389
-0.07249

69782
56034
55386
68509
96070

0.26640
0.27014
0.27387
0.27759
0.28129

14664
62043
74769
53776
99992

0.75030
0.74759
0.74491
0.74224
0.73960

04040
79107
42268
91617
25271

0.775
0.780
0.785
0.790
0.795

1.800
1.805
1.810
1.815
1.820

0.93138
0.93272
0.93407
0.93545
0.93684

37710
04811
62585
11198
50832

-0.07108
-0.06964
-0.06819
-0.06672
-0.06523

38729
97145
71969
63850
73431

0.28499
0.28866
0.29233
0.29598
0.29962

14333
97707
51012
75138
70966

0.73697
0.73436
0.73177
0.72919
0.72663

41375
38093
13620
66166
93972

0.800
0.805
0.810
0.815
0.820

1.825
1.830
1.835
1.840
1.845

0.93825
0.93969
0.94114
0.94261
0.94410

81682
03951
17859
23634
21519

-0.06373
-0.06220
-0.06066
-0.05910
-0.05752

01353
48248
14750
01483
09071

0.30325
0.30686
0.31046
0.31405
0.31763

39367
81205
97335
88602
55846

0.72409
0.72157
0.71907
0.71658
0.71411

95297
68426
11662
23333
01788

0.825
0.830
0.835
0.840
0.845

1.850
1.855
1.860
1.865
1.870

0.94561
0.94713
0.94868
0.95025
0.95184

11764
94637
70417
39389
01855

-0,05592
-0.05430
-0.05267
-0.05102
-0.04935

38130
89276
63117
60260
81307

0.32119
0.32475
0.32829
0.33182
0.33533

99895
21572
21691
01056
60467

0.71165
0.70921
0.70679
0.70438
0.70199

45396
52546
21650
51138
39461

0.850
0.855
0.860
0.865
0.870

1.875
1.880
1.885
1.890
1.895

0.95344
0.95507
0.95671
0,95837
0.96006

58127
08530
53398
93017
27927

-0.04767
-0.04596
-0.04424
-0.04251
-0.04075

26854
97497
93824
16423
65875

0.33884
0.34233
0.34581
0.34928
0.35273

00713
22577
26835
14255
85596

0.69961
0.69725
0.69491
0.69258
0.69027

85089
86512
42236
50790
10717

0.875
0.880
0.885
0.890
0.895

1.900
1.905
1.910
1.915
1.920

0.96176
0.96348
0.96523
0.96699
0.96817

58319
84632
07261
26608
43090

-0.03898
-0.03719
-0.03538
-0.03356
-0.03172

42759
47650
81118
43732
36054

0.35618
0.35961
0.36304
0.36645
0.36985

41612
83049
10646
25136
27244

0.68797
0.68568
0.68341
0.68116
0.67892

20582
78965
84465
35696
31293

0.900
0.905
0.910
0.915
0.920

1.925
1.930
1.935
1.940
1.945

0.97057
0.97239
0.97423
0.97609
0.97797

57134
69178
79672
89075
97861

-0.02986
-0.02799
-0.02609
-0.02419
-0.02226

58646
12062
96858
13581
62778

0.37324
0.37661
0.37998
0.38334
0.38668

17688
97179
66424
26119
76959

0.67669
0.67448
0.67228
0.67010
0.66793

69903
50194
70846
30559
28044

0.925
0.930
0.935
0.940
0.945

1.950
1.955
1.960
1.965
1.970

0.97988
0.98180
0.98374
0.98570
0.98768

06513
15524
25404
36664
49838

-0.02032
-0.01836
-0.01639
-0.01439
-0.01239

44991
60761
10621
95106
14744

0.39002
0.39334
0.39665
0.39996
0.40325

19627
54805
83163
05371
22088

0.66577
0.66363
0.66150
0.65938
0.65728

62034
31270
34514
70538
38134

0.950
0.955
0.960
0.965
0.970

1.975
1.980
1.985
1.990
1.995

0.98968
0.99170
0.99375
0.99581
0.99789

65462
84087
06274
32598
63643

-0.01036
-0.00832
-0.00626
-0.00419
-0.00210

70060
61578
89816
55291
58516

0.40653
0.40980
0.41306
0.41631
0.41955

33970
41664
45816
47060
46030

0.65519
0.65311
0.65105
0.64900
0.64696

36104
63266
18450
00505
08286

0.975
0.980
0.985
0.990
0.995

2.000

1.00000 00000

0.64493 40668

1.000

y!

[( -;)2J

0.00000 00000

In y!

[(-;)2]

0.42278 43351
I

-In?l!
,
dy

. [(-2)2]

Iog 10 e=0.43429 44819

12
d1/2 In y!

[(-2)2]

271

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

TETRAGAMMA AND PENT AGAMMA FUNCTIONS

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

f"(.I')
-2.40411 38063
-2.34039 86771
-2.27905 42052
-2.21996 85963
-2.16303 63855

fm(.r)
6.49393 94023
6.25106 18729
6.01969 49890
5.79918 38573
5.58891 68399

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

f"(.1')
-0.82879 66442
-0.81487 76121
-0.80129 51399
-0.78803 87419
-0.77509 83287

1.40909
1.37489
1.34177
1.30967
1.27856

10340
70527
21104
56244
88154

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

-2.10815
-2.05523
-2.00419
-1.95493
-1.90737

80219
94833
19194
13213
82154

5.38832
5.19686
5.01404
4.83939
4.67247

23132
56970
67303
69702
74947

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

-0.76246
-0.75012
-0.73807
-0.72630
-0.71480

41904
69793
76946
76669
85441

1.24841
1.21917
1.19082
1.16332
1.13663

46160
75841
38216
08979
77770

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

1.10
1.12
1.13
1.14

-1.86145
-1.81709
-1.77423
-1.73279
-1.69272

73783
75731
13035
45852
67342

4.51287
4.36020
4.21411
4.07424
3.94028

67903
88083
11755
35447
607'>,7

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

-0.70357
-0.69259
-0.68185
-0.67136
-0.66110

22779
11105
75627
44220
47316

1.11074
1.08561
1.06121
1.03752
1.01452

47490
33658
63792
76835
22608

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

-1.65397
-1.61647
-1.58017
-1.54503
-1.51100

01677
02206
49731
50903
36723

3.81193
3.68891
3.57095
3.45780
3.34922

80220
64540
50416
29554
38402

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

-0.65107
-0.64125
-0.63166
-0.62226
-0.61308

17793
90881
04061
96973
11332

0.99217
0.97046
0.94937
0.92886
0.90893

61290
62927
06973
81843
84502

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

-1.47803
-1.44608
-1.41512
-1.38510
-1.35598

61144
99765
48602
22950
56308

3.24499
3.14490
3.04875
2.95636
2.86754

48647
58422
84139
52925
95589

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.70
1.71
1.72
1. 73
1.74

-0.60408
-0.59528
-0.58667
-0.57823
-0.56997

90841
81112
29593
85490
99702

0.88956
0.87072
0.85239
0.83456
0.81722

20066
01433
48922
89940
58660

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
D.74

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

-1.32773
-1.30033
-1.27372
-1.24790
-1.22282

99375
19112
97857
32496
33691

2.78214
2.69999
2.62093
2.54484
2.47158

40092
05478
96227
97000
67746

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

-0.56189
-0.55397
-0.54621
-0.53861
-0.53116

24756
14738
25238
13291
37320

0.80034
0.78392
0.76793
0.75237
0.73721

95719
47929
68005
14300
50564

0.75
O. 76
0.77
0.78
0.79

1.30
1.31
1,32
1.33
1.34

-1.19846
-1.17479
-1.15179
-1.12943
-1.10769

25147
42923
34794
59642
86881

2.40102
2.33304
2.26752
2.20436
2.14345

39143
08348
35032
37678
90132

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

-0.52386
-0.51671
-0.50970
-0.50283
-0.49609

57084
33630
29242
07396
32712

0.72245
0.70807
0.69407
0.68042
0.66712

45705
73565
12710
46226
61527

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

-1.08655
-1.06599
-1.04599
-1.02652
-1.00757

95925
75682
24073
47586
60850

2.08471
2.02802
1.97332
1.92051
1.86951

18367
97472
48830
37473
69616

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

-0.48948
-0.48300
-0.47665
-0.47042
-0.46431

70921
88813
54207
35909
03677

0.65416
0.64153
0.62921
0.61720
0.60549

50169
07680
33389
30270
04793

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

-0.98912
-0.97116
-0.95366
-0.93662
-0.92002

86236
53479
99322
67177
06808

1.82025
1.77266
1.72667
1.68221
1.63923

90339
81419
59295
73161
03178

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

-0.45831
-0.45242
-0.44665
-0.44098
-0.43542

28188
81007
34549
62055
37563

0.59406
0.58292
0.57205
0.56144
0.55108

66772
29238
08299
23020
95304

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

-0.90383
-0.88806
-0.87268
-0.85168
-0.84306

74031
30426
43070
84281
31376

1.59765
1.55743
1.51852
1.48085

58792
77157
21649
80478
65370

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

-0.42996
-0.42460
-0.41934
-0.41417
-0.40909

35876
32537
03805
26631
78630

0.54098
0.53112
0.52149
0.51208
0.50290

49774
13668
16733
91127
71324

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.50

-0.82879 66442

1.40909 10340
d4
d y 4 1n y!

0.50

2.00

-0.40411 38063
d3
dy3 1n y!

0.49393 94023
d4
dy' In y!

1.00

.1'

1.11

Tahle 6.2

as I
dyl n

y.

[(-i)3J

1.444~9

./'

f(:ll(.l')

[(-$)1J
[(-:)4J
[(-t)1J
Compiled from H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, 2 vols. (Principia Press,
Bloomington, Ind., 1933, 1935) (with permission).
'See page

11.

272

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

GAMMA AND DlCAMMA FlINCTIONS FOR I!\TECEH A'W II\LF.Ii\TE(;EH VALlES

Tahle 6.:l

r (1/)

'I

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

( 0) 1.00000 00000

0l1.00000 00000
00000
00000
( 1) 2.40000 00000

o 2.00000
o 6.00000

( 2 1.20000 00000
2 7.20000 00000
3 5.04000 00000
4~ 4.03200 00000
( 5 3.62880 00000

6~ 3.62880
7 3.99168
8~ 4.79001
9 6.22702
10 8.71782

11
12

13
14
15

00000
00000
60000
08000
91200

l/r(lI)

1 0)0) 1.1.00000
00000 000
00 0
- 1~ 5.00000 000
- 1 1.66666 667
(- 2)4.16666 667

r') 8.8"'6

r(II+})

0) 1.32934 93
04

O~ 3.32335 10

1 1.16317 28
( 1) 5.23427 78
( 2) 2.87885 28

"'(II)
-0.57721 56649
+0.42278 43351
0.92278 43351
1.25611 76684
1.50611 76684

/1 (II)
1.08443 755
1.04220 712
1.02806 452
1.02100 830
1.01678 399

(;(/1)
0.57721 566
0.27036 285
0.17582 795
0.13017 669
0.10332 024

(- 3) 8.33333
(- 3~ 1.38888
~- 4 1.98412
- 5 2.48015
(- 6)2.75573

333
889
698
873
192

1')4) '1.40344
.87125 4.07

1.70611
1.87278
2.01564
2.14064
2.25175

76684
43351
14780
14780
25891

1.01397
1.01196
1.01046
1.00929
1.00836

285
776
565
843
536

0.08564
0.07312
0.06380
0.05658
0.05083

180
581
006
310
250

(- 7)2.75573
{- 8) 2.50521
- 9~2.08767
-10 1.60590
(-11)1.14707

192
084
570
438
456

( 7) 1.18994 23
18)
.684. 37
9 1.71054 21

2.35175
2.44266
2.52599
2.60291
2.67434

25891
16800
50133
80902
66617

1.00760
1.00696
1.00642
1.00596
1.00557

243
700
958
911
019

0.04614
0.04224
0.03895
0.03613
0.03370

268
497
434
924
354

~ -13~ 7.64716 373

-14 4.77947 733
~-15)2.81145 725
-16~ 1.56192 070
(-18 8.22063 525

(12) 5.18999 85

113l8.56,.9
15 1.49861 "
21

2.74101
2.80351
2.86233
2.91789
2.97052

33283
33283
68577
24133
39922

1.00522
1.00491
1.00463
1.00439
1.00417

124
343
988
519
501

0.0315 7
0.02970
0.02803
0.02654
0.02520

539
002
490
657
828

98
16
36
63
05

3.02052
3.06814
3.11359
3.15707
3.19874

39922
30399
75853
58462
25129

1.00397
1.00379
1.00362
1.00347
1.00333

584
480
953
806
872

0.02399
0.02289
0.02189
0.02097
0.02013

845
941
663
798
331

(25) 7.87126 49
52

s~ 1.19292 46
6 1.13327 84

10~

2.30923 18
11) 3.34838 61

16
17
18
19
20

21
22
23
24
25

(1812.43290
(19 5.10909
~21~1.12400
22 2.58520
(23 6.20448

20082
42172
07278
16739
40173

!-201'.95729 411

(19)1.10827
~ 20) 2.38280
21 5.36130
1.25990
(24 3.08677

26
27
28
29
30

(25)1.55112 10043
~26~4.03291 46113
28 1.08888 69450
29~3.04888 34461
(30 8.84176 19937

( -26) 6.44695 029

( -27) 2.47959 626
(-29~9.18368 986
1 -30 3.27988 924
~ -31 1.13099 629

1"l,.08588
28 5.73618 43

3.23874
3.2772 0
3.31424
3.34995
3.38443

25129
40513
10884
53741
81327

1.00321
1.00309
1.00298
1.00287
1.00278

011
105
050
758
154

0.01935
0.01863
0.01796
0.01734
0.01675

403
281
342
046
925

(33) 1.47092 26

3.41777
3.45002
3.48127
3.51158
3.54099

14660
95305
95305
25608
43255

1.00269
1.00260
1.00252
1.00245
1.00238

170
748
837
392
372

0.01621
0.01570
0.01522
0.01477
0.01435

574
637
803
796
374

31
32
33
34
35
36

37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

12) 1.30767 43680

13~2.09227 89888
~14 3.~~687 42810
15 6.40237 37057
(17)1.21645 10041

(.,!,.65252 859"
1"35 8.22'
8' 8'83693
54'
2.63130
36 8.68331 76188
38)2.95232 79904
(40~1.03331 47966

14143 1.37637
'.71993 53091
32679
44)5.23022 61747
46)2.03978 82081
(47)8.15915
~ 49~ 3.34525
51 1.40500
52 6.04152
(54)2.65827
56
57
59
61
62

1.19622
5.50262
2.58623
1.24139
6.08281

28325
26613
61178
63063
15748
22087
21598
24151
15593
86403

(64)3.04140 93202

(-19) 4.11031 762

-2.2 8.89679 139

-23 3.86817 017
(-24 1.61173 757

~-33)3.76998

-34) 1.21612
~ -36~ 3.80039
-37 1.15163
(-3'1 3.38715

763
504
076
356
754

16~2.77243 23
17 5.40624 30

23~

30~ 1.63481 25
31 4.82269 69

~ 34) 4.63340 61

3611.50585 70
37 5.04462 09
(39) 1. 74039 42

i-41)9.67759296
( -42~ 2.688?2 027
(-44 7.26546 018
(-45 1.91196 320
(-47)4.90246 976

40) 6.17839
42) 2.25511
43) 8.45668
45) 3.25582
47) 1.28605

94
58
42
34
02

3.56956
3.59734
3.62437
3.65068
3.67632

57541
35319
05589
63484
73740

1.00231
1.00225
1.00219
1.00213
1.00208

744
474
534
899
546

0.01395
0.01357
0.01321
0.01287
0.01255

318
438
560
530
208

( -48) 1.22561 744

48~ 5.20850
50 2.16152
51~ 9.18649
53 3.99612
55) 1. 77827

35
90
81
67
64

3.70132
3.72571
3.74952
3.77278
3.79551

73740
76179
71417
29557
02284

1.00203
1.00198
1.00193
1.00189
1.00185

455
606
983
570
354

0.01224
0.01195
0.01167
0.01140
0.01115

469
200
297
668
226

1"l8.09115
58 3.76238 74
82

3.81773
3.83947
3.86074
3.88158
3.90198

24506
15811
81768
15102
96734

1.00181
1.00177
1.00173
1.00170
1.00166

321
460
759
210
803

0.01090
0.01067
0.01045
0.01023
0.01003

895
602
283
879
333

~ -50~ 2.98931 083

-52 7.11740 673

(-53) 1.65521 087
(-.55) 3.76184 288
-57~ 8.35965
-58 1.81731
-60~ 3.86662
-62 8.05547
-63 1.64397

084
540
851
607
471

(-65) 3.28794 942

(11-1) !
1/!= (2".)!11" H/,-II!I (1/)

1/(11-1) !

60~ 1.78713 44
61 8.66760 18
(63 4.29046 29

(65) 2.16668 38
(II-~)

r (II) = (2".) ~ //"-!/,-"!1 (-II)

3.92198 96734

d
dn In(II-1)!
",(II)=ln 11-1:;(11)

1.00163 530

0.00983 596

*
(2".)!=2.50662 82746 31001

"'(II) compiled from H. T. Dayis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, 2 vols. (Principia Press,
Bloomington, Ind., 1933, 1935) (with permission).
See page D.

273

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

(;AMMA AND DI(;AMMA FUl\CTIOl\S FOR INTE(;ER AND IIAU'Ii\TE(;ER VALUES

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65

67~6.44695 964
68 1.23979 993
70)2.33924 515
72)4.33193 547

I'(II+!)
65) 2.16668
67~ 1.11584
68 5.85817
70 3.13412
72) 1.70809

38
21
12
16
63

"'(II)
3.92198 96734
3.94159 75166
3.96082 82858
3.97969 62103
3.99821 47288

/1 (II)
1.00163 530
1.00160 383
1.00157 355
1.00154 438
1.00151 628

/:(11)
0.00983 596
0.00964 620
0.00946 363
0.00928 784
0.00911 846

(- 74~ 7.87624 631

75 1.40647 255
- 77~2.46749 571
- 79 4.25430 295
- 81 7.21068 296

73) 9.47993
75~ 5.35616
77 3.07979
79 1.80167
81) 1.07199

44
29
37
93
92

4.01639
4.03425
4.05179
4.06903
4.08598

65470
36899
75495
89288
80814

1.00148
1.00146
1.00143
1.00141
1.00138

919
304
780
341
984

0.00895
0.00879
0.00864
0.00849
0.00835

514
758
546
852
648

81) 8.32098 71127 - 82)1.20178 049

83~5.07580 21388
- 84),.97013 '"
85 3.14699 73260
- 86 3.17763 219
87 1.98260 83154
- 88 5.04386 062
89)1.26886 93219
- 90 7.88103 221

82) 6.48559
84)3.98864
86~ 2.49290
88 1.58299
90) 1.02102

51
10
06
19
98

4.10265
4.11904
4.13517
4.15105
4.16667

47481
81907
72229
02388
52388

1.00136
1.00134
1.00132
1.00130
1.00128

704
498
362
292
286

0.00821
0.00808
0.00795
0.00783
0.00771

912
619
750
284
203

91) 6.68774 50

4.18205
4.19721
4.21213
4.22684
4.24133

98542
13693
67425
26248
53785

1.00126
1.00124
1.00122
1.00120
1.00119

341
455
623
845
118

0.00759
0.00748
0.00737
0.00726
0.00715

489
125
096
388
986

66 1.55111
67 8.06581
69 4.27488
71)2.30843

~
~
~
(

!!-

II r (II)
65) 3.28794 942

r(lI)
64l3.04140 93202

1/

51
52
53
54
55

87533
75171
32841
69734

73)1.26964 03354
74)7.10998 58780
76~4.05269 19505
78 2.35056 13313
80 1.38683 11855

(-

66
67
68
69
70

90~ 8.24765 05921

92 5.44344 93908
94 3.64711 10918
96~2.48003 55424
98 1.71122 45243

71
72
73
74
75

(100ll.,9785 71670

~101 8.50478 58857

~ -102 1.17580 856

76
77
78
79
80

109)2.48091 40811
111~1.88549 47017
113 1.45183 09203
115 1.13242 81178
116)8.94618 21308

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95

Tallie- 6.:J

((~-

91) 1.21246 649

93~ 1.83707 044

95 2.74189 619
97 4.03220 028
99)5.84376 852

93~ 4.44735 04

95 3.00196 15
97~ 2.05634 36
99 1.429l5 88

(101~ 1.00755
(102 7.20403
~ 1 04~ 5.22292
106 3.83884
(108) 2.85994

70
24
35
87
23

4.25562
4.26970
4.28359
4.29729
4.31080

10927
55998
44887
31188
66323

1.00117
1.00115
1.00114
1.00112
1.00111

439
807
220
675
172

0.00705
0.00696
0.00686
0.00677
0.00668

878
052
495
197
148

-110~4.03077 240

(110) 2.15925
(112~ 1.65183
(114 1.28016
(116~ 1.00493
(117 7.98921

64
12
92
28
57

4.32413
4.33729
4.35028
4.36310
4.37576

99657
78604
48734
53862
36140

1.00109
1.00108
1.00106
1.00105
1.00104

709
283
894
540
220

0.00659
0.00650
0.00642
0.00634
0.00626

337
756
395
247
302

~118~7.15694 57046
120 5.79712 60207
122~4.75364 33370
~ 124 3.94552 39697
126)3.31424 01346

~ -119~ 1.39724 408

~ 119~ 6.43131
121 5.24152
(123~ 4.32425
~ 125 3.61075
127) 3.05108

87
47
79
53
83

4.38826
4.40060
4.41280
4.42485
4.43675

36140
92931
44150
26078
73697

1.00102
1.00101
1.00100
1.00099
1.00098

933
677
452
255
087

0.QQ618
0.00610
0.00603
0.00596
0.00589

554
995
619
419
389

~128)2.81710 41144

-129~3.54974 456

4.448~2

133 1.97444 50
~ 135~ 1. 74738 38
137 1.56390 85

4.46014
4.47164
4.48300
4.49424

20756
99825
42354
78718
38268

1.00096
1.00095
1.00094
1.00093
1.00092

946
831
741
676
635

0.00582
0.00575
0.00569
0.00562
0.00556

522
814
258
850
584

103 6.12344 58377

105 4.47011 54615
(107)3.30788 54415

130~2.42270 95384

132 2.10775 72984

~134~1.85482 64226
136 1.65079 55161

!"T'48571
59645
140 1.35200 15277
142 1.24384 14055
144 1.15677 25071
146 1.08736 61567

96
97
98
99
100

~148)1.03299 78488
149~9.91677 93487

101

(157)9.33262 15444

151 9.61927 59682

~153~9.42689 04489

155 9.33262 15444

(1I~1)

II !=(2")!IIN+~I'-/ljl (II)
See page u.

(-10r.34824 074

-104 1.63306 744

-106 2.23707 868
( -108) 3.02307 930
-112 5.30364 789
-114~6.88785 441
-116 8.83058 257
-117)1.11779 526

-121 1.72499
-123 2.10364
~ -125~ 2.53451
-127 3.01728
-131 4.12760
-133~4.74437
-135 5.39134
-137 6.05768

r'39

269
962
761
287

995
926
006
546

~ 129) 2.60868 05

131~ 2.25650 86

-141
-143
-145
-147

6.73076
7.39644
8.03961
8.64474
9.19653

163
134
016
211
415

~ 139~ 1.41533
141 1.29503
143~ 1.19790
~ 145 1.12004
141) 1.05843

72
36
60
22
98

4.50535
4.51634
4.52721
4.53796
4.54860

49379
39489
35142
62023
45002

1.00091
1.00090
1.00089
1.00088
1.00087

617
620
646
691
757

0.00550
0.00544
0.00538
0.00532
0.00527

457
463
598
858
239

~ -149
-150
~ -154
-152
-156

9.68056
1.00839
1.03957
1.06079
1.07151

227
190
928
519
029

149~ 1.01081
150 9.75431
152 9.51045
154~ 9.36 780
156 9.32096

00
69
90
21
31

4.55913
4.56954
4.57985
4.59006
4.60016

08160
74827
67610
08426
18527

1.00086
1.00085
1.00085
1.00084
1.00083

843
947
070
210
368

0.00521
0.00516
0.00511
0.00505
0.00500

738
350
072
901
833

(-158) 1.07151 029

1/(1I~1)

(158) 9.36756 79

1 /1_'
r(lI) = (2..)'11
'(,-N.f! (/I )

(II-!) !

4.61016 18527

1.00082 542

0.00495 866

d
* dn
In(lI-l)!

[(~J)2J

[(~1)lJ

"'(II)=ln lI-h(lI)

(2..)!=2.50662 82746 31001

274

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS OF THE GAMMA FUNCTION

Table 6.411

loglO r (n)

loglo r (n+{)

loglo r (I/+~)

loglo r (n+f)

1
2
3
4
5

0.00000
0.00000
0.30103
0.77815
1.38021

000
000
000
125
It'

-0.04915
+0.07578
0.44375
0.96663
1.60345

851
023
702
576
79

-0.05245
+0.12363
0.52157
1.06564
1. 71885

506
620
621
43
68

-0.04443
+0.17741
0.60338
1.16765
1.83666

477
398
271
41
09

6
7
8
9
10

2.07918
2.85733
3.70243
4.60552
5.55976

12
25
05
05
30

2.33045
3.13208
3.99739
4.91820
5.88824

66
89
04
91
59

2.45921
3.27213
4.14719
5.07661
6.05433

95
28
41
30
66

2.58998
3.41389
4.29850
5.23635
6.22163

86
73
39
60
27

11
12
13
14
15

6.55976
7.60115
8.68033
9.79428
10.94040

30
57
70
03
8

6.90248
7.95684
9.04792
10.17286
11.32921

63
40
45
3
0

7.07552
8.13622
9.23313
10.36346
11.52483

59
37
38
8
6

7.24966
8.31660
9.41927
10.55493
11. 72126

15
83
06
3
5

16
18
19
20

12.116500
13.320620
14.551069
15.806341
17.085095

12.514847
13.727922
14.966804
16.230045
17.516352

12.715167
13.932651
:5.175689
16.442861
17.732896

21
22
23
24
25

18.386125
19.708344
21.050767
22.412494
23.792706

18.824561
20.153619
21.502573
22.870550
24.256751

26
27
28
27
30

25.190646
26.605619
28.036983
29.484141
30.946539

31
32
33
34
35

f2(n)
1.00000
0.96027
0.94661
0.93972
0.93558

000
923
646
921
323

466
, 0.93281
0.93083 524
0.92934 980
0.92819 400
0.92726 910
0.92651
0.92588
0.92534
0.92488
0.92449

221
137
753
990
327

12.916241
14.138090
15.385245
16.656311
17.950042

0.92414
0.92383
0.92356
0.92332
0.92310

619
993
769
409
485

19.044649
20.377088
21.729270
23.100338
24.489504

19.265313
20.601105
21.956492
23.330629
24.722740

0.92290
0.92272
0.92256
0.92241
0.92227

649
615
149
055
169

25.660444
27.080949
28.517642
29.969940
31.437301

25.896045
27.319290
28.758623
30.213468
31.683290

26.132109
27.558078
29.000035
30.457412
31.929681

0.92214
0.92202
0.92191
0.92181
0.92171

350
481
460
198
621

32.423660
33.915022
35,420172
36.938686
38.470165

32.919221
34.415228
35.924878
37.447757
38.983473

33.167590
34.665900
36.177784
37.702829
39.240648

33.416347
34.916950
36.431055
37.958255
39.498167

0.92162
0.92154
0,92146
0.92138
0.92131

661
262
371
944
942

36
37
38
39
40

40.014233
41.570535
43.138737
44.718520
46.309585

40.531658
42,091963
43.664060
45.247636
46.842397

40.790876
42.353169
43.927200
45.512661
47.109258

41.050429
42.614701
44.190658
45.777995
47.376420

0.92125
0.92119
0.92113
0.92107
0.92102

329
073
146
524
182

41
42
43
44
45

47.911645
49.524429
51.147678
52.781147
54.424599

48.448061
50.064362
51.691044
53.327866
54.974597

48.716713
50.334761
51.963150
53.601639
55.249999

48.985659
50,605448
52.235536
53.875686
55.525670

0.92097
0.92092
0,92087
0.92083
0.92079

101
262
648
244
035

46
47
48
49
50

56.077812
57.740570
59.412668
61.093909
62.784105

56.631014
58.296908
59.972075
61.656322
63.349462

56.908011
58.575464
60.252157
61.937899
63.632504

57.185269
58.854276
60.532491
62.219723
63.915788

0.92075
0.92071
0.92067
0.92063
0.92060

010
156
462
919
518

51

64.483075

65.051318

65.335796

65.620510

0.92057 250

17

IoglO (n-3)'
loglo (n-t)!
loglO (n-l)!
loglo (n-f)!
In 10=2.30258 509299
In r(n)=ln (n-l) !=(n-t) In n-n+h(n)
IOglO r(n) compiled from E. S. Pearson, Table of the logarithms of the complete r-function, arguments
2 to 1200. Tracts for Computers No. VIII (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1922) (with
permission) .
l' ,

275

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS OF THE GAMMA FUNCTION

Table 6.4

n
51
52
53
54
55

loglo r (n)
64.483075
66.190645
67.906648
69.630924
71.363318

loglO r (11++)
65.051318
66.761717
68.480496
70.207494
71.942561

loglo r (n+~)
65.335796
67.047603
68.767762
70.496116
72.232512

loglo r (n+~)
65.620510
67.333720
69.055256
70.784961
72.522683

0.92057
0.92054
0.92051
0.92048
0.92045

250
108
084
173
367

56
57
58
59
60

73.103681
74.851869
76.607744
78.371172
80.142024

73.685548
75.436313
77.194720
7C.960637
80.733936

73.976805
75.728854
77.488522
79.255677
81.030194

74.268279
76.021606
77.782531
79.550922
81.326654

0.92042
0.92040
0.92037
0.92035
0.92032

661
051
530
095
741

61
62
63
64
65

81.920175
83.705505
85.497896
87.297237
89.103417

82.514493
84.302190
86.096910
87.898542
89.706978

82.811950
84.600825
86.396705
88.199479
90.009038

83.109604
84.899655
86.696691
88.500604
90.311284

0.92030
0.92028
0.92026
0.92024
0.92022

464
261
127
061
057

66
67
68
69
70

90.916330
92.735874
94.561949
96.394458
98.233307

91.522113
93.343845
95.172075
97.006708
98.847650

91.825280
93.648101
95.477405
97.313096
99.155080

92.128629
93.952538
95.782913
97.619659
99.462684

0.92020
0.92018
0.92016
0.92014
0.92012

115
231
401
625
900

12(n)

71
72
73
74
75

100.07841
101.92966
103.78700
105.65032
107.51955

100.69481
102.54810
104.40744
106.27274
108.14393

101.00327
102.85758
104.71791
106.58420
108.45636

101.31190
103.16722,
105.02855
106.89582
108.76895

0.92011
0.92009
0.92008
0.92006
0.92004

223
593
008
465
964

76
77
78
79
80

109.39461
111.27543
113.16192
115.05401
116.95164

110.02091
111.90363
113.79200
115.68594
117.58540

110.33430
112.21797
114.10727
116.00214
117.90250

110.64785
112.53246
114.42269
116.31848
118.21976

0.92003
0.92002
0.92000
0.91999
0.91998

502
078
690
338
019

81
82
83
84
85

118.85473
120.76321
122.67703
124.59610
126.52038

119.49029
121.40056
123.31614
125.23696
127.16296

119.80830
121.71946
123.63591
125.55760
127.48445

120.12646
122.03850
123.95583
125.87838
127.80610

0.91996
0.91995
0.91994
0.91993
0.91991

733
479
254
059
892

86
87
88
89
90

128.44980
130.38430
132.32382
134.26830
136.21769

129.09407
131.03025
132.97143
134.91756
136.86857

129.41642
131.35344
133.29545
135.24239
137.19421

129.73891
131.67676
133.61959
135.56735
137.51999

0.91990
0.91989
0.91988
0.91987
0.91986

752
638
550
486
446

91
92
93
94
95

138.17194
140.13098
142.09477
144.06325
146.03638

138.82442
140.78505
142.75041
144.72044
146.69511

139.15086
141.11228
143.07842
145.04923
147.02467

139.47743
141.43964
143.40657
145.37815
147.35435

0.91985
0.91984
0.91983
0.91982
0.91981

428
433
459
505
572

96
97
98
99
100

148.01410
149.99637
151.98314
153.97437
155.97000

148.67435
150.65813
152.64639
154.63909
156.63619

149.00467
150.98920
152.97820
154.97164
156.96946

149.33511
151.32039
153.31013
155.30430
157.30285

0.91980
0.91979
0.91978
0.91978
0.91977

659
764
887
028
186

101

157.97000
loglo (n-l)!

158.63763
loglo (n-~) !

158.97163
loglo (n-~)!

159.30574
loglo (n-~)!

In r(n)=In (n-l)

!=(n-~)

In n-n+fz(n)

0.91976 361

In 10=2.30258 509299

[(-J)2]

276

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 6.5

AUXILIARY FL'NCTIONS FOR GAMMA AND DIGAMMA FUNCTIONS

x- 1

0.015
0.014
0.013

1.00125
1. 00116
1. 00108
1.00100
1. 00091

(x)

hex)

hex)

<x>

077
735
391
050
708

0.92018
0.92010
0.92002
0.91993
0.91985

852
519
186
853
520

0.00751
0.00701
0.00651
0.00601
0.00551

875
633
408
200
008

83
91

1. 00083 368
1. 00075 028

0.91977
0.91968
0.91960
0.91952
0.91943

186
853
520
187
853

0.00500
0.00450
0.00400
0.00350
O. 00300

833
675
533
408
300

100
III
125
143
167

0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001

1. 00041 675
1. 00033 339
1. 00025 003

0.91935
0.91927
0.91918
0.91910
0.91902

52(
187
853
520
187

0.00250
0.00200
0.00150
0.00100
0.00050

208
133
075
033
008

200
250
333
500
1000

0.000

1.00000 000

D.012

0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006

1.00066 689
1. 00058 350
1. 00050 012

1.00016 668
1.00008 334

0.91893 853
[(-~)lJ

[(-~)1J

67
71
77

0.00000 000

00

[(-:)2J

x!= (211" )!XXHe-xh (x)

r (x) = (211" )hx-!e-xh (x)

In r(x)=In (x-I) !=(X-1) In x-x+fzex)
f(x)=ln x-hCx)

(27I-)t=2.50662 82746 31001

<x>=nearest integer to x.

Table 6.6

FACTORIALS FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

100
200
300
400
500

n!

157
374
614
868
1134

9.3326
7.8865
3.0605
6.4034
1.2201

21544
78673
75122
52284
36825

39441
64790
16440
66238
99111

52682
50355
63604
95262
00687

600
700
800
900
1000

n!

140811.2655
1689 2.4220
1976 7.7105
2269 6.7526
2567 4.0238

72316
40124
30113
80220
72600

22543
75027
35386
96458
77093

07425
21799
00414
41584
77354

r(n+1)
r(n+l)
Compiled from Ballistic Research Laboratory, A table of the factorial numbers and their reciprocals
from I! to 1000! to 20 significant digits, Technical Note No. 381, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.(1951)
(with permission).

277

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 6.7

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

x=1.0

fIn r(z)

:?lIn r(z)

fIn r(z)

&lIn r(z)

!/

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

O. 00000
0.00819
0.03247
0.07194
0.12528

00000
77805
62923
62509
93748

00
65
18
00
21

o. 00000 00000 00

0.05732
0.11230
0.16282
0.20715

29404
22226
06721
58263

17
44
68
16

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

6.13032
6.27750
6.42487
6.57242
6.72016

41445
24635
30533
85885
21547

53
84
35
29
03

3.81589
3.97816
4.14237
4. 30850
4.47650

85746
38691
74050
21885
25956

15
88
86
83
68

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.19094
0.26729
0.35276
0.44597
0.54570

54991
00682
86908
87835
51286

87
14
60
49
05

0.24405
0.27274
0.29282
0.30422
0.30707

82989
38104
63511
56029
43756

05
91
87
76
42

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

6.86806
7.01613
7.16436
7.31275
7.46128

72180
75979
74421
12034
36194

48
76
06
30
29

4. 64634 42978
4.8179941933
4.99142 03424
5.16659 19085
5.34347 91013

70
05
89
37
53

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.65092 31993
O. 76078 39588
0.87459 04638
0.99177 27669
1.1118645664

02
41
95
59
26

0.30164
0.28826
0.26733
0.23921
0.20430

03204
66142
05805
67844
07241

68
39
81
65
49

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

7.609959692951
7.758774674655
7.90772 40468 98
8.05680 35089 04
8.20600 89631 00

5.52205 31255 15
5.70228 61315 35
5.88415 11702 39
6.06762 2150013
6.2526737967 05

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1.23448
1. 35931
1.48608
1.61459
1.74464

3051547
22484 65
96127 57
53960 00
42761 74

0.16293 97694 80
0.11546 87935 89
0.062198698329
0.00341 66314 77
0.06061 28742 95

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

8.35533
8.50478
8.65434
8.80401
8.95379

11
25
23
10
79

6.439281615976
6.62742 18579 12
6.81707 14837 44
7.0082081345 02
7.20081 01014 93

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.87607 87864 31
2.00876 41504 71
2.14258 42092 96
2.277438192204
2.41323 81411 84

0.1296463163
0.20345 94738
0.28184 56584
0.36461 40489
0.45158 81524

10
33
26
50
41

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

9.103680679832
9.25366 79950 15
9.40375 45067 08
9.55393 74783 21
9.70421 42849 72

7. 39485 62984 36
7.590326235184
7. 78719 99928 77
7.98545 82004 68
8.18508 20125 03

2.5
2.6
2. 7
2.8
2.9

2.54990
2.68737
2.82558
2.96448
3.10401

68424
61537
56411
14617
54399

95
50
91
89
01

0.54260
0.63751
0.73616
0.83843
0.94420

44058 52
0919046
63516 79
89130 96
54730 39

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

- 9.85458 24074 86
-10.00503 94267 90
-10.155583018686
-10.30621 09489 48
-10.45692 10687 39

8.386053088089
8.588353570962
8.79196 60705 87
8.99687 36442 29
9.20305 97799 25

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

3.24414
3.38482
3.52603
3.66772
3.80988

42995
90223
43067
81104
12618

90
77
09
88
23

1.05335 07710 69
1.16576671;3286
1.28135 17459 32
1. 40001 02965 76
1.52165 22746 73

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-10.60771 13103
-10.75857 96829
-10.90952 42693
-11.0605432217
-11.21163 47589

15
95
78
92
48

9.410508380312
9.6192037472 42
9.82913 05671 62
10.040273897180
10.25261 91518 09

3.5
3.6
3. 7
3.8
3.9

3.95246 71261 89
4.09546 13204 51
4.23884 14660 71
4.38258 69752 28
4.526678864716

1.646192624269
1. 77355 09225 91
1.903651019019
2.03642 07096 93
2.17179 14436 05

8.5
8.6
8. 7
8.8
8.9

-11.36279 71628 04
-11.514028775602
-11.66532 79970 81
-11.81669 32818 48
-11.96812 31369 01

10.466152090324
10.680858804712
10.89672 5708117
11.11373 95241 57
11.33188 72758 53

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

4. 67109
4.81583
4.96086
5.10617
5.25176

95934
29197
37766
81606
30342

09
96
87
63
30

2.309698056573
2.450078529947
2.592873771319
2.73802 74148 20
2.88548 56389 27

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-12.11961 61192 81
-12.27117 08338 67
-12.42278 59312 81
-12.574460105908
-12.72619 20940 29

11.55115
11.77153
11. 99300
12.21556
12.43920

4.5
4.6
4. 7
4.8
4.9

5.39760
5.54369
5.69002
5.83657
5.98334

62389
64183
29483
58764
58655

84
04
73
54
32

3.035196999922
3.18711 22793 89
3.34118 43443 27
3.49736 80186 15
3.65561 99647 12

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-12.877980672044
-13.029824654789
-13.18172 2893951
-13.333674276547
-13.48567 7723495

12.66389 50701 28
12.88964 02037 08
13.11642 51346 66
13.34423 91814 77
13.573071879455

5.0

- 6.13032 41445 53

3.81589 85746 15

10.0

-13.63773 21882 47

13.80291 29742 30

65025
23991
30931
51829
54158

62762
41183
86662
80464
06390

02
09
85
79
90

Linear interpolation will yield about three figures; eight-point interpolation will yield about eight figures.
For z outside the range of the table, see Examples 5-8.
:?lIn r(z)=In Ir(z)

,fIn r(z)=arg r(z)

278

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 6.7

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

.1'=1.1
.'Ji In r(z)

flnr(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.04987
0.05702
0.07824
0.11291
0.16008

24412
02290
35801
43470
21257

60
38
68
17
99

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.21858
0.28718
0.36464
0.44978
0.54157

96764
99839
38731
83131
54093

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

00000
65443
97383
06275
79240

S In r(z)

.f In r(z)

0.00000
0.04206
0.08230
0.11905
0.15086

00
76
98
18
09

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

5.96893
6.11415
6.25959
6.40526
6.55114

91493
43840
93585
53566
41480

09
43
53
87
11

0.17666 11398 43
0.195661678864
0.20740 35526 60
0.21167 10325 55
0.20843 91333 00

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

6.69722
6.84350
6. 98998
7.13663
7.28347

79531 89
94110 69
15495 70
7758696
17659 19

0.63908 78153 48
0.741538062074
0.84825 85646 26
0.95868 73364 97
1. 07235 26519 67

0.19781
0.18000
0.15525
0.12383
0.08605

67
74
12
38
00

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

7.43047 76136 25
7.577649638395
7.72498 24519 72
7.872470923738
8.02011 01645 61

5.66997
5.85035
6.03236
6.21597
6.40116

07803
38321
40835
56726
35407

94
46
50
90
92

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1.18885
1. 30787
1. 42911
1. 55233
1. 67734

84815
15575
03402
58336
40572

22
95
04
11
49

- 0.04217 34907 11
0.06275 56777 30
0.12329 53847 15
0.18890 25358 69

6.5
6.6
6. 7
6.8
6.9

8.16789
8.31582
8.46388
8.61208
8.76041

55118
25159
69271
46838
19021

88
69
17
95
72

6.58790 33956
6.77617 16773
6.96594 55256
7.1572027497
7.34992 17993

67
32
30
24
20

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1. 80395
1. 93203
2.06142
2.19203
2.32375

99248
22878
99239
82866
68617

63
13
46
29
01

0.25935 93780 23
0.33446 29085 79
0.414024032150
0.49786 66085 82
0.58582 64745 04

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

8.90886
9.05744
9.20613
9.35494
9.50386

48649
00129
39357
33637
51603

60
63
92
73
25

7.54408
7. 73966
7.93664
8.13500
8.33473

17375
22151
34464
61862
17082

09
13
25
70
71

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.45649 70097 26
2.590180195943
2.72473 65306 67
2.86010 35591 81
2.99622 52529 98

0.67775
0.77349
0.87292
0.97592
1.08236

04868
56148
80949
26515
17859

09
91
66
07
08

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

- 9.65289
- 9.80203
- 9.95127
-10.10061
-10.25005

63148 29
39359 83
52455 81
7572694
83482 21

8.53580
8.73819
8.94190
9.14690
9.35317

17842
86648
50606
41251
94376

76
33
84
84
01

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

3. 13305
3.27053
3.40863
3.54731
3.68654

11644
57144
75892
92273
63804

50
30
32
03
17

1. 19213
1. 30513
1. 42127
1.54045
1. 66258

51297
88581
51595
17547
14631

05
77
43
76
94

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-10.39959
-10.54922
-10.69894
-10. 84875
-10.99865

50997
54469
70966
78390
55435

80
17
06
24
72

9. 56071
9.76949
9.97950
10.19072
10.40315

49872
51583
47158
87913
28704

49
85
43
49
84

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

3.82628
3.96651
4.10720
4.24832
4.38985

77368
45962
05882
14278
47017

25
20
64
81
40

1. 78758 18092 68
1.91537 46664 26
2. 04588 59340 24
2.17904 52440 32
2.314785694326

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-11.14863 81551 38
-11.29870 36905 72
-11. 44885 02353 71
-11. 59907 59405 42
-11. 749379019653

10.61676
10.83154
11.04748
11. 26457
11.48278

27802
46772
50362
06394
85664

52
22
14
86
18

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

4.53177
4.67407
4.81672
4.95971
5.10303

96812
71584
93009
95242
23779

84
70
83
44
21

2.45304
2.59375
2. 73687
2.88232
3.03007

36058
83010
19016
91437
72080

25
13
54
48
09

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-11. 89975
-12.05021
-12.20073
-12.35133
-12.50199

77460
04501
55171
13844
65394

43
83
88
58
43

11.70212
11.92257
12.14411
12.36673
12.59043

61836
11355
13354
49565
04241

32
62
15
33
06

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

5.24665
5.39056
5.53476
5.67923
5.82396

34450
92519
71881
54339
28961

28
72
64
89
29

3. 18006
3. 33224
3. 48657
3. 64299
3.80148

55643
58288
16324
84993
37357

29
43
07
84
79

9.5
9.6
9. 7
9.8
9.9

-12.65272
-12.80352
-12.95439
-13.10532
-13.25631

95175
89000
33123
14220
19372

33
52
60
44
14

12.81518 64072 43
13.040991811365
13.26783 57709 12
13.49570 76423 49
13.72459 69974 44

5.0

- 5.96893 91493 52

3.961986325860

10.0

-13.4073636048 74

13.95449 36168 27

78257
55175
33222
93047
08957

+ 0.00751 65191 79

52
05
61
40
20

3.96198
4.12446
4.28888
4.45521
4.62340

63258
68364
73284
12743
34819

60
90
80
47
04

4. 79343 00232 04
4.96525 81683 67
5.13885 63238 91
5.314193975077
5.49124 16322 40

279

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

GAMMA FuNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 6.7

:r=1.2
y

;j

y Inr(z)

In r (z)

Jf

In r (z)

.f

In r(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.08537
0.09169
O. 11050
0.14135
0.18352

40900
75124
89067
09532
07443

03
13
86
62
57

0.000000000000
0.02865 84973 21
0.05586 39903 67
0.08025 91592 09
0.10066 05658 03

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

5.80731 52672 85
5.950576651939
6.09410 47211 91
6.23788 94064 81
6.38192 11972 10

4.106096405370
4.26883 00575 53
4.43349 40204 01
4.60005 23089 91
4.76847 02339 50

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.23614
0.29824
0.36884
0.44697
0.53174

32688
98509
83560
73864
22756

51
35
49
90
96

0.11610
0.12588
0.12948
0.12663
0.11720

77219
00935
68069
80564
77278

87
13
28
16
71

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

6.52619
6.67069
6.81541
6.96034
7. 10548

11003
06038
16425
65682
81209

82
24
98
97
15

4.93871 43339 56
5.11075 23127 64
5.284552980368
5.46008 61980 02
5.63732 28266 55

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.62233
0.71803
0.81823
0.92237
1. 03001

46814
95313
34133
79303
06294

87
44
20
78
86

0.10119
0.07868
0.04983
0.01483
0.02611

48344
85726
92764
57562
15201

90
52
14
65
47

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

7. 25082 94030
7.39636 38562
7.54208 52390
7.6879876072
7.83406 52949

54
29
70
47
57

5.81623
5.99679
6. 17897
6.36275
6.54810

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1.14073
1. 25421
1. 37015
1. 48829
1.60844

52341
22047
01536
83245
01578

62
39
37
09
57

0.072782393261
0.124955193738
0.18241 21090 01
0.24494 25273 48
0.31234 49712 35

6.5
6.6
6. 7
6.8
6.9

7.98031
8.12672
8.27329
8.42002
8.56690

28978
52570
74450
47512
26702

26
99
10
17
20

6.73499 68651 55
6.92341 60416 24
7.11333 62984 34
7.30473 5641632
7.497592706469

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.73038
1.85397
1. 97906
2.10553
2.23325

78680
79144
72374
01371
56848

93
87
32
17
33

O. 38442
0.46101
0.54192
~. 62700
O. 71610

80719
09100
29484
37140
23338

73
87
31
16
39

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

8.71392
8. 86109
9.00839
9.15583
9.30340

68896
32795
78818
69016
66975

74
24
89
37
98

7.6918867310 43
7.887597531386
8.08470 54778 77
8.283191472922
8.48303 69297 94

2.5
2.6
2. 7
2.8
2.9

2.36214
2.49211
2.62307
2. 75497
2.88773

55727
23232
77928
19177
16568

43
46
95
39
77

O. 80907
0.90579
1. 00612
1.10996
1. 21718

69945
43715
90561
29987
49784

69
71
43
33
62

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

- 9.45110 37743 60
- 9.59892 47746 01
- 9.746866471923
- 9.89492 57641 38
-10.043099666984

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

3.02130
3.15562
3.29066
3.42636
3.56269

00992
57049
16590
53170
77297

07
65
00
56
54

1.327690104418
1.44137 93510 29
1.55815 91278 68
1.67794 08829 56
1. 80064 07379 67

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-10.191385308231
-10.33977 99221 46
-10.48828 08443 04
-10.636885506701
-10. 78559 14331 66

9. 70967 70361 08
9.91855 72443 36
10.12866 44054 34
10.33998 37387 77
10.552500813440

3.5
3.6
3. 7
3.8
3.9

3.69962 32317 85
3.83710 90860 24
3.975125174107
4.11364 37264 61
4.25263 90859 57

1.92617 91533 49
2.054480621184
2.18547 33836 08
2.319089174667
2.45526 29835 70

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-10.93439 62350 38
-11.083297607093
-11. 23229 33237 11
-11.381381235253
-11.53055 92646 46

10.76620
10.98107
11. 19709
11.41426
11. 63257

15360
21389
91694
94790
02129

05
38
76
19
90

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

4.39208 75003 42
4.53196 69393 70
4.672256933223
4.81293 84293 30
4.95399 36651 50

2.59393
2.73503
2.87852
3.02434
3.17242

28374
96019
67976
04316
88424

55
03
01
86
26

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-11.679825404157
-11. 82917 77123 44
-11.9786143111 70
-12.12813 33832 78
-12.27773 31694 04

11.85198
12.07251
12.29413
12.51683
12.74059

88011
29482
06252
00607
97329

32
35
48
77
36

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

5.09540
5.23716
5.37924
5.52163
5.66433

3.32274
3.47523
3.62985
3.78657
3.94533

25560
41545
81537
08902
04167

43
72
79
31
32

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-12.42741
-12.57716
-12.72700
-12.87690
-13.02688

12.96542
13.19130
13.41821
13.64615
13.87511

83615
49005
85311
86543
48849

35
92
47
64
16

5.0

- 5.80731 52672 85

4.106096405370

10.0

60548
00880
12391
58863
12381

36
20
93
97
00

19659
81225
00401
61685
50046

29
64
42
35
68

-13.17693 50906 38

8.68422
8.88673
9.09055
9.29565
9.50203

46788
44733
57929
30441
14200

37525
43171
14530
84265
89238

41
73
16
11
83

82
55
96
39
50

14.10507 70446 23

280

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 6.7

1'=1.3
.'Ii In r (z)

.f In r(z)

.f In r(z)

stln r(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.10817
0.11383
0.13070
0.15843
0.19649

48095
61080
20636
10081
12771

08
85
90
49
78

0.00000
0.01671
0.03225
0.04549
0.05544

00000
99199
84033
95427
82296

00
34
35
81
06

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

5.64541
5.78673
5.92835
6.07026
6.21246

41381
23355
35606
64370
02140

33
37
66
51
03

4. 24823 90621 27
4.411263195795
4.57620 66023 67
4.74303 39118 17
4.91171 10050 12

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.24420
0.30082
0.36553
0.43754
0.51609

93680
34434
39002
53407
74046

45
02
19
27
40

0.06126
0.06229
0.05805
0.04820
0.03257

78750
79103
28252
73993
37450

55
48
04
35
94

5.5
5.6
5. 7
5.8
5.9

6.35492
6.49765
6.64062
6. 78384
6.92730

47217
03305
79133
88113
48028

66
97
72
55
21

5.08220
5.25448
5.42851
5.60427
5.78172

49501
39434
72533
51684
89485

77
72
50
12
09

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.60048
0.69006
O. 78427
0.88259
0.98458

45154
62005
03001
13601
61322

05
12
02
03
90

- 0.01107 52190
+ 0.01627 90894
0.04941 70710
0.08822 25250
0.13255 01649

48
04
23
9b
50

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

7.07098 80742 52
7.214891193862
7.35900 70872 13
7.50332 90147 58
7.64785 0551098

5.96085
6.14161
6.32399
6.50795
6. 69349

07788
37268
17016
94158
23498

45
52
49
99
81

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1.08986
1. 19809
1. 30898
1. 42227
1. 53773

76158
86148
54162
19237
44011

16
04
82
14
63

0.18223
0.23711
0.29699
0.36171
0.43110

70479
09920
65855
93463
85022

17
47
44
93
51

6.5
6.6
6. 7
6.8
6.9

7.79256 55658
7.9374682058
8.08255 28787
8.22781 42379
8.3732471681

6.88056 6717638
7.06915 94350 45
7.25924 80896 76
7.45081 09123 38
7.643826750164

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1. 65517 68709 10
1. 77442 71431 91
1. 89533 34239 28
2.011761433134
2.141591964687

0.50499
0.58323
0.66565
0.75212
0.84250

87656
13926
47394
44759
35670

67
09
67
30
42

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

8.518846172668
8.66460 83606 78
8.81052 74362 48
8.95659 96875 66
9.10282 09170 73

7.8382750411
8.03413 57901
8.23138 95458
8.43001 73795
8.63000 08640

67
50
91
19
04

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.26671
2.39304
2. 52049
2.64897
2.77843

88222
70725
15659
56799
02497

04
18
37
18
03

0.93666
1. 03447
1.13583
1. 24061
1. 34872

21049
70464
18965
63628
60013

03
53
15
56
87

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

9.24918
9.39569
9.542:34
9.68911
9.83602

8.83132 20546
9.0339634708
9.23790 80780
9.44313 92714
9.64964 08601

97
43
23
58
22

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.90879
3.04000
3.17201
3.30478
3.43825

26554
60402
86387
31979
64765

06
26
60
94
05

1.460061863396
1. 57453 01525 07
1.69204 18960 57
1. 81251 26335 69
1. 93586 21235 97

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

- 9.98306 65608 89
-10.13022 81051 96
-10. 27751 08670 60
-10.424911924888
-10.57242 84612 54

9.85739
10.06639
10.27661
10.48804
10.70066

70516 25
24378 12
1981047
10011 24
51627 91

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

3.57239
3. 70717
3.84254
3.97848
4.11497

88099 07
37325 19
76469 59
9534695
07016 98

2.06201 40693 37
2.19089 58627 45
2.32243 83465 44
2.456575593286
2.59324 47004 59

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-10. 72005 77580 15

-10.86779 71917 09
-11. 0156442292 16
-11.163596423664
-11. 31165 14105 63

10.91447
11.12944
11.34557
11.56283
11.78123

04638
32237
00727
79415
40512

39
30
24
00
20

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

4.2519645543
4.38944 64012
4.52739 32178
4.66578 37904
4.80459 79774

]8
12
30
84
65

2. 73238 56006 34
2.87394 08855 80
3.017855643348
3.16407 73073 22
3.31255 55163 23

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-11.459806904159
-11.60806 06939 74
-11.75641 0641549
-11.904854617352
-12.05339 07978 49

12.00074
12.22136
12.44306
12.66585
12.88971

59040
12739
81981
49686
01243

23
31
38
64
51

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

4.94381
5.08342
5.22340
5.36373
5.50441

33
42
94
52
31

3.46324 19848 78
3.61609 03828 59
3.77105 62237 32
3.928096760719
4.08717 08902 55

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-12.20201
-12.35073
-12.49953
-12.64841
-12. 79738

13.11462
13.34058
13.56757
13. 79559
14.02462

24431
09350
48342
35935
68767

99
03
95
62
33

5.0

- 5.64541 41381 33

4.24823 90621 27

10.0

71850
39564
19323
57615
10199

73322
49368
01230
93636
92650

27
02
24
13
76

19
29
14
11
88

70627 34
15923 02
2564949
82148 10
68295 12

-12.94643 67480 34

14.25466 45529 28

281

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

GAMMA

FUNCTlO~

Table 6.7

FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

1'=1.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.119612914172
0.12473 21357 76
0.14000 01552 88
0.16515 59551 89
0.19978 93616 12

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.24337
0.29530
0.35492
0.42158
0.49462

34438
16779
46161
20669
85345

09
62
10
55
46

- 0.01124 72025
- 0.00401 77865
+ 0.00775 78473
0.02441 65124
0.04618 11610

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.57345 12921
0.65748 16506
O. 74620 06322
0.83914 04638
0.9358832199

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1. 03605
1.13933
1. 24542
1. 35407
1. 46505

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1. 57816
1. 69322
1.81008
1. 92859
2.04863

2.5
2.6
2. 7
2.8
2.9

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

Min r(z)

fin r(z)

:% In r(z)

0.00000 00000 00
0.005974001743
0.01097 08056 66
0.01405 93840 03
0.01439 47989 49

fin r(z)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

5.4831980511
5.62258 51037
5. 76231 08530
5.90236 26637
6.04272 85898

18
38
84
32
42

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

6.18339 73257 62
6.32435 81614 11
6.465600941701
6.60711 60288 99
6.74889 42683 24

5.22391 06968 84
5.39646 14275 35
5.570757082941
5.746768427933
5.92446 71670 92

03
41
98
04
21

0.07317 82199 73
0.10545 58409 92
0.143001198637
0.18575 57618 52
0.23362 80933 40

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

6.89092 69567 80
7.03320 58135 18
7.17572 29534 78
7.318470862598
7.46144 23750 25

6.10382
6.28481
6.46741
6.65160
6.83734

59013
80874
79988
06901
19628

94
01
09
96
28

77156
54742
63479
41615
26007

27
88
49
64
14

0.28650 41540 26
0.34425 53337 92
0.406744540487
0.47383 07041 21
O. 54537 20299 26

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

7.60463 06520
7.7480291624
7.89163 16M 7
8.03543 21899
8.17942 50262

25
64
23
02
34

7.02461 83323
7.21340 69984
7.40368 58155
7.59543 32663
7.7886284351

73
03
67
20
12

14562
32702
03838
23663
37884

85
19
54
09
08

0.62122
0.70126
0.78534
0.87333
0.96512

81
49
50
61
00

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

8.32360
8.46796
8.61250
8. 75721
8.90209

82
44
82
90
54

7.98325
8.17928
8. 37669
8.57548
8. 77562

09839
11291
96196
77156
71692

40
83
29
28
98

2.17009 23032 73
2.29286 69947 17
2.416866957058
2.54201 00734 84
2.66822 19640 86

1.060591903592
1.15962 08468 95
1. 26210 60952 18
1. 36794 54704 02
1. 47704 16591 47

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

~. 04712 96653 17
9.19232 75409 21
9.337679741953
9.48318 23233 58
9.62883 14889 78

8.97710
9.17988
9.38397
9.58934
9.79598

02057
95050
81856
97875
82575

23
80
34
68
76

2. 79543 50784 95
2.92358 79116 75
3.05262 43245 92
3.18249 29542 71
3.313146700161

1.58930
1. 70463
1.82296
1.94420
2.06828

43
60
35
89
10

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

- 9.77462 35841 76
- 9.92055 50889 05
-10.06662 26112 05
-10.21282 28810 76
-10.359152744720

10.00387
10.21300
10.42335
10.63490
10.84764

79341
35337
01372
31773
84263

91
97
94
72
58

3.5
3.6
3. 7
3.8
3.9

3.44454
3.57663
3.70940
3.84279
3.97678

22757
98160
25331
64130
99482

38
21
00
02
49

2.195119712313
2.32465 09517 70
2.456809050277
2.59153 06235 98
2.728755067188

8.5
8.6
8. 7
8.8
8.9

-10.50560 91591
-10.65218 91868
-10.79888 99915
-10.9457088327
-11.09264 30623

10
81
05
39
27

11.06157
11.27666
11.49290
11.71027
11.92878

19846
02694
00045
82098
21916

19
74
92
57
70

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

4.11135
4.24646
4.38208
4.51820
4.65479

39012
10946
62246
56949
74683

79
69
51
47
75

2.86842
3.01048
3.15487
3.30155
3.45047

43947
30870
79501
79836
42563

56
18
77
24
18

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-11.239690119939
-11.38684 75293 27
-11.53411 28946 97
-11.68148 38972 65
-11.82895 82920 01

12.14839
12.36911
12.59092
12.81381
13.03776

95336
80877
59658
15312
33912

59
89
40
39
29

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

4.79184
4.92931
5. 06720
5.20549
5.34416

09340
67880
6n67
43497
30732

18
70
30
23
30

3.60157
3.75482
3.91017
4.06758
4.22701

97913
94580
98712
92973
75662

33
13
52
81
27

9.5
9.6
9. 7
9.8
9.9

-11. 97653 39045 38

-12.1242086282 47
-12.27198 04214 52
-12.41984 73048 02
-12.56780 7358755

13.26277
13.48882
13.71590
13.94401
14.17313

03893
15982
63127
40430
45087

53
45
03
46
16

5.0

- 5.48319 80511 50

4.38842 59888 87

10.0

-12.71585 87212 03

14.40325 76321 42

82885
23803
13608
70735
64991

19987
82510
63729
62885
16678

47045
59849
38438
34627
02169

50
75
59
68
90

4.38842
4.55177
4.71703
4.88416
5.05313

59888
72808
54898
59286
51119

87
10
14
80
86

282

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 6.7

1'=1.5
Y

:;

In r (z)

.f In r(z)

0.00000 00000 00
0.003786841510
0.00839 39012 17
0.01460 80536 11
0.02315 34211 15

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

5.32063
5.45809
5.59594
5.73414
5.87269

00229
92990
21987
48816
42552

09
12
69
77
05

4.52667
4.69038
4.85599
5.02345
5. 19275

02683
46594
23475
93914
29984

19
51
89
30
42

79223
41337
17435
01693
93551

&f

fin r(z)

In r(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.12078
0.12545
0.13938
0.16238
0.19412

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.234186347470
0.28208 36136 63
0.33728 34790 33
0.39923 54301 20
0.46739 08704 08

0.03466
0.04969
0.06866
0.09191
0.11969

89612
46638
64150
83319
06415

75
36
66
43
60

5.5
5.6
5. 7
5.8
5.9

6.01157
6.15078
6.29030
6.43012
6.57022

61
33
55
96
39

5.36384
5.53669
5.71128
5.88757
6.06554

14702
41510
13794
44426
55330

24
65
95
18
63

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.541218868-547
0.62021 70896 71
0.70391 84698 97
0.79189 44573 28
0.883755694674

0.15214 09934
0.18935 73091
0.23137 07067
0.27816 75270
0.3296999180

52
01
73
32
52

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

6.71061 97369 14
6.85128 22117 36
6.99220 81085 67
7.13338 91616 09
7.274817485607

6.24516
6.42641
6.60926
6.79368
6.97965

77083
48526
16403
35022
65928

65
40
83
65
01

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.97915
1. 07776
1.17931
1. 28355
1. 39024

09391
48736
53061
01134
41643

81
47
81
19
92

0.38589 47712
0.44666 10201
0.51189 54441
0.5814871805
0.65532 11610

67
49
75
09
93

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

7.41648 55529 97
7.558386172729
7.70051 24706 26
7.84285 78711 49
7.985416080440

7.16715 77597 60
7.356164515222
7.54665 50081 65
7. 73860 79984 87
7.93200 28323 86

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.49919
1.61022
1. 72317
1. 83789
1.95426

63725
69592
49667
60327
04180

85
23
28
96
71

0.73328
0.81524
0.90111
0.99075
1. 08407

06816
92850
21116
68430
43370

91
60
92
94
92

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

8.12818
8.27114
8.41430
8.55766
8.70119

10705
70647
85238
01333
67916

8.12681 94190 02
8.323038208245
8.52064 01697 48
8.71960 67728 67
8.919919967660

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.07215
2.19146
2.31210
2.43397
2.55701

12706
31061
04795
68277
34593

83
38
77
27
17

1. 18095
1. 28130
1. 38502
1. 49201
1. 60219

90329
91860
69784
85397
39035

08
05
97
98
70

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

8.84491
8.98880
9.13286
9.27709
9.42149

35986 81
5845698
90053 22
87224 65
08057 13

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4 ,

2.6811386746
2.80628 69972
2.93239 85022
3.05941 82284
3.18729 56630

74
89
62
63
57

1. 71546
1. 83175
1. 95097
2.07306
2.19793

69204
51411
96800
50684
91011

67
18
61
28
06

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

- 9.56604
- 9.71074
- 9.85560
-10.00060
-10.14575

12192
60753
16271
42619
04950

3.5
3.6
3. 7
3.8
3.9

3.31598 42885 64
3.44544 11840 65
3.57562 66733 10
3. 70650 40135 44
3.838039119727

2.325532682438
2.45577 96733 92
2.58861 67421 82
2.72398 32197 35
2.86182 09608 36

8.5
8.6
8. 7
8.8
8.9

-10.29103
-10.43646
-10.58201
-10.72770
-10.87352

69636
04212
77325
58681
19000

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

3.97020 03195 93
4.10295 81356 26
4.23628 50905 75
4.370155533609
4.50454 54845 89

3.00207
3.14468
3.28961
3.43680
3.58620

42115
94828
54314
27461
40415

08
47
23
51
07

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-11.0194629973 44
-11.16552 64215 28
-11.31170 95229 33
-11.458009736784
-11. 60442 45796 38

12.29495
12.51578
12. 73770
12.96070
13.18476

19944
56196
60868
18385
15581

46
58
20
99
47

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

4.63943
4.77479
4.91061
5. 04687
5.18354

3. 73777
3.89146
4.04724
4.20506
4.36488

37568
80616
47663
32380
43223

62
79
05
55
09

9.5
9.6
9. 7
9.8
9.9

-11.75095 1645994
-11.89758 86050 76
-12.0443331977 78
-12.191183233759
-12.33813 65886 95

13.40987
13.63602
13.86321
14.09142
14.32063

41617
87918
48100
17910
95157

61
31
75
27
82

5.0

- 5.32063 00229 09

4.52667 02683 19

10.0

-12.48519 1201651

14.55085 79659 84

22376
03928
53175
37050
35254

24943
55187
48059
17934
90163

35
11
79
76
45

00
51
11
63
32

51
52
40
52
34

9.12156
9.32451
9.52876
9.73429
9.94108

21668
62284
54395
35008
45113

12
17
97
92
82

67
60
36
46
41

10.14912 29545
10.35839 36845
10.56888 19135
10.7805731993
10.99345 34334

01
06
53
69
60

22
40
09
09
77

11.20750 88298 51
11.42272 59143 12
11.63909 15140 53
11.856592747860
12.07521 70166 56

283

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 6.7

,r=1.6
y

.'1fln r(z)

MIn r(z)

J' In r(z)

flnr(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.11259
0.11687
0.12968
0.15085
0.18012

17656
93076
70233
38452
29875

97
07
13
14
82

0.00000 00000 00
0.01272 17953 11
0.026140854767
0.04092 98346 69
0.05771 4726693

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

5.15767
5.29324
5. 42921
5.56558
5.70232

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.21715
0.26155
0.31289
0.37068
0.43448

76591
99560
07142
83847
55339

72
50
69
40
80

0.07705
0.09944
0.12527
0.15488
0.18851

74009 90
39491 75
9074690
59553 99
04588 87

5.5
5.6
5. 7
5.8
5.9

5.83943 60752 49
5.97689 88014 04
6.11470 18170 24
6.252833631959
6.39128 33226 66

5.50200
5.67519
5.85009
6.02670
6.20497

82001
24850
99922
25740
29518

33
30
08
71
79

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

O. 50382
0.57825
0.65736
O. 74076
0.82810

21960
58588
82809
95833
01661

58
66
44
61
20

0.22632
0.26845
0.31495
0.36583
0.42110

83631
42738
11405
95580
63293

44
89
00
78
75

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

6.53004
6.66909
6.80843
6.94806
7.08795

33
28
20
33
41

6.38488
6.56641
6.74953
6.93421
7.12044

46780
21003
03284
52011
32570

37
90
11
79
25

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.91903
1.01326
1.11052
1. 21057
1. 31318

10002
27864
43845
08228
11150

05
52
66
70
50

0.48071
0.54459
0.61268
0.68490
0.76114

20031
72874
83586
11588
48080

31
22
73
51
60

6.5
6.6
6. 7
6.8
6.9

7.22810 79544 00
7.368517554564
7.50917 42208 19
7.65007 07879 17
7.79120 03956 68

7.30819
7.49743
7.68816
7.88034
8.07395

17047
83963
18010
09808
55670

52
44
64
67
43

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1. 41815
1. 52531
1.63449
1.74555
1. 85836

60399
59861
89215
85219
24696

85
47
98
99
22

0.84132
0.92534
1. 01310
1.10450
1.19945

42695
23984
14934
44515
56127

09
61
56
88
07

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

7.93255
8.07413
8.21592
8.35792
8.50012

6471990
27171 08
30888 20
17887 32
32493 99

8.26898
8.46541
8.66321
8.86237
9.06288

57380
21983
61583
93155
38358

27
05
45
10
78

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.97279
2.08873
2.20609
2.32478
2.44471

09238
51557
63358
44606
74052

15
24
10
95
94

1. 29786 13618 36
1.39963 05453 39
1.504674744881
1. 61290 84436 93
1. 72424 91120 48

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

8.64252
8.78511
8.92789
9. 07085
9.21399

21222
32665
17384
27813
18168

97
62
38
87
02

9.26471
9.46784
9.67227
9.87797
10.08493

23369
78710
39098
43290
33943

30
61
48
61
44

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.56582
2.68802
2.81126
2.93548
3.06063

00865
37258
51983
64586
40331

46
40
53
59
69

1. 83861
1.95593
2.07613
2.19913
2.32487

72327
62824
26817
57221
74784

21
65
55
55
17

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

9.35730
9.50078
9.64443
9. 78824
9.93220

44352
63884
35813
20648
80292

92
89
39
48
58

10.29313
10.50256
10.71321
10.92505
11.13808

57475
63937
06886
43268
33302

61
51
60
31
08

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

3.18665 85710
3.31351 44463
3.44115 94046
3.56955 42495
3.69866 25626

48
00
31
22
62

2.45329
2.58431
2.71789
2.85396
2.99247.

27106
87608
54457
49506
17222

82
00
96
80
46

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-10.07632
-10.22059
-10.36501
-10.50957
-10.65427

77975
78196
46660
50232
56879

98
20
67
55
66

11.35228
11. 56764
11.78414
12.00178
12.22054

40372
30924
74364
42963
11767

42
55
58
80
06

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

3.82845 04545 47
3.958886341567
4.08994 07464 23
4. 22158 61190 90
4.35379 66759 32

3.13336
3.27658
3.42209
3.56983
3. 71976

23649
55399
18672
38320
56948

89
89
73
36
92

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-10.79911
-10.94408
-11.08918
-11.23442
-11.37977

35626
56506
90522
09602
86562

11
53
76
86
21

12.44040
12.66136
12.88341
13.10652
13.33070

58504 89
63509 22
09632 56
8217040
68786 75

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

4.48654 82548
4.6198181847
4.75358 51673
4.88782 91705
5.02253 13317

3.87184
4.02602
4.18226
4.34053
4.50078

34062
45248
81404
48000
64388

62
92
46
81
72

9.5
9.6
9. 7
9.8
9.9

-11.52525 95066 64
-11.67086 09597 45
-11.816580541821
-11. 96241 58543 24
-12.10836 45707 60

13.55593
13.78220
14.00950
14.23781
14.46714

59442
46327
23791
88286
38298

5.0

- 5.15767 38696 89

4.66298 63139 40

10.0

-12.25442 44338 60

14.69746 74295 03

65
38
33
81
74

3869689
00046 70
38858 50
05247 67
57347 10

04959
52554
81708
02492
29088

4.662986313940
4.82709 89421 23
4.99309 00410 26
5.16092 64732 77
5.33057 61938 2-9

57
06
60
23
57

284

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 6.7

.e=1.7
fin r(z)

Jilnr(z)

fin r(z)

S In r(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.09580
0.09977
0.11161
0.13120
0.15834

76974
01624
35203
82417
67099

07
55
43
20
43

0.00000
0.02095
0.04250
0.06524
0.08970

00
47
99
20
34

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

4.99429
5.12797
5.26209
5.39663
5.53159

42740
31077
29486
77210
21994

24
01
79
79
12

4. 79738
4.96193
5.12834
5. 29658
5.46661

98064
49448
25830
04404
72692

85
28
88
97
91

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.19275
0.23410
0.28203
0.33614
0.39604

44989
41754
01468
32007
36829

43
11
30
35
33

0.11638 82473 83
0.145730947606
0.178107010882
0.21382 42284 85
0.25312 66649 29

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

5.66694
5.80267
5.93877
6.07522
6.21202

19505
32805
31855
93070
98903

53
14
28
61
76

5.63842
5.81196
5.98722
6.16416
6.34275

28098
77481
36749
30480
91548

55
03
88
45
66

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.46133
0.53162
0.60653
0.68572
0.76884

26441
06562
43029
05552
93610

19
78
30
37
19

0.2961991243
0.34317 32455
0.39413 44205
0.44912 88915
0.50817 05624

57
42
39
80
82

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

6.34916
6.48662
6.62438
6.76246
6.90082

37463
02160
91385
08200
60067

25
75
04
42
27

6. 52298
6. 70481
6.88823
7.07320
7.25970

60784
86640
24881
38287
96365

05
24
89
20
25

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.85561
0.94573
1. 03895
1.13503
1. 23375

48134
52538
26210
13039
66975

32
42
76
83
90

0.57124
0.63832
0.70935
0.78428
0.86303

72307
60866
84280
36123
23052

84
03
02
89
04

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

7.03947 58582 98
7.17840 1924147
7.31759 61209 77
7.45705 07120 18
7.596758287682

7. 44772 75087 22
7.637235663084
7.828212913739
8. 02063 86480 35
8.21449 28045 37

2. O'
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1. YH93
1. 43838
1.54394
1. 65147
1.76084

36116
46369
85411
87389
18623

09
05
53
10
15

0.94552
1. 03169
1.12144
1. 21470
1. 31138

91079
46541
72591
42030
27144

51
37
94
73
41

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

7.736711747534
7.87690 42834 81
8.01732 93640 69
8. 15798 07198 22
8.29885 23295 23

8.40975
8.60640
8.80443
9.00381
9.20452

58520
87697
30279
05701
37958

62
25
13
63
73

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.871916445244
1.98459 17246 80
2.09876 65571 99
2.21434 84448 82
2.33125 26629 53

1.41140 07152 26
1.514677374445
1.62113 35114 76
1.73069 18813 34
1. 84327 73680 71

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

8.43993
8.58123
8.72273
8.86442
9.00631

84073
33910
19301
88760
92716

80
02
22
30
38

9.40655
9.60988
9.81450
10.02039
10.22753

55438
90763
80646
65738
90498

14
93
38
46
84

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.44940
2.56872
2.68915
2.81062
2.93309

14805
34658
28670
90603
60594

61
89
03
59
79

1. 95881
2.07724
2.19847
2.32246
2.44914

71071
05531
95064
81077
28100

34
98
74
41
87

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

9.14839
9.29066
9.43310
9.57572
9.71851

83421
14862
42680
24089
17806

51
98
75
73
54

10.43592
10.64552
10.85634
11.06835
11.28154

03060
55107
01750
01418
15743

85
28
59
23
00

3.5
3.6
3. 7
3.8
3.9

3.05650
3.18079
3.30594
3.43189
3.55860

20770 24
91341 33
27115 93
1437984
68105 24

2.57844
2.71030
2.84468
2.98150
3.12073

23336 16
76079 67
1706422
91744 80
89551 42

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

- 9.86146 83980 47
-10.00458 8412832
-10.1478681072 85
-10.29130 38884 74
-10.43489 22827 58

11.49590
11.71141
11.92807
12.14585
12.36475

09457
50295
08891
58692
75866

89
52
58
46
47

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

3.68605 29448 47
3.814196350382
3.94300 57284 13
4.07245 17902 59
4.20250 70933 22

3.26231 83125 99
3.40619 87555 93
3.552332961433
3.70067 53013 46
3.85118 17677 02

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-10.57862 99305 96
-10.72251 35816 27
-10.86654 00900 14
-11. 01070 64100 32
-11.155009591883

12.58476
12.80586
13.02804
13.25129
13.47560

39218
30109
32377
32259
18323

81
93
08
06
86

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

4.33314
4.46434
4.59607
4.72832
4.86107

01
52
47
79
26

4.00380 99034 45
4.15851 87339 90
4.31526 87017 23
4.474021603194
4.63474 05290 18

9.5
9.6
9. 7
9.8
9.9

-11. 29944 67777 28

-11.44401 51979 25
-11.588712167447
-11. 73353 50824 91
-11. 87848 14172 43

13. 70095
13.92735
14.15471
14.38320
14.61264

81399
14505
12791
73474
95715

16
47
90
23
51

5.0

- 4.99429 42740 24

4.79738 98064 85

10.0

-12.02354 8-7208 09

14.84308 80868 68

58930
40087
87027
85697
34372

00000
53101
99781
48506
54480

285

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

GAMMA

FUNCTIO~

FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 6.7

:1'=1.8
y

,J(

!'I r(z)

flnr(z)

Yt In r(z)

Inr(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.07108
0.07476
0.08577
0.10400
0.12929

38729
57386
55297
76857
22486

14
86
09
32
30

0.00000 00000
0.02858 63331
0.05769 29209
0.08782 58538
0.1194640495

00
36
31
91
57

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

4.83045
4.90226
5.09454
5.22728
5.30046

68451
53555
72216
53433
35143

13
54
70
89
73

4.929897626384
5. 09490 86275 80
5.26176 50781 04
5.430435600962
5.60088 97905 12

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.16140
0.20006
0.24498
0.29581
0.35221

31015
82029
08149
07721
50054

52
53
51
71
25

0.15304 83729 82
0.18897 35429 70
0.227583101417
0.26916 73612 58
0.31396 39650 50

5.5
5.6
5. 7
5.8
5.9

5.49406
5. 62807
5.76248
5.89728
6.03244

63019
92920
84380
06145
32737

68
13
56
63
64

5.77309
5.94703
6.12266
6.29996
6.47891

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.4138467690
0.48036 32669
0.55143 15880
0.62673 30272
O. 70596 59713

74
52
74
43
03

0.36216 05120 09
0.41389 86472 00
0.46927 90315 88
0.52830 66950 54
0.591196385723

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

6.16796
6.30383
6.44003
6.57656
6. 71341

44658
28019
74202
79546
45046

02
05
92
04
23

6. 65948 19384 99
6.84164 41059 65
7.025377243742
7.21065 80966 53
7.39746 40550 43

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.78884
0.87511
0.96452
1.05684
1.15188

75850
45440
30468
83111
37223

80
57
26
80
02

0.65777 76436 6~
O. 72809 94297 11
0.80213 42229 48
0.87984 15616 08
0.961171043430

6.5
6.6
6. 7
6.8
6.9

6.85056
6.98801
7.12575
7.26377
7.40207

76090
82204
76814
77029
03441

92
65
17
87
98

7.58577
7.77556
7.96681
8.15950
8.35362

31298
39290
56346
79813
12360

85
39
11
46
30

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1. 24943
1. 34934
1.45143
1. 55556
1.66161

97659
28469
40669
80105
15761

29
99
35
11
22

1. 04606
1. 13445
1. 22628
1. 32148
1. 41997

48267
96865
86841
25078
05387

65
98
72
65
49

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

7.54062
7. 67944
7. 81850
7.95781
8.09736

79930
33488
94055
94361
69787

63
49
06
78
03

8.54913
8.74603
8.94429
9.14390
9.34484

61778
40794
66893
62145
53042

15
54
74
64
25

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1. 76944 28703 84
1. 87895 01786 38
1. 99003 10163 61
2.102591261995
2.21654 43088 12

1. 52168
1. 62654
1. 73449
1. 84544
1. 95935

16884
50508
04020
85788
17594

90
69
35
28
45

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

8.23714
8.37114
8.51737
8.65781
8. 79845

58220
99935
37469
15513
80804

35
16
39
42
75

9.547097034142
9. 75064 48917 54
9.95547 27618 74
10. 16156 49130 30
10.36890 59844 02

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.33181
2.44831
2.56599
2.68478
2.80461

2.07613 36663
2.1957297074
2.31807 70690
2.44311 47704
2.57078 36890

29
49
52
17
62

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

8.93930
9.08035
9.22159
9.36303
9.50464

82029
69727
96207
15461
83091

08
14
08
81
20

10.57748
10.78727
10.99827
11. 21046
11.42383

09733
52232
44124
45427
19293

12
56
32
62
59

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

2.925455119019
3.04723 78253 42
3.16992 13469 31
3.29346 24159 89
3.41782 06949 39

2.70102
2.83378
2.96901
3.10665
3.24665

50
90
05
79
51

8.5
8.6
8. 7
8.8
8.9

- 9.64644
- 9.78841
- 9.93056
-10.07288
-10.21535

56228
93471
54816
01596
96421

63
63
43
06
85

11.6383631904
11.85404 52376
12.0708652667
12.28881 07487
12.50786 94213

38
37
34
37
31

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

3.54295
3.66884
3.79543
3.92270
4.05063

85286
07212
43338
85028
42744

89
13
26
21
24

3.38897 34693 93
3.53355 84906 21
3.680366191647
3.82935 29025 75
3.98047 64181 31

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-10.35800 03128 01
-10.500798671924
-10.64375 13321 05
-10.7868550132 67
-10.93010 65382 43

12.72802
12.94927
13.17160
13.39499
13.61944

69
79
90
43
87

4.5
4.6
4. 7
4.8
4.9

4.17918
4.30833
4.43805
4.56833
4.69913

44552
34763
72703
31585
97495

05
48
06
96
61

4.133695941914
4.28897 20315 17
4.44626 65448 66
4.60554 25879 92
4.766764464438

9.5
9.6
9. 7
9.8
9.9

-11. 07350
-11. 21704
-11.36071
-11.50453
-11. 64847

39
12
47
33
06

13.84494 33679 42
14.071471784817
14.29902 39730 75
14.52758 97368 21
14.75715 90776 29

5.0

- 4.83045 68451 13

4.92989 76263 84

10.0

-11. 79255 44293 69

14.98772 21889 61

06516
66432
45147
15548
97009

27
13
78
41
53

65631
79764
43304
38058
63186

28285
09003
78605
09034
73069

81726
21669
40498
69207
46681

92806
85734
57894
96541
91215

78
16
86
68
58

286

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 6.7

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX

ARGUMENT~

,1:=1.9
flnr(z)

!JIlIn r(z)

f Inr(z)

&f In r(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.03898
0.04242
0.05270
0.06974
0.09340

42759
16648
43596
53071
38158

23
18
13
16
25

0.00000
0.03569
0.07184
0.10889
0.14726

00000
47077
49288
51730
87453

00
36
73
33
39

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

4.66612
4.79608
4.92654
5.05749
5.18891

81728
44074
53878
30552
02823

77
24
64
47
51

5.06052
5.22603
5. 39337
5.56250
5. 73340

77830
70297
36626
72499
82679

38
75
27
47
93

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.12349
0.15978
O. 20201
0.24990
0.30315

16727
08372
20244
35004
95035

26
30
82
09
34

0.18735
0.22952
0.27407
0.32128
0.37139

90383
28050
56544
97690
36389

60
02
06
64
55

5.5
5.6
5. 7
5.8
5.9

5.32078
5.45308
5.58582
5.71896
5.85249

08121
92008
07663
15389
82177

05
98
21
41
50

5.90604
6. 08039
6.25643
6.43412
6.61345

80662
88340
35684
60432
07797

49
38
02
49
49

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.36147
0.42455
0.49209
0.56381
0.63943

78527
64621
86372
71504
71834

10
11
39
20
98

0.42457
0.48097
0.54071
0.60385
0.67046

34706
58618
13247
82827
72268

81
37
70
52
81

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

5.98641
6.12070
6.25535
6.39035
6.52569

81289
91879
98637
91465
65169

78
56
85
66
71

6. 79438
6.97689
7.16097
7.34658
7.53371

30179
86894
43917
73625
54565

35
96
16
14
59

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

O. 71869 82795 42
0.80135 54698 30
0.88717 97447 03
0.97595 80247 42
1.067492768753

0.7405647971
0.81415 76239
0.89123 58296
0.97177 61401
1. 05574 45936

47
52
55
47
43

6.5
6.6
6. 7
6.8
6.9

6.66136
6. 79734
6.93363
7.07023
7.20711

19179
57285
87392
21291
74449

75
54
01
12
04

7.72233 71224 13
7.91243 13806 57
8.103977802964
8.29695 64920 80
8.49134 80626 65

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.16160
1. 25811
1.35687
1.45774
1. 56059

13318
51641
89195
95259
52554

68
83
14
72
63

1. 14309 88592 34
1.233790193457
1. 32776 50714 39
1. 42496 65323 75
1. 52533 52787 28

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

7.34428 65807 56
7.48173 1759849
7.619445517018
7.7574206825 11
7.89565 03667 87

2.5
2.6
2. 7
2.8
2.9

1. 66529
1. 77173
1. 87981
1.98944
2.10052

48176
64947
73280
23595
39332

11
51
00
80
16

1. 62881 05662 06
1. 73533 09179 80
1. 84483 46926 69
1.957260531567
2.07254 77068 08

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

8. (J3412
8.17284
8.31180
8.45098
8.59039

79462
70499
15468
55343
33269

62
43
79
75
14

9. 68634 24629 88
9.89012 07585 45
10.09517 32398 33
10.30148 43916 76
10.509039059064

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.21298 10520 42
2.32673 87919 77
2.44172 77675 72
2.557883646815
2.675146711148

2.19063
2.31146
2.43498
2.56113
2. 68985

63887
78475
46022
05263
09205

13
36
00
98
60

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

8. 73001
8.86985
9.00990
9.15015
9.29060

94457
86090
57226
58714
43111

32
10
31
69
75

10. 71782
10.92782
11.13901
11.35140
11. 56495

24352
00504
17608
17379
84588

78
91
39
39
29

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

2. 79346
2.91217
3.03304
3.15421
3.27625

14569
62346
29224
66305
54337

24
38
14
10
96

2.82109
2.95480
3.09093
3.22943
3.37025

25566
37012
41220
50808
93162

19
40
91
91
16

8.5
8.6
8. 7
8.8
8.9

9.43124
9.57207
9.71309
9.85429
9.99566

64604
78935
43338
16464
58330

23
85
13
97
75

11.71967
11.99553
12.21253
12. 43065
12.64988

46963
75096
42358
24807
01110

13
87
42
06
27

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

3.39912
3.52277
3.64718
3.77231
3.89813

01294
40173
27007
39057
73167

42
08
49
84
71

3.51336
3.65869
3.80622
3.95589
4.10767

10185
57993
06560
39339
52859

24
21
50
63
66

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-10.1372130251
-10.27892 94790
-10.42081 15703
-10.5628557891
-10.70505 87350

72
52
58
26
54

12.87020
13.09161
13.31410
13.53765
13.76225

52464
62520
17307
05165
16671

75
42
41
78
85

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

4.02462
4.15174
4.27948
4.40780
4.53669

44269
84023
39571
72434
57418

53
59
56
44
38

4.26152
4.41740
4.57528
4. 73511
4.89687

56312
71132
30577
79308
72979

41
72
67
60
01

9.5
9.6
9. 7
9.8
9.9

-10.84741 71130 08
-10.98992 17287 64
-11.132587484948
-11. 27539 33771 93
-11.41834 24904 66

13.9878944603
14.21456 83815
14.44226 31243
14.67096 85811
14.90067 48382

16
73
75
36
65

5.0

- 4.66612 81728 77

5.06052 77830 38

10.0

-11.56143 1995588

15.13137 21707 60

8.68713
8.88429
9.08281
9.28267
9.48385

36229
47573
35092
23655
42409

72
07
45
74
11

287

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

GAMMA

}'UNCTIO~

FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 6.7

.1'=2.0
.'itlnr(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

J' In r(z)

fin r(z)

.'it In r(z)

O. 00000
0.00322
0.01286
0.02885
0.05107

00000
26151
59357
74027
93722

00
39
41
79
62

0.00000
0.04234
0.08509
0.12863
0.17335

00
74
06
10
97

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

4.50127
4.62939
4.75805
4.88723
5.01690

0.5
0.6
O. 7
0.8
0.9

0.07937
O. 11354
0.15338
O. 19863
0.24904

37235
77183
06308
06626
17059

30
40
81
31
66

0.219589310095
0.26767 56897 80
0.31789 96132 02
0.37051 53392 47
0.42574 07261 44

5.5
5.6
5. 7
5.8
5.9

5.14705 75299 57
5.27767 60518 81
5.40874 39987 03
5.54024 66615 82
5.672170027424

6.03728
6. 21208
6.38854
6.56665
6. 74637

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.30434
0.36428
0.42859
0.49700
0.56926

96090
77010
14442
21701
99322

22
76
42
52
58

0.48375
0.54471
0.60872
0.67588
0.74624

78429
46524
74700
39160
61166

30
35
17
88
63

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

5.80450 07366 29
5.93722 60439 25
6.07033 37820 31
6.20381 23278 98
6.337650571336

6.92770 07748 95
7.11059 33491 13
7.295034373876
7.48100 16040 81
7.668473381576

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.64515
O. 72443
0.80688
0.89231
0.98053

55533
19760
50339
37613
03476

76
33
42
78
69

0.81985
0.89672
0.97687
1. 06028
1.14693

39537
82178
35612
11909
12720

67
63
07
26
53

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

6.47183
6.60636
6.74121
6.87639
7.01188

7.8574286143
8.04784 67567
8.23970 77898
8.43299 22035
8.62768 09788

76
00
07
86
99

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.07135
1. 16463
1.26021
1. 35795
1.45772

98302
96040
88108
76568
66961

14
42
76
48
57

1. 2367950341
1. 32983 65907
1.42601 44920
1. 52528 30352
1.62759 33595

04
26
94
04
36

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

7.147669177118
7.283751641982
7.42012 02668 81
7.5567674543 62
7.6936859017 46

8.82375
9.02119
9.21999
9.42011
9.62155

55706
78914
02960
55664
68973

27
05
14
09
45

2.5
2.6
2. 7
2.8
2.9

1. 55940
1. 66288
1.76806
1. 87483
1. 98312

61080
49866
06566
80234
89631

61
52
17
65
02

1.73289 43555 35
1.84113 34120 22
1.952257026463
2.06621 12994 71
2.18294 23322 91

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

7.83086 85862 69
7.968308751138
8.10599 98924 36
8.24393 57468 08
8.38211 02798 83

9.82429
10.02832
10.23361
10.44016
10.64794

78825
25016
51072
04128
34810

87
83
54
09
35

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.09285
2. 20393
2.31629
2.42987
2.54462

17530
05460
48844
92551
26813

93
64
77
37
03

2.30239
2.42452
2.54926
2. 67657
2.80639

65434
09185
32043
20582
71597

67
18
52
60
50

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

8.52051
8.65915
8. 79800
8.93708
9.07636

76753
23247
88177
19330
66296

67
82
87
47
28

10.85694
11.06716
11. 27857
11. 49116
11.70492

97125
48351
48933
62386
55194

60
59
86
10
45

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

2.66046
2.77736
2.89525
3.01410
3.13386

83499
32717
79709
62029
46968

73
84
78
30
42

2.93868
3.07340
3.21048
3.34989
3.49158

92920
03990
36221
33215
508.37

59
47
88
16
57

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

9.21585
9.35555
9.49544
9.63552
9. 77579

80388
14566
23361
62811
90392

55
37
92
84
11

11. 919839672552
12.13589 59137 86
12.35308 17297 01
12.5713848693 62
12. 79079 .33.364 76

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

3.25449
3.37595
3.49820
3.62122
3.74497

29213
28711
88720
74039
69383

81
45
59
03
89

3.63551
3.78164
3.92992
4.08032
4.23280

57202
32567
69172
71023
53645

41
78
45
23
81

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

- 9.91625 64956 49
-10.0568946678 12
-10.197709699420
-10.3.3869 78553 49
-10.47985 55166 49

13.01129 53818 23
13.23287 94959 63
13.45553 44022 19
13.679249049921
13.90401 26078 95

4.5
4.6
4. 7
4.8
4.9

3.86942
3.99455
4.12032
4.24671
4.37370

77912
19873
31366
63216
79930

99
65
90
20
87

4.38732
4.54384
4.70234
4.86276
5.02509

43808
79226
08252
89562
91831

43
20
48
20
32

9.5
9.6
9. 7
9.8
9.9

-10.621179175812
-10.76266 54322 81
-10.90431 09881 75
-11.04611 26442 29
-11.18806 72959 27

14.12981
14.35664
14.58449
14.81334
15.04319

5.0

- 4.50127 58755 42

5.18929 93415 60

10.0

-11.330171929827

15.27404 06485 34

00000
57120
33372
61223
05507

58755
88796
70222
13522
38831

78858
41013
94789
46872
07803

42
82
52
76
33

22
16
19
45
50

5.18929 93415 60
5.355338203127
5.52318 54439 62
5.69281 16137 11
5.8641881052 00
71248
16640
54709
30238
95048

44581
41900
15940
66565
95540

73
30
43
56
97

93
46
42
09
92

288

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Tahle 6.8

DlGAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

x~l.O

11'.. (z)

.I.. (z)

::f .. (z)

.I.. (z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-0.57721
-0.56529
-0.53073
-0.47675
-0.40786

56649
77902
04055
48934
79442

0.00000
0.16342
0.32064
0.46653
0.59770

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1.61278
1.63245
1.65175
1.67068
1.68926

48446
69889
20861
42228
67162

1.47080
1.47276
1.47464
1.47646
1.47820

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.32888
-0.24419
-0.15733
-0.07088
+0.01345

63572
65809
61258
34022
20154

0.71269
0.81160
0.89563
0.96655
1.02628

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1. 70751
1. 72543
1.74303
1. 76034
1.77735

21687
25175
90807
25988
32733

1.47989
1.48151
1.48308
1.48459
1.48605

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.09465
0.17219
0.24588
0.31576
0.38196

03206
05426
65515
20906
28134

1.07667
1.11938
1.15580
1.187!}7
1.21413

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.79408
1.81053
1.82672
1.84265
1.85833

08018
44105
28842
45939
75219

1.48746
1.48883
1.49015
1.49143
1.49267

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.44469
0.50420
0.56072
0.61448
0.66570

79402
34618
00645
06554
39172

1.23772
1.25843
1.27675
1.29306
1.30766

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.87371
1.88898
1.90396
1.91872
1. 93327

92858
71602
80964
87422
54582

1.49387
1.49504
1.49617
1.49727
1.49833

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.71459
0.76132
0.80607
0.84899
0.89021

15154
74328
84807
54079
42662

1.32081
1.33271
1.34353
1.35341
1.36246

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.94761
1. 96175
1. 97569
1. 98944
2.00300

43346
12062
16663
10799
45959

1.49937
1.50037
1.50135
1.50230
1.50323

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.92985
0.96803
1.00485
1.04039
1.07474

78387
70243
21252
40175
51976

1.37080
1.37849
1.38561
1.39222
1.39838

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.01638
2.02959
2.04262
2.05549
2.06820

71585
35177
82397
57159
01717

1.50413
1.50501
1.50586
1.50669
1.50751

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.10798
1.14016
1.17137
1.20164
1.23104

07107
89703
24783
84581
94107

1.40413
1.40951
1.41455
1.41928
1.42374

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08074
2.09313
2.10537
2.11746
2.12941

56749
61434
53524
69410
44191

1.50830
1.50907
1.50982
1.51056
1.51127

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.25962
1.28741
1.31446
1.34081
1.36649

36033
54995
61381
34679
26435

1.42794
1.43191
1.43566
1.43922
1.44259

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14122
2.15289
2.16442
2.17582
2.18710

11731
04718
54716
92217
46687

1.51197
1.51266
1.51332
1.51398
1.51462

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.39153
1.41597
1.43983
1.46314
1.48593

62879
47255
61892
70060
17620

1.44580
1.44885
1.45175
1.45452
1.45716

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.19825
2.20928
2.22018
2.23097
2.24165

46616
19555
92160
90229
38740

1.51524
1.51585
1.51645
1.51703
1.51760

4.5
4.6
4.1
4.8
4.9

1.50821
1.53001
1.55135
1.57224
1.59272

34505
36052
24197
88550
01370

1.45969
1.46210
1.46441
1.46663
1.46876

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25221
2.26266
2.27301
2.28325
2.29338

61882
83093
25085
09877
58823

1.51816
1.51871
1.51925
1.51978
1.52029

5.0

1.61278 48446

1.47080

10.0

2.30341 92637

1.52080

[C-~)2]

[(-~)5]

[C-g)1]

f .;, (1+ iy) =~1rcoth 1ry-2~

.;,(z) to 5D, computed by M. Goldstein, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.
AUXILIARY FUNCTION FOR

y-l
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

hey)
0.00100
0.00083
0.00061
0.00053
0.00040
0.00030

956
411
555
368
853
011

[(-~)2]

<y>

y-I

9
10
11
13
14
17

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

!4'.;,(1 +iy)=ln y+!4(y)

<y>=nearest integer to y.

:~ .. (l+iy)

hey)
0.00020
0.00013
0.00007
0.00003
0.00000
0.00000

839
335
501
333
833
000

[(-~)2]

<y>
20
25
33
50
100
00

289

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

DIGAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS
x= 1.1

fV;(z)

Table 6.8

x=1.2

0.00000
0.14258
0.28082
0.41099
0.53042

y
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

8t>/;(Z)
1.61498
1.63457
1.65378
1.67264
1.69115

,N(z)
1.45097
1.45332
1.45557
1.45774
1.45983

-0.22498
-0.15426
-0.08023
-0.00509
+0.06954

0.63764
0.73229
0.81484
0.88630
0.94792

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.70933
1.72718
1.74473
1.76197
1. 77893

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.14255
0.21327
0.28131
0.34649
0.40880

1.00102
1.04687
1.08660
1.12119
1.15146

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.46829
0.52507
0.57930
0.63111
0.68067

1.17810
1.20169
1.22269
1.24148
1.25839

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.72813
0.77363
0.81730
0.85928
0.89967

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

8t>/;(z)
-0.28904
-0.28169
-0.26014
-0.22578
-0.18064

.?>/;(Z)
0.00000
0.12620
0.24926
0.36640
0.47552

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

,'1>/;(Z)
1.61756
1.63705
1.65617
1.67494
1.69336

,N(z)
1.43125
1.43396
1.43658
1.43910
1.44152

1.46184
1.46378
1.46565
1.46746
1.46921

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.12710
-0.06753
-0.00412
+0.06130
0.12730

0.57530
0.66517
0.74519
0.81589
0.87806

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.71146
1.72924
1.74672
1.76390
1.78079

1.44386
1.44612
1.44829
1.45039
1.45243

1. 79561
1.81201
1.82815
1.84404
1.85968

1.47090
1.47253
1.47411
1.47565
1.47713

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.19280
0.25707
0.31960
0.38012
0.43846

0.93260
0.98046
1.02252
1.05960
1.09240

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1. 79740
1.81375
1.82983
1.84567
1.86126

1.45439
1.45629
1.45813
1.45991
1.46164

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.87508
1.89025
1.90519
1.91992
1.93443

1.47857
1.47996
1.48132
1.48263
1.48391

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.49459
0.54851
0.60028
0.64999
0.69774

1.12153
1.14752
1.17082
1.19179
1.21074

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.87661
1.89173
1.90663
1.92132
1.93579

1.46331
1.46493
1.46651
1.46803
1.46952

1.27368
1.28755
1.30021
1.31179
1.32243

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.94874
1.96284
1.97675
1.99047
2.00401

1.48515
1.48635
1.48752
1.48866
1.48977

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.74362
0.78775
0.83022
0.87114
0.91060

1.22794
1.24362
1.25796
1.27112
1.28323

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95006
1.96413
1.97800
1.99169
2.00519

1.47096
1.47236
1.47372
1.47505
1.47634

0.93858
0.97610
1.01234
1.04736
1.08124

1.33224
1.34131
1.34972
1.35753
1.36482

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.01736
2.03054
2.04356
2.05640
2.06908

1.49085
1.49190
1.49292
1.49392
1.49489

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.94868
0.98546
1.02103
1.05546
1.08881

1.29442
1.30478
1.31441
1.32337
1.33173

7.5
7:6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.01852
2.03167
2.04465
2.05746
2.07012

1.47760
1.47882
1.48001
1.48117
1.48230

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.11405
1.14586
1.17671
1.20667
1.23578

1.37162
1.37800
1.38398
1.38960
1.39489

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08160
2.09397
2.10619
2.11826
2.13019

1.49584
1.49676
1.49767
1.49855
1.49940

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.12113
1.15250
1.18295
1.21254
1.24132

1.33955
1.34688
1.35377
1.36024
1.36635

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08262
2.09496
2.10716
2.11921
2.13111

1.48341
1.48448
1.48553
1.48656
1.48756

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.26409
1.29164
1.31847
1.34461
1.37010

1.39989
1.40461
1.40907
1.41331
1.41732

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14198
2.15363
2.16515
2.17654
2.18780

1.50024
1.50106
1.50186
1.50265
1.50341

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.26932
1.29659
1.32315
1.34905
1.37432

1.37211
1.37756
1.38272
1.38761
1.39226

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14288
2.15451
2.16601
2.17738
2.18862

1.48853
1.48949
1.49042
1.49133
1.49222

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.39496
1.41924
1.44294
1.46611
1.48876

1.42114
1.42478
1.42824
1.43154
1.43469

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.19893
2.20995
2.22084
2.23161
2.24228

1.50416
1.50489
1.50561
1.50631
1.50699

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.39898
1.42306
1.44659
1.46959
1.49209

1.39667
1.40088
1.40489
1.40871
1.41236

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.19973
2.21073
2.22160
2.23236
2.24301

1.49310
1.49395
1.49478
1.49560
1.49640

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.51092
1.53261
1.55384
1.57463
1.59501

1.43771
1.44059
1.44335
1.44600
1.44854

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25283
2.26326
2.27360
2.28382
2.29395

1.50766
1.50832
1.50896
1.50960
1.51021

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.51410
1.53565
1.55676
1.57743
1.59769

1.41586
1.41920
1.42240
1.42547
1.42842

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25354
2.26397
2.27429
2.28450
2.29461

1.49718
1.49794
1.49869
1.49943
1.50015

5.0

[( -g) 2]

1.45097

10.0

[(-g)5]

1.51082

5.0

1.61756

[(-g)l]

1.43125 10.0

[(-g)5]

y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

8N(z)
-042375
-0.41451
-0.38753
-0.34490
-0.28961

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.61498

[(-~)2]

2.30397

[(-~)1]

!!

[(-~)1]

!J

2.30462

1.50085

[(-~)1]

290

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Tahle 6.8

DIGAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

x'= 1.4

x=1.3

8,f(z)

Jif;(z)

&fif;(z)

Jif;(z)

fJiif;(Z)

Jif;(z)

i!N(z)

Jif;(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-0.06138
-0.05646
-0.04192
-0.01844
+0.01295

0.00000
0.10223
0.20269
0.29974
0.39204

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1.62386
1.64311
1.66200
1.68055
1.69878

1.39213
1.39559
1.39891
1.40211
1.40519

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-0.16919
-0.16323
-0.14567
-0.11748
-0.08009

0.00000
0.11303
0.22372
0.32997
0.43011

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1.62052
1.63990
1.65891
1.67758
1.69591

1.41163
1.41472
1.41769
1.42055
1.42331

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.03520
+0.01541
0.07003
0.12718
0.18561

0.52298
0.60796
0.68491
0.75404
0.81582

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.71392
1.73161
1.74900
1.76611
1.78292

1.42597
1.42853
1.43101
1.43340
1.43571

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.05100
0.09436
0.14171
0.19183
0.24307

0.47862
0.55886
0.63250
0.69957
0.76033

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.71668
1.73428
1.75158
1.76860
1.78533

1.40817
1.41103
1.41380
1.41648
1.41907

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.24434
0.30262
0.35994
0.41593
0.47035

0.87085
0.91983
0.96341
1.00227
1.03698

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.79947
1.81575
1.83177
1.84754
1.86308

1.43794
1.44011
1.44220
1.44423
1.44619

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.29635
0.34918
0.40163
0.45331
0.50395

0.81517
0.86457
0.90903
0.94907
0.98517

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.80180
1.81800
1.83395
1.84966
1.86513

1.42157
1.42399
1.42634
1.42861
1.43081

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.52310
0.57409
0.62333
0.67084
0.71667

1.06809
1.09605
1.12126
1.14409
1.16483

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.87837
1.89344
1.90829
1.92293
1.93735

1.44810
1.44995
1.45174
1.45348
1.45517

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.55336
0.60144
0.64811
0.69337
0.73722

1.01778
1.04730
1.07409
1.09849
1.12075

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.88036
1.89537
1.91017
1.92475
1.93912

1.43294
1.43502
1.43702
1.43898
1.44087

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.76087
0.80353
0.84470
0.88447
0.92290

1.18373
1.20102
1.21688
1.23148
1.24495

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95158
1.96560
1.97944
1.99309
2.00655

1.45681
1.45841
1.45996
1.46147
1.46294

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.77968
0.82078
0.86058
0.89913
0.93647

1.14113
1.15984
1.17707
1.19296
1.20768

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95330
1.96727
1.98106
1.99467
2.00809

1.44271
1.44450
1.44625
1.44794
1.44959

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.96007
0.99604
1.03088
1.06464
1.09739

1.25743
1.26900
1.27976
1.28980
1.29918

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.01984
2.03296
2.04591
2.05869
2.07131

1.46438
1.46577
1.46713
1.46845
1.46974

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.97265
1.00775
1.04179
1.07484
1.10693

1.22133
1.23402
1.24585
1.25689
1.26723

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.02134
2.03442
2.04733
2.06008
2.07267

1.45119
1.45276
1.45428
1.45576
1.45721

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.12917
1.16004
1.19005
1.21923
1.24763

1.30797
1.31621
1.32396
1.33126
1.33814

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08378
2.09610
2.10827
2.12029
2.13217

1.47100
1.47223
1.47342
1.47459
1.47573

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.13813
1.16846
1.19797
1.22670
1.25469

1.27693
1.28604
1.29461
1.30269
1.31032

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08510
2.09739
2.10952
2.12151
2.13337

1.45862
1.46000
1.46134
1.46266
1.46394

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.27529
1.30223
1.32851
1.35413
1.37915

1.34464
1.35080
1.35663
1.36216
1.36742

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14391
2.15552
2.16700
2.17834
2.18956

1.47685
1.47794
1.47900
1.48004
1.4810b

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.28196
1.30855
1.33450
1.35983
1.38456

1.31753
1.32436
1.33084
1.33699
1.34283

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14508
2.15666
2.16811
2.17943
2.19063

1.46519
1.46641
1.46760
1.46877
1.46991

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.40357
1.42744
1.45077
1.47358
1.49590

1.37242
1.37718
1.38172
1.38606
1. 39020

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20066
2.21163
2.22249
2.23323
2.24386

1.48205
1.48302
1.48397
1.48490
1.48582

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.40873
1.43235
1.45546
1.47806
1.50019

1.34840
1.35370
1.35876
1.36359
1.36821

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20170
2.21265
2.22349
2.23421
2.24481

1.47103
1.47212
1.47319
1.47423
1.47525

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.51775
1.53914
1.56010
1.58064
1.60078

1.39416
1.39795
1.40158
1.40507
1.40841

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25437
2.26478
2.27508
2.28528
2.29537

1.48671
1.48758
1.48844
1.48927
1.49010

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.52185
1.54307
1.56387
1.58425
1.60425

1.37263
1.37686
1.38092
1.38481
1.38854

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25531
2.26570
2.27598
2.28616
2.29623

1.47626
1.47724
1.47820
1.47914
1.48006

5.0

1.62052

1.41163 10.0
-53)1J

2.30537
-35)5J

1.49090

5.0

1.62386

1.39213 10.0
-44 )8J

2.30621
-35)5J

1.48096

[( -;)2J

[C

[C

[C

-35)2J

[C -;)lJ [C

[C

[C -35)2J

291

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 6.8

DIGAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

x= 1.6

0.00000
0.09325
0.18511
0.27432
0.35978

x=1.5
y
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1.62756
1.64667
1.66543
1.68386
1.70196

0.13189
0.16935
0.21064
0.25479
0.30091

0.44066
0.51640
0.58668
0.65144
0.71078

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.34824
0.39614
0.44411
0.49175
0.53878

0.76494
0.81424
0.85907
0.89980
0.93684

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.58497
0.63018
0.67432
0.71732
0.75916

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.03649
0.04062
0.05284
0.07266
0.09932

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

3 ",(z)

..1Hz)

..1 1/I(z)

0.12605
0.12955
0.13995
O.15b87
0.17976

0.00000
0.OS566
0.17023
0.25268
0.33214

y
5.0
5,1
5.2
5.3
5.4

~",(z)

1.37278
1.37658
1.3S025
1.38378
1.38719

y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1.63162
1.65057
1.66919
1.68748
1.70546

1.35357
1.35773
1.36173
1.36558
1.36930

1.71976
1.73725
1.75445
1.77137
1.78801

1.39047
1.39364
1.39670
1.39965
1.40251

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.20790
0.24050
0.27674
0.31581
0.35697

0.40789
0.47942
0.54642
0.60875
0.66642

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.72313
1.74051
1.75760
1.77441
1.79095

1.37289
1.37635
1.37969
1.38293
1.38605

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.80439
1.82051
1.83638
1.85201
1.86741

1.40528
1.40796
1.41055
1.41306
1.41549

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.39957
0.44305
0.48692
0.53082
0.57445

0.71957
0.76840
0.81319
0.85423
0.89183

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.80724
1.82327
1.83906
1.85460
1.86992

1.38908
1.39200
1.39484
1.39759
1.40025

0.97054
1.00127
1.02932
1.05500
1.07855

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.88258
1.89752
1.91225
1.92677
1.94109

1.41786
1.42015
1.42237
1.42453
1.42663

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.61757
0.66001
0.70167
0.74244
0.78228

0.92629
0.95790
0.98693
1.01363
1.03824

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.88501
1.S9989
1.91455
1.92900
1.94326

1.40284
1.40534
1.40778
1.41014
1.41244

0.79983
0.83935
0.87772
0.91499
0.95118

1.10020
1.12015
1.13857
1.15563
1.17146

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95521
1.96914
1.98287
1.99643
2.00981

1.42866
1.43065
1.43257
1.43445
1.43628

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.82115
0.85905
0.89597
0.93193
0.96694

1.06096
1.08197
1.10144
1.11953
1.13635

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95731
1.9711S
1.98487
1.99837
2.01169

1.41467
1.41684
1.41895
1.42101
1.42301

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.98634
1.02050
1.05370
1.08598
1.11738

1.18618
1.19990
1.21271
1.22469
1.23592

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.02301
2.03604
2.04891
2.06162
2.07417

1.43805
1.43978
1.44147
1.44312
1.44472

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.00102
1.03421
1.06653
1.09801
1.12867

1.15204
1.16668
1.18039
1.19324
1.20530

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.02485
2.03784
2.05066
2.06332
2.07583

1.42496
1.42686
1.42871
1.43051
1.43227

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.14794
1.17169
1.20667
1.23491
1.26245

1.24647
1.25639
1.26574
1.27457
1.28290

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08657
2.09882
2.11092
2.12288
2.13470

1.44628
1.44781
1.44930
1.45075
1.45217

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.15856
1.18770
1.21611
1.24383
1.27089

1.21664
1.22733
1.23741
1.24693
1.25594

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08819
2.10040
2.11246
2.12439
2.13617

1.43398
1.43565
1.43728
1.43888
1.44043

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.28931
1.31552
1.34112
1.36612
1.39055

1.29080
1.29828
1.30537
1.31212
1.31853

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14638
2.15794
2.16936
2.18065
2.19182

1.45355
1.45491
1.45623
1.45753
1.45879

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.29731
1.32311
1.34833
1.37297
1.39707

1.26448
1.27257
1.28026
1.28757
1.29454

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14782
2.15934
2.17073
2.18199
2.19313

1.44195
1.44344
1.44489
1.44631
1.44770

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.41443
1.43779
1.46065
1.48302
1.50493

1.32464
1.33047
1.33603
1.34134
1.34642

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20286
2.21379
2.22460
2.23530
2.24588

1.46003
1.46124
1.46242
1.46358
1.46471

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.42065
1.44373
1.4b632
1.48844
1.51012

1.30117
1.30750
1.31354
1.31932
1.32485

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20415
2.21504
2.22583
2.23650
2.24706

1.44905
1.45038
1.45168
1.45295
1.45420

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.52639
1.54742
1.56804
1.58826
1.60810

1.35128
1.35594
1.36041
1.36470
1.36882

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25635
2.26672
2.27698
2.28714
2.29720

1.46582
1.46691
1.46798
1.46902
1.47004

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.53136
1.55219
1.57262
1.59265
1.61232

1.33014
1.33522
1.34009
1.34476
1.34925

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25751
2.26785
2.27809
2.28822
2.29826

1.45542
1.45661
1.45778
1.45892
1.46005

1.62756

1.37278 10.0

2.30716

1.47105

2.30820

1.46115

5.0

:?II >/I(z)

..I1/1(z)

[C-t)lJ [C -t)7J

:U>/I(z)

..1 >/I(z)

1.35357 10.0

5.0
1.63162
[C -35)4J [C -35)2J
[( -44)9J [C -t)6J
f >/IC1.5 +iy) =!lr tanh lry - 4Y;~ i

[C -;)4J [C -35)2J

292

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 6.8

DIGAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

x=1.8

x=1.7

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

9if(z)
0.20855
0.21156
0.22050
0.23511
0.25494

../f(z)
0.00000
0.07918
0.15747
0.23407
0.30824

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

.'iff(Z)
1.63603
1.65482
1.67328
1.69142
1.70926

../ fez)
1.33453
1.33902
1.34335
1.34752
1.35154

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

9if(z)
0.28499
0.28760
0.29537
0.30809
0.32541

../f(z)
0.00000
0.07358
0.14644
0.21792
0.28740

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

9N(z)
1.64078
1.65939
1.67769
1.69567
1.71336

./f(Z)
1.31566
1.32048
1.32513
1.32961
1.33393

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.27945
0.30803
0.34001
0.37474
0.41161

0.37937
0.44701
0.51086
0.57074
0.62661

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.72680
1.74405
1.76102
1.77772
1.79416

1.35543
1.35918
1.36280
1.36630
1.36969

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.34693
0.37215
0.40053
0.43155
0.46469

0.35437
0.41842
0.47928
0.53675
0.59076

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.73076
1. 74787
1.76472
1.78130
1.79762

1.33810
1.34213
1.34603
1.34979
1.35344

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.45005
0.48957
0.52973
0.57018
0.61063

0.67852
0.72661
0.77107
0.81211
0.84996

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.81034
1.82627
1.84196
1.85742
1.87266

1.37297
1.37614
1.37922
1.38220
1.38509

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.49947
0.53546
0.57226
0.60955
0.64706

0.64131
0.68847
0.73237
0.77316
0,81103

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.81369
1.82952
1.84511
1.86047
1.87561

1.35697
1.36038
1.36369
1.36690
1.37001

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.65085
0.69065
0.72990
0.76849
0.80636

0.88488
0.91710
0.94685
0.97436
0.99982

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.88767
1.90246
1.91705
1.93143
1.9456~

1.38789
1.39061
1.39326
1.39582
1.39832

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.68455
0.72184
0.75879
0.79528
0.83122

0.84617
0.87877
0.90903
0.93713
0.96326

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.89053
1.90525
1.91975
1.93406
1.94817

1.37303
1.37596
1.37881
1.38158
1.38426

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.84345
0.87973
0.91519
0.94981
0.98362

1.02342
1.04533
1.06570
1.08468
1.10238

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95961
1.97342
1.98704
2.00048
2.01375

1.40074
1.40310
1.40539
1.40762
1.40980

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.86655
0.90123
0.93523
0.96853
1.00111

0.98757
1.01022
1.03136
1.05110
1.06957

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.96210
1.97583
1.98939
2.00277
2.01598

1.38688
1.38942
1.39189
1.39430
1.39664

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.01661
1.04879
1.08020
1.11084
1.14075

1.11893
1.13441
1.14893
1.16257
1.17539

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.02685
2.03979
2.05256
2.06518
2.07764

1.41191
1.41398
1.41599
1.41794
1.41986

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.03299
1.06416
1.09463
1.12442
1.15353

1.08687
1.10310
1.11836
1.13270
1.14622

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.02903
2.04191
2.05463
2.06719
2.07960

1.39892
1.40115
1.40332
1.40543
1.40749

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.16993
1.19842
1.22625
1.25342
1.27997

1.18747
1.19886
1.20962
1.21981
1.22945

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08996
2.10212
2.11415
2.12603
2.13778

1.42172
1.42354
1.42531
1.42704
1.42874

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.18200
1.20982
1.23703
1.26363
1.28965

1.15898
1.17103
1.18243
1.19322
1.20345

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.09187
2.10399
2.11597
2.12781
2.13952

1.40950
1.41146
1.41338
1.41525
1.41708

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.30592
1.33129
1.35610
1.38037
1.40413

1.23859
1.24727
1.25553
1.26338
1.27087

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14939
2.16087
2.17222
2.18345
2.19456

1.43039
1.43200
1.43358
1.43513
1.43664

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.31511
1.34003
1.36441
1.38829
1.41168

1.21317
1.22241
1.23119
1.23956
1.24754

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.15109
2.16253
2.17385
2.18504
2.19611

1.41886
1.42061
1.42231
1.42398
1.42561

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.42738
1.45015
1.47246
1.49432
1.51574

1.27800
1.28481
1.29132
1.29755
1.30351

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20555
2.21642
2.22717
2.23781
2.24834

1.43811
1.43956
1.44097
1.44235
1.44371

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.43459
1.45704
1.47904
1.50062
1.52178

1.25516
1.26243
1.26939
1.27605
1.28242

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20707
2.21790
2.22862
2.23923
2.24974

1.42720
1.42876
1.43029
1.43178
1.43324

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.53675
1.55736
1.57758
1.59742
1.61690

1.30922
1.31470
1.31996
1.32501
1.32986

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25877
2.26908
2.27930
2.28941
2.29942

1.44503
1.44633
1.44760
1.44885
1.45007

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.54254
1.56292
1.58291
1.60255
1.62183

1.28854
1.29440
1.30004
1.30545
1.31065

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.26013
2.27042
2.28061
2.29069
2.30068

1.43468
1.43608
1.43745
1.43880
1.44012

5.0

[( -t)7J [( -l)5J

1.63603

1.33453 10.0

2.30933
[( -35

1.45127

5.0

[< -l)6J

1.64078

[( -t)4J

1.31566

10.0

2.31057

1.44142

See page

*
II.

)4J [< -;)2J

.1/

.IJ

[( -;)4J [< -;)2J

293

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

DIGAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS
x=1.9

Table 6.8
Jff(Z)

Jf(zl

0.00000
0.06441
0.12833
0.19130
0.25288

x=2.0
y
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1.65125
1.66948
1.68742
1.70506
1.72242

1.27849
1.28394
1.28919
1.29426
1.29916

0.47111
0.49110
0.51380
0.53887
0.56594

0.31269
0.37042
0.42583
0.47874
0.52904

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.73951
1.75633
1.77290
1.78921
1.80528

1.30389
1.30846
1.31288
1.31715
1.32129

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.59465
0.62468
0.65572
0.68751
0.71980

0.57667
0.62165
0.66400
0.70380
0.74116

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.82111
1.83671
1.85208
1.86723
1.88217

1.32530
1.32918
1.33295
1.33660
1.34015

1.35826
1.36140
1.36445
1.36741
1.37029

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.75239
0.78510
0.81779
0.85033
0.88262

0.77618
0.80899
0.83973
0.86853
0.89551

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.89690
1.91143
1.92576
1.93990
1.95385

1.34358
1.34692
1.35017
1.35332
1.35639

1.96476
1.97843
1.99192
2.00523
2.01838

1.37308
1.37581
1.37846
1.38104
1.38355

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.91459
0.94617
0.97731
1.00798
1.03814

0.920!)~

0.94454
0.96681
0.98775
1.00743

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.96761
1.98120
1.99462
2.00786
2.02094

1.35937
1.36227
1.36509
1.36784
1.37052

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.03136
2.04418
2.05684
2.06935
2.08171

1.38599
1.38838
1.39070
1.39297
1.39518

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.06779
1.09690
1.12548
1.15352
1.18102

1.02597
1.04344
1.05992
1.07548
1.09020

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.03385
2.04661
2.05921
2.07167
2.08397

1.37313
1.37567
1.37815
1.38056
1.38292

1.13119
1.14384
1.15583
1.16719
1.17798

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.09393
2.10600
2.11793
2.12973
2.14139

1.39734
1.39944
1.40149
1.40350
1.40546

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.20798
1.23442
1.26034
1.28575
1.31067

1.10413
1.11733
1.12985
1.14174
1.15304

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.09613
2.10815
2.12003
2.13178
2.14339

1.38522
1.38746
1.38966
1.39180
1.39389

1.32485
1.34929
1.37324
1.39670
1.41970

1.18823
1.19798
1.20727
1.21613
1.22458

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.15292
2.16432
2.17560
2.18675
2.19778

1.40738
1.40925
1.41108
1.41286
1.41461

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.33510
1.35905
1.38254
1.40558
1.42818

1.16379
1.17403
1.18379
1.19310
1.20200

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.15487
2.16623
2.17746
2.18858
2.19957

1.39593
1.39793
1.39988
1.40179
1.40366

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.44226
1.46437
1.48606
1.50734
1.52822

1.23265
1.24037
1.24775
1.25482
1.26160

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20870
2.21950
2.23019
2.24077
2.25124

1.41632
1.41800
1.41964
1.42124
1.42281

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.45036
1.47212
1.49348
1.51446
1.53505

1.21050
1.21864
1.22643
1.23389
1.24105

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.21045
2.22121
2.23187
2.24241
2.25284

1.40548
1.40727
1.40902
1.41074
1.41241

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.54872
1.56885
1.58861
1.60803
1.62710

1.26810
1.27434
1.28033
1.28610
1.29164

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.26160
2.27186
2.28202
2.29207
2.30203

1.42435
1.42586
1.42733
1.42878
1.43020

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.55527
1.57514
1.59466
1.61385
1.63270

1.24792
1.25452
1.26086
1.26696
1.27283

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.26318
2.27340
2.28353
2.29356
2.30349

1.41406
1.41566
1.41724
1.41879
1.42030

5.0

1.64585

1.29698 10.0

2.31190

1.43159

5.0

1.65125

1.27849

10.0

[(-t)6]

[(-t)4]

y
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

9ff(z)

Jf(z)

0.35618
0.35847
0.36528
0.37644
0.39169

.f f(z)
0.00000
0.06870
0.13681
0.20377
0.26908

1.64585
1.66428
1.68240
1. 70022
1.71775

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.41071
0.43309
0.45842
0.48625
0.51614

0.33229
0.39306
0.45110
0.50624
0.55838

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.54770
0.58053
0.61431
0.64872
0.68351

0.60749
0.65359
0.69677
0.73714
0.77483

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.71846
0.75338
0.78814
0.82261
0.85669

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

:Jf(zl

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

Jff(z)

Jf(z)

1.29698
1.30212
1.30707
1.31185
1.31647

y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.42278
0.42480
0.43081
0.44068
0.45420

1.73500
1.75197
1.76868
1.78513
1.80133

1.32092
1.32522
1.32938
1.33341
1.33730

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.81728
1.83300
1.84848
1.86374
1.87878

1.34107
1.34473
1.34827
1.35170
1.35503

0.80999
0.84278
0.87335
0.90188
0.92851

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.89361
1.90824
1.92266
1.93688
1.95092

0.89031
0.92342
0.95598
0.98795
1.01932

0.95338
0.97664
0.99840
1.01879
1.03792

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.05008
1.08022
1.10975
1.13867
1.16698

1. 05588
1.07278
1.08868
1.10367
1.11782

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.19470
1.22184
1.24841
1.27442
1.29990

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

[(-~)4]

[(-~)2]

..h(2+iy)=! .. coth

[(-!)5] [(-!)3]
y
2y(1+y2)

",I/ __ 1+3 2 _

2.31332

1.42179

[(-g)4]

[(-g)3]

7. Error Function and Fresnel Integrals

WALTER GAUTBeR!

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties. . . . . . . . .
7.1. Error Function. . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 .. Repeated Integrals of the Error Function
7.3. Fresnel Integrals . . . . . . .
7.4. Definite and Indefinite Integrals .

297
297
299
300
302

Numerical Methods . . . . . . . .
7.5. Use and Extension of the Tables .

304
304

References . . . . . . . . . . . . .

308

Table 7.1. Error Function and its Derivative

(2/f;)e- X2 ,erf x=(2/{;)

(0~x~2)

310

e- t 2dt, x=0(.01)2,

10D

Table 7.2. Derivative of the Error Function (2 ~ x ~ 10)

312

Table 7.3. Complementary Error Function (2 ~x ~ CD).

316

xe x2 erfc

x=(2;'~)xex2i" e- t2dt,

x- 2=.25(-.005)0, 7D

erIc..;n;, n= 1 (1) 10, 15D

Table 7.4. Repeated Integrals of the Error Function

(0~x~5)

317

2"r(~+1)i"
erfc x=2,,+lr (~+1) I~ fa> (t-x)" e- t2dt
2
2
~71' Jx
n!
x=0(.1)5, n=l (1)6, 10, 11, 68

Table 7.5.

Dawson's Integral

e-X~lXe l2dt,

x=0(.02) 2,

(O:::;x~

CD)

319

10D

xe-z2iXet2dt, x- 2 =.25(-.OO5)0, 9D

Guest worker, National Bureau of Standards, from The American University. (Presently
University.)

Purd~e

295

296

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Page

Table 7.6.

(3/r(I/3 iXe-t3dt (0:S;x:S;2.3)

x=0(.02)1.7(.04)2.3,

320

7D

321

Table 7.7. Fresnel Integrals (0:S;x:S;5).

X
C(x) = i

cos(~t2)dt,

S(x) =

iXsin(~t2)dt,

x=0(.02)5,

7D

323

Table 7.8. Auxiliary Functions (O:S;x:S; CD). . .

fCX)=[~-S(x)J cos
g(x)=D-C(x)] cos

Gx2)-[~-C(x)Jsin(~
Gx2)+[~-S(x)]sin(~ r)
X2)

x=0(.02)1, x- 1=1(-.02)0,

15D

Table 7.9. Error Function for Complex Arguments (0:S;x:S;3.9,0:S;y:S;3) .

325

w(z)=e- z2 erfc (-iz), z=x+iy, x=0(.1)3.9,y=0(.1)3, 6D

Table 7.10.

329

Complex Zeros of the Error Function (1:S;n:S;10)

Zn, erf zn=O, n=1(1)10,

8D

329

Table
7.11. Complex Zeros of Fresnel Integrals (0:S;n:S;5)
"-..,
zn, z!, C(zn) =0, S(z:)=O, n=0(1)5, 4D

Table 7.12.

Maxima and Minima of Fresnel Integrals (0 :S;n:S;5)

G(-V4n+I), G(-V4n+3), SC-V4n+2), SC-V4n+4), n=0(1)5,

329

6D

The author acknowledges the assistance of Alfred E. Beam, Ruth E. Capuano, Lois K.
Cherwinski, Elizabeth F. Godefroy, David S. Liepman, Mary Orr, Bertha H. Walter, and
Ruth Zucker in the preparation and checking of the tables.

7. Error Function and Fresnel Integrals

Mathematical Properties

7.1. Error Function

Series Expansions

Definitions

'" (_l)n z 2n+l

I(
)
n. 2n+ 1

2:
yrr n=O

7.1.5 erf z= c

7.1.1
7.1.6

2 _.2 4...J
~
=-e

7.1.7

=-V2

..;;

n=O

2n
z 2n+l
13 ... (2n+1)

(_l)n[I2n+1/2(Z2)-I2n+3/2(Z2)]

n~O

7.1.8
In 7.1.2 the path of integration is subject to the
restriction arg t~a with

lal<i as t~oo along the

For I n-I(X), see chapter 10.

(a=i is permissible if !?lt2 remains bounded

path.

Symmetry Relations

7.1.9

to the left.)

erf (-z)=-erf z

7.1.10

Integral Representation

(.fz>o)

7.1.11

w( -z) =2e- z2 -w(z)

7.1.12

w(z)=w(-z)

.7
.6

.5
.4

p-2

.3
p=2

.2
p=3
p=4

.1

.2

.2

.6

.8

FIGURE

1.0

7.1.

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

y=ex'L"' e-tdt.
11=2(1)6

2.2

.4

.9

1.0

12

1.4

1.6

18

20

22

2.4

FIGURE

7.2.

fX edt.
t'
y=e -x'Jo

11=2(1)6

297

24

298

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

7.1.15

.l..
3.0

..;;.

co

-co

.2

e- 12dt=_I_ 1/2 _1_ 3/2 ~ ...

z-t z-z-z-z-z1
n
H(n)
=-lim L:_k..;;. n~'" k=l z_x~n)

2.2

I.B

(Jz;z!O)

Xkn ) and Hkn )

are the zeros and weight factors of

the Hermite polynomials. For numerical values
see cbapter 25.

.3

Value at Infinity

1.4

erf z--..,.1 (z--..,.co in

7.1.16

.4

larg zl<i)

1.0

.5

Maximum and Inflection Points for Dawson's

Integral [7.31J

.6

.6

.7
.8

.2

.9
1:0
-.2

7.1.17
-.6

F(.9241388730 ... )=.54104 42246 .. .

7.1.18 F(1.50197 52682 ... ) = .42768 66160 .. .

Derivatives

7.1.19

10

(n=O, 1, 2, ...)
100 MTTI'~_.J

7.1.20
w(n+2) (z) +2zw(n+l) (z)+2(n+ 1)w(n) (z) =0
(n=O, 1,2, ... )

FIGURE

7.3.

Altitude Chart of w(z).

w<O) (z)=w(z),

2i

w'(z)=-2zw(z)+ ..ji

(For the Hermite polynomials Hn(z) see chapter

22.)
Inequalities [7.11], [7.17)

7.1.13

Relation to Confluent Hypergeometric Function (see

chapter 13)

7.1.21

erf
(For other inequalities see [7.2].)

z=~MG'~' _Z2)=~ e-" M(I,~, Z2)

The Nonnal Distribution Function With Mean m and

Standard Deviation IT (see chapter 26)
(t-m) 3

7.1.22

uJ21r f~", e -2;2 dt=~ (l+erf (X~))

Continued Fractions

7.1.14
2e z2

f.'" e-

ASYUlptotic Expansion

dt=_I_ 1/2 _1_ 3/2 ~ ... (IJlz>O)

12

z+ z+ z+ z+ z+

7.1.23
..

~ (
)m 1 . 3 ... (2m -1)
.,fiize erfcz"'I+~l -1
(2z2)m

(z~co, larg zl< 7)

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

If R,,(z) is the remainder after n terms then

f'"

Infinite Series Approximation for Complex Error

Function [7.19]

7.1.29

7.1.24
R ( )=(_1),,1.3 ... (2n-1) ()
" z
(2Z2)'"

0= Jo e-

299

_x2

e
erf (x+iy)=erf x+- [(I-cos 2xy)+i sin 2xy]
2'lI"X

( 1+ t )-"-1 dt

(Iarg zl<i)
(Iarg zl<i)

Z2

For x real, R,,(x) is less in absolutB value than

the first neglected term and of the same sign.

+; e

_x2

'"

e- i '"

~ n 2 +4x2 [j,,(x,y)+/,g,,(X,y)]+E(X,y)

where
j,,(x, y) =2x-2x cosh ny cos 2xy+n sinh ny sin 2xy
g,,(x, y)=2x cosh ny sin 2xy+n sinh ny cos 2xy
IE(X, y) 1~ 10- 16 1 erf (x+iy) 1
7.2. Repeated Integrals of the Error Function

Rational Approximations 2 (0 :5x< (0)

7.1.25

Definition

1
t=-1+px

erf x=1-(alt+a2t2+ast3) e- x2 +E(X),

7.2.1

i" erfc z=5.'" i,,-I erfc t dt

(n=O, 1,2, ... )

IE(x) I::;2.5X 10- 5

p=.47047

al = .34802 42

~=-.09587

98
as=.74785 56

7.1.26

Differential Equation

erf X= 1- (alt+a2t2+asts+a4t4+a5t5)e-'X' +t(x),

d2y
dy
-+2z
--2ny=0
dz 2
dz

7.2.2

t=1+ px
IE(x)I::; 1.5XlO- 7
p=.32759 11
al=.25482 9592
a2=-.28449 6736
as=1.421413741
a4=-1.45315 2027
a5=1.06140 5429

y=Ai" erfc z+Bi" erfc (-z)

(A and B are constants.)

Expression as a Single Integral

7.2.3

7.1.27

. erfc z=2

1"

f'" -(t-z)"
- , - e- dL
I2

.J;.

n.

Power Series 3

7.2.4

al=.278393
aa=.000972

a2=.230389
a4=.078108

Recurrence Relations

7.2.5

7.1.28

erf x=1

[1+alx+a2 r + ... +a6x6]16-h(X)

/E(X) I::;3X 10-

al = .07052 30784
aa= .00927 05272
a5= .00027 65672

i" erfc

z=-~ i,,-I erfc z+21 i"-2 erfc z

n

a2= .04228 20123

a4=.0001520143
a6= .00004 30638

(n=l, 2,3, ... )

7.2.6

2(n+1) (n+2)i ll+2 erfc z

= (2n+ 1 +2Z2)i" erfc

2 Approximations 7.1.25-7.1.28 are from C. Hastings, Jr.,

Approximations for digital computers. Princeton Univ.
Press, Princeton, N. J., 1955 (with permission).

z-~ i,,-2 erfc z

(n=l, 2, 3, ...)

The terms in this series corresponding to k=n+2,

n+4, n+6, . . . are understood to be zero.

300

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Value at Zero

Relation to the Confluent Hypergeometric Function

(see chapter 13)

7.2.7

in erfc

2r (~+1)
1

(n=-I,O, 1,2, ... )

7.2.12
'n
1

_ -z2 [
erf c z-e

2n r

1
1
(
) M(n+l
-2-' 2' z
~+1

2)

10

Relation to Parabolic Cylinder Functions (see

chapter 19)

7.2.13
7.2.14
'n

Asymptotic Expansion

2 e- z2
(-l)m(2m+n)!
erfc z"'r=
(2
)n+l2:
"(2 Z )2m
-y1l'
Z
m=O
n.m.
OD

7.3. Fresnel Integrals

Definition

7.3.1
o

.2

FIGURE

.4

7.4.

.8

.6

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

C(z)=

.r

cos

(~ t2) dt

1.8

Repeated Integrals of the Error Function.

U=2 r( %+1)
ft

jft

The following functions are also in use:

erfcx

n=O, 1, 2, 4, 8, 14, 22

Derivatives

7.2.8 d: in erfc z=-i n - I erfc z

(n=O, 1,2, ... )

7.2.9
Auxiliary Functions

dn

dz n (e z' erfc z)= (-l)n2"n! ez'i n erfc z

(n=O, 1,2, ... )

7.2.10

7.3.5

j(Z)=[~-S(z)J cos (~z2)-[~-C(Z)Jsin (~Z2)

Relation to Hhn(z) (see 19.14)

7.3.6

in erfc z

g(Z)=[~-C(z) ]

Interrelations

Relation to Hermite Polynomials (see chapter 22)

7.2.11

(-l)ni n erfc z+inerfc

(-Z)=2:~~!Hn(iZ)

cos (~Z2)+[~-S(z) ] sin

7.3.7

(~Z2)

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

301

7.3.14

7.3.9

7.3.10

C(Z)=~+j(z) sin (~Z2)_g(Z)

cos

(~Z2)

S(z)=~-j(z) cos (~Z2)_g(z) sin (~Z2)

For Bessel functions I n +1I2 (Z) See chapter 10.
Series Expansions
Symmetry Relations

7.3.11
7.3.12
2

7r

C(z)=cos ( 2 z

(l')n
2n
7r
4n+l
~ 1.3 ... (4n+1) z
co

(1) n. 2n+ 1

+sm. -2 z ....J 1 3 ... (4n+3)

n.._~
7r

7.3.13

co

co

""

7r

n=O

(_1)n(7rj2)2n+l

S(z)-~ (2n+l)!(4n+3) z

7.3.17

C(-z)=-C(z),

7.3.18

C(iz)=iC(z),

7.3.19

S(-z)=-S(z)
S(iz)=-iS(z)

C(z)=C(z),

S(z)=S(z)

Value at Infinity

z 4n+3
7.3.20

4nH

C(x)~,

(x~<Xl )

Derivatives

7.3.21
y

dj(x)
--=-7rxg(x)
dx
'

,8

Relation to Error Function (see 7.1.1, 7.1.3)

7.3.22

[-v; (1-i)z]
=l~i {1_eiiz2 w [-v; (1+i)Z]}

C(z)+iS(Z)=l~i erf

7.3.23

g(x)=9f{1~iw[-V; (1+i)x]}

7.3.24

j(x)=Y' {1ti w

[-v; (1+i)X]}

Relation to Confluent Hypergeometric Function (see

chapter 13)

7.3.25

C(z)+iS(z)=zMG'~' i ~ Z2)

Relation to Spherical Bessel Functions (see chapter 10)

FIGURE

7.5.

Fresnel Integrals.

u=C(x), y=S(x)

302

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

7.4.2

Asymptotic Expansions

7.3.27
'"

1l'zf(z) ....... 1

+~l (-1)

1 . 3 ... (4m-l)
(1l'Z2)2m

(Z~<Xl, larg zl<~)

7.4.3

7.3.28
1l'zg ()
z '"

~ (_1)m1 3 ... (4m+1)

(
1l'Z 2)2m+l

....J
m=O

(z~<Xl,

larg

zl<~)

7.4.4

If R~f) (z), R~g) (z) are the remainders aftern terms

in 7.3.27, 7.3.28, respectively, then

(gea>Oi n=O, 1, 2, ... )

7.4.5

(gea>Oin=O, 1, 2, ... )
7.4.6

i '"

7.3.30

R(g)(N\=(-1)n 1 3 ... (4n+1) OW

7J ~
(II'Z2)2n'
O(g)

r'"

e- t

2nH

r(2n+!)Jo 1+(~)2

dt (Iar g zl<1l')

IO(f'I<l,lo(g)I<1

COS

Ita

(2xt)dt=-

,2

%2
~ e -a-

..

7.4.7

1I'Z2

7.3.31

e- o})

(Iarg

zl~~)

f "'

1 e- x2 / a
e-ot 2 sm (2xt)dt=-

..;a

(gea> 0)

iX'.,fa e!2dt
0

7.4.8

For x real, R~!) (x) and R~g) (x) are less in absolute
value than the first neglected term and of the
same sign.
Rational Approximations

(0:::; x:::;

7.4.9
CX

7.3.32
f(x)

e-atdt

~z ea. erfc {aZ

'V <:

(gea>O,

z~O,larg

zl<1I')

7.4.10

7.3.33
g(x)

r '"

Jo {i(t+z)

1+.926x
2+ 1.792x+ 3. 104x2+ E (x)

1
2+4.142x+3.492x2 +6.670;r3+ E(X)

IE(x) :::;2X 10-3

1

(For more accurate approximations see [7.1].)

(a>O,x>O)
7.4.11

7.4. Definite and Indefinite Integrals

(a>O,x>O)

For a more extensive list of integrals see [7.5],

(78], [7.15].

7.4.1

CX)

,-

e-t~dt-"';1l'
2

j Approximations 7.3.32, 7.3.33 are based on those given

in C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for calculating Fresnel
integrals, Approximation Newsletter, April 1956, Note 10.
[See also MTAC 10, 173, 1956.]

(x real, y>O)
See page

II.

303

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

7.4.24

7.4.14
CD (x-t)e-12dt
-CD (X-t)2+ y 2 7rYw(x+iy)

(x real, y>o)

LCD e- al

sin tW) dt=~ G-c (~~!)J

7.4.15

fCD

Jo

W-(x 2_ y2)]e- 12dt

_~ &i'w(x+iy)
4
t _2(x2_y 2W+(X 2+y2)2 2
y-ix

+~ G-S (~~~)J
7.4.25

(x real, y>o)
lCD

7.4.16

fCD

Jo

7.4.17

CD

e -at

erf bt dt

=- e4b2

erfc ~2b

';t~~a~~2) ~ ~ {[~-s( ~~b)] cos (ab)

-[~-C( ~2:b)J sin (ab)}

(&la>o, /arg b/<i)

7.4.18
CD

I
sin
(2at) erfc bt dt=- [I-e-<U/b)2](a>O,&lb>O)
Jo
2a

fO'" e-atC(t)dt=~ {[~-s (:)] cos (a2~)

....

J~

-[~-C(;)Jsin(~) }
7.4.28

fCD
~
I /-b
Jo e- at erf';bt dt=-a:V a+b

So'" e-atS(t)dt=~ {G-c(;)] cos (;:)

7.4.20
CD e- at
o

(&i'a>O, &i'b>O)

7.4.27

7.4.19

(&la>O, &lb>O)

7.4.26
lCD

~::tdt=7r~ {[~-C( ~2:b)]cos (ab)

+[~-S( ~2:b)] sin (ab)}

2xye- t2dt
7r yw(x+iy)
t4_2(X2_y2W+(X2+y2)2 2
y-ix
(x real, y>O)

(&i'a>O)

+[~- S(;)] sin(~:)}

erfc ~-t dt=-aI e -2..fijb

7.4.29

7.4.21

2a(.Ja 2+ I-a)! .Ja2+ I

(&i'a>O)
7.4.30
7.4.22

lCD e-

al

cos (t2)dt=~~{[~-S(~~!)]cos(~)
-[~-C(~ ~~)]sin(~)}

(&i'a> 0)

CD e-ats( /2t)dto

-V -:;

- 2a(.Ja +1 +a)1.Ja2+ 1
2

(&i'a> 0)
7.4.31

So"' {[~-C(t)T+[~-S(t)T}dt=~

7.4.23
lCD e-

al

sin (t2)dt=~~{[~-C(~~~)] cos (~)

+G-S (~~~)] sin (~) }
(&i'a> 0)

7.4.32

Ie-<ax2+2bX+C)dx=~~~e b2~ac erf (-{cix+ Ja)+const.

(a~O)

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

304

7.4.38

7.4.33

f -atzt-~dx=
e

[ e2db erf ( ax+~)

+e- 2db erf (ax-~)J+const.

(aO)

7.4.34

f -alzl~dx=
e

- :

-~+iax)J+const.
1

2
a lW)C[

e-a2z2+~ [ w (~+iax )

+w (

7.4.35

=~;a {cos (b
+ sin

(aO)

a lW)S[

~a: (ax+b)]

~a: (ax+b) J}+const.

7.4.39

erf xdx=x erf x+ ..ji e- z +const.

2

7.4.36

ea% erf bx

dx=~ [ea% erf bx-e:' erf (bx- 2~)]

+const.

(aO)

-sin

7.4.37

ea% erf

~~ dX=~{ ea% erf ~~

7.4.40

+const.

(aO)

7.4.41

(b2~lW) c[ {!; (ax+b)]}+const.

f C(x)dx=xC(x)-~
f S(x)dx=xS(x)+~

sin (; x2)+const.

cos (; x2)+const.

Numerical Methods
7.5. Use and Extension of the Tables
Example 1. Compute erf .745 and e-(746)2
using Taylor's series.
With the aid of Taylor's theorem and 7.1.19
it can be shown that

[1- (.005) (.74) + (.00000 83333) (.0952)

=.707928920
e-(.745)2=

-v; (.6525824665) [1-.0074

2

+(.000025) (.0952) + (.00000 00833) (.74) (1.9048)

erf (xo+ph)=erf Xo
+

erf .745=.7046780779+(.5)(.00652 58247) X

~ e-~ph [1-Phxo+~P2h2(2ro-l) J+E

e-(ZO+ll,,)2=e-~ [1-2Ph Xo + p 2h2(2ra- 1)

-~ pWXo(2ro- 3)J+71
where IEI<1.2XI0- lo , 1711<3.2XlO- IO if h=1O-2,
Ipl~!. With Xo=.74, p=.5 and using Table 7.1

=.574057910.
As a check the computation was repeated with
Xo=.75, p=-.5.
Example 2. Compute erfc x to 5S for x=4.8.
We have 1/r=.0434028. With Table 7.2 and
linear interpolation in Table 7.3, we obtain
erfc 4.8= 4~8 (1.11253)(10- 10)(.552669)

=(1.1352)10- 11

305

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Example 3.

Compute e-X2 iXet'dt to 5S for

2
2
From Table 7.1 we have.,fir e- (1.72) = .058565.
Thus,

x=6.5.

With 1/x2=.0236686 and linear interpolation

in Table 7.5

i erfc 1.72"", (.058565)(6.0064 X 1011 )/1.0087 X 1013

=3.4873 X 10- 3

i2 erfc 1.72"", (.058565)(1.2920 X 1011 )/1.0087 X 10 13

=7.5013XlO- 4

f6.5 e"dt= (.506143)/(6.5) =, .077868.

e-(6.5)'Jo
Example 4. Compute i2 erfc 1.72 using the
recurrence relation and Table 7.1.

By 7.2.1, using Table 7.1,

i 3 erfc 1.72"", (.058565)(2.6031 X 1010)/1.0087 X 10 13

= 1.5114 X 10- 4
Example 6. Compute 0(8.65) using Table 7.8.
With x=8.65, l/x= .115607 we have from Table
7.8 by linear interpolation
1(8.65)=.036797, g(8.65)=.000159.

i- 1erfc 1.72=.05856 50.

From Table 4.6

Using the recurrence relation 7.2.5 and Table 7.1

erfc 1.72=-(1.72)(.01499 72)+(.5)(.05856 50)
=.0034873

i2 erfc 1.72=-(.86)(.0034873)+(.25)(.01499 72)

=.0007502.

sin (; x2 )=-.961382, cos (; x2 )=-.275218.

Using 7.3.9
0(8.65) = .5+ (,036797) (- .961382)
- (.000159)( -.275218)=.46467.
Example 7. Compute 8 1 (1.1) to lOD.
Using 7.3.8 and 7.3.10 we obtain by 6-pt interpolation in Table 7.8

Note the loss of two significant digits.

Example 5. Compute i~ erfc 1.72 for k=l, 2, 3
by backward recurrence.
Let the sequence w'(}(x)(p.=m, m-l, . . . , 1,0,
-1) be generated by backward use of the recurrence relation 7.2.5 starting with W:::+2=0, W:::+l = 1.
Then, for any fixed k, (see [7.7]),

(x>O).

8 1 (1.1)=8 (1.1

=8(.87767 30169)=.31865 57172.

Example 8. Compute 8 2 (5.24) to 6D.

Enter Table 7.7 in the column headed by u
Using Aitken's scheme of interpolation
S,(I1o)

110

5.20310
5.31808
6.08938
5.43432
4.97691

With x=1.72, m=15 we obtain

~~)

58
80
01
70
11

.43280
.41673
.45003
.39999
.46900

06 .03689 42
97 -.07808 80 .4273263
69163 .42718 63
88 .15061 99
652 .42717 71
756 60
44 -.19432 70
939
61
674 79
94 .26308 89

.4271767

8 2 (5.24) = .427177
I'

17
16
16
14
13

w~(1.72)

0
1
3.44
(1) 4.3834
(2) 2.5399

I'

12
11
10
9
8

w~(1.72)

(3)
(4)
(4)
(6)
(6)

2.1011
1. 3831
9.8006
6.4143
4.1666

I'

7
6
5
4

w~(1.72)

(7)
(8)
(8)
(9)
(10)

I'

2.58711
2
1. 5569
1
0
8.9787
4.9570 -1
2.6031

w~(1.72)
(11) 1. 2920

(11) 6.0064
~12) 2.5830
13) 1. 0087

Example 9. Compute 8 2 (5.24) using Taylor's

series and Table 7.8.
Using 7.3.21 we can write Taylor'S series for 12 (u)

= 1 ( ~~) and g2(U)=g ( ~2:) in the form

306

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

!2(U)=CO+Cl(U-Uo)+~i (u-Uo)2+~i (U-U O)3+ ... ,

By numerical integration, using Table 9.1,

flO

JI

dt
Yo(t) T=.41826 00.

U2(U)=-[Cl +C2 (U-UO)

+~i (u-Uo)2+~i (U-UO)3+ .. .}

where

Using the fact that the remainder terms of the

asymptotic expansion are less in absolute value
than the first neglected terms, we can estimate

~ r"'[32.52.72t_ll/2
t
-V;JIO 2 4!
I JIOr"[Yo(t)_Yo(t)]dtl~
12

+3

(k=O, 1, 2, . . .).

52 . 7 9 -13/2J d 7
-7
215 .5!
t
t= .33XlO .

Finally,
Consulting Table 7.8 we chose Uo=I/.185638
=5.386819, thus having u-uo=5.24-5.386819
=-.146819. From Table 7.8

f"- dt 14659
JIO Yo(t) t= 6720 -V2[1-C (10)-8
2

Hence, applying the series above,

23107 cos lO+sin 10 =_ 0229

2150400
~
.
8 78,

J2(5.24) = .170436, U2(5.24) = .015030.

Using the 4th formula at the bottom of Table 7.8

8 2 (5.24) = .5- (.170436) (.503471)

- (.015030) (- .864012) = .42718.
Example 10. Compute 8 2 (2) using 7.3.16.
Generating the values of I n +!(2) as described
in chapter 10 we find

+ ...

8 2(2) =J312 (2) +J712 (2) +Ju12 (2) +JI5 / 2 (2)

= .49129 + .06852 + .00297 + .00006 = .56284.

i"

Yo?) dt by numerical

integration using Tables 9.1 and 7.8. [Yo(t) is the

Bessel function of the second kind defined in 9.1.16.]
We decompose the integral into three parts

dt rIO
dt
r" [Yo(t)-Yo(t)]
- Tdt
JIr" Yo(t) T=
JI Yo(t) T+
JIO
+

r" Yo(t) dtt

JIO

where
9

Yo(t)

=(1-128t2)

sin

(10)]

5953819 cos lO-sin 10

~
2688000

J2(Uo) = .168270, U2(UO) = .014483.

Example 11. Compute

(t-i)

using Tables 7.8 and 4.8.

Hence

f" Yo(t) ~t = .41826 00- .02298 78= .39527 22.

The answer correct to 8D is .39527 290 (Table

B.2).
Example 12. Compute w(.44+.67i) using bivariate linear interpolation.
By linear interpolation in Table 7.9 along the
x-direction at y=.6 and y=.7

w(.44+ .6i) "" .6(.522246+.167880i)+.4(.498591

+ .202666i) = .512784 + .181794i
w(.44+ .7i) "" .6(.487556+.147975i)+.4(.467521
+ .179123i) = .4 79542 + .160434i.
By linear interpolation along the y-direction at
x=.44

w(.44+ .67i) "" .3(.512784+.181794i)+.7(.479542

+ .160434i)= .489515+.166842i.
The correct answer is .489557 +.166889i.

.Jtrl

(t-i)

75) cos
- ( 1-128t2
8t.Jtrl

represents the first two terms of the asymptotic

expansion 9.2.2.

Example 13. Compute ~(z) for z=.44+.61i.

Bivariate linear interpolation, as described in
Example 12, is most accurate if z lies near the
center or along a diagonal of one of the squares
of the tabular grid [7.6]. It is not as accurate for
z near the midpoint of a side of a square, as in this
example. However, we may introduce an auxil-

307

ERROR F'UNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

iary square (see diagram) which contains Z close

to its center. Bivariate linear interpolation can
then be applied within this auxiliary square.
The values of w(z) needed at Z= II, and z= 12
are easily approximated by the average of the four
neighboring tabular values. Furthermore the
parts to be used are given by

IZo-Xd
IZo-111

p +p
I

2,

IZo-X21 Pl!-P2
IZO-121

Example 16. Compute w(7+2i).

Using the second formula at the end of Table 7.9
7+2')-(-2+7') ( .5124242
~ ~ 44.72474+28i

w(

.05176536 )
.
+ 42.27525+28i =.021853+.075010~.
Example 17. Compute erf (2+i).
From 7.1.3, 7.1.12 we have
erf Z= l-e-2w(iz) =

l-eULX

(cos 2xy

- i sin 2xy)w(y+ix)

(z=x+iy).

Using Tables 7.9, 4.4, 4.6

erf (2+i)=I-e- 3 (cos 4-i sin 4)w(I+2i)
= 1.003606- .0112590i.
where z=zo+.l(PI+ip2)' Thus, with zo=o4+.6i,
II=o45+.65i, 12=o45+.55i, PI==o4, P2=.I, we get
from Table 7.9
PAW(SI) l'::'H.522246 +.498591+.487556+.467521)
=0493979
~W(12)

Example 18.

Compute 8 1 (G+i)-v'2)-

From 7.3.22,7.3.8,7.3.18 we have

zJ

l-i
8 1 ()
z =12 4 eiZ 2w [ (1 +~) -v'2

l'::' i (.522246 + .498591 + .561252 + .533157)

=.528812

~w(z)

-l+i
4 e-1. w

l'::' [1- (.4+ .1)]{[1- (.4-.1)].522246

+(04-.1).528812) + (.4+.1) X
{[I-(04-.l)] .493979+(.4-.1).498591} =.509789.

7.1.12, and Table 7.9

The correct answer is .509756. Straightforward

bivariate interpolation gives .509460.

8 1 (G+i) -v'2)=

Example 14. Compute Yw('39+.61i) to 6D

using Taylor's series.
Let Z = .39 + .61 i, Zo =.4 + .6i. From 7.1.20,
and using Table 7.9, we have

[C'

~-

1) -v'2'
z ]

Setting z =G+i) -v'2 and making use of 7.I.B,

l-i

i
2 (
-2-4
e-

4 e
+1+i

2 (

3 .. 3) (1 3.)

cos 2-~ sm"2 w 2+2 ~

3+..
3) (3+1.)
cos 2
~ sm 2 w 2 2 ~

w(zo)= .522246+. 167880i

=- .990734- .681619i.

w'(zo)=-.21634+.36738i, z-zo= (-I+i)10- 2

!w"(Zo)= -.215-.185i, (Z_ZO)2= -2iX 10- 4
Yw(z) = .167880 - .0021634- .0036738
+ .00004aO= .162086.
Example 15. Compute w(04-1.3i).
From 7.I.B, 7.1.12

Example 19.

Compute So'" e-(IJ4l1 2-3t cos (2t)dt

using Table 7.9.

Setting b=y+ix, c=O in 7.4.2 and using 7.1.3,
7.1.12 we find

Sa'" e-at2-2yt cos (2xt)dt=~ ~~ ~w (x~iY)

2

w(.4-1.3i) =w( - .4-1.3i) =2e- (.4-1.30

--,---W(.4+1.3i).
Using Tables 7.9,4.4 and 4.6
w(.4 -1.3i) = 4.33342 +8.04201 i.

(a>O, x, y real).
Hence from Table 7.9

Sa'" e-0/ 4

)1'-31

cos (2t)dt=.J1r ~w(2+3i) = .231761.

308

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

References
Texts

[7.1] J. Boersma, Computation of Fresnel integrals,

Math. Compo 14, 380 (1960).
[7.2] A. V. Boyd, Inequalities for Mills' ratio, Rep.
Statist. Appl. Res. Un. Jap. Sci. Engrs. 6, 44-46
(1959).
[7.3] O. Emersleben, Numerische Werte des Fehlerintegrals fUr
Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 31,
393-394 (1951).
[7.4] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
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[7.5] A. Erdelyi et al., Tables of integral transforms,
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[7.6] W. Gautschi, Note on bivariate linear interpolation
for analytic functions, Math. Tables Aids Compo
13, 91-96 (1959).
[7.7] W. Gautschi, Recursive computation of the repeated integrals of t.he error function, Math.
Compo 15, 227-232 (1961).
[7.8] W. Grobner and N. Hofreiter, Integraltafel
(Springer-Verlag, Wien and Innsbruck, Austria,
1949-50).
[7.9] D. R. Hartree, Some properties and applications of
the repeated integrals of the error function, Mem.
Proc. Manchester Lit. Philos. Soc. 80, 85-102
(1936).
[7.10] C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital computers (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.,
1955).
[7.11] Y. Komatu, Elementary inequalities for Mills'
ratio, Rep. Statist. Appl. Res. Un. Jap. Sci.
Engrs. 4, 69-70 (1955-57).
[7.12] E. Kreyszig, On the zeros of the Fresnel integrals,
Canad. J. Math. 9, 118-131 (1957).
[7.13] Th. Laible, Hohenkarte des Fehlerintegrals, Z.
Angew. Math. Phys. 2, 484-486 (1951).
[7.14] F. Losch and F. Schoblik, Die Fakultiit (B. G.
Teubner, Leipzig, Germany, 1951).
[7.15] F. Oberhettinger, Tabellen zur Fourier Transformation (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Gottingen, Heidelberg, Germany, 1957).
[7.16] J. R. Philip, The function inv erfc a, Austral.
J. Phys. 13, 13-20 (1960).
[7.17] H. O. Pollak, A remark on "Elementary inequalities
for Mills' ratio" by Yllsaku Komatu, Rep.
Statist. Appl. Res. Un. Jap. Sci. Engrs. 4, 110
(1955-57).

.,;n;,

[7.18] J. B. Rosser, Theory and application of So' e- 2 dx and

So' e-

p2 2
dy

So" e- dx (Mapleton House, Brooklyn,

2

N.Y., 1948).
[7.19] H. E. Salzer, Formulas for calculating the error
function of a complex variable, Math. Tables
Aids Compo 5, 67-70 (1951).
[7.20] H. E. Salzer, Complex zeros of the error function,
J. Franklin Inst. 260, 209-211 (1955).
[7.21] F. G. Tricomi, Funzioni ipergeometriche confiuenti
(Edizioni Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954).

[7.22] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel

functions, 2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, London,
England, 1958).
Tables

[7.23] M. Abramowitz, Table of the integral So e- u3 du, J.

Math. Phys. 30, 162-163 (1951). x=0(.01)2.5,
8D.
[7.24] P. C. Clemmow and Cara M. Munford, A table of
_/(1~71' ) elirp2
'V

i"
p

l' r A2
e-
dX f or complex values of

p,

Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London {A}, 245, 189211 (1952). \p\=0(.01).8, arg p=00W)45, 4D.
[7.25] R. B. Dingle, Doreen Arndt and S. K. Roy, The
integrals
Cv(x) = (pl)-11" EP (E2+x2)-le-'dE

and
Dp(x) = (pl)-11" .p(.2+X2)-2e

-d.

and their tabulation, Appl. Sci. Res. B 6, 155-164

(1956). C(x) , Sex), =0(1)20, 12D.
[7.26] V. N. Faddeeva and N. M. Terent'ev, Tables of
values of the function w(z)=e-,2 (1+ ~So' e t2

dt)

for complex argument. Translated from the

Russian by D. G. Fry (Pergamon Press, New
York, N.Y., 1961). w(z),z=x+iy; x,y=0(.02)3;
x=3(.1)5, y=0(.1)3; x=0(.1)5, y=3(.1)5; 6D.
[7.27] B. D. Fried and S. D. Conte, The plasma dispersion
function (Academic Press, New York, N.Y. and
London, England, 1961). i";;'w(z) , i-V1rw'(z) ,
z=x+iyj x=0(.1)9.9, y=-9.1(.1)1O; x=var.
(.1)9.9, y=-1O(.I)-9.2; 6S.

[7.28] K. A. Karpov, Tablitsy funktsii w(z) =e-,21 e- 2dx v

kompleksnoi oblasti (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR.,
Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1954).
z=x; x=0(.001)2(.01) 10; 5D;
z=pe il ; (J=2.5 (2.5)30(1.25)35(.625)40;
P=P6 (.OOI)p~ (.OI)p~' (.0002)5, 0 ~P8 ~p~ ~p~' ~5,

5D;
z=iy; y=0(.001)3(.0002)5,

5S.

[7.29] K. A. Karpov, Tablitsy funktsii F(z) =

So' e- dx
2

v kompleksnoi oblasti (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR.,

Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1958). z=peiBj
(J = 45 (.3125)48.75 (.625) 55 (1.25) 65 (2.5)90,
P=P6(.00IM(.01)p~', 0~P6<P~~P~' ~5, 5Dj
Z=X; x=O(.OOI)1O,
5S.
[7.30] J. Kaye, A table of the first eleven repeated integrals of the error function, J. Math. Phys. 34,
119-125 (1955). inerfc x, x=0(.01).2(.05)1(.1)3,
n=-I(I)l1, 6D.
[7.31] B. Lohmander and S. Rittsten, Table of the function
y=e-,.2

Sox e,2dt, Kungl. Fysiogr. Siillsk. i Lund

Forh. 28, 45-52 (1958). x=0(.01)3(.02)5,

X-I =0(.005).2,
lOD; x=.5(.5)10, 20D.
Contains also 20D values for maximum and inflection points.

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

[7.32] W. Lash Miller and A. R. Gordon, Numerical
evaluation of infinite series and integrals which
arise in certain problems of linear heat flow,
electrochemical diffusion, etc., J. Phys. Chem. 35,
2785-2884 (1931).

F(x) =e- z2 Sox e,2dt; x=O(.Ol) 1.99, 6D;

x=2(.01)4(.05) 7.5(.1) 10(.2) 12, 88.
[7.33) National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the error
function and its derivative, Applied Math. Series
41, 2d ed. (U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., 1954).

(2!./r)e- z2 , erf x, x=O(.OOOI) 1 (.001)5.6,

(2/./ r)e-

z2

erfc x, x = 4(.01) 10,

88.

15D;

309

[7.34) T. Pearcey, Table of the Fresnel integral (Cambridge Univ. Press, London, England, 1956).
C(

-fj). s ( ff). x=0(.01)50,

6-7D.

[7.35] Tablitsy integralov Frenelya (Izdat. Akad. N auk

8S8R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.,1953). C(x) , S(x) , x=
0(.001)25, 7D; S(x) , x=0(.001) .58, 78; C(x) ,
x=O(.OOl) .101, 7S.
[7.36] A. van Wijngaarden and W. L. Scheen, Table of
Fresnel integrals, Verh. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch.,
Afd. Natuurk. Sec. I, 19, No.4, 1-26 (1949).
C(x) , S(x) , x=0(.01)20, SD. (Also contains
numerical values of the coefficients in Taylor and
asymptotic expansions.)

310

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

ERROR FUNCTION AND ITS DERIVATIVE

Table 7.1
'/'

p_J,2

,'Il"

erf

2 e-.t2

,I'

J'

''Il"

erf ,I:

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.12837
1. 12826
1. 12792
1.12736
1.12657

91671
63348
79057
40827
52040

O. 00000
0.01128
0.02256
O. 03384
0.04511

00000
34156
45747
12223
11061

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.87878
0.86995
0.86103
0.85204
O. 84297

25789
15467
70343
34444
51813

O. 52049
0.52924
0.53789
O. 54646
0.55493

98778
36198
86305
40969
92505

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1. 12556
1. 12432
1.12286
1. 12118
1.11927

17424
43052
36333
06004
62126

0.05637
0.06762
O. 07885
0.09007
0.10128

19778
15944
77198
812')8
05939

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.83383
0.82463
0.81536
0.80604
O. 79666

66473
22395
63461
33431
75911

0.56332
0.57161
0.57981
0.58792
0.59593

33663
57638
58062
29004
64972

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1. 11715
1. 11480
1.11224
1. 10946
1.10647

16068
80500
69379
97934
82654

0.11246
0.12362
0.13475
0.14586
O. 15694

29160
28962
83518
71148
70331

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

O. 78724
O. 77777
O. 76826
O. 75872
0.74914

34317
51846
71442
35764
87161

O. 60385
0.61168
0.61941
0.62704
O. 63458

60908
12189
14619
64433
58291

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1. 10327
1. 09985
1. 09623
1. 09240
1.08837

41267
92726
57192
56008
11683

0.16799
O. 17901
0.18999
O. 20093
O. 21183

59714
18132
24612
58390
98922

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.73954
O. 72992
0.72027
0.71061
O. 70095

67634
18814
81930
97784
06721

0.64202
O. 64937
0.65662
0.66378
O. 67084

93274
66880
77023
22027
00622

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1. 08413
1. 07969
1. 07506
1. 07023

47871
89342
61963
92672
1. 06522 09449

O. 22270
0.23352
0.24429
O. 25502
0.26570

25892
19230
59116
25996
00590

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.69127
O. 68159
0.67191
0.66224
0.65258

48604
62792
88112
62838
24665

0.67780
O. 68466
0.69143
0.69810
O. 70467

11938
55502
31231
39429
80779

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

1. 06001
1.05462
1. 04904
1. 04329
1. 03736

41294
18194
71098
31885
33334

0.27632
0.28689
0.29741
0.30788
O. 31828

63902
97232
82185
00680
34959

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.64293
0.63329
0.62368
O. 61408
0.60452

10692
57399
00626
75556
16696

0.71115
0.71753
O. 72382
O. 73001
0.73610

56337
67528
16140
04313
34538

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1. 03126
1. 02498
1. 01855
1. 01195

09096
93657
22310
31119
1.00519 56887

O. 32862
0.33890
O. 34912
O. 35927
0.36936

67595
81503
59948
86550
45293

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.59498
O. 58548
0.57601
D. 56659
n.55720

57863
32161
71973
08944
73967

0.74210
0.74800
O. 75381
O. 75952
O. 76514

09647
32806
07509
37569
27115

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.99828
0.99122
0.98401
0.97665
0.96916

37121
10001
14337
89542
75592

0.37938
0.38932
O. 39920
0.40900
0.41873

20536
97011
59840
94534
87001

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.54786
O. 53858
0.52934
0.52016
0.51103

97173
07918
34773
05514
47116

O. 77066
0.77610
O. 78143
O. 78668
O. 79184

80576
02683
98455
73192
32468

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.96154
0.95378
0.94590
0.93789
0.92977

12988
42727
06256
45443
02537

0.42839
0.43796
0.44746
0.45688
0.46622

23550
90902
76184
66945
51153

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.50196
0.49296
0.48402
0.47515
0.46635

85742
46742
54639
33132
05090

O. 79690
O. 80188
0.80676
O. 81156
O. 81627

82124
28258
77215
35586
10190

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

O. 92153
0.91318
0.90473
0.89617
0.88752

20130
41122
08685
66223
57337

0.47548
0.48465
0.49374
0.50274
O. 51166

17198
53900
50509
96707
82612

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.45761
0.44896
0.44037
0.43187
0.42345

92546
16700
97913
55710
08779

0.82089
O. 82542
0.82987
0.83423
O. 83850

08073
36496
02930
15043
80696

0.50

0.87878 25789

O. 52049 98778

1. 00

0.41510 74974

[(-g)3]

[(-g)l]

See Example I.
2
erf T=.J7i-

0 ,,-I 2III

[(-~)1]

0.88622 69255

0.84270 07929

[(-g) 1]

311

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

ERROR FUNCTION AND ITS DERIVATIVE

:r

-fi

e-J"

erf T

J'

"".

p-x

Table 7.1

erf ,r

'1.00
1. 01
1.02
1. 03
1. 04

0.41510 74974
0.40684 71315
0.39867 13992
0.3905818368
0.38257 98986

0.84270
O. 84681
O. 85083
0.85478
0.85864

07929
04962
80177
42115
99465

1.50
1. 51
1. 52
1. 53
1. 54

0.11893
0.11540
O. 11195
0.10859
O. 10531

02892
38270
95356
63195
30683

0.96610
0.96727
0.96841
0.96951
0.97058

51465
67481
34969
62091
56899

1.05
1. 06
1. 07
1. 08
1. 09

0.37466
0.36684
0.35911
0.35147
0.34392

69570
43034
31488
46245
97827

0.86243
0.86614
0.86977
0.87332
0.87680

61061
35866
32972
61584
31019

1. 55
1. 56
1. 57
1.58
1.59

O. 10210
0.09898
O. 09593
O. 09295
0.09005

86576
19506
17995
70461
65239

0.97162
0.97262
0.97360
0.97454
0.97546

27333
81220
26275
70093
20158

1.10
1.11
1. 12
1.13
1.14

0.33647
0.32912
0.32186
0.31470
0.30764

95978
49667
67103
55742
22299

0.88020
0.88353
0.88678
0.88997
0.89308

50696
30124
78902
06704
23276

1. 60
1.61
1.62
1. 63
1.64

O. 08722
0.08447
O. 08178
0.07917
O. 07662

90586
34697
85711
31730
60821

0.97634
0.97720
0.97803
0.97884
O. 97962

83833
68366
80884
28397
17795

1. 15
1. 16
1. 17
1. 18
1.19

0.30067
0.29381
0.28704
0.28037
0.27381

72759
12389
45748
76702
08437

O. 89612
O. 89909
0.90200
0.90483
0.90760

38429
62029
03990
74269
82860

1. 65
1. 66
1. 67
1.68
1. 69

0.07414
0.07173
0.06938
0.06709
O. 06487

61034
20405
26972
68781
33895

0.98037
0.98110
O. 98181
0.98249
0.98315

55850
49213
04416
27870
25869

1. 20
1.21
1.22
1. 23
1. 24

0.26734
0.26097
0.25471
0.24854
0.24248

43470
83664
30243
83805
44335

0.91031
0.91295
0.91553
0.91805
0.92050

39782
55080
38810
01041
51843

1. 70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1. 74

0.06271
0.06060
0.05856
0.05657
0,05464

10405
86436
50157
89788
93607

O. 98379
0.98440
0.98500
0.98557
0.98613

04586
70075
28274
84998
45950

1. 25
1. 26
1. 27
1.28
1. 29

O. 23652
0.23065
0.22489
0.21923
0.21367

11224
83281
58748
35317
10145

O. 92290
0.92523
O. 92751
0.92973
0.93189

01283
59418
36293
41930
86327

1.75
1. 76
1.77
1. 78
1. 79

0.05277
0.05095
0.04918
0.04747
0.04580

49959
47262
74012
18791
70274

O. 98667
0.98719
0.98769
0.98817
O. 98864

16712
02752
09422
41959
05487

1. 30

0.20820
0.20284
0.19757
0.19241
0.18734

79868
40621
88048
17326
23172

0.93400
O. 93606
0.93806
0.94001
0.94191

79449
31228
51551
50262
37153

1. 80
1.81
1. 82
1.83
1.84

0.04419
0.04262
0.04110
0.03963
0.03820

17233
48543
53185
20255
38966

0.98909
O. 98952
0.98994
0.99034
0.99073

05016
45446
31565
68051
59476

1.37
1.38
1. 39

0.18236
0.17749
0.17271
0.16802
0.16343

99865
41262
40811
91568
86216

0.94376
0.94556
0.94731
0.94901
0.95067

21961
14366
23980
60353
32958

1. 85
1. 86
1. 87
1. 88
1. 89

0.03681
0.03547
0.03417
0.03292
0.03170

98653
88774
98920
18811
38307

0.99111
0.99147
0,99182
O. 99215
0.99247

10301
24883
07476
62228
93184

1.40
1. 41
1. 42
1. 43
1. 44

0.15894
0.15453
0.15022
0.14600
0.14187

17077
76130
55027
45107
37413

0.95228
0.95385
0.95537
0.95685
O. 95829

51198
24394
61786
72531
65696

1.90
1. 91
1. 92
1. 93
1. 94

0.03052
0.02938
O. 02827
O. 02721
0.02617

47404
36241
95101
14412
84752

O. 99279
0.99308
0.99337
O. 99365
O. 99392

04292
99398
82251
56502
25709

1. 45
1. 46
1.47
1. 48
1. 49

O. 13783
0.13387
0.13001
0.12623
0.12254

22708
91486
33993
40239
00011

O. 95969
0.96105
0.96237
0.96365
O. 96489

50256
35095
28999
40654
78648

1. 95
1. 96
1. 97
1.98
1. 99

O. 02517
O. 02421
0.02328
0.02237
0.02150

96849
41583
09986
93244
82701

O. 99417
0.99442
0.99466
0.99489
O. 99511

93336
62755
37246
20004
14132

1.50

0.11893 02892

O. 96610 51465

2.00

O. 02066 69854

1. 31
1. 32
1. 33
1.34

1. 35
1. 36

[(-g)l]

[( -g)l]

,-

2' =0.8862269255

[(-g)l]

O. 99532 22650

[(-~)4]

312

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Table 7.2

DERIVATIVE OF THE ERROR FUNCTION

p-1:'

,'11"

~p

-I'

,11"

-co e-.l

J:

,,11"

,r;.

e-r

2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04

2)2.0666
2~ 1.9854
2 1.9070
2~ 1.8313
2 1.7583

985
636
402
482
088

2.50 ~ - 3r.1782
- 3 2.0718
2.51
2.52 ~ - 3 1.9702
2.53 - 3~1.8731
2.54 - 3 1.7805

842
409
048
800
771

3.00 ~ - 4~1.3925 305

3.01 - 4 1.3113 047
3.02 ~ - 4) 1.2345 698
3.03 - 4~ 1.1620 929
3.04 (- 4 1.0936 521

3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54

6
6
6
6
6

5.3994
5.0338
4.6921
4.3727
4.0742

268
887
589
530
749

2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

2
2
2
2
2

1.6878
1.6198
1.5543
1.4911
1.4302

448
806
422
571
545

2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59

3.55
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.59

6
6
6
6
6

3.7954
3.5349
3.2916
3.0645
2.8524

113
275
626
257
914

2.10 ~ - 2 1.3715 650

2.11 - 2 1.3150 207
2.12 (- 2 1.2605 554
2.13 ~ - 2 1.2081 043
2.14 - 2 1.1576 041

2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64

6
6
6
6
6

2.6545
2.4699
2.2976
2.1369
1.9871

968
374
636
782
328

2.15 ~ - 2~ 1.1089 930

2.16 - 2 1. 0622 108
2.17 - 2~ 1.0171 986
2.18 ~ - 3 9.7389 910
2.19
- 3 9.3225 623

1.8474
1.7171
1.5958
1.4827
- 6 1.3773

250
961
281
416
933

r
r
-

33
3
3
3

l.6922
1.6079
1. 5275
1.4508
1.3777

136
137
078
325
304

3.05 ~ - 4~ 1.0290 362

3.06 - 5 9.6804 434
3.07 ~ - 5r.1048 542
3.08 - 5 8.5617 765
3.09 - 5 8.0494 817

3
3
3
3
3

1.3080
1.2416
1.1783
1.1181
1. 0607

500
455
764
075
090

3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14

5
5
5
5
5

7.5663
7.1107
6.6812
6.2764
5.8950

267
499
674
699
187

3.60
3.61
3.62
3.63
3.64

2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69

3
4
4
4
4

1.0060
9.5402
9.0450
8.5738
8.1256

558
778
949
992
247

3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19

5
5
5
5
5

5.5356
5.1971
4.8783
4.5782
4.2956

429
360
532
082
707

3.65
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69

2.20 ~ - 3~ 8.9221 551

2.21 - 3 8.5372 378
2.22 ~- 3~8.1672 930
2.23 - 3 7.8118 164
2.24 - 3) 7.4703 176

2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74

4r.6992
4 7.2937
4~ 6.9082
4 6.5418
4 6.1936

476
850
932
671
378

3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24

5 3.7795
5r.5441
5 3.3227
5 3.1146

2.25 ~- 3~7.1423 190

2.26 - 3 6.8273 562
2.27 (- 3) 6.5249 776
2.28 ~ - ~~ 6.2347 440
2.29 - 3 5.9562 287

2.75 ~ - 4 5.8627 725

2.76 - 4 5.5484 722
2.77 ~ - 4 5.2499 713
2.78 - 4 4.9665 360
2.79 - 4 4.6974 632

886
089
285
136
383

2.50 (- 3)2.1782842

210
613
397
768
192

3.80
3.81
3.82
3.83
3.84

7
7
7
7
7

6.0428
5.6000
5.1886
4.8065
4.4516

629
632
725
419
637

5) 1.5086 387

5 1.3189 127
5 1.2328 243
5)1.1521 246

3.85
3.86
3.87
3.88
3.89

7)4.1221
T.B"2
7 3.5324
7 3.2689
7 3.0245

'"
867
013
796
971

5
5
6
6
6

3.90
3.91
3.92
3.93
3.94

7j" 7979
7 2.5877
7 2.3928
7 2.2121
7) 2.0447

245
218
327
788
548

3.3488
3.1630
2.9868
2.8199
2.6618

688
053
598
597
533

3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39

4
4
4
4
4

2.5121
2.3703
2.2360
2.1090
1.9887

089
144
761
184
824

3.40
3.41 3.42
3.43
3.44 (-

4) 1.8750
41"7674
4 1.6656
4 1.5694
4 1.4784

262
231
619
459
919

3.45 ~- 6)7.6430199
3.46 - 61'.1327 211
3.47 ~ - 6 6.6551 620
3.48 - 6 6.2083 353
3.49 - 6 5.7903 503

3.95 (- 711.8896 240

3.96
7 1.1459 135
3.97 - 7 1.6128 098
3.98 - 7 1.4895 557
3.99 - 7 1.3754 458

3.00 (- 4) 1.3925 305

3.50 (- 6) 5.3994 268

4.00 (- 7) 1.2698 235

2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94

2.7899
2.6563
2.5285
2.4064
2.2897

219
120
232
473
709

4
4
4
4
4

2.40 (- 3 3.5556 487

J 3.3886 700
2.41
2.42
- 3 3.2288 871
2.43 - 3 3.0760 230
2.44 - 3 2.9298 098

3
3
3
3
3

7}8.8143
7 8.1766
7 7.5835
7~ 7.0320
7 6.5193

2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89

2.45
2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 (-

3.30
3.31 3.32
3.33 3.34 (-

292
869
681
473
092

r
r

3.75
3.76
3.77
3.78
3.79

794
400
274
508
449

2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39

3)'.5088
3r.3013
3 4.1026
3 3.9123
3) 3.7301

3.25 ~ - 5~ 2.9189 025

3.26 - 5 2.7349 351
3.27 ~ - 5) 2.5620 500
3.28 ,- 5~ 2.3996 135
3.29 - 5 2.2470 263

4.4420
4.1997
3.9698
3.7517
3.5449

2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84

3.70 ~ - 6~ 1.2792 741

3.71 - 6 1.1879 068
3.72 ~ - 6r.l028 445
3.73 - 6 1. 0236 686
3.74 - 7 9.4998 679

4
4
4
4

172
069
067
374
306

r'

604
831
997
217

2.30
3 5.4327
2.31 - '1'.6890
2.32 ~ - 3 5.1869
2.33 - 3 4.9512
2.34 - 3) 4.7253

f-

5~4.0297 636

6
6
6
6

2.95
2.96 2.97 2.98 2.99 (-

512.1037
5 1.9691
5) 1.8428
5) 1. 7242
5)1.6130

5~ 1.4107 306

~~ = 0.8862269255

1.0764
1. 0056
9.3923
8.7704
8.1881

921
235
243
910
894

r
!-

313

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

,'7r

e- r

4.00 ~ - 7 1.2698
4.01
- 7 1.1720
4.02
1.0816
4.03 ~ -- 87 9.9797
4.04 - 8 9.2060
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09

235
776
394
993
694

-- Bt'4'06
2B1
8 7.8292 207
- 8 7.2178 923
- 8 6.6529 674
_. 8 6.1310 313

DERIVATIVE OF THE ERROR FUNCTION

2
1 e-r
~ e- r
;1:
x
,Fir

'r

~7r

4.50
4.51
- 9
4.52 ~ - 9
4.53 - 9
4.54 - 9

1.6552
1.5123
1.3814
1.2616

434
OS,
248
699
849

5.00
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04

4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59

1.1520
1.0517
9.5997
8.7603
7.9927

559
423
127
264
363

5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08
5.09

i-

- 9
- 9
-10
-10
-10

B1l3

4.10 ~ - 8) 5.6489 121

4.11
- Bt2036 639
4.12 ~ - 8 4.7925 517
4.13
- 8 4.4130 364
4.14 - 8 4.0627 618

4.60 r'0)7.29O' 450

4.61 -10) 6.6494 435
4.62
-10~ 6.0631 724
4.63 -10 5.5274 864
-10 5.0381 209
4.64

4.15 (- 8) 3.7395 414

4.16
471
4.17 - BI3.4413
8 3.1662 977
4.18 - 8 2.9126 490
4.19 - 8) 2.6787 841

4.65
4.66 -10
-10
4.67
4.68 -10
4.69 ( -10

-14
-14
-14
-14
-14

-14(7100 675
-14 2.4226
-14 2.1653
-14 1.9349
-14) 1. 7287

780
317
346
067

839
533
998

-10 2.3826 973

-10 2.1678 441
-10 1.9719 702

-15
-15
-15
-15
-15

8.7544
7.8104
6.9668
6.2130
5.5398

193
192
183
917
013

5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29

-121'"20B4 075

501
433
899
093

5.75
5.76
5.77
5.78
5.79

-15
-15
-15
-15
-15

4.9384
4.4015
3.9222
3.4943
3.1126

851
583
232
893
008

5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
5.34

-13 7.1305 505

-13 6.4127 516
-13 5.7660 568
-13 5.1835 412
-13 4.6589 423

5.80
5.81
5.82
5.83
5.84

5.35 (-13r'B65 '7'

5.36 r13 3.7613 895
5.37
-13 3.3786 913
5.38 -13 3.0343 233
5.39 -13 2.7245 096

5.85
5.86
5.87
5.88
5.89

-15
-15
-15
-15
-16

5.40
5.41 l-13r445B
-13 2.1952 396
336
5.42
-13 1.9699 112
5.43 ~ -13 1.7673 627
5.44 -13 1.5853 234

5.90
5.91
5.92
5.93
5.94

-16
-16
-16
-16

7.6449
6.7919
6.0329
5.3577

380
883
959
479

5.95
5.96
5.97
5.98
5.99

-16
-16
-16
-16
-16

4.7571
4.2229
3.7480
3.3259
2.9507

261
913
801
113
038

6.00 ( -16) 2.6173 012

-12
-13
-13
-13

3.4188
3.0839
2.7812
2.5077
2.2607

1.0878
9.7912
8.8108
7.9271

9
9
9
9

9.6595
8.8608
8.1266
7.4517

598
977
442
438

4.80
4.81
4.82
4.83
4.84

9
9
9
9

6.8315
6.2616
5.7382
5.2574
4.8160

260
772
144
603
210

4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89

9r.4107
9 4.0388
9 3.6974
9~ 3.3843
9 3.0970

647
018
673
033
439

4.90
4.91
4.92
4.93
4.94

4.45 (- 9~ 2. 8336 002

4.46 ~ - 9 2.5920 474
4.47 - 9 2.3706 118
4.48 ~- 9~2.1676 596
4.49 - 9 1.9816 862

4.95
4.96
4.97
4.98
4.99

2.1134 428
1.9132 785
1.7317 254

5.45 ;-13 1.4217 499

5.46 -13 1.2747 989
5.47 -13 1.1428 081
5.48 -13 1.0242 785
5.49
-14 9.1785 895

4.50 (- 9) 1.8113 059

5.00 (-11)1.5670 866

5.50 ( -14) 8.2233 160

4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44

r'

943
585
917
310
422

5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.74

-10) 2.8766 694

-IT.61B3 207

5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19

270
405

4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39

4.7325
4.2349
3.7888
3.3891
3.0309

5.20 (-12(0376 626

5.21 ~ -12 1.8362 094
-12 1.6543 420
5.22
5.23 -12 1.4901 896
5.24 (-12 1.3420 568

261
888

5.55
5.56
5.57
5.58
5.59

499
206
037
900
529

_lOt"25

B 1.0528 102

2B5
483

-14) 1.5441
-14~ 1.3790
-14 1.2313
-14 1. 0991
-15) 9.8105

-10
-11
-11
-11

4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34

12\,.4811
-12
8.5694
-12r.7438
-12 6.9964
-12 6.3198

5.65
5.66
5.67
5.68
5.69

621
187
962
727
772

357
388
049
759
007

5.50 r'4) B.2233 160

5.51
-14j'"365' 906
5.52
-14 6.5967 265
5.53 -14 5.9066 187
5.54 -14 5.2876 480

470
257
580
937
652

4.5911
4.1830
3.8103
3.4702
3.1598

-10~ 1. 7934
-10 1.6307
-10~ 1.4825
-10 1.3474
-10 1. 2245

974
673
993
445

866
169
089
820
702

-12
-12
-12
-12
-12

4.75
4.76
4.77
4.78
4.79

1.4826
1.3614
1.2498
1.1472

1.5670
1.4178
1.2825
1.1598
1.0487

-11
-11
-11
-11

937
391
835

B 1.6143 994
8
8
8
8

5.60
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.64

4.70
4.71
4.72
4.73
4.74

1 e-r

5.10 -'21'"7076
5.11
-12 5.1536
5.12 ~ -12 4.6524
5.13 -12 4.1992
5.14 -12 3.7893

4.20 (- 8 2.4632 041

4.21
B 2.2645 204
4.22
- 8 2.0814 463
4.23 - 8 1.9127 901
4.24 - 8 1.7574 484
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29

l
rr

Table 7.2

1.0105
9.1780
8.3337
7.5656

821
894
500

-"1'"B66'
-11 6.2315 317
074
-11 5.6537 456
-11 5.1285 259
-11 4.6511 675

-111'"2173
976
3.8233 166

-11
-11
-11
-11

rll

-11
-ll
-ll
-11

3.4653 660
3.1402 998
2.8451 570

2.5772
37'
2.3340 Bll

~; = 0.88622 69255

r151

-15 2.771'
2.4681 710
247
-15 2.1971 447
-15~ 1.9555 249
-15 1.7401 279
1.5481
1.3770
1.2246
1.0888
9.6798

468
708
543
898
241

'6 8.6032 817

314

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

DERIVATIVE OF THE ERROR FUNCTION

Table 7.2

e-.r'

,17r

-c=

e- X

-;=

:];

e- X

,,'7r

,,17r

Fr

e-.r'

6.00 ~ -16) 2.6173 012

6.01
-16~ 2.3211 058
6.02 ~ -16 2.0580 187
-16) 1.8243 864
6.03
6.04 -16)1.6169 533

6.50 ~-19)5.0525 800

6.51 -19r.4362 038
6.52
-19 3.8942 418
6.53 (-19 3.4178 066
6.54 (-19)2.9990603

7.00
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04

-22
-22
-22
-22
-22

5.9159
5.1425
4.4694
3.8835
3.3738

630
768
005
679
492

7.50
_25)'"2013
-25 3.6157
7.51
7.52
-25 3.1112
-25 2.6764
7.53
7.54 (-25 2.3020

654
871
033
989
719

6.05 ~ -16) 1.4328 188

6.06
-16~ 1.2693 992
6.07 [-16 1.1243 934
6.08 -17) 9.9575 277
6.09 -17) 8.8165 340

6.55
6.56
6.57
6.58
6.59

-19) 2.6310
-'91',3078
-19 2.0238
-19 1.7744
-19 1.5555

921
100
447
651
031

7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09

-22
-22
-22
-22
-22

2.9304
2.5448
2.2094
1.9179
1.6645

450
057
736
450
491

7.55
7.56
7.57
7.58
7.59

-251',9796
-25 1.7020
-25 1.4630
-25 1.2573
-25) 1.0803

292
094
299
541
765

6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14

211
453
570
268
911

6.60
6.61
6.62
6.63
6.64

-19
-19
-19
-20
-20

1.3632
1.1945
1.0465
9.1667
8.0275

874
852
500
618
879

7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14

-22
-22
-22
-23
-23

1.4443
1.2530
1.0868
9.4247
8.1713

426
171
181
516
928

7.60
7.61
7.62
7.63
7.64

-26~ 9.2812
-26 7.9716
-26~ 6.8455
-26 5.8772
-26 5.0449

353
752
216
834
849

6.15 ~ -17 4.2301 135

6.16 -17 3.7401 616
6.17
3.3062 970
-17 2.9221 768
6.18 ~ -17
-17 2.5821 666
6.19

6.65
6.66
6.67
6.68
6.69

-20
-20
-20
-20
-20

7.0285
6.1526
5.3848
4.7118
4.1221

758
575
212
664
880

7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19

-23~ 7.0832 963

-23 6.1388
-23~ 5.3192
-23 4.6082
-23 3.9913

620
876
095
893

7.65
7.66
7.67
7.68
7.69

-26~ 4.3296 844

620
194
936
830
801

6.70
6.71
6.72
6.73
6.74

-20
-20
-20
-20
-20

3.6055
3.1530
2.7568
2.4098
2.1061

852
937
372
972
973

7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24

-23
-23
-23
-23
-23

3.4564
2.9925
2.5904
2.2419
1.9399

408
904
701
351
057

7.70 ~ -26 2.0097 185

-26 1.7227 031
7.71
7.72 ~ -26 1.4763 822
-26 1.2650 285
7.73
7.74 -26 1.0837 147

1.2241
1.0801
9.5297
8.4057
7.4128

281
812
064
325
421

6.75
6.76
6.77
6.78
6.79

-20
-20
-20
-20
-20

1.8404
1.6078
1.4043
1.2264
1.0707

021
278
634
013
765

7.25
7.26
7.27
7.28
7.29

-23
-23
-23
-23
-24

1.6782 295
1.4515 608
1~2552 558
1.0852 815
9.3813 574

7.75
7.76
7.77
7.78
7.79

-27~ 9.2820
-27 7.9484
-27 6.8051
-27~ 5.8251
-27 4.9852

251
723
505
209
310

-18~ 6.5359
-18 5.7615
-18~ 5.0779
-18 4.4745
-18 3.9421

252
925
819
863
013

6.80
6.81
6.82
6.83
6.84

-21
-21
-21
-21
-21

9.3471
8.1577
7.1183
6.2100
5.4166

286
565
018
515
048

7.30
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.34

-24
-24
-24
-24
-24

8.1077
7.0057
6.0522
5.2274
4.5141

830
026
159
546
841

7.80
-271"2655
7.81
-27
3.6490
-27 3.1210
7.82
-27 2.6689
7.83
7.84 (-27 2.2818

868
970
820
356
346

6.35 (-18~ 3.4722 886

6.36 ~ -18 3.0578 557
6.37
-18~ 2.6923 486
6.38 -18 2.3700 568
6.39 (-18 2.0859 281

6.85
6.86
6.87
6.88
6.89

( -21
( -21
~ -21
-21
( -21

4.7235
4.1184
3.5900
3.1288
2.7263

904
183
610
615
649

7.35
7.36
7.37
7.38
7.39

-24
-24
-24
-24
-24

3.8974
3.3643
2.9035
2.5053
2.1613

577
153
220
400
315

7.85
7.86
7.87
7.88
7.89

-27
-27
-27
-27
-27

1.9504
1.6669
1.4242
1.2167
1.0392

883
236
990
456
297

6.40 r'8) 1,8354 945

6.41
-18~ 1.6148 045
6.42
-18 1.4203 650
6.43 -18 1.2490 883
6.44 ( -18) 1.0982 455

6.90
6.91
6.92
6.93
6.94

-"1',3751
-21 2.0688
-21 1.8tl15
-21 1.5685
-21) 1.3654

704
010
892
776
297

7.40
7.41
7.42
7.43
7.44

-24 1.3860 036

-24 1.1947 351
-24) 1.0296 557

7.90
7.91
7.92
7.93
7.94

-281"'8743
-28 7.5766
-28 6.4673
-28 5.5193
-28) 4.7094

478
022
396
762
204

6.45 (-19) 9.6542 574

6.46 ~ -19~ 8.4849 924
6.47
-19 7.4558 503
6.48 -19 6.5502 224
6.49 (-19) 5.7534 461

6.95 ( -21) 1.1883 540

6.96
6.97
-22 8.9957 356
684
-22 7.8244 565
6.98
6.99 (-22 6.8042 967

7.45
7.46
7.47
7.48
7.49

-25
-25
-25
-25
-25

826
480
250
820
021

7.95 (-28) 4.0175 202

7.96
7.97 -28 2.9219 899
7.98 -28 2.4912 008
-28 2.1234 982
7.99

6.50 ( -19) 5.0525 800

7.00 ( -22) 5.9159 630

7.50 ( -25) 4.2013 654

8.00 ( -28) 1.8097 068

6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
6.25
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34

-17) 7.8047
-17~ 6.9076
-17 6.1124
-17~ 5.4077
-17 4.7832

-17~ 2.2812
-17 2.0150
-17~ 1. 7794
-17 1.5711
-17 1.3869

r
17
-17
-18
-18
-18

!-"to34o
-

'2

0.88622 69255

-"t8641
859
-24 1.6075 712
8.8720
7.6431
6.5831
5.6689
4.8808

-26 3.7150
-26~ 3.1870
-26 2.7335
-26 2.3440

594
466
323
839

!-28t"65 874

315

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Table 7.2

DERIV ATIVE OF THE ERROR FUNCTION

- e-x'
,;,;.
~

8.00 ~ -28~ 1.8097

8.01
-28 1.5419
8.02 ~ -28 1. 3135
8.03
-28~ 1.1188
8.04 -29 9.5271

068
762
913
091
911

p-:r'

,71"

8.50 ~ -32~ 4. 7280

8.51
-32 3.9884
8.52 ( -32~ 3.3639
8.53 ~ -32 2.8365
8.54
-32 2.3914

!
!
!

2 e- x'
,-

,'71"

2 e-r
1-

,71"

139
601
141
973
628

9.00 r36)7.4920 734

9.01 .36\".2572 800
9.02
-36 5.2249 519
9.03
-36 4.3620 651
9.04
-36 3.6409 535

9.50 ~ -40~ 7.2007

9.51
-40 5.9541
9.52 ~ -40r.9223
9.53
-40 4.0685
9.54
-40 3.3621

780
713
316
541
245

9.05 ~ -36~ 3.0384 441

9.06
-36 2.5351 317
9.07 ~ -36~ 2.1147 690
9.08
-36 1.7637 559
9.09
-36) 1.4707 105

9.55
-40 2.2946 142
629
9.56 1"40\,"7778
-40 1.8951 272
9.57
9.58
-40 1.5648 437
9.59 ( -40) 1.2918 638

088
837
148
960
925

9.60 ~ -40) 1.0662 907

9.61
-41~ 8.7992 901
9.62 ~ -41 7.2599 363
9.63
-41 5.9886 802
-41) 4.9390 403
9.64

(-37~4.9230 619

555
351
495
471
678

8.05 ~ -29 8.1112 334

8.06
-29 6.9043 382
8.07 ~ -29 5.8758 453
8.08 -29 4.9995 601
8.09 (-29) 4.2531 077

8.55
8.56
8.57
8.58
8.59

8.10
8.11 1",,!'.6173
-29 3.0760 19
612J
8.12
-29 2.6152 245
8.13
-29 2.2229 829
8.14 (-29) 1.8891 933

8.60 (.33r.5513 598

8.61
33 1.1993 468
8.62
-33 6.0598 819
8.63
-33 5.0997 438
8.64
-33) 4.2908 734

9.10 ( -36) 1.2261

9.11 ~-36~1.0219
9.12
-37 8.5167
-37)7.0959
9.13
9.14 (-37) 5.9110

~ -29~ 1. 6052 025

296
801
778
786

8.65 ( -33) 3.6095 760

8.66
.331'"0358
8.67
-33 2.5527 465
988
8.68 -33 2.1461 817
8.69
-33 1.8039 709

9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19

592
918
437
423

9.65 ~ -41) 4.0725 570

9.66
-41 3.3574 141
9.67
-41 2.7672 971
9.68 ( -41 2.2804 460
9.69 ( -41 1.8788 710

8.20 ~ -30)7.0875 167

8.21 .30\".0148 111
8.22 ~ -30 5.1035 431
8.23
-30 4.3294 262
8.24
-30 3.6719 947

8.70 (-33) 1.5160 228

8.71 ~ -33) 1.2737 818
8.72
-33~ 1. 0700 339
8.73
-34 8.9869 668
8.74 (-34 7.5464 360

9.20 ~ -37) 1. 9668 449

9.21
-37) 1.6361 251
9.22 ~ -37~ 1.3607 427
9.23
-37 1.1314 847
9.24
-38 9.4066 395

9.70 ~ -41) 1.5477 017

9.71
.4Ir.2746 493
-41 1. 0495 600
9.72
9.73 ~ -42 8.6404 628
9.74
-42 7.1118 055

8.25
8.26 30
-30
8.27
-30
8.28
-30
8.29 ( -30

9.25 ( -38) 7.8186 802

9.26 ( -38~ 6.4974 888
9.27 ~ -38 5.3984 710
9.28
-38~ 4.4844 496
9.29
-38 3.7244 373

9.75
.42) 5.8524
9.76
-42~ 4.8150
-42 3.9608
9.77
9.78
-42 3.2574
9.79 (-42) 2.6784

8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19

-29 1.3636
(-29 1.1581
( -30~ 9.8348
(-30 8.3497

8.30
8.31
8.32
8.33
8.34

3.1137
2.6398
2.2376
1.8963
1.6067

725
841
697
577
846

8.75
8.76
8.77
8.78
8.79

-30~ 1.3611
-30 1.1528
-31~ 9.7622
-31 8.2649
-31 6.9958

569
476
228
206
710

8.80
8.81
8.82
8.83
8.84

( -32 2.0157
1.6987
-32
32 1.4313
-32 1.2057
-32 1.0155

-34) 6.3355 422

-34~5.3178 836
-34 4.4627 957
-34) 3.7444 525
-34) 3.1411 074

( -34~ 2.6344
34 2.2090
-34~1.8520
-34 1.5523
-34 1.3009

525
184
172
585
248

(-37 4.0993
( -37) 3.4127
~ -37) 2.8406
-37) 2.3639

9.30 .38!'.0926
9.31
-38 2.5674
9.32 ~ -38 2.1310
-38 1.7684
9.33
-38) 1.4672
9.34

252
968
401
873
979

112
566
520
718
880

9.80 ~ -42~ 2.2019 782

9.81
-42 1.8098 720
9.82
-42~ 1.4872 907
9.83 ~ -42 1.2219 600
-42) 1.0037 632
9.84

8.35 ~ -31 5.9204 954

8.36 -31 5.0094 199
8.37 ~ -31 4.2376 977
8.38
-31 3.5841 456
8.39 (-31 3.0307 803

8.85 ~ -34) 1.0899 975

8.86
.35r-1308 655
8.87
-35 7.6473 600
8.88 (-35 6.4036 010
8.89 (-35 5.3610 534

9.35
545
9.36 1"38r-211l
- 38 1. 0094 602
9.37
-39 8.3703 932
9.38
-39 6.9392 997
9.39 (-39}5.7517311

9.85 ( -43) 8.2436 338

9.86 ~-43~6.7689 179
9.87
-43 5.5569 047
9.88 -43 4.5609 970
9.89 ( -43) 3.7428 271

8.40 1"31) 2.5623 380

8.41
-31~ 2.1658 657
8.42
-31 1.8303 736
8.43
-31 1. 5465 399
8.44 (-31) 1.3064 586

8.90
8.91
8.92
8.93
8.94

418
111
030
611
476

9.40 (.39),"'664 456

9.41 ~ -39 3.9491 520
9.42
-39 3.2713 439
-39 2.7093 286
9.43
9.44 ( -39) 2.2434 186

9.90
9.91
9.92
9.93
9.94

8.45
8.46 r31r-I034
-32 9.3176 263
012
8.47 -32 7.8664 369
8.48 -32 6.6399 552
8.49 -32 5.6035 774

8.95 (.35r8381 516

8.96 1"35 1.5361 351
8.97
-35 1.2844 884
8.98
-35 1.0734 315
8.99
-36)8.9687 435

9.45 r39) 1.8572 514

9.46 .39! 1.5372 589
9.47 -39 1.2721 404
9.48 -39 1.0525 343
-40 8.7066 400
9.49

9.95 ~ -43) 1.1381 922

9.96
-44~ 9.3271 204
9.97 ~ -44 7.6417 477
9.98
-44~ 6.2596 629
9.99
-44 5.1265 162

8.50 ( -32) 4.7280 139

9.00

9.50 ( -40) 7.2007 555

10.00 (-44) 4.1976 562

-35) 4.4873
.351'.,552
-35 3.1420
-35 2.6283
-35 2.1982

(-36) 7.4920 734

0.88622 69255

-43) 3.0708
.43j'"5189
-43 2.0658
-43 1.6939
-43 1.3886

096
471
489
130
628

316

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Table 7.3

COMPLEMENTARY ERROR FUNCTION

x- 2

xex2 erfc x

<x>

x- 2

xex 2 erfc x

<x>

0.250
0.245
0.240
0.235
0.230

0.51079
0.51163
0.51247
O. 51332
0.51418

14
07
67
94
90

2
2
2
2
2

0.125
0.120
0.115
0.110
0.105

0.53406
0.53511
0.53617
0.53724
0.53832

72
47
29
20
23

3
3
3
3
3

0.225
0.220
0.215
0.210
0.205

0.51505
0.51592
0.51681
0.51769
0.51859

55
92
01
83
40

2
2
2
2
2

0.100
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080

0.53941
0.54051
0.54163
0.54276
0.54390

41
76
32
11
16

3
3

0.200
0.195
0.190
0.185
0.180

0.51949
0.52040
0.52132
0.52225
0.52318

74
85
75
45
98

2
2
2
2
2

0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055

0.54505
0.54622
0.54740
0.54859
0.54980

51
19
24
69
58

4
4
4
4
4

0.175
0.170
0.165
0.160
0.155

0.52413
0.52508
0.52604
0.52701
0.52799

33
55
63
59
46

2
2
2
3
3

0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

0.55102
0.55226
0.55352
0.55479
0.55608

95
85
32
41
17

4
5
5
5
6

0.150
0.145
0.140
0.135
O. 13.0

0.52898
0.52997
0.53098
0.53200
0.53303

25
98
67
35
02

3
3
3
3
3

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005

0.55738
0.55870
0.56005
0.56140
0.56278

65
90
00
99
96

6
7
8
10
14

0.125

0.53406 72

0.000

0.56418 96

[C

-36)lJ

3
4

00

[C -:)3]

See Example 2.

<x> =nearest integer to x.

1
2
3
4
5

erfc -vn1f

0.01218
0.00039
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000

88821
27505
41444
05351
00208

84803
88282
02689
64662
26552
erfc x =---;:=
2
-.j7r

1'"ex

6
7
8
9
10
t2dt =

erfc

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

-vn7r

00008
00000
00000
00000
00000

25422
33136
01343
00055
00002

1- erf x

erfc ~ni compiled from O. Emersleben, Numerische Werte des Fehlerintegrals fUr ~n7r,
Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 31,393-394. 1951 (with permission).

317

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

REPEATED INTEGRALS OF THE ERROR FUNCTION

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

2/1 r

CI2+ 1)0/1 erfc

I

n=2

n=1
1. 00000

- 1 6.85245
- 1)5.56938
- 1)4.46884

,!a.32738

~~-

3.53855
2. 76388
2.12869
1. 61601
1. 20884

1~2. 79859
1 2.09021
1 1. 54061
1~ 1. 12021
2 8.03288

f --

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

2
2
2
2
2

8.90739
6.46332
4.61706
3.24613
2.24570

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

2
2
3
3
3

1.52836
1. 02305
6.73408
4.35805
2. 77245

2. 0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

3
3
4
4
4

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

11
- 1
~- 1
- 1

2
2
2
2

r'

5.67901
3.95711
2. 71686
1.83748
1. 22388

3
3
3
3
3

1. 73350
1. 06515
6.43074
3.81436
2.22250

4
5
5
5
5

1. 27195
7.14929
3.94619
2.13882
1.13820

6
6
6
7
7

5.94664
3.05003
1. 53562
7.58899
3.68109

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

7
8
8
8
9

1.75241
8.18726
3. 75373
1. 68883
7.45575

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

3.22966
1.37267
5.72405
2. 34181
-11 9.39929

-10
-10
-10
-11

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-11 3. 70102

-12 5.41708
-12 2.01353
-13 7.34149

('

5.0

( -13) 2. 62561

- 9
- 9
-10
-10

-11 1. 42960

,I'

n=3

1.00000
lr93573
1 6.22654
1~ 4. 82842
1 3.69906

0.5
0.6
O. 7
0.8
0.9

Tablt' 7.4

r'rr'

1. 00000

'409

- 1 5. 74882
- 1 4.28565
- 1 3.15756

n=4
1. 00000
36220
~-- lr
1 5.36163
~ - 1~ 3. 86125
- 1 2. 74894

(- 1 2.29846
1. 65244
- 1 1.17295
- 2 8.21802
- 2 5.68138

~ - 1~ 1. 93408

~ - 2~ 2. 76442

2
2
2
2
3

3.87449
2.60573
1. 72716
1.12918
7.27211

8.02626
5.18140
3. 29192
2.05795
1. 26566

3
3
3
3
4

4.61400
2.88347
1.77452
1.07519
6.41281

4
4
4
4
5

7.65644
4.55498
2.66457
1.53245
8.66372

4
4
4
5
5

3. 76431
2.17431
1.23562
6.90731
3. 79773

5
5
5
6
6

4.81417
2.62896
1. 41072
7.43784
3.85260

~~-

--

96029
6r
7 9. 79725
7 4.80916
7) 2. 31835
7) 1.09748

5) 2. 05339

5~ 1. 09167

~-

~-

1 1. 34438
2)9.22962
2~6.25650
2 4.18643
2 1. 80092
2 1.15720
3~7.33229
3 4.58017

3
3
3
4
4

2.81992
1. 71085
1.02261
6.02074
3.49094

41"

r - 4 1. 9930'
12014

- 5 6.19670
- 5~ 3.37364
- 5 1.80727

6)9.52500

6~ 4.93818
6 2.51807
6~ 1. 26274
7 6.22654

- 8) 3. 74180

7~ 3.01870
7 1. 43874
8 6. 74044
8) 3.10379
8) 1. 40460

32a3l
8 1. 04329
-- at

- 8l1. 70036
- 9 7.58967
- 9 3.32733
- 9)1.43260
-10)6.05736

- 9~ 6. 24636
- 9 2. 72947
- 9! 1.17184
-10 4.94271
-10 2.04800

8.40124
3.49560
1. 42757
5. 72196
-11 2.25085

-10~ 2.51501

-11~ 8.33554

8.68930
3.29184
1.22375
4.46407
1.59785

r12
-13 '.35705
8.76348
-13 3.19826
-13 1. 14567
-144.02809

-13rl0366
-13 2.59364
-14 9.29786
-14~ 3.27252
-14 1.13080

( -14) 5.61169

( -14) 1.38998

( -15) 3.83592

- 8) 5.10148

- 9 4.58945
- 9 1. 98190

-12
-12
-13
-13

6 5. 70591
6~ 2. 93172

- b 1.48058

~ -- 77l 3.58429
7. 34867
- 71.71780

~ - 8) 8. 08871

-10 1. 02533
-11~ 4.10427
-11 1.61297
-12 6.22316

-11 3.33230
-11} 1. 30837
-12 5.04508
-12 1.91041

[2"r (~+l)lJ
(-1}5.6418958355

See Examples 4 and 50

(-1}2.5000000000

(-2)9.40315 97258

( -2) 3. 12500

318

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

REPEATED INTEGRALS OF THE ERROR

Tahle 7.4

x
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

n=5
1. 00000
1)7.13475
- 1) 5. 03608
- 1) 3.51572
- 1) 2.42671

n=6

11

FU~CTION

=10

((((-

1. 00000
1) 6. 93283
1) 4. 75548
1) 3. 22652
1)2.16478

(- 2) 3. 17704

((-

1) 1. 43588
2) 9.41309
2) 6. 09742
2) 3. 90166
2) 2. 46567

(((((-

2~ 8.84744
2 5.27007
2 3.10323
2) 1. 80600
2) 1. 03859

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

(- 2~ 2.03707
(- 2 1. 28901
- 38.04765
- 3)4.95614
- 3) 3.01008

((-

2) 1. 53850
3)9.47623
3)5.76033
3)3. 45489
3) 2. 044ll

3) 5.90062
313.31130
3 1.83510
31.00415
4 5.42413

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

(({-

(((((-

3) 1.19278
4) 6. 86307
4) 3.89303
4) 2.17663
4) 1. 19930

(- 4) 2.89186
4) 1. 52145
- 5) 7.89765
- 5)4.04407
- 5)2.04244

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

4
5
5
5
6

1.11492
6.10810
3.29497
1.74988
9.14767

; --

2.5
2.6
2. 7
2.8
2.9

6j4. 70641
6 2.38278
6 1. 18695
7 5.81672
7)2.80391

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

(((((-

711. 32935
8 6. 19798
8 2.84151
8 1. 28082
9 5.67576

- 8 1. 26835
(- 9 5.60145
(- 9 2.43265

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

- 9)2.47236
- 9) 1. 05855
-10) 4.45435
-10) 1. 84200
-11) 7.48503

- 9~ 1. 03880
-10 4.36132
-10 1.80009
(-11) 7. 30331
( -11) 2. 91245

-llj4.95086
-11 1. 93401
-12 7.43354
-12 2.81094
-12 1.04564

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-11) 2. 98854
-ll) 1. 17234
-12)4.51802
( -12) 1. 71044
( -13) 6. 36069

-ll) 1.14149
-12) 4. 39668
-12) 1.66412
-13) 6.18894
-13) 2.26147

-13) 3.82601
-13) 1.37691
-14) 4.87328
-14)1.69612
-15) 5. 80461

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

( -13) 2.32332
(-14) 8.33482
-14) 2. 93656
-14) 1. 01604
-15)3.45215

5.0

( -15) 1. 15173

0.5
0.6
O. 7

0.8
0.9

-- 11~ 1.65569
1.11630

7.43528
I(-- 22) 4.89121

3) 1.80252
3) 1. 06403
4)6.19032
4)3.54870
4) 2.00419

~
~

~
~

1. 00000
1)6.28971
- 1)3.91490
- 1)2.41089
- 1) 1. 46861

((-

= ~~ t ~~grr

n=11

1.00000
1~ 6.15727
- 1 3. 75188
- 1 2.26201
- 1) 1. 34906

1
- 2) 7. 95749
(-

2) 4.64127
2) 2. 67626
2) 1. 52533
3) 8. 59126

3) 4. 78106
3)2.62835
3) 1. 42708
4)7.65146
4)4.05030

((-

(- 4) 2.11641
(- 4) 1.09146
5) 5.55435
- 5)2.78871
- 5) 1. 38116

- 5) 1. 83427
6)9.51547
6) 4.86044

5
6
6
6
7

1.01722
4.99509
2.41807
1.15378
5.42553

;-

7~ 2.51397
7 1.14766
8 5.16116
8) 2.28612
9) 9.97266

6)2.44418
6)1.20988
7~ 5. 89435
7 2.82592
7 1. 33308

-- 816.18684
8 2.82454

- 9
- 9
-10
-10
-10

-1418.11851
-14 2.86315
-15 9.91898
-15 3.37534
-15 1. 12815
(-16)3.70336

4.28380
1. 81176
7.54345
3.09165
1. 24712

((-

6) 6. 74666
6)3.24987
6) 1. 54350
7)7.22681
7)3.33519
7
8
8
8
9

1. 51693
6. 79864
3.00212
1.30595
5.59577

--109 2.36143
9.81330

-10 4.01541
(-10 1. 61759
(-11 6.41479

-11J 2. 50393
-12 9.61928
-12 3.63661
( -12) 1. 35283
(-D) 4. 95149

-13) 1. 78294
-14) 6. 31544
-14) 2.20038
-15) 7. 54020
(-15) 2. 54109

-15) 1. 95316
-16) 6. 46126
-16~2.10125
-17 6.71719
-17 2. ll065

-16) 8. 42124
-16) 2. 7~419
-17)8.79230
( -17) 2. 76954
(-18) 8.57626

(-18)6.51829

( -18) 2.61062

[2nr(~+1)ll
(-3)9.40315 97258

(-3)2.60416 66667

(-6)8.13802 08333

(-6)1.69609 66316

319

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEuRALS

DAWSON'S INTEGRAL

'ix etlit
'

'if et,dt

2
xe- 2ix e dt
t

Table 7.5

:r

e- X

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

0.00000
0.01999
0.03995
O. 05985
0.07965

00000
46675
73606
62071
95389

1. 00
1. 02
1. 04
1. 06
1. 08

0.53807
0.53637
0.53431
0.53192
0.52921

95069
44359
71471
50787
57454

0.250
0.245
0.240
0.235
0.230

0.60268
O. 60046
0.59819
0.59588
0.59351

0777
6027
8606
1008
6018

2
2
2
2
2

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.09933
11885
0.13818
0.15729
0.17616

59924
46083
49287
70920
19254

1.10
1. 12
1.14
1.16
1. 18

0.52620
0.52291
0.51935
0.51555
0.51152

66800
53777
92435
55409
13448

0.225
0.220
0.215
0.210
0.205

0.59110
0.58865
0.58616
0.58364
0.58109

6724
6517
9107
8516
9080

2
2
2
2
2

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.19475
0.21303
0.23099
0.24859
0.26581

10334
68833
28865
34747
41727

1.20
1. 22
1. 24
1. 26
1. 28

O. 50727
0.50282
0.49820
0.49341
0.48847

34964
85611
27897
20827
19572

0.200
0.195
0.190
0.185
0.180

0.57852
0.57593
0.57332
0.57071
0.56809

5444
2550
5618
0126
1778

2
2
2
2
2

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.28263
0.29902
0.31496
0.33045
0.34544

16650
38575
99336
04051
71562

1. 30
1. 32
1. 34
1. 36
1. 38

0.48339
0.47820
0.47290
0.46751
0.46204

75174
34278
38898
26208
28368

0.175
0.170
0.165
0.160
0.155

0.56547
0.56287
0.56027
0.55770
0.55516

6462
0205
9114
9305
6829

2
2
2
3
3

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.35994
0.37392
0.38737
0.40028
0.41264

34819
41210
52812
46599
14572

1. 40
1. 42
1. 44
1. 46
1. 48

0.45650
0.45091
0.44528
0.43962
0.43394

72375
79943
67410
45670
20135

0.150
0.145
0.140
0.135
0.130

0.55265
0.55018
0.54776
0.54538
0.54305

7582
7208
0994
3766
9774

3
3
3
3
3

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.42443
0.43566
0.44631
0.45637
0.46586

63835
16609
10184
96813
43551

1. 50
1. 52
1. 54
1. 56
1. 58

0.42824
0.42255
0.41686
0.41119
0.40555

90711
51804
92347
95842
40424

0.125
0.120
0.115
0.110
0.105

0.54079
0.53858
0.53643
0.53435
0.53233

2591
5013
8983
5529
4747

3
3
3
3
3

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.47476
0.48307
0.49080
O. 49794
0.50451

32037
58219
32040
77064
30066

1. 60
1. 62
1. 64
1. 66
1.68

0.39993
0.39436
0.38883
0.38335
0.37792

98943
39058
23346
09429
50103

0.100
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080

0.53037
0.52847
0.5266'3
0.52484
0.52311

5810
7031
5967
9575
4393

3
3
3
3
4

0.70
O. 72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.51050
O. 51592
0.52078
0.52509
0.52886

40576
70382
93010
93152
66089

1. 70
1.72
1. 74
1. 76
1. 78

0.37255
0.36725
0.36202
0.35686
0.35178

93490
83182
58410
54206
01580

0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055

0.52142
0.51978
0.51817
0.51661
0.51508

6749
2972
9571
3369
1573

4
4
4
4
4

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

0.53210
0.53481
0.53702
0.53873
0.53996

17071
60684
20202
26921
19480

1. 80
1. 82
1. 84
1. 86
1. 88

0.34677
0.34184
0.33700
0.33223
0.32756

27691
56029
06597
96091
38080

0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

0.51358
O. 51211
0.51067
0.50925
0.50786

1788
1971
0372
5466
5903

4
5
5
5
6

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.54072
0.54103
0.54090
0.54036
0.53941

43187
49328
94485
39857
50580

1. 90
1. 92
1.94
1.96
1. 98

0.32297
0.31847
0.31405
0.30973
0.30549

43193
19293
71655
03141
14372

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005

0.50650
0.50515
0.50383
0.50253
0.50125

0473
8078
7717
8471
9494

6
7
8
10
14

1. 00

0.53807 95069

2.00

0.30134 03889

0.000

0.50000 0000

I).

[( -1)7J

See Example 3.

a;

e-:r

[( -1)4J

x- 2

[( -:)8J

<x>

g()

<x> =nearest integer to x,

Compiled from J. B. Rosser, Theory and application of Ioz e-x'dx and Io" e-p'ifdy IoY ('-:r'd,,..
Mapleton House, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1948; and B. Lohmander and S. Rittsten, Table of the
function y=e-x'Iox et'dt,Kungl. Fysiogr. Sallsk. i Lund Forh. 28,45-52, 1958 (with permission).

320

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Table 7.6

r(D S: ,-"dj

r(D So' ,-"d'

rh)t ,"d'

r(~l ,<'d'

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

0.00000
0.02239
0.04479
0.06718
0.08957

00
69
31
72
63

O. 70
0.72
O. 74
O. 76
O. 78

O. 72276
O. 73842
O. 75360
O. 76829
O. 78247

69
49
34
12
88

1. 40
1.42
1.44
1. 46
1. 48

0.98973
0.99109
0.99229
0.99335
0.99429

54
36
70
97
49

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.11195
0.13432
0.15667
0.17899
0.20127

67
36
11
22
90

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

O. 79615
0.80932
0.82196
0.83408
0.84567

78
16
48
41
73

1. 50
1.52
1.54
1. 56
1. 58

0.99511
0.99583
0.99645
0.99699
0.99746

49
14
52
62
38

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.22352
0.24571
0.26783
0.28988
0.31184

24
24
80
71
70

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.85674
0.86728
0.87730
0.88680
0.89580

42
62
62
89
05

1. 60
1. 62
1.64
1.66
1.68

0.99786
0.99821
0.99850
0.99875
0.99897

63
16
65
75
03

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.33370
0.35544
0.37704
0.39850
0.41979

37
26
82
45
45

1. 00
1. 02
1. 04
1. 06
1. 08

0.90428
0.91228
0.91979
0.92683
0.93341

86
25
27
11
06

1. 70

0.99914 99

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.44090
0.46180
0.48248
0.50293
0.52312

07
52
96
51
25

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

0.93954
0.94525
0.95054
0.95543
0.95995

56
09
27
76
30

1.70
1. 74
1. 78
1. 82
1. 86

0.99914
0.99942
0.99962
0.99975
0.99984

99
75
05
26
14

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.54303
0.56264
0.58194
0.60090
0.61951

28
66
46
80
78

1. 20
1. 22
1. 24
1. 26
1. 28

0.96410
0.96791
0.97140
0.97457
0.97746

64
62
05
79
66

1.90
1. 94
1. 98
2.02
2.06

0.99990
0.99993
0.99996
0.99997
0.99998

01
82
24
76
69

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.63775
0.65560
0.67304
0.69006
O. 70664

57
39
52
30
18

1. 30
1. 32
1. 34
1. 36
1. 38

0.98008
0.98245
0.98458
0.98649
0.98820

48
07
18
52
77

2.10
2.14
2.18
2.22
2.26

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

25
57
71
87
93

O. 70

O. 72276 69

1. 40

0.98973 54

2.30.

0.99999 97

[( -1)6J

[( -55)7J

[<-:)1J

~~) =0.89297 95116

Compiled from M. Abramowitz, Table of the integral f1: e- du, J. Math. Phys. 30, 162-163,1951
(with permission) .
r

u3

321

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

FRESNEL INTEGRALS

02(11)= ~~"foUC~ttd(=0(~2:)

(2(2) dt
8(x)= I~ sin (2(2) dt
O(x)= fox cos

u=2 x2

Table 7.7

1 rsin
t dt=8 (~2u)
8 1I)=.J2;
0
--;r

2C

0(T)=02(U)

8(x)=82(11)

-r,

.Ji

u=2 x2

0(",)=02(11)

8(1')=82(11)

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

0.00000
0.00062
0.00251
0.00565
0.01005

00
83
33
49
31

0.00000
0.02000
0.04000
0.05999
0.07999

00
00
00
98
92

0.00000 00
0.0000042
0.00003 35
0.00011 31
0.00026 81

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1. 08

1.57079
1. 63425
1.69897
1. 76494
1. 83217

63
65
33
68
68

O. 77989
0.77926
0.77735
O. 77414
O. 76963

34
11
01
34
03

0.43825
0.45824
0.47815
0.49788
0.51736

91
58
08
84
86

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.01570
0.02261
0.03078
0.04021
0.05089

80
95
76
24
38

0.09999
0.11999
0.13998
0.15997
0.17995

75
39
67
41
34

0.00052
0.00090
0.00143
0.00214
0.00305

36
47
67
44
31

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

1.90066
1. 97040
2.04140
2.11366
2.18717

36
69
69
35
68

0.76380
0.75667
0.74824
O. 73854
0.72759

67
60
94
68
68

0.53649
0.55517
0.57331
0.59079
0.60752

79
92
28
66
74

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.06283
0.07602
0.09047
0.10618
0.12315

19
65
79
58
04

0.19992
0.21987
0.23980
0.25970
0.27957

11
29
36
70
56

0.00418
0.00557
0.00723
0.00919
0.01148

76
30
40
54
16

1. 20
1.22
1. 24
1.26
1.28

2.26194
2.33797
2.41525
2.49379

67
33
64
62

Z.57359 27

O. 71543
0.70211
0.68769
0.67223
0.65582

77
76
47
78
63

0.62340
0.63831
0.65216
0.66484
0.67626

09
34
19
56
72

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.14137 17
0.1608495
0.18158 41
0.20357 52
0.22682 30

0.29940
0.31917
0.33888
0.35851
0.37804

10
31
06
09
96

0.01411
0.01712
0.02053
0.02435
0.02862

70
56
11
68
55

1. 30
1.32
1. 34
1. 36
1.38

2.65464
2. 73695
2.82052
2.90534
2.99142

58
55
19
49
45

0.63855
0.62051
0.60181
0.58259
0.56297

05
11
95
73
59

0.68633
0.69495
O. 70205
0.70755
0.71139

33
62
50
67
77

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.25132 74
0.27708 85
0.30410 62
0.3323805
0.36191 15

0.39748
0.41678
0.43594
0.45494
0.47375

08
68
82
40
10

0.03335
0.03858
0.04430
0.05056
0.05736

94
02
85
42
63

1. 40
1. 42
1. 44
1. 46
1. 48

3.07876
3.16735
3.25720
3.34830
3.44067

08
37
33
95
23

0.54309
0.52310
0.50316
0.48342
0.46407

58
58
23
80
05

0.71352
0.71389
0.71248
0.70928
0.70428

51
77
78
16
12

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.39269
0.42474
0.45804
0.49260
0.52841

91
33
42
17
59

0.49234
0.51069
0.52878
0.54656
0.56401

42
69
01
30
31

0.06473
0.07267
0.08122
0.09037
0.10014

24
89
06
08
09

1. 50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1. 58

3.53429
3.62916
3.72530
3.82268
3.92133

17
78
06
99
60

0.44526
0.42717
0.40997
0.39385
0.37895

12
32
99
29
96

0.69750
0.68898
0.67878
0.66697
0.65363

50
88
67
13
46

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.56548
0.60381
0.64339
0.68423
0.72633

67
41
82
89
62

0.58109
0.59777
0.61400
0.62976
0.64499

54
37
94
25
12

0.11054
0.12157
0.13325
0.14557
0.15853

02
59
28
29
54

1. 60
1.62
1. 64
1.66
1. 68

4.02123
4.12239
4.22481
4.32848
4.43341

86
79
38
64
56

0.36546
0.35351
0.34325
0.33481
0.32830

17
20
29
32
61

0.63888
0.62286
0.60570
0.58758
0.56867

77
07
26
04
83

0.70
O. 72
0.74
0.76
0.78

O. 76969
0.81430
0.86016
0.90729
0.95567

02
08
81
20
25

0.65965
0.67370
0.68709
0.69977
0.71171

24
12
20
79
13

0.17213
0.18636
0.20122
0.21668
0.23272

65
89
21
16
88

1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1. 78

4.53960
4.64704
4. 75574
4.86569
4.97691

14
39
30
87
11

0.32382
0.32145
0.32122
0.32318
0.32733

69
02
83
87
25

0.54919
0.52934
0.50935
0.48946
0.46990

60
73
84
49
94

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

1. 00530
1.05620
1.10835
1.16176
1.21642

96
35
39
10
47

0.72284
O. 73312
O. 74251
0.75095
O. 75840

42
83
54
79
90

0.24934
0.26649
0.28414
0.30227
0.32083

14
22
98
80
55

1. 80
1.82
1. 84
1. 86
1.88

5.08938
5.20310
5.31808
5.43432
5.55182

01
58
80
70
25

0.33363
0.34203
0.35244
0.36476
0.37882

29
39
96
35
93

0.45093
0.43280
0.41573
0.39999
0.38579

88
06
97
44
25

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

1.27234
1.32952
1.38795
1.44764
1.50859

50
20
56
59
28

0.76482
0.77015
0.77436
O. 77741
0.77926

30
63
72
68
95

0.33977
0.35904
0.37859
0.39836
0.41827

63
93
81
12
21

1.90
1. 92
1.94
1. 96
1.98

5.67057
5. 79058
5.91184
6.03437
6.15814

47
36
91
12
99

0.39447
0.41148
0.42963
0.44866
0.46830

05
24
33
69
56

0.37334
0.36285
0.35448
0.34838
0.34466

73
37
37
30
65

1.00

1.57079 63

0.43825 91

2.00

6.28318 53

0.77989 34

[C-g)8]

[C-t)2]

[(-i)2]

See Example 8.
,,2

For x-O: O(x) ~ x- 40 x5

11'"

8 (x) ~6 x 3 -

'JI"'3

336 x7

[C-i)2]

0.48825 34

[<-t)3]

0.34341 57

[<-:)3]

322

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Tahle 7.7

FRESNEL INTEGRALS

0(.1)= j~X cos

S(J)

0(:1')

.r

(~12) lit

8(.1')= f~ sin

O(J)

S(J')

(~t2) ill
O(J)

8(.1)

x
2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08

0.48825
0.50820
0.52782
0.54681
0.56482

34
04
73
06
79

0.34341
0.34467
0.34844
0.35470
0.36334

57
48
87
04
98

3.00
3.02
3.04
3.06
3.08

0.60572
0.60383
0.59823
0.58910
0.57674

08
73
78
11
01

0.49631
0.51619
0.53536
0.55311
0.56880

30
42
29
95
28

4.00
4.02
4.04
4.06
4.08

0.49842
0.51821
0.53675
0.55284
0.56543

60
54
05
04
47

0.42051
0.42301
0.43039
0.44217
0.45764

58
99
00
81
45

2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18

0.58156
0.59671
0.61000
0.62117
0.62999

41
75
60
32
53

0.37427
0.38730
0.40223
0.41880
0.43673

34
37
09
45
63

3.10
3.12
3.14
3.16
3.18

0.56159
0.54421
0.52525
0.50543
0.48552

39
58
53
56
76

0.58181
0.59165
0.59791
0.60033
0.59880

59
11
29
66
34

4.10
4.12
4.14
4.16
4.18

0.57369
0.57705
0.57527
0.56844
0.55700

56
88
76
74
75

0.47579
0.49545
0.51532
0.53405
0.55039

83
71
14
87
41

2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28

0.63628
0.63990
0.64075
0.63879
0.63403

60
31
25
28
83

0.45570
0.47535
0.49532
0.51521
0.53462

46
85
41
11
03

3.20
3.22
3.24
3.26
3.28

0.46632
0.44858
0.43306
0.42040
0.41113

03
96
55
05
97

0.59334
0.58416
0.57161
0.55618
0.53849

95
97
47
06
35

4.20
4.22
4.24
4.26
4.28

0.54171
0.52362
0.50396
0.48411
0.46549

92
06
08
63
61

0.56319
0.57157
0.57491
0.57295
0.56582

89
23
03
47
05

2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38

0.62656
0.61649
0.60402
0.58940
0.57293

17
45
69
65
44

0.55315
0.57041
0.58602
0.59964
0.61095

16
28
84
89
96

3.30
3.32
3.34
3.36
3.38

0.40569
0.40431
0.40709
0.41393
0.42455

44
99
96
66
18

0.51928
0.49936
0.47960
0.46084
0.44393

61
95
04
46
82

4.30
4.32
4.34
4.36
4.38

0.44944
0.43712
0.42946
0.42704
0.43006

12
50
40
39
79

0.55399
0.53831
0.51990
0.50011
0.48041

59
55
77
73
08

2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48

0.55496
0.53588
0.51612
0.49614
0.47641

14
11
29
28
35

0.61969
0.62562
0.62859
0.62851
0.62535

00
11
38
43
98

3.40
3.42
3.44
3.46
3.48

0.43849
0.45514
0.47375
0.49348
0.51340

17
37
96
70
62

0.42964
0.41864
0.41143
0.40839
0.40967

95
11
69
28
54

4.40
4.42
4.44
4.46
4.48

0.43833
0.45123
0.46781
0.48679
0.50671

29
59
05
41
95

0.46226
0.44707
0.43599
0.42990
0.42931

80
06
33
86
16

2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58

0.45741
0.43961
0.42346
0.40939
0.39777

30
32
72
65
9J.

0.61918
0.61010
0.59834
0.58415
0.56790

18
76
06
75
42

3.50
3.52
3.54
3.56
3.58

0.53257
0.55006
0.56501
0.57668
0.58446

24
11
32
02
43

0.41524
0.42486
0.43808
0.45428
0.47265

80
72
83
17
92

4.50
4.52
4.54
4.56
4.58

0.52602
0.54318
0.55680
0.56578
0.56936

59
11
46
27
57

0.43427
0.44442
0.45897
0.47676
0.49637

30
34
36
89
56

2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68

0.38893
0.38312
0.38052
0.38123
0.38525

75
73
80
50
32

0.54998
0.53087
0.51106
0.49110
0.47153

93
53
79
35
52

3.60
3.62
3.64
3.66
3.68

0.58795
0.58694
0.58147
0.57178
0.55838

33
64
10
75
18

0.49230
0.51224
0.53143
0.54888
0.56366

95
12
21
15
38

4.60
4.62
4.64
4.66
4.68

0.56723
0.55954
0.54691
0.53039
0.51135

67
81
86
13
38

0.51619
0.53457
0.54999
0.56113
0.56702

23
97
67
28
44

2.70
2.72
2. 74
2.76
2. 78

0.39249
0.40277
0.41581
0.43125
0.44865

40
39
68
85
46

0.45291
0.43578
0.42066
0.40798
0.39817

75
98
03
90
24

3.70
3.72
3.74
3.76
3.78

0.54194
0.52334
0.50357
0.48371
0.46487

57
49
70
94
19

0.57498
0.58220
0.58492
0.58296
0.57641

04
56
61
92
91

4.70
4. 72
4.74
4.76
4. 78

0.49142
0.47232
0.45572
0.44308
0.43554

65
71
30
30
28

0.56714
0.56146
0.55044
0.53504
0.51659

55
19
52
16
82

2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88

0.46749
0.48720
0.50717
0.52677
0.54538

17
04
21
66
21

0.39152
0.38828
0.38856
0.39238
0.39964

84
41
43
50
80

3.80
3.82
3.84
3.86
3.88

0.44809
0.43434
0.42443
0.41894
0.41822

49
86
43
43
16

0.56561
0.55115
0.53384
0.51466
0.49472

87
74
32
22
45

4.80
4.82
4.84
4.86
4.88

0.43379
0.43802
0.44786
0.46244
0.48042

66
4769
40
90

0.49675
0.47728
0.45995
0.44637
0.43780

02
00
75
74
82

2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98

0.56237
0.57718
0.58930
0.59830
0.60384

64
78
60
19
56

0.41014
0.42353
0.43941
0.45724
0.47643

06
87
39
45
06

3.90
3.92
3.94
3.96
3.98

0.42233
0.43105
0.44389
0.46007
0.47863

27
68
17
70
51

0.47520
0.45726
0.44198
0.43032
0.42301

24
13
92
79
17

4.90
4.92
4.94
4.96
4.98

0.50016
0.51979
0.53747
0.55150
0.56051

10
51
34
25
94

0.43506
0.43843
0.44761
0.46175
0.47951

74
48
56
67
78

3.00

0.60572 08

0.49631 30

4.00

0.49842 60

0.42051 58

5.00

0.56363 12

[(-:)5]

[(-:)4]

For .1'>5

[(-i)6]

J'

[(-i)6]

[(-i)7]

~~~:~ =0.5(0.3183099- 0.~~68) ~~~ ~i:)-(0.10132- 0'.;454) ~: ~~/l) +E(X)

sin (II)
cos (II)
()2(1I)
( 0.3989423- 0.3)
sin
For 11>39 ---=0.5
~ cos
~~ --- ( 0.19947 - 0.748)
----- H(II)
82(11)
1/ 2
~1/
112
II~/l

0.49919 14

[(-i)8]

E(.I) 1<3 X 10- 7

E(11)1<3 x 10- 7

323

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGR'ALS

Table 7.8

AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS

u=i .~2

f(x)= f2(u)

g(1-) = g2(u)

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

0.00000
0.00062
0.00251
0.00565
0.01005

00000
83185
32741
48667
30964

00000
30718
22872
76462
91487

0.50000
0.49969
0.49880
0.49739
0.49548

00000
41196
88057
07811
44294

00000
39303
20520
66949
00553

0.50000
0.48031
0.46125
0.44281
0.42500

00000
40626
51239
99356
33536

00000
54163
79101
00196
38036

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.01570
0.02261
0.03078
0.04021
0.05089

79632
94671
76080
23859
38009

67949
05847
05180
65949
88155

0.49313
0.49037
0.48724
0.48378
0.48002

18256
27777
48761
35493
21268

06624
82254
11561
31728
70713

0.40779
0.39119
0.37518
0.35976
0.34491

85545
72364
98069
55566
28197

29930
96391
99885
09573
39391

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.06283
0.07602
0.09047
0.10618
0.12315

18530
65422
78684
58316
04320

71796
16873
23386
91335
20720

0.47599
0.47172
0.46724
0.46257
0.45774

19056
22205
05176
24293
18508

49140
45221
22164
12303
40978

0.33061
0.31687
0.30365
0.29095
0.27B76

91227
13200
57186
81914
42811

69034
89318
36191
92531
44593

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.14137 16694
0.1608495438
0.18158 40553
0.20357 52039
0.22682 29895

11541
63797
77490
52619
89183

0.45277
0.44768
0.44248
0.43721
0.43187

10172
05805
96860
60487
60273

56087
06203
81319
95888
53913

0.26705
0.25582
0.24505
0.23472
0.22483

92929 81728
8379624420
66166 57772
90703 35799
08578 07150

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.25132
0.27708
0.30410
0.33238
0.36191

74122
84720
61688
05027
14736

87183
46620
67492
49800
93544

0.4264846973
0.42105 59227
0.41560 24246
0.41013 58491
0.40466 68313

90789
36507
90070
35691
67950

0.2153472003
0.20626 34704
0.19756 52322
0.18923 82774
0.1812686555

95520
48744
49727
60398
47172

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.39269
0.42474
0.45804
0.49260
0.52841

90816
33267
42088
17280
58843

98724
65340
93392
82880
33803

0.39920 50585
0.3937593295
0.38833 76127
0.38294 71004
0.37759 42617

25702
63563
15400
26771
52882

0.17364
0.16634
0.15936
0.15269
0.14631

26996
70480
86623
48414
32329

13238
39628
13733
00876
91905

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.56548
0.60381
0.64339
0.68423
O. 72633

66776
41080
81754
88799
62215

46163
19958
55190
51857
09960

0.37228 48922 35620

0.36702 41612 87842
0.36181 66571 25476
0.35666 64292 98472
0.351577028880259

0.14021
0.13437
0.12880
0.12347
0.11838

18419 37684
90361 59907
3550306985
44874 03863
13187 25611

0.70
0.74
0.76
0.78

O. 76969
0.81430
0.86016
0.90729
0.95567

02001
OB158
80685
19583
24852

29499
10474
52885
56732
22015

0.34655 15463
0.34159 26474
0.3367026065
0.33188 33382
0.32713 64271

82434
67053
33192
57734
72503

0.11351 38821 06517

0.108862378879214
0.10441 73696 22082
0.10016 97688 77848
0.09611 08389 91866

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

1.00530
1.05620
1.10835
1.16176
1.21642

96491
34501
38881
09632
46754

48734
36888
86479
97506
69968

0.32246
0.31786
0.31334
0.30889
0.30452

31553
45283
12993
39917
29200

61284
60796
49704
09068
36579

0.09223
0.08852
0.08498
0.08159
0.07836

21832 05037
57381 23702
3765677045
88446 61614
38619 62362

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

1.27234
1.32952
1.38795
1.44764
1.50859

50247
20109
56343
58947
27922

03866
99200
55971
74177
53819

0.30022
0.29600
0.29186
0.28780
0.28380

82096
98149
75359
10340
98467

95385
76518
51781
91658
20271

0.07527
0.07231
0.06949
0.06679
0.06420

20035
67451
18433
13255
94813

1.00

1.57079 63267 94897

O. 72

[(-:)2]

0.27989 34003 76823

30280
87932
26312
49021
13093

0.06174 08526 09645

[(-1~7]

[(-1~8]

See Examples 6,7, and 9.

C(:c)=! + f(x) sin

O~x2 )~g(;r)

(~X2)

C2(1l)=~+h(1l)

sin

ll~f/2(ll)

cos

II

8(x)=~~ j(x)

(~x2)~g(x) sin (~x2)

82(1l)=~~ h(u)

cos

u~g2(1l)

sin

11

cos

cos

324

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS

Table 7.8
x- 1

u- 1 = -2-

<,r>

<u>

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

27312
75704
44132
19129
88637

1
1
1
1
1

2
3
3
3
3

19381
36510
13588
32978
44482

1
1
2
2
2

3
3
4
4
4

79209
86674
89207
47273
19322

0.01913 61240 35536

0.01751 47623 30357
0.01596 29821 58470
0.014483062873722
0.01307 70253 60097

2
2
2
2
2

4
5
5
5
6

36302
56320
29603
34552
29647

0.01174
0.01049
0.00931
0.00822
0.00720

65939
31590
77420
09631
30137

24659
42015
66589
52815
00215

2
2
2
2
2

6
7
7
8
9

78813
29879
98839
85692
90440

0.12640 6920494864
0.120239045693806
0.11403 68174 47880
0.10780 43252 41741
0.10154 55126 32988

0.00626
0.00540
0.00461
0.00390
0.00327

36346
21018
72197
73235
02912

49122
72942
27002
12822
03254

3
3
3
3
3

10
11
12
14
15

57795
09901
54966
92988
23969

13082
53618
12048
88373
82591

0.09526
0.08896
0.08264
0.07631
0.06997

41276
36786
73969
82087
87161

74844
39974
33180
00913
16730

0.00270 35642
0.0022041768
0.00176 87922
0.00139 37442
0.00107 50825

68526
84885
53708
77909
02743

3
4
4
4
5

20
23
27
32

0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12

0.0254647908
0.02062 64806
0.01629 74661
0.01247 77475
0.00916 73247

94703
24710
72610
38405
22093

0.06363
0.05727
0.05091
0.04455
0.03819

11887
75644
94597
81874
47805

04012
30652
59575
32960
44642

0.00080
0.00058
0.00041
0.00027
0.00017

86180 82883
9968610701
45999 18234
78633 97799
50279 00844

5
6
6
7
8

39
48
61
80
109

0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02

0.00636
0.00407
0.00229
0.00101
0.Q0025

61977
43665
18311
85916
46479

23676
43153
80523
35788
08947

0.03183 00214 15118

0.025464473895252
0.01909 85179 38105
0.01273 23855 39770
0.00636 61974 14061

0.00010
0.00005
0.00002
0.00000
0.00000

13057
18732
18849
64845
08105

10
25
50

157
245
436
982
3927

0.00

0.00000 00000 00000

0.00000 00000 00000

0.00000 00000 00000

00

00

1. 00
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92

0.63661
0.61140
0.58670
0.56251
0.53883

97723
96293
87822
72308
49753

67581
81825
13963
63995
31921

j(J-) = j2(u)
0.27989 34003 76823
0.27597 33733 36442
0.27197 11505 76851
0.26788 56989 47656
0.26371 60682 37287

g(x)= g2(U)
0.06174 08526 09645
0.05933 31378 64174
0.05693 89827 01255
0.05456 06112 91100
0.05220 03510 52931

0.90
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82

0.51566
0.49299
0.47084
0.44919
0.42806

20156
83517
39836
89113
31349

17741
21455
43063
82565
39962

0.25946
0.25512
0.25069
0.24618
0.24157

14023
09512
40835
02994
92449

65674
80091
25766
44393
31459

0.04986
0.04754
0.04525
0.04299
0.04075

0.80
0.78
0.76
0.74
O. 72

0.40743
0.38731
0.36771
0.34861
0.33002

66543
94695
15805
29873
36899

15252
08436
19515
48488
95354

0.23689
0.23211
0.22725
0.22230
0.21726

07256
47216
14019
11393
45250

57089
24632
06110
53995
44609

0.0385620343
0.03640 19405
0.03428 19524
0.03220 51407
0.03017 46086

0.70
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.62

0.31194
0.29437
0.27731
0.26075
0.24471

36884
29827
15728
94587
66404

60115
42770
43318
61761
98098

0.21214
0.20693
0.20164
0.19627
0.19082

23821
57789
60404
47584
37987

60229
65521
80635
00004
55563

0.02819
0.02626
0.02439
0.02257
0.02082

0.60
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.52

0.22918
0.21415
0.19964
0.18563
0.17214

31180
88914
39606
83256
19864

52329
24454
14474
22387
48194

0.18529
0.17969
0.17401
0.16827
0.16245

53067
17083
57076
02799
86594

0.50
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42

0.15915
0.14667
0.13470
0.12324
0.11229

49430 91895
71955 53491
87438 32980
95879 30364
9727845641

0.15658
0.15065
0.14466
0.13862
0.13253

43216
09597
24548
28400
62592

0.40
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.32

0.1018591635
0.09192 78951
0.08250 59224
0.07359 32456
0.06518 98646

0.30
0.28
0.26
0.24
0.22

0.05729
0.04991
0.04303
0.03666
0.03081

'1<,1,2

[(-:)6J

[(-l~lJ

06317 93636
3983894725
30354 03048
05078 69390
92107 68723

34743
48498
18186
74093
45674

94484
17470
44630
30524
69272

[(-l~lJ

O(.I)=~ +j(x)

sin (2x2 )-g(.I') cos (2X2)

02(/()=~+ fz(u)

sin u-g2(U) cos

8(x)=~- j(.r)

cos (2J2)-y(x) sin (2x2)

82(U)=~- 12(u)

cos u-g2(U) sin

11

<x>=nearest integer to x.

13
17

17

.
325

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Table 7.9

ERROR FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

w(z)~e-z2

z~x+iy

erfc (-iz)

lw(z) fw(z)

.<?iw(Z) Jw(z)

9fw(z) Jw(z)

9fw(z) Jw(z)

gfw(z) fw(z)

x~O

x~O.l

x~O.2

x~O.3

x~O.4
0.852144 0.406153
0.777267 0.344688
0.712146 0.294653
0.655244 0.253613
0.605295 0.219706

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1.000000
0.896457
0.809020
0.734599
0.670788

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.990050
0.888479
0.802567
0.729337
0.666463

0.112089
0.094332
0.080029
0.068410
0.058897

0.960789
0.864983
0.783538
0.713801
0.653680

0.219753
0.185252
0.157403
0.134739
0.116147

0.913931
0.827246
0.752895
0.688720
0.632996

0.318916
0.269600
0.229653
0.197037
0.170203

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.615690
0.567805
0.525930
0.489101
0.456532

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.612109
0.564818
0.523423
0.486982
0.454731

0.051048
0.044524
0.039064
0.034465
0.030566

0.601513
0.555974
0.515991
0.480697
0.449383

0.100782
0.087993
0.077275
0.068235
0.060563

0.584333
0.541605
0.503896
0.470452
0.440655

0.147965
0.129408
0.113821
0.100647
0.089444

0.561252
0.522246
0.487556
0.456579

1.0

0.427584
0.401730
0.378537
0.357643
0.338744

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.426044
0.400406
0.377393
0.356649
0.337876

0.027242
0.024392
0.021934
0.019805
0.017951

0.421468
0.396470
0.373989
0.353691
0.335294

0.054014
0.048393
0.043542
0.039336
0.035671

0.413989
0.390028
0.368412
0.348839
0.331054

0.079864
0.071628
0.064510
0.058329
0.052936

0.403818
0.381250
0.360799
0.342206
0.325248

0.104380
0.093752
0.084547
0.076538
0.069538

1.7
1.8
1.9

0.321585
0.305953
0.291663
0.278560
0.266509

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.320825
0.305284
0.291072
0.278035
0.266042

0.016329
0.014905
0.013648
0.012536
0.011547

0.318561
0.303290
0.289309
0.276470
0.264648

0.032463
0.029643
0.027154
0.024948
0.022987

0.314839
0.300009
0.286406
0.273892
0.262350

0.048210
0.044051
0.040377
0.037118
0.034217

0.309736
0.295506
0.282417
0.270346
0.259186

0.063393
0.057978
0.053186
0.048931
0.045139

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.255396
0.245119
0.235593
0.226742
0.218499

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.254978
0.244745
0.235256
0.226438
0.218224

0.010664
0.009874
0.009165
0.008526
0.007949

0.253732
0.243628
0.234251
0.225531
0.217404

0.021236
0.019669
0.018260
0.016991
0.015845

0.251677
0.241783
0.232592
0.224033
0.216047

0.031626
0.029304
0.027217
0.025335
0.023633

0.248844
0.239239
0.230300
0.221963
0.214172

0.041748
0.038706
0.035968
0.033498
0.031263

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.210806
0.203613
0.196874
0.190549
0.184602

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.210557 0.007427
0.203387 0.006952
0.196668' 0.006520
0.190360 0.006125
0.184429 0.005764

0.209813
0.202710
0.196050
0.189796
0.183912

0.014806
0.013862
0.013002
0.012216
0.011498

0.208582
0.201589
0.195028
0.188861
0.183056

0.022090
0.020687
0.019409
0.018241
0.017172

0.206879
0.200039
0.193613
0.187566
0.181868

0.029234
0.027389
0.025706
0.024168
0.022759

3.0

0.179001 0.000000

0.178842 0.005433

0.178368 0.010839

0.177581 0.016192

0.176491 0.021466

y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

x~O.5
0.778801 0.478925
0.717588 0.408474
0.663223 0.350751
0.614852 0.303124
0.571717 0.263563

x~O.6
0.697676 0.535713
0.651076 0.459665
0.608322 0.396852
0.569238 0.344645
0.533581 0.300989

x~O.7
0.612626 0.576042
0.580698 0.497744
0.549739 0.432442
0.520192 0.377688
0.492289 0.331535

x~O.8
0.527292 0.600412
0.509299 0.522932
0.489710 0.457569
0.469480 0.402194
0.449244 0.355082

x~O.9
0.444858 0.610142
0.439421 0.536087
0.430271 0.472773
0.418736 0.418491
0.405763 0.371813

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.533157
0.498591
0.467521
0.439512
0.414191

0.230488
0.202666
0.179123
0.159087
0.141945

0.501079
0.471453
0.444434
0.419766
0.3972]6

0.264268
0.233206
0.206787
0.184200
0.164793

0.466127
0.441712
0.418998
0.397906
0.378341

0.292432
0.259136
0.230646
0.206155
0.185005

0.429418
0.410264
0.391936
0.374518
0.358043

0.314828
0.280290
0.250532
0.224789
0.202429

0.392021
0.377977
0.363957
0.350182
0.336799

0.331544
0.296692
0.266427
0.240057
0.217004

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.391234
0.370363
0.351335
0.333942
0.318001

0.127202
0.114460
0.103395
0.093744
0.085288

0.376571
0.357637
0.340241
0.324229
0.309463

0.148036
0.133501
0.120838
0.109759
0.100026

0.360200
0.343375
0.327766
0.313273
0.299804

0.166660
0.150681
0.136706
0.124435
0.113620

0.342511
0.327900
0.314176
0.301294
0.289208

0.182932
0.165868
0.150877
0.137661
0.125971

0.323899
0.311537
0.299741
0.288519
0.277865

0.196783
0.178990
0.163281
0.149370
0.137012

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

1.9

0.303355
0.289866
0.277412
0.265890
0.255205

0.077851
0.071283
0.065461
0.060283
0.055661

0.295820
0.283192
0.271479
0.260598
0.250469

0.091443
0.083845
0.077096
0.071081
0.065701

0.287274
0.275602
0.264718
0.254554
0.245050

0.104054
0.095563
0.088001
0.081245
0.075190

0.277869
0.267228
0.257237
0.247851
0.239027

0.115594
0.106355
0.098103
0.090710
0.084068

0.267766
0.258203
0.249151
0.240586
0.232482

0.126002
0.116164
0.107348
0.099427
0.092291

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.245276
0.236031
0.227407
0.219347
0.211800

0,051521
0.047804
0.044454
0.041428
0.038686

0.241025
0.232204
0.223952
0.216219
0.208961

0.060876
0.056534
0.052617
0.049073
0.045859

0.236152
0.227810
0.219978
0.212616
0.205686

0.069748
0.064842
0.060409
0.056391
0.052741

0.230724
0.222905
0.215535
0.208581
0.202013

0.078085
0.072680
0.067785
0.063342
0.059298

0.224813
0.217552
0.210676
0.204160
0.197982

0.085845
0.080009
0.074712
0.069894
0.065500

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.204723
0.198074
0.191818
0.185924
0.180361

0.036196
0.033929
0.031859
0.029966
0.028231

0.202139
0.195117
0.189664
0.183950
0.178549

0.042936
0.040271
0.037836
0.035607
0.033561

0.199155
0.192992
0.187170
0.181662
0.176447

0.049417
0.046384
0.043608
0.041064
0.038728

0.195804
0.189928
0.184362
0.179084
0.174074

0.055610
0.052238
0.04915L
0.046315
0.043708

0.192120
0.186554
0.181265
0.176237
0.171452

0.061486
0.057811
0.054439
0.051339
0.048485

3.0

0.175105 0.026636

1.1
1.2

1.3
1.4
1.5

1.6

0.173437 0.031680

See Examples 12-19.

w( -x+iy)~w(x+iy)

0.171502 0.036577

0.169315 0.041306

0.191500
0.167880
0.147975
0.131101
0.4~8808 0.116714

0.166895 0.0,45851

w(x)~e~x2+ ~e-X2fXet2dt
.j1f

w(x-iy)~2ey2-x2

)0

(cos 2xy+i sin 2xy)-w(x+iy)

326

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Table 7.9

ERROR FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

w(z)~e-z2

erfc (-iz)
~w(z) Jw(z)

z~x+iy

.0i'w(z) fw(z)

.c!iw(z) fw(z)

x~l.O

0.236928
0.257374
0.270928
0.279199
0.283443

0.572397
0.518283
0.469488
0.425667
0.386412

0.184520
0.209431
0.227362
0.239793
0.247908

0.545456
0.499216
0.456555
0.417491
0.381908

0.140858
0.168407
0.189247
0.204662
0.215711

0.515113
0.476535
0.440005
0.405823
0.374110

.c!iw(z) fw(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.367879
0.373170
0.373153
0.369386
0.363020

U.607158
0.538555
0.478991
0.427225
0.382166

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.354900
0.345649
0.335721
0.325446
0.315064

0.342872
0.308530
0.278445
0.252024
0.228759

0.318884
0.313978
0.307816
0.300807
0.293259

0.349266
0.316128
0.286815
0.260847
0.237800

0.284638
0.283540
0.280740
0.276693
0.271752

0.351299
0.319910
0.291851
0.266757
0.244295

0.252654
0.254784
0.254895
0.253461
0.250858

0.349611
0.320368
0.293927
0.270040
0.248462

0.223262
0.228026
0.230578
0.231385
0.230826

0.344868
0.318022
0.293453
0.271015
0.250549

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.304744
0.294606
0.284731
0.275174
0.265967

0.208219
0.190036
0.173896
0.159531
0.146712

0.285402
0.277407
0.269401
0.261476
0.253697

0.217306
0.199046
0.182742
0.168151
0.155066

0.266189
0.260213
0.253985
0.247628
0.241233

0.224168
0.206108
0.189878
0.175271
0.162100

0.247381
0.243266
0.238695
0.233813
0.228733

0.228967
0.211343
0.195398
0.180957
0.167863

0.229205
0.226767
0.223710
0.220192
0.216340

0.231897
0.214902
0.199416
0.185299
0.172423

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.257128
0.248665
0.240578
0.232861
0.225503

0.135242
0.124954
0.115702
0.107361
0.099824

0.246112
0.238752
0.231635
0.224775
0.218176

0.143305
0.132711
0.123147
0.114495
0.106650

0.234870
0.228592
0.222436
0.216428
0.210587

0.150205
0.139441
0.129684
0.120822
0.112760

0.223542
0.218309
0.213086
0.207912
0.202818

0.155975
0.145167
0.135326
0.126353
0.118158

0.212253
0.208014
0.203684
0.199315
0.194947

0.160668
0.149927
0.140103
0.131106
0.122858

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.218493
0.211816
0.205457
0.199402
0.193634

0.092998
0.086801
0.081162
0.076021
0.071324

0.211839
0.205760
0.199935
0.194356
0.189014

0.099523
0.093035
0.087116
0.081706
0.076753

0.204926
0.199452
0.194166
0.189072
0.184165

0.105411
0.098700
0.092562
0.086936
0.081773

0.197827
0.192953
0.188208
0.183599
0.179131

0.110662
0.103795
0.097495
0.091706
0.086378

0.190608
0.186324
0.182112
0.177985
0.173954

0.115286
0.108325
0.101919
0.096015
0.090567

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.188139
0.182903
0.177910
0.173147
0.168602

0.067024
0.063080
0.059456
0.056118
0.053041

0.183901
0.179008
0.174324
0.169840
0.165546

0.072208
0.068031
0.064186
0.060639
0.057363

0.179444
0.174903
0.170538
0.166342
0.162310

0.077024
0.072651
0.068617
0.064890
0.061440

0.174805
0.170623
0.166582
0.162681
0.158916

0.081467
0.076933
0.072742
0.068863
0.065266

0.170024
0.166201
0.162487
0.158883
0.155389

0.085532
0.080873
0.076557
0.072553
0.068834

3.0

0.164261 0.050197

0.161434 0.054331

0.158435 0.058243

0.155285 0.061926

0.152005 0.065375

x~1.5
0.483227
0.451763
0.421076
0.391665
0.363828

x~1.6
0.077305 0.451284
0.105843 0.426168
0.128895 0.400837
0.147272 0.375911
0.161702 0.351803

x~1.7

0.055576
0.083112
0.105929
0.124612
0.139717

0.420388
0.400743
0.380161
0.359313
0.338676

x~1.8
0.039164 0.391291
0.065099 0.376214
0.087090 0.359721
0.105522 0.342479
0.120793 0.324985

0.027052
0.051038
0.071811
0.089592
0.104641

0.364437
0.353066
0.340004
0.325873
0.311161

x~1.2

.c!iw(z) Jw(z)

x~1.1
0.298197 0.593761
0.312136 0.532009
0.319717 0.477439
0.322586 0.429275
0.321993 0.386777

x~1.3

x~1.4

x~1.9

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.105399
0.134049
0.156521
0.173865
0.186984

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.196636
0.203461
0.207990
0.210664
0.211846

0.337720
0.313397
0.290847
0.270016
0.250823

0.172820
0.181177
0.187245
0.191423
0.194049

0.328777
0.306990
0.286517
0.267378
0.249556

0.151751
0.161171
0.168379
0.173725
0.177513

0.318584
0.299261
0.280846
0.263418
0.247012

0.133288
0.143369
0.151366
0.157578
0.162268

0.307609
0.290613
0.274180
0.258431
0.243439

0.117233
0.127644
0.136134
0.142949
0.148316

0.296240
0.281392
0.266823
0.252681
0.239067

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.211837
0.210881
0.209182
0.206902
0.204177

0.233171
0.216954
0.202067
0.188403
0.175862

0.195407
0.195734
0.195228
0.194053
0.192347

0.233009
0.217678
0.203494
0.190384
0.178275

0.180002
0.181414
0.181938
0.181733
0.180933

0.231630
0.217253
0.203847
0.191366
0.179762

0.165667
0.167977
0.169373
0.170003
0.169997

0.229244
0.215857
0.203272
0.191471
0.180425

0.152418
0.155452
0.157569
0.158906
0.159585

0.226046
0.213656
0.201914
0.190821
0.180367

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.201115
0.197806
0.194320
0.190717
0.187043

0.164349
0.153773
0.144054
0.135113
0.126883

0.190222
0.187772
0.185073
0.182189
0.179172

0.167092
0.156765
0.147226
0.138412
0.130262

0.179651
0.177983
0.176008
0.173792
0.171390

0.168980
0.158969
0.149674
0.141045
0.133033

0.169465
0.168500
0.167183
0.165579
0.163746

0.170099
0.160457
0.151458
0.143063
0.135234

0.159709
0.159369
0.158641
0.157593
0.156282

0.170534
0.161300
0.152637
0.144516
0.136908

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.183335
0.179623
0.175930
0.172276
0.168674

0.119298
0.112302
0.105842
0.099870
0.094343

0.176064
0.172901
0.169710
0.166513
0.163330

0.122723
0.115744
0.109277
0.103280
0.097713

0.168849
0.166206
0.163493
0.160737
0.157958

0.125590
0.118674
0.112243
0.106260
0.100689

0.161733
0.159580
0.157320
0.154982
0.152591

0.127931
0.121118
0.114761
0.108827
0.103285

0.154757
0.153059
0.151224
0.149281
0.147256

0.129781
0.123108
0.116858
0.111003
0.105519

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.165136
0.161669
0.158281
0.154975
0.151753

0.089222
0.084472
0.080061
0.075960
0.072142

0.160175
0.157060
0.153993
0.150981
0.148030

0.092541
0.087732
0.083254
0.079082
0.075191

0.155175
0.152402
0.149649
0.146927
0.144243

0.095499
0.090660
0.086143
0.081925
0.077982

0.150165
0.147722
0.145274
0.142834
0.140411

0.098107
0.093265
0.088735
0.084493
0.080519

0.145172
0.143045
0.140892
0.138725
0.136555

0.100378
0.095558
0.091037
0.086794
0.082809

3.0

0.148618 0.068585

0.145144 0.071558

See Examples 12-19.

w( -x+iy)ow(x+iy)

0.141602 0.074293

0.138012 0.076794

0.134391 0.079065

w(x)~e-x2+ 2!e-x2fXet2dt
,j1r

w(x-iy)~2ey2-x2

Jo

(cos 2xy+i sin 2xy)-w(x+iy)

327

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

ERROR FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

w(z)~e-z2

Mw(z) fw(z)

9i'w(z) fw(z)
x-2.1

erfc (-iz)

Table 7.9

z~x+iy

~w(z)

..Iw(z)
x=2.2

::.fw(z) ,fw(z)
x-2.3

.Oiw(z) Yw(z)
x-2.4

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

x~2.0
0.018316 0.340026
0.040201 0.331583
0.059531 0.321332
0.076396 0.309831
0.090944 0.297529

0.012155
0.031936
0.049726
0.065521
0.079385

0.318073
0.311886
0.303894
0.294574
0.284327

0.007907
0.025678
0.041927
0.056586
0.069655

0.298468
0.293982
0.287771
0.280232
0.27171 0

0.005042
0.020958
0.035728
0.049248
0.061473

0.281026
0.277795
0.272968
0.266865
0.259775

0.003151
0.017397
0.030792
0.043211
0.054585

0.265522
0.263201
0.259435
0.254478
0.248566

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.103359
0.113836
0.122574
0.129768
0.135600

0.284786
0.271881
0.259031
0.246396
0.234096

0.091422
0.101765
0.110558
0.117948
0.124081

0.273482
0.262308
0.251016
0.239772
0.228703

0.081182
0.091245
0.099943
0.107383
0.113679

0.262499
0.252844
0.242947
0.232968
0.223037

0.072408
0.082092
0.090585
0.097963
0.104309

0.2519~3

0.243617
0.234952
0.226111
0.217219

0.064890
0.074132
0.082345
0.089576
0.095884

0.241914
0.234714
0.227129
0.219302
0.211349

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.140240
0.143840
0.146541
0.148466
0.149725

0.222213
0.210805
0.199904
0.189529
0.179687

0.129097
0.133125
0.136286
0.138689
0.140432

0.217904
0.207442
0.197366
0.187705
0.178478

0.118941
0.123277
0.126788
0.129570
0.131709

0.213253
0.203692
0.194410
0.185446
0.176827

0.109709
0.114251
0.118019
0.121092
0.123548

0.208376
0.199660
0.191133
0.182840
0.174814

0.101336
0.105999
0.109942
0.113232
0.115935

0.203368
0.195438
0.187620
0.179965
0.172510

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.150415
0.150622
0.150418
0.149870
0.149032

0.170371
0.161572
0.153274
0.145457
0.138100

0.141604
0.142283
0.142540
0.142434
0.142021

0.169691
0.161343
0.153429
0.145938
0.138855

0.133284
0.134367
0.135021
0.135305
0.135269

0.168569
0.160680
0.153161
0.146009
0.139217

0.125454
0.126877
0.127873
0.128495
0.128792

0.167078
0.159646
0.152526
0.145721
0.139229

0.118109
0.119812
0.121096
0.122010
0.122597

0.165281
0.158299
0.151576
0.145120
0.138933

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.147953
0.146675
0.145234
0.143660
0.141982

0.131180
0.124674
0.118558
0.112810
0.107408

0.141347
0.140453
0.139375
0.138145
0.136789

0.132164
0.125849
0.119891
0.114272
0.108973

0.134959
0.134414
0.133669
0.132755
0.131699

0.132773
0.126667
0.120885
0.115413
0.110236

0.128805
0.128574
0.128130
0.127506
0.126726

0.133045
0.127161
0.121569
0.116258
0.111218

0.122897
0.122945
0.122773
0.122411
0.121884

0.133015
0.127363
0.121972
0.116834
0.111942

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.140220
0.138395
0.136523
0.134619
0.132693

0.102329
0.097554
0.093062
0.088837
0.084859

0.135331
0.133791
0.132187
0.130533
0.128842

0.103977
0.099265
0.094822
0.090631
0.086677

0.130524
0.129252
0.127900
0.126483
0.125016

0.105339
0.100709
0.096330
0.092189
0.088273

0.125814
0.124792
0.123676
0.122484
0.121229

0.106436
0.101901
0.097601
0.093523
0.089658

0.121215
0.120424
0.119530
0.118548
0.117492

0.107286
0.102858
0.098648
0.094646
0.090842

3.0

0.130757 0.081113

0.127125 0.082944

0.123510 0.084568

x~2.6
0.001159 0.239403
~.012635 0.238187
0.023653 0.235838
0.034087 0.232504
0.043849 0.228337

x=2.7

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

x~2.5
0.001930 0.251723
0.014698 0.250050
0.026841 0.247092
0.038226 0.243042
0.048773 0.238092

0.000682
0.011037
0.021057
0.030626
0.039656

0.228355
0.227458
0.225569
0.222800
0.219268

0.000394
0.009778
0.018918
0.027707
0.036064

0.218399
0.217722
0.216181
0.213858
0.210843

0.000223
0.008769
0.017134
0.025225
0.032967

0.209377
0.208854
0.207577
0.205607
0.203014

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.058437
0.067205
0.075088
0.082112
0.088317

0.232420
0.226190
0.219546
0.212614
0.205504

0.052885
0.061167
0.068691
0.075467
0.081521

0.223482
0.218077
0.212247
0.206103
0.199744

0.048090
0.055890
0.063043
0.069548
0.075416

0.215093
0.210387
0.205258
0.199804
0.194111

0.043930
0.051264
0.058046
0.064266
0.069927

0.207232
0.203119
0.198594
0.193741
0.188638

0.040304
0.047194
0.053611
0.059543
0.064986

0.199873
0.196262
0.192256
0.187927
0.183344

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4

0.093751
0.098466
0.102518
0.105960
0.108848

0.198307
0.191 099
0.183943
0.176889
0.169977

0.086885
0.091598
0.095702
0.099243
0.102264

0.193255
0.186707
0.180163
0.173670
0.167270

0.080670
0.085338
0.089451
0.093044
0.096155

0.188258
0.182311
0.176328
0.170357
0.164438

0.075043
0.079632
0.083718
0.087328
0.090492

0.183354
0.177950
0.172480
0.166990
0.161519

0.069944
0.074431
0.078462
0.082059
0.085245

0.178568
0.173654
0.168651
0.163603
0.158547

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.111233
0.113165
0.114690
0.115851
0.116689

0.163237
0.156692
0.150359
0.144249
0.138368

0.104811
0.106925
0.108647
0.110016
0.111067

0.160996
0.154872
0.148918
0.143147
0.137569

0.098820
0.101076
0.102957
0.104498
0.105730

0.158604
0.152882
0.147292
0.141851
0.136571

0.093239
0.095601
0.097608
0.099288
0.100671

0.156099
0.150758
0.145518
0.140395
0.135403

0.088044
0.090482
0.092584
0.094376
0.095882

0.153515
0.148534
0.143625
0.138807
0.134094

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.117239
0.117534
0.117606
0.117481
0.117184

0.132720
0.127305
0.122121
0.117164
0.112428

0.111834
0.112347
0.112635
0.112723
0.112633

0.132191
0.127015
0.122042
0.117271
0.112699

0.106683 0.131459
0.107386 0.126522
0.107864 0.121762
0.10~140 0.117180
0.108238 0.112775

0.101783
0.102649
0.103293
0.103737
0.104002

0.130553
0.125851
0.121303
0.116911
0.112676

0.097127
0.098133
0.098922
0.099513
0.099925

0.129498
0.125027
0.120688
0.116484
0.112419

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.116737
0.116160
0.115471
0.114685
0.113816

0.107909
0.103597
0.099487
0.095570
0.091838

0.112389
0.112008
0.111508
0.110904
0.110210

0.108322
0.104136
0.100133
0.096309
0.092657

0.108177
0.107975
0.107648
0.107213
0.106682

0.104105
0.104066
0.103898
0.103617
0.103236

0.108597
0.104674
0.100905
0.097284
0.093810

0.100177
0.100284
0.100261
0.100122
0.099879

0.108493
0.104707
0.101058
0.097546
0.094168

3.0

0.112878 0.088283

1.3

0.109439 0.089170

See Examples 12-19.

0.108546
0.104489
0.100601
0.096876
0.093310

0.106067 0.089898

0.119922 0.085992

0.116375 0.087227

x-2.8

0.102767 0.090479

x-2.9

0.099544 0.090921

w(x)=e- x2 + Jie-x2S;et2dt

w( -x+iy)~-w(x+iy)

w(x-iy)=2 ey L x2 (cos 2xy+i sin 2xy)-w(x+iy)

w(iy)= ey2 erfc y

w[(l+i)u ]=e- 2iu2 { l+(i-l)[ C(~~)+iS(~~)J}

328

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Table 7.9

ERROR FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

w(z)~e-z2 erfc

!?lw(z) ..fw(z)

9lw(z) ..fw(z)
x 3.1

(-iz)
,Olw(z) fw(z)

z~x+iy

,~w(z)

fw(z)

!?lw(z) fw(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

x~3.0
0.000123 0.201157
0.007943 0.200742
0.OJ5627 0.199669
0.023095 0.197980
0.030279 0.195732

0.000067
0.007254
0.014338
0.021250
0.027929

0.193630
0.193292
0.192376
0.190915
0.188951

x~3.2
0.000036 0.186704
0.006670 0.186421
0.013225 0.185630
0.019639 0.184354
0.025862 0.182626

x~3.3
0.000019 0.180302
0.006167 0.180061
0.OJ2252 0.179369
0.018222 0.178245
0.024032 0.176715

x~3.4
0.000010 0.174362
0.005728 0.174152
0.Oll394 0.173542
0.016966 0.172545
0.022403 0.171181

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.037126
0.043598
0.049665
0.055311
0.060529

0.192984
0.189798
0.186239
0.182368
0.178243

0.034328
0.040407
0.046141
0.051509
0.056501

0.186532
0.183709
0.180534
0.177061
0.173340

0.031849
0.037565
0.042983
0.048083
0.052854

0.180484
0.177970
0.175128
0.172003
0.168637

0.029643
0.035022
0.040144
0.044989
0.049544

0.174808
0.172560
0.170006
0.167184
0.164132

0.027670
0.032738
0.037582
0.042185
0.046532

0.169475
0.167455
0.165151
0.162596
0.159821

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4

0.065318
0.069685
0.073641
0.077202
0.080385

0.173918
0.169445
0.164866
0.160223
0.155551

0.061114
0.065350
0.069216
0.072722
0.075883

0.169418
0.165339
0.161145
0.156872
0.152553

0.057289
0.061387
0.065151
0.068589
0.071711

0.165072
0.161349
0.157502
0.153567
0.149572

0.053801
0.057757
0.061413
0.064773
0.067844

0.160886
0.157480
0.153948
0.150320
0.146623

0.050615
0.054428
0.057971
0.061246
0.064258

0.156858
0.153738
0.150490
0.147141
0.143717

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.083210
0.085697
0.087870
0.089749
0.091355

0.150880
0.146236
0.141640
0.137113
0.132667

0.078712
0.081229
0.083450
0.085394
0.087080

0.148217
0.143888
0.139588
0.135335
0.131146

0.074529
0.077055
0.079306
0.081297
0.083044

0.145545
0.141510
0.137488
0.133495
0.129548

0.070636
0.073158
0.075423
0.077445
0.079236

0.142882
0.139120
0.135357
0.131609
0.127892

0.067012
0.069518
0.071785
0.073823
0.075646

0.140239
0.136731
0.133209
0.129691
0.126192

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.092711
0.093835
0.094748
0.095467
0.096010

U.128317
0.124071
0.119936
0.115919
0.112023

0.088525
0.089749
0.090767
0.091597
0.092255

0.127031
0.123003
0.119068
0.115233
0.111503

0.084562
0.085867
0.086974
0.087900
0.088657

0.125660
0.121840
0.118099
0.114442
0.110875

0.080811
0.082182
0.083364
0.084370
0.085213

0.124219
0.120600
0.117045
0.113560
0.110153

0.077263
0.078687
0.079930
0.081004
0.081921

0.122723
0.119296
0.115919
0.112602
0.109349

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.096393
0.096632
0.096739
0.096729
0.096613

0.108249
0.104600
0.101076
0.097674
0.094395

0.092754
0.093110
0.093336
0.093442
0.093442

0.107881
0.104370
0.100969
0.097680
0.094502

0.089259
0.089719
0.090050
0.090263
0.090368

0.107403
0.104027
0.100751
0.097575
0.094499

0.085905
0.086458
0.086883
0.087190
0.087391

0.106827
0.103586
0.100433
0.097369
0.094396

0.082690
0.083324
0.083832
0.084225
0.084511

0.106166
0.103057
0.100026
0.097073
0.094202

3.0

0.096402 0.091236

0.093345 0.091434

Y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

x~3.5
0.000005 0.168830
0.005340 0.168645
0.010633 0.168102
0.015846 0.167212
0.020944 0.165990

0.000002
0.004995
0.009952
0.014841
0.019632

0.163662
0.163498
0.163011
0.162211
0.161111

0.000001
0.004685
0.009339
0.013935
0.018446

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.025897
0.030677
0.035263
0.039637
0.043785

0.164456
0.162633
0.160548
0.158227
0.155698

0.024297
0.028812
0.033158
0.037316
0.041274

0.159725
0.158075
0.156181
0.154066
0.151755

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.047698
0.051370
0.054798
0.057984
0.060928

0.152988
0.150124
0.147132
0.144038
0.140862

0.045023
0.048556
0.051869
0.054962
0.057835

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.063637
0.066116
0.068314
0.070419
0.072260

0.137628
0.134354
0.131058
0.127755
0.124460

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.073908
0.075373
0.076666
0.077796
0.078714

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.079611
0.080316
0.080898
0.081366
0.081730

3.0

0.081996 0.091230

1.3

0.090375 0.091523

0.087493 0.091513

0.084700 0.091413

x=3.7
0.158821
0.158673
0.158235
0.157513
0.156516

x~3.8
0.000001 0.154273
0.004406 0.154140
0.008786 0.153743
0.013115 0.153088
0.017370 0.152183

0.000000
0.004153
0.008282
0.012368
0.016389

0.149992
0.149871
0.149510
0.148913
0.148088

0.022847
0.027118
0.031239
0.035195
0.038974

0.155260
0.153760
0.152034
0.150102
0.147985

0.021529
0.025574
0.029486
0.033253
0.036861

0.151040
0.149672
0.148094
0.146324
0.144380

0.020326
0.024162
0.027880
0.031469
0.034916

0.147044
0.145792
0.144346
0.142721
0.140931

0.149271
0.146637
0.143878
0.141014
0.138067

0.042565
0.045962
0.049161
0.052159
0.054958

0.145703
0.143277
0.140727
0.138074
0.135336

0.040301
0.043567
0.046653
0.049558
0.052279

0.142279
0.140039
0.137680
0.135218
0.132671

0.038212
0.041352
0.044328
0.047139
0.049783

0.138993
0.136922
0.134735
0.132448
0.130076

0.060491
0.062936
0.065176
0.067217
0.069068

0.135056
0.131999
0.128913
0.125812
0.122709

0.057557
0.059962
0.062177
0.064206
0.066058

0.132530
0.129674
0.126782
0.123869
0.120947

0.054819
0.057179
0.059362
0.061374
0.063219

0.130054
0.127384
0.124673
0.121935
0.119182

0.052260
0.054572
0.056720
0.058708
0.060540

0.127633
0.125133
0.122591
0.120016
0.117422

0.121185
0.117940
0.114735
0.111578
0.108474

0.070736
0.072232
0.073563
0.074739
0.075710

0.119617
0.116545
0.113503
0.110500
0.107540

0.067738
0.069254
0.070615
0.071829
0.072902

0.118027
0.115120
0.112234
0.109377
0.106556

0.064903
0.066433
0.067815
0.069058
0.070166

0.116425
0.113673
0.110935
0.108218
0.105530

0.062222
0.063759
0.065156
0.066420
0.067556

0.114817
0.112212
0.109614
0.107031
0.104469

0.105431
0.102451
0.099538
0.096696
0.093927

0.076664
0.077430
0.078076
0.078612
0.079044

0.104631
0.101777
0.098981
0.096247
0.093577

0.073845
0.074663
0.075366
0.075961
0.076455

0.103777
0.101044
0.098362
0.095734
0.093162

0.071149
0.072013
0.072764
0.073411
0.073959

0.102875
0.100260
0.097688
0.095163
0.092688

0.068572
0.069474
0.070267
0.070959
0.071555

0.101935
0.099433
0.096968
0.094543
0.092162

x=3.6

0.079381 0.090973

. (0.4613135

0.076855 0.090649

0.09999216

x",3.9

0.072061 0.089826

0.074415 0.090265

0.002883894)

If x>3.9 or y>3 W(Z)=lZ z2-0.l901635+ z2-1.7844927+ z2-5.5253437 H(Z) E(z)I<2x10-6

' (0.5124242 0.05176536)
If x>6ory>6 W(Z)=lZ
z2-0.2752551+z2-2.724745 +71(z)

17I(z)I<10- 6

See page

II.

329

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Table 7.10

COMPLEX ZEROS OF THE ERROR FUNCTION

erf Zn=O

n
1
2
3
4

Xn

1. 45061
2.24465
2.83974
3.33546
3. 76900

?/n

616
928
105
074
557

1. 88094
2.61657
3.17562
3.64617
4.06069

300
514
810
438
723

Xn

6
7
8
9
10

4. 15899
4.51631
4.84797
5.15876
5.45219

!In
4.43557 144
4. 78044 764
5.10158 804
5.40333 264
5.68883744

840
940
031
791
220

erf Zn =erf (-zn) =erf zn=erf (- zn) =0

(n>O)

From H. E. Salzer, Complex zeros of the error function, J. Franklin lust. 260, 209-211,
1955 (with permission).

COMPLEX ZEROS OF FRESNEL INTEGRALS

S(Z~)

=0

Table 7.1I

z~=.T~+iy~
.1.~

y~

.rn
0.0000
1.7437
2.6515
3.3208
3.8759

.1J"
0.0000
0.3057
0.2529
0.2239
0.2047

0.0000
2.0093
2.8335
3.4675
4.0026

0.0000
0.2886
0.2443
0.2185
0.2008

4.3611

0.1909

4.4742

0.1877

2
3

~(Zn) = ~'< -zn) = fCZn) = ~( -zn) = ~(iZn) = ~( -

izn) = ~(_iZn)= ~(iz,,) =0

~ , - - In(1<~4n-1)
Xn~'V411 -1 .-2 ( 411 -1 )3/2

(n>O)

MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Mn=C(~4n+1)

11

Mn

m,,=

c( ~4n + 3)

M~=S(~411+2)

Table 7.12

m;= s( ~411 + 4)
m;

tnn

M~

O. 779893
0.640807
0.605721
0.588128
0.577121

0.321056
0.380389
0.404260
0.417922
0.427036

0.713972
0.628940
0.600361
0.584942
0.574957

0.343415
0.387969
0.408301
0.420516
0.428877

0.569413

0.433666

0.567822

0.435059

2
3

1 .-2(411+1)2-3

1 ...2(4n+3)2-3

Mn~2+ ...3(411+1)5/2

1nn~2

1 ...2(4n+2)2-3
Mn~2+ .-3(4n+2)5/2

1 161<2(n+1)2-3
mn~2 32..3(n+1)5/2

1<3(4n+3)5/2

From G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel functions,2d ed.

Press, Cambridge, England, 1958 (with permission).

(n .... '" )

Cambridge Univ.

8. Legendre Functions
IRENE

A.

STEGUN 1

Contents
Mathematical Properties. . .
Notation . . . . . . . . .
8.1. Differential Equation
8.2. Relations Between Legendre Functions.
8.3. Values on the Cut. .
8.4. Explicit Expressions .
8.5. Recurrence Relations
8.6. Special Values
8.7. Trigonometric Expansions
8.8. Integral Representations

8.9. Summation Formulas .

8.10. Asymptotic Expansions
8.n. Toroidal Functions . .
8.12. Conical Functions. . .
8.13. Relation to Elliptic Integrals
8.14. Integrals . . . . . . . . .
Numerical Methods . . . . . . . .
8.15. Use and Extension of the Tables
References . . . . . ... . . . . . . .
Table 8.1. Legendre Function-First Kind P n(x) (x S 1)
x=O(.Ol) 1, n=0(1)3, 9, 10, 5-8D
Table 8.2. Derivative of the Legendre Function-First Kind P~(x)
(xS1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x=O(.Ol)l, n=1(1)4, 9,10, 5-7D
Table 8.3. Legendre Function-Second Kind Qn(x) (x S 1)
x=O(.Ol)l, n=0(1)3, 9, 10, 8D
Table 8.4. Derivative of the Legendre Function-Second Kind Q~(x)
(xSl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x=O(.Ol)l, n=0(1)3, 9, 10, 6-8D
Table 8.5. Legendre Function-First Kind P n(x) (x;::: 1)
x:-1 (.2) 10, n=0(1)5, 9, 10, exact or 6S
Tab1e 8.6. Derivative of the Legendre Function-First Kind P~(x)
(x;::: 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x=1(.2)10, n=1(1)5, 9, 10, 6S
Table 8.7. Legendre Function-Second Kind Qn(x) (x;:::1)
x=1(.2)10, n=0(1)3, 9, 10, 6S
Table 8.8. Derivative of the Legendre FunctionSecond Kind Q~(x)
(x;::: 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x=1(.2)10, n=0(1)3, 9, 10, 6S

Page

332
332
332
333
333
333
333
334
335
335
335
335
336
337
337
337
339
339
340
342

344
346

348
350

351
352

353

The author acknowledges the assistance of Ruth E. Capuano, Elizabeth F. Godefroy,

David S. Liepman, and Bertha H. Walter in the prepara,tion and checking of the tables
and examples.
1

National Bureau of Standards.

331

8. Legendre Functions
Mathematical Properties
8.1. Di1ferential Equation

Notation

The conventions used are z=x+iy, x, y real,

and in particular, x always means a real number
in the interval -1 ~x ~ + 1 with cos 8=x where
8 is likewise a real number; nand m are positive
integers or zero; II and p, are unrestricted except
where otherwise indicated.
Other notations are:
nlPn(x)
P"(x) for (2n-l)!!

8.1.1

d2w
dw
p,2
(1-z 2) - -2 2 z -+[II(II+l)--]W=O
dz
d2
1-z 2
Solutions

(Degree II and order p, with singularities at

00 as ordinary branch points-p"
II arbitrary complex constants.)

Z= 1,

P~(z), ~(~)

-Associated Legendre Functions (Spherical Hannonics) of the First and Second Kinds 2

P nm(x) for (-l)"'P:'(x)

larg (zI)I<1l",

1":(x) for (-I)"'P:'(x)

P:(x) for
~~(2)

(Z2-1)11'= (z-l)ll'(z+ 1)11'

(_I)",~(2n~~~:)!m)! P';(x)

(For P~(z), p,=O, Legendre polynomials, see

chapter 22.)

for P~(2), O~(z) for Q~(z)

O~(z)

for

8.1.2

P~(z) r(I~p,) G+~TI' F( -11,11+1; I-p,; 122)

el'rjQ~(z)

Q~(2) for sin ~1'+")1l" Q~(z)

(ll-zl<2)

SInn

Various other definitions of the functions occur

as well as mixing of definitions.

(For F(a, b; c; 2) see chapter 15.)

(lzl>l)
Alternate FOI"Dls

(Additional forms may be obtained by means of the transformation formulas

geometric function, see [8.1].)
8.1.4

of the hyper-

P~(Z)=2IT1(Z2_1)_lI'{F( -~-~,~+~-~;~; Z2) -2z F(~-~-~' 1+~-~;~; Z2)}

r

G-~-~) r (1+~-~)

(lz 21<1)

(~+~-~) r ( -~-~)

*
2 The functions Y::'(IJ, ",)=~
P;:'(COB II) called surface harmonics of the first kind, tesseral for m< and sectoral
smm",
for m=n. With O$IJ$r, O$",$2r, they are everywhere one valued and continuous functions on the surface of the
unit sphere xI+y2+ Z2= 1 where x=sin IJ C08 "', y=sinllsin '" and z=cos IJ.

m",}

Seepagen.

332

333

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

8.1.7

Wronskian

8.1.8

e l l'r221'f

W{ P~(z),

Q~(z)}

(1-z2)f

8.1.9

C'+~+2)

C'+~+l)

8.3.2

(P-~+2) r (P-~+l)

P~ (x)= e:l:.lil'rp~(x iO)

8.3.3

=i1l"-le,-il-'1T[e-Itl'1'Q~(x+iO)

W{Pn(z), Qn(Z)} =_(Z2_1)--1

-eltl'rQ~(x-iO)J

8.3.4

8.2. Relations Between Legendre Functions

Q~(x) =!e -jl'''[e-III'''Q~(x+iO) +elll'''Q~(x-iO) 1

Negative Degree

(Formulas for P:(x) and Q~(x) are obtained with

the replacement of z-1 by (l-x)eI.. , (Z2_1) by
(1-x2)e:l:. I .. , z+ 1 by x+ 1 for z=xiO.)

P'!..-l (z) =P~(z)

8.2.1
8.2.2

Q'!.._l(Z) = {-lI'e'l'1' cos

8.4. Explicit Expressions

JllI'P~(z)

+Q:(z) sin [lI'(JI+J')]}/sin [lI'(JI-J')]

Negative Argument

(J 21;;::0)

Po(z) = 1

8.4.1

8.2.3

P:(-z)=e~t.rp:(z)_~ e-tl''' sin [lI'(JI+J')JQ~(z)

8.4.2

Qo(Z)=~ In

11'

Q~(-z)=-e:l:.h"Q:(z)

8.2.4

(x=cos 8)

G+D

Qo(X)=~ In G~~)
=xF(!, 1; i; x2 )

Negative Order

8.2.5

p;l'(z)
8.2.6

PI(x) =x=cos 8
f(p-J'+I) [PI'() 2 - I r ( )QI'()]
f(p+J'+l)
Z -;. e I' sm J'1I' z

. z (Z+I)
QI(z)=-ln
-1

Q-I'(z)=e-2tl'r f(JI-J'+I) QI'(z)

f(JI+J'+I)

Degree lot + ! and Order" + t

(z2-1) 1/4e-ll'trQ~(Z)
(ii) 1/2 f(v+ iL-t1)

8.2.7

8.4.4
2

..
..

8.4.5
P 2 (z) =!(3z2-1)

Q2(Z) =~P2(Z) In

(z2-1)1/4e-t.rp~(z)

8.3. Values on the Cut

(:~ ~)

Q2(X) =

X
1
:- )

'See page IL

In G~:)-~x

8.5. Recurrence Relations

(Both P: and
relations.)

Q~

satisfy the same recurrence

Varying Order

8.3.1

I-x

P 2(X) = !(3x2-l)
=t(3 cos 28+1)

_~Z

..

=-i(!1I') 1I2 f( -Jl-J')

x (I+X)
QI(x)=-ln
-1

8.4.6

8.2.8
(
z )
Q-v-I
-1-'-1 (z2-1)1/2

z-1

8.5.1

334

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

8.6.9

8.5.2

(z2-1) dPj;Z) = (v + J.t) (v-J.t+ 1) (z2-1)lP~-I(z)

-J.tzP~(z)
Varying Degree

8.5.3
(v-J.t+ 1)P~+1 (z) = (2v+1)zP~(z) - (v+J.t)P~_1 (z)

8.5.4 (z2-1)

8.6.10

dP~(z)

-Jz=vzP~(z)-(v+J.t)P~-I(Z)

8.6.11
Varying Order and Degree

8.5.5

P~+I (z) =P~_I (z)

+ (2v+ 1) (z2-1)lP~-I(Z)

8.6. Special Values

8.6.12

x=o

PHcos 8)=(h)-! (sin 8)-! cos [(v+t)8]

8.6.1
P~(O)

8.6.13

=2~71"-!

8.6.2

cos [h(v+J.t)]r(!v+!J.t+!)/r(!v-!J.t+1)

8.6.14

Q~(O)=

-21'- 17I"! sin [h(v+.u)]r(!v+tJ.t+t)/r(tv-h+1)

8.6.3

Q!(cos 8)=-(h)1 (sin O)-t sill [(J1+!)O]

P;t(cos 8)=(!1r)-t(v+!)-I(sin O)-t sin [(JI+!)O]

8.6.15

dP~(X)l =

Q;!(coSO)=(21T) t(2J1+1)-1(sin 8)-t cos [(JI+!)O] *

~O

dx

2~+17I"-1 sin [!7I"(v+J.t)] r(!JI+!J.t+l)/r(tv-jJ.t+!)

J.t=-JI

8.6.4

=
[dQ~(X)l
dx
~O

8.6.16

21'7I"l cos [!7I"(v+J.t)] r(!v+tJ.t+l)/r(!v-!J.t+!)

8.6.5
2
W{PI'(x) QI'(x)}
2 I'r(t v+!J.t+l)r(tJl+!J.t+!)

,.
Z~O
r(tv-!J.t+1)r(!v-!J.t+!)

8.6.17

P;'(cos 8)

2-'(sin 8)"
r(JI+l)

J.t=O,J1=n

J.t=m=1, 2, 3, ...

(Rodrigues' Formula)

8.6.6
P':'(z) = (z2-1)lm

am:;~Z),

~(x)=(-1)m(1-x2)lm dm:;~x)
8.6.7

Q~(Z)=(Z2-1)lm amJ;~z),

8.6.18

8.6.19
where

2n-1
2n-5
Wn-I(X)=t:"n P n- I(X)+3(n_1) Pn-a(X)

Q~(x)=( _l)m(1-x2)lm dmJ;~x)

2n-9
+5(n-2) P n - 5(x)

J.t=!

8.6.8

P!{z) = (z2-1) -1/4(271") -1/2 {[z+ (z2-1)1/2].+!

+[z+(z2-1)1/2]-.-t}
See page

II.

W-l(X)=O

+ ...

335

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

11=0,1
8.6.20

[OP.~~s 0)1=0=2 In (cos to)

8.6.21

8 ..
6 22

,,=0

.=1

OPv-I(COS O)J

JI

OP.-l (cos O)J

v

=-tan to-2 cot to In (cos to)

1
l' 2 1
.
I (
1)
=-"2 tan "28 sm "28+sm 8 n cos "28

8.7. Trigonometric Expansions (0<0<71")

8.7.1

P~(cos 8)=7I"-1/22~+I(sin 8)~ r(v+J.I~l) ~ (}.I+~h(v+:+1h sin

8.7.2

Q~(cos 8)=1r1/22~(sin 8)~ r("+wH) ~

r("+2)

r(v+~)

:J

k=O

k=O

k. ("+2)k

[(v+J.I+2k+l)8)

(J.I+t)k(v+}.I+l)k cos [(v+}.I+2k+1)8)

k!(v+!h

22n+2(n!)2[.
,n+l.
13 (n+l)(n+2).

1r(2n+l)! sm (n+l)8+ 2n + 3 sm (n+3)0+2f (2n+3) (2n+5) sm (n+u)8+ ...

8.7.3

1 .(cos 8)

8.7.4

Q.(cos 0)= (2n+l)!

2 2n +1 (n!)2[

n+1

13 (n+1)(n+2)

J
J

cos (n+l)0+2n+3cos (n+3)0+2f (2n+3) (2n+5) cos (n+5)8+ ...

8.8. Integral Representations

(z not on the real axis between -1 and 2-'(z2-1)-I~

P~(z)

8.8.1

r(-v-J.l)r(v+l)

f'" (z+cosh

t)~-.-I

(sinh t)2v+ 1dt

8.8.2

Q':(Z)=ei~:,;;~;~ r~v+}.I!I~ (z2-1)1~

8.8.3

Qn(Z)=~I~1 (z-t)-IPn(t)dt=(-_l)n+IQn(-z)

J.I+"2

P-J.I

...

co )

r"'[Z+(Z2-1)1 cosh

Jo

t)-v-~-l(sinh t)2~dt

(M(vw+lO)'"

(For other integral representations see [8.2].)

8.9. Summation Formulas

8.9.1

" (2m+ I)P m (z)p m

(~-z) ~
m=O

8.9.2

W =(n+ 1) [P.+IWPn(Z)-Pn(t)Pn+I(Z)]

" (2m+1)p",(z)QmW= 1--(n+1)[Pn+l(z)QnW-Pn(e)Qn+I(~)]

(~-z) ~
m=O

8.10. Asymptotic Expansions

For fixed z and II and ~ w-~co, 8.10.1-8.10.3 are asymptotic expansions if z is not on the real
axis between -co and -1 and + co and + 1. (Upper or lower signs according as f z::<O.)
81
. O. 1 P ~ ()
z

r(II+}.I+1)r(}.I-v) (Z+I)I~.
[F(
+1'
71" f(J.I 1)
z-l
sm}.l7l"
-v, v
,

_s~n

v7l"
Slll}.l7l"

8.10.2

See page 11.

1+}.I,"2

,1+1

2Z

e~i~" (Z-I)~ F(-v

z+1

'

v+l; l+J.I; t-tz)J

336

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

810 3

Q;" ()
Z

e-I""csC[lI'(II-IL)] [
21rr(1+1L)

'fl...

(Z+l)-il' F(z-l

II, II

+1 1+ .1._1. Z)
,
IL, 2 2

-G+~ril' F( -11,11+1; 1+1L; !+tZ)]

With IL replaced by -IL, 8.1.2 is an asymptotic expansion for P;"(z) for fixed z and II and f!,l1L~00
if z is not on the real axis between - 00 and -l.
For fixed z and IL and f!lll~oo, 8.10.4 and 8.10.6 are asymptotic expansions if z is not on the real
axis between - 00 and -1 and + 00 and + 1; 8.10.5 if z is not on the real axis between - 00 and + 1.
810 4 P "(z)=(2-)-i(z2-1)-1/4 r(II+IL+1)
.
."
r(lI+i)

The related asymptotic expansion for P':.(z) may be derived from 8.10.4 together with 8.2.1.

For other asymptotic expansions, see [8.7] and [8.9].

8.11. Toroidal Functions (or Ring Functions)

(Only special properties are given; other properties and representations follow from the earlier
sections.)

8.11.2

P': ( h)
n-i cos 77

r(n+m+!)(sinh 77)m
r(n-m+!)2mv;r(m+!)

f"

Jo

(sin rp)2mdtp
(cosh 77+COS rp sinh 77)n+m+i

*
h )_(_l)m r (n+!)
n-i cos 77 - r(n-m+!)

Q'; (
8.11."
See page

II.

f'"
cosh mt dt
Jo (cosh 77+cosh t sinh ,,)n+i

(n>m)

337

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

8.12. Conical Functions

(Only specifll properties fire given flS other

properties nnd representntions follow from ellrlier
sections with v= -!+i~ (~, n renl pllrnmeter) nnd
z=cos e.)

8.13.4
8.13.5

8.12.1
4}.2+I2
2

P-t+l~ (cos8)=I+--2 - sin22

(4~2+ 12) (4~2+32)

. 48
sm "2+ ...

2242

8.13.6
8.13.7

P -t+I~(COS 8)=P _H~(COS 8)

8.12.2

8.12.3 P _I+j~(cos e)=~

'lI'

Jo

8.12.4
Q-t"'t~(cos 8) =

i sinh

r'

'i "
o

-[2(Z+l))t E (
cOs ~tdt
I
,2(cosh t +cos 8)

r'"

Qt(Z)=z~Z!1 K( ~Z!I)

cosh 'Mdt
,'2 (cos t-cos e)

cosh }.tdt
i-cos 8)

Jo ~2(cosh

8.12.5
P -t+I~( -cos 8)
cosh ~'lI'
- - [Q-t+f~(COS
'lI'

8)+Q-H~(COS 8)

8.13. Relation to Elliptic Integrals

(see chapter 17) (&l,.,>O)
:>
2
l_t(z)=-

8.13.1

'lI'

z+l

T)

(II-x)
-V-2-

2
P_1(x)=;K

8.13.9

P -t(cos e)=~K (sin~)

Q-I(X)=K(

8.13.10

~l~X)

Pt(X)=~[2E( ~l;X)_K( ~l;X)J

8.13.12

z+1

8.13.8

8.13.11

~-2
K (~Z--

~2!J

QI(X)=K(

~1;X)_2E( ~1;X)

8.14. Integrals
8.14.1

J~ P,(x)Qp(x)dx=[(p-v)(p+v+l)]-1

8.14.2

f'" Q.(x) Qp (x)dx = [(p-v)(p+v+ l)]-I[~(p+ 0 -~(v+ 0]

v, p,e -1, -2, -3, . . . )

8.14.3
8.14.4

f'" [Q,(x)Fdx=(2v+1)-1~'(V+1)

II
I

-I

8.14.5
8.14.6

_I

P,(x)Pp(x)dx=; [(p-v)(p+v+ 1) ]-1 {2 sin 1I'v sin

11'

1I'p[~(v+ 1) -~(p+ 1)]+ nin ('lI'P-1I'v)}

(p+v+l ;a!'O)

[P ()]2d 'lI'2-2(sin 1I'v)21f'(v+ 1)

X
X
1I'2(v+!)

f~, Q.(x)Qp(x)dx=[(p-II)(P+II+ l)]-I{[I/J(V+ l)-1f(p+ 1)][1 +C08

p1l' cos V1T]-

t'll' sin (V'll'- p1T)} *

(p+v+ 1 ;a!'O; v, p;a!' -1, -2, -3, . . . )

(V;a!' -1. -2, -3, ... )
O!o;P('

page

II,

::Ja8

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

8.14.8

8.14.9

f~t.(x)Qp(X)dx=[(v-p)(P+v+l)]-1

II

{I-COS (p1I"-v1l")-~sin

11"11

cos 1I"II[\f(V+l)-\f(p+l)]}
(~v>O, ~p>O, P-F-v)

P.(x)Q.(x)dx=-!

-I

11"

(2v+l)-1 sin 2v~'(v+l)

(m, n, l positive integers)

8.14.10

-I

f~I[Pn'(x)j2dx=(n+!)-I(n+m)!/(n-m)!

8.14.13

m
1-(-I)/+n(n+m)!
(l:(x)P'f(x)dx=( -1) (l-n)(l+n+l)(n-m)!

8.14.11

f~IPn'(x)P'f(x)dx=O

8.14.12

.CIPn'(X)P~(x) (l-x2) -Idx=o

8.14.14

f~1

(l -F-n)

(l-r)-I[P;:'(x) ]2dx=(n+m)!/m(n-m)!

8.14.15

fl

(l-F-m)

Jo

p.(x)xpdx

1I"i2- p- 1 r(l+p)
r(I+!p-!v)r(!p+!v+B-)
(~p>-I)

8.14.16

f"
2-1'1I"r(!a+!.u)r(!a-h)
Jo (sin t)a-lp;l'(cos t)dt r(!+!a+!v)r(!a-!v)r(!.u+!v+l)r(h-!v+!)

-.

2.0

For other integrals, see [8.2], [8.4] and chapter

22.

;'

1.5

pi

~....

Pn( cos9)

//

1.0 r-----~~
/

Po

1.0 1""IIIIIl~::::::---------

.5

7- . . . . '\
. "- \
/
\ ,.\

.....

\\~

//
/
/
/

0 ~-~--~-~--~-~-~x

.5

/p~

-.5

./

9
-1.0

-1.5
FIGURE

8.1.

P .. (cos

6).

n=O(1)3.

FIGURE

8.2.

PMz).

n=1(1)3,

z~1.

339

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

,/

/
P:3 , /

/
/
/

,.

,,' "

I
I

"

","

.,'

""

/'

P2 - " , "

10 1

,/

""

"

I ,/
I ,/
I

,
I

,,
I

FIGURE

8.3.

P,,(x).

1
Po

n=O(1)3,

10

x~l.

FIGURE

8.5.

Q,,(x).

10

n=O(1)3, x>1.

Numerical Methods
8.15. Use and Extension of the Tahles
Computation of P,,(x)

-1.0

'0;FIGURE

8.4.

Q,,(x).

n=O(1)3, x<1.

For all values of x there is very little loss of

significant figures (except at zeros) in using the
recurrence relation 8.5.3 for increasing values of n.
Example 1. Compute P" (x) forx=.31415 92654
and x=2.6 for n=2(1)8.

340
n

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS
P .. (2.6)

P n (.31415 92654)

Example 3.

1
1
0
2.6
.31415 92654
1
9.64
-.35195 59340
2
40.04
-.39372 32064
3
174.952
.04750 63122
4
786. 74336
.34184 27517
5
3604.350016
. 15729 86975
6
16729.51005
-.20123
39354
7
78402.55522
-.25617 29328
8
Computing Ps(x) using Tahle 22.9 carrying ten
significant figures, P s(.31415 92654)= - .256f7 2933
and P s(2.6) =78402.55526.

. t Ile senes
. f or
T en terms In

o
1

0
1
2
3
4
5

2
3
4

I'

+3.1)
2' Z2

Q,,(2.6)

.40546
.05420
.00868
.00148
.00026
.00004

51081
928
364
95
49
81

where Qo and Ql are obtained using 8.4.2 and 8.4.4.

CoRlputation of P !(x), Q!(x)

For all values of x, P !(x) and Q!(x) are most

easily computed by means of 8.13.
Example 4. Compute Q_!(x) for x=2.6.
Using 8.13.3 and interpolating in Tahle 17.1 for

K(.5), we find

Q,,(.31415 92654)

. 32515
-.89785
-. 58567
.29190
. 59974

F(v+2
1'+1.
2' 2
'

of 8.1.3 are necessary to obtain nine significant

figures giving Q5(2.6) =4.8182 4468 X 10- 5 Using
8.5.3 with increasing values of n carrying ten
significant figures we obtain

CORlputation of Qn(x)

For x<l, use of 8.5.3 for increasing values of n

leads to yery little loss of significant figures.
However, for x>l, the recurrence relation 8.5.3
should be used only for decreasing values of n,
after having first obtained Qn using the formulas
in terms of hypergeometric functions.
Example 2. Compute Qn(x) for x=.31415 92654
and n=0(1)4.
With the aid of 8.4.2 and 8.4.4 we obtair,

Compute Q5(X) for x=2.6.

Q_!(2.6)=~ X!1 K ( ~ X!I)

34813
00212
85953
60854
26989

=(.74535 59925)(1.904241417)
=1.41933 7751.

Using the results of Example 1 together with

8.6.19. we find Q4(X) = jP4(x) In

where

W3=~ P3+~ PlJ

G+~) -W

3(x)

giving Q4(.311J5 92654) =

On the other hand, at least nine terms in the

expansIOn

fF(I'+2
-2-' 1'+1.
2'

I'

+3.1)
2' Z2 0 f813

are

necessary to obtain comparable accuracy .

.5997426989.

References
Text8
[8.1] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
voL 1, ch. 3 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1953).
[8.2] E. W. Hobson, The theory of spherical and ellipsoidal harmonics (Chelsea Publishing Co., New
York, N.Y., 1955).
[8.3] J. Lense, Kugelfunktionen (Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, Germany, 1950).
[8.4] T. M. MacRobert, Spherical harmonics, 2d rev. ed.
(Dover PUblications, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1948).
[8.5] W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger, Formulas and
theorems for the special functions of mathematical physics (Chelsea Publishing Co., New
York, N.Y., 1949).
[8.6] G. Prasad, A treatise On spherical harmonics and
the functions of BEtssel and Lame, Part II (Advanced) (Mahamandal Press, Benares City,
India, 1932).

[8.7] L. Robin, Fonctions spheriques de Legendre e

fonctions spheroidales. Tome I, II, III (GauthierVillars, Paris, France, 1957).
[8.8] C. Snow, Hypergeometric and Legendre functions
with applications to integral equations of potential theory, NBS Applied Math. Series 19 (U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
1952) .
[8.9] R. C. Thorne, The asymptotic expansion of Legendre
functions of large degree and order, Philos. Trans.
Roy. Soc. London 249. 597-620 (1957).
Table8
[8.10] H. Bateman, Some problems in potential theory,
Mess. of Math., 617,52,73-75 (1922). Pn(cosh cr),
Q,,(cosh cr), P:(cosh cr), Q:(cosh cr); cosh cr= 1.1,
n=0(1)20, 10D; cosh cr=1.2, 2, 3; n=O(l)lO,
exact or 10D.

341

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

[8.11] Centre National d'~to.des des Telecommunications,

Tables des fonctions de Legendre associees.
Fonction associee de premiere espece P;:(cos 9)
(Editions de La Revue d'Optique, Paris, France,
1952). n= -H.I)IO,
m=0(I)5, 9=OOW)90
(variable number of figures).
[8.12] Centre National d'~tudes des .Telecommunications,
Tables numerique des fonctions associees de
Legendre.
Fonctions associees de premiere
espece P;:(cos 9) (Editions de La Revue d'Optique,
Paris, France, 1959). n= -H.I)lO, m=0(I)2,
9=0(1)180 (variable number of figures).
[8.13] G. C. Clark and S. W. Churchill, Table of Legendre
polynomials Pn(cos 9) for n=0(I)80 and 9=0
(1) 180, Engineering Research Institute Publications (Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich.,
1957).
[8.14] R. O. Gumprecht and G. M. Sliepcevich, Tables of
functions of the first and second partial derivatives of Legendre pOlynomials (Univ. of Michigan
Press, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1951). Values of [x"n
-(I-x 2),,:]. I~ and ",,10 for 'y=0(100)I700
(1)180, n=I(I)420, 5S.
[8.15] M. E. Lynam, Table of Legendre functions for
complex arguments TG-323, The Johns Hopkins
Univ. Applied Physics Laboratory, Baltimore,
Md. (1958).
[8.16] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated
Legendre functions (Columbia Univ. Press, New

d
York, N.Y., 1945). P:,(cos 9), d(J
n=I(I)lO,

m('::;;n) =0(1)4,

p.(cos 9),

9=()OW)900,

6S;

P:'(x) ,

n=I(1)IO,

CiX P:,(x) ,

(-I)mQ:'(x),

(-1)",+1 CiXQ::'(x), n=O(I)lO, m( '::;;n)=O(I)4, x=I(.1)10,

6S or exact; i-nP:,(ix), i- n ~ P:'(ix), n=l(I)IO,

i n+2m+lQ::,(ix), i n+2m - 1

=0(1)4,

Jx Q';:(ix) , n=O(l) 10,

1;=0(.1)10, 6S;

(-I)"'Q:'-i(X),

m( ~n)

P::'+l(x), dx P:'-!(x),

d
(-1)"'+1 dx Q:'+t,

n=-I(1)4,

4-6S.
[8.17] G. Prevost. Tables des fonctions spheriques et de
leurs intP.grales (Gauthier-Villars, Bordeaux and
m=0(1)4,x=1(.1)10,

Paris, Fmllce, 1933). P,,(x),

P~(x),
[8.18]

[8.19]
[8.20]

[8.21]

.r

P~(t)dt,

f x Pn(t)dt, n= 1 (1) 10;

.10

n=0(1)8, j=O(I)n, x=O(.Ol)l,

5S.
H. Tallqvist, Sechsstellige Tafeln der 32 ersten
Kugelfunktionen P n(cos 9), Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn.,
Nova Series A, II, 11 (1938).
Pn(cos 9),
n=I(I)32,00(1O')900; 6D.
H. Tallqvist, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Nova Series A,
11,4(1937). P,,(x), n=I(I)I6, x=O(.OOI)l, 6D.
H. Tallqvist, Tafeln der Kugelfunktionen P 25 (cos 9)
bis P 32 (COS 9), Soc. Sci. Fenn. Comment. Phys.Math., VI, 10(1932). Pn(cos 9), n=25(I)32,
9=0(1 )90, 5D.
H. Tallqvist, Tafeln der 24 ersten Kugelfunktionen
Pn(cos 9), Soc. Sci. Fenn. Comment. Phys.-Math.,
VI,3(1932). Pn(cos 9), n=1(1)24, 9=OOW)90.
5D.

342

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS
LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST KIND P,,(x)

Table 8.1

Pl(X)=X

Po(x) '" 1
Pa(X)

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

arccos x
90.00000 00
89.42703 26
88.85400 80
88.28086 87
87.70755 72

-0.50000
-0.49985
-0.49940
-0.49865
-0.49760

0.00000
-0.01499
-0.02998
-0.04493
-0.05984

00
75
00
25
00

0.00000
0.02457
0.04893
0.07285
0.09614

000
330
045
701
188

-0.24609
-0.24474
-0.24069
-0.23400
-0.22473

37
14
84
69
64

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

87.13401
86.56018
85.98601
85.41143
84.83639

60
72
28
43
29

-0.49625
-0.49460
-0.49265
-0.49040
-0.48785

-0.07468
-0.08946
-0.10414
-0.11872
-0.13317

75
00
25
00
75

0.11857
0.13996
0.16012
0.17885
0.19599

899
890
040
206
366

-0.21298
-0.19887
-0.18254
-0.16418
-0.14397

35
11
68
20
02

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

84.26082
83.68468
83.10789
82.53040
81. 95215

95
44
74
77
37

-0.48500
-0.48185
-0.47840
-0.47465
-0.47060

-0.14750
-0.16167
-0.17568
-0.18950
-0.20314

00
25
00
75
00

0.21138
0.22489
0.23637
0.24572
0.25285

764
042
363
526
070

-0.12212
-0.09887
-0.07447
-0.04918
-0.02328

50
86
93
90
12

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

81.37307
80.79310
80.21218
79.63024
79.04721

34
38
10
02
58

-0.46625
-0.46160
-0.45665
-0.45140
-0.44585

-0.21656
-0.22976
-0.24271
-0.25542
-0.26785

25
00
75
00
25

0.25767
0.26013
0.26020
0.25785
0.25309

367
706
358
632
918

+0.00296
0.02925
0.05529
0.08080
0.10549

18
20
81
85
42

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

78.46304
77.87764
77.29096
76.70292
76.11345

10
77
70
82
96

-0.44000
-0.43385
-0.42740
-0.42065
-0.41360

-0.28000
-0.29184
-0.30338
-0.31458
-0.32544

00
75
00
25
00

0.24595
0.23647
0.22472
0.21078
0.19477

712
631
407
870
914

0.12907
0.15126
0.17181
0.19047
0.20700

20
74
75
36
49

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

75.52248
74.92993
74.33573
73. 73979
73.14204

78
79
:3l
53
40

-0.40625
-0.39860
-0.39065
-0.38240
-0.37385

-0.33593
-0.34606
-0.35579
-0.36512
-0.37402

75
00
25
00
75

0.17682
0.15707
0.13569
0.11286
0.08879

442
305
215
642
707

0.22120
0.23287
0.24185
0.24801
0.25124

02
14
52
62
81

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

72.54239
71.94076
71.33707
70. 73122
70.12312

69
95
51
45
59

-0.36500
-0.35585
-0.34640
-0.33665
-0.32660

-0.38250
-0.39052
-0.39808
-0.40515
-0.41174

00
25
00
75
00

0.06370
0.03780
+0. 01135
-0. 01539
-0.04219

038
634
691
566
085

0.25147
0.24865
0.24278
0.23389
0.22203

63
91
89
37
73

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

69.51268
68.89980
68.28438
67.66631
67.04550

49
39
27
73
06

-0.31625
-0.30560
-0.29465
-0.28340
-0.27185

-0.41781
-0.42336
-0.42836
-0.43282
-0.43670

25
00
75
00
25

-0.06876
-0.09483
-0.12014
-0.14441
-0.16737

185
780
608
472
489

0.20732
0.18987
0.16988
0.14754
0.12310

00
83
48
72
73

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

66.42182
65. 79516
65.16541
64.53243
63.89611

15
52
25
99
88

-0.26000
-0.24785
-0.23540
-0.22265
-0.20960

-0.44000
-0.44269
-0.44478
-0.44623
-0.44704

00
75
00
25
00

-0.18876
-0.20832
-0.22581
-0.24101
-0.25369

356
609
900
269
426

0.09683
0.06904
0.04006
+0.01024
-0.02002

91
71
39
69
45

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

63.25631
62.61289
61. 96570
61. 31459
60.65941

61
25
35
80
84

-0.19625
-0.18260
-0.16865
-0.15440
-0.13985

-0.44718
-0.44666
-0.44544
-0.44352
-0.44087

75
00
25
00
75

-0.26367
-0.27076
-0.27484
-0.27577
-0.27348

022
932
521
908
225

-0.05035 30
72
-0.10952 64
-0.13752 51
-0.16389 87

0.50

60.00000 00
[( -54)5J

-0.12500
[( -;)4J

-0.43750 00
[(-1)9J

-0.26789 856
[(-:)4J

-0.18822 86
[( -64)4J

P2(X)

P2(X)

=H -I+3x2)

P9(X)

-0.080~2

P3(X) =~ (-3+5x2 )

P9(X) = ;{2 (1260-1848Ox2+72072x

PIO(X) =

PlO(X)

102960:r6+ 4862OxB)

1~24 ( - 252+ 1386Ox2 -12012Ox4+360360x6 - 43758OxB+ 184756x1O)

(n +1) P n +1 (x) = (2n+1)xP,,(x) -nP,,-I(x)

For coefficients of other polynomials, see chapter 22.

343

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS
LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST KIND P,,(x)
Po(x) =1
x

arccos x

Pz(x)

Table 8.1

P 1 (x)=x
P3(X)

Pg(x)

PlO(X)

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

60.00000
59.33617
58.66774
57.99454
57.31636

00
03
85
51
11

-0.12500
-0.10985
-0.09440
-0.07865
-0.06260

-0.43750
-0.43337
-0.42848
-0.42280
-0.41634

00
25
00
75
00

-0.26789
-0.25900
-0.24682
-0.23139
-0.21283

856
667
215
939
321

-0.18822
-0.21010
-0.22914
-0.24498
-0.25728

86
83
92
73
92

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

56.63298
55.94420
55.24977
54.54945
53.84299

70
22
42
74
18

-0.04625
-0.02960
-0.01265
+0.00460
0.02215

-0.40906
-0.40096
-0.39201
-0.38222
-0.37155

25
00
75
00
25

-0.19126
-0.16686
-0.13985
-0.11051
-0.07914

025
000
552
366
497

-0.26575
-0.27014
-0.27023
-0.26590
-0.25704

85
28
97
30
92

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

53.13010
52.41049
51.68386
50.94987
50.20818

24
70
55
75
05

0.04000
0.05815
0.07660
0.09535
0.11440

-0.36000
-0.34754
-0.33418
-0.31988
-0.30464

00
75
00
25
00

-0.04610
-0.01178
+0.02337
0.05890
0.09430

304
332
862
951
141

-0.24366
-0.22580
-0.20360
-0.17728
-0.14714

27
16
19
16
41

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

49.45839
48.70012
47.93293
47.15635
46.36989

81
72
52
69
11

0.13375
0.15340
0.17335
0.19360
0.21415

-0.28843
-0.27126
-0.25309
-0.23392
-0.21372

75
00
25
00
75

0.12901
0.16248
0.19412
0.22334
0.24952

554
693
981
410
270

-0.11358
-0.07707
-0.03818
+0.00243
0.04403

05
01
08
30
37

0.70
O. 71
O. 72
0.73
0.74

45.57299
44.76508
43.94551
43.11360
42.26858

60
47
96
59
44

0.23500
0.25615
0.27760
0. 29935
0.32140

-0.19250
-0.17022
-0.14688
-0.12245
-0.09694

00
25
00
75
00

0.27205
0.29036
0.30385
0.31199
0.31430

993
111
323
698
004

0.08580
0.12686
0.16625
0.20299
0.23605

58
31
89
76
08

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

41. 40962
40.53580
39.64611
38.73942
37.81448

21
21
11
46
85

0.34375
0.36640
0.38935
0.41260
0.43615

-0.07031
-0.04256
-0.01366
+0.01638
0.04759

25
00
75
00
75

0.31033
0.29973
0.28226
0.25777
0.22625

185
981
712
224
012

0.26437
0.28693
0.30271
0.31078
0.31029

45
19
79
93
79

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

36.86989
35.90406
34.91520
33.90126
32.85988

76
86
62
20
04

0.46000
0.48415
0.50860
0.53335
0.55840

0.08000
0.11360
0.14842
0.18446
0.22176

00
25
00
75
00

0.18785
0.14292
0.09201
+0.03591
-0.02431

528
678
529
226
874

0.30052
0.28094
0.25124
0.21139
0.16170

98
87
52
19
50

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

31. 78833
30.68341
29.54136
28.35763
27.12675

06
71
05
66
31

0.58375
0.60940
0.63535
0.66160
0.68815

0.26031
0.30014
0.34125
0.38368
0.42742

25
00
75
00
25

-0.08730
-0.15134
-0.21433
-0.27376
-0.32665

820
456
544
627
610

0.10291
+0.03622
-0.03655
-0.11300
-0.18989

23
91
86
29
29

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

25.84193
24.49464
23.07391
21.56518
19.94844

28
85
81
50
36

0.71500
0.74215
O. 76960
0. 79735
0.82540

0.47250
0.51892
0.56672
0.61589
0.66646

00
75
00
25
00

-0. 36951
-0.39827
-0.40826
-0.39414
-0. 34981

049
146
421
060
919

-0.26314
-0.32768
-0.37731
-0.40457
-0.40058

56
58
58
43
29

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

18.19487
16.26020
14.06986
11.47834
8.10961

23
47
77
09
44

0.85375
0. 88240
0.91135
0.94060
0.97015

0.71843
0.77184
0.82668
0.88298
0.94074

75
00
25
00
75

-0.26842
-0.14220
+0. 03750
0.28039
0.59724

182
642
397
609
553

-0.35488
-0.25524
-0.08749
+0.16470
0.52008

03
34
40
81
90

0.00000 00

1.00000
[<-:)4J

1.00000 00
[(-t)2J

1.00

P2(X) =H -1+3x2)

1.00000 000
[( -i)lJ

1.00000 00
[(-i)2J

P3(X) =2 (-3+5x 2)

Pg(x) = 5~2 (1260-1848Qx2+72072x4-102960x6+48620x8)

PlO(X)

= 10124 (-252+1386OxL 12012Ox4+360360xL43758Ox8+184756x 1O)

(n+1)Pn+l(X) = (2n+1)xPn (x) -nPn -l(x)

For coefficients of other polynomials, see chapter 22.

344

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

Table 8.2

DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST KIND P~(x)

pi (x) =1

P~(x)=3x

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

-1.50000
-1.49925
-1.49700
-1.49325
-1.48800

0.00000
-0.07498
-0.14986
-0.22452
-0.29888

00
25
00
75
00

2.46093
2.45.()11
2.41773
2.36405
2.28948

75
64
75
34
35

Plo(x)
0.00000 00
0.27023 41
0.53765 93
0.79949 17
1.05299 82

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

-1.48125
-1.47300
-1.46325
-1.45200
-1.43925

-0.37281
-0.44622
-0.51899
-0.59104
-0.66224

25
00
75
00
25

2.19461
2.08018
1.94709
1.79639
1.62929

13
11
32
87
31

1.29552
1.52449
1. 73750
1.93223
2.10657

05
98
05
25
29

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

-1.42500
-1.40925
-1.39200
-1.37325
-1.35300

-0. 73250
-0.80170
-0.86976
-0.93655
-1.00198

00
75
00
25
00

1.44710
1.25130
1.04346
0.82528
0.59853

87
64
68
00
47

2.25858
2.38654
2.48895
2.56453
2.61230

73
80
24
90
18

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

-1. 33125
-1.30800
-1.28325
-1.25700
-1.22925

-1.06593
-1.12832
-1.18902
-1.24794
-1.30496

75
00
25
00
75

0.36510
+0.12694
-0.11392
-0.35546
-0.59555

73
88
76
01
27

2.63150
2.62168
2.58266
2.51458
2.41783

28
25
81
04
68

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

-1.20000
-1.16925
-1.13700
-1.10325
-1.06800

-1.36000
-1.41293
-1. 46366
-1.51207
-1.55808

00
25
00
75
00

-0.83208
-1.06295
-1.28602
-1.49923
-1. 70052

96
03
54
18
94

2.29315
2.14154
1.96431
1. 76306
1.53966

33
35
51
37
43

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

-1.03125
-0.99300
-0.95325
-0.91200
-0.86925

-1.60156
-1.64242
-1.68054
-1.71584
-1.74819

25
00
75
00
25

-1.88793
-2.05954
-2.21355
-2.34823
-2.46202

72
92
15
78
63

1.29625
1.03524
0.75926
0.47115
+0.17398

99
77
26
77
30

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

-0.82500
-0.77925
-0. 73200
-0.68325
-0.63300

-1.77750
-1.80365
-1.82656
-1.84610
-1.86218

00
75
00
25
00

-2.55347
-2.62129
-2.66437
-2.68178
=2.67279

51
80
95
96
74

-0.12903
-0.43453
-0.73903
-1.03894
-1.33065

87
90
23
72
96

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

-0.58125
-0.52800
-0.47325
-0.41700
-0.35925

-1.87468
-1.88352
-1.88857
-1.88974
-1.88691

75
00
25
00
75

-2.63688
-2.57375
-2.48336
-2.36588
-2.22176

47
82
07
14
52

-1.61052
-1.87493
-2.12030
-2.34318
-2.54023

81
10
43
21
74

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

-0.30000
-0.23925
-0.17700
-0.11325
-0.04800

-1.88000
-1.86888
-1.85346
-1. 83362
-1.80928

00
25
00
75
00

-2.05172
-1.85672
-1.63802
-1.39715
-1.13592

01
35
69
86
50

-2.70832
-2.84451
-2.94616
-3.01090
-3.03674

36
75
13
51
96

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

+0.01875
0.08700
0.15675
0.22800
0.30075

-1.78031
-1.74662
-1.70809
-1.66464
-1.61614

25
00
75
00
25

-0.85640
-0.56096
-0.25222
+0.06693
0.39337

91
76
53
30
29

-3.02208
-2.96573
-2.86699
-2.72566
-2.54206

63
83
80
30
98

0.50

0.37500
[( -34)2J

Pa(x)

P4(X)

P9(X)

-1.56250 00
[(-l)6J
Pa(x)=H -3+15x2 )

0.72372 44
[( -63)3J

-2.31712 34
[( -63)5J

P4(x) =~ (-60+14Ox2)

P9(X) == 5~2 (1260-5544Ox2+360360xC720720x6+437580x8)

,
x
PlO(X) = 1024 (27720-48048Ox2+2162160xL3500640x8+1847560x8)

P~(x) = ;+\ [xPn(x) -Pn+l(X)]

-x

345

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS
DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST KIND
P;(x)=l
X

Pa(x)

P~(x)

Table 8.2

P2(x)=3x
P9(X)

P4(X)

Plo(x)

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.37500
0.45075
0.52800
0.60675
0.68700

1.56250
1.50360
1.43936
1.36965
1.29438

00
75
00
25
00

0.72372
1.05439
1.38160
1. 70137
2.00958

44
75
24
21
86

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.76875
0.85200
0.93675
1. 02300
1.11075

1.21343
1.12672
1.03412
0.93554
0.83086

75
00
25
00
75

2.30201
2.57431
2.82213
3.04106
3.22677

29
87
05
49
77

- 0.64649 54
- 0.22698 16
+ 0.21005 92
0.65868 10
1.11234 92

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

1.20000
1.29075
1.38300
1.47675
1.57200

0.72000
0.60283
0.47926
0.34917
0.21248

00
25
00
75
00

3.37501
3.48166
3.54283
3.55487
3.51451

44
60
00
57
63

1.56397 82
2.0059831
2.43034 08
2.82866 68
3.19230 45

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

1.66875
1.76700
1.86675
1.96800
2.07075

- 0.06906 25
+ 0.08118 00
0.23835 25
0.40256 00
0.57390 75

3.41888
3.26561
3.05294
2.77978
2.44582

50
84
51
03
82

3.51243
3.78017
3.98677
4.12369
4.18284

07
74
13
16
84

0.70
O. 71
0.72
0.73
0.74

2.17500
2.28075
2.38800
2.49675
2.60700

O. 75250
0.93844
1.13184
1.33279
1.54142

00
25
00
75
00

2.05168
1.59897
1.09043
+ 0.53008
- 0.07667

93
66
73
28
36

4.15678
4.03888
3.82364
3.50693
3.08626

18
45
72
03
20

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

2.71875
2.83200
2.94675
3.06300
3.18075

1. 75781
1.98208
2.21432
2.45466
2.70318

25
00
75
00
25

0.72287
1.39984
2.09708
2.80201
3.49987

14
93
32
52
45

2.56116
1.93351
1.20791
+ 0.39215
- 0.50239

49
26
71
05
96

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

3.30000
3.42075
3.54300
3.66675
3. 79200

2.96000
3.22521
3.49894
3.78127
4.07232

00
75
00
25
00

'-

4. 17348
4.80308
5.36607
5.83686
6.18657

81
26
64
10
35

1.46023
2.46122
3.48002
4.48547
5.43990

77
91
97
21
91

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

3.91875
4.04700
4.17675
4.30800
4.44075

4.37218
4.68098
4.99880
5.32576
5.66195

75
00
25
00
75

6.38285
6.38961
6.16672
5.66983
4.84997

68
06
97
23
54

6.29851
7.00851
7.50840
7.72711
7.58303

03
07
93
51
90

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

4.57500
4.71075
4.84800
4.98675
5.12700

6.00750
6.36249
6.72704
7.10124
7.48522

00
25
00
75
00

- 3.65335 89
- 2.02101 73
+ 0.11150 20
2.81447 18
6.16433 35

6.98312
5.82184
3.98006
1.32394
2.29628

79
03
04
73
14

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

5.26875
5.41200
5.55675
5. 70300
5.85075

7.87906
8.28288
8.69677
9.12086
9.55523

25
00
75
00
25

7.04763
13.11571
20.70612
30.04600
41.38561

58
11
01
25
43

1.00

6.00000
[( -34)2J

10.00000 00

10.24405
15.14351
20.95987
27.79800
35.77086

45.00000 00

[(-I)lJ
Pa(x) =

H - 3+ 15x2)

70
59
66
16
77

2.31712
2.05232
1.74978
1.41226
1.04315

55.00000 00

[(-l)2]
P4(X)=g (-60+140X2)

P9(X) = 5i2 (1260-55440x2+360360xL 720720x6+437580x 8)

PI o(x) = 1~4 (27720-48048Ox2+2162160xL

P~(x) =;~;2

350064Ox6 +1847560x8)

[xPn(x) -Pn+l(X))

34
40
82
67
43

[(-l)3]

346

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS
Table 8.3

LEGENDRE FUNCTION-SECOND KIND Qn(X)

Qo(x)

Qg(x)

QlO(X)

x
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
0.01000
0.02000
0.03000
0.04002

000
033
267
900
135

-1.00000
-0.99990
-0.99959
-0.99909
-0. 99839

000
000
995
973
915

0.00000
-0.01999
-0.03998
-0.05996
-0. 07991

000
867
933
399
463

0.66666
0.66626
0.66506
0.66306
0.66027

667
669
699
829
179

-0.40634
-0.40452
-0.39905
-0.38999
-0.37741

921
191
538
553
852

0.00000
-0.04056
-0.08068
-0.11993
-0.15789

000
181
584
860
513

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.05004
0.06007
0.07011
0.08017
0.09024

173
216
467
133
419

-0.99749
-0.99639
-0. 99509
-0.99358
-0.99187

791
567
197
629
802

-0.09983
-0.11971
-0.13954
-0.15931
-0.17902

321
169
199
602
563

0.65667
0.65229
0.64711
0.64114
0.63439

917
261
475
873
817

-0.36143
-0.34216
-0. 31978
-0.29448
-0.26647

026
562
750
565
538

-0.19414
-0.22828
-0.25995
-0.28879
-0.31447

321
745
321
038
701

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.10033
0.11044
0.12058
0.13073
0.14092

535
692
103
985
558

-0.98996
-0.98785
-0.98553
-0.98300
-0.98027

647
084
028
382
042

-0.19866
-0.21821
-0.23768
-0.25705
-0.27631

264
885
596
567
958

0.62686
0.61856
0.60948
0.59964
0.58903

720
044
299
048
905

-0.23599
-0.20330
-0.16869
-0.13245
-0.09491

595
891
616
792
050

-0.33672
-0.35527
-0.36990
-0.38044
-0.38675

259
122
435
330
142

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.15114
0.16138
0.17166
0.18198
0.19233

044
670
666
269
717

-0. 97732
-0.97417
-0.97081
-0.96724
-0. 96345

893
813
667
312
594

-0.29546
-0.31449
-0.33339
-0.35214
-0.37075

923
610
158
699
353

0.57768
0.56558
0.55275
0.53918
0.52489

532
646
016
465
868

-0.05638
-0.01721
+0.02223
0.06161
0.10057

395
959
260
670
361

-0.38873
-0.38634
-0.37958
-0.36850
-0.35318

587
905
962
308
198

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.20273
0.21317
0.22365
0.23418
0.24477

255
135
611
947
411

-0.95945
-0. 95523
-0.95079
-0. 94613
-0. 94125

349
402
566
642
421

-0. 38920
-0.40748
-0.42559
-0.44351
-0.46123

232
439
062
180
857

0.50990
0.49420
0.47781
0.46074
0.44300

155
314
388
476
738

0.13874
0.17577
0.21130
0.24499
0.27652

395
093
336
861
557

-0.33376
-0.31043
-0.28343
-0.25302
-0.21951

565
947
378
221
969

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.25541
0.26610
0.27686
0.28768
0.29856

281
841
382
207
626

-0.93614
-0.93081
-0.92524
-0.91944
-0.91341

680
181
677
902
578

-0.47876
-0.49607
-0.51315
-0.53000
-0.54661

145
081
685
962
900

0.42461
0.40557
0.38591
0.36562
0.34474

393
719
059
819
467

0.30556
0.33182
0.35502
0.37489
0.39122

765
571
089
746
551

-0.18327
-0.14469
-0.10417
-0.06219
-0.01920

994
251
949
173
468

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.30951
0.32054
0.33164
0.34282
0.35409

960
541
711
825
253

-0.90714
-0.90063
-0.89387
-0.88686
-0.87960

412
092
293
668
854

-0.56297
-0.57906
-0.59488
-0.61041
-0. 62564

466
608
256
313
662

0.32327
0.30123
0.27864
0.25551
0.23187

542
647
459
723
261

0.40380
0.41246
0.41705
0.41749
0.41371

351
080
981
822
084

+0.02428
0.06776
0.11072
0.15262
0.19295

610
975
534
723
076

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.36544
0.37688
0.38842
0.40005
0.41180

375
590
310
965
003

-0.87209
-0.86432
-0.85628
-0.84797
-0.83939

469
108
345
733
799

-0. 64057
-0. 65517
-0. 66944
-0.68337
-0. 69694

159
633
887
690
784

O. 20.772
0.18310
0.15802
0.13251
0.10658

970
825
883
285
256

0.40567
0.39339
0.37693
0.35638
0.33189

128
336
227
546
317

0.23117
0.26680
0.29934
0.32833
0.35334

811
432
337
437
774

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.42364
0.43561
0.44769
0.45989
0.47223

893
122
202
668
080

-0.83054
-0.82139
-0. 81196
-0.80224
-0. 79221

043
940
935
443
845

-0.71014
-0.72296
-0.73538
-0.74739
-0. 75897

872
624
670
600
958

0.08026
0.05357
+0. 02654
-0.00080
-0.02843

114
267
221
418
939

0.30363
0.27184
0.23679
0.19877
0.15815

867
811
006
461
208

0.37399
0.38991
0.40082
0.40646
O. 'l0665

123
596
218
477
845

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.48470
0.49731
0.51007
0.52298
0.53606

028
129
034
428
034

-0. 78188
-0. 77123
-0. 76026
-0. 74896
-0. 73733

487
681
694
755
044

-0. 77012
-0. 78080
-0. 79102
-0.80074
-0. 80996

243
904
336
877
804

-0. 05633
-0.08446
-0. 112~9
-0.14128
-0. 16992

524
239
034
732
027

0.11531
0.07067
+0.02471
-0.02210
-0. 06923

136
773
030
100
897

0.40128
0.39028
0.37368
0.35158
0.32415

259
551
827
779
933

0.50

0.54930 614
[( -;)2J

Q2(X)

QI(X)

-0.72534 693
[(-;)4J

-0.81866 327

[(-:)1

Qo(x)=! In (1+x)
I-x
Q2(X) = 3xLIIn

c+x)-~
I-x

Q3(X)

-0. 119865- 477

[( -54)IJ

-0.11616 303

0.29165 814
[( -64)7J

[(-l)~

x
(1+X)
Ql(x)=-In
-1
2
I-x
2

5x 2
Q3(X)=-x (5x L 3) In C+x)
--+-

(n+l)Qn+l(X) = (2n+I)xQn(x) -nQn-l(X)

Qo(x) = arctanh x (Table 4.17) is included here for completeness.

I-x

347

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

Table 8 ..3

LEGENDRE FUNCTION-SECOND KIND Qn(X)

x

Qo(x)

Q2(X)

Ql(X)

QlO(X)

Qg(x)

Q3(X)

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.54930
0.56272
0.57633
0.59014
0.60415

614
977
975
516
560

-0. 72534
-0. 71300
-0. 70030
-0. 68722
-0.67375

693
782
333
307
597

-0.81866
-0.82681
-0.83440
-0.84141
-0.84782

327
587
647
492
014

-0.19865
-0.22745
-0.25628
-0.28510
-0.31386

477
494
339
113
748

-0.11616
-0.16231
-0.20711
-0.24999
-0.29035

303
372
759
263
406

+0.29165
0.25442
0.21286
0.16748
0.11884

814
027
243
08i7
913

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.61838
0.63283
0.64752
0.66246
0.67766

131
319
284
271
607

-0.65989
-0.64561
-0.63091
-0. 61577
-0.60017

028
342
198
163
702

-0.85360
-0. 85873
-0.86319
-0. 86695
-0.86998

014
186
116
267
970

-0. 34253
-0.37107
-0.39942
-0.42753
-0.45537

994
413
362
983
186

-0.32762
-0.36122
-0.39060
-0.41523
-0.43463

069
172
386
901
218

0.06761
+0.01449
-0.03973
-0.09422
-0.14810

4710
441
144
630
594

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.69314
0.70892
0.72500
O. 74141
O. 75817

718
136
509
614
374

-0.58411
-0.56755
-0.55049
-0. 53290
-0.51476

169
797
685
783
880

-0. 87227
-0. 87377
-0.87446
-0.87430
-0.87326

411
622
461
597
492

-0.48286
-0.50996
-0. 53661
-0.56274
-0.58830

632
718
553
938
338

-0.44832
-0.45592
-0.45708
-0.45151
-0. 43903

986
864
410
989
693

-0.20044
-0.25030
-0. 296 71
-0.33872
-0.37537

847
577
648
031
391

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.77529
O. 79281
0.81074
0.82911
0.84795

871
363
313
404
576

-0.49605
-0.47674
-0. 45680
-0.43620
-0.41491

584
300
211
245
053

-0.87130
-0. 86838
-0. 86445
-0.85948
-0. 85341

380
239
768
352
027

-0.61320
-0.63739
-0.66077
-0. 68327
-0. 70481

855
196
634
969
480

-0.41952
-0.39296
-0.35943
-0.31915
-0.27244

271
048
834
810
363

-0.40576
-0.42904
-0.44442
-0.45121
-0.44884

815
67'
606
636
377

O. 70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.86730
0.88718
0.90764
0.92872
0.95047

053
386
498
736
938

-0.39288
-0.37009
-0.34649
-0.32202
-0.29664

963
946
561
902
526

-0.84618
-0.83774
-0.82803
-0.81698
-0. 80451

438
785
775
546
593

-0. 72528
-0.74460
-0. 76264
-0. 71931
-0. 79447

868
199
823
296
280

-0.21974
-0. 16166
-0. 09892
-0.03241
+0. 03684

878
443
467
178
038

-0.43687
-0.41503
-0.38323
-0.34160
-0.29049

329
231)
471
431
884

0.75
0.76
0.77
O. 78
0.79

0.97295
0.99621
1.02032
1.04537
1.07143

507
508
776
055
168

-0.27028
-0.24287
-0. 21434
-0.18461
-0.15356

369
654
763
097
897

-0. 79054
-0.71498
-0. 75773
-0. 73868
-0. 71769

669
679
539
011
507

-0.80799
-0.81973
-0.82952
-0.83721
-0.84258

424
225
866
016
586

0.10764
0.17866
0.24840
0.31523
0.37739

474
149
151
275
063

-0.23053
-0.16259
-0.08787
-0.00787
+0. 07559

21S

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

1.09861
1.12702
1.15681
1.18813
1.22117

229
903
746
640
352

-0.12111
-0. 087l 0
-0.05140
-0.01384
+0.02578

017
649
968
678
575

-0. 69463
-0. 66934
-0. 64164
-0.61130
-0.57809

835
890
264
745
671

-0.84544
-0.84555
-0.84263
-0.83641
-0.82652

435
002
849
078
589

0.43299
0.48006
0.51654
0.54037
0.54946

312
146
781
123
418

0.16037 522
0.2439896
0.32364 35
0.39624 661
0.45844 91)

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

1.25615
1.29334
1.33307
1.37576
1.42192

281
467
963
766
587

0.06772
0.11227
0.15977
0.21067
0.26551

989
642
928
554
403

-0.54172
-0.50183
-0.45802
-0.40979
-0.35650

080
576
786
212
171

-0.81259
-0. 79414
-0. 77065
-0. 74147
-0. 70582

105
886
991
880
022

0.54183
0.51562
0.46925
0.40147
0.31159

191
828
273
508
776

0.50669 726
O. 53731 19~
0.54659 751
O. 53099 25~
0.48727 156

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.47221
1.52752
1.58902
1.65839
1. 73804

949
443
692
002
934

0.32499
0.39004
0.46190
0.54230
0.63376

754
723
476
272
638

-0.29736
-0.23134
-0.15708
-0. 07268
+0. 02458

306
775
489
272
593

-0. 66270
-0.61090
-0.54880
-0.47419
-0.38399

962
890
000
336
297

0.19967
+0.06677
-0. 08454
-0.24975
-0.42137

037
934
828
925
701

0.41282
0.30602
+0. 16680
-0.00265
-0.19666

428
273

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.83178
1.94591
2.09229
2.29755
2.64665

082
015
572
993
241

0.74019
0.86807
1.02952
1.25160
1.62018

178
374
685
873
589

0.13888
0.27707
0.45181
0.69108
1.08264

288
112
370
487
984

-0.27356
-0. 13540
+0.04408
0.29436
0.70624

330
204
092
613
831

-0.58752
-0. 72921
-0.81464
-0. 78406
-0. 48875

240
201
729
452
677

-0.40421
-0.60564
-0.76587
-0.81720
-0.59305

502
435
179
735
105

1.00

00

00

00

Qo(x) =t In

00

(i~~)

3x - l
e+x)
Q2(x)=---ln
- - -3x
4

I-x

00

x
e+x)
Ql(x)=-In
-1
2
I-x
2
5x 2
Q3(X)=-x (5x L 3) In e+x)
--+I-x
2
3
4

(n+l)Qn+l(X) = (2n+l)xQn(x) -nQn-l(X)

54~

56$
141)
560

00

291
901
02~

348

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION-SECOND KIND Q~(x)

Table 8.4
x

Qo(x)

Qi(x)

Q2(X)

Qa(x)

Q9(X)

Qio(x)

000
133
067
603
546

-2.00000
-1.99959
-1.99839
-1.99639
-1.99359

000
998
968
838
487

0.00000
-0.07999
-0.15993
-0.23978
-0.31948

000
200
599
392
767

0.00000
0.36520
0.72733
1.08336
1.43027

00
25
83
24
23

-4.06349
-4.04156
-3.97600
-3.86745
-3. 71697

21
71
70
44
43

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.00000
1.00010
1.00040
1.00090
1.00160

000
001
016
081
256

0.00000
0.02000
0.04001
0.06003
0.08008

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.00250
1.00361
1.00492
1. 00644
1.00816

627
301
413
122
615

0.10016
0.12028
0.14045
0.16068
0.18097

704
894
936
662
914

-1.98998
-1.98557
-1.98035
-1.97431
-1.96746

747
401
179
766
792

-0.39899
-0.47826
-0. 55725
-0.63589
-0. 71414

900
951
060
347
899

1.76512
2.08508
2.38737
2.66939
2.92866

98
14
90
94
44

-3.52604
-3.29655
-3.03075
-2.73130
-2.40117

61
13
84
45
40

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.01010
1.01224
1. 01461
1.01719
1.01999

101
820
039
052
184

0.20134
0.22179
0.24233
0.26297
0.28372

545
422
428
462
443

-1.95979
-1.95130
-1.94198
-1.93182
-1. 92081

839
431
044
094
942

-0. 79196
-0. 86930
-0.94609
-1.02230
-1.09787

777
001
554
373
345

3.16285
3.36984
3.54769
3.69467
3.80930

86
76
49
78
18

-2.04367
-1.66240
-1.26123
-0.84427
-0.41580

37
59
82
11
27

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.02301
1. 02627
1.02976
1.03348
1.03745

790
258
007
491
202

0.30459
0.32559
0.34672
0.36800
0.38945

312
031
587
997
305

-1.90896
-1.89626
-1. 88268
-1.86824
-1.85291

890
181
994
444
580

-1.17275
-1.24689
-1.32023
-1.39272
-1.46431

302
019
203
496
458

3.89031
3.93671
3.94778
3.92304
3.86234

48
92
25
76
02

+0.01970
0.45767
0.89344
1.32231
1. 73958

77
92
90
56
08

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.04166
1. 04613
1.05086
1. 05585
1.06112

667
453
171
471
054

0.41106
0.43285
0.45484
0.47703
0.49944

589
960
568
605
304

-1.83669
-1.81956
-1.80152
-1. 78255
-1. 76264

380
752
526
455
210

-1.53494
-1.60456
-1.67310
-1.74052
-1.80674

573
234
742
294
982

3. 76577
3.63376
3.46700
3.26651
3.03359

54
26
84
77
33

2.14059
2.52079
2.87577
3.20128
3.49331

45
94
54
51
81

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

1.06666
1.07250
1.07863
1.08506
1.09182

667
107
229
944
225

0.52207
0.54495
0.56809
0.59150
0.61519

948
869
454
152
472

-1.74177
-1.71993
-1.69710
-1. 67327
-1.64842

372
437
801
761
510

-1. 87172
-1.93539
-1.99768
-2.05854
-2. 11790

780
537
972
661
027

2. 76983
2.47712
2.15764
1.81383
1.44841

31
56
35
48
22

3. 74813
3.96230
4.13277
4.25684
4.33229

48
97
26
84
46

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.09890
1.10631
1.11408
1.12220
1.13071

110
707
200
851
009

0.63918
0.66350
0.68815
0.71315
O. 73853

993
370
335
706
396

-1.62253
-1.59557
-1.56753
-1.53839
-1. 50811

126
570
678
152
553

-2.17568
-2.23182
-2.28625
-2.33890
-2. 38969

334
672
944
860
914

1.06434 02
0.66482 02
+0.25327 32
-0.166679S
-0.59123 78

4.35733
4.33070
4.25164
4.11997
3.93608

72
22
55
79
76

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1.13960
1.14889
1.15861
1.16877
1.17938

114
706
430
045
436

0.76430
O. 79048
0.81711
0.84419
0.87175

415
884
039
242
994

-1.47668
-1.44406
-1.41023
-1.37516
-1.33880

292
617
606
155
960

-2.43855
-2.48539
-2.53013
-2.57269
-2. 61297

378
281
394
210
926

-1.01644
-1.43822
-1.85237
-2.25465
-2.64075

63
04
43
05
25

3. 70095
3.41617
3.08394
2. 70708
2.28903

66
42
42
74
82

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.19047
1. 20206
1.21418
1.22684
1.24007

619
756
164
333
937

0.89983
0.92845
0.95764
0.98743
1.01786

941
892
831
931
572

-1.30114
-1. 26213
-1. 22172
-1.17988
-1.13657

509
064
641
995
597

-2.65090
-2.68637
-2. 71928
-2. 74954
-2. 77703

420
229
520
067
216

-3.00637
-3.34725
-3.65918
-3.93806
-4.17995

81
61
35
51
45

1.83383
1.34610
0.83104
+0.29437
-0.25765

54
61
35
81
92

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.25391
1.26839
1.28353
1.29937
1. 31596

850
168
228
630
263

1.04896 360
1.08077 146
1.11333 051
1.14668490
1.18088 202

-1. 09173
-1.04531
-0. 99726
-0.94752
-0.89602

613
874
854
634
868

-2. 80164
-2. 82327
-2.84178
-2.85705
-2. 86895

855
375
630
896
817

-4.38109
-4.53797
-4.64734
-4.70629
-4.71228

69
26
21
25
3S

-0.81838
-1.38069
-1.93714
-2.48003
-3.00140

00
01
78
04
86

0.50

1.33333 333
[( -54)IJ

1.21597 281
[( -54)IJ

-0.84270 745
[( -54)2J

-2.87734 353
[( -54)4J

-4.66319 54
[( -63

)1

-3.49322 79
[(-;)6J

349

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION-SECOND KIND

x

Qo(x)

Q~(x)

Qi(x)

Q~(x)

Q3(X)

Table 8.4

Qg(x)

Qio(x)

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

1.33333
1. 35153
1.37061
1.39062
1.41163

333
399
403
717
185

1. 21597
1.25201
1.28905
1. 32717
1.36643

281
210
905
756
680

0.84270
0.78748
0.73029
0.67104
0.60963

74
95
59
20
61

2.87734
2.88206
2.88297
2.87989
2.87266

35
72
33
70
39

4.66319
4.55737
4.39368
4.17156
3.89102

54
62
94
11
65

3.493228
3.947399
4.355894
4. 710854
5.004695

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

1.43369
1.45687
1. 48126
1. 50693
1.53397

176
646
204
189
760

1.40691
1.44868
1.49184
1.53648
1.58271

178
400
220
320
285

0.54597
0.47996
0.41147
0.34038
0.26655

91
38
39
30
35

2.86108
2.84497
2.82411
2. 79828
2.76723

89
53
36
02
56

3.55277
3.15819
2.70941
2.20934
1.66171

54
61
73
79
26

5.230233
5.380807
5.450406
5.433812
5.326732

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

1.56250
1.59261
1.62443
1.65809
1.69376

000
029
145
982
694

1.63064
1.68041
1.73215
1.78601
1.84218

718
364
259
903
458

0.18983
0.11006
0.02705
0.05937
0.14946

51
36
91
63
05

2.73072
2.68846
2.64017
2.58551
2.52414

34
75
05
08
00

- 1.07108 51
- 0.44291 60
+ 0.21644 47
0.89973 10
1.59875 12

5.125950
4.829465
4.436645
3.948368
3.367169

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

1.73160
1.77179
1.81455
1.86011
1.90876

173
305
271
905
121

1.90083
1.96219
2.02649
2.09399
2.16500

983
705
344
499
099

0.24343
0.34156
0.44414
0.55151
0.66402

42
40
64
17
96

2.45567
2.37971
2.29579
2.20342
2.10205

92
49
49
26
04

2.30438
3. 00660
3.69447
4.35619
4.97914

77
55
22
14
99

2.697375
1. 945245
1.119087
0.229371
O. 711177

O. 70
0.71
0.72
0.73
O. 74

1.96078
2.01653
2.07641
2.14086
2.21043

431
559
196
919
324

2.23984
2.31892
2.40266
2.49156
2.58619

955
413
159
187
998

0.78211
0.90623
1.03692
1.17478
1.32049

54
72
51
21
75

1.99107
1.86981
1. 73752
1.59336
1. 43637

23
51
72
54
96

5.54998
6.05466
6.47859
6.80675
7.02388

34
05
09
90
88

1.687501
2.682165
3.675339
4.644816
5.566082

O. 75
0.76
O. 77
O. 78
0.79

2.28571
2.36742
2.45639
2.55362
2.66028

429
424
892
615
199

2.68724
2. 79545
2.91175
3.03719
3.17305

079
751
493
894
446

1.47486
1.63879
1.81335
1.99979
2.19957

32
46
60
32
51

1.26549
1.07947
0.87692
0.65620
0.41542

27
65
20
16
09

7.11464
7.06387
6.85691
6.47990
5.92027

51
68
02
33
14

6.412431
7.155161
7. 763836
8.206652
8.450921

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

2. 77777
2.90782
3.05250
3.21440
3.39673

778
204
305
051
913

3.32083
3.48236
3.65986
3.85608
4.07443

451
488
997
883
439

2.41444
2.64650
2.89827
3.17286
3.47409

73
26
40
02
64

- 0.15235 72
+ 0.13562 04
0.45165 68
0.79955 16
1.18395 08

5.16720
4.21227
3.05023
1.67989
+ 0.10532

18
67
28
36
57

8.463693
8.212559
7.666669
6.798024
5.583115

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

3.60360
3.84024
4.11353
4.43262
4.81000

360
578
352
411
481

4.31921
4.59595
4.91185
5.27647
5.70283

588
604
380
688
015

3.80679
4.17707
4.59287
5.06465
5.60654

33
50
14
07
69

1.61061
2.08677
2.62171
3.22751
3.92032

19
72
45
63
16

- 1.66270
- 3.60489
- 5.69098
- 7.87652
-10.09858

85
91
02
81
18

+
-

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

5.26315
5.81733
6.51041
7.40192
8.59106

789
566
667
450
529

6.20906
6.82129
7.57861
8.54217
9.81365

159
988
025
980
072

6.23815
6.98747
7.89613
9.02883
10.49236

05
73
09
27
44

4.72224
5.66456
6.79318
8.17876
9.93658

63
11
58
62
04

-12.26944
-14.26758
-15.92348
-16.99643
-17.13329

98
89
54
22
84

- 9.045801
-12.315713
-15.495090
-18.304274
-20.319071

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

10.25641
12. 75510
16.92047
25. 25252
50.25125

026
204
377
525
628

11.57537
14.19080
18.50515
27.04503
52.39539

057
811
528
467
613

12.41698
15.35932
20.00905
29.00735
55.11181

56
33
43
14
39

12.26978
15.57616
20.76422
30.50045
57.80864

50
37
38
90
53

-15. 78782
-12.04072
- 4.11717
+12.32933
54.86521

62
38
87
89
05

-20.873659
-18.851215
-12.140718
+ 4.242107
49.428990

1.00

00

00

00

00

00

4.005017
2.056070
0.258625
2.916594
5.871760

00

350

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST KIND Pn(X)

Table 8.5

Po(x) =1

PI (x) =X

P2(X)

P3(X)

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

1.00
1.66
2.44
3.34
4.36

1.00
2.52
4.76
7.84
11.88

1.00000
4.04700
9.83200
f1~1. 94470
1 3.41520

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

5.50
6.76
8.14
9.64
11.26

17.00
23.32
30.96
40.04
50.68

8.47120
'121'"1.23927
53750

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

13.00
14.86
16.84
18.94
21.16

63.00
77.12
93.16
111.24
131. 48

2 3.21000
2 4.20727
2 5.41672
2 6.86607
28.58472

3
3
3
3

't

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

23.50
25.96
28.54
31.24
34.06

154.00
178.92
206.36
236.44
269.28

3
3
3
3
3

1.06038
1.29559
1.56757
1.87991
2.23641

3
4
4
4

IT"l5O

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

37.00
40.06
43.24
46.54
49.96

305.00
343. 72
385.56
430.64
479.08

3
3
3
3
3

2.64100
3.09781
3.61111
4.18537
4.82519

2.35250
2.87205
3.47916
4.18440
4.99917

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

53.50
57.16
60.94
64.84
68.86

531.00
586.52
645.76
708.84
775.88

3
3
3
3
3

5.53538
6.32087
7.18681
8.13847
9.18133

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

73.00
77.26
81.64
86.14
90.76

847.00
922.32
1001.96
1086.04
1174.68

4
4
4
4
4

1.03210
1.15633
1.29142
1.43797
1.59663

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

95.50
100.36
105.34
110.44
115.66

1268.00
1366.12
1469.16
1577.24
1690.48

Ii

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

121. 00
126.46
132.04
137.74
143.56

1809.00
1932.92
2062.36
2197.44
2338.28

~:

~:

10.0

149.50

2485.00

(4)4.33754

P4(X)

2 1. 74952
2 2.39887

1.76804
1.95286
2.15176
2.36546
(4 2.59466
2.84010
3.10252
3.38268
3.68137
3.99938

P5(X)

pg(x)

1. 00000
6.72552

1.00000

~1~2.09686
1 4.97354

To 02754

P1O(X)

1. 00000

'31'01.13789
06544

2 5.03668
3 2.45973
3 8.97882

3 6.65436
4 2.81110

4
4
5
5
5

2.71007
7.13591
1.69353
3.70173
7.56647

4
5
5
6
6

2.36169
3.24050
4.36022
5.76676

6
6
6
6
7

1.46256
2.69625
4. 77208
8.15181
1.34978

61""09745
7 1.59814
7 3.01437

9.65154
1.22500
1.53765
1.91071

7
7
7
7
8

2.17406
3.41632
5.25060
7.90944
1.16994

8
8
8
8
8

1. 70196
2.43839
3.44472
4.80363
6.61853

9
9
9
9

1.21596
1.62372
2.14858
2.81890

10
10
10
10
10

1.02082
1.42299
1. 96229
2.67872
3.62216

1. 29367
1.49122
1.71215
1.95846
2.23227

9
9
9
9
9

3.66876
4. 73885
6.07749
7.74185
9.79919

10
10
10
11
11

4.85435
6.45123
8.50564
1.11305
1.44623

5 3.64912
5 4.09643

10
10
10
10

l"

1.23283
1.54212
1.91848
2.37430
2.92387

11
11
11
11
11

1.86653
2.39363
3.05098
3.86641
4.87282

4.58649
5.12230
5.70699
6.34383
7.03621

10
10
10
10
10

3.58363
4.37243
5.31184
6.42640
7. 74404

11
11
12
12

2 1.01148
2
2
2
2
3

Ii
4
4
4
4
5

1. 85750
3.16804
5.10597
7.86743
1.16849

683OO

5.93572
7.00717
8.22754
9.61180
1.11759

II
5 2.87149
Irma,
5 3.24171

(5)7. 78769

Too'7a,
1

9.60605
2.81929
7.37020
1. 75809
3.89219

7 5.46578
7 9.57313

To 62597

8
8
8
9

2.68690
4.33189
6.82993
1.05524

Ii

1.60047
2.38657
3.50362
5.06985
7.23884

HI'" ,om

7.62030
9.45994
1.16898
1.43817

(10)9.29640
(12)1.76188
From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated Legendre functions. Columbia Univ. Press, New
York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

351

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST KIND

1.6

1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

l
112.850
3.480
1 4.170
1 4.920
1 5.730

6 600
111 7.530

1 8.520
1 9.570
2 1.068

l
1
1
1
1

1.00000
2.12400
3.75200
5.96800
8.85600

111.50000
1 4.57230
2 1.01688
2 1.92723
2 3.30168

~li:
~~g~~
2 2.23920
2 2.88080
2 3.63160

P~(x)

Pi; (x)

P4(X)

P3(X)

6.000
9.300
1~1. 320
1 1.770
1 2.280

2
2
3
3
3

5.26875
7.97208
1.15704
1.62317
2.21628

3
3
3
3
3

2.95500
3.86184
4.96025
6.27516
7.83305

3
4
4
4
4

9.66187
1.17911
1.42518
1.70764
2.02990

l
2
3
4
4

4.50000
7.71587
4.50787
1.74282
5.33445

511.39531
5 3.25362
5 6.94480
6 1.38132
6 2.59296

614.63721
6 7.95819
7 1.31805
7 2.11632
7 3.30652

2
2
2
2
2

4.50000
5.49440
6.62320
7.89480
9.31760

2 1.572
2 1.713

3
3
3
3
3

1.09000
1.26504
1.45772
1. 66888
1.89936

2
2
2
2
2

1.860
2.013
2.172
2.337
2.508

32.15000
3 2.42164
3 2.71512
3 3.03128
3 3.37096

4j2.39550
4 2.80816
4 3.27172
4 3. 79020
4 4.36775

8
8
8
8
9

3.12290
4.29574
5.83620
7.83868
1.04169

6.8

2
2
2
2
2

2.685
2.868
3.057
3.252
3.453

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

9
9
9
9
9

1.37071
1.78712
2.31006
2.96206
3. 76947

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

2 3.660
2 3.873
2 4.092
2 4.317
2 4.548

9
9
9
9
10

4.76295
5.97809
7.45591
9.24362
1.13953

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

2 4.785
2 5.028
2 5.277
2 5.532
2 5.793

10
10
10
10
10

1.39725
1.70455
2.06937
2.50070
3.00866

10
10
10
10
10

3.60463
4.30137
5.11311
6.05576
7.14698

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4

6.6

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

~l~:
~g~
2 1.437

I
1

26.060
2 6.333
2 6.612
2 6.897
2 7.188

!
j

3.73500
4.12424
4.53952
4.98168
5.45156

jl~:
:~~g~
3 7.03592
3 7.62508
3 8.24616
3
3
4
4
4

8.90000
9.58744
1.03093
1.10665
1.18598

4
4
4
4
4

1. 26900

!
!

1.35580
1.44647
1.54109
1.63974

!
!
j

5.00869
5.71746
6.49870
7.35714
8.29772

~li: 5~~~
5 1.16637
5 1.29849
5 1.44152
5
5
5
5
5

1.59602
1.76260
1.94187
2.13445
2.34099

5
5
5
5
5

2.56215
2. 79860
3.05102
3.32013
3.60663

Table 8.6

P~(x) =3x

Pi (X) = 1

x
1.0
1.2
1.4

P~(x)

515.50068
6 1.42939
6 3.36028
6 7.29317
7 1.48267

7
7
7
8
8

7j5.04229
7 7.52431
8 1.10110
8 1.58313
8 2.23988

!
j

!
1

Pio(x)
l ls.50000
3 1.53586
4 1.13477
4 5.24824
5)1.85808

2.85372
5.24287
9.25345
1.57706
2.60626

814.19097
8 6.57653
9 1.00955
9 1.51918
9 2.24508
9
9
9
9
10

3.26340
4.67217
6.59627
9.19329
1.26604

l0!1.72421
10 2.32397
10 3.10217
10 4.10354
10 5.38214

igl~: ~~~~~

11 1.15949
11 1.47670
11 1.86875

11
11
11
11
11

2.35063
2.93985
3.65675
4.52490
5.57149

11
11
12
12
12

6.82780
8.32969
1.01182
1.22399
1.47481

(4)1.74250
10.0
(2)7.485
(5) 3.91127
(10)8.40642
( 12) 1. 77028
From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated Legendre functions. Columbia Univ. Press,
New York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

352

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

Table 8.7

x
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

00

Q2(X)

Ql(X)

Qo(x)

1.19895
{ -1 ~ 8. 95880
-1 7.33169
-1 6.26381

00

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

9.86123
7.89122
6.47638
5.42093
4.61002

-2~2.11838
-2 1.52029
-2 1.13240
-3~8. 68364
-3 6.81708

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

-'-1-11"46574
3.23314
3.03068
-1 2.85272
-1 2.69498

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

3.97208
3.46035
3.04309
2.69807
2.40934

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

2.16512
1.95664
1.77717
1.62153
1.48564

( -3
~ -3
-3
~ -3
-3

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

1.36628
1.26084
1.16723
1.08374
1.00894

~ -3 1.10450

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

9.41671
8.80944
8.25935
7.75944
7.30377

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

4.90415
4.43652
4.05465
3.7%07

2.55413
2.42754
2.31312
2.20916
2.11428

(-T
(' ,.9'732
02

733

-1 1. 87347
-1 1.80507
-1 1. 74153

-'-1-11"68236
1. 62711
1.57541
-1 1.52691
-1 1.48133

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

-1
-1
-1
( -1

r'

1.43841
1. 39792
1.35967
1.32346
1.28915

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.25657
1.22561
1.19615
1.16807
1.14129

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

-1 1.11572
-1 1.09127
-1 1. 06787
-1 1. 04546
-1 1.02397

00

-1~1.

-'\,"49306
-1
-1
-1
-1

Q3(X)

80147
053 -223.10542
rl4.
'73070
8737 rT9
-1 2.54232
-2 8.59466
2
-2 4.87829
-2 1.47080
-1 1.27487
-2 3.10233 r-3 8.07870
00

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

"1

LEGENDRE FUNCTION-SECOND KIND Qn(x)

-4
{ -4
-4
-4

6
7
7
8
8

1.12179
3. 76522
1.42488
5.92566
2.66020

7
8
8
8
9

2.86313
8.62195
2.96212
1.12879
4.67876

5.45667
4.43984
3.66347
3.05981
2.58298

{ -4
-4
-4
~ -4
-4

8.02854
6.10146
4. 72397
3. 71695
2.96625

8
9
9
9
9

1.27252
6.42269
3.39441
1.86714
1.06372

- 9
-10
-10
-10
-10

2.07945
9.80358
4.86183
2.51945
1.35695

2.20108
1.89145
1.63766
1.42759
1.25217

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

2.39697
1.95866
1.61661
1. 34641
1.13061

-10
-10
-10
-10
-11

6.25130
3.77701
2.33956
1.48213
9.58309

-11
-11
-11
-11
-12

7.56235
4.34493
2.56563
1.55290
9.61271

-11
-11
-11
-11
-11

6.31274
4.23006
2.87937
1.98859
1.39197

-12
-12
-12
-12
-12

6.07362
3.91025
2.56132
1.70471
1.15147

-12
-12
-12
-12
-12

9.86572
7.07418
5.12787
3.75499
2.77600

2.17277
1.94497
1.74631
1. 57242

-12
-12
-12
-13
-13

1.41968
-5 1.28507
-5 1.16606
-5 1.06054
-6 9.66707

-13
-13
-13
-13

r r"

9. 79278
8.72377
7.80551
7.01223

-T'56'"
-5
-5
-5
-5

8.14823
6.98500
6.02278
5.22117

!-4 6.32330 f5 4.54896

-4
-4
-4
-4

5.72204
5.19491
4.73078
4.32050

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

3.95644
3.63228
3.34266
3.08311
2.84980

-3
-3
-3
-3

5.00208
4. 76469
4.54386
4.33807

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

2.63950
2.44944
2.27723
2.12082
1.97844

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

4.14598
3.96640
-4
3. 79827 {-4
3.64063
-4
3.49262 " -4

rr

- 5 4.27633
75615
- 6 5.73368
- 6 1.13241

4.87112
3.13576
2.12013
1.48960
1.07961

6.50550
6.15475
5.83171
5.53353

5771

'1'.'2079

- 4 1.06810
- 5 1. 71471
- 6 3.91902

00

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

-3
-3
-3
-3

rT88725

r r'!6.

QlO(X)

Q9(X)

00

!-41"1. 72979
848SS
1.62102
1.52119
1.42940

-5
-5
-5
-5

3.98181
3.50058
3.09006
2.73812

(T435OO
-5
-5
-5
-5

-6
-6
-6
-6
-6

8.83037
8.08237
7.41202
6.80982
6.26763

r'

7.88519
5.46920
3.83900

-13
-13
-13
-13

2.72499
1.95462

2.07071
1.55770
1.18115
9.02383
6.94338

-13
-13
-14
-14
-14

1.41592
1.03525
7.63577
5.67877
4.25654

5.37876
4.19350
3.28941
2.59524
2.05891

-14
-14
-14
-14
-14

3.21427
2.44439
1.87141
1.44191
1.11775

_"1'
,6'205
-13 1.31620

-15
-15
-15
-15
-15

8.71513
6.83294
5.38569
4.26656
3.39644

-13 1.06011
-14 8.57794
-14 6.97159

10.0 (-1)1. 00335 ( -3) 3.35348 (-4)1.34486 (-6)5.77839 (-14) 5.69010 (-15)2.71639
From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated Legendre functions. Columbia Univ. Press, New
York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

353

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS
Q~(x)

DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION-SECOND KIND

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

-Q~(x)

-Qo(x)

-Q2(X)

-Qs(x)

2.27273
1.04167
~ -1~6. 41026
-1 4.46429

1. 52833
~ -1~5. 62454
-1 2.92472
-1 1.77190

~ -2
-1 1.17361

-2
-2
-2
-2
-3

3. 74965
2.36801
1.57925
1.09833
7.89834

-2
-3
-3
-3
-3

1.14416
6.48766
3.93006
2.50557
1.66411

-2 6.39686

r r

-2 2.20736

00

00

77060 - 3 1.11220
-If"
56516
-1
2.78972
-1' 1.32721 rT06'"
-1 1. 21817
-2 4.85580
- 4 1.39114

00

-Q~o(x)

-Q9(X)

00

00

00

Table 8.8

- 5 2.64367

!-6

- 4 4.88977
- 5 5.11106
- 6 8.39591

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.33333
2.60417
2.10084
1.73611
1.46199

8.25020
(-2 6.05501
~ -2 4.59238
-2 3.57495

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

-ll1.25000
-1 1. 08225
-2 9.46970
-2 8.36120
-2 7.44048

-2 2.30068
-2}1. 89018
-2 1.57309
-2 1.32398

-2~2.84264

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

5.83769
4.41472
3.40437
2.66980
2.12471

-3
-4
-4
-4
-4

1.14304
8.07587
5.84465
4.31867
3.24956

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

6.66667
6.00962
5.44662
4.96032
4.53721

-2
-3
-3
-3
-3

1.12539
9.64994
8.33966
7.25823
6.35742

-3
-3
-3
-4
-4

1.71292
1.39691
1.15099
9.57184
8.02725

-4
-4
-4
-4
-5

2.48459
1.92694
1.51364
1.20274
9.65712

- 9
-10
-10
-10
-10

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

4.16667
3.84025
3.55114
3.29381
3.06373

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

5.60078
4.96040
4.41464
3.94656
3.54273

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

6.78356
5.77277
4.94423
4.25974
3.69015

-5
-5
-5
-5
-5

7.82792
6.40058
5.27543
4.38019
3.66172

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

2.85714
2.67094
2.50250
2.34962
2.21043

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

3.19245
2.88709
2.61964
2.38436
2.17655

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

3.21299
2.81078
2.46977
2.17910
1.93008

-5
-5
-5
-5
-5

3.08050
2.60683
2.21813
1.89709
1.63035

-11
-11
-12
-12
-12

1.66874
1.15686
8.11673
5. 75903
4.12938

2.08333
~ -2
-2 1.96696

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

1.99230
1.82834
1.68195
1.55083
1.43304

-5
-5
-5
-6
-6

1.40747
1.22023
1.06216
9.28073
8.13829

-12
-12
-12
-12
-13

2.99029
2.18566
1.61163
1.19826
8.97939

-6
-6
-6
-6
-6

7.16078
6.32104
5.59691
4.97021
4.42597

-13 6.77915
-13 5.15433
-13 3.94535
-13 3.03931
-13 2.35565

-14
-14
-14
-14
-14

4.45610
3.30480
2.46898
1.85745
1.40670

1.83641
1.43959
1.13452
8.98657
7.15298

-14
-15
-15
-15
-15

1.07211
8.22064
6.33995
4.91668
3.83321

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

~ -2 1.86012

-2 1.76180
-2 1.67112

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

1.58730
1.50966
1.43761
1.37061
1.30822

-2
-2
-2
( -2

1.25000
1.19560
1.14469
1.09697
1.05219

-3 1. 23104
r"32691
-3 1.14421
-3 1.06538
-4 9.93646
{-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

9.28224
8.68435
8.13682
7.63447
7.17272

r' 1.71573
-4
-4
-4
-4

1.53040
1.36949
1.22923
1.10651

r
-5
-5
-5
-5

9.98765
9.03846
8.19960
7.45601
6. 79498

-5
-5
-5
-5
-5

6.20573
5.67908
5.20722
4. 78344
4.40196

~ -6 3.95179

-6
~ -6
-6
-6

3.53736
3.17406
2.85468
2.57314

(-

6.52419
1.93263
6.56197
2.47880
1.02057

rT,5922
6
7
7
8
8

1. 83053
4.86561
1.49994
5.19235
1. 97390

8 2.11821
8} 1.04686
9 5.40951
9 2.90659

8~4.51200

- 9
- 9
- 9
-10
-10

8.10849
3.55578
1.64904
8.02794
4.07799

1.61660
9.27220
5.46705
3.30481
2.04345

-10
-10
-11
-11
-11

2.15091
1.17316
6.59413
3.80849
2.25453

-12
-12
-12
-12

8.43598
5.31340
3.40566
2.21848

6
7
7
7

-10 1. 28985

-11 8.29696

-11 5.43056
-11 3.61188
-11 2.43819

-13
-13
-14
(-14

r"

r11 1.'649'
r" 1.4670'
-13
-13
-13
-13

9.83782
6.68395
4.59703
3.19817

;-"
2.24909
-13 1.59779
-13 1.14602
-14 8.29452
-14 6.05494

10.0 (-2)1.01010 (-4)6.74753 (-5)4.05782 ( -6) 2.32430 (-14)5.72014 (-15)3.00374

From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated Legendre functions. Columbia Univ. Press, New
York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

;1

9. Bessel Functions of Integer Order

F. W. J.

OLVER 1

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties. .

358

Notation. . . . . . . . .

358

Bessel Functions J and Y.

9.1. Definitions and Elementary Properties .
9.2. Asymptotic Expansions for Large Arguments
9.3. Asymptotic Expansions for Large Orders
9.4. Polynomial Approximations.
9.5. Zeros . . . . . . . . . .

358
358
364
365
369
370

Modified Bessel Functions 1 and K.

9.6. Definitions and Properties
9.7. Asymptotic Expansions. .
9.S. Polynomial Approximations.

374
374
377
378

Kelvin Functions. . . . . . . . . .
9.9. Definitions and Properties .
9.10. Asymptotic Expansions . .
9.11. Polynomial ApproximationA

379
379
381
384

Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . .
9.12. Use and Extension of the Tables.

385
385

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

388

Table 9.1.

390

Bessel Functions-Orders 0,1, and 2 (0:::;x:::;I7.5)

Jo(x) , 15D, J 1 (x), J 2 (x), Yo (x) , Y1(x) , IOD
Y 2 (x) , 8D
x=O(.I) 17.5
Bessel Functions-Modulus and Phase of Orders 0, 1, 2
(lO:::;x:::;cn). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x1Mn(X) , 8n(x) -x, 8D
n=0(I)2, x-1=.I( -.01)0
Bessel Functions-Auxiliary Table for Small Arguments
(O:::;x :::;2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
2
Yo(x)-- Jo(x) In x,
11'

x=0(.I)2,
Table 9.2.

396

397

x[Y1(x)-- J1(x) In x]
11'

8D

Bessel Functions-Orders 3-9 (0 :::;x:::;20)

In(x), Yn(x) ,
n=3(I)9
x=0(.2)20,
5D or 5S

398

National Bureau of Standards, on leave from the National Physical Laboratory.

355

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

356

Page

Table 9.3.

Bessel Functions-Orders 10, 11,20, and 21 (O:$x :$20)

X- IOJ lO (X) , X-ll']ll (x), xlO YlO (x)
x=O(.l)lO, SS or 9S
J10(x), J ll (x), Y10(x)
X= 10(.1)20, SD
X- 20J 20 (X), x- 2I J 21 (X), :.t 20 Y 20 (X)
x=0(.1)20, 6S or 7S
Bessel Functions-Modulus and Phase of Orders 10,11,20,
and 21 (20:$x:$ CD). . . . .
xIMn(X) , 8n(x)-x
n=lO,l1, SD
n=20,21, 6D
x- l = .05( - .002)0

Table 9.4.

Bessel Functions-Various Orders (0:$n:$100).

In(x) , Yn(x) , n=0(1)20(1O)50, 100
x=l, 2,5,10,50,100, lOS

Table 9.5.

Zeros and Associated Values of Bessel Functions and Their

Derivatives (O:$n :$8, 1 :$8 :$20). . . . . . . .
jn,s, J~(jn,s); j~,., In(j~,s), 5D (10D for n=O)
Yn,s, Y~(Yn,s); Y~, .. Yn(Y~,s), 5D (8D for n=O)
8=1(1)20, n=0(1)8

402

406

407

409

Table 9.6. Bessel Functions Jo(jo,.x), 8=1(1)5. . . . . . . .

x=0(.02)1, 5D

413

Table 9.7.

Bessel Functions-Miscellaneous Zeros (8=1(1)5) . .

8th zero of x J1(x)-'AJO(x)
~, }.-1=0(.02) .1, .2(.2)1, 4D
8th zero of J1(x)-WO(x)
}.=.5(.1)1, ~-1=1(-.2).2, .1(-.02)0, 4D
8th zero of Jo(x) Yo(>.x) - Yo(x)Jo(>.x)
}.-1=.8(-.2) .2, .1(-.02)0, 5D (8D for 8=1)
8th zero of J1(X)Y1(>.x)-Y1(X)J1(>.x)
}.-I=.S(-.2) .2, .1(-.02)0, 5D (8D for 8=1)
8th zero of JI(X)YO(~X)-YI(X)JO(>.x)
~-1=.8(-.2) .2, .1(-.02)0, 5D (8D for 8=1)

414

Table 9.8.

Modified Bessel Functions of Orders 0,1, and 2 (0 :$x:$20)

e-Zlo(x), eZKo(x), e-XI1(x), eZKr(:x:)
x=0(.l)10 (.2)20, 10D or lOS

416

x- 212 (x), x2K2 (x)

x=0(.1)5,

10D, 9D

e- Z I 2 (x), eZ K 2 (x)

x=5(.1)10 (.2)20, 9D.8D

Modified Bessel Functions-Auxiliary Table for Large
Arguments (20 :$ x:$ CD). . . . .
xte-Z1n(X) , 1I'- l x1eZK n(x) , n=O, 1,2
x- I=.05( -.002)0, 8-9D
Modified Bessel Functions-Auxiliary Table for Small
Arguments (0:$x:$2). . . . . . . .
Ko(x)+Io(x) In x, x{K1(x)-I1(x) lnx}
x=0(.1)2, 8D

422

422

357

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Page

Table 9.9.

Modified Bessel Functions-Orders 3-9 (0 ~ x ~ 20) . . .

e-zJn(x), e"Kn(x), n=3(1)9
x=0(.2)1O(.5)20, 5S

Table 9.10. Modified Bessel Functions-Orders 10, 11, 20 and 21

(0~x~20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x-lOllO(x), x-llIll(x), x lOK lO (x)
x=0(.2)1O, 8S or 9S
e-zJlO(x), e-zJll (x), e"KIO(x)
X= 10(.2)20, lOD, 10D, 7D
x- 212o (x), x- 2l 12l (x), OK 20 (x)
x=0(.2)20, 5S to 7S
Modified Bessel Functions-Auxiliary Table for Large
Arguments (20 ~ x ~ ex> ).
In {xie-zJlO(x) }, In{xie-"Ill(x)}, In {1r- lx1e"KIO (x) }
In{x1e-zJ2o (x)}, In{x1e-"I2l (x)}, In {1r- lx!e"K20 (x) }
x- l =.05( -.001)0, 8D,6D

423

425

Table 9.11. Modified Bessel Functions-Various Orders

In(x), Kn(x), n=0(1)20(1O)50, 100
X= 1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 9S or lOS

(0~n~100)

Table 9.12. Kelvin Functions-Orders 0 and 1 (0~x~5)

ber x, bei x, berl x, bei l x
ker x, kei x, kerl x, kei l x
x=0(.1)5, .iOD,9D
Kelvin Functions-Auxiliary Table for Small Arguments
(0 ~x~ 1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ker x+ ber x In x, kei x+ bei x In x

x(kerlx+ berl x In x), x(kei l x+ bei l x In x)
x=O(.l)l, 9D
Kelvin Functions-Modulus and Phase (O~x~7)
Mo(x), (Jo(x), Ml(x), (Jl(X)
No(x), CPo(x), Nl(x), CPl(X)
x=0(.2)7, 6D
Kelvin Functions-Modulus and Phase for Large Arguments (6.6 ~x~ ex.
xie-"N2Mo(x), (Jo(x)-(x/-{2), xle-xl,flMl(x), (Jl(X)-(X/-{2)
xieXN2No(x), CPo (x) + (x/-{2), x1ex/,;2Nl (x) , CPl (x) + (x/-{2)
x- I =.15(-.01)0, 5D

427

428

430

430

432

432

The author acknowledges the assistance of Alfred E. Beam, Ruth E. Capuano, Lois K.
Cherwinski, Elizabeth F. Godefroy, David S. Liepman, Mary Orr, Bertha H. Walter, and
Ruth Zucker of the National Bureau of Standards, and N. F. Bird, C. W. Clenshaw, and
Joan M. Felton of the National Physical Laboratory in the preparation and checking of the
tables and graphs.

9. Bessel Functions of Integer Order

Mathematical Properties
Notation
The tables in this chapter are for Bessel functions of integer order; the text treats general
orders. The conventions used are:
z=x+iy; x, y real.
n is a positive integer or zero.
v, p. are unrestricted except where otherwise
indicated; v is supposed real in the sections devoted
to Kelvin functions 9.9, 9.10, and 9.11.
The notation used for the Bessel functions is
that of Watson [9.15] and the British Association
and Royal Society Mathematical Tables. The
function Y.(z) is often denoted N.(z) by physicists
and European workers.
Other notations are those of:
Aldis, Airey:
G,,(z) for -ill" Y,,(z), K,,(z) for (- )"K,,(z).

Clifford:
G,,(x) for 'J,-1"J,,(2{X).

Gray, Mathews and MacRobert [9.9]:

Y,,(z) for

Y,,(z)

+ (In 2-'Y)J,,(z),

Y.(z) for lI"e'''i sec(v7r) Y.(z),

Bessel Functions J and Y

9.1. Definitions and Elementary Properties
Differential Equation

9.1.1
Solutions are the Bessel functions of the first kind
J,jjz) , of the second kind Y.(z) (also called
Weber'sfunction) and of the third kindH~l) (z), H~2) (z)
(also called the Hankel functions). Each is a
regular (holomorphic) function of z throughout
the z-plane cut along the negative real axis, and
for fixed z(O) each is an entire (integral) function of v. When v= n, J.(z) has no branch point
and is an entire (integral) function of z.
Important features of the various solutions are
as follows: J.(z)(?b?,O) is bounded as z~O in
any bounded range of arg z. J.(z) and J _.(z)
are linearly independent except when v is an
integer. J.(z) and Y.(z) are linearly independent
for all values of v.
H~l)(Z) tends to zero as Izl~co in the sector
O<arg z<lI"; H~2)(Z) tends to zero as Izl~CXl in the
sector -7r<arg z<O. For all values of v, H~ll(z)
and H~2) (z) are linearly independent.

G.(z) for i1l"iH~1) (z).

Relations Between Solutions

Jahnke, Emde and Losch [9.32]:

Y.(z)

J.(z) co~ (V1r)-J _.(z)

sm (V1r)

A.(z) for r(v+1)(!z)-J.(z).

9.1.2

H~l) (z),

The right of this equation is replaced by its

limiting value if v is an integer or Zero.

Jeffreys:
Hs.(z) for

Hi.(z) for H;2) (z),

Kh.(z) for (2/1I")K.(z).

Heine:

9.1.3
H~1) (z) =J.(z) +iY.(z)

=i csc(Vll"){ rVOiJ.(z) -J _.(z)}

9.1.4
Neumann:

H~2) (z) =J.(z) -iY.(z)

Y"(z) for hY,,(z)+(ln 2-'Y)J,,(z).

Whittaker and Watson [9.18]:

K.(z) for cos(p1r)K.(z).
358

=i csc(V7r){J_.(z)-e"tJ.(z)}
9.1.5

J_,,(z)=(-)"J,,(z)

Y_,,(z) = (-)"Y" (z)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

359

10

.!

'.

/12

,,
,,

-.1

,,

/Y10{X)

-.6

,I
I

-.8

9.2. J10(x) , Y10(x), and

MlO(x) =.JJMx) Y?o(x).

FIGURE

11

!\

4
,

FIGURE

9.3.

J.(lO) and Y.(10).

\!~(10)

\;

"

FIGURE

.!

9.4. Oontour line8 of the modulus and pha8e of the Hankel Function H~!) (x+iy) = Moe i8o

From

E. Jahnke, F. Emde, and F. Losch, Tables of higher functions, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1960 (with permission).

360

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Integral Representations

Lhniting Fortns for SID all ArgulDents

When " is fixed and

Z~O

9.1.7
J.(z) '" (!z)'/r(,,+ 1)
9.1.8

9.1.18
Jo(z)=-1
7f'

(,,~-1,

-2, -3,

,)

Yo(z)"'-iHg1l(z)",iHg2)(Z) ",(2/7r)In z

Jr

cos(zsinO)d8=-1

7f'

Jr

cos(zcosO)d8

9.1.19

41:

Y O(Z)=2

ir

cos (z cos 0) {'Y+ln (2z sin2 O)} d8

7f'

9.1.20

9.1.9
Y,(z) '" -iH~l) (z) ",iH~2l (z) '" - (1/7r) r(,,)( }z)-'

(81,,>0)
Ascending Series

9.1.21

9.1.10

J"(Z)=~!or cos (zsin o-nO)d8

9.1.11
(!z)-" ~ (n-k-1)! (1 2)k
( )= - . - - 4...J
Y "z
k'
,z
7r k~O
'
2
+-In (!z)J" (z)
7r
2
_ (! z)":t {1f(k+1) +1f(n+k+1)} (-tz )k
7r k-O
k! (n+k)!

fr e cos
Jo
l

i-II
7f'

8 COS

(n8)dO

9.1.22

l1:

J.(z)=7r

cos(z sin O-"O)dO

)1:'" e-

sin (
-~

ZS1nh

'-"dt (Iarg

zl<h)

7f'

where 1f(n) is given by 6.3.2.

iZ2 (iZ2)2 (lz2)3
9.1.12 J o(z)=1- (1!)2+ (21)2 - (3!)2 + ' , ,

Y,(z)=!
7f'

fr sin(z sin O-P8)d8

Jo

9.1.13
9.1.23

2i'"

J o(x) =-

21:'" cos(x cosh t)dt (x>O)

9.1.14

Yo(x)=--

7f'

J,(z)J,.(z) =

.+,. '"
(iz)

sin(x cosh t)dt (x>O)

7f'

9.1.24
(-)kr("+J.I+2k+l) (lz2)k

~ r(,,+k+l)r(J.I+k+l)r("+J.I+k+l) k!
Wronskians

Y,(x)

9.1.15
9.1.25
W{ J.(z), J_,(z)} =J,+l(Z)J_,(z) +J,(z)J_('+!l(Z)

9.1.16
W{ J.(z), y,(z)} =J,+!(z) Y,(z)-J,(z) Y,+l(Z)

=2/(7rz)

1
J'(X)=27ri

9.1.17
W{H~l)(Z), H~2)(Z) }=H~1J.l(Z)H~2)(Z)-H~I)(z)H~2J.l(Z)

=-4i/(7f'z)

II'"

_I",

r(-t)(ix)+21
r(lI+t+l)

dt (8111>0, x>O)

In the last integral the path of integration must

lie to the left of the points t=O, 1, 2, ' , , ,

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

and

Recurrence Relations

9.1.27

361

211
C/f ,-1 (z) +C/f'+1 (z) =z- C/f, (z)

4
p"s.-q.r=-r-b
7ra

9.1.34

C/f H (z) -C/f'+1 (z) =2C/f~{z)

Analytic Continuation

C/f~(z) =C/f H(2)-~ C/f .(z)

In 9.1.35 to 9.1.38, m is an integer.

C/f~(z)= -C/f '+I(Z)+~ C/f .(z)

9.1.35

C/f denotes J, Y, HCll, H(2) or any linear comb ination of these functions, the coefficients in which
are independent of z and II.
9.1.28

J~(Z)=-JI(Z)

9.1.36
Y.(zemrl)=e-m.rIY.(z)+2i sin(mll7r) cot (1I7r) J.{z)

9.1.37

If j,(z) = z'PC/f (xzt) where p, q, X are independent

of II, then
9.1.29
j._I{z) +j.+I(z) = (211/'A)z-~,(z)

+ (p-IIq)!'+1(z) = (211/X)ZI-gj~(z)
zj~(z) =Xqzaj._l(Z) + (p- IIq)j.(z)
zj~(z) = - Xqzaj'+1{z) + (P+llq)j.(z)

(p+ IIq)j._I{Z)

9.1.38

sin(II7r)H f) (zemrl)=sin {(m+ 1)1I7r} H~2) (z)

+e,rl sin(mll7r)H~l)(z)
9.1.39
H~l)

(ze rl) =

-e-.rIH~2)(z)

H;2) (ze- rl ) =

Fonnulas for Derivatives

_erIH~l\ (z)

9.1.30
9.1.40
Y,(z) = Y,(z)

J.(Z)-J,(z)
H~1)(Z)=H~2)(Z)

9.1.31

(II real)

Generating Function and Associated Series

C/f~I:) (z) =ik {C/f ._I:{z) -(~) C/f'-1:+2(Z)

CD

+(:) C/f.-k+4(Z)- ... +< -)!:Cjf'+k(Z)}

(k=O, 1,2, ... )

If

H~2)(Z)=H~1)(Z)

9.1.41

e!z(t-l/tl=

~
k=-m

(t 7"'0)

t!:Jk(Z)
CD

9.1.42 cos (z sin 8)=Jo(z) +2

Recurrence Relations for Cross-Products

~
k~l

J 2k (Z) cos (2M)

CD

9.1.43 sin (z sin 8)=2

~ J
k=O

9.1.32

2k

+1 (Z) sin {(2k+l)8}

9.1.44

p,=J.(a)Y,(b) - J .(b)Y ,(a)

q,=J.(a)Y~(b) -J~(b)Y .(a)
r.=J:(a)Y ,(b) - J .(b )Y:(a)
8.=J:(a)Y:(b) -J~(b)Y~(a)

CD

cos (z cos 8) =Jo(z) +2

~
k-l

(- )kJ2k (Z) cos (2k8)

9.1.45

then
9.1.33

CD

sin (z
211

211

cosO)=2~ (_)kJ21:+1{Z)
k-O

cos {{2k+l)O}

P'+1-P.-I=-a: q'-1) r.

II

11+1

II

11+1

9.1.46

q'+1+ r'=(i P'--b- P'+1

I=Jo(z)+2J2 (z)+2J4 (z)+2Js(z)+ . . .

9.1.47

cos z=Jo(z)-2J2 (z)+2J.(z)-2Js(z)+

r'+1+q'=b P'-----o;- P'+1

112

8'=2 P,+1+2 P.-I-ab p,

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF TINTEGER ORDER

362

Other Differential Equations

IJ" (nz)l~

9.1.63

W= zll/f (XZ)

9.1.49

z" exp {n.J(I-z 2)}

{1+~(I-z2)}"

Derivatives With Respect to Order

9.1.64
i)
i)"

J.(z)=J. (z) In (!z)

-(!z).

9.1.52

(_)1: ~(,,+k+l) (iZ2)t

r(,,+k+l)

k=O

k!

9.1.65

2,,-1 '+X2w=,
W" --z-w

i)
i)
i)"y.(z)=eot(JI1I") {i)"J.(z)-1rY,(z)}

9.1.53
i)

z,2w" +(1-2p)zw' +(X2q2z2f+p~-rq2)w=0,

-csc (JI1I") i)" J _,(z) -1rJ. (z)

W= z7Jl/f .(XZI)

9.1.54

(,,;z!'0, 1, 2, ... )

9.1.66
w= l/f .(Xe")

=~ Y,,(z)+ n!(!z)-" ~ (!z)l:JI:(z)

[~J,(Z)]
i)"
.=" 2
2
(n-k)k!

9.1.55

k-O

9.1.67

Z2(Z2_,,2)W" +z(z2-3,,2)W'

+ {(z2_,,2)2_ (Z~+,,2) }w=O,

w=l/f~(z)

9.1.56

Y.(Z)] =_~ J,,(z)+ n!(!z)-"~ (!z)l:YI:(z)

[~
2
2
(n-k)k!
i)"
._"
k=O

9.1.68
where a is any of the 2n roots of unity.
[:" J,(z)

Differential Equations for Products

In the following t1== z

1z and l/f.(z), !:2',,(z) are any

cylinder functions of orders

II,

1.1

l_o=~Yo(Z)' [:" Y,(z) l_o=-~Jo(Z)

Expressions in Tenus of HypergeoDletric Functions

9.1.69

respectively.

9.1.57
{t1'-2(r+1.I 2)t12+ (,,2-1.12)2}W
+4z2(t1+ 1)(t1+2)w=0,

w=l/f .(z)!:2',,(z)

9.1.70

9.1.58
~(~2-4r)w+4z2(~+ l)w=O,

w=l/f ,(z)!:2' ,(z)

9.1.59

as X, 1.1"':' through real or complex values i z, "

being fixed.
(oFl is the generalized hypergeometric function.
For M(a, b, z) and F(a, b; c; z) see chapters 13 and
15.)
.
CX)

z3w'" +z(4z2+ 1-4r)w' +(4,,2-1)w=0,

W= zl/f .(z)!:2'.(z)
Upper Bounds

Connection With Legendre Functions

9.1.60 IJ.(x)I~1 (,,~O), IJ.(x)I~I/.J2

21
0<J'(")<3I r(l),,1

9.1.61

See page

(,,>0)

IJ'(Z)I~ltz(I:~~zl (,,~ _i)

9.1.62
II.

If 1.1 and x are fixed and "...:,

positive values

CX)

through real

9.1.71

lim

{,,"P;" (cos ;)} =J,,(x)

(x>O)

363

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

In 9.1.79 and 9.1.80,

w=-v'(U2+v2-2uv cos ex),
u-v cos ex=w cos x, v sinex=w sin x

9.1.72

lim {II"Q;" (cos ;)} =-!11' Y,,(x)

the branches being chosen so that W-Ht and x~O

as V--4O. OC%) (cos ex) is Gegenbauer's polynomial
(see chapter 22).

For P';" and Q;", see chapter 8.

Continued Fractions

9.1.73

J.(z)
J._!(z)

1
1
1
2vz- ' - 2(v+l)z-l- 2(v+2)z

!Z/II lz2/ {V(II+ I)} lz2/ { (11+ 1) (11+2) }

=111-'"
Multiplication Theorem

9.1.74
Gegenbauer' 8 addition theorem.

~.(},z)=},:I:,:t (=t=)k (}.2; l)k(!z)k ~':I:"(z)

b.O

Ifu, v are real and positive and 0 ~ex~1I', thenw,x

are real and non-negative, and the geometrical
relationship of the variables is shown in the diagram.
The restrictions Iveial< lui are unnecessary in
9.1.79 when 'C=J and II is an integer or zero, and
in 9.1.80 when <t'=J.

(1},2-11<1)
If ~ =J and the upper signs are taken, the restriction on A is unnecessary.
This theorem will furnish expansions of ~.(ret6)
in terms of 'C .,u(r).
Addition Theorems

Degenerate Fonn (11,= <Xl):

Neumann's

9.1.81
III

III

9.1.75

~,(uv)= ~ ~''Fk(U)Jk(V)
k=-02

el '

(Ivl<lul)

C08

a=r(lI) (!v)-.

L:

(lI+kWJ.+,,(v)Oi') (cos a)

k=O

<

The restriction Ivl lui is unnecessary when

<t'=J and II is an integer or zero. Special cases are

(v;z!!o, -1, ... )

Neumann's Expansion of an Arbitrary Function in a

Series of Bessel Functions
III

9.1.82 J(z)=aoJo(z) +2 L: aJ,,(z)

III

1= Jg(z) +2 ~ .n(z)

9.1.76

(lzl<e)

k=l

k=l

where c is the distance of the nearest singularity

ofJ(z) from z=O,

9.1.77

9.1.83 a"=2-!.
11'~

9.1.78
n

k-O

J(t)O,,(t)dt

(O<c' <c)

and O,,(t) is Neumann's polynomial.

is defined by the generating function

III

In(2z)=~ Jk(Z)Jn_k(Z)+2~

f Izl=e'

(-)"J,,(z)Jn+,,(z)

k=l

The latter

9.1.84

Graf's

(lzl<lt/)

9.1.79

On(t) is a polynomial of degreen+1 in l/t; Oo(t) = l/t,

9.1.85

Gegenbauer's

1 ~n(n-k-1)!
On(t)=4~
k!

9.1.80

~.(w) =2'r(lI)
~

:t (lI+k) ~'H(U) J.+,,(v) OC;;I(COS ex)

k~

(lI;z!!o,-1,,lve:l: 1a l<lul)

(2)"-21:+1
t

(n-l,2, ... )

The more general form of expansion

.

9.1.86

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF

364

~EGER

ORDER

9.2.6

also called a Neumann expansion, is investigated

in [9.7] and [9.15] together with further generalizations. Examples of Neumann expansions are
9.1.41 to 9.1.48 and the Addition Theorems. Other
examples are

9.2.7

9.1.87

H~1l(z)=.J2/(trz){P(v, z)+iQ(v, z) }e iX

1
(2Z

)._-.0
-

....J

k=O

(v+2k)r(v+k) J

k'

.+2k

Y.(z)=..j2/(trz){P(v, z) sinx+Q(v, z) cosx}

(Iarg zl<tr)

(-tr<arg z<2tr)

(Z)
(v~O,

-1,-2, ...)

9.1.88

9.2.8
H~2) (z) =..j2/(trz){ P(v, z) -iQ(v, z) }e- iX

n!(!z)-n ~ (!Z)kJk(Z)
tr
k=O
(n-k)k!

(-2tr<arg z<tr)
where x=z-(jv+i)tr and, with4v 2 denoted by 1-1,

+~tr {In (h)-~(n+1) }In(z)

9.2.9

i: (- )k(n+2k)Jn+2k(Z)

_~
tr k=l

k(n+k)

P(

v, z

)",~ (_)k (v,2k)=I_(I-I-l)(1-I-9)

i='o
(2z)2k
2!(8z)2

+ (1-1-1)(1-1-9)(1-1-25)(1-1-49)_

where ~(n) is given by 6.3.2.

4!(8z)4

9.2.10

9.1.89
2
4 -.0 ( k J 2k (Z)
Yo(z)=- {In (jz)+'Y}Jo(z)--....J -) -ktr
tr k=l

(_)k (v,2k+l)
Q( V,Z ) ",~
....J
(2 z)2k+l
k=O

9.2. Asymptotic Expansions for Large

Arguments

1-1-1

(1-1- 1)(1-1- 9)(1-1- 25)

8z

3!(8z)3

+ ...

If v is real and non-negative and z is positive, the

remainder after k terms in the expansion of P(v, z)
does not exceed the (k+ l)th term in absolute
value and is of the same sign, provided that
k>!v-i. The same is true of Q(v,z) provided
that k>!v-!.

Principal Asymptotic Forms

When v is fixed and Izl-4CXl

9.2.1
J.(z)=.J2/(trz) {cos (z-!lJ1r-itr)+e IYz1 0(lzl-l)}

(Iarg zl<tr)
9.2.2
Y.(z)=.J2/(trz) {sin (z-!Vtr-itr)+eIYzIO{lzl-l)}

(iarg zl<tr)
9.2.3
H~!) (z) '" -V2/ (trz)ei(z-i,"-l")

Asymptotic Expansions of Derivatives

With the conditions and notation of the preceding subsection

9.2.11
J;(z)=-V2 /(trz){ -R(v, z) sinx-S(v, z) cos xl

(Iarg zl<tr)

9.2.12

9.2.4

Y;(z)=.J2/(trz){R(v, z) cos x-S(v, z) sin x}

H~2) (z) '" -V2 / (trz) e -i(z-!,"-i")

(-2tr<arg z<tr)

(Iarg zl<tr)
9.2.13

Hankel's Asymptotic Expansions

H~1)'(Z)=..j2/(trz){ iR(v, z)-S(v, z) }e iX

When v is fixed and Izl-4CXl

(-tr<arg z<2tr)

9.2.5

9.2.14

J.(z) =-V2/(trz) {P(v, z) cos x-Q(v, z) sin x}

H~2)' (z) = -V2/(trz) { -iR(v, z) -S(v, z) }e- iX

(Iarg zl<tr)

(-2tr<arg z<tr)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

9.2.15

365

9.2.29

O,"x-(tll+i)7r+;~~
+ (~-l) (~-25) + (~-1)(~2-114~+ 1073)
6 (4x) 3
5(4x)5

9.2.16
S(

) "-' ~ (_)k 411 2+4(2k+ 1)2-1 (II, 2k+ 1)

II, z
~
4112- (4k+ 1)2
(2Z)2k+l
~+3

(~-1)(~-9)(~+35)+

3!(8zP

8z

II

(~-1) (5~3-1535~2+54703~-375733)

14 (4x)1

+ ...

9.2.30

...

N2"-'~{I-! ~-3 _~ (~-1)(~-45)

7rX
2 (2X)2 2.4
(2X)4

Modulus and Phase

For real

and positive x

... }

The general term in the last expansion is given by

9.2.17
M,= IH~l) (x) I =../{ J~(X)

1 . 1 . 3 ... (2k-3)
246 ... (2k)

+ Y~(X)}

(J.=arg H~I)(x)=arctan {Y,(x)/J.(x)}

X (~-1) (~-9) ... {~-(2k-3)2 }{~- (2k+ 1)(2k-l)2} '"

.

9.2.18

(2X)2k

N,= IH~l)'(x) I =../{ J; 2 (x) Y; 2(X)}

H~l)/(x)=arctan {Y;(x)/J;(x)}

9.2.31

9.2.19

J.(x)=M, cos 0.,

Y.(x)=1\i. sin 0.,

cf>."-'X-(2"-4) 7r+ 2 (4x) +

9.2.20

J;(x)=N. cos Ij?,

Y;(x)=N, sin Ij?.

Ij?,=arg

In the following relations, primes denote differentiations with respect to x.

9.2.22

~=M;2+M~0;2=M;2+4/(7rxM.)2

9.2.23

(x2-11 2)M.M;+x2N.N;+xN;=0

~+3

~2+46~-63

6(4x)3

1899+
+ ~3+ 185~2-2053~+
5(4x)5
...
If 112:: 0, the remainder after k terms in 9.2.28 does
not exceed the (k+ 1)th term in absolute value
and is of the same sign, provided that k>lI-t.

9.3. ASYlllptotic Expansions for Large Orders

9.2.24
Principal Asymptotic Forms

tan (1j?-0.)=M.0;/M;=2/(-TrxM.M;)
M.N.sin (1j?-0.)=2/(7rx)

9.2.25

x2M;' +xM;+ (x2-~)M.-4/(rM:)=0

9.2.26
X'w'" +x(4x2+ 1-411 2 )w'

9.2.27

+(411 -1)w=0,
2

In the following equations it is supposed that

11--'> through real positive values, the other variables being fixed.
(Xl

9.3.1
w=x1\P.

("")2=1_"2~41

1 "II' 3
0;2+ 2 un; -4 ~;

Y.(z)",-

When II is fixed, x is large and positive, and ~=4112

9.2.28
M2,,-,~

7rX

{1+! ~-1 +~
2 (2X)2

2.4

1 3 5
+2.4.6

9.3.2

(~-1)(~-9)
(2X)4

(~-1)(~-9)(~-25)

(2X)6

~-

7r1l

Asymptotic Expansions of Modulus and Phase

+ ... }
See page

II.

(ez)-.
211

366

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

9.3.3

9.3.9

J. (v sec (3) =

'llo(t) =
1/ 1(t l =
U2(t) =
U3(t) =

.J2/(7rv tan (3) {cos (v tan~- v~-tn-) +0 (V-I) }

(0<~<!7r)

Y.(v sec (3)=

.J2/ (7rV tan~) {sin (v tan ~-v~-h)+O(v-I)}
(O<~<~)

(3t-5t 3;/24
(81t 2-462t4 +385t6 ) /1152
(30375t3_3 69603t5 +7 65765t7
-4 25425t9 )/4 14720
4
u 4 (t) = (44 65125t -941 21676t6 +3499 22430t8
-4461 85740t 10+1859 10725t I2 )/398 13120

For 'Us(t) and u6 (t) see [9.4] or [9.21].

9.3.4
J.(V+zv~)=2~iv-~

Ai( -2 li z) +0(v- 1 )

Y.(v+zv~l= -2Jiv-~

Bi( -2)i z)

2~

9.3.5

+0(v-

9.3.10
1

J.(v) "" 3%r(i) vH

Also

2~
1
Y.(v) '" - 3""r (j) vli

9.3.11
J;(v sech a) '"

9.3.6

/sinh 2a eV(taDh a-a) {I

1V

+exp (- ivr%)
1+vHlrl~

+:E Vk (co;h a) }
k=l

9.3.12
Y;(v sech a)

0 (~)}

(Iarg zl<7r)

V~3

'" /sinh2a e.(a-taDha){1+~ (_)kVk (co;ha)}

1V

Y.(vZ)=-c~rz2Y {Bi ;~r)

+exp

47rv

7rV

k=l

where
9.3.13

19i'(ivr%) I 0

1+vHlrl l4

(~)}
V~1

In the last two equations

9.3.39 below.

r is given by 9.3.38 and

Vo(t) = 1
VI (tl = (-9t+7t 3 )/24
V2(t) = (-135t2 594t4 -455t6 ) /1152
v3(t)=(-42525t 3 +4 51737t5 -8 R3575t1
+4 75475t 9)/4 14720

9.3.14
Vk(t) =Uk(t) +t(t2-1){ !Uk_1 (t) +tU~_1 (t)}
Dehye's Asymptotic Expansions

(i) If a is fixed and positive and v is large and

positive

(k= 1, 2, . . . )
(ii) If ~ is fixed, 0<~<!7r and v is large and
positive
9.3.15
J.(v sec ~)= .J2/(7rv tan ~){L(v, ~) cos 'It

9.3.7

+M(v,
ev(taDh a-a)

J.(v sech a)'" 12

-V

7rV t an h

00

{1+ ~
k=1

Uk (coth a)
k

msin 'It}

9.3.16
Y.(v sec ~)=.J2/(7rv tan ~){L(v, ~) sin 'It
- M(v, (3) cos 'It}

9.3.8

where 'It=v(tan

Y.(v sech a) '"

9.3.17
L(v,

-i7r

~) '" ~ U2k(i ?~t (3)

k=O

=1
where

~- (3)

II"

81 cot 2 ~+462 cot ~+385 cot ~ + ...

4

1152v2

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

9.3.18

367

9.3.26
3
go(z) =1 0 Z2
17 3+ 1
gl ( Z) =-70 Z 70

Also
9.3.19

9 7+ 611 4 37
g2 ez) --1000 Z 3150 Z -3150 Z

J~ev sec (3)=..jesin 2(3)/e7rv){ -Nev, (3) sin 'It

-Oev, (3) cos 'It}

79
2
( _ 549 8 110767 5
g3 Z) -28000 Z -693000 Z +12375 Z

9.3.20
Y~ev sec (3)=..jesin 2(3)/(7rv){N(v, (3) cos 'It
-O(v, (3) sin 'It}

where
9.3.21

N (v, (3) '"

The corresponding expansions for H!I) (v+ ZVI/3)

and H!2) (V+ZV 1/3) are obtained by use of 9.1.3
and 9.1.4; they are valid for -h<arg v<i7r and
-i1T<arg v<!7r, respectively.
9.3.27

V2"

k=O

ei cot (3)
2k
V

_1+135 cot2 {3+594 cot 4 {3+455 cot6 (3_

1152v2
...

9.3.22
R)",~V2k+I(icot{3)

O( v, fJ

'!,

_2k+l
~

.....i

k-O

21/3 A. (_2 1/3 ) ~ l,,(z)

V

.....i

21/3

k=O V

9.3.28

9cot{3+7cot3 {3
24 v

Asymptotic Expansions in the Transition Regions

When

4/3

_ 2

is fixed, Ivl is large and larg vl<~

9.3.23

1/3
4/3

B (_21/3 ) ~ l,,(z)
1

.....i

2"/3

k=O V

where
1 3
2/

J,(v+zvl/3)", l/3 Ai (-21/3z){1+ ik(z)}

v
k-l v2k/3
+22/3 Ai' (-2 113z)
v

k=O

9.3.29
gk(Z)
v2k/3

9.3.24
Y.(v+zvl/3)", _

21/3

v1l3

Bi (-21/3Z){ 1+

.Mz)}
k= 1 v2k/3

where
9.3.25

hl(Z)=-~ Z
9 z 5+ 57
h2 ez)-- -100
70 z2
699 6 2617 3 23
h3(z) =3500 z -3150 z +3150
27
10
46631 7+ 3889 4 1159
h4 (z) =20000
z -147000 z 4620 z -115500 z
9.3.30

il(Z)=-~Z

lo(z)=~ Z3_~

j2(z)=-1~0 z5+ 335 Z2

131 4 1
l)(z)=-140 z +5 z

957 6 173 3 1
j 3 ()
Z =7000 Z -3150 Z -225

9 8 5437 5 593 2
l 2(z ) =-500
z + 4500 z -3150 z

_ 27 10 23573 7+ 5903 4+ 947

j 4(Z) -20000
Z -147000 Z 138600 Z 346500 Z

369 9 999443 6 31727 3

947
l3(Z) =7000 z -693000 z +173250 z +346500

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

368
.

9.3.31

a
J.(II) "'lTa
{1
II

co

Ck

13k

+~ 2"k} -115/3....i
k 112k
k=l II

9.3.37

H~I)(IIZ) "'2e-"i/S(~)1/4 {Ai (e2 .. i/3112/3r)

l-z 2

1I 11S

ak(r)
112k
k=O

e2.. i/3Ai' (e2 .. t/3112/3r) '" bk(r)

9.3.32

t;6~}

11 5/ 3

When 1I~+ ex> , these expansions hold uniformly

with respect to Z in the sector larg zl~1I'-E, where
E is an arbitrary positive number. The corresponding expansion for H~2) (liZ) is obtained by
changing the sign of i in 9.3.37.
Here

9.3.33

where
2 1/ S
a 3 2/ 3r(i)

.44730 73184,

3i a=.77475 90021

.41085 01939,

3l b= .71161 34101

22/3

b 31/ Sr(t)

C2=.00069 3735 ... ,

cs=-.00035 38 ...

1
/30=70=.01428 57143 ... ,
-.00118 48596 ... ,

13a=-00038 ...
'Yo=l,

23
'Y1=3150=.00730 15873 ... ,

'Y2=-.00093 7300 ... ,

1
/)0=5'

9.3.39

~ (-r)3/2= (z.Jt

J1

-1 dt=.Jz 2 -1-arccos
t

(!)
Z

the branches being chosen so that r is real when

Z is positive. The coefficients are given by
9.3.40

'Ya=.00044 40 ..

/)S=-.00038 ...

Uniform Asymptotic Expansions

These are more powerful than the previous expansions of this section, save for 9.3.31 and 9.3.32,
but their coefficients are more complicated. They
reduce to 9.3.31 and 9.3.32 when the argument
equals the order.

where
and

Uk

is given by 9.3.9 and 9.3.10, >.0= J.I.o= 1

9.3.41
A

(28+ 1) (28+3) ... (68-1)

8!(144)8
'

Thus aoW=I,
9.3.42
5

boW=- 48r2+F{24(1-z2)3/2
5
= - 48r2

9.3.36

.J1-z2

947
/)1=- 3 46500 =- .00273 30447 ... ,

/)2=.00060 47 ... ,

9.3.35

~ r3/2=f.l-Vl-t2 dt=ln 1+.Ji=Z2

equivalently,

c0=1,

1213
/31=-10 23750

9.3.38

1
8(I-z 2)l}
1

+(- r)l {24(z2-1)3/2+ 8(Z2_l)l}

Tables of the early coefficients are given below.

For more extensive tables of the coefficients and
for bounds on the remainder terms in 9.3.35 and
9.3.36 see [9.38].

369

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Uniform Expansions of the Derivatives

For

With the conditions of the preceding subsection

r> 10 use
1
boW'" 12 r-!-.104r- 2 ,

1
coW", 12 t!+.146r- 1,

a1 W=,003,
d1 W=.003.

For r< -10 use

1
bom '" 12

5- 2 ,
d1W=000.

9.3.45

Maximum values of higher coefficients:

(1- Z2)t

(1)'
4e 2.. 113
H. (IIZ)"'-Z-

-4>~

CkW
2:
~
k=O

Ai (e27ri/3112/3 r) '"

4/3
II

e 2.. i / 3 Ai' (e2 .. i/3112/3r)

~/3

/b l W/=.003,

II

'"

dk(r)

~~}

9.4. Polynomial Approximations

where

9.4.1

9.3.46

Jo(x) =1-2.24999 97(x/3)2+1.26562 08(x/3)4

-.31638 66(x/3)6+.04444 79(x/3)8
-.00394 44(x/3)1O+.00021 00(X/3)12+E

and Vk is given by 9.3.13 and 9.3.14. For bounds

on the remainder terms in 9.3.43 and 9.3.44 see
[9.38].

baCr)

al(r)

coW

IEI<5X 10- 8

9.4.2

0<x::;3

Yo (x) =(2/11') In (}x) Jo(x) +.36746 691

+.60559 366(x/3)2-.74350 384(x/3)4

dl(r)

+.25300 117(x/3)6-.04261 214(x/3)8

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

-r

O. 0180 -0.004
.0278 -.004
.0351 -.001
.0366 +.002
.0352
.003
.004
.0331
.0311
.004
.0294
.004
.0278
.004
.004
.0265
.004
.0253
boer)

alW

O. 1587
.1785
.1862
. 1927
.2031
.2155
.2284
.2413
.2539
.2662
.2781

CoW

O. 007
.009
.007
.005
.004
.003
.003
.003
.003
.003
.003
dlW

+ .00427 916(x/3)10- .00024 846(x/3)12+ E

IEI<1.4XI0- s

9.4.3

3 ::;x<

(Xl

10=.79788456-.00000 077(3/x)-,00552 740(3/x)2

-.00009 512(3/x)3+.00137 237(3/x)4
-.00072 805(3/x)5+.00014 476(3/x)6+ E

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.0180 -0.004
.0109 -,003
,0067 -.002
.0044 -,001
.0031 -.001
.0022 -.000
.0017 -.000
.0013 -.000
,0011 -.000
.0009 -,000
.0007 -.000

O. 1587
,1323
.1087
,0903
.0764
.0658
.0576
.0511
.0459
.0415
.0379

0.007
.004
,002
.001
.001
,000
.000
.000
.000
,000
.000

IE/< 1.6X 10- 8

2 Equations 9.4.1 to 9.4.6 and 9.8.1 to 9.8.8 are taken
from E. E. Allen, Analytical approximations, Math. Tables
Aids Compo 8, 240-241 (1954), and Polynomial approximations to some modified Bessel functions, Math, Tables
Aids Comp, 10, 162-164 (1956)(with permission). They
were checked at the National Physical Laboratory by
systematic tabulation; new bounds for the enurs, E, given
here were obtained as a result.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

370

Oo=x-.78539 816-.04166 397(3/x)

-.00003 954(3/x)2+.00262 573(3/x)3
- .00054 125 (3/X)4- .00029 333(3/x)5

j . ., j; .., Y'" and y~ . respectively, except that z=o

is counted as the first zero of J~ (z). Since
J~(z)= -J1(z), it follows that

./

(8=2, 3, . . . )

Jo . -JI.S-l

IEI<7XI0-S

9.4.4

The zeros interlace according to the inequalities

9.5.2

-3::::;x::::;3

X-I J 1(x)=!-.56249 985(x/3)2+.21093 573(x/3)4

-.03954 289(x/3)6+.00443 319(x/3)S
- .00031 761 (X/3)lO+ .00001 109(x/3)12+ E

<Y. 2<Y;. 2<j. 2<K 3<

IEI<1.3X 10-8

9.4.5

0<X::::;3

xY1(x) = (2/7r-)x In(!x)J1ex)-.63661 98

+.22120 91(x/3)2+2.16827 09(x/3)4
-1.31648 27(x/3)6+.31239 51(x/3)8
-.04009 76(x/3)lO+.00278 73(x/3)12+ E

lEI <1.1 X 10-7

9.4.6

3 ::::;x<

The positive zeros of any two real distinct cylinder

functions of the same order are interlaced, as are
the positive zeros of any real cylinder function
<if.(z) , defined as in 9.1.27, and the contiguous
function <if'+1 (z) .
If P. is a zero of the cylinder function

9.5.3 <if.(z)=J.(z) cos(7rl)+ Y.(z) sin(7rl)

where t is a parameter, then

9.5.4

CX)

<if~(p,) =

If u. is a zero of

<if .-1 (P.) = -<if'+1 (P.)

<if~ (z)

then

jl=.79788 456+.00000 156(3/x)+.01659 667(3/x)2

+ .00017 105(3/x)3- .00249 511 (3/X)4
+ .00113 653 (3/X)6- .00020 033 (3/X)6+ E
8

IEI<4X 10-

Ol=x-2.35619 449+.12499 612(3/x)

+ .00005 650(3/x)2- .00637 879(3/x)3
+ .00074 348 (3/X)4+ .00079 824(3/x)5
-.00029 166(3/x)6+ E

IEI<9XI0-s
For expansions of Jo(x), Yo(x), J1(x), and Y1(x)
in series of Chebyshev polynomials for the ranges
0::::;x::::;8 and 0::::;8/x::::;l, see [9.37].

9.5. Zeros

9.5.5
The parameter t may be regarded as a continuous
variable and p" u. as functions P.(t), u,(t) of t. If
these functions are fixed by

9.5.6
then

9.5.7
j . =P.(8),

y . =P.(8-!)

(8=1,2, ... )

9.5.8
j~.s=u.(8-1),

Y~.s=U.(8-!)

(8=1,2, ... )

(p, p.)-'
(U~_1'2
/
9.5.9 <if.(P.)= 2: dt
,<if.(u.)= ~

Real Zeros

When I' is real, the functions J.(z), J~(z), Y.(z)

and Y;(z) each have an infinite number of real
zeros, all of which are simple with the possible
exception of z=O.
For non-negative I' the 8th
positive zeros of these functions are denoted by

U.(O)=j~.l

P.(O)=O,

du.)-,
dt

Infinite Products

9.5.10
9.5.11

J.(z)

.-1'" ( l-y-Z2)

C!z)'

r( +1) II
I'

/
(!Z).-1
J.(z)= 2r() II
CD

I'

J.

Z2 )
1-"':i2
J.

(1'>0)

371

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

McMahon's Expansions for Large Zeros

When v is fixed, s> >11 and

~=4v2

9.5.12
.
~-1 4(~-1)(7~-31)
J. .,Y" 8 "'{3-sp3 (8{3) 3

32(~-1) (83~2-9,82~+3779)

15(8{1)5
_ 64(~-1) (6949~3-1 53855J.12+ 15 857431L-62 77237)
105 (8{3f

where {1=(s+!v-i)7r for .i. s, {1=(s+!v-!)7r for Yp.s.

asymptotic expansion of P.(t) for large t.

With (1=(t+!II-i)7r, the right of 9.5.12 is the

9.5.13

.1;, s, Y;, 8"-{3'

~+3

8{3'

4(7 ~2+82~-9)
3(8{1')3

32(83~3+2075~2-3039~+3537)

15(8{1')5
64(6949~4+2 96492~3-12 48002~2+74 14380~-58

53627)

105 (811'f

where {1'=(S+!II-!)7I" for j;,8, (1'=(s+!v-i)7r for Y;,s, /3'= (t+!II+i)7r for (J'.(t).
9.5.12 and 9.5.13 see [9.4] or [9.40].
Asymptotic Expansions of Zeros
and Associated Values for Large Orders

For higher terms in

Uniform Asymptotic Expansions of Zeros and

Associated Values for Large Orders

9.5.14
.1.,1"'11+1.85575 71v I/3 +1.03315 Ov- 1I3
- .00397v- 1- .090811-5/3 + .043v-7/3 +

9.5.23
J 'C')

9.5.15

Y.,I '" v+ .\}3157 6811 1/3 + .26035 111-113

+ .0119811- 1 - .0060v-5/3 - .00lv-7!3+

2 Ai' (a.) {I ~ FkW}

J.,. "'- r /3 z(r)hW
+f=i---;VC

9.5.16
j~, 1 "'11+ .80861

65111/3+ .07249 011- 1/3

- .0509711-1 + .009411-5/3 +

9.5.17
Y;,1 "'11+1.82109801'1/3+.94000711-1/3
- .0580811-1 - .054011- 5/3 +

9.5.25

J.(j~'8)",Ai(a~) h~f2 {1+~ Gk~[)}

9.5.18
J;Cj., I) '" -1.11310 2811-2/3/(1 + 1.48460 611- 213

I'

+.4329411-4/3_.194311-2+.01911-8/3+ . . . )

9.5.19
Y;(y., I) '" .95554 8611- 2/3/(1 +.74526 lv- 2/3
+ .1091011- 413 - .01851'-2- .00311-8/3 + . . . )

with

I'

r=II-2/3a~

where as, a.: are the sth negative zeros of Ai(z),

Ai' (z) (see 10.4), z= zm is the inverse function
defined implicitly by 9.3.39, and
9.5.26

hW={4r/(I-z2)}i

9.5.20
J.(j;, I) "-'.67488 5lv- 1/3 (1-.16172 3v-2/3

jlW =!z(r){hW }2boW

+.0291811- 4/3 -.006811- 2 + . . . )

9.5.21
Y.(y;, I) "-'.57319 40v- 1/3 (1-.36422 011- 213
+.09077v- 4/3 +.023711- 2 +

k=l

... )

Corresponding expansions for s=2, 3 are given

in [9.40]. These expansions become progressively
weaker as S increases j those which follow do not
suffer from this defect.

gl (n =

!r-1zW {hW }2co(r)

where boW, coW appear in 9.3.42 and 9.3.46.

Tables of the leading coefficients follow. More extensive tables are given in [9.40].
The expansions of Y"" Y;(y., s), Y;, sand Y.(y; .)
corresponding to 9.5.22 to 9.5.25 are obtained by
changing the symbols .1, J, Ai, Ai', as and a; to
y, Y, -Bi, -Bi', bs and b; respectively.

372

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

-,

z(\)

1. 000000
1. 166284
1. 347557
1.543615
1.754187
1. 978963

O. 0
O. 2
0.4
O. 6
0.8
1.0

-l'

( -r)-l

her)

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

Mr)

25992
22076
18337
14780
11409
08220

hC\)

zcr)

0.0143
.0142
.0139
.0135
.0131
O. 0126
Itcr)

Fl(r)

C-r)glCr)

-0.007
-.005
-.004
-.003
-.003
-0.002
FlC,)

-0.1260
-.1335
-.1399
-.1453
-.1498
-0.1533
gl(r)

C-r)3g2 cr)

(-r)2Gl (\)

-0.010
-.010
-.009
-.009
-.008
-0.008
g2(r)

0.000
.002
.004
.005
.006
O. 006

Gl (,)

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

1. 978963
2.217607
2.469770
2.735103
3. 013256

1. 08220
1. 05208
1.02367
0.99687
.97159

O. 0126
.0121
.0115
.0110
.0105

-0.002
-.002
-.001
-.001
-.001

-0.1533
-.1301
-.1130
-.0998
-.0893

-0.008
-.004
-.002
-.001
-.001

O. 006
.004
.003
.002
.002

2. 0
2.2
2.4
2. 6
2.8

3.
3.
3.
4.
4.

303889
606673
921292
247441
584833

0.94775
.92524
.90397
.88387
.86484

0.0100
.0095
.0091
.0086
.0082

-0.001
-0.001

-0.0807
-.0734
-.0673
-.0619
-.0573

-0.001

O. 001
.001
.001
.001
0.001

3.0
3.2
3. 4
3.6
3. 8

4.933192
5.292257
5. 661780
6. 041525
6. 431269

0.84681
.82972
.81348
.79806
.78338

O. 0078
.0075
.0071
.0068
.0065

-0.0533
-.0497
-.0464
-.0436
-.0410

4.0
4.2
4.4
4. 6
4.8

6. 830800
7.239917
7. 658427
8. 086150
8. 522912

O. 76939
.75605
.74332
.73115
.71951

0.0062
.0060
.0057
.0055
.0052

-0.0386
-.0365
-.0345
-.0328
-.0311

5.0
5. 2
5. 4
5.6
5. 8

8. 968548
9. 422900
9. 885820
10. 357162
10.836791

O. 70836
.69768
.68742
.67758
.66811

O. 0050
.0048
.0047
.0045
.0043

-0.0296
-.0282
-.0270
-.0258
-.0246

6.0
6.2
6. 4
6.6
6. 8

11.324575
11. 820388
12.324111
12.835627
13. 354826

0.65901
.65024
.64180
.63366
.62580

0.0042
.0040
.0039
.0037
.0036

-0.0236
-.0227
-.0218
-.0209
-.0201

7. 0

13. 881601

O. 61821

0.0035

-0.0194

I( -

Complex Zeros of J.(s)

r)i

c-mhct)

O. 40
.35
.30
.25
.20

1. 528915
1. 541532
1.551741
1.559490
1.564907

1.62026
1. 65351
1. 68067
1. 70146
1. 71607

O. 0040 -0.0224
.0029 -.0158
.0020 -.0104
.0012 -.0062
.0006 -.0033

0.15
.10
.05
.00

1. 568285
1. 570048
1. 570703
1. 570796

1. 72523
1. 73002
1. 73180
1. 73205

0.0003 -0.0014
.0001 -.0004
.0000 -.0001
.0000 -.0000

z(r) -

ftCr)

glen

When II;::: -1 the zeros of J.(z) are all real. If

II is not an integer the number of complex zeros of J.(z) is twice the integer part of
(-II); if the integer part of (-II) is odd two of
these zeros lie on the imaginary axis_
If 11;:::0, all zeros of J;(z) are real.

"< -1 and

Maximum Values of Higher Coefficients

Complex Zeros of Y.(s)

If2(r)1=.OOl,IF2(r)I=.OOO4
(0:::; -r< (0)
IYaWI=.00l,IG2Cr)I=.0007
(1:::; -r< ex
I( -r)6ya(r)I=002, I( -r)4G2 U-)I= .0007
(O:::;-r:::;l)

Y.(z) and Y;(z) depends on the non-integer part

When II is real the pattern of the complex zeros of

of

II.

Attention is confined here to the case

a. positive integer or zerO.

lI=n,

373

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

are given by the right of 9.5.22 with JI=n and

or n- 2/31i., where P., ~. are the complex
zeros of Bi(z) (see 10.4).
Figure 9.5 is also applicable to the zeros of
Y~(z). There are again an infinite number near
the infinite curves, and n near each of the finite
curves. Asymptotic expansions of the latter for
large n are given by the right of 9.5.24 with
JI=n and r=n- 2/3 p; or n-2/a~;; where p; and ~; are
the complex zeros of Bi'(z).
Numerical values of the three smallest complex zeros of Yo(z), Y1(z) and Yf(z) in the region
arg z<7r are given below.
For further details see [9.36] and [9.13]. The
latter reference includes tables to facilitate
computation.

t=n- 2/3 p.

FIGURE 9.5.

Zeros of Yn(z) and

Y~(z)

0<

largzl:$7r
Figure 9.5 shows the approximate distribution
of the complex zeros of Y,,(z) in the region
larg zl :$7r. The figure is symmetrical about the
real axis. The two curves on the left extend to
infinity, having the asymptotes

fz=!ln 3=.54931 . . .
There are an infinite llumber of zeros near each of
these curves.
The two curves extending from Z= -n to z=n
and bounding an eye-shaped domain intersect
the imaginary axis at the points i(na+b),
where
a=.vt~ 1=.66274 . . .
b=l.v1

to 2 ln 2=.19146

and to=1.19968 . . . is the positive root of coth t

=t. There are n zeros near each of these curves.
Asymptotic expansions of these zeros for large n

Complex Zeros of the Hankel Functions

The approximate distribution of the zeros of

H~')(z) and its derivative in the region larg zl:$7r
is indicated in a similar manner on Figure 9.6.
-n

CUT

---.::::.=-:..;,.----->.,:-----..... - -f i In 2

, ....

....

' ......

Zeros of H~l)(z) and H~l)'(z)

larg zl:$7r.
The asymptote of the solitary infinite curve is
given by
fz=-i In 2=-.34657
FIGURE 9.6.

Zeros oj Yo(z) and Values oj Y1(z) at the Zeros 3

Y1

Zero
Imag.

Real

-2.40301 6632
-5. 51987 6702
-8.65367 2403

Imag.

Real

-.88196 7710
+. 58716 9503
-.46945 8752

+.53988 2313 +. 10074 7689

+.54718 0011 -.02924 6418
+.54841 2067' +.01490 8063

Zeros oj Y1(z) and Values oj Yo(z) at the Zeros

Yo

Zero
Real

Imag.

Real

Imag.

-0.50274 3273
-3. 83353 5193
-7.01590 3683

+.78624 3714
+. 56235 6538
+.55339 3046

-. 45952 7684
+.04830 1909
-.02012 6949

+1.31710 1937
-0. 69251 2884
+ O. 51864 2833

Zeros oj Yf(z) and Values oj Y1(z) at the Zeros

Zero

Y,

Real

Imag.

Real

+0.57678 5129
-1. 94047 7342
-5.33347 8617

+. 90398 4792
+.72118 5919
+.56721 9637

-. 76349 7088
+. 16206 4006
-.03179 4008

Imag.

+. 58924 4865
-.95202 7886
+.59685 3673

I From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the Bessel functions Yo (a) and Y,(z) for complex arguments,
Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1950 (with permission).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

374

There are n zeros of each function near the

finite curve extending from z=-n to z=n; the
asymptotic expansions of these zeros for large n
are given by the right side of 9.5.22 or 9.5.24
with JI-n and r=e-2rl'sn-2/3a, or r=e-2.. t'sn-2/3a~.

Modified Bessel Functions I and K

9.6. Definitions and Properties
Differential Equation

cPw

9.6.1

dw

Z2 dz 2 +z dz _(Z2+Jl2)W=0

Zeros of Cro88-Products

If JI is real and X is positive, the zeros of the

function
9.5.27

J.(z) Y.(Xz) -J.(Xz) Y.(z)

are real and simple. If X> I, the asymptotic

expansion of the 8th zero is
9.5.28

where with 4J12 denoted by JA,

9.5.29

Solutions are 1.(z) and K.(z). Each is a regular

function of z throughout the z-plane cut along the
negative real axis, and for fixed z( ;CO) each is an
entire function of v. When v= n, 1.(z) is an
entire function of z.
1.(z) (9t'v ~ 0) is bounded as Z--40 in any bounded
range of arg z. 1,( z) and 1 _.(z) are linearly independent except when v is an integer. K.(z) tends
to zero as Izl--4oo in the sector larg zl<h,
and for all values of v, 1.(z) and K.(z) are linearly
independent. 1.(z) , K.(z) are real and positive
when ,,>-1 and z>O.

(3=81r/(>.-1)
~-1

p= 8X '

(~-I)(~-25)(X3-1)

6(4X)3(X-l)

(~-I) (~2-1l4JA+ 1073) (X5-1)

5(4X)5(A-l)

2~

Ko

,
I

The asymptotic expansion of the large positive

zeros (not necessarily the 8th) of the function
2.0

9.5.30

is given by 9.5.28 with the same value of (3, but

instead of 9.5.29 we have
1.6

9.5.31

~+3

p= 8X '

(~2+46~-63) (>.3-1)

6(4X)3(X-I)

(~3+ 185~2-2053JA+1899)

(X5-1)

5(4X)6(X-l)

1.2

The asymptotic expansion of the large positive

zeros of the function
9.5.32

J;(z)Y.(Xz)- Y~(z)J.(Xz)

.8

is given by 9.5.28 with

9.5.33
{3= (8-!)1r/(X-l)

.4

P (~+3)X- (~-I)
8MA-l)
(JA2+46JA-63)X3 - (JA-I) (~-25)
q
6 (4X) 3 (X-I)
5(4X)6(X-I)r= (JA3+ 185~2-2053~+ I899)X6
-(~-I) (~2-114~+1073)

0~-------+--------~--~.a--~3--~

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

375

9.6.5

1.8

\
I

Y,(ze!rt) =e!<,+llrq,(z) - (2/1r)e-!,rtK,(z)

I
I

\eJ.K

1.6

(-1r<arg z ::;h)

1.4

"\ ,

1.2

9.6.6

Most of the properties of modified Bessel

functions can be deduced immediately from those
of ordinary Bessel functions by application of
these relations.

1.0
eXKO

"""

..........................
e-x1o

I -n(z)=ln(z) , K_,(z)=K,(z) .

............ _--- .... _-------

--------"--::.::-.::.:--==

.4

.2

/'~----------

_ _::::
__==_"::":
__=._==~

_ _ _ __

Limiting Forms for Small Arguments

o /e-kI.

When v is fixed and

10

Z---40

9.6.7
(II~

1,(z) IV (!z)'/r (v+ 1)

30

25

I
\
I
I
I
I
\

20

15

\
I
\
\

,,

.7

9.6.9

,' K.(5)
,

.6

,,
,I
,,

I
\
I

I
I

,,

K,(z) ",!r (II) (!z)-'

Ascending Series

.4

9.6.10

.3

9.6.11

.2

Kn(z)=H!z)-n

I
I

\,
~~--'--=-

__

L.. _.J._

-2

~ (n-~;-l)! (-iz2)1:
k-O

.1

+(_)n+lln C!z)ln(z)

__ L _..L._ -4- -i:..-'-'--~-'--'--':"-_

Ko(z) ,,-,-In

.5

9.6.8

,
,,,
,

10

.8

,
,
1

-1, -2, ... )

'0

nl

(lz2)k

'"

+( -) :rClz) ~ {~(k+1)+~(n+k+1)} k!(n+k)!

-5

FIGURE

9.9.

1,(5) and K,(5).

where
9.6.12

Relations Between Solutions

9.6.2

_1

K , ()
z -:r1r

L,(z)-I,(z)

. (VIr)
sm

~(n)

is given by 6.3.2.

1Z2

(1 Z2)2 (1 Z2)3

10 (z)=1+ (1!)2+ (2!)2 + (3!)2 + ...

9.6.13

1z2

Ko(z)=- {In (tz)+'Y }lo(z)+ (1!)2

1 (lz2)2
1
1. (lZ2)3
+(1+:r) (2!)2 +(1+:r+3) (3!)2

The right of this equation is replaced by its

limiting value if v is an integer or zero.

+...

9.6.3
[,(z) =e-!rtJ,(ze irt )
1,(z) =eS ,rt/2J,(ze-Srt/2)

9.6.4

(-1r<arg z:S;h)
(!1r<arg z:S;1r)

Wronskians

9.6.14
W{ 1,(z) , L,(z)} =1,(z)1 -('+1)(Z) -1'+1 (z)1 _,(z)
=

-2 sin (1I1r)/(1rZ)

9.6.15
W{K,(z), 1,(z) } =I,(z)K'+1 (z) +1'+1(z)K,(z) = l/z

376

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF TINTEGER ORDER

Integral Representations

liT

9.6.16

1o(Z) =11"

liT

e' C08 9 dJJ=-

11"

9.6.17 Ko(z)=-!
11"

9.6.18

r
Jo

cosh (z cos 8)dJJ

e:' c089

h+ln

!!l'. denotes I., eTtK. or any linear combination of

these functions, the coefficients in which are
independent of Z and v.
K~(z)=-Kl(Z)

(2z sin2 8)}dJJ

Fonnulas for Derivatives

(\z)
e' co89 sin2 8 dJJ
1I"t r(v+!) Jo

I.(z)

fl

(\z)
1I"t r (11+ l)

9.6.19

liT

11"

liT

I.(z)=-

11"

(8lv>-l)

(1-t2).-te: z' dt

-1

1,.(z)=-

9.6.20

9.6.28

(k=0,1,2, ... )

e zt089 cos (n8)dJJ

9.6.29

_ sin (1111")

r'" e-z

coab

I-.Idt

(Iarg

Jo

11"

+G)!!l''-1:+2(Z)
+(;) .2".-kH(Z) +... +!!l"H(Z)}

.2" ~k) (z) =:~ {!!l'.-k(Z)

e' C08 6 cos (v8)dJJ

zl<v)

(k=0,l,2, ...)

9.6.21
Ko(x) =

'"
So'" cos (xt)
Soo cos (x sinh t)dt= 0 .J~+l

dt

Analytic Continuation

(x>o)

9.6.22
K.(x)=sec (\1111")

=csc (lll1l")

fo"

9.6.30

(m an integer)

9.6.31
cos (x sinh t) cosh (vt)dt

So'" sin (x sinh t) sinh (IIt)dt

(IPlvl<l, x>o)

K. (zemr t) =e-""rIK.(z) -1ri sin (ml'1r) csc (I'1I")1.(z)

(m an integer)
9.6.32

1.(i) = I.(z),

K.(z) =K.(z)

(II real)

9.6.23
Generating Function and Associated Series

K.(z)

9.6.33

...

(t~O)

e!Z(I+l/o=:E tklk(z)
k_-m

...

9.6.34

e' C08 9=10(z) +2

cos(k8)

k-l

9.6.24
9.6.25
K.(xz)

:E Ik(z)

9.6.35

r'"

r(lI+l)(2z)'
cos (xt)dt
1I"f x'
Jo (t 2 +Z2).+i

(Plv>-l, x>O, larg

9.6.26

"'-0

(-)~/2k+l(Z)

sin{(2k+l)8}

'"

+2 :E (- ) k/2k(z) cos(2k8)

zl<p)*

k-l

+ .. .

Recurrence Relations

9.6.36

1 =/o(z) -212(z) +2/.(z) -2/8(Z)

!!l'.-1(Z)-.2".+1(Z) =211 .2".(z)

9.6.37

e=10(z)+211(z)+2/2(z)+2/a(z)+ .. .

.2";(z) = !!l"_I(Z)-~ !!l'.(z)

9.6.38 . e-'=/o(z)-211(z)+212(z)-21 3 (z)+ .. .

.2" '-1 (z) +.2" .+1 (z) =2.2" ;(z)

9.6.39

!!l'~(z)=!!l' .+1 (z)+~ !!l' .(z)

z
See page n.

...

e8In8=/o(z)+2:E

cosh z=lo(z) +2/2(z) +2/.(z) +2/8(z) + .. .

9.6.40

sinh z=211(z)+213 (z)+2/ 5(z)+ .. .

377

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Other Dift'erential Equations

9.6.50

The quantity ).2 in equations 9.1.49 to 9.1.54

and 9.1.56 can be replaced by _).2 if at the same
time the symbol ct' in the given solutions is
replaced by 5Z'.

lim{"-"e-",,jQ~(cosh ';)}=Kiz)

For the definition of

z 2w" +z(l 2z)w'+(z-v2)w=O,

w=eTZ,q}".(z)

Differential equations for products may be

obtained from 9.1.57 to 9.1.59 by replacing z by

iz.

Q~,

see chapter 8.

Multiplication Theorems

9.6.51

9.6.41

P;" and

5Z'.().z) =).

to

().2_

~t(lz).t 2',.t(z)

(/).2-1/<1)

If ,q}" =1 and the upper signs are taken, the restriction on ). is unnecessary.
9.6.52

Derivatives With Respect to Order

.. Zk

9.6.42
b
Ij!(v+k+ 1)
()"I,(z)=I,(z) In (iz)-(iz)' ~ r(,,+k+l)
CD

<i Z2)k

I.(z) =:E k' J'H(Z) ,

k-O

lC!

Neumann Series for K .. (_)

9.6.53

9.6.43
()

()

K,,(z) = (- )"-1 {In (lz)-Ij!(n+ 1)} I,,(z)

()

+n! (lz)

b" K,(z) =i7l' csc(,,7I') {()" I _,(z) -b" I.(z)}

-71' cot(JI7I')K,(z)

-II

(,,0,1,2, ... )

~ (_)1:

9.6.44

(tz)kI!;(z)
(n-k)k!

k-O

+(_)"

(-),,[~

i:; (n+2k)I"+2k(z)
k(n+k)

k-l

I,(Z)]

ull

'-n

9.6.54 Ko(z)=-{ln (lz)+y}Io(z) +2

i:/2.tk(Z)

k-!

Zeros

9.6.45

[;" K,(z)

I."

9.6.46

~ I,(z)] =-Ko(z), [ ~ K,(Z)]

[ u"
u"
'-0

.~O

=0

Expressions in Terms of Hypergeometric Functions

9.6.48

K'(Z)=(271'zYWO ,(2z)

9.7. Asymptotic Expansions

(oF! is the generalized hypergeometric function.

For M(a, b, z), Mo.,(z) and Wo . (z) see chapter 13.)
Connection With Legendre Functions

If I' and z are fixed, f?iz>O, and

real positive values

9.6.49

Properties of the zeros of I,(z) and K,(z) may

be deduced from those of J,(z) and H~I)(z) respectively, by application of the transformations
9.6.3 and 9.6.4.
For example, if " is real the zeros of I.(z) are all
complex unless -2k<v< - (2k-1) for some positive integer k, in which event I,(z) has two real
zeros.
The approximate distribution of the zeros of
Kn(z) in the region -t7l'~arg z~!7I'isobtainedon
rotating Figure 9.6 through an angle - t7l' so that
the cut lies along the positive imaginary axis.
The zeros in the region -17l'~arg z~t7l' are their
conjugates. Kn(z) has no zeros in the region
/arg z/ ~!71'; this result remains true when n is
replaced by any real number v.

,,-'>00

lim {v"P;I'( cosh ;)} =/,,(z)

through

Asymptotic Expansions for Large Arguments

When v is fixed, /z/ is large and 1'=4,,2

9.7.1

I ( ) '" ~ { 1- 1'-1
, Z

.v271'z

8z

+(1'-1)(1'-9)
2! (8Z)2

(p,-1) (1'-9) (p.-25)

3! (8Z)3

+ . . .}

(1Iargz/<1-)
.,-"

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

378
9.7.2

J-;- _. p.-1 (p.-1)(p.-9)

K.(z) --V 2z e {1+8z+ 2!(8z)2
(p.-25) +
+(J.I-l) (p.-9)
3!(8z)3

...

(iarg zl<v)

9.7.9 1;(pz)'" /
~2~p

(1+z2)114 e"'{1+ VA:_~)}

k-l

Y-

9.7.10

K;(pz)"'~ /~

-V 2p

(1+Z2)1H

e-"'{l+(_)A:Vk~)}
k~l

When p-?+ co, these expansions hold uniformly

with respect to z in the sector larg zl :$!~-E,
where E is an arbitrary positive number. Here
9.7.11

9.7.4

K'( ) __

,z

r;

_Z{1+J.I+3+(p.-l)(p.+15)
8z
2!(8z)2

-V2z e

(p.-1)~Cs~~~+35) +

... } (Iarg zl<v)

The general terms in the last two expansions

can be written down by inspection of 9.2.15 and
9.2.16.
If If is real and non-negative and z is positive
the remainder after k terms in the expansion
9.7.2 does not exceed the (k+ l)th term in absolute
value and is of the same sign, provided that
k~p-!.

and uit), Vk(t) are given by 9.3.9, 9.3.10, 9.3.13

and 9.3.14. See [9.38] for tables of '11, UA:(t) ,
Vk(t) , and also for bounds on the remainder
terms in 9.7.7 to 9.7.10.
9.8. Polynomial Approximations

In equations 9.8.1 to 9.8.4, t=x/3.75.

9.8.1

-3.75:$x :$3.75
10 (x) = 1 +3.51562 29t2+3.08994 24t4 + 1.20674 92t6
+.26597 32t8+.03607 68t 10 +.00458 13t12 +E

9.8.2

1
1 #-1
1,(z)K,(z) '" 2z {1- 2 (2Z)2

1 3 (p.-1) (p.-9)
(2Z)4

+2.1

3.75 :$x< co

xte- z10(x) =
... }
(Iarg zl<lr)

1;(z)K;(z)

'I1=~I+z2+ln 1+J1+Z2

IEI<1.6X10- 7

9.7.5

9.7.6

t=INl+z2,

IEI<1.9XlO- 7

--;?o {1+~ (2Z)~

_~ (p.-l)(p.-45)+

2.4

(2Z)4

.39894 228 + .01328 592t- 1

+.00225 319t-2 -.00157 565t- 3
+.00916 28lt-4 -.02057 706t- 6
+.02635 537t-8 -.01647 633t- 7
+.00392377t-8 +E

9.8.3
...

}
(Iarg zl<lr)

The general terms can be written down by

inspection of 9.2.28 and 9.2.30.
Uniform Asymptotic Expansions for Large Orders

-3.75:$x :$3.75
1
x- 11 (x)=l+.87890 594t2+.51498 869t4
+.15084 934tB +.02658 733tB
+ .00301 532t10 + .00032 41lt12 + E
IEI<8XlO-9

9.8.4

3.75 :$ x< co
xle-Z11(x) =.39894 228-.03988 024t- 1
- .00362 018r 2 + .00163 80lt-B
- .01031 555t- 4 + .02282 967t-6
-.02895 312t-6 +.01787 654t- 7
-.00420059t-8 +E

9.7.8

IEI<2.2X10-7
4

See footnote 2, section 9.4.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

9.8.5
Ko(x)=-ln (x./2)10(x)-.57721 566
+ .42278 420 (x/2) 2-\,- .23069 756(x/2)4
+ .03488 590(x/2)6+ .00262 698(x/2)8
+.00010 750(x/2)1O+.00000 740(x/2)12+ E
IEI<IXlO- s

9.8.6

2 .$x<

(Xl

xtezKo(x)=1.25331 414-.07832 358(2/x)

+ .02189 568(2/x)2- .01062 446(2/x)3
+.00587 872(2/x)4-.00251 540(2/x)6

379

DiJl'erential Equations

9.9.3
x2w" +a;w' -

(1'X 2+V2)W=0,

w=ber, x+i bei, x,

ber_, x+i beL x,

ker, x+i kei, x,

ker_, x+i keLp x

9.9.4
x4w to+2z 3w'" - (1 +2v2) (xlw" -xw')
+ (v 4-4v2 +X4)W=0,
w= ber::l:, x, bei::l:' x, ker::l:' x, kei::l:' x

+.00053 208(2/x)6+ E
IEI<1.9X 10- 7
9.8.7

0<x.$2

ber_. x=cos(Vlr) ber. x+sin(vlr) bei.

xKI(x)=x In (x/2)II(x)+I+.15443 144(x/2)2

- .67278 579(x/2)4- .18156 897 (x/2) 6

-.01919 402(x/2)S-.001l0 404(x/2)IO

-.00004 686(x/2)12+ E
IEI<8X 10-

9.8.8

2 .$x<

Relations Between Solutions

9.9.5

+(2/11') sin(vlr) ker. x

beL. X= -sin (Vlr) ber. x+cos(Vlr) bei, x

+(2/11") sin(vlr) kei.x

9.9.6
ker_. x=cos(Vlr) ker. x-sin(Vlr) kei. J'

(Xl

xie"KI(x)=1.25331 414+.23498 619(2/x)

-.03655 620(2/x)2+.01504 268(2/x)3

- .00780 353 (2/X)4+ .00325 614(2/x)6

- .00068 245(2/x)6+ E
IEI<2.2X 10- 7
For expansions of 10(x), Ko(x), I I(x), and KI(x)
in series of Chebyshev polynomials for the ranges
0;$x.$8 and 0.$8/x.$l, see [9.37].

keL, x=sin(vlr) ker, z+cos(Vlr) kei. x

9.9.7

ber_n:L=(-)nbern:l:, beLnx=(-)nbeinx

9.9.8 ker_ n X= (_)n kern x, keL n X= (_)n kei n x

Ascending Series

9.9.9
_(1 ).~cos{(!v+!k)lr} (1 X2)11:
b er. x2"X f=6 k!r(v+k+l)
4

- (1 X). ~ sin {(!v+!k)lr} (1 2)11:

b el. x2
f=6 k!r(v+k+ 1) "iX

Kelvin Functions
9.9. Definitions and Properties
In this and the following section v is real, x is
real and non-negative, and n is again a positive
integer or zero.

9.9.10

Definitions

9.9.1

9.9.11

ber, x+i bei. X= J,(xe31tt/4) =e1t tJ.(xe- 1tt /4)

= e!1tt1.(xe .. t/4) =e3,1tt/21.(xe-3.. t/4)

x(n-%~l)! (tx2)II:-ln (!x) bern x+h bein x

9.9.2
ker. ;r+i kei. x=e-i.1ttK.(xe1tt/4)
= !riH!!) (xe 31t1 /4) = -!7rie-1t1H~2) (xe- 1t t/4)

When v=O, suffices are usually suppressed.

+t<!x)n:E cos {(!n+ik)lr}

k-O

380

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

9.9.16

11-1

kei n x=-}(}x)-" ~ sin {(In+!k)1I'"}

..fi ber' X= berl x+ beil x

k-O

(n-k-l)I
k!
. (lx2)k-In (ix) bei n x-~ ber" x

...

9.9.17

.J2 bei' x=-berl x+bei1 x

..fi ker' x=kerl x+kei1 x

+l(lx)" ~ sin {(In+!k)1I'"}

k-O

..fi kei'

{if;(k+l)+if;(n+k+l)} (1x2)k
X
k!(n+k)!
4.

X= -

kerl x+ kei1 x

Recurrence Relations for Croll-Products

If
where if;(n) is given by 6.3.2.
9.9.18
9.9.12

p.=ber, x+bei~ x

ker x=-ln (!x) ber x+h bei x

q,= ber, x bei~ x- ber~ x bei, X

+t (_)kif;(2k+l) (lx2)2A:
k-O
{(2k)!}2
kei x=-ln (Ix) bei x-11l'" ber x

r.=ber. x ber; x+bei. X bei~

8,= ber;2 x+ bei;2 X

+~ (_)k
k-O

if;(2k+2) (1x2)2A:+I
{(2k+l)!}2 4.

then
9.9.19

Functions of Negative Argument

In general Kelvin functions have a branch

point at x=o and individual functions with arguments xerl are complex. The branch point is
absent however in the case of ber, and bei. when"
is an integer, and
and

9.9.13
bern(-x)=(-)" ber" x,

beine-x) =(-)" bei n x

The same relations hold with ber, bei replaced
throughout by ker, kei, respectively.

Recurrence Relations

9.9.14

Indefinite Integrals

".J2 (f.-g.)
j.+l+j>-\=-7
f;= 2~ (f'+1+g'+I--;-j.-l-g.-1)

9.9.21

j~-;j.=~ (f.+l+g'+1)

j;+;j.=-~ (f.-l+g'-I)

x}
j.=ke~. x}

f Xl-i.dX=~'

(j'_1-g._1)=X 1-, (~g,+g~)

9.9.23

f.=be~.

j,=bei. x

g.=bel, x

g,=-ber. x

g.=kel, x

x1+"f.dx=- ~. (f'+1-g'+1)=-xl+ (~g,-g~)

9.9.22

where
9.9.15

In the following j., g. are anyone of the pairs

given by equations 9.9.15 and j~, g~ are either the
same pair or any other pair.

j.=kei, x
g.=-ker, x

f x(j,g~-g.~)dx= 2~ {~(j'+1

+g,+1)

-g~(j'+1-g'+1)-j'(~+1+g:+1)+g,(j:+1-g:+1) }

=2"1 x (j'l*
-

-1*'
Pj.

+g,g.-g.g.
' * *')

381

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Zeros of Functions of Order Zero 5

9.9.24

f X(j.g~+g,.t:)dx=~ x2(2j,g~-j'_lg~+l
-j'+lg~-1 +2g,f~-g,-d~ +1- g,+d~-,)

9.9.25

x(F.+(;)dx=x(j.g;-j;g.)
= -

1st zero
2nd zero
3rd zero
4th zero
5th zero

ber x

bei x

ker x

2. 84892
7. 23883
11.67396
16.11356
20. 55463

5. 02622
9. 45541
13.89349
18. 33398
22. 77544

1. 71854
6.12728
10.56294
15.00269
19. 44381

her' x

bei' x

ker'x

6. 03871
10. 51364
14. 96844
19.41758
23. 86430

3.77320
8. 28099
12. 74215
17.19343
21. 64114

(x/.fi,) (j,j'+1 +g,g'+l-j,g'+l +j'+lg,)

kiei x
3.
8.
12.
17.
21.

91467
34422
78256
22314
66464

kei' x

9.9.26

f xj.g.dx=~

x2(2j,g,-j,-lg'+l-j'+lg,-I)

9.9.27

1st zero
2nd zero
3rd zero
4th zero
5th zero

f x(r.-g~)dx=~ x2(J~-f.-d'+l-g~+g'-lg'+l)

2.
7.
11.
16.
20.

66584
17212
63218
08312
53068

4.93181
9. 40405
13.85827
18.30717
22. 75379

9.10. Asymptotic Expansions

Asymptotic Expansions for Large Arguments

Ascending Series for Cross-Products

When p is fixed and x is large

9.9.28
ber! x+bei~ x=

9.10.1
&",,2

ber, x= ,-{j,(x) cos a+g.(x) sinal

v211'x
9.9.29

-! {sin (2,,11') kerr x+cos (2,,'11") kei. x}

'II"

ber, X bei~ x-ber~ X bei. X

9.10.2

1
(lx2)21:
= (!X)2r+1 ~ r(,,+k+l)r(,,+2k+2) k I
CD

ezN'J

bei, x=rn-{j,(x) sin a-g,(x) cos a}

v211'x
+! {cos (2,,'11") ker, x-sin (2,,'11") kei, x}

9.9.30

'II"

ber, X ber; x+bei, X bei; X

_

2,-1

-!(!x)

CD

(1x2) 21:

~ r(p+k+l)r(p+2k) k I

9.9.31
ber~2

x+bei;2

9.10.4
kei, x=.J'II"/(2x)e-z/v'J { -j,(-x) sinfJ-g,(-x) eosfJ}

9.10.3
ker, x=.J'II"/(2x)e-zN'J{j,(-x) cos fJ-g,(-x) sin fJ}

2>-2

-(!x)

CD

(2k2+2"k+lp2)

(1x2)21:

~ r(p+k+l)r(,,+2k+l) k !

Expansions in Series of Bessel Functions

where
9.10.5-

a= (x/-v'2) + (lp-i)'II",

fJ=(x/v'2)+(!,,+i)'II"=a+l'll"

9.9.32
and, with 4v2 denoted by p.,
9.10.6
j,(x)
"'1+~(I)I:(p.-l)(J.I-9) .. , {p.-(2k-l)2}

9.9.33
bern(x.J2)=

(_)nHJnHk(x)I2k(x)

1_-c:o

f=i

---From British

kl (8x)1:

(kll')
cos 4

6
Association for the Advancement of
Science, Annual Report (J. R. Airey), 254 (1927) with
permission. This reference also gives 5-decimal values of
the next five zeros of each function.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

382

9.10.16

9.10.7

M~=Ml cos (81 -80 -1'lf')

g,(x)

-:E (=r)k (~-1)(~-9) ., .{~-(2k-1)2} sin(br)

k~l

k!(8x)

The terms 6 in ker. x and kei. x in equations 9.10.1

and 9.10.2 are asymptotically negligible compared
with the other terms, but their inclusion in numerical calculations yields improved accuracy.
The corresponding series for ber; x, b ei; x, ker; x
and kei; x can be derived from 9.2.11 and 9.2.13
with z=xe3rt/4; the extra terms in the expansions
of ber; x and bei; x are respectively

8~=(MdMo) sin (8 1-8o-i'lf')

9.10.17
d(x~8;)/dx=lM':,

9.10.18
N.=-v'lker,;r+kei~x) ,

9.10.19 ker.x=N. cos 1/>.,

- (1/'If') {sin (2J1'1f') ker; x+cos(2J1'1f')kei; x}

(l/'If') {cos(2J1'1f')ker; x-sin(2J1'1f')kei; x}.

kei. x=N. sin 1/>.

,,
,

and

\kerx

.06
.04

Modulus and Phase

I/>.=arctan (kei.x/ker.x)

bei x

iii 2

.02

.a \ berx

9.10.8

M.=-v'(ber, x+bei~ x),

9.10.9 ber.x=M. cos 8.,

-0

8.=arctan (bei.x/ber,x)
bei. x=M. sin 8,

~-2

-.02

,,
,

-4

9.10.10

-.04

-6

-.06

9.10.11
,,

-8

ber; x=!M'+1 cos (8'+1-h)-! M'_l cos (8.- I -l'lf')

,,
,,

\0

= (v/x)M. cos 8.+M'+1 cOS (8'+1 -!'If')

=-(JI!x)M.cos 8.-M'_1 cos (8H -l'lf')

FIGURE

9.10.

-.08

ber x, bei x, ker x and kei x.

9.10.12

bei; x=IM.+1 sin (8'+1-1'lf') -!MH sin (8.-1-1'lf')

= (v/x)M.sin 8.+M'+1 sin (8'+I-t'lf')
= - (v/;J;)M, sin 8.-M._ 1 sin (8._1-1'lf')

-I

9.10.13

ber' x=M1 cos (81-1'lf'),

bei' a=M1 sin (81-1'lf')

as

.j

.s;

9.10.14

-4

M;= (v/x)M.+ M.+l cos (8'+1-8.- h)

=-(v/x)M.-M._ 1 cos (8 H -8.-!'If')
9.10.15

8;= (M'+1fM.) sin (8.+1-8.-h)

=-(M._dM.) sin (8.-1-8.-t'lf')

6 The coefficients of these terms given in [9.17] are incorrect. The present results are due to Mr. G. F. Miller.

FIGURE

9.11.

In Mo(X) , 80 (x), In No(x) and I/>o(x).

Equations 9.10.11 to 9.10.17 hold with the symbols

b,M, 8 replaced throughout by k, N, 4>, respectively.
In place of 9.10.10
9.10.20

.:

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Asymptotic Expansions of Modulus and Phase

When

9.10.29

v2
b er x ber ' x +b
el x b'
el x'" -eZ ( -1 --3127rx -./2 8 x

is fixed, x is large and 1-I=4Y'

9.10.21

ez/v2

II-I 1

M,=.J2iX {1- 8-./2

15 1 45 1
315 1
)
-64-./2 ;?-512 x3 +8192-./2 i4+ ...

(/-1-1)2 1

x+256 x

(1-1- 1) (/-12+ 14/-1-399)

6144-./2

383

-.!..+o (!)}
a-}

X4

9.10.30

zv2
e ( 1 -3- -1+91
b er ,2 x +b el'2 x"-'27rx
4-./2 x 64 x2
75 1 2475 1
)
+256-'/2 r+8192 x4 + ...
9.10.31
ker2 x+keP x"-'!!.-e-xv2(1 __1_ ~+l..!2
2x
4-./2x 64 x

33 1 1797 1
)
+256-./2 r-8192x 4 + ...
9.10.32

er' x k
el
k er x k el., x- k

X " - ' -7r-

2x

e-z-'2
.. ( -1- -1-1
-./2 8 x

9 1 39 1
75
1
+64-./2 x2 -512 x3 +8192-./2 x4

+ ...

9.10.33

ker x ker' x+ kei x kei'

x"'-~
e-zv2 (l..+~ ~
2x
-./2 8 x

15 1 45 1
315 1
- 64-./2 x2 512;;a+ 8192-./2 x4

+ ...

9.10.34

7r
(
3 1
9 1
ker'2 x+kel'2
x"'- e- zv2 1+-- + - 2x
4-./2 x 64 x2

9.10.26

75 1 2475 1
)
-256-./2 r+8192 x4 +

Asymptotic Expansions of Large Zeros

Asymptotic Expansions of Cross-Products

Let
9.10.35

If x is large

+ (lI-l)(5p.+19) + 3(/-1-1)2 +
f(~)=p.-l+l-I-l
16~
32~2
1536~3
512~4
where p.=4v2.

...

Then if,<; is a large positive integer

9.10.36
9.10.28

Zeros of ber, x,,-,.J2{~-f(~)}'

6= (s-il'-i)7r

eZ v2 ( 1 1 1
ber x bel'
x-ber' x bel x"-'-+-27rx -./2 8 x

Zeros of bei, x,,-,.J2{~-f(~)}'

~=(s-!p+th

Zeros of ker, x ,,-,.fi, {~+ f( -~) },

6=(s-iJl-i)7r

Zeros of kei. x"'.J2{ 8+f( -8)},

6= (s-!p-ihr

9 1 39 1
75 1
)
+64-./2 x2+512 x3+8192-./2 x4+ ...

384

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

For v=O these expressions give the 8th zero of

each function; for other values of v the zeros
represented may not be the 8th.

9.11.3
ker x=-!n Cia;) ber x+1'l1" bei x-.57721 566
-59.05819 744(x/8)4+171.36272 133(x/8)8

Uniform Asymptotic Expansions for Large Orders

-60.60977 451(x/8)12+5.65539 121(x/8)16

When v is large and positive

-.19636 347(x/8)IO+.00309 699(x/8)Z4

-.00002 458(x/8)28+ E

9.10.37

IEI<lXlO- 8

ber,(vx) +i bei,(vx)-

9.11.4
9.10.38

kei x=-ln{!x)bei x-i1l' ber :1.+6.76454 936(x/8)'

-142.91827 687(:1;/8)6+ 124.23569 650(x/8)10

ker, (vx) +i kei, (px)

"" I e_'E(xehtI4)-' {1+i: (_)tUt(~-I)}

'V 2v~
1+~
k-l
r

-21.30060 904(x/8)14+1.17509 064{x/8)18

'11"

-.02695 875(x/8)22+.00029 532(x/8)26+ E

IEI<3X1O- 9

9.11.5
ber' x=x[ -4(3: /8)2+ 14.22222 222(x/8)6

9.10.40
ker; (vx) +i k~~i; (vx)

f;i

-6.06814 810(x/8)1O+.66047 849(a;/8)U

e-'E(U3rll4) - '

-- 'V 2" x

1+~

..
Vt(~-I)
{1+~ ( - ) t - r }

- .02609 253 (x/8) 18+ .00045 957 (x/8) "

-.00000 394(x/8)26]+E

where

lEI <2.1 X 10-8

9.10.41
and 1.t,\;(t) , fJ,\;(t) are given by 9.3.9 and 9.3.13. All
fractional powers take their principal values.
9.11. Polynomial Approximations

9.11.6

-85x58

bei' x=x[ i-10.66666 666(x/8)4

+11.37777 772{x/8)8-2.31167 514(x/8)12

9.11.1

-8~x~8

+.14677 204(x/8)16_.00379 386(x/8)20

ber x= 1-64(x/8)4+ 113.77777 774(x/8)8

+.00004609{x/8)24]+e

-32.36345 652(x/8)12+2.64191 397tx/8)16

IEI<7X10-8

-.08349 609(x/8)20+.00122 552(x/8)24

- .00000 901 (X/8)28+ e
lel<l X 10- 9

9.11.2

-8~x~8

bei x= 16(x/8)2-113. 77777 774tx/8)6

+72.81777 742(x/8)10-10.56765 779(x/8)14

+ .52185 615 (a)8) 18._ .01103 667 (X/8)22

+.00011 346(x/8)26+ E
IEI<6X1O- 9

9.11.7
ker' x=-ln (tx) ber' x-x- l ber x+1'11' bei' x
+x[ -3.69113 734{x/8)2'+21.42034 017 (x/8) 6
-11.36433 272(x/8)10+ 1.41384 780(:t/8)14

- .06136 358tx/8)18+ .00116 137 (x/8) 22

-.00001075{x/8)26)+E
IEI<8XlO- 8

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF ENTEGER ORDER

385

9.11.8

where

kei' X= -In (tx) bei' x-x- 1 bei x-h ber' x

9.11.11
8(x) = (.00000 00-.39269 91i)

+x[.21139 217-13.39858 846(x/8)4

+(.0110486-.0110485i)(8/x)

+ 19.41182 758(x/8)S-4.65950 823(x/8)12

+.33049 424{x/8)16_.00926 707(x/8)20

+ (.00000 00- .00097 65i) (8/x) 2

+(-.00009 06-.00009 01i) (8/x) 3
+(-.0000252+.0000000i)(8/x)4

+.00011 997(x/8) 241+E

IEI<7X10- s

+(-.0000034+.00000 51i) (8/x) 6

+(.0000006+.00000 19i)t8/x)6
8~ x<

9.11.12
8~x<

9.11.9

ker' x+i kei' X= -j(x) 4> ( -x) (1 + Ea)

<Xl

lEal <2 X10- 7

ker x+i kei X= j(x) (1 +El)

j(x)=

r;- exp [_I+i

X+8(-X)]
\,2;;
.J2
IEd<1X10-

<Xl

9.11.13

8~x<

<Xl

ber' x+ibei' x-~ (ker' x+i kei' .r) =g(x)4>tx)(1 +E4)

11"

1E41<3XlO- 7

where
9.11.14
4> (x) = (.70710 68+.70710 68i)

8 ~ x< <Xl

+(-.0625001-.0000001i)(8/x)

her x+i bei x-~ (ker x+i kei x)=g(x)(I+E2)

+( -.00138 13+.00138 11i)(8/x)2

9.11.10
11"

g(x)=

exp

[\J2 i X+8(X)]

IE21<3XIO- 7

+ (.00000 05+ .00024 52i) (8/x) 3

+(.0000346+.0000338i)(8/x)4
+(.00001 17-.00000 24i) (8/x) 6
+(.00000 16-.00000 32i)(8/x)6

Numerical Methods
9.12. Use and Extension of the Tables
Example 1. To evaluate I n (1.55), n=O, I, 2,
. ., each to 5 decimals.
The recurrence relation

In_1(x)

+J nH (x) = (2n/x)Jn(x)

can be us~ to compute Jo(x), J1(x), J 2 (x), . . . ,

successively provided that n<x, otherwise severe
accumulation of rounding errors will occur.
Since, however, In(x) is a decreasing function of n
when n>x, recurrence can always be carried out
in the direction of decreasing n.
Inepection of Table 9.2 shows that I n (1.55)
vanishes to 5 decimals when n>7. Taking arbitrary values zero for J o and unity for J s, we compute
by recurrence the entries in the second column of
the following table, rounding off to the nearest
integer at each step.

n
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Trial values
0
1
10
89
679
4292
21473
78829
181957
155954

J .. (1.65)
.00000
.00000
.00003
.00028
.00211
.01331
.06661
.24453
.56442
.48376

We normalize the results by use of the equation

9.1.46, namely
Jo(x) +2J2 (x) +2J,(x)

+ ...

This yields the normalization factor

11322376=.00000 31019 7

= 1

386

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

and multiplying the trial values by this factor we

obtain the required results, given in the third
column. As a check we may verify the value of
J o(l.55) by interpolation in Table 9.1.
Remarks. (i) In this example it was possible
to estimate immediately the value of n=N, say,
at which to begin the recurrence. This may not
always be the case and an arbitrary value of N may
have to be taken. The number of correct significant figures in the final values is the same as the
number of digits in the respective trial values.
If the chosen N is too small the trial values will
have too few digits and insufficient accuracy is
obtained in the results. The calculation must
then be repeated taking a higher value. On the
other hand if N were too large unnecessary effort
would be expended. This could be offset to some
extent by discarding significant figures in the trial
values which are in excess of the number of
decimals required in I n
(ii) If we had required, say, J o(1.55), J 1(1.55),
. . ., J lO (1.55) , each to 5 significant figures, we
would have found the values of J 1o (1.55) and
J u (1.55) to 5 significant figures by interpolation
in Table 9.3 and then computed by recurrence
J g, J g, , J o, no normalization being required.
Alternatively, we could begin the recurrence at
a higher value of N and retain only 5 significant
figures in the trial values for n:::; 10.
(iii) Exactly similar methods can be used to
compute the modified Bessel function In (x) by
means of the relations 9.6.26 and 9.6.36. If x is
large, however, considerable cancellation will
take place in using the latter equation, and it is
preferable to normalize by means of 9.6.37.
Example 2. To evaluate Y n (1.55), n=O, 1, 2,
.. , 10, each to 5 significant figures.
The recurrence relation
Yn-1(x)

+Yn+1(x) = (2n/x) Yn(x)

can be used to compute Yn(x) in the direction of

increasing n both for n<x and n>x, because in
the latter event Yn(xJ is a numerically increasing
function of n.
We therefore compute Yo(1.55) and Y1 (1.55) by
interpolation in Table 9.1. generate Y 2 (1.55),
Ys(1.55), . . ., YlO (1.55) by recurrence and check
YlO (1.55) by interpolation in Table 9.3.
n
0
1
2
3
4
5

Y n(1.55)

+0.40225
-0.37970
-0.89218
-1. 9227
-6.5505
-31. 886

n
6
7
8
9
10

Y n(1.55)

-1. 9917X 1()2

-1. 5100X 103
- 1. 3440 X 104
-1. 3722 X 1()5
-1. 5801 X 106

Remarks. (i) An alternative way of computing

Yo(x), should Jo(x), J 2 (x) , J 4 (x) , . . . , be available (see Example 1), is to use formula 9.1.89.

The other starting value for the recurrence,

Y1(x), can then be found from the Wronskian
relation J 1(x)Yo(x)-JO(X)Yl(X)=2/(7rX). This is a
convenient procedure for use with an automatic
computer.
(ii) Similar methods can be used to compute the
modified Bessel function Kn(x) by means of the
recurrence relation 9.6.26 and the relation 9.6.54.
except that if x is large severe cancellation will
occur in the use of 9.6.54 and other methods for
evaluating Ko(x) may be preferable, for example,
l1se of the asymptotic expansion 9.7.2 or the polynomial approximation 9.8.6.
Example 3. To evaluate J o(.36) and Y o(.36)
each to 5 decimals, using the multiplication
theorem.
From 9.1.74 we have

...
<6'0 ().z) =2: a.t<6'k(Z) , wherea.t
k-O

(_ )k().2_1)k(!z)k

k!

We take z=.4. Then ).=.9, ().2-1)(!z)=-.038,

and extracting the necessary values of J k (.4) and
Y",(.4) from Tables 9.1 and 9.2, we compute the
required results as follows:
k

ak

+ 1.0
1 +0.038
2 +0.7220XlO-a
3 +0.914X 10-5
4 +0.87X 10-7
5 +0.7X10-v

akJ k(.4)

+ .96040
+ .00745
+.00001

ak Y k(4)
-.60602
-.06767
-.00599
-.00074

-.00011
-.00002
J o(.36) = + .96786

Y o(.36) = - .68055

Remark. This procedure is equivalent to interpolating by means of the Taylor series

at z=.4, and expressing the derivatives ~6"')(Z) in

terms of ~ .t(z) by means of the recurrence relations and differential equation for the Bessel
functions.
Example 4-. To evaluate J.(x) , J;(x), Y.(x)
and Y;(x) for 11=50, x=75, each to 6 decimals.
We use the asymptotic expansions 9.3.35, 9.3.36,
9.3.43, and 9.3.44. Here z=x/II=3/2. From 9.3.39
we find

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

387

we find

Hence
4r )1/4

r=-.5567724 and ( 1-z2

Ai' (as) = +.947336.

a5= -7.944134,

=+1.155332.

Hence

Next,
vIIS =

3 .684031,

j/ 2/S

r= -7.556562.

r= 1O- 2/sa5= .21544347a5= -1.7115118.

Interpolating in Table 10.n, we find that

Ai (j/ 2/&r) = + .299953,

Ai' (j/ 2/S r) = + .451441,

Bi(j/2I3 r)= - .160565,

Bi'(j/2/S r) = + .819542.

As a check on the interpolation, we may verify

that Ai Bi'-Ai'Bi=l/1r.
Interpolating in the table following 9.3.46 we
obtain
bo(r)= +.0136,

Interpolating in the table following 9.5.26 we

obtain
z(r)= +2.888631,

FI (r) =

- .001.

The bounds given at the foot of the table show

that the contributions of higher terms to the
asymptotic series are negligible. Hence

co(r) = + .1442.
jlO,

The contributions of the terms involving al (r)

and d l (r) are negligible, and substituting in the
asymptotic expansions we find that

h(r)= +.98259,

fl (r) = + .0107,

5=28.88631 + .00107 + . . . =28.88738,

J' ( . )
10

)10,5

.947336

=-102/S 2.888631X.98259

X (1-.00001 + ... )=-.14381.

J 50 (75) = + 1.155332(50- li3 X.299953
+50- 6i3 X.451441 X.0136)= + .094077,
J~o(75)

= - (4/3) (1.155332)-1(50- 4i3 X .299953

X.1442+50- 2i3 X.451441)= -.038658,

Y 50 (75) = -1.155332( -50- li3 X.160565

+50- 6i3 X.819542X .0136)= +.050335,
Y~o(75) =

+ (4/3)(1.155332)-1( -50- 4i3 X .160565

X .1442 +50- 2i3 X .819542) = + .069543.

As a check we may verify that

Exalllple 6.

To evaluate the first root of

Jo(x)Yo(Xx)- Yo(x)Jo(Xx) =0 for ;\.=j to 4 signifi-

cant figures.
Let a~!) denote the root. Direct interpolation
in Table 9.7 is impracticable owing to the
divergence of the differences. Inspection of
9.5.28 suggests that a smoother function is
(X-l)a~!). Using Table 9.7 we compute the following values
1I}..

(}"-1)a~!)

0.4

3.110

O. 6

3. 131

+21

JY'-J'Y =2/(7511'").

RClnarks. This example may also be computed

using the Debye expansions 9.3.15, 9.3.16, 9.3.19,
and 9.3.20. Four terms of each of these series are
required, compared with two in the computations
above. The closer the argument-order ratio is to
unity, the less effective the Debye expansions
become. In the neighborhood of unity the expansions 9.3.23, 9.3.24, 9.3.27, and 9.3.28 will furnish
results of moderate accuracy; for high-accuracy
work the uniform expansions should again be used.

Example 5. To evaluate the 5th positive zero

of JIO(x) and the corresponding value of J;o(x) ,
each to 5 decimals.
We use the asymptotic expansions 9.5.22 and
9.5.23 setting v=lO, 8=5. From Table 10.n

02

+9

3. 140

0.8

-12
-7

+2
1.0

3.142(11")

Interpolating
(;\'-1)a~!)=3.134

for 1/;\'=.667, we obtain

and thence the required root

a~~1=6.268.

Exalllple 7.

To evaluate bern 1.55, bei n 1.55,

n=O, 1,2, . . . , each to 5 decimals.

We use the recurrence relation

J n-I (xe S'- iI4) +Jn+1 (xe S.- iI4 )

=_n~
x

(l+i)Jn(xeS.-i/4) ,

taking arbitrary values zero for Jg(xe S.- iI4 ) and

1 +Oi for Js(xe3.-iI4) (see Exalllple 1).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

388

1/(294989-22011 i) = (.337119+ .025155i) X 10- 6 ,

n

Imag.
Real
trial values trial values

ber"x

bei"z

obtained from the relation

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

0
+1
-7
-1
+500
-4447
+14989
+11172
-197012
+281539

0
0
-7
+89
-475
-203
+17446
-88578
+123804
+U5373

. 00000
. 00000
-.00002
-.00003
+.00181
-.01494
+.04614
+.05994
-.69531
+.91004

. 00000
. 00000
-.00003
+.00030
-.00148
-.00180
+.06258
-.29580
+.36781
+.59461

l:

+106734

+207449

+.30763

+.72619

The values of ber nX and beinx are computed by

multiplication of the trial values by the normalizing factor

Adequate checks are furnished by interpolating

in Table 9.12 for ber 1.55 and bei 1.55, and the
use of a simple sum check on the normalization.
Should kernX and keinx be required they can be
computed by forward recurrence using formulas
9.9.14, taking the required starting values for
n=O and 1 from Table 9.12 (see Example 2). If
an independent check on the recurrence is required
the asymptotic expansion 9.10.38 can be used.

References
Texts

[9.1] E. E. Allen, Analytical approximations, Math.

Tables Aids Compo 8, 240-241 (1954).
[9.2] E. E. Allen, Polynomial approximations to some
modified Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids
Comp.l0, 162-164 (1956).
[9.3] H. Bateman and R. C. Archibald, A guide to tables
of Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids Compo I,
205-308 (1944).
[9.4] W. G. Bickley, Bessel functions and formulae
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1953). This is a straight reprint of part of the
preliminaries to [9.21].
[9.5] H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of hell.\'
in solids (Oxford Univ. Press, London, England,
1947).
[9.6] E. T. Copson, An introduction to the theory of
functions of a complex variable (Oxford Univ.
Press, London, England, 1935).
[9.7] A. Erd6lyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vol 2, ch. 7 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1953).
[9.8] E. T. Goodwin, Recurrence relations for crossproducts of Bessel functions, Quart. J. Mech.
Appl. Math. 2, 72-74 (1949).
[9.9] A. Gray, G. B. Mathews and T. M. MacRobert,
A treatise on the theory of Bessel functions, 2d
ed. (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London, England;
1931).
[9.10] W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger, Formeln und
SlI.tze fiir die speziellen Funktionen der mathematischen Physik, 2d ed. (Springer-Verlag,.
Berlin, Germany, 1948).
[9.11] N. W. McLachlan, Bessel functions for engineers,
2d ed. (Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1955).
[9.12] F. W. J. Olver, Some new asymptotic expansions
for Bessel functions of large orders. Proc.
Cambridge Philos. Soc. 48, 414-427 (1952).

[9.13] F. W. J. Olver, The asymptotic expansion of Bessel

functions of large order. Philos. Trans. Roy.
Soc. London A247, 328-368 (1954).
[9.14] G. Petiau, La theorie des fonctions de Bessel
(Centre National de Ill. Recherche Scientifique,
Paris, France, 1955).
[9.15] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions, 2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1958).
[9.16] R. Weyrich, Die Zylinderfunktionen und ihre
Anwendungen (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, Germany,
1937).
[9.17] C. S. Whitehead, On a generalization of the functions ber x, bei x, ker x, kei x. Quart. J. Pure
Appl. Math. 42, 316-342 (1911).
[9.18] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).
Tables

[9.19] J. F. Bridge and S. W. Angrist, An extended table

of roots of J~(x)Y~({3x)-J~({3x)Y~(x)=O, Math.
Compo 16. 198-204 (1962).
(9.201 British Association for the Advancement of Science,
Bessel functions, Part 1. Functions of orders
zero and unity, Mathematical Tables, vol. VI
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1950).
[9.211 British Association for the Advancement of Science,
Bessel functions, Part II. Functions of positive
integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1952).
[9.22] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
Annual Report (J. R. Airey), 254 (1927).
[9.23] E. Cambi, Eleven- and fifteen-place tables of Bessel
functions of the first kind, to all significant orders
(Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1948).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

[9.24) E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy funktsii Besselya ot
deistvitel'nogo argumenta i integralov ot nikh
(Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.,
1958). (Table of Bessel functions with real
argument and their integrals).
[9.25) H. B. Dwight, Tables of integrals and other mathematical data (The Macmillan Co., New York,
N.Y., 1957).
This includes formulas for, and tables of Kelvin
functions.
[9.26) H. B. Dwight, Table of roots for natural frequencies
in coaxial type cavities, J. Math. Phys. 27,
84-89 (1948).
This gives zeros of the functions 9.5.27 and 9.5.30
for n=O,I,2,3.
[9.27) V. N. Faddeeva and M. K. Gavurin, Tablitsy
funktsii Besselia J ,,(x) tselykh nomerov ot 0
clo 120 (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow,
U.S.S.R., 1950). (Table of J .. (x) for orders 0 to
120).
[9.28) L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer
orders and large arguments. Royal Society
Shorter Mathematical Tables No.3 (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954).
[9.29) E. T. Goodwin and J. Staton, Table of J o(jo."r),
Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 1, 220-224 (1948).
[9.30) Harvard Computation Laboratory, Tables of the
Bessel functions of the first kind of orders 0
through 135, vols. 3-14 (Harvard Univ. Press,
Cambridge, Mass., 1947-1951).
[9.31] K. Hayashi, Tafeln der Besselschen, Theta, Kugelund anderer Funktionen (Springer, Berlin, Germa.ny, 1930).
[9.32) E. Jahnke, F. Emde, and F. Losch, Tables of
higher functions, ch. IX, 6th ed. (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1960).
[9.33) L. N. Karmazina and E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy
funktsii Besselya ot mnimogo argumenta i
integralov ot nikh (Izdat. Akad. N auk SSSR,
Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1958). (Tables of Bessel

389

functions with imaginary argument and their

integrals) .
[9.34) Mathematical
Tables
Project,
Table
of
f,,(x)=nl(~x)-"J,,(x). J. Math. Phys. 23,
45-60 (1944).
[9.35) National Bureau of Standards, Table of the Bessel
functions Jo(z) and J,(z) for complex arguments,
2d ed. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y.,
1947).
[9.36] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the Bessel
functions Yo(z) and Y,(z) for complex arguments
(Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1950).
[9.37) National Physical Laboratory Mathematical Tables,
vol. 5, Chebyshev series for mathematical functions, by C. W. Clenshaw (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England, 1962).
[9.38) National Physical Laboratory Mathematical Tables,
vol. 6, Tables for Bessel functions of moderate or
large orders, by F. W. J. Olver (Her Majesty's
Stationery Office, London, England, 1962).
[9.39) L. N. Nosova, Tables of Thomson (Kelvin) functions
and their first derivatives, translated from the
Russian by P. Basu (Pergamon Press, New
York, N.Y., 1961).
[9.40) Royal Society Mathematical Tables, vol. 7, Bessel
functions, Part III. Zeros and associated values,
edited by F. W. J. Olver (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1960) .
The introduction includes many formulas connected with zeros.
[9.41) Royal Society Mathematical Tables, vol. 10,
Bessel functions, Part IV. Kelvin functions, by
A. Young and A. Kirk (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1963).
The introduction includes many formulas for
Kelvin functions.
{9.42) W. Sibagaki, 0.01 % tables of modified Bessel
functions, with the account of the methods used
in the calculation (Baifukan, Tokyo, Japan, 1955).

390

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.1

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

0.0
O. 1
0.2
0.3
D.4

1.00000
0.99750
0.99002
0.97762
0.96039

Jo(.!:)
00000
15620
49722
62465
82266

00000
66040
39576
38296
59563

0.00000
0.04993
0.09950
0.14831
0.19602

00000
75260
08326
88163
65780

.h(l:)
0.00000 00000
0.00124 89587
0.00498 33542
0.01116 58619
0.01973 46631

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.93846
0.91200
0.88120
0.84628
0.80752

98D72 40813
4863497211
08886 07405
73527 50480
37981 22545

0.24226
0.28670
0.32899
0.36884
0.40594

84577
09881
57415
20461
95461

0.03060
0.04366
0.05878
0.07581
0.09458

40235
50967
69444
77625
63043

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.76519
0.71962
0.67113
0.62008
0.56685

76865
20185
27442
59895
51203

57967
27511
64363
61509
74289

0.44005
0.47090
0.49828
0.52202
0.54194

05857
23949
90576
32474
77139

0.11490
0.13656
0.15934
0.18302
0.20735

34849
41540
90183
66988
58995

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.51182
0.45540
0.39798
0.33998
0.28181

76717
21676
48594
64110
85593

35918
39381
46109
42558
74385

0.55793
O. 56989
0.57776
0.58151
0.58115

65079
59353
52315
69517
70727

0.23208
0.25696
0.28173
0.30614
O. 32992

76721
77514
89424
35353
57277

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.22389 07791
0.16660 69803
0.1103622669
0.05553 97844
+0.00250 76832

41236
31990
22174
45602
97244

0.57672
O. 56829
0.55596
0.53987
0.52018

48078
21358
30498
25326
52682

0.35283
0.37462
0.39505
0.41391
0.43098

40286
36252
86875
45917
00402

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.04838
-0.09680
-0.14244
-0.18503
-0.22431

37764
49543
93700
60333
15457

68198
97038
46012
64387
91968

0.49709
0.47081
0.44160
O. 40970
0.37542

41025
82665
13791
92469
74818

0.44605
0.45897
0.46956
0.47768
0.48322

90584
28517
15027
54954
70505

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.26005
-0.29206
-0.32018
-0.34429
-0.36429

19549
43476
81696
62603
55967

01933
50698
57123
98885
62000

0.33905
0.30092
0.26134
0.22066
0.17922

89585
11331
32488
34530
58517

0.48609
0.48620
0.48352
0.47803
0.46972

12606
70142
77001
16865
25683

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.38012 77399 87263

-0.3917689837 00798
-0.39923 0203371191
-0.40255 64101 78564
-0.40182 60148 87640

0.13737
0.09546
0.05383
+0.01282
-0.02724

75274
55472
39877
10029
40396

0.45862
0.44480
0.42832
0.40930
0.38785

91842
53988
96562
43065
47125

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.39714
-0.38866
-0.37655
-0.36101
-0.34225

63847
35854
67568
36535
03886

-0.06604
-0.10327
-0.13864
-0.17189
-0.20277

33280
32577
69421
65602
55219

0.36412
0.33829
0.31053
0.28105
0.25008

81459
24809
47010
92288
60982

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-0.3205425089 85121
-0.29613 78165 74141
-0.26933 0789419753
-0.24042 53272 91183
-0.20973 83275 85326

-0.23106
-0.25655
-0.27908
-0.29849
-0.31469

04319
28361
07358
98581
46710

0.21784
0.18459
0.15057
0.11605
0.08129

89837
31052
30295
03864
15231

5.0

-0.17759 67713 14338

-0.32757 91376
[(-84)5J

./'

98098
96798
70543
11172
67900

[(li)6J

.h(.I')

0.04656 51163
[(-74)3J

J n+l (.r)= 2:~ .In (.)') - In - l (.r)

.I.
Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel functions, Part II. Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952) and Harvard Computation
Laboratory, Tables of the Bessel functions of the first kind of orders 0 through
135, vols. 3-14 (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1947-1951) (with permission).

391

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

x

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

Yo(x)

Table 9.1
Y 2(X)

Y1(X)

00

00

-1. 53423 86514

-1. 08110 53224

00

-0.80727 35778
-0.60602 45684

-6.45895
-3.32382
-2.29310
-1. 78087

10947
49881
51384
20443

-127.64478
- 32.15714
- 14.48009
8.29833

324
456
401
565

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.44451
-0.30850
-0.19066
-0.08680
+0.00562

87335
98701
49293
22797
83066

-1. 47147
-1. 26039
-1.10324
-0.97814
-0.87312

23927
13472
98719
41767
65825

5.44137
3.89279
2.96147
2.35855
1. 94590

084
462
756
816
960

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

O. 08825
0.16216
0.22808
0.28653
O. 33789

69642
32029
35032
53572
51297

-0. 78121
-0.69811
-0.62113
-0.54851
-0.47914

28213
95601
63797
97300
69742

1. 65068
1. 43147
1. 26331
1.13041
1.02239

261
149
080
186
081

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.38244
0.42042
0.45202
0.47743
0.49681

89238
68964
70002
17149
99713

-0.41230
-0.34757
-0.28472
-0.22366
-0.16440

86270
80083
62451
48682
57723

0.93219
0.85489
0.78699
0.72594
0.66987

376
941
905
824
868

2.0
2. 1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.51037
0.51829
0.52078
O. 51807
0.51041

56726
37375
42854
53962
47487

-0.10703
-0.05167
+0.00148
O. 05227
0.10048

24315
86121
77893
73158
89383

0.61740
0.56751
0.51943
0.47261
0.42667

810
146
175
686
397

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.49807
0.48133
0.46050
0.43591
0.40791

03596
05906
35491
59856
17692

0.14591
0.18836
0.22763
0.26354
0.29594

81380
35444
24459
53936
00546

0.38133
0.33643
0.29188
0.24766
0.20381

585
556
692
928
518

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.37685
0.34310
0.30705
0.26909
0.22961

00100
28894
32501
19951
53372

0.32467
0.34962
0.37071
0.38785
0.40101

44248
94823
13384
29310
52921

0.16040
0.11753
0.07535
0.03402
0.00627

039
548
866
961
601

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.18902
0.14771
0.10607
0.06450
+0.02337

19439
00126
43153
32467
59082

0.41018
0.41539
0.41667
0.41411
0.40782

84179
17621
43727
46893
00193

0.04537
0.08306
0.11915
0.15345
0.18576

144
319
508
185
256

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.01694
-0.05609
-0.09375
-0.12959
-0.16333

07393
46266
12013
59029
64628

0.39792
0.38459
O. 36801
0.34839
0.32597

57106
40348
28079
37583
06708

0.21590
0.24370
0.26899
0.29163
0.31150

359
147
540
951
495

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-0.19470
-0.22345
-0.24938
-0.27230
-0.29205

50086
99526
76472
37945
45942

0.30099
0.27374
0.24450
0.21356
0.18124

73231
52415
12968
51673
66920

0.32848
0.34247
0.35343
0.36128
0.36603

160
962
075
928
284

5.0

-0.30851 76252

0.14786 31434
2n

Yn+l(X)=x Yn(X)- Yn-1(x)

0.36766 288

392

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

Table 9.1
x

Jo(x)

Jl(X)

J2(X)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

-0.17759
-0.14433
-0.11029
-0.07580
-0.04121

67713
47470
04397
31115
01012

14338
60501
90987
85584
44991

-0.32757
-0.33709
-0.34322
-0.34596
-0.34534

91376
72020
30059
08338
47908

0.04656
+0.01213
-0.02171
-0.05474
-0.08669

51163
97659
84086
81465
53768

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

-0.00684
+0.02697
0.05992
0.09170
0.12203

38694
08846
00097
25675
33545

17819
85114
24037
74816
92823

-0.34143
-0.33433
-0.32414
-0.31102
-0.29514

82154
28363
76802
77443
24447

-0.11731
-0.14637
-0.17365
-0.19895
-0.22208

54816
54691
60379
35139
16409

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

0.15064
0.17729
0.20174
0.22381
0.24331

52572
14222
72229
20061
06048

50997
42744
48904
32191
23407

-0.27668
-0.25586
-0.23291
-0.20808
-0.18163

38581
47726
65671
69402
75090

-0.24287
-0.26118
-0.27688
-0.28987
-0. 30007

32100
15116
15994
13522
23264

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.26009
0.27404
0.28506
0.29309
0.29810

46055
33606
47377
56031
20354

81606
24146
10576
04273
04820

-0.15384
-0.12498
-0.09534
-0. 06521
-0.03490

13014
01652
21180
86634
20961

-0.30743
-0. 31191
-0.31352
-0.31227
-0.30821

03906
61379
50715
75629
85850

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.30007
0.29905
0.29507
0.28821
0.27859

92705
13805
06914
69476
62326

19556
01550
00958
35014
57478

-0.00468
+0.02515
0.05432
0.08257
0.10962

28235
32743
74202
04305
50949

-0.30141
-0. 29196
-0.27997
-0.26559
-0.24896

72201
59511
97413
49119
78286

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.26633
0.25160
0.23455
0.21540
0.19436

96578
18338
91395
78077
18448

80378
49976
86464
46263
41278

0.13524
0.15921
0.18131
0.20135
0.21917

84276
37684
27153
68728
93999

-0.23027
-0.20970
-0.18746
-0.16377
-0.13887

34105
34737
49278
78404
33892

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

0.17165
0.14751
0.12221
0.09600
0.06915

08071 37554
74540 44378
53017 84138
6100895010
72616 56985

0.23463
0.24760
0.25799
0.26573
0.27078

63469
77670
85976
93020
62683

-0. 11299
-0.08637
-0.05928
-0.03197
-0.00468

17204
97338
88146
25341
43406

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

0.04193
+0.01462
-0.01252
-0.03923
-0.06525

92518
29912
27324
38031
32468

42935
78741
49665
76542
51244

0.27312
O. 27275
O. 26971
0.26407
0.25590

19637
48445
90241
37032
23714

+0.02232
0.04880
0.07452
0.09925
0.12275

47396
83679
71058
05539
93977

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-0.09033
-0.11423
-0.13674
-0.15765
-0.17677

36111
92326
83707
51899
15727

82876
83199
64864
43403
51508

0.24531
0.23243
0.21740
0.20041
0.18163

17866
07450
86550
39278
22040

0.14484
0.16532
O. 18401
0.20075
0.21541

73415
29129
11218
49594
67225

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-0.19392
-0.20897
-0.22179
-0.23227
-0.24034

87476
87183
54820
60275
11055

87422
68872
31723
79367
34760

0.16126
0.13952
0.11663
O. 09284
O. 06836

44308
48117
86479
00911
98323

O. 22787
0.23804
0.24584
0.25122
0.25415

91542
63875
46878
29849
31929

10.0

-0.24593 57644 51348

[( It)4J

0.04347 27462

4)4J

[( -8

2n
J,,+l(X) = - J,,(X)-J,,-l(X)
x

0.25463 03137

[( -74)4]

393

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

x

Yo (x)

Yl(X)

Table 9.1
Y 2 (x)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

-0.30851
-0.32160
-0.33125
-0.33743
-0. 34016

76252
24491
09348
73011
78783

0.14786
0.11373
0.07919
0.04454
+0.01012

31434
64420
03430
76191
72667

0.36766
0.36620
0.36170
0.35424
0.34391

288
498
876
172
872

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

-0.33948
-0.33544
-0.32815
-0.31774
-0.30436

05929
41812
71408
64300
59300

-0.02375
-0. 05680
-0. 08872
-0.11923
-0.14807

82390
56144
33405
41135
71525

0.33084
0.31515
0.29702
0.27663
0.25417

123
646
614
122
029

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

-0. 28819
-0.26943
-0.24830
-0.22506
-0.19994

46840
49304
99505
17496
85953

-0.17501
-0.19981
-0.22228
-0.24224
-0.25955

03443
22045
36406
95005
98934

0.22985
0.20392
0.17660
0.14815
0.11883

790
273
555
715
613

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

-0.17324
-0.14522
-0.11619
-0.08643
-0.05625

24349
62172
11427
38683
36922

-0.27409
-0.28574
-0.29445
-0.30018
-0. 30291

12740
72791
93130
68758
76343

0.08890
0.05863
+0.02829
-0.00185
-0. 03154

666
613
284
639
852

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

-0.02594
+0.00418
O. 03385
O. 06271
0.09068

97440
17932
04048
38864
08802

-0.30266
-0.29947
-0.29342
-0.28459
-0. 27311

72370
88746
25939
43719
49598

-0. 06052
-0.08854
-0.11535
-0.14074
-0.16449

661
204
668
495
573

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.11731
0.14242
0.16580
0.18722
0.20652

32861
85247
16324
71733
09481

-0.25912
-0.24280
-0.22431
-0.20388
-0.18172

85105
10021
84743
50954
10713

-0.18641
-0.20632
-0.22406
-0.23950
-0.25252

422
353
617
540
628

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

0.22352
0.23809
0.25011
0.25951
0.26622

14894
13287
80276
49638
18674

-0.15806
-0.13314
-0.10724
-0.08059
-0.05348

04617
87960
07223
75035
45084

-0.26303
-0.27096
-0.27627
-0.27893
-0.27895

660
757
430
605
627

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

0.27020
0.27145
0.26999
0.26587
0.25915

51054
77123
91703
49418
57617

-0.02616
+0. 00108
0.02801
0.05435
0.07986

86794
39918
09592
55633
93974

-0.27636
-0.27120
-0.26355
-0.25352
-0.24120

244
562
987
140
758

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

0.24(" '3
0.23833
0.22449
0.20857
0.19074

66983
59921
36870
00676
39189

0.10431
0.12746
0.14911
0.16906
0.18713

45752
58820
27879
13071
56847

-0.22675
-0.21032
-0.19207
-0.17221
-0.15092

568
151
786
280
782

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

O. 17121
0.15018
0.12787
0.10452
O. 08037

06262
01353
47920
70840
73052

0.20317
O. 21705
0.22866
0.23789
0.24469

98994
89660
00298
32421
24113

-0.12843
-0.10495
-0. 08072
-0.05597
-0. 03094

591
952
839
744
449

10.0

0.05567 11673

[( -:)4J

O. 24901 54242

[(-:)4J
2n

Y,,+l(X)=- Y,,(x)-Yn-1(x)
x

-0. 00586 808

[( -:)4J

394

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.1

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

Jo(x)

hex)

hex)

10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4

-0.24593
-0.24902
-0.24961
-0.24771
-0.24337

57644
96505
70698
68134
17507

51348
80910
54127
82244
14207

0.04347
+0.01839
-0.00661
-0.03131
-0. 05547

27462
55155
57433
78295
27618

0.25463
0.25267
0.24831
0.24163
0.23270

03137
23269
98653
56815
39119

10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9

-0.23664
-0.22763
-0.21644
-0.20320
-0.18806

81944
50476
27399
19671
22459

62347
20693
23818
12039
63342

-0. 07885
-0.10122
-0.12239
-0.14216
-0.16034

00142
86626
94239
65683
96867

0.22162
0.20853
0.19356
0.17687
0.15864

91441
53000
43429
48248
02851

11.0
11.1
11.2
11. 3
11. 4

-0.17119
-0.15276
-0.13299
-0.11206
-0.09021

03004
82954
19368
84561
45002

07196
35677
59575
09807
47520

-0.17678
-0.19132
-0.20385
-0.21425
-0.22245

52990
82878
31459
50262
05864

0.13904
0.11829
0.09658
0.07414
O. 05118

75188
47301
95894
72125
80816

11.5
11.6
11.7
11. 8
11.9

-0. 06765
-0.04461
-0.02133
+0.00196
0.02504

39481
56740
12813
71733
94416

11665
94438
88500
06740
99590

-0.22837
-0.23200
-0.23330
-0.23228
-0.22898

86207
04746
02408
47343
32497

O. 02793
+0. 00461
-0. 01854
-0.04133
-0.06353

59271
55923
91017
74673
40215

12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

0.0476893107
0.06966 67736
O. 09077 01231
0.11079 79503
0.12956 10265

96834
06807
70505
07585
17502

-0.22344
-0.21574
-0.20598
-0. 19425
-0.18071

71045
89734
20217
88480
02469

-0. 08493
-0.10532
-0.12453
-0.14238
-0.15870

04949
77609
76677
47549
78405

12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9

0.14688
0.16260
0.17658
0.18870
0.19884

40547
72717
78885
13547
24371

00421
45511
61499
80683
36331

-0.16548
-0.14874
-0.13066
-0.11143
-0.09124

38046
23434
22290
15593
82522

-0.17336
-0.18621
-0.19716
-0.20611
-0.21298

14634
71675
46175
25359
94530

13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

0.20692
0.21288
0.21668
0.21829
0.21772

61023
81975
59222
80903
51787

77068
22060
58564
19277
31184

-0. 07031
-0.04885
-0.02706
-0.00517
+0.01659

80521
24733
67028
74806
90199

-0.21774
-0.22034
-0.22078
-0.21907
-0.21524

42642
65904
69378
66588
77131

13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9

0.21498
0.21013
0.20322
0.19433
0.18357

91658
31613
08326
56352
98554

80401
69248
33007
15629
57870

0.03804
O. 05896
0.07914
0.09839
0.11652

92921
45572
27651
05167
48904

-0.20935
-0.20146
-0.19166
-0.18007
-0.16681

22337
19030
71443
61400
36842

14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

0.17107 34761
0.15695 28770
0.1413693846
0.12448 76852
0.10648 41184

10459
32601
57129
83919
90342

0.13337
0.14878
0.16261
0.17472
0.18503

51547
43513
07342
90520
16616

-0.15201
-0.13584
-0.11846
-0.10005
-0. 08078

98826
87137
64643
00556
52766

10376
23379
01522
85872
90853

0.19342
0.19985
0.20425
0.20659
0.20687

94636
26514
12683
55672
61718

-0.06086
-0. 04048
-0.01985
+0. 00083
0.02137

49420
69928
25577
60053
70688

14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9

0.08754
0.06786
0.04764
0.02708
+0.00639

48680
40683
18459
23145
15448

15.0

-0.01422 44728 26781

[( li)3J

0.20510 40386

[(-i)3J

2n

In+l(X) = - In(X)-Jn-l(X)
x

0.04157 16780

[( -i)3J

395

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUXCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

x

Yo(x)

YI(X)

Table 9.1
Y2(X)

10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4

0.05567
0.03065
+0.00558
-0. 01929
-0.04374

11673
73806
52273
78497
86190

O. 24901
0.25084
0.25018
0.24706
0.24155

54242
44363
58292
99395
05610

-0. 00586
+0.01901
0.04347
0.06727
0.09020

808
478
082
260
065

10.5
10.6
10. 7
10.8
10.9

-0.06753
-0.09041
-0.11218
-0.13263
-0.15158

03725
51548
58897
83844
31932

0.23370
0.22362
0.21144
0.19728
0.18131

42284
92892
47763
90905
85097

0.11204
0.13260
0.15170
0.16917
0.18485

546
936
828
340
264

11.0
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4

-0.16884
-0.18427
-0.19773
-0.20910
-0.21829

73239
57716
28675
34295
37073

0.16370
0.14463
0.12431
0.10294
0.08074

55374
71102
26795
21889
39654

0.19861
0.21033
0.21993
0.22732
0.23245

197
651
156
329
932

11.5
11.6
11. 7
11.8
11.9

-0.22523
-0.22986
-0.23218
-0.23216
-0.22983

21117
97260
05930
17790
32139

0.05794
O. 03476
+0.01144
-0. 01178
-0.03471

25471
64663
60113
90120
14983

0.23530
0.23586
0.23413
0.23016
0.22399

908
394
718
364
935

12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

-0.22523
-0.21843
-0.20952
-0.19859
-0.18577

73126
83806
18128
30946
66153

-0.05709
-0.07873
-0. 09941
-0.11894
-0.13714

92183
69315
84171
84033
43766

0.21572
0.20542
0.19322
0.17925
0.16365

078
401
371
189
655

12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9

-0.17121
-0.15506
-0.13749
-0.11870
-0.09887

43068
41238
83780
19463
03702

-0.15383
-0.16887
-0.18212
-0.19347
-0.20281

82565
79186
85528
38454
69743

0.14660
0.12825
0.10881
0.08847
0.06742

019
810
672
166
588

13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

-0.07820
-0.05692
-0.03523
-0.01336
+0.00848

78645
52'68
78771
34191
02072

-0.21008
-0.21521
-0.21817
-0.21895
-0.21755

14084
15060
29066
27145
94728

0.04588
0.02406
+0. 00218
-0. 01956
-0.04095

765
854
138
180
177

13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9

O. 03007
0.05121
O. 07168
0.09129
0.10985

70090
50115
83040
90143
91895

-0.21402
-0.20839
-0.20074
-0.19115
-0.17975

29303
36044
21453
85095
09511

-0. 06178
-0. 08186
-0.10099
-0. 11900
-0.13572

411
113
373
315
264

14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

0.12719
0.14313
0.15754
0.17027
0.18123

25686
62286
20895
82640
02411

-0.16664
-0.15198
-0.13591
-0.11861
-0.10026

48419
13335
58742
65967
25924

-0.15099
-0.16469
-0.17668
-0.18686
-0.19515

897
386
517
800
560

14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9

0.19030
0.19741
0.20251
0.20556
0.20654

18912
62858
63238
51604
64347

-0.08104
-0.06115
-0.04078
-0.02016
+0. 00052

20909
05609
87536
07059
82751

-0. 20148
-0.20579
-0.20806
-0.20828
-0.20647

011
307
581
958
553

15.0

0.20546 42960

[( -t)3J

0.02107 36280

[( -84)3J
2n

Y n+l(X)=- Yn(X)- Y n-l(X)

X

-0. 20265 448

[(-t)3J

396

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, I AND 2

Table 9.1
x
15.0
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4

Jo(x)
-0.01422 4472826781
-0.034561851455565
-0.05442 0796844039
-0.07360 75449 51123
-0.09193 62278 62321

JI(X)
0.20510 40386
0.20131 02204
0.19554 54359
0.18787 94498
0.17840 02717

J2(X)
0.04157 16780
0.06122 54568
O. 08015 04595
O. 09816 69502
0.11510 50943

15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

-0.10923
-0.12532
-0.14007
-0.15332
-0.16497

06509
59640
02118
57477
04994

00050
22481
29049
60686
85671

0.16721
0.15443
0.14021
0.12469
0.10802

31804
95871
57469
13334
78901

0.13080
0.14512
0.15793
0.16910
0.17855

65451
59111
20904
94608
89133

16.0
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4

-0.17489
-0.18302
-0.18927
-0.19360
-0.19597

90739 83629
36924 65310
49469 77945
2372328377
48287 91007

0.09039
0.07197
0.05296
0.03353
+0.01389

71757
94186
14991
50765
46807

0.18619
0.19196
0.19581
O. 19771
0.19766

87209
52352
34037
71 056
93020

16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9

-0.19638
-0.19482
-0.19134
-0.18597
-0.17878

06929 36861
78558 05566
35295 25189
38653 47601
3387891219

-0.00576
-0.02524
-0.04436
-0. 06292
-0. 08074

42137
71116
24008
32177
92543

0.19568
0.19178
0.18603
0.17848
0.16922

20004
60351
06671
30061
72631

17.0
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4

-0.16985
-0.15928
-0.14719
-0.13370
-0.11895

42521
53315
11467
06470
58563

-0.09766
-0.11351
-0.12814
-0.14142
-0.15321

84928
88483
97057
33355
61760

0.15836
0.14600
0.13229
0.11735
0.10134

38412
82733
00182
11285
48016

17.5

-0.10311 03982 28686

51184
32265
66030
75764
36348

[(1~2]

-0.16341 99694

[(-i)2]
2n
In+I(X)=- In(X)-Jn-I(X)

0.08443 38303

[(-i)2]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE OF ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

Table 9.1

Yn(X)=Jfn(x) sin On(X)

In(x)=Mn(x) cos on(x)

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

X! Mo(x)
0.79739 375
O. 79748 584
O. 79756 868
O. 79764 214
O. 79770 609

00 (x) -x
-0. 79783 499
-0. 79660 186
-0. 79536 548
-0.79412 617
-0. 79288 426

X!MI(X)
O. 79936 575
O. 79908 654
O. 79883 586
O. 79861 398
0.79842 116

01 (x)-x
-2.31885 508
-2.32256 201
-2.32627 732
-2. 33000 016
-2. 33372 965

xiM2(X)
0.80542 555
0.80398 367
0.80269 711
0.80156 472
0.80058 549

02(X)-X
-3. 73985 605
-3.75850 527
-3. 77717 539
-3. 79586 377
-3. 81456 786

<x>
10
11
13
14
17

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

0.79776
O. 79780
0.79783
O. 79786
0.79787

-0.79164
-0. 79039
-0. 78914
-0.78789
-0. 78664

O. 79825
O. 79812
O. 79801
O. 79794
O. 79789

-2.33746
-2.34120
-2.34494
-2.34869
-2.35244

O. 79975
O. 79908
0.79855
O. 79818
O. 79795

-3.83328
-3.85201
-3. 87075
-3.88949
-3.90824

20
25
33
50
100

0.00

0.79788 456

x-I

040
498
975
463
957

[(-1)1]

009
402
641
764
810

-0. 78539 816

[(-I)4]

761
353
908
438
952

O. 79788 456

[(-1)4]

488
495
891
580
465

-2.35619 449

[( -1)1]

<x>=nearest integer to x.

851
299
829
387
937

O. 79788 456

[(-:)2]

521
346
034
363
117

-3.92699 082

[(-f)3]

DO

397

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

YICX)

YoCx)

.1:

Table 9.1

Y2(;C)

15.0
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4

0.20546
0.20234
0.19722
0.19018
0.18128

42960
32292
76821
15001
71741

O. 02107
0.04127
0.06093
0.07985
0.09786

36280
35340
08736
51269
41973

-0.20265
-0.19687
-0.18921
-0.17974
-0.16857

448
654
046
292
754

15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

0.17064
0.15837
0,14459
0.12947
0.11315

49112
15368
92412
41833
49657

0.11478
O. 13046
0.14474
0.15749
0.16860

61425
07959
12638
52835
64314

-0. 15583
-0.14164
-0.12616
-0.10953
-0. 09194

380
579
086
807
661

16.0
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4

0.09581
0.07762
0.05876
O. 03944
0.01985

09971
07587
99918
98249
48596

0.17797
0.18551
O. 19117
0.19490
0.19667

51689
97173
67538
19240
01648

-0.07356
-0.05457
-0.03516
-0. 01553
+0.00412

410
483
792
548
931

16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9

+0. 00018
-0.01937
-0.03862
-0.05736
-0.07543

12325
53254
14147
78596
15476

0.19647
0.19433
0.19027
0,18434
0.17663

58378
26715
35142
99015
14431

0.02363
0.04278
0.06140
0.07931
0.09633

402
890
866
428
468

17.0
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4

-0. 09263
-0.10881
-0.12382
-0.13750
-0.14973

71984
90473
24237
52134
91883

0.16720
0.15617
0.14365
0.12978
0.11470

50361
39131
65362
53467
53859

0.11230
0.12708
0.14052
0.15250
0.16292

838
500
667
930
372

17.5

-0. 16041 11925

0.17167 666

O. 09857 27987

[C-i)2]

[C-:)2]

[C-i)2]

2n
Yn+l(x)=- Yn (X)-Yn-l (x)
X

Table 9.1
BESSEL FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY TABLE FOR SMALL ARGUMENTS

ft(x)

hex)

flex)

hex)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-0.07380
-0.07202
-0. 06672
-0.05794
-0.04579

430
984
574
956
663

-0.63661
-0. 63857
-0.64437
-0.65382
-0.66660

977
491
529
684
964

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.08825
0.11849
0.15018
0.18296
0.21647

696
917
546
470
200

-0. 78121
-0. 79936
-0.81476
-0.82642
-0.83332

282
142
705
473
875

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.03039
-0.01192
+0.00942
0.03341
0.05979

904
435
612
927
263

-0.68228
-0. 70029
-0. 71998
-0. 74059
-0. 76130

315
342
221
789
792

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.2.5033
0.28416
0.31758
0.35020
0.38166

233
437
436
995
415

-0.83449
-0.82895
-0.81583
-0. 79427
-0. 76356

074
780
036
978
508

-0. 78121 282

2.0

0.41157 912

1.0

0.08825 696

[C-i)5]

[(-~)4]

Yo(x)=ft(x)+-Jo(x) In:c
?I'

[(-~)2]

-0. 72304 896

[C-:)l]

Yl(x)=-f2(X)+-Jl(X) In x
x
11'

398

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-9

Table 9.2
J:

J4(.1')

Ja(:r)

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

0.0000
~ -4~ 1.6625
-3 1.3201
~ -3~ 4.3997
-2 1.0247

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

-2~ 1.9563

-2 3.2874
-2~5.0498
-2 7.2523
-2 9.8802

~ -5~
-5

( -3 2.4766

~ -4~ 2.4976

r'

-3 9.0629
5.0227
-2 1.4995
-2 2.3197

(\-'-'-21'.4.76"
3996
6.4307

~ -8~
-6

0.0000
8.3195
2.6489
1.9948
8.3084

0.0000
~ -9~ 1.3869
-8 8.8382

~-7)9.9956

-6) 5.5601

Js(.c)

h(.r)
0.0000
~ -11~ 1.9816
- 9 2.5270
~ - 8~ 4.2907
- 7 3.1864

0.0000
~-13~2.4774
-11 6.3210
~ - 9) 1.6110
- 8) 1.5967

15l

Jg(x)
0.0000

-12 '15>O
1.4053
-ll~ 5.3755
-10 7.1092

1- '('49'

-4 6.1010
(-3 1.2901
~ -3~ 2.4524
-3 4.2936

~ -5~ 2.0938

-5 6.1541
(-4 1.5231
(-4~ 3.3210
(-4 6.5690

6~ 1.5023
6 5.3093
5~ 1.5366
5 3.8397
5) 8.5712

--

(-3~ 7.0396

~ -3~ 1.2024

4)1.7494
4)3.3195
4~5.9274
3 1.0054
3 1.6314

5~ 2.2180

5 4.6434
5} 9.0756
4 1.6738
4 2.9367

5 1.2300

~- 3~2.5473

~(~-

4~4.9344
4 7.9815
3~ 1.2482
3 1.8940
3 2.7966

~(~-

5~ 8.4395
4 1.4615
4~ 2.4382
4 3.9339
4 6.1597

~ - 2~ 1.5176

r'

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

0.12894
0.16233
0.19811
0.23529
0.27270

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

0.30906
0.34307
0.37339
0.39876
0.41803

0.13203
0.15972
0.18920
0.21980
0.25074

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

0.43017
0.43439
0.43013
0.41707
0.39521

0.28113
0.31003
0.33645
0.35941
0.37796

0.13209
0.15614
0.18160
0.20799
0.23473

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

0.36483
0.32652
0.28113
0.22978
0.17382

0.39123
0.39847
0.39906
0.39257
0.37877

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

0.11477
+0.05428
-0.00591
-0.06406
-0.11847

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

-2 8.4013
-1 1.0667

J6(~)

J5(.1')

0.0000
~ -6~ 4.1583
-5 6.6135
~ -4~ 3.3147
-3 1.0330

-2~ 1.0937
1.6242
-2 2.3207
-2 3.2069

~ -2~ 4.3028
-2 5.6238
~ -2) 7.1785
-2~ 8.9680
-1 1.0984

-3 2.0660
-3~ 3.3669
~ -3 5.2461
-3}7.8634

~ -2~ 1.1394
-2 1.6022
~ -2
-2~ 2.1934
2.9311
-2 3.8316

:-T

~-

3 3.8446
3) 5.6301
3~ 8.0242
2 1.1159

4223
78r
4.0021
6 1.3538
6~ 3.8744
6 9.7534

90
6.1725
88
7.6279
9.2745
1.1105

- 2 2.0220
2~ 2.6433
- 2 3.3953
- 2 4.2901

1-

3
3
3
2
2

4.0287
5.6739
7.8267
1.0591
1.4079

0.26114
0.28651
0.31007
0.33103
0.34862

0.13105
0.15252
0.17515
0.19856
0.22230

5.3376
6.5447
7.9145
9.4455
1.1131

2
2
2
2
2

0.35764
0.32941
0.29453
0.25368
0.20774

0.36209
0.37077
0.37408
0.37155
0.36288

0.24584
0.26860
0.28996
0.30928
0.32590

0.12959
0.14910
0.16960
0.19077
0.21224

.-

2
2
2
2
1

-0.16756
-0.20987
-0.24420
-0.26958
-0.28535

0.15780
0.10509
+0.05097
-0.00313
-0.05572

0.34790
0.32663
0.29930
0.26629
0.22820

0.33920
0.34857
0.35349
0.35351
0.34828

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

-0.29113
-0.28692
-0.27302
-0.25005
-0.21896

-0.10536
-0.15065
-0.19033
-0.22326
-0.24854

0.18577
0.13994
0.09175
+0.04237
-0.00699

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

-0.18094
-0.13740
-0.08997
-0.04034
+0.00970

-0.26547
-0.27362
-0.27284
-0.26326
-0.24528

10.0

0.05838

-0.21960

~-

8
7
7
7

2.6788
1.0587
3.4687
9.8426

6) 2.4923

6~ 5.7535

5~2.4647

5 4.6719

r
-

3
34
3
3

9.3860
1.3952
2.0275
2.8852
4.0270

1.8405
2.3689
3.0044
3.7577
4.6381

3
3
3
2
2

5.5203
7.4411
9.8734
1.2907
1.6639

5.6532
6.8077
8.1035
9.5385
1.1107

- 2~2.1165
- 2 2.6585
299O
-- 2r
2 4.0468
- 2 4.9093

0.23358
0.25432
0.27393
0.29188
0.30762

0.12797
0.14594
0.16476
0.18417
0.20385

0.33758
0.32131
0.29956
0.27253
0.24060

0.32059
0.33027
0.33619
0.33790
0.33508

0.22345
0.24257
0.26075
0.27755
0.29248

0.12632
0.14303
0.16049
0.17847
0.19670

-0.05504
-0.10053
-0.14224
-0.17904
-0.20993

0.20432
0.16435
0.12152
0.07676
+0.03107

0.32746
0.31490
0.29737
0.27499
0.24797

0.30507
0.31484
0.32138
0.32427
0.32318

0.21488
0.23266
0.24965
0.26546
0.27967

-0.23406

-0.01446

0.21671

0.31785

0.29186

-2
~ -2
-2
-1

2
2
2
2
1

2
2
2
2
1

5.8921
6.9987
8.2300
9.5839
1.1054

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel functions, Part II. Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952) and Mathematical Tables Project, Table of fn(x) = n!(~I:)-nJn(:I:). J. Math. Phys. 23,45-60
(1944) (with permission).

399

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-oRDERS 3-9

x

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

Y3(X)

!r

-00

o39
1 -8.1202
1 -2.4692
"
1 -1.0815

Y4(X)
-

n-

00

'o9162
3 -1.2097
2 -2.4302
1 -7.8751

~ 1~ -3.3278
1 -1.6686
-9.4432
-5.8564
-3.9059

Y5(X)

Y6(X)

Y7(X)

706586 n-'5 0-6.0163

n-202957
8274
7 -1.8025
1'14 -5.3351
-

00

Table 9.2

-00

Ys(x)

-00

Yn(x)

00

!"t1..,66

-00

rr'02850
10 -2.519'
8 -6.594;3

4 -2.4114
3~ -3.2156
2 -7.7670

3) -9.6300

6 -1.0638
5) -1.4367

2
2
1
1
1

3
2
2
2
1

-2.5708
-8.8041
-3.5855
-1.6597
-8.4816

4
3
3
3
2

-3.0589
-8.6964
-3.0218
-1.2173
-5.4947

5
5
4
4
3

-4.2567
-1.0058
-2.9859
-1.0485
-4.1889

6
6
5
5
4

-6.7802
-1.3323
-3.38n
-1.0364
-3.6685

1'11-406914
-2.7695

2
2
1
1
1

-2.7155
-1.4452
-8.1825
-4.8837
-3.0510

3
2
2
2
2

-1.8539
-8.9196
-4.6004
-2.5168
-1.4486

4
3
3
3
2

-1.4560
-6.3425
-2.9851
-1.5000
-7.9725

p~ -1.9840
1 -1.3370
-9.3044
-6.6677
-4.9090

1
1
1
1
1

-8.7150
-5.4522
-3.5320
-2.3612
-1.6243

2
2
2
1
1

-4.4496
-2.5924
-1.5691
-9.8275
-6.3483

1) -1.1471
-8.3005
-6.1442
-4.6463
-3.5855

1
1
1
1
1

-4.2178
-2.8756
-2.0078
-1.4333
-1.0446

8 -6.3027
7 -2.4769
6 -2.5046

7 -4.9949

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

-5.8215
-3.5899
-2.4420
-1.7897
-1.3896

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

-1.1278
-0.94591
-0.81161
-0.70596
-0.61736

-2.7659
-2.0603
-1.6024
-1.2927
-1.0752

-9.9360
-6.5462
-4.5296
-3.2716
-2.4548

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

-0.53854
-0.46491
-0.39363
-0.32310
-0.25259

-0.91668
-0.79635
-0.70092
-0.62156
-0.55227

-1.9059
-1.5260
-1.2556
-1.0581
-0.91009

-5.4365
-3.9723
-2.9920
-2.3177
-1.8427

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

-0.18202
-0.11183
-0.04278
+0.02406
0.08751

-0.48894
-0.42875
-0.36985
-0.31109
-0.25190

-0.79585
-0.70484
-0.62967
-0.56509
-0.50735

-1.5007
-1.2494
-1.0612
-0.91737
-0.80507

-3.7062
-2.8650
-2.2645
-1.8281
-1.5053

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

0.14627
0.19905
0.24463
0.28192
0.31001

-0.19214
-0.13204
-0.07211
-0.01310
+0.04407

-0.45369
-0.40218
-0.35146
-0.30063
-0.24922

-0.71525
-0.64139
-0.57874
-0.52375
-0.47377

-1.2629
-1.0780
-0.93462
-0.82168
-0.73099

-2.8209
-2.2608
-1.8444
-1.5304
-1.2907

-7.7639
-5.8783
-4.5302
-3.5510
-2.8295

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

0.32825
0.33622
0.33383
0.32128
0.29909

0.09839
0.14877
0.19413
0.23344
0.26576

-0.19706
-0.14426
-0.09117
-0.03833
+0.01357

-0.42683
-0.38145
-0.33658
-0.29151
-0.24581

-0.65659
-0.59403
-0.53992
-0.49169
-0.44735

-1.1052
-0.95990
-0.84450
-0.75147
-0.67521

-2.2907
-1.8831
-1.5713
-1.33011
-1.1414

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

0.26808
0.22934
0.18420
0.13421
0.08106

0.29031
0.30647
0.31385
0.31228
0.30186

0.06370
0.11119
0.15509
0.19450
0.22854

-0.19931
-0.15204
-0.10426
-0.05635
-0.00886

-0.40537
-0.36459
-0.32416
-0.28348
-0.24217

-0.61144
-0.55689
-0.50902
-0.46585
-0.42581

-0.992:20
-0.87293
-0.77643
-0.69126
-0.63128

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

+0.02654
-0.02753
-0.07935
-0.12723
-0.16959

0.28294
0.25613
0.22228
0.18244
0.13789

0.25640
0.27741
0.29104
0.29694
0.29495

+0.03756
0.08218
0.12420
0.16284
0.19728

-0.20006
-0.15716
-0.11361
-0.06973
-0.02593

-0.38767
-0.35049
-0.31355
-0.27635
-0.23853

-0.57528
-0.52673
-0.48363
-0.44440
-0.40177

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

-0.20509
-0.23262
-0.25136
-0.26079
-0.26074

0.09003
+0.04037
-0.00951
-0.05804
-0.10366

0.28512
0.26773
0.24326
0.21243
0.17612

0.22677
0.25064
0.26830
0.27932
0.28338

+0.01724
0.05920
0.09925
0.13672
0.17087

-0.19995
-0.16056
-0.12048
-0.07994
-0.03928

-0.37271
-0.33843
-0.30433
-0.26995
-0.23499

10.0

-0.25136

-0.14495

0.13540

0.28035

0.20102

+0.00108

-0.19930

-2.6041
-1.0765
-5.1519
-2.7492
-1.5970

1 -1.7271
1 -1.1290
-7.6918

400

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-9

Table 9.2

h(x)

J4(X)

J5(X)

J6(X)

h(x)

Js(x)

J9(X)

10. a
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8

0.05838
0.10400
0.14497
0.17992
0.20768

-0.21960
-0.18715
-0.14906
-0.10669
-0.06150

-0.23406
-0.25078
-0.25964
-0.26044
-0.25323

-0.01446
-0.05871
-0.10059
-0.13901
-0.17297

0.21671
0.18170
0.14358
0.10308
0.06104

0.31785
0.30811
0.29386
0.27515
0.25210

0.29186
0.30161
0.30852
0.31224
0.31244

11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8

0.22735
0.23835
0.24041
0.23359
0.21827

-0. 01504
+0.03110
O. 07534
0.11621
0.15232

-0.23829
-0.21614
-0.18754
-0.15345
-0.11500

-0.20158
-0.22408
-0.23985
-0.24849
-0.24978

+0. 01838
-0.02395
-0.06494
-0.10361
-0.13901

0.22497
0.19414
0.16010
0.12344
O. 08485

0.30886
0.30130
0.28964
0.27388
0.25407

12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8

0.19514
0.16515
0.12951
0.08963
0.04702

0.18250
0.20576
0.22138
0.22890
0.22815

-0. 07347
-0.03023
+0.01331
O. 05571
O. 09557

-0.24372
-0.23053
-0.21064
-0.18469
-0.15349

-0.17025
-0.19653
-0.21716
-0.23160
-0.23947

0.04510
+0.00501
-0.03453
-0.07264
-0.10843

0.23038
0.20310
0.17260
0.13935
0.10393

13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

+0.00332
-0.03984
-0. 08085
-0.11822
-0.15059

0.21928
0.20268
0.17905
0.14931
0.11460

0.13162
0.16267
0.18774
0.20605
0.21702

-0.11803
-0.07944
-0.03894
+0.00220
0.04266

-0.24057
-0.23489
-0.22261
-0.20411
-0.17993

-0.14105
-0.16969
-0.19364
-0.21231
-0.22520

0.06698
+0.02921
-0.00860
-0.04567
-0.08117

14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8

-0.17681
-0.19598
-0.20747
-0.21094
-0.20637

0.07624
+0. 03566
-0.00566
-0.04620
-0.08450

0.22038
0.21607
0.20433
0.18563
0.16069

O. 08117
0.11650
0.14756
0.17335
0.19308

-0.15080
-0.11762
-0.08136
-0.04315
-0.00415

-0.23197
-0.23246
-0.22666
-0.21472
-0.19700

-0.11431
-0.14432
-0.17048
-0.19216
-0.20883

15.0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

-0.19402
-0.17445
-0.14850
-0.11723
-0. 08188

-0.11918
-0.14901
-0.17296
-0.19021
-0.20020

0.13046
0.09603
0.05865
+0. 01968
-0.01949

0.20615
0.21219
0.21105
0.20283
0.18787

+0. 03446
0.07149
0.10580
0.13634
0.16217

-0.17398
-0.14634
-0.11487
-0.08047
-0.04417

-0.22005
-0.22553
-0.22514
-0.21888
-0.20690

16. a
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8

-0. 04385
-0.00461
+0.03432
O. 07146
0.10542

-0.20264
-0.19752
-0.18511
-0.16596
-0.14083

-0.05747
-0.09293
-0.12462
-0.15144
-0.17248

0.16672
0.14016
0.10913
O. 07473
O. 03817

0.18251
0.19675
0.20447
0.20546
0.19974

-0. 00702
+0. 02987
0.06542
0.09855
0.12829

-0.18953
-0.16725
-0.14065
-0.11047
-0.07756

17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

0.13493
0.15891
0.17651
0.18712
0.19041

-0.11074
-0.07685
-0.il404B
-0.00300
+0. 03417

-0.18704
-0,19466
-0.19512
-0.18848
-0.17505

+0.00072
-0.03632
-0.07166
-0.10410
-0.13251

0.18755
0.16932
0.14570
0.11751
0.08571

0.15374
0.17414
0.18889
0.19757
0.19993

-0.04286
-0.00733
+0.02799
0.06210
0.09400

1B.0
18.2
IB.4
18.6
18. B

0.18632
0.17510
0.15724
0.13351
0.10487

0.06964
0.10209
0.13033
0.15334
0.17031

-0.15537
-0.13022
-0.10058
-0. 06756
-0.03240

-0.15590
-0.17364
-0.18499
-0.18966
-0.18755

0.05140
+0. 01573
-0.02007
-0.05481
-0.08731

0.19593
0.18574
0.16972
0.14841
0.12253

0.12276
0.14756
0.1676&
0.18247
0.19159

19. a
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8

0.07249
0.03764
+0.00170
-0.03395
-0.06791

0.18065
0.18403
0.18039
0.16994
0.15313

+0. 00357
0.03904
O. 07269
0.10331
0.12978

-0.17877
-0.16370
-0.14292
-0.11723
-0.08759

-0.11648
-0.14135
-0.16110
-0.17508
-0.18287

O. 09294
O. 06063
+0.02667
-0.00783
-0.04171

0.19474
0.19187
0.18309
0.16869
0.14916

20.0

-0.09890

0.13067

0.15117

-0.05509

-0.18422

-0. 07387

[<-:)1]

[< -:)1]

[< -:)1J

[<-/)9J

[< -54)8]

[< -/)8J

0.12513

[< -/)8]

401

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-oRDERS 3-9

x

Y3(X)

Y4(X)

Y5(X)

Y6(X)

Y7(X)

Table 9.2
Ys(x)

Yg(x)

10. a
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8

-0.25136
-0.23314
-0.20686
-0.17359
-0.13463

-0.14495
-0.18061
-0.20954
-0.23087
-0.24397

0.13540
O. 09148
+0. 04567
-0. 00065
-0. 04609

0.28035
0.27030
0.25346
0.23025
0.20130

0.20102
0.22652
0.24678
0.26131
0.26975

0.00108
0.04061
0.07874
0.11488
0.14838

-0.19930
-0.16282
-0.12563
-0.08791
-0.04'793

11. a
11. 2
11.4
11.6
11.8

-0.09148
-0.04577
+0.00082
O. 04657
0.08981

-0.24851
-0.24445
-0.23203
-0.21178
-0.18450

-0. 08925
-0.12884
-0.16365
-0.19262
-0.21489

0.16737
0.12941
0.08848
0.04573
+0.00238

0.27184
0.26750
0.25678
0.23992
0.21732

0.17861
0.20496
0.22687
0.24384
0.25545

-0. 01205
+0.02530
O. 06163
0.09640
0.12906

12. a
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8

0.12901

0.18994
0.20959
0.22112

-0.15122
-0.11317
-0. 07175
-0.02845
+0.01518

-0.22982
-0.23698
-0.23623
-0.22766
-0.21163

-0.04030
-0. 08107
-0.11875
-0.15223
-0.18052

0.18952
0.15724
0.12130
0.08268
0.04240

0.26140
0.26151
0.25571
0.24409
0.22689

0.15902
0.18573
0.20865
0.22728
0.24122

13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

0.22420
0.21883
0.20534
0.18432
0.15666

0.05759
O. 09729
0.13289
0.16318
0.18712

-0.18876'
-0.15987
-0.12600
-0. 08833
-0. 04819

-0.20279
-0.21840
-0.22692
-0.22813
-0.22204

+0. 00157
-0.03868
-0.07722
-0.11296
-0.14489

0.20448
0.17738
0.14625
0.11185
O. 07505

0.25010
0.25369
0.25184
0.24454
0.23190

14. a
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8

0.12350
O. 08615
O. 04605
+0.00477
-0. 03613

0.20393
0.21308
0.21434
0.20775
0.19364

-0.00697
+0. 03390
O. 07303
0.10907
d.14080

-0.20891
-0.18921
-0.16363
-0.13305
-0. 09850

-0.17209
-0.19380
-0.20939
-0.21842
-0.22067

+0.03682
-0.00186
-0.03994
-0.07640
-0.11024

0.21417
0.19170
0.16501
0.13470
0.10149

15. a
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

-0.07511
-0.11072
-0.14165
-0.16678
-0.18523

0.17261
0.14550
0.11339
0.07750
+0.03920

0.16717
0.18730
0.20055
0.20652
0.20507

-0. 06116
-0. 02228
+0. 01684
0.05489
0.09059

-0.21610
-0.20489
-0.18743
-0.16430
-0.13627

-0.14053
-0.16644
-0.18723
-0.20234
-0.21134

0.06620
+0. 02969
-0.00710
-0.04322
-0. 07775

16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8

-0.19637
-0.19986
-0.19566
-0.18402
-0.16547

-0.00007
-0.03885
-0.07571
-0.10930
-0.13841

0.19633
0.18067
0.15873
0.13135
0.09956

0.12278
0.15038
0.17250
0.18843
0.19767

-0.10425
-0. 06928
-0.03251
+0.00487
0.04164

-0.21399
-0.21025
-0.20025
-0.18432
-0.16297

-0.10975
-0.13838
-0.16286
-0.18253
-0.19685

17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

-0.14078
-0.11098
-0. 07725
-0. 04094
-0.00347

-0.16200
-0.17924
-0.18956
-0.19265
-0.18846

0.06455
+0.02761
-0.00990
-0.04663
-0. 08123

0.19996
0.19529
0.18387
0.16616
0.14282

0.07660
0.10864
0.13671
0.15991
0.17752

-0.13688
-0.10686
-0. 07387
-0, 03895
-0. 00320

-0.20543
-0.20805
-0.20464
-0,19533
-0.18039

18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8

+0.03372
O. 06920
0.10163
0.12977
0.15261

-0.17722
-0.15942
-0.13580
-0.10731
-0. 07506

-0.11249
-0.13928
-0.16067
-0.17593
-0.18455

0.11472
O. 08289
O. 04848
+0. 01272
-0.02310

0.18897
0.19393
0.19229
0.18414
0.16980

+0.03225
O. 06629
0.09782
0.12587
0.14955

-0.16030
-0.13566
-0.10722
-0.07586
-0.04252

19.0
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8

0.16930
0.17927
0.18221
0.17805
0.16705

-0. 04031
-0.00440
+0. 03131
O. 06546
0.09678

-0.18628
-0.18111
-0.16930
-0.15134
-0.12794

-0.05773
-0.08993
-0.11857
-0.14267
-0.16139

0.14982
0.12490
0.09595
0.06399
+0.03013

0.16812
0.18100
0.18782
0.18838
0.18270

-0.00824
+0.02593
0.05895
O. 08979
0.11750

0.12409

-0.10004

-0.17411

-0.00443

0.17101

20.0

0.~6277

0.14967

[(-t)1J

[(-;)1J

[( -t)1J

[(-t)9J

[(-t)9J

[( -54)8J

0.14124

[(-:)8J

402

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.3
x
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 10, 11,20 AND 21

1010x-IOJlO(X) 1011 X-11 JI1 (x)

10- 9 x10 Y lO (x) 1025x-20 J20 (x) 1027 x- 21 J21 (x) 10- 23 x2o Y20(X)

2.69114
2.69053
2.68869
2.68564
2.68137

446
290
898
500
477

1.22324
1.22299
1.22222
1.22095
1.21917

748
266
850
588
626

-0. 11828
-0.11831
-0.11841
-0.11857
-0.11880

049
335
200
661
750

3.91990
3.91944
3.91804
3.91571
3.91244

9.33311
9.33205
9.32886
9.32357
9.31615

-0.406017
-0.406071
-0.406231
-0.406499
-0.406873

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

2.67589
2.66920
2.66132
2.65226
2.64201

362
838
738
043
878

1.21689
1.21410
1.21081
1.20703
1. 20276

169
481
883
750
518

-0.11910
-0.11946
-0.11990
-0.12040
-0.12097

510
998
282
444
581

3.90825
3.90314
3.89710
3.89015
3.88228

9.30663
9.29500
9.28128
9.26546
9.24758

-0.407355
-0.407945
-0.408644
-0.409452
-0.410369

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

2.63061
2.61806
2.60437
2.58958
2.57368

512
358
963
012
323

1.19800
1.19276
1.18705
1.18087
1.17422

675
764
385
185
867

-0.12161
-0.12233
-0.12312
-0.12398
-0.12492

801
229
002
273
212

3.87350
3.86383
3.85325
3.84179
3.82945

9.22762
9.20562
9.18157
9.15550
9.12743

-0.411397
-0.412536
-0.413788
"-0.415153
-0.416632

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

2.55670
2.53867
2.51960
2.49952
2.47846

842
639
907
955
207

1.16713
1.15958
1.15160
1.14320
1.13437

182
931
961
168
488

-0.12594
-0.12703
-0.12821
-0.12948
-0.13084

004
852
977
616
030

3.81624
3.80216
3.78723
3.77146
3.75485

9.09737
9.06534
9.03137
8.99546
8.95766

-0.418228
-0.419940
-0.421771
-0.423722
-0.425795

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

2.45643
2.43346
2.40959
2.38483
2.35922

192
545
000
384
612

1.12513
1.11550
1.10548
1.09508
1.08431

904
438
152
144
551

-0.13228
-0.13382
-0.13545
-0.13719
-0.13903

497
319
821
351
284

3.73742
3.71918
3.70015
3.68032
3.65973

8.91797
8.87643
8.83306
8. 78790
8.74096

-0.427992
-0.430315
-0.432764
-0.435344
-0.438056

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.33279
2.30557
2.27759
2.24889
2.21948

682
673
732
074
976

1.07319
1.06173
1.04994
1. 03783
1.02541

540
312
098
155
767

-0.14098 022
-0.14303997
-0.14521 672
-0.14751 543
-0.14994 141

3.63837
3.61627
3.59344
3.56989
3.54564

8.69228
8.64189
8.58981
8.53609
8.48076

-0.440902
-0.443885
-0.447007
-0.450272
-0.453682

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.18942
2.15873
2.12745
2.09561
2.06325

710
836
598
517
085

1. 01271 242
0.99972
0.98648
0.97298
0.95924

906
108
213
599

-0.15250 037
-0.15519 840
-0.15804 206
-0.16103 836
-0.16419482

3.52071
3.49510
3.46885
3.44195
3.41444

8.42385
8.36539
8.30542
8.24397
8.18110

-0.457241
-0.460951
-0.464816
-0.468840
-0.473027

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

2.03039
1.99709
1. 96336
1.92926
1.89481

820
260
956
467
352

0.94528
0.93111
0.91675
0.90220
0.88749

659
794
415
939
785

-0.16751
-0.17102
-0.17470
-0.17859
-0.18268

951
110
889
286
376

3.38633
3.35763
3.32837
3.29855
3.26821

8.11682
8.05119
7.98424
7.91600
7.84653

-0.477379
-0.481902
-0.486600
-0.491476
-0.496537

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.86005
1.82501
1. 78973
1.75425
1.71860

168
462
765
588
416

0.87263
0.85763
0.84250
0.82726
0.81193

375
130
469
806
548

-0.18699
-0.19153
-0.19631
-0.20136
-0.20667

314
346
812
159
950

3.23736
3.20601
3.17419
3.14192
3.10921

7.77586
7.70403
7.63108
7.55707
7.48202

-0.501786
-0.507229
-0.512872
-0.518719
-0.524777

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.68281
1.64692
1.61097
1.57498
1.53899

701
860
267
249
084

0.79652
0.78103
O. 76550
O. 74992
0.73431

093
829
130
357
852

-0.21228
-0.21820
-0.22445
-0.23105
-0.23802

873
757
582
498
840

3.07608
3.04256
3.00866
2.97440
2.93981

7.40598
7.32900
7.25112
7.17238
7.09282

-0.531051
-0.537549
-0.544276
-0.551240
-0.558448

5.0

1.50302 991

-0.24540 147

2.90490

7.01250

-0.565907

[(-:)lJ

[(-:)3J

[(-g)3J

[(-:)2J

0.71869 942

[(-~)6J

[(-~)5J

2n
2n
In+l (x)=-Jn(X)-Jn-l (x)
Yn+l(X)=Yn(X)-Yn-I(X)
x
.r,
Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel functions, Part II. Functions
of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1952), L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments. Royal Society
Shorter Mathematical Tables No.3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954), and Mathematical Tables Project, Table of fn(x) =n!(!x)-nJn(x). J. Math. Phys. 23, 45-60 (1944) (with permission).

403

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-oRDERS 10, 11, 20 AND 21

Table 9.3

10 25 x- 20 ho(x) l027 x - 2l hl(x) 1O- 23 x 2o Y2o(x)

1010x-IOJ1o (x)

10 11 x- ll J ll (X)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1. 50302
1. 46713
1. 43132
1. 39564
1. 36011

991
132
603
431
571

0.71869
0.70307
0.68747
0.67188
0.65634

942
931
104
722
019

-0.24540
-0.25320
-0.26145
-0.27020
-0.27948

147
186
975
813
304

2.90490
2.86969
2.83421
2. 79846
2.76248

7.01250
6.93145
6.84971
6.76734
6.68437

-0.565907
-0.573626
-0.581612
-0.589875
-0.598423

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1. 32476
1. 28963
1. 25473
1. 22009
1.18574

904
229
264
642
907

0.64084
0.62540
0.61003
0.59475
0.57957

205
463
945
774
041

-0.28932 400
-0.29977 431
-0.31088154
-0.32269 795
-0.33528 105

2.72628
2.68988
2.65330
2.61656
2.57967

6.60085
6.51682
6.43233
6.34742
6.26213

-0.607266
-0.616414
-0.625876
-0.635663
-0.645788

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.15171 513
1.11801 822
1. 08468 098
1. 05172 510
1.01917129

0.56448
0.54952
0.53467
0.51997
0.50540

805
091
890
158
814

-0.34869
-0.36300
-0.37829
-0. 39464
-0.41215

413
693
631
698
232

2.54267
2.50556
2.46837
2.43111
2.39381

6.17651
6.09059
6.00443
5.91806
5.83152

-0.656261
-0.667094
-0.678301
-0.689895
-0. 701890

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.98703
0.95534
0.92411
0.89335
0.86308

926
769
427
563
740

0.49099
0.47674
0.46266
0.44876
0.43504

740
781
745
400
477

-0.43091
-0.45104
-0.47267
-0. 49594
-0.52098

524
907
855
084
648

2.35647
2.31913
2.28179
2.24448
2.20721

5.74485
5.65810
5.57131
5.48451
5.39775

-0.714300
-0.727140
-0.740427
-0.754178
-0. 768410

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.83332
0.80407
0.77536
0.74719
O. 71957

414
941
570
450
626

0.42151
0.40818
0.39505
0.38214
0.36943

665
616
943
216
970

-0.54798
-0.57710
-0. 60855
-0. 64254
-0.67930

051
346
234
159
390

2.17000
2.13286
2.09582
2.05888
2.02206

5.31106
5.22448
5.13805
5. 05181
4.96579

-0. 783140
-0. 798389
-0.814177
-0.830524
-0.847452

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.69252
0.66603
0.64012
0.61480
0.59007

040
536
854
640
439

0.35695
0.34469
0.33266
0.32087
0.30930

696
850
845
058
826

-0. 71909
-0. 76217
-0.80884
-0.85940
-0.91419

088
356
258
807
914

1.98539
1.94887
1. 91252
1. 87635
1.84038

4.88002
4. 79455
4.70940
4.62461
4.54021

-0.864985
-0.883147
-0.901963
-0.921460
-0.941665

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

0.56593
0.54239
0.51945
0.49712
0.47539

704
791
967
408
201

0.29798
0.28690
0.27606
0.26546
0.25512

448
187
265
873
162

-0.97356
-1.03786
-1.10747
-1. 18278
-1. 26419

279
231
485
826
685

1.80462
1. 76908
1. 73378
1. 69874
1. 66395

4.45624
4.37272
4.28968
4.20716
4.12518

-0.962608
-0.984319
-1. 006831
-1. 030178
-1.054394

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

0.45426
0.43373
0.41381
0.39448
0.37575

352
779
323
748
740

0.24502
0.23517
0.22557
0.21621
0.20711

250
220
121
969
750

-1. 35209
-1.44687
-1. 54891
-1. 65856
-1. 77613

608
598
312
097
854

1.62944
1. 59521
1.56128
1. 52765
1.49434

4.04377
3.96296
3.88277
3.80323
3.72436

-1.079518
-1.105589
-1.132647
-1.160736
-1.189902

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

0.35761
0.34006
0.32309
0.30670
0.29088

917
823
939
683
411

0.19826
0.18965
0.18130
0.17318
0.16532

418
897
082
839
010

-1.90191
-2. 03610
-2. 17882
-2. 33011
-2.48986

706
452
801
366
396

1. 46136

3.64619
3.56873
3.49201
3.41606
3.34088

-1. 220192

1. 42872
1. 39641
1. 36447
1. 33288

-1. 251657
-1.284351
-1. 318328
-1.353647

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

0.27562
0.26091
0.24676
0.23314
0.22005

422
963
227
362
470

0,15769
0,15030
0.14316
0.13624
0.12956

409
825
025
751
726

-2.65783
-2.83359
-3. 01652
-3.20574
-3.40010

251
602
353
283
421

1. 30166
1. 27082
1. 24036
1. 21029
1.18061

3.26651
3.19294
3.12022
3.04834
2.97733

-1. 390372
-1. 428567
-1. 468301
-1. 509646
-1.552680

-3.59814 152
[( -73)lJ

1.15134
[( -35)5J

2.90720
[( -34 )lJ

-1.597484
[( -44)2J

10.0

0.20748 611
[( -55)8J

0.12311 653
[( -55)3J

1O-9X IO YlO(X)

404

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-oRDERS 10, II, 20 AND 21

Table 9.3
x

JlO(X)

Jt I (x)

YlO(X)

1025x - 20ho(x)

10

27 X- 21 h I (x)

1O-23x 2oY2o(x)

10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4

0.20748
0.21587
0.22413
0.23223
0.24011

611
417
707
256
699

0.12311
0.13041
0.13787
0.14549
0.15324

653
285
866
509
123

-0.35981
-0.34383
-0.32793
-0.31207
-0.29618

415
078
809
433
615

1.151337
1.122469
1.094012
1. 065970
1. 038347

2.907199
2.837961
2. 769629
2. 702215
2.635729

1. 59748
1. 64414
1.69275
1. 74339
1. 79618

10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9

0.24774
0.25507
0.26205
0.26863
0.27477

554
240
109
466
603

0.16109
0.16902
0.17701
0.18503
0.19304

407
861
780
266
230

-0.28022
-0.26416
-0.24795
-0.23159
-0.21505

819
276
949
513
324

1.011148
0.984374
0.958030
0.932118
0.906639

2.570182
2.505582
2.441939
2.379259
2.317550

1. 85121
1. 90861
1.96848
2.03097
2.09619

11. 0
11.1
11. 2
11.3
11.4

0.28042
0.28554
0.29007
0.29398
0.29722

823
479
999
925
944

0.20101
0.20891
0.21670
0.22434
0.23181

401
340
446
974
048

-0. 19832
-0.18140
-0.16429
-0. 14700
-0.12955

403
409
620
917
753

0.881596
0.856989
0.832821
0.809092
O. 785801

2.256817
2.197065
2.138299
2.080523
2.023738

2.16430
2.23544
2.30977
2.38746
2.46870

11.5
11.6
11. 7
11.8
11. 9

0.29975
0.30153
0.30253
0.30270
0.30203

923
946
345
737
061

0.23904
0.24601
0.25268
0.25899
0.26492

680
789
218
761
183

-0.11196
-0. 09424
-0.07644
-0.05858
-0. 04071

142
628
263
580
566

0.762950
0.740539
0.718565
0.697029
0.675930

1.967947
1.913152
1. 859352
1.806548
1. 754740

2.55367
2.64257
2. 73563
2.83307
2.93513

12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

0.30047
0.29802
0.29464
0.29033
0.28507

604
036
445
357
771

0.27041
0.27542
0.27992
0.28386
0.28720

248
744
508
459
623

-0. 02287
-0. 00511
+0. 01251
0.02995
0.04716

631
577
441
946
182

0.655266
0.635035
0.615236
0.595866
0.576923

1. 703925
1.654102
1.605267
1.557418
1. 510551

3.04208
3.15419
3.27175
3.39509
3.52453

12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9

0.27887
0.27171
0.26361
0.25458
0.24462

175
575
509
064
889

0.28991
0.29194
0.29326
0.29385
0.29366

166
422
923
431
968

0.06406
0.08059
0.09670
0.11231
0.12737

154
668
381
845
554

0.558403
0.540305
0.522625
0.505359
0.488504

1.464660
1.419743
1. 375791
1. 332800
1.290762

3.66044
3.8032l
3.95323
4.11095
4.27684

13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

0.23378
0.22206
0.20952
0.19617
0.18208

201
793
032
859
776

0.29268
0.29088
0.28824
0.28474
0.28037

843
684
464
526
612

0.14180
0.15555
0.16855
0.18073
0.19204

995
698
286
529
392

0.472056
0.456011
0.440365
0.425114
0.410252

1.249671
1.170299
1.132001
1. 094617

4.45140
4.63518
4.82874
5.03272
5.24778

13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9

0.16729
0.15186
0.13585
0.11932
0.10235

840
646
302
411
036

0.27512
0.26899
0.26198
0.25410
0.24534

884
942
851
149
866

0.20242
0.21181
0.22016
0.22743
0.23357

090
137
393
118
014

0.395776
0.381681
0.367961
0.354612
0.341628

1. 058137
1. 022552
0.987853
0.954028
0.921067

5.47464
5. 71407
5.96691
6.23405
6.51646

14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

0.08500
0.06737
0.04952
0.03156
+0.01356

671
200
862
199
013

0.23574
0.22531
0.21407
0.20206
0.18931

535
197
407
238
275

0.23854
0.24231
0.24486
0.24616
0.24620

273
614
329
313
100

0.329005
0.316736
0.304816
0.293240
0.282001

0.888960
0.857694
0.827260
O. 797644
O. 768835

6.81520
7.13138
7.46624
7.82110
8.19739

14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9

-0.00438
-0. 02218
-0.03974
-0.05697
-0.07378

689
745
898
854
344

0.17586
0.16176
0.14707
0.13182
0.11609

611
836
028
729
931

0.24496
0.24246
0.23869
0.23367
0.22742

888
568
741
730
597

0.271095
0.260516
0.250257
0.240312
0.230676

0.740821
0.713590
0.687129
0.661426
0.636467

- 8.59667
- 9.02062
- 9.47109
- 9.95006
-10.45971

15.0

-0.09007 181

0.21997 141

0.221343
[( -35

0.612240

-11.00239

[(-l)1J

0.09995 048
[( -5

4)1J

[( -64)2J

)6J

1. 209520

[( -l)1J

[(-l)4J

405

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 10,
X

JIO(x)

J u(x)

YIO(X)

n,

20 AND 21

1025x- 2ho(x)
0.22134 33
0.21230 71
0.20356 16
0.19510 08
0.18691 87

Table 9.3

1027 X- 2l J2l(X)
0.61224 04
0.58873 25
0.56593 06
0.54382 12
0.52239 14

15. a
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4

-0.09007
-0.10575
-0.12073
-0. 13494
-0.14828

181
330
964
535
828

0.09995
0.08344
0.06666
0.04967
0.03256

048
886
618
738
035

0.21997
0.21134
0.20160
0.19077
0.17893

141
904
159
902
834

15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

-0. 16069
-0.17207
-0.18238
-0. 19154
-0.19949

032
791
269
204
958

+0.01539
-0. 00173
-0.01874
-0. 03555
-0. 05207

539
513
731
621
632

0.16614
0.15246
0.13797
0.12276
0.10691

338
453
838
733
918

0.17900
0.17136
0.16398
0.15b85
0.14997

91
62
38
60
67

0.50162
0.48151
0.46204
0.44319
0.42496

16. a
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4

-0.20620
-0. 21161
-0.21570
-0.21842
-0.21978

569
797
160
977
394

-0. 06822
-0.08390
-0. 09905
-0.11357
-0.12738

215
874
224
046
344

0.09052
0.07368
O. 05650
0.03907
0.02150

660
666
016
110
baa

0.14334
0.13694
0.13077
0.12482
0.11910

00
00
08
65
14

16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9

-0. 21975
-0.21833
-0.21554
-0.21139
-0.20590

411
905
637
267
350

-0.14041
-0.15258
-0. 16383
-0.17409
-0. 18329

403
841
668
338
797

+0. 00391
-0. 01359
-0. 03091
-0.04793
-0. 06454

319
786
729
557
431

0.11358
0.10828
0.10318
O. 09827
0.09356

17.0
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4

-0.19911
-0.19106
-0.18181
-0.17141
-0.15993

332
538
155
203
505

-0. 19139
-0.19833
-0. 20407
-0.20858
-0.21182

539
646
831
485
701

-0.08063
-0. 09610
-0. 11 086
-0.12479
-0.13782

696
960
170
683
343

17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9

-0.14745
-0.13405
-0. 11983
-0.10487
-0.08928

649
943
363
499
492

-0.21378
-0.21443
-0.21378
-0.21183
-0. 20858

318
935
944
538
727

-0.14985
-0.16081
-0.17062
-0. 17922
-0.18654

18. a
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4

-0.07316
-0. 05663
-0. 03980
-0. 02279
-0. 00571

966
961
852
278
052

-0.20406
-0. 19829
-0.19130
-0. 18314
-0. 17386

341
032
265
307
213

18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9

+0.01131
0.02817
0.04474
0.06090
O. 07654

917
711
490
579
556

-0.16351
-0. 15217
-0. 13990
-0.12679
-0.11291

19. a
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4

O. 09155
0.10582
0.11925
0.13174
0.14321

333
247
134
416
168

19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9

0.15357
0.16275
0.17068
0.17731
0.18259

193
089
305
198
079

20.0

0.18648 256

[<-64)2J

10 - 23x 20 Y 20 (X)

11.0024
11.5$07
12.1974
12.8555
13.5585

76
66
52
99
74

14.3098
15.1136
15.9742
16.8962
17.8849

0.40733
0.39028
0.37381
0.35789
0.34253

43
75
35
93
16

18.9460
20. 0855
21.3104
22.6219
24.0462

96
55
34
77
30

0.32769
0.31338
0.29957
0.28626
0.27343

75
39
78
66
76

25.5740
27.2209
28.9975
30.9150
32.9859

0.08903
0.08468
0.08051
0.07650
0.07266

37
45
02
53
49

0.26107
0.24917
0.23771
0.22669
0.21608

81
57
82
32
89

35.2237
37.6429
40.2594
43.09'04
46.1543

544
304
321
038
691

0.06898
0.06545
0.06207
0.05884
0.05575

37
69
96
68
39

0.20589
0.19609
0.18668
0.17764
0.16896

33
48
17
27
66

49.4711
53. 0622
56.9506
61.1611
65.7197

-0. 19255
-0.19720
-0. 20045
-0.20229
-0.20271

365
030
582
875
742

0.05279
0.04996
0.04726
0.04468
0.04222

63
93
85
96
83

0.16064
0.15265
0.14500
0.13767
0.13064

24
91
62
32
97

70.6543
75.9946
81.7717
88.0182
94.7683

793
591
845
446
893

-0.20171
-0.19928
-0. 19546
-0.19026
-0.18373

all
520
113
637
930

0.03988
0.03764
0.03550
0.03347
0.03154

04
17
84
64
21

0.12392
0.11749
0.11133
0.10545
0.09982

57
14
69
28
98

-102.0574
-109.9219
-118.3992
-127.5270
-137.3432

-0.09837
-0. 08325
-0. 06765
-0. 05168
-0.03544

240
039
283
334
863

-0.17592
-0.16688
-0.15669
-0.14540
-0.13312

797
985
143
785
231

0.02970
0.02795
O. 02628
0.02470
O. 02320

16
15
80
79
78

0.09445
O. 08933
0.08443
O. 07977
0.07532

89
10
76
01
03

-147.8850
-159.1885
-171.2882
-184.2155
-197.9980

-0.01905
-0. 00262
+0. 01374
0.02994
0.04584

771
120
948
285
818

-G. 11992
-0.10591
-0. 09119
-0.07587
-0.06006

560
538
555
548
922

0.02178
0.02043
0.01915
0.01794
0.01679

44
46
54
37
67

0.07108
0.06704
O. 06319
0.05953
0.05606

01
16
71
92
06

-212.6582
-228.2122
-244.6678
-262.0226
-280.2622

O. 05275 42

-299.3574

O. 06135 630

[< -64)2J

-0.04389 465

[<-64)2J

0.01571 16

[<-l)4J

[< -l)9J

[<-illJ

406

'J

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.3

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE OF ORDERS 10, II, 20 AND 21

Yn(xJ~J[n(.z:) sin 8n(.r)
In(:r)~Mn(.r) cos 8n(,x)
:c- 1

811 (x)-:r
-14.96758686
-15. 09771 672
-15.22701 466
-15.35552 901
-15.48330635

<x>

0.050
0.048
0.046
0.044
0.042

,r! MlO(X)
0.85676 701
0.85136 682
0.84633 336
0.84164 245
0.83727 251

8JO(x)-x
-13.94798864
-14. 05389 581
-14.15926 984
-14.26413 968
-14.36853 333

0.87222
0.86513
0.85857
0.85250
0.84689

0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032

0.83320
0.82942
0.82590
0.82264
0.81962

419
012
472
403
546

-14.47247807
-14.57600 035
-14.67912 589
-14.78187 967
-14.88428 611

0.84170
0.83689
0.83246
0.82836'
0.82459

044
917
283
826
496

-15.61039
-15. 73682
-15.86265
-15. 98791
-16.11265

144
771
679
896
291

25
26
28
29
31

0.030
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022

0.81683
0.81427
0.81191
0.80976
0.80780

775
076
546
370
825

-14.98636880
-15.08815 085
-15.18965 477
-15.29090 253
-15.39191 569

0.82112
0.81794
0.81503
0.81237
0.80997

469
133
056
970
751

-16.23689
-16.36068
-16.48405
-16.60703
-16.72967

620
504
469
912
149

33
36
38
42
45

0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012

0.80604
0.80446
0.80305
0.80183
0.80077

267
127
902
156
512

-15.49271
-15.59332
-15.69375
-15. 79403
-15. 89418

527
192
598
741
589

0.80781
0.80588
0.80416
0.80267
0.80139

410
079
997
505
036

-16. 85198
-16.97400
-17.09577
-17.21731
-17.33865

406
835
505
438
590

50
56
63
71
83

0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002

0.79988 647
0.79916297
0.79860 244
0.79820 323
0.79796 417

-15.99422
-16.09416
-16.19402
-16.29383
-16.39360

093
168
726
652
832

0.80031
0.79943
O. 79875
0.79827
0.79798

114
341
398
039
093

-17.45982
-17.58086
-17.70178
-17.82262
-17.94340

880
166
301
084
316

100
125
167
250
500

0.000

0.79788 456

-16.49336 143

0.050
0.048
0.046
0.044
0.042

,r! JIzo(x)
1.474083
1.320938
1.211667
1.131459
1.070845

0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032

"JMll(X)
790
271
314
587
281

20
21

22
23
24

0.79788 456

-18. 06415 776

:r~ M21(.r)
1.791133
1.525581
1.347435
1.224460
1.136653

821 (x)-x
-21.290925
-21.927545
-22.550082
-23.154248
-23. 738936

<".>

-21. 047407
-21.606130
-22.149524
-22.676802
-23.188535

1.023762
0.986284
0.955823
0.930635
0.909513

-23.685951
-24.170500
-24.643620
-25.106640
-25.560748

1.071741
1.022171
0.983229
0.951902
0.926211

-24.304948
-24.853951
-25.387848
-25.908478
-26.417500

25
26
28
29
31

0.030
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022

0.891605
0.876293
0.863121
0.851743
0.841895

-26.006988
-26.446280
-26.879433
-27.307159
-27.730098

0.904821
0.886799
0.871483
0.858385
0.847145

-26.916369
-27.406346
-27.888527
-28.363869
-28.833211

33
36
38
42
45

0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012

0.833375
0.826019
0.819702
0.814321
0.809796

-28.148822
-28.563847
-28.975650
-29.384666
-29. 791303

0.837487
0.829198
0.822114
0.816105
0.811069

-29.297299
-29. 756800
-30.212318
-30.664405
-31.113569

50
56
63
71
83

O. 010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002

0.806062
0.803071
0.800781
0.799165
0.798204

-30.195941
-30.598942
-31. 000652
-31.401404
-31.801522

0.806925
0.803612
0.801081
O. 799297
O. 798237

-31.560285
-32.005000
-32.448139
-32.890109
-33.331307

100
125
167
250
500

O. 000

O. 797885

-32.201325

0.797885

-33.772121

0)

[(-~)5]

.r~l

[(-~)5]

[(-~)7]

820("') -,I'

[(-~)2]
<x>~nearest

[(-g) 7]

[(-~)1]

[(-t) 1]

ao

20
21
22
23
24

') I

[(-~)2]

integer to x.

Compiled from L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments.
Royal Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1954) (with permission).

407

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

't

0
1
2
3
4

(-

5
6
7
8
9

(-

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

BESSEL FU~CTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS

In(l)

65197
1 4.40050
1 1. 14903
2 1. 95633
3)2.47663

6866
5857

~=

(-

4) 2. 49757
5~ 2. 09383
6 1. 50232
8 9.42234
9)5.24925

7302
3800
5817
4173
0180

(-

10~2.63061

1=

4849
5398
8964

1 1. 28943 2495
2 3.39957 1981

!~ 't"

3)7.03962 9756

(-

4 1. 74944 0749
5 2.21795 5229
6)2.49234 3435

EII

(- 1) 2.23890 7791
76724 8078
1 3.52834
0286
(-

(-

- 9 1.93269 5149
- 10 1.49494 2010
- 11 1.07294 6448

3
4
5
5
6

1. 46780
3. 50927
7.62781
1.52075
2.80129

2647
4498
3166
8221
5810

6356
5896
7805
7249
3273

7
8
8
9
- 10

4. 79674
7.67501
1. 15266
1. 63124
2.18282

3278
5694
7666
4339
5842

1-- 19331,.91897
3.65025 2805
62b6

rill

2. 77033
2.67117
8. 70224
2.29424

0052
7278

I~

5124

7)2.51538 6283

812.'428 475'

2.29753
7.18639
2.11537
5.88034
1.54847

1532
6587
5568
4574
8441

-17
- 19
- 20
- 22
- 23

1-- 25421,.87'50
3.48286 ,00'
9794

100

(-189)8.43182 8790

- 60 1.10791 5851
- 80 2.90600 4948

13
14
15
16
18

~ -- 12

~ --

12
- 1

7645
4617
3137
7931
6861

7.18301
4.50600
2. 65930
1. 48173
7.81924

- 48 1.19607 7458
- 65 3.22409 5839

(-158)1.06095 3112

In(lO)

-2.45935
+4.34727
+2.54630
+5.83793
-2. 19602

2~+5.58123

2767
2 -9. 75118 2813
2~-5.97128 0079
2 +9.27348 0406
2)+7.08409 7728

2.'406'
1-- '12 -1.44588

10
11
12
13
14

2.07486
1.23116
6.33702
2.89720
1.19571

1066
5280
5497
8393
6324

4.50797
1. 56675
5. 05646
1.52442
4.31462

3144
6192
6697
4853
7752

1.15133
1.55109
6. 03089
1. 78451

6925
6078
5312
3608

1-- '1-,.,6704
'528
2 +4.84342 5725

( -89) 6. 597:31 6064

(-21)+1.11592 7368

15
16
17

18
19
20
30
40
50
100

HI

Ij
,l

1-30
:1
-21

- 21
- 33
- 45

1-- 21-8.,4002
2 -8.71210

Ib17

7616

( -119) 6.26778 9396

I n(50)

5
6
7
8
9

5282
4208
- 1 +2.16710 9177
- 1 3.17854 1268
(- 1) 2.91855 6853

(-

2 +4.65651
1628
27579 13"
1 3.64831 2306
1 3.91232 3605
5461
7318
1016
1665
3139

6746

8179
- 14 1.92561 6764
- 16)6.88540 8200

I n(5)

1) -1. 77596 7713

1) 2.61140
1. 31048
5.33764
1.84052
5.52028

3~ 1.20242 8972

1-- II
1.19800
13~4.99971

20
30
40
50

0
1
2
3
4

't
~=

I n(2)

Table 9.4

In(lOO)

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

+1.99858
-7.71453
-2.15287
+7.62842
+2.61058

5030
5201
5734
0172
0945

-T7.41957 3696

4770
2682
- 2 +6.04912 0126
- 1 +1.04058 5632
(- 2)-2.71924 6104

-2 -3.35253
-2 +7.01726
-2 +4.33495
-2) -6.32367

(- 1)-1.13847 8491
~- 2~-1.83466 7862
- 1 +1.05775 3106
~- 2 +6.91188 2768
- 2)-6.98335 2016

-2)-5.47321 7694
-2~+5.22903 2602
-2 +6.62360 4866
-2 -3.63936 7434
-2)-7.56984 0399

1
3
1
2
2

-1.08225
+4.89816
+1.11360
+7.08269
-6.03650

5990
0778
4219
2610
3508

- 1 -1.38176 2812
- 1 +1.21409 0219

8314
9099
5988
6141

-21+1.51981 2122

-2
-2
-2
-2

+8.02578
+1. 04843
-7.66931
-3.80939

4036
8769
4854
2116

1-21+6.22174
5850
-2 +8. 14bOl 2958

-2 +7.27017 5482
-2 -3.86983 3973

(-2)+9.63666 7330

408

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.4

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Y,,(1)

{- 2~+8.82569 6420
- 1 -7.81212 8213
O~ -1.65068 2607
( 0 -5. 82151 7606
( 1)-3.32784 2303

11

12
13
14

20
30
40
50
100

2
3
4
5
6

~
~

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

- 1~+3.67662 8826
- 1 +1.46267 1627
(- 1 -1.92142 2874

0~-9.93598

9128
0242
0254
2175
2938

- 1~-4.53694 8225
- 1 -7.15247 3576
o -1. 26289 8836
O~ -2. 82086 9383
o -7.76388 3188

8~ -1. 21618
9 -2.42558
1 O~ -5.32411
12 -1. 27536
13)-3.31061

0143
0081
4376
1870
6748

5l-1. 29184 5422

6 -1. 27728 5593
7 -1. 39209 5698
8~-1.65774 1981
9 -;-2.14114 3619
10
11
12
14
15

14)-9.25697 3276
16 -2. 77378 1366

17!_8. 86684 3398

19 -3.01195 2974
21 -1. 08341 6386

"r4.11397
0'315
39 -3.04812 8783

3 08517 6252
1-- 1 +1.47863
1434

4315
1042
3777
3226

1 -4. 69140
2~-2. 71548
3 -1. 85392
4) -1. 45598

'1-

Yn(5)

- 1 -1.07032
- 1 -6.17408
o -1.12778
( o -2. 76594

8666
0243
5705
6185
4939

-2.98102
-4.45012
-7.09038
-1.20091
-2.15455

3646
4034
8217
5873
8183

1 16j-4.08165 1389

1~ -2.51291
1 -9.27525
2~ -3.82982
3 -1. 74556
3 -8.69393

1010
5719
1416
1722
8814

4
5
6
7
7

9564
0350
3328
9760
6938

-4.69404
-2. 72949
-1. 69993
-1. 12865
-7.95635

8r5. 93396 5297

57 -7.18487 4797
( 77 -2.19114 2813

30 -2. 91322 3848

45 -6.66154 1235
62) -1. 97615 0576

18 -4. 02856 8418

29 -9.21681 6571
42 -2.78883 7017

U85)-3.775287810

(155)-3.00082 6049

(115)-5.08486 3915

0
1
2
3
4

1- 1 +5.10375 6726

-2.60405
-2.57078
-3.05889
-4.25674
-6. 78020

10

15
16
17
18
19

Y,,(2)

Yn(lO)

r 2) +5. 567ll 6730

-1~+2.49015

4242
-3 -5.86808 2460
-1~-2.51362 6572
(-1 -1.44949 5119
-1 +1. 35403
-1 +2. 80352
-1 +2.01020
-3 +1. 07547
-1)-1.99299
(-1
1
-1
0
( 0

1-

-3.59814
-5.20329
-7.84909
-1. 36345
-2. 76007

0477
5596
0238
3712
2658
1522
0386
7327
4320
1499

}' n(50)

Yn(lOO)

- 2~-9.B0649 9547
- 2 -5.67956 6856
- 2~+9.57931 6873
- 2 +6.445912206
- 2)-8.805807408

1-2)-7.72443 1337

(- 2)-7.854841391

-2j-2.94801 9628

1-- 22!+7.23483
9130
+9.59120 2782

r
r

- 2 -4.54930 2351
- 1 -1.104697953

72389 7182
1T5.
+1.127593542
2 +4.389021867
2 -9.169204926
2)-9.157008429

1
2
2
1

-2}-2.037231200
-2 +7.68368 6713
-2 +2.34457 8669
(-2)-7.54301 1992
-2 +7.24821
-2 +3.81780
-2 -6.71371
-2) -4. 89199

0030
4832
7353
9608

-2)+5.83315 7424
1093
-2 -4.50025 8583
-2~-7.13869 3153
-2 +2. 64419 8363
-2~+6.05863

-T

15
16
17
18
19

1 -1.63341
1~ -4.59045
2 -1. 39741
( 2 -4.57164

6613
8575
4254
5457

20
30
40
50

( 3)-1.59748
{ 9~-7.25614
18 -1. 36280
27 -3.64106

3848
2316
3297
6502

1- 2!+1.64426 3395

1-2)+5.,2479 7308

(85)-4.84914 8271

(+18)-3.29380 0188

(-1)-1.66921 4114

100

( 0~-6.36474 5877

2 +4. 04128 0205

+1.158177655
+3.37105 6788
-9.28945 7936
-1.005946650

- 1 -1.16457 2349
- 2 -4.53080 1120
- 1 -2.10316 5546

7. 87906 8695

-3 -2. 80477 7550

-2 -7.96882 1576
-2 -2.42892 1581
-2)+7.094409807

-3~ +6.13883 9212

-2 +4. 07468 5217
-2 +7.65052 6394

409

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.5
ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

s
1
2
3
4
5

jo, s
2.40482 55571
5.52007 81103
8.65372 79129
11. 79153 44391
14.93091 71086

J'o(jo, .)
-0.5191474973
+0. 34026 48065
-0.27145 22999
+0.23245 98314
-0.20654 64331

jl, s
3.83171
7.01559
10.17347
13.32369
16.47063

J'I (jl,.)
-0.40276
+0.30012
-0.24970
+0.21836
-0.19647

5.13562
8.41724
11.61984
14. 79595
17.95982

J'2(j2, .)
-0.33967
+0.27138
-0.23244
+0.20654
-0.18773

6
7
8
9
10

18. 071 06 39679

21.21163 66299
24.3524715308
27.49347 91320
30. 63460 64684

+0. 18772 88030

-0.1732658942
+0.16170 15507
-0.15218 12138
+0.14416 59717

19.61586
22.76008
25.90367
29.04683
32.18968

+0.18006
-0.16718
+0.15672
-0.14801
+0.14061

21.11700
24.27011
27.42057
30.56920
33.71652

+0.17326
-0.16170
+0.15218
-0.14417
+0.13730

11
12
13
14
15

33. 77582
36. 91709
40.05842
43.19979
46.34118

02136
83537
57646
17132
83717

-0.13729
+0.13132
-0.12606
+0.12139
-0.11721

69434
46267
94971
86248
11989

35.33231
38.47471
41.61709
44.75932
47.90146

-0.13421
+0.12862
-0.12367
+0.11925
-0.11527

36.86286
40.00845
43.15345
46.29800
49.44216

-0.13132
+0.12607
-0.12140
+0.11721
-0.11343

16
17
18
19
20

49.48260
52. 62405
55.76551
58.90698
62.04846

98974
18411
07550
39261
91902

+0.11342 91926
-0.10999 11430
+0.10684 78883
-0.10395 95729
+0.1012934989

51.04354
54.18555
57.32753
60.46946
63.61136

+0.11167
-0.10839
+0.10537
-0.10260
+0.10004

52.58602
55.72963
58.87302
62.01622
65.15927

+0.10999
-0.10685
+0.10396
-0.10129
+0.09882

h,8

h,8

j4,
7.58834
11.06471
14.37254
17.61597
20.82693

jS,8

J' s(jS,.)

6.38016
9.76102
13.01520
16.22347
19.40942

J'3(h,.)
-0.29827
+0.24942
-0.21828
+0.19644
-0.18005

J'4(j4,8)

1
2
3
4
5

-0. 26J36
+0.23188
-0.20636
+0.18766
-0.17323

8.71148
12.33860
15.70017
18.98013
22.21780

-0.24543
+0.21743
-0.19615
+0.17993
-0.16712

6
7
8
9
10

22.58273
25.74817
28.90835
32.06485
35.21867

+0.16718
-0.15672
+0.14801
-0.14060
+0.13421

24.01902
27.19909
30.37101
33.53714
36.69900

+0.16168
-0.15217
+0.14416
-0.13729
+0.13132

25.43034
28.62662
31.81172
34.98878
38.15987

+0.15669
-0.14799
+0.14059
-0.13420
+0.12861

11
12
13
14
15

38.37047
41.52072
44.66974
47.81719
50.96503

-0.12862
+0.12367
-0.11925
+0.11527
-0.11167

39.85763
43.01374
46.16785
49.32036
52.47155

-0.12607
+0.12140
-0.11721
+0.11343
-0.10999

41.32638
44.48932
47.64940
50.80717
53.96303

-0.12366
+0.11925
-0.11527
+0.11167
-0.10838

16
17
18
19
20

54.11162
57.25765
60.40322
63.54840
66.69324

+0.10839
-0.10537
+0.10260
-0.10004
+0.09765

55.62165
58.71084
61.91925
65.06700
68.21417

+0.10685
-0.10396
+0.10129
-0.09882
+0.09652

57.11730
60.27025
63.42205
66.57289
69.72289

+0.10537
-0.10260
+0.10003
-0.09765
+0.09543

J'7(j7,8)

9.93611 .
13.58929
17.00382
20.32079
23.58608

J' 6U6, 8)
-0.22713
+0.20525
-0.18726
+0.17305
-0.16159

.n, s

1
2
3
4
5

11.08637
14.82127
18.28758
21.64154
24.93,493

-0.21209
+0.19479
-0.17942
+0.16688
-0.15657

12.22509
16.03777
19.55454
22.94517
26.26681

-0.19944
+0.18569
-0.17244
+0.16130
-0.15196

6
7
8
9
10

26.82015
30.03372
33.23304
36.42202
39.60324

+0.15212
-0.14413
+0.13727
-0.13131
+0.12606

28.19119
31.42279
34.63709
37.83872
41.03077

+0.14792
-0.14055
+0.13418
-0.12859
+0.12365

29.54566
32.79580
36.02562
39.24045
42.44389

+0.14404
-0.13722
+0.13127
-0.12603
+0.12137

11
12
13
14
15

42.71848
45.94902
49.11571
52.27945
55.44059

-0.12139
+0.11721
-0.11343
+0.10999
-0.10685

44.21541
47.39417
50.56818
53.73833
56.90525

-0.11924
+0.11526
-0.11166
+0.10838
-0.10537

45.63844
48.82593
52.00769
55. 1847S
58.35789

-0.11719
+0.11342
-0.10998
+0.10684
-0.10395

16
17
18
19
20

58.59961
61. 75682
64.91251
68.06689
71.22013

+0.10396
-0.10129
+0.09882
-0.09652
+0.09438

60.06948
63.23142
66.39141
69.54971
72. 70655

+0.10260
-0.10003
+0.09765
-0.09543
+0.09336

61.52714
64.69478
67.85943
71.02200
74.18277

+0.10129
-0.09882
+0.09652
-0.09438
+0.09237

j6,

is,8

J'8(j8, .)

410

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.5
ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
1
2
3
4
5

yo, ,
0.89357
3.95767
7.08605
10.22234
13.36109

697
842
106
504
747

Y'o(YO, ,)
+0.87942 080
-0.40254 267
+0.30009 761
-0.24970 124
+0.21835 830

?II, "
2.19714
5.42968
8.59601
11.74915
14.89744

Y'I(YI, .. )
+0.52079
-0.34032
+0.27146
-0.23246
+0.20655

3.38424
6.79381
10.02348
13.20999
16.37897

Y'2('12,.,)
+0.39921
-0.29992
+0.24967
-0.21835
+0.19646

6
7
8
9
10

16.50092
19.64130
22.78202
25.92295
29.06403

244
970
805
765
025

-0. 19646
+0.18006
-0.16718
+0.15672
-0.14801

494
318
450
493
108

18.04340
21.18807
24.33194
27.47529
30.61829

-0.18173
+0.17327
-0.16170
+0.15218
-0.14417

19.53904
22.69396
25.84561
28.99508
32.14300

-0.18006
+0.16718
-0.15672
+0.14801
-0.14061

11
12
13
14
15

32.20520
35.34645
38.48775
41.62910
44.77048

412
231
665
447
661

+0.14060
-0.13421
+0.12861
-0.12366
+0. 11924

578
123
661
795
981

33.76102
36.90356
40.04594
43.18822
46.33040

+0.13730
-0.13132
+0.12607
-0.12140
+0.11721

35.28979
38.43573
41.58101
44.72578
47.87012

+0.13421
-0.12862
+0.12367
-0.11925
+0.11527

16
17
18
19
20

47.91189
51. 05332
54.19477
57.33624
60.47772

633
855
936
570
516

-0.11527 369
+0.11167 049
-0.10838535
+0.10537 405
-0.10260 057

49.47251
52.61455
55.75654
58.89850
62.04041

-0.11343
+0.10999
-0.10685
+0.10396
-0.10129

51.01413
54.15785
'57.30135
60.44464
63.58717

-0.11167
+0.10839
-0.10537
+0.10260
-0.10004

!Is, "

1/2, "

1
2
3
4
5

4.52702
8.09755
11.39647
14.62308
17.81846

Y'3(Y;l,,)
+0.33256
-0.27080
+0.23232
-0.20650
+0.18771

Y4, s
5.64515
9.36162
12. 73014
15.99963
19.22443

Y'4(Y4,8)
+0.28909
-0.24848
+0.21805
-0.19635
+0.18001

6.74718
10.59718
14.03380
17.34709
20.60290

Y'S(YS,8)
+0.25795
-0.23062
+0.20602
-0.18753
+0.17317

6
7
8
9
10

20.99728
24.16624
27.32880
30.48699
33.64205

-0.17326
+0.16170
-0.15218
+0.14416
-0.13730

22.42481
25.61027
28. 78589
31.95469
35.11853

-0.16716
+0.15671
-0.14800
+0.14060
-0.13421

23.82654
27.03013
30.22034
33.40111
36.57497

-0.16165
+0.15215
-0.14415
+0.13729
-0.13132

11
12
13
14
15

36.79479
39.94571
43.09537
46.24387
49.39150

+0.13132
-0.12607
+0.12140
-0.11721
+0.11343

38.27867
41.43596
44.59102
47.74429
50.89611

+0.12861
-0.12367
+0.11925
-0.11527
+0.11167

39.74363
42.90825
46.06968
49.22854
52.38531

+0.12606
-0.12140
+0.11721
-0.11343
+0.10999

16
17
18
19
20

52.53840
55.68470
58.83049
61. 97586
65.12086

-0.10999
+0.10685
-0.10396
+0.10129
-0,09882

54.04673
57.19635
60.34513
63.49320
66.64065

-0.10838
+0.10537
-0.10260
+0.10003
-0.09765

55.54035
58.69393
61. 84628
64.99759
68.14799

-0.10685
+0.10396
-0.10129
+0.09882
-0.09652

1
2
3
4
5

7.83774
11.81104
15.31362
18.67070
21.95829

Y' 6(.1/6, .,)

+0.23429
-0.21591
+0.19571
-0.17975
+0.16703

.1/7,8
8.91961
13.00771
16.57392
19.97434
23.29397

Y'7(.117,8)
+0.21556
-0.20352
+0.18672
-0.17283
+0.16148

9.99463
14.19036
17.81789
21.26093
24.61258

Y'S(Y8,8)
+0.20027
-0.19289
+0.17880
-0.16662
+0.15643

6
7
8
9
10

25.20621
28.42904
31.63488
34.82864
38.01347

-0.15664
+0.14796
-0.14058
+0.13419
-0.12860

26.56676
29.80953
33.03171
36.23927
39.43579

-0.15206
+0.14409
-0.13725
+0.13130
-0.12605

27.91052
31. 17370
34.41286
37.63465
40.84342

-0.14785
+0.14051
-0.13415
+0.12857
-0.12364

11
12
13
14
15

41.19152
44.36427
47.53282
50.69796
53.86031

+0.12366
-0.11924
+0.11527
-0.11167
+0.10838

42.62391
45.80544
48.98171
52.15369
55.32215

+0.12138
-0.11720
+0.11342
-0.10999
+0.10684

44.04215
47.23298
50.41746
53.59675
56.77171

+0.11923
-0.11526
+0.11166
-0.10838
+0.10537

16
17
18
19
20

57.02034
60.17842
63.33485
66.48986
69.64364

-0.10537
+0.10260
-0.10003
+0.09765
-0.09543

58.48767
61. 65071
64.81164
67.97075
71.12830

-0.10396
+0.10129
-0.09882
+0.09652
-0.09438

59.94319
63.11158
66.21738
69.44095
72.60259

-0.10260
+0.10003
-0.09765
+0.09543
-0.09336

'1;l,8

?l6, s

l/'N, s

411

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.5
ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

/2, .,

j' 0,'
0.00000 00000
3.83170 59702
7.01558 66698
10.17346 81351
13.32369 19363

.10(/0,,)
+1.00000 00000
-0.40275 93957
+0.30011 57525
-0.24970 48771
+0.21835 94072

1.84118
5.33144
8.53632
11.70600
14.86359

.II U\ .,)
+0.58187
-0.34613
+0.27330
-0.23330
+0.20701

3.05424
6.70613
9.96947
13.17037
16.34752

./Z(j' 2, ,,)
+0.48650
-0.31353
+0.25474
-0.22088
+0.19794

6
7
8
9
10

16.47063
19.61585
22.76008
25.90367
29.04682

00509
85105
43806
20876
85349

-0.19646
+0.18006
-0.16718
+0.15672
-0.14801

53715
33753
46005
49863
11100

18.01553
21.16437
24.31133
27.45705
30.60192

-0.18802
+0.17346
-0.16184
+0.15228
-0.14424

19.51291
22.67158
25.82604
28.97767
32.12733

-0.18101
+0.16784
-0.15720
+0.14836
-0.14088

11
12
13
14
15

32.18967
35.33230
38.47476
41.61709
44.75931

99110
75501
62348
42128
89977

+0.14060
-0.13421
+0.12861
-0.12366
+0.11924

57982
12403
66221
79608
98120

33.74618
36.88999
40.03344
43.17663
46.31960

+0.13736
-0.13137
+0.12611
-0.12143
+0.11724

35.27554
38.42265
41.56893
44.71455
47.85964

+0.13443
-0.12879
+0.12381
-0.11937
+0.11537

16
17
18
19
20

47.90146
51.04353
54.18555
57.32752
60.46945

08872
51836
36411
54379
78453

-0.11527
+0.11167
-0.10838
+0.10537
-0.10260

36941
04969
53489
40554
05671

49.46239
52.60504
55.74757
58.89000
62.03235

-0.11345
+0.11001
-0.10687
+0.10397
-0.10131

51.00430
54.14860
57.29260
60.43635
63.57989

-0.11176
+0.10846
-0.10544
+0.10266
-0.10008

1
2
3
4
5

j\"

.14 (/4.,)

./;, U',;. .,)

.l1()':;.,,)

j' 4,.,

1
2
3
4
5

j\"
4.20119
8.01524
11.34592
14.58585
17.78875

+0.43439
-0.29116
+0.24074
-0.21097
+0.19042

5.31755
9.28240
12.68191
15.96411
19.19603

+0.39965
-0.27438
+0.22959
-0.20276
+0.18403

6.41562
10.51986
13.98719
17.31284
20.57551

+0.37409
-0.26109
+0.22039
-0.19580
+0.17849

6
7
8
9
10

20.97248
24.14490
27.31006
30.47027
33.62695

-0.17505
+0.16295
-0.15310
+0.14487
-0.13784

22.40103
25.58976
28.76784
31.93854
35.10392

-0.16988
+0.15866
-0.14945
+0.14171
-0.13509

23.80358
27.01031
30.20285
33.38544
36.56078

-0.16533
+0.15482
-0.14616
+0.13885
-0.13256

11
12
13
14
15

36.78102
39.93311
43.08365
46.23297
49.38130

+0.13176
-0.12643
+0.12169
-0.11746
+0.11364

38.26532
41.42367
44.57962
47.73367
50.88616

+0.12932
-0.12425
+0.11973
-0.11568
+0.11202

39.73064
42.89627
46.05857
49.21817
52.37559

+0.12707
-0.12223
+0.11790
-0.11402
+0.11049

16
17
18
19
20

52.52882
55.67567
58.82195
61.96775
65.11315

-0.11017
+0.10700
-0.10409
+0.10141
-0.09893

54.03737
57.18752
60.33677
63.48526
66.63309

-0.10868
+0.10563
-0.10283
+0.10023
-0.09783

55.53120
58.68528
61.83809
64.98980
68.14057

-0.10728
+0.10434
-0.10163
+0.09912
-0.09678

h(/6.8)

1
2
3
4
5

j'n, '"
7.50127
11.73494
15.26818
18.63744
21.93172

+0.35414
-0.25017
+0.21261
-0.18978
+0.17363

8.57784
12.93239
16.52937
19.94185
23.26805

6
7
8
9
10

25.18393
28.40978
31.61788
34.81339
37.99964

-0.16127
+0.15137
-0.14317
+0.13623
-0.13024

11
12
13
14
15

41.17885
44.35258
47.52196
50.68782
53.85079

16
17
18
19
20

57.01138
60.16995
63.32681
66.48221
69.63635

/7,8

h(h,)

j',\ "

.j'", ."

.I,(j'S, ,)

+0.33793
-0.24096
+0.20588
-0.18449
+0.16929

9.64742
14.11552
17.77401
21.22906
24.58720

+0.32438
-0.23303
+0.19998
-0.17979
+0.16539

26.54503
29.79075
33.01518
36.22438
39.42227

-0.15762
+0.14823
-0.14044
+0.13381
-0.12808

27.88927
31.15533
34.39663
37.62008
40.83018

-0.15431
+0.14537
-0.13792
+0.13158
-0.12608

+0.12499
-0.12035
+0.11620
-0.11246
+0.10906

42.61152
45.79400
48.97107
52.14375
55.31282

+0.12305
-0.11859
-0.11099
+0.10771

44.03001
47.22176
50.40702
53.58700
56.76260

+0.12124
-0.11695
+0.11309
-0.10960
+0.10643

-0.10596
+0 .. 10311
-0.10049
+0.09805
-0.09579

58.47887
61.64239
64.80374
67.96324
71.12113

-0.10471
+0.10195
-0.09940
+0.09704
-0.09484

59.93454
63.10340
66.26961
69.43356
72.59554

-0.10352
+0.10084
-0.09837
+0.09607
-0.09393

+0.11460

412

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.5
ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

11\,

Yo(y'O, .)

Y'O,s

Yl(1I'1,.)

Y'2,.

Y2(y'2, .)

1
2
3
4
5

2.19714
5.42968
8.59600
11.74915
14.89744

133
104
587
483
213

+0.52078
-0.34031
+0.27145
-0.23246
+0.20654

641
805
988
177
711

3.68302
6.94150
10.12340
13.28576
16.44006

+0.41673
-0.30317
+0.25091
-0.21897
+0.19683

5.00258
8.35072
11.57420
14.76091
17.93129

+0.36766
-0.27928
+0.23594
-0.20845
+0.18890

6
7
8
9
10

18.04340
21.18806
24.33194
27.47529
30.61828

228
893
257
498
649

-0.18772
+0.17326
-0.16170
+0.15218
-0.14416

909
604
163
126
600

19.59024
22.73803
25.88431
29.02958
32.17412

-0.18030
+0.16735
-0.15684
+0.14810
-0.14067

21.09289
24.24923
27.40215
30.55271
33.70159

-0.17405
+0.16225
-0.15259
+0.14448
-0.13754

11
12
14
15

33.76101
36.90355
40.04594
43.18821
46.33039

780
532
464
810
925

+0.13729
-0.13132
+0.12606
-0.12139
+0.11721

696
464
951
863
120

35.31813
38.46175
41.60507
44.74814
47.89101

+0.13427
-0.12866
+0.12370
-0.11928
+0.11530

36.84921
39.99589
43.14182
46.28716
49.43202

+0.13152
-0.12623
+0.12153
-0.11732
+0.11352

16
17
18
19
20

49.47250
52.61455
55.75654
58.89849
62.04041

568
077
488
617
115

-0.11342
+0.10999
-0.10684
+0.10395
-0.10129

920
115
789
957
350

51.03373
54.17632
57.31880
60.46118
63.60349

-0.11169
+0.10840
-0.10539
+0.10261
-0.10005

52.57649
55.72063
58.86450
62.00814
65.15159

-0.11007
+0.10692
-0.10402
+0.10135
-0.09887

11 5, H

13

Y:l(y'3,,,)

Y4(!/4,x)

1
2
3
4
5

6.25363
9.69879
12.97241
16.19045
19.38239

+0.33660
-0.26195
+0.22428
-0.19987
+0.18223

7.46492
11.00517
14.33172
17.58444
20.80106

+0.31432
-0.24851
+0.21481
-0.19267
+0.17651

8.64956
12.28087
15.66080
18.94974
22.19284

Y5(Y' 5,.)
+0.29718
-0.23763
+0.20687
-0.18650
+0.17151

6
7
8
9
10

22.55979
25.72821
28.89068
32.04898
35.20427

-0.16867
+0.15779
-0.14881
+0.14122
-0.13470

23.99700
27.17989
30.35396
33.52180
36.68505

-0.16397
+0.15384
-0.14543
+0.13828
-0.13211

25.40907
28.60804
31.79520
34.97389
38.14631

-0.15980
+0.15030
-0.14236
+0.13559
-0.12973

11
12
13
14
15

38.35728
41.50855
44.65845
47.80725
50.95515

+0.12901
-0.12399
+0.11952
-0.11550
+0.11186

39.84483
43.00191
46.15686
49.31009
52.46191

+0.12671
-0.12193
+0.11765
-0.11380
+0.11031

41.31392
44.47779
47.63867
50.79713
53.95360

+0.12458
-0.12001
+0.11591
-0.11221
+0.10885

16
17
18
19
20

54.10232
57.24887
60.39491
63.54050
66.68571

-0.10855
+0.10552
-0.10273
+0.10015
-0.09775

55.61257
58.76225
61.91110
65.05925
68.20679

-0.10712
+0.10420
-0.10151
+0.09901
-0.09669

57.10841
60.26183
63.41407
66.56530
69.71565

-0.10578
+0.10295
-0.10035
+0.09793
-0.09568

9.81480
13.53281
16.96553
20.29129
23.56186

1"O(Y'O,,)
+0.28339
-0.22854
+0.20007
-0.18111
+0.16708

10.96515
14.76569
18.25012
21.61275
24.91131

Y7(y\,J
+0.27194
-0.22077
+0.19414
-0.17634
+0.16311

lI's,

1
2
3
4
5

12.10364
15.98284
19.51773
22.91696
26.24370

YS(Y'S, .J
+0.26220
-0.21402
+0.18891
-0.17207
+0.15953

6
7
8
9
10

26.79950
30.01567
33.21697
36.40752
39.59002

-0.15607
+0.14709
-0.13957
+0.13313
-0.12753

28.17105
31.40518
34.62140
37.82455
41.01785

-0.15269
+0.14417
-0.13700
+0.13085
-0.12549

29.52596
32.77857
36.01026
39.22658
42.43122

-0.14962
+0.14149
-0.13463
+0.12874
-0.12359

11
12
13
14
15

42.76632
45.93775
49.10528
52.26963
55.43136

+0.12260
-0.11822
+0.11428
-0.11072
+0.10748

44.20351
47.38314
50.55791
53.72870
56.89619

+0.12076
-0.11654
+0.11275
-0.10931
+0.10618

45.62678
48.81512
51.99761
55.17529
58.34899

+0.11904
-0.11497
+0.11131
-0.10798
+0.10494

16
17
18
19
20

58.59089
61.74857
64.90468
68.05943
71.21301

-0.10451
+0.10177
-0.09925
+0.09690
-0.09471

60.06092
63.22331
66.38370
69.54237
72.69955

-0.10330
+0.10065
-0.09820
+0.09592
-0.09379

61.51933
64.68681
67.85185
71.01478
74.17587

-0.10216
+0.09958
-0.09720
+0.09498
-0.09291

.'/3,8

.11'6,101

!/4,.<.:

1/'7 ..

413

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUXCTIONS-}o(;o,.,x)

Table 9.6

JOUO,IX)

Jo(jo,zr,)

Jo(jo,:il-)

JO(iO,4X)

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

1.00000
0.99942
0.99769
0.99480
0.99077

1. 00000
0.99696
0.98785
0.97276
0.95184

1. 00000
0.99253
0.97027
0.93373
0.88372

1. 00000
0.98614
0.94515
0.87872
0.78961

0.97783
0.91280
0.80920
0.67388

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.98559
0.97929
0.97186
0.96333
0.95370

0.92526
0.89328
0.85617
0.81429
O. 76800

0.82136
O. 74804
0.66537
0.57518
0.47943

0.68146
0.55871
0.42632
0.28958
0.15386

0.51568
0.34481
0.17211
+0.00827
-0.13693

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.94300
0.93124
0.91844
0.90463
0.88982

0.71773
0.66392
0.60706
0.54766
0.48623

0.38020
0.27960
0.17976
+0.08277
-0.00942

+0.02438
-0.09404
-0.19716
-0.28155
-0.34466

-0.25533
-0.34090
-0.39013
-0.40225
-0.37917

0.30
0.32
O. 34
0.36
0.38

0.87405
0.85734
0.83972
0.82122
0.80187

0.42333
0.35950
0.29529
0.23126
0.16795

-0.09498
-0.17226
-0.23986
-0.29664
-0.34171

-0.38498
-0,40207
-0.39653
-0.36998
-0.32493

-0.32527
-0.24698
-0.15223
-0.04980
+0.05137

0.40
0.42
0.44
0,46
0.48

0.78171
O. 76077
0, 73908
0,71669
0.69362

0.10590
+0.04562
-0.01240
-0.06769
-0.11983

-0.37453
-0.39482
-0.40264
-0.39835
-0,38259

-0.26467
-0.19304
-0.11431
-0.03289
+0.04684

0.14293
0.21767
0.27011
0.29684
0.29671

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.66993
0.64565
0.62081
0.59547
0.56967

-0.16840
-0.21306
-0.25349
-0.28941
-0.32062

-0.35628
-0.32056
-0.27678
-0.22648
-0.171.30

0.12078
0.18527
0.23725
0.27445
0.29541

0.27086
0.22252
0.15667
+0.07960
-0. 00168

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.54345
0.51685
0.48992
0.46270
0.43524

-0.34692
-0.36821
-0.38441
-0.39551
-0.40152

-0.11295
-0.05320
+0.00622
0.06363
0.11745

0.29959
0.28731
0.25977
0.21892
0.16735

-0.08007
-0.14891
-0.20259
-0.23697
-0.24965

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.40758
0.37977
0.35186
0.32389
0.29591

-0.40255
-0.39871
-0.39019
-0.37721
-0.36003

0.16625
0.20878
0.24399
0.27107
0.28945

0.10814
+0.04470
-0.01945
-0.08082
-0.13618

-0.24019
-0.21003
-0.16237
-0.10179
-0.03389

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

0.26796
0.24009
0.21234
0.18476
0.15739

-0.33896
-0.31433
-0.28652
-0.25591
-0.22293

0.29882
0.29915
0.29063
0.27374
0.24914

-0.18270
-0.21808
-0.24067
-0.24957
-0.24461

+0.03525
0.09960
0.15369
0.19306
0.21464

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.13027
0.10346
0.07698
0.05089
0.02521

-0.18800
-0.15157
-0.11411
-0. 07605
-0.03787

0.21774
0.18059
0.13891
0.09399
0.04722

-0.22637
-0.19613
-0.15580
-0.10779
-0.05486

0.21694
0.20021
0.16630
0.11854
0.06138

0.00000

o. 00000

0.00000

0.00000
[( -63)5J

1. 00

[(-i)lJ

[( -44)8J

0.00000 ,

[C -;)2J

[( -;)3J

JOCiO,5X)
1. 00000

From E. T. Goodwin and J. Staton, Table of .JO(jO,nr), Quart. J. Mech. Appl.

Math. 1, 220-224 (1948) (with permission).

414

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL

Table 9.7

FLXCTIONs-:\nSCELLA~EOUS
sth

A\S

ZEROS

Zero of xJ 1 (x) - AJo (x)

0.0000
0.1995
0.2814
0.3438
0.3960
0.4417

3.8317
3.8369
3.8421
3.8473
3.8525
3.8577

3
7.0156
7.0184
7.0213
7.0241
7.0270
7.0298

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
O.OB
0.10

10.1735
10.1754
10.1774
10.1794
10.1813
10.1833

13.3237
13.3252
13.3267
13.3282
13.3297
13.3312

0.20
0.40
0.60
O. BO
1. 00

0.6170
O. B516
1. 0184
1. 1490
1. 255B

3.8835
3.9344
3.9B41
4.0325
4.0795

7.0440
7.0723
7.1004
7. 12B2
7.155B

10.1931
10.2127
10.2322
10.2516
10.2710

13.3387
13.3537
13.3686
13.3835
13.3984

A- 1\8

<A>

1. 00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20

1.2558
1. 3659
1. 5095
1. 7060
1. 9898

4.0795
4.1361
4.2249
4.3818
4.7131

7.1558
7.1898
7.2453
7.3508
7.6177

10.2710
10.2950
10.3346
10.4118
10.-6223

13.3984
13.4169
13.4476
13.5079
13.6786

1
1
2
3
5

0.10
O.OB
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00

2.1795
2.2218
2.2656
2.3108
2.3572
2.404B

5.0332
5.1172
5.20B5
5.3068
5.4112
5. 5201

7.9569
8.0624
B.1852
8.3262
B.4840
B.6537

10.9363
11. 0477
11.1864
11. 3575
11.5621
11. 7915

13.9580
14.0666
14.2100
14.3996
14.6433
14.9309

10
13
17
25
50

sth

Zero of J 1 (x) - AxJ 0 (x)

A\S

0.5
0.6
O. 7
O. B
O. 9
1.0

0.0000
1.1231
1. 4417
1. 6275
1. 7517
1.8412

5.1356
5.200B
5.2476
5.2B26
5.3098
5.3314

B.4172
B.4569
B.4853
B.5066
B.5231
B.5363

n.6198
11.6486
11. 6691
11. 6845
11. 6964
11.7060

A- 1\8

co

14. 7960
14. BIB5
14.8346
14.B467
14.8561
14.8636
5

<A>

1. 00
O. BO
0.60
0.40
0.20

1. B412
1. 9844
2.1092
2.2192
2.3171

5.3314
5.3702
5.4085
5.4463
5.4B35

B.5363
B.5600
B.5B36
8.6072
B.6305

11.7060
11. 7232
11. 7404
11. 7575
11. 7745

14.8636
14. B771
14. B906
14.9041
14.9175

1
1
2
3
5

0.10
O.OB
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00

2.3621
2.3709
2.3795
2. 38BO
2.3965
2.4048

5.5019
5.5055
5.5092
5.5128
5.5165
5. 5201

11. 7830
B.6421
B.6445
11.7B47
8. 646B
11. 7864
11. 7881
8. 6491
11. 7898
B.6514
8.6537
11. 7915
nearest integer to A.

14.9242
14.9256
14.9269
14.9282
14.9296
14.9309

10
13
17
25
50

<A> =

co

Compiled from H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of heat in solids (Oxford

Univ. Press, London, England, 1947) and British Association for the Advancement
of Science, Bessel functions, Part 1. Functions of orders zero and unity, Mathematical Tables, vol. VI (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1950)(with
permission).

415

BESSEL FUNCTIONS. OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-MISCELLANEOUS ZEROS

SUI

12.55847
4.69706
2.07322
0.76319

031
410
886
127

25.12877
9.41690
4.17730
1. 55710

37.69646
14.13189
6.27537
2.34641

<}..>

50.26349
18.84558
8.37167
3.13403

62.83026
23.55876
10.46723
3.92084

1
2
3
5

0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
11.02
0.00

0.33139
0.25732
0.18699
0.12038
0.05768
0.00000

387
649
458
637
450
000

0.68576
0.53485
0.39079
0.25340
0.12272
0.00000

1.03774
0.81055
0.59334
0.38570
0.18751
0.00000

1.38864
1. 08536
O. 79522
0.51759
0.25214
0.00000

1. 73896
1.35969
0.99673
0.64923
0.31666
0.00000

10
13
17

<}..>

stll
}..-i\S

Zero of J J (x) Y i

(~) -

12.59004
4. 75805
2.15647
0.84714

151
426
249
961

25.14465
9.44837
4.22309
1.61108

37.70706
14.15300
6.30658
2.38532

50.27145
18.86146
8.39528
3.16421

62.83662
23.57148
10.48619
3.94541

0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00

0.39409
0.31223
0.23235
0.15400
0.07672
0.00000

416
576
256
729
788
000

O. 73306
0.57816
0.42843
0.28296
0.14062
0.00000

1.07483
0.84552
0.62483
0.41157
0.20409
0.00000

1.41886
1. 11441
0.82207
0.54044
0.26752
0.00000

1.76433
1.38440
1. 02001
0.66961
0.33097
0.00000

GO

1
2
3
5
10
13

17
GO

Zero of J i (x) Yo (}..x) - Y 1 (x)Jo(~)

<}..>

6.56973
2.60328
1. 24266
0.51472

310
138
626
663

18.94971
7.16213
3.22655
1.24657

31.47626
11.83783
5.28885
2.00959

44.02544
16.53413
7.36856
2.78326

56.58224
21.23751
9.45462
3.56157

1
2
3
5

0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00

0.24481
0.19461
0.14523
0.09647
0.04813
0.00000

004
772
798
602
209
000

0.57258
0.45251
0.33597
0.22226
0.11059
0.00000

0.90956
0.71635
0.53005
0.34957
0.17353
0.00000

1. 25099
0.98327
0.72594
0.47768
0.23666
0.00000

1.59489
1.25203
0.92301
0.60634
0.29991
0.00000

10
13

<}..> =nearest integer to }...

17

25
50
co

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel functions, Part I. Functions of orders zero and unity, Mathematical Tables, vol. VI
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1950) (with permission).
'See page D.

25
50

0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20

}..-i\S

25
50

Y i (x) J 1 (Ax)

0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20

sth

*
*

Zero of Jo(x)Yo(~)- Yo(x)Jo(~)

0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20

A-i\S

Table 9.7

416

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.8
x

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, I AND 2

e-xIo (x)

e-xIi (x)

1.00000
0.90710
0.82693
O. 75758
0.69740

00000
09258
85516
06252
21705

0.00000
0.04529
0.08228
0.11237
0.13676

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.64503
0.59932
0.55930
0.52414
0.49316

52706
72031
55265
89420
29662

0.15642 08032
0.17216 44195
0.18466 99828
0.1944986933
0.20211 65309

0.12762 45967
0.12879 24416
0.1301829658
0.13180 14318
0.13365 39819

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.46575 96077
0.44144 03776
0.4197820789
0.40042 49127
0.38306 25154

0.20791
0.21220
0.21525
0.21729
0.21850

04154
16132
68594
75878
75923

0.13574
0.13809
0.14069
0.14356
0.14670

76698
04952
14455
05405
88837

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.36743
0.35331
0.34051
0.32887
O. 31824

0.2190393874
0.21901 94899
0.21855 28066
0.21772 62788
0.21661 19112

0.15014
0.15389
0.15795
0.16235
0.16711

87192
34944
79288
80900
14772

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.30850 83225
0.29956 30945
0.29131 73331
0.28369 29857
0.2766223231

0.21526
0.21374
0.21208
0.21032
0.20848

92892
76721
77328
30051
10887

0.17223 71119
0.17775 56370
0.1836894251
0.19006 26964
0.19690 16460

2.5
2.6
2. 7
2.8
2.9

0.27004
0.26391
0.25818
0.25280
0.24775

0.20658
0.20465
0.20269
0.20073
0.19877

46495
22544
90640
74113
72816

0.2042345837
0.21209 20841
0.22050 71509
0.22951 53938
0.23915 52213

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.2430003542
0.23851 26187
0.23426 88316
0.23024 79845
0.22643 14011

0.19682 67133
0.19489 21309
0.19297 86229
0.1910901727
0.1892298511

0.24946
O. 26049
0.27229
0.28490
0.29839

80490
85252
47757
8668&
61010

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.22280
0.21934
0.21604
0.21290
0-,20988

24380
62245
94417
01308
75279

0.18739 99766
0.18560 22484
0.1838378580
0.18210 75810
0.18041 18543

0.31281
0.32823
0.34412
O. 36235
0.38121

73100
72078
57467
83128
&1528

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.20700
0.20423
0.20157
0.19902
0.19656

19211
45274
73840
32571
55589

0.17875
0.17712
0.17553
0.17397
O. 17245

08394
44763
25260
46091
02337

0.40138
0.42296
0.44605
0.47075
0.49719

68359
47539
16629
72701
98689

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

O. 19419
0.19191
0.18971
0.18758
0.18552

82777
59151
34330
62042
99721

0.17095
0.16949
0.16807
0.16667
0.16530

88223
97311
22681
57058
92936

0.52550
O. 55581
0.58827
0.&2304
0.66030

70272
63319
61978
67409
01270

5.0

0.18354 08126

36090
49978
56880
19497
31629

64416
39957
01238
55337
57304

[(-:)2]

00000
84468
31235
75606
32243

x- 2I 2 (x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.16397 22669

[(-:)1]

0.12500
0.12510
0.12541
0.12594
0.12667

00000
41992
71878
01407
50222

0.70022 45988

[(-i)3]

2n

InH (x)=- -X- In (x) +In-I (x)

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel

functions, Part I.Functions of orders zero and unity, Mathematical Tables,
vol. VI , Part II. Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables,
vol. X(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1950, 1952)and L. Fox,
A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments. Royal
Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No.3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cam'
bridge, England, 1954) (with permission).

417

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, I AND 2

x

exKo (x)

exKl (x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

2.68232
2.14075
1. 85262
1.66268

61023
73233
73007
20891

10.89018
5.83338
4.12515
3.25867

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1. 52410
1.41673
1. 33012
1. 25820
1. 19716

93857
76214
36562
31216
33803

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.14446
1. 09833
1. 05748
1. 02097
0.98806

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

Table 9.8

;r,2K2 (x)

2683
6037
7762
3880

2. 00000
1. 99503
1. 98049
1. 95711
1. 92580

0000
9646
7172
6625
8202

2.73100
2.37392
2.11501
1. 91793
1. 76238

97082
00376
13128
02990
82197

1. 88754
1.84330
1. 79405
1. 74067
1. 68401

5888
9881
1681
2762
1992

30797
02828
45322
31613
99961

1. 63615
1. 53140
1.44289
1. 36698
1.30105

34863
37541
75522
72841
37400

1. 62483
1. 56385
1. 50167
1.43886
1.37590

8899
0953
3576
2011
4446

0.95821
0.93094
0.90591
0.88283
0.86145

00533
59808
81386
35270
06168

1.24316
1.19186
1.14603
1.10480
1. 06747

58736
75654
92462
53726
09298

1. 31322
1. 25119
1. 19011
1.13026
1. 07184

5917
2681
6819
0897
2567

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.84156
0.82301
0.80565
O. 78935
O. 77401

82151
71525
39812
61312
81407

1. 03347
1. 00236
0.97377
0.94737
0.92291

68471
80527
01679
22250
36650

1. 01503
0.95999
0.90680
0.85556
O. 80633

9018
1226
7952
9487
1113

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

O. 75954
O. 74586
O. 73290
0.72060
0.70890

86903
82430
71515
41251
49774

O. 90017
0.87896
0.85913
0.84053
0.82304

44239
72806
18867
00604
20403

O. 75912
O. 71396
0.67085
0.62977
0.59070

6289
9565
9227
9698
3688

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

O. 69776
O. 68713
0.67697
0.66725
0.65795

15980
11010
51139
91831
22725

0.80656
O. 79100
O. 77628
O. 76232
O. 74907

34800
30157
02824
42864
20613

0.55359
0.51840
0.48508
0.45358
0.42382

4126
5885
7306
1550
7789

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.64902
0.64045
0.63221
0.62429
0.61665

63377
59647
80591
15812
73147

0.73646
O. 72446
O. 71300
O. 70206
0.69159

75480
06608
65010
46931
88206

0.39576
0.36931
O. 34443
0.32103
0.29905

2241
9074
1194
0914
0529

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.60929
0.60219
0.59533
0.58871
0.58230

76693
65064
89889
14486
12704

0.68157
0.67196
0.66274
0.65387
O. 64535

59452
61952
24110
98395
58689

0.27842
0.25908
O. 24096
0.22399
0.20813

2808
1398
1165
8474
1411

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.57609
0.57008
0.56426
O. 55861
0.55313

67897
72022
24840
33194
10397

0.63714
0.62924
0.62161
0.61425
0.60714

97988
26383
69312
66003
68131

0.19329
O. 17944
0.16651
0.15445
0.14320

9963
6150
4127
0249
3117

5.0

0.54780 75643

00

00

0.60027 38587

2n
Kn+l (x)=- Kn (X)+Kn-l (x)
x

O. 13272 3593

[(lr 1]

418

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.8
x

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, I AND 2

e-xlo(x)

e-xh(x)

e-xh(x)

5. 0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.18354
0.18161
0.17974
0.17794
0.17618

08126
51021
94883
08646
63475

0.16397
0.16266
0.16138
0.16012
0.15890

22669
38546
32850
97913
26150

0.11795
O. 11782
0.11767
0.11751
0.11733

1906
5355
8994
4528
3527

5.5
5.6
5. 7
5.8
5.9

0.17448
O. 17282
O. 17122
0.16965
0.16813

32564
90951
15362
84061
76726

0.15770
0.15652
0.15537
0.15424
0.15313

10090
42405
15922
23641
58742

0.11713
0.11692
0.11670
0.11647
0.11622

7435
7581
5188
1384
7207

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

0.16665
0.16521
0.16381
0.16244
0.1611 0

74327
59021
14064
23718
73175

0.15205
0.15098
0.14994
0.14892
0.14792

14593
84754
62978
43212
19595

0.11597
0.11571
0.11544
0.11516
O. 11488

3613
1484
1633
4809
1705

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.15980
0.15853
0.15729
O. 15608
0.15489

48490
36513
24831
01720
56090

0.14693
0.14597
0.14502
0.14409
O. 14318

86457
38314
69866
75991
51745

0.11459
O. 11429
0.11400
0.11369
0.11339

2958
9157
0845
8525
2660

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.15373
0.15260
0.15149
0.15041
0.14935

77447
55844
81855
46530
41371

0.14228
0.14140
0.14054
0.13969
O. 13886

92347
93186
49809
57915
13353

0.11308
0.11277
O. 11245
O. 11214
O. 11182

3678
1974
7913
1833
4046

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.14831
0,14729
0.14630
0.14532
0, 14436

58301
89636
28062
66611
98642

0.13804
0,13723
0.13644
0,13566
O. 13489

12115
50333
24270
30318
64995

0.11150
O. 11118
0.11086
0.11054
0.11021

4840
4481
3215
1268
8852

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

0.14343
0.14251
0.14160
0,14072
0.13985

17818
18095
93695
39098
49027

0.13414
0.13340
0.13267
O. 13195
O. 13124

24933
06883
07705
24362
53923

0.10989
0.10957
0.10925
0.10892
0.10860

6158
3368
0645
8142
6000

8.5
8.6
8. 7
8.8
8.9

0.13900
0,13816
0.13734
0.13653
0.13573

18430
42474
16526
36147
97082

0.13054
0.12986
0.12918
0.12852
0.12786

93551
40505
92134
45873
99242

0.10828
0.10796
0.10764
0.10732
0.10700

4348
3305
2983
3481
4894

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

0.13495
0.13419
0.13343
0.13269
0.13196

95247
26720
87740
74691
84094

0.12722
0.12658
O. 12596
0.12534
0.12473

49839
95342
33501
62139
79145

0.10668
0.10637
0.10605
0.10574
0.10542

7306
0796
5437
1294
8428

9.5
9.6
9. 7
9.8
9.9

O. 13125
0.13054
0.12985
0.12916
0.12849

12609
57016
14223
81248
55220

0.12413
0.12354
0.12296
0.12238
0.12182

82477
70154
40258
90929
20364

O. 10511
0.10480
0.10449
0.10419
0.10388

6893
6740
8015
0759
5010

10.0

0.12783 33371

[( -:)8J

0.12126 26814
[( -56)3J

0.10358 0801
[( -56)2J

419

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, I AND 2

x

eXKo(x)

ex Kl(X)

Table 9.8
ex K2(x)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.54780
0.54263
0.53760
0.53271
0.52795

75643
53519
73540
69744
80329

0.60027
0.59362
O. 58718
0.58095
0.57490

38587
50463
86062
36085
98871

0.78791
O. 77542
O. 76344
O. 75194
O. 74088

711
949
913
475
762

5.5
5.6
5. 7
5.8
5.9

O. 52332
O. 51881
0.51441
0.51012
0.50594

47316
16252
35938
58183
37583

0.56904
0.56335
0.55783
0.55246
0.54725

79741
90393
48348
76495
02639

0.73025
O. 72001
0.71014
0.70063
0.69145

127
128
511
190
232

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

0.50186
0.49787
0.49399
0.49019
0.48647

31309
98929
02237
05093
73291

0.54217
0.53723
0.53243
0.52774
0.52318

59104
82386
12833
94344
74101

0.68258
0.67402
0.66574
0.65773
0.64997

843
358
225
001
339

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.48284
0.47929
0.47582
0.47242
0.46910

74413
77729
54066
75723
16370

0.51874
0.51440
0.51017
0.50604
0.50200

02336
32108
19097
21421
99471

O. 64245
0.63517
0.62811
0.62126
0.61461

982
753
553
350
177

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.46584
0.46265
0.45953
O. 45646
0.45346

50959
55657
07756
85618
68594

0.49807
0.49422
0.49046
0.48678
O. 48318

15749
34737
22755
47842
79648

0.60815
0.60187
0.59577
0.58983
0.58405

126
345
030
426
820

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.45052
0.44763
0.44480
O. 44202
0.43930

36991
71996
55636
70724
00819

0.47966
0.47622
0.47285
O. 46955
0.46631

89336
49486
33995
18010
77847

0.57843
0.57295
0.56762
0.56242
0.55735

541
955
463
497
522

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

0.43662
0.43399
0.43141
0.42887
0.42638

30185
43754
27084
66329
48214

0.46314
0.46004
0.45699
O. 45401
0.45108

90928
35709
91615
39001
59089

0.55241
0.54758
0.54287
0.53827
0.53378

029
538
592
757
623

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

O. 42393
O. 42152
0.41916
0.41683
0.41454

59993
89433
24781
54743
68462

0.44821
0.44539
0.44262
0.43991
0.43724

33915
46295
79775
18594
47648

O. 52939
0.52510
0.52091
0.51681
0.51280

797
909
604
544
410

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

0.41229
0.41008
0.40790
0.40575
0.40364

55493
05783
09662
57809
41245

0.43462
0.43205
0.42952
0.42703
0.42459

52454
19116
34301
85204
59520

0.50887
0.50503
0.50127
0.49759
0.49398

894
704
562
202
369

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

0.40156
0.39951
0.39750
0.39551
0.39355

51322
79693
18313
59416
95506

0.42219
0.41983
0.41751
0.41522
0.41297

45430
31565
06989
61179
84003

0.49044
0.48698
0.48358
0.48025
0.47698

819
321
651
597
953

10.0

0.39163 19344
[( -65)2J

0.41076 65704
[( -65)3J

0.47378 525
[( -55)6J

420

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.8

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, I AND 2

10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8

0.12783
0.12653
0.12528
0.12406
0.12288

33371
91639
35822
47082
07840

e--.r II (x)
0.12126 26814
0.12016 64024
0.11909 89584
o. 11805 91273
0.11704 57564

0.10358
o. 10297
0.10237
O. 10178
0.10120

0801
7124
9936
9401
5644

11.0
11.2
11. 4
11. 6
11. 8

0.12173
0.12061
0.11952
0.11846
0.11743

01682
13250
28165
32942
14923

0.11605
0.11509
0.11415
0.11323
0.11233

77582
41055
38276
60059
97710

0.10062
0.10005
0.09949
O. 09893
0.09839

8758
8806
5829
9845
0853

12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8

O. 11642
0.11544
O. 11449
O. 11355
0.11264

62212
63616
08594
87206
90074

0.11146
0.11060
0.10977
0.10895
0.10815

42993
88096
25611
48501
50080

0.09784
0.09731
0.09678
0.09626
0.09574

8838
3770
5608
4300
9787

13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

O. 11176
0.11089
0.11004
0.10921
0.10840

08338
33621
57995
73954
74378

0.10737
0.10660
0.10585
0.10512
0.10440

23993
64190
64916
20685
26267

O. 09524
0.09474
O. 09424
O. 09375
0.09327

2003
0874
6323
8268
6622

14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8

0.10761
0.10684
0.10608
0.10533
0.10461

52517
01959
16613
90688
18671

0.10369
0.10300
0.10232
0.10166
0.10101

76675
67148
93142
50311
34506

O. 09280
O. 09233
0.09186
O. 09141
0.09096

1299
2208
9257
2352
1401

15.0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

0.10389
O. 10320
0.10251
0.10184
O. 10118

95314
15618
74813
68351
91887

0.10037
O. 09974
0.09913
O. 09852
0.09793

41751
68245
10348
64572
27574

O. 09051
O. 09007
0.08964
0.08921
O. 08879

6308
6980
3321
5238
2637

16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8

0.10054
0.09991
0.09929
0.09868
0.09808

41273
12544
01906
05729
20539

O. 09734
0.09677
0.09621
O. 09566
O. 09511

96147
67216
37828
05145
66444

0.08837
O. 08796
O. 08755
0.08715
0.08675

5426
3511
6802
5210
8644

17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

0.09749
O. 09691
O. 09634
0.09579
0.09524

43005
69938
98277
25085
47546

0.09458
0.09405
O. 09353
0.09303
0.09252

19107
60614
88542
00560
94423

0.08636
0.08598
0.08559
O. 08522
0.08484

7017
0242
8235
0911
8188

18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8

0.09470
0.09417
0.09365
0.09314
0.09264

62952
68703
62299
41336
03503

0.09203
0.09155
0.09107
0.09060
0.09014

67968
19113
45848
46237
18411

0.08447
O. 08411
0.08375
0.08340
O. 08305

9984
6221
6819
1701
0793

19.0

19.4
19.6
19.8

0.09214
0.09165
O. 09117
0.09070
0.09023

46572
68400
66923
40151
86167

0.08968
0.08923
0.08879
0.08835
0.08792

60569
70968
47929
89829
95099

0.08270
O. 08236
0.08202
0.08168
0.08135

4020
1309
2590
7792
6848

20.0

0.08978 03119

e-xJo(x)

19.

[( -66)5J

0.08750 62222
[( -66)4J

e-xh(x)

0.08102 9690

[C-Z)9J

421

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2
x

exKo(x)

ex Kl(X)

Table 9.8
exK2(x)

10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8

0.39163
0.38786
0.38419
0.38063
0.37716

19344
02539
55846
29549
77125

0.41076
0.40644
0.40225
0.39819
0.39425

65704
68479
98277
88825
78391

0.47378
0.46755
0.46155
0.45576
0.45017

525
571
324
482
842

11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8

O. 37379
0.37051
0.36731
O. 36419
0.36115

54971
22156
40243
73076
86616

0.39043
0.38671
0.38309
0.37958
0.37616

09362
27920
83725
29618
21391

0.44478
0.43956
0.43452
0.42964
0.42491

294
807
427
265
496

12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8

0.35819
0.35530
0.35247
0.34972
0.34703

48784
29318
99643
32746
03081

O. 37283
0.36958
0.36642
0.36334
0.36033

17534
79032
69191
53438
99192

0.42033
0.41589
0.41158
0.40739
0.40333

350
111
108
714
342

13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

0.34439
0.34182
O. 33931
0.33684
0.33444

86455
59943
01806
91405
09142

0.35740
0.35454
0.35175
0.34902
0.34635

75702
53922
06397
07143
31558

0.39938
0.39554
0.39181
0.38817
0.38463

443
499
028
572
702

14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8

0.33208
O. 32977
0.32751
0.32530
0.32312

36383
55402
49332
02091
98364

0.34374
0.34119
0.33870
0.33626
O. 33387

56322
59314
19539
17039
32858

0.38119
0.37783
0.37455
0.37136
0.36824

016
131
687
346
785

15.0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

0.32100
0.31891
0.31687
0.31486
O. 31289

23534
63655
05405
36051
43424

0.33153
0.32924
0.32700
0.32480
O. 32264

48949
48132
14043
31080
84361

0.36520
0.36223
0.35933
0.35650
0.35373

701
805
826
503
592

16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8

0.31096
0.30906
0.30720
0.30537
0.30357

15880
42269
11919
14592
40487

0.32053
0.31846
0.31643
0.31443
0.31248

59682
43471
22766
85164
18807

0.35102
0.34838
0.34579
0.34325
0.34077

858
081
049
562
427

17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

0.30180
0.30007
0.29836
0.29668
0.29504

80193
24678
65276
93657
01817

0.31056
0.30867
O. 30682
0.30500
0.30321

12340
54888
36027
45765
74518

0.33834
0.33596
0.33363
0.33134
0.32910

464
497
361
898
956

18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8

0.29341
0.29182
0.29025
0.28870
0.28718

82062
26987
29472
82654
79933

O. 30146
0.29973
0.29803
0.29637
0.29472

13089
52642
84697
01096
94003

0.32691
0.32476
0.32264
0.32057
O. 31854

391
064
843
602
218

19.0
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8

0.28569
0.28421
0.28276
0.28133
0.27993

14944
81554
73848
86117
12862

0.29311
0.29152
0.28996
0.28842
0.28691

55877
79458
57766
84068
51886

0.31654
0.31458
0.31266
0.31077
0.30891

577
565
076
008
262

20.0

0.27854 48766
[( -:)lJ

0.28542 54970
[( -65)2J

0.30708 743
[( -55)3J

422

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.8

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY TABLE FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

xt e-

X-I

xt e-xlt (x)

10 (x)

x!e- xI2(x)

.. -lx!exKo(x)

.. -lx!exKI(x)

.. -lx t e x K2(x)

<x>

0355
9771
8854
7604
6017

0.43714
0.43558
0.43403
0.43247
0.43092

666
814
211
858
754

20
21
22
23
24

0.050
O. 048
0.046
0.044
O. 042

0.40150
0.40140
0.40129
0.40119
0.40108

9761
4058
8619
3443
8526

O. 39133
0.39164
0.39195
O. 39226
0.39257

9722
8743
7336
5502
3245

0.36237
0.36380
0.36523
0.36667
0.36811

579
578
854
408
237

0.39651
O. 39661
0.39670
0.39680
0.39689

5620
0241
5057
0069
5278

0.40631
O. 40601
0.40572
0.40543
0.40514

0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032

0.40098
0.40087
0.40077
0.40067
0.40056

3868
9466
5319
1424
7781

0.39288
0.39318
0.39349
0.39380
0.39410

0567
7470
3958
0032
5695

0.36955
0.37099
0.37244
0.37389
0.37534

342
722
375
302
502

0.39699
0.39708
0.39718
O. 39727
0.39737

0686
6293
2101
811 0
4322

0.40485
0.40456
0.40426
0.40397
O. 40368

4094
1832
9230
6286
2998

0.42937
0.42783
0.42628
0.42474
0.42321

901
299
949
850
003

25
26
28
29
31

0.030
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022

0.40046
0.40036
O. 40025
0.40015
0.40005

4387
1241
8340
5684
3270

O. 39441
0.39471
0.39502
O. 39532
O. 39562

0950
5798
0243
4286
7929

0.37679 973
0.37825 716
0.37971 729
0.38118 012
0.38264564

0.39747
0.39756
0.39766
0.39776
0.39785

0738
7359
4186
1221
8465

0.40338
0.40309
0.40280
O. 40250
O. 40221

9365
5386
1058
6380
1349

0.42167
0.42014
0.41860
0.41708
0.41555

410
070
984
153
576

33
36
38
42
45

0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012

0.39995
0.39984
0.39974
0.39964
0.39954

1098
9164
7469
6009
4785

o. 39593

0.39623
0.39653
0.39683
O. 39714

1176
4028
6487
8556
0236

0.38411
0.38558
0.38705
0.38853
0.39001

0.39795
0.39805
0.39815
O. 39824
0.39834

5918
3583
1460
9551
7857

0.40191
0.40162
O. 40132
0.40102
o. 40073

5965
0226
4130
7674
0858

0.41403
0.41251
0.41099
0.40947
0.40796

256
191
383
833
540

50
56
63
71
83

0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002

0.39944
O. 39934
0.39924
0.39914
0.39904

3793
3033
2503
2202
2128

0.39744
0.39774
O. 39804
O. 39834
0.39864

1530
2440
2968
3116
2886

0.39149 496
0.39297915
0.39446 599
0.39595 546
0.39744 756

0.39844 6379
0.39854 5119
0.39864 4077
0.39874 3256
0.398842657

0.40043
0.40013
0.39983
0.39953
0.39924

3679
6136
8226
9949
1300

0.40645
0.40494
0.40344
0.40193
0.40043

505
730
214
958
962

125
167
250
500

0.000

0.398942280

0.39894 2280

0.39894 228

0.39894 2280

O. 39894 2280

[( -38)3J

[(-:)5J

385
474
830
453
342

[(-:)3J

[( -1)3J

[(-:)5J

For interpolating near X-I =0 note that

roo

0.39894 228

DO

[( -1)3J

jf fn(x- 1 ) =x2e- xl n(x) thenfn( _X-I) = .. -lx2exKn(x).

<x> =nearest integer to x.

Compiled from L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments. Royal
Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No.3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954) (with
permission) .
MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY TABLE FOR SMALL ARGUMENTS
:'l:

Ko(x)+Io(x) In x

X[Kl(X)-lt(x) In x]

Ko(x)+Io(x) In x

x[KI(x)-lt(x) In x]

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.11593
0.11872
0.12713
0.14124
0.16121

152
387
128
511
862

1. 00000
0.99691
0.98754
0.97158
0.94852

000
180
448
819
090

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.42102
0.49199
0.57261
0.66373
0.76632

444
896
444
364
938

0.60190
0.49390
0.36514
0.21236
+0.03176

723
093
944
381
677

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.18726
0.21967
0.25879
0.30504
0.35892

857
734
579
682
957

0.91759
0.87784
0.82804
0.76669
0.69201

992
980
659
810
997

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.88149
1.01045
1. 15456
1.31536
1. 49454

436
200
879
786
429

-0.18096
-0.43076
-0. 72326
-1. 06486
-1. 46281

553
964
976
242
214

1.0

0.42102 444

0.60190 723

2.0

1.69398 200

[( -;)1J

[(-;)2J

[(-;)3J

-1.92535 914

[C -;)8J

423

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Talll!

I).()

I'-'la(x)

1'-1/4(.1)

1'-11:,(.\)

(>-'h(.I)

1'-1[,(.1)

1'-'1,(.1)

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

0.0000
(-4) 1.3680
(-4) 9.0273
(--3) 2.5257
(-3) 4.9877

0.0000
(-6) 3.4182
(-5) 4.5047
(-4) 1.8858
( -4) 4.9483

0.0000
(-8) 6.8341
(-6) 1.7995
(-5) 1.1281
(-5) 3_9377

0.0000
(-9) 1.1388
(-8) 5.9925
(-7) 5.6286
(-6) 2.6152

0.0000
-11) 1.6265
- 9) 1. 7109
\ - 8) 2.4084
(- 7) 1.4902

0.0000
(-13) 2.0328
(-11) 4.2750
(-10) 9.0201
(- 9)7.4343

O. 0000
(-15) 2.2585
( -13) 9.4957
(-11) 3.0037
( -10) 3.2983

1.0

(-3) 8.1553
(-2) 1.1855
( -2) 1.5911
( -2)2.0168
(-2) 2.4495

(-3) 1.0069
(-3) 1. 7471
(-3) 2. 7189
(-3) 3.9110
(-3) 5.3023

(-5) 9.9866
( -4)2.0719
(-4) 3.7459
( -4) 6.1288
(-4) 9.2978

(-6) 8.2731
(-5) 2.0544
( -5)4.3203
(-5) 8.0504
(-4) 1.3686

(((((-

715.8832
6 1.7497
6 4.2831
6)9.0974
5)1.7349

(((((-

8) 3.6643
7)1.3058
7)3.7225
7)9.0178
6)1.9302

((((-

-2) 2.8791

\(-

6)3.7487
6)6.7325
5)1.1339
5) 1.8099
5)2.7609

(- 6) 1.4883
(- 6l2.5669
(- 6 4.2048

.\'

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

I'

-.1/\1(.1)

9) 2.0301
9)8.6707
8) 2.8797
8)7.9596
(- 7) 1.9131

( -2) 3.7001
(-2) 4.0823
(-2) 4.4421

(-3) 6.8654
-3) 8.5701
-2) 1. 0386
-2) 1.2283
(-2) 1.4234

(-3) 1.3298
(-3) 1.8142
(-3) 2.3819
(-3) 3.0293
(-3)3.7511

(-4) 2.1656
(-4) 3.2349
(-4) 4.6097
(-4) 6.3166
(-4) 8.3747

(((((-

5) 3.0402
5) 4.9776
5)7.7080
4)1.1395
4)1.6197

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

( -2l4. 7783
(-2 5.0907
(-2) 5.3795
(-2) 5.6454
(-2) 5.8893

(-2) l.6216
(-2) 1.8206
(-2) 2.0188
(-2) 2.2145
(-2) 2.4065

1-3) 6.2947

-3l4.5409
-3 5.3913

-311.0796
-3 1.3584
-3 1.6738
(-3 2.0249
(-3) 2.4106

(((((-

412.2265
4 2.9735
4 3.8725
4)4.9334
4) 6.1640

(((((-

5) 4.0512
5) 5.7482
5) 7.9208
4) 1.0638
4) 1.3965

(((((-

6) 6.5905
6)9.9425
5) 1.4507
5) 2.0556
5) 2.8380

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

1-2

-2) 6.1124
-2l6.3161
6.5015
( -2) 6.6699
(-2) 6.8227

(-2) 2.5940
( -2l2_7761
(-2 2.9523
(-2) 3.1221
(-2) 3.2854

-3) 9.2443
-2l1.0283
-2 1.1337
( -2l1.2402
(-2 1.3471

(-3) 2.8291
(-3) 3.2785
(-3) 3.7566
(-3) 4.2609
(-3) 4.7890

(((((-

4) 7.5698
4l9.1545
3 1.0919
3) 1.2864
3) 1.4986

(((((-

4)1.7968
4) 2.2703
4) 2.8224
4) 3.4578
4) 4.1806

(((((-

5) 3.8284
5) 5.0587
5) 6.5607
5) 8.3667
4) 1.0508

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

-2) 6.9611
-2) 7.0861
1-2)7.1989
(-2) 7.3005
( -2)7.3917

( -2) 3.4419
(-2) 3.5916
( -2) 3.7346
(-2) 3.8708
(-2) 4.0005

(-2) 1.4540
(-2) 1.5605
( -2) 1.6662
(-2) 1.7707
( -2) 1.8738

(-3) 5.3384
(-3) 5.9065
(-3) 6.4909
( -3)7.0892
( -3)7.6990

1-

3l1.7282
3 1.9747
3) 2.2374
(- 3)2.5157
(- 3) 2.8087

1-

4l4.9939
4 5.9005
4)6.9020
(- 4)7.9996
(- 4)9.1937

(((((-

4)1.3015
4) 1.5916
4)1.9240
4)2.3010
4)2.7249

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

(-2)7.4736
( -2)7.5468
(-2) 7-.6121
( -2l7.6702
(-27.7216

( -214.1238
(-2 4.2408
(-2 4.3518
( -2)4.4570
( -2)4.5567

(-2) 1.9752
Hj2.0747
(-22.1723
( -2l2.2677
(-2 2.3608

-3) 8.3181
-3)8.9445
-3l9.5763
1
(-2 1.0212
(-2) 1.0849

(((((-

3)3.1156
3l3.4355
3 3.7674
3l4.1105
3 4.4637

1
((-

3j1.0484
3 1.1870
3 1.3351
3) 1.4924
3) 1.6587

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

(-2) 7.7670
(-2) 7.8068
(-2) 7.8416
(-2) 7.8717
(-2) 7.8975

1-2) 4.8244

-2) 4.6509
-2)4.7401

(-2) 4.9040
(-2) 4.9791

(-2) 2.4516
( -2)2.5401
(-2) 2.6261
(-2) 2.7096
(-2) 2.7907

( -2j1.l486
(-2 1.2122
( -21 1 2756
(-21.3387
(-2 1.4012

(- 3) 4.8261
(- 3) 5.1969
- 315.5750
- 3 5.9596
1- 3 6.3499

(((((-

3)1.8337
3)2.0172
3j2.2089
3 2.4084
3 2.6152

(((((-

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

(-2 7.9194
(-2 7.9378
-2 17.9528
-2) 7.9649
1-2)7.9741

( -2) 5.0500
-2) 5.1169
-2) 5.1800
--2j5.2395
(-2 5.2954

(-2
(-2
(-2
(-2
(-2

2.8694
2.9456
3.0195
3.0909
3.1601

( -2l1.4633
(-2 1.5247
( -211.5854
(-2 1.6453
(-21.7045

((\-

(((((-

3) 2.8292
313.0497
3 3.2766
3 3.5093
3 3.7475

(- 3) 1.0866
(-3l1.1933
(- 3 1.3053
(- 3l1.4224
(- 3 1.5446

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

( -2j7.9808
-2 7.9852
-2)7.9875
1-2) 7.9878
(-2) 7.9862

( -2j5.3482
(-2 5.3978
( -2\5.4445
(-2 5.4883
(-2 5.5296

( -2j3.2269
(-2 3.2915
( -2j3.3539
(-2 3.4141
(-2) 3.4723

(-2) 1.7627
-2) 1.8201
-2) 1.8765
-2) 1.9319
-2)1.9864

(- 3)8.7663
(- 3) 9.1750
- 3) 9.5839
- 3)9.9924
1- 2) 1.0400

(- 3) 3.9907
(- 3)4.2386
- 3)4.4908
- 3)4.7470
1- 3) 5.0066

(((((-

10.0

(-2) 7.9830

(-2) 5.5683

(-2) 3.5284

(-2) 2.0398

(- 2) 1.0806

(- 3) 5.2694

(- 3) 2.3753

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5

-2) 7.9687
-2)7 .9465
\ -2) 7.9182
(-2) 7.8848
(-2) 7.8474

(-2) 5.6549
(-2l5.7284
(-2 5.7905
(-2) 5.8425
(-2) 5.8857

-2) 3.6602
-2) 3.7804
-2) 3.8900
-2) 3.9898
(-2) 4.0805

( -212.1690
(-2 2.2916
(-2 2.4078
(-2) 2.5176
(-2) 2.6212

(((((-

3l5.9380
3 6.6192
3)7.3082
3) 8.0010
3)8.6939

(((((-

3)2.7653
3)3.1769
3) 3.6073
3)4.0537
3)4.5134

13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

-2l7.8067
-2 7.7635
-2)7.7183
(-2l7.6716
(-2 7.6236

(-2) 5.9211
(-2) 5.9497
(-2) 5.9723
(-2) 5.9896
(-2) 6.0022

(-2) 4.1630
( -214.2378
(-2 4.3056
(-2 4.3670
(-2) 4.4225

(-2) 2.7188
(-2) 2.8106
(-2) 2.8969
(-2) 2.9779
(-2) 3.0538

1
(-

(- 3) 9.3836
2)1.0068
- 2) 1.0744
- 2) 1.1410
- 2) 1.2064

(((((-

3)4.9837
3l5.4622
3 5.9469
3l6.4354
3 6.9260

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5

(-2 7.5749
-27.5256
1-2 7.4759
(-2 7.4260
(-2 7.3761

-2) 6.0106
-2\6.0155
1-2 6.0170
(-2 6.0158
(-2) 6.0119

(-2) 4.4726
-2) 4.5179
-214.5585
-2
1 4.5951
(-2 4.6278

-213.1251
-2 3.1918
-2 3.2543
-2) 3.3128
-2) 3.3675

2) 2.0532
2) 2.1240
212.1918
2 2.2567
2 2.3187

(((((-

2) 1.2705
2) 1.3333
2) 1.3946
2) 1.4543
2) 1.5125

(((((-

3)7.4171
3)7.9071
3)8.3947
3) 8.8788
3) 9.3584

18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

(-27.3263
(-2 7.2768
(-27.2275
(-2 7.1785
(-2 7.1300

(-2l6.0059
(-2 5.9978
(-2l5.9880
(-2 5.9767
(-2)5.9640

(-2)4.6571
(-2) 4.6831
\-214.7062
-2 4.7266
-24.7444

(-23.4186
~ -2 3.4664
-23.5111
~ -2 3.5528
/-2 3.5917

(- 2 2.3780
(- 2 2.4346
2 2.4886
- 2 2.5402
- 2 2.5894

(((((-

2)1.5691
2) 1.6240
2l1.6774
2 1.7291
2 1.7792

((\-

3 9.8324
2 1.0300
21.0761
2 1.1215
2 1.1661

1-2) 3.2978

( -3)7.2431
(-3) 8.2288

3)6.7449
317.1440
3 7.5464
3 7.9513
3) 8.3582

2) 1.1814
2) 1.2805
2)1.3775
2)1.4722
2) 1.5642

2)1.6533
2)1.7394
2) 1.8225
2)1.9025
(- 2) 1.9794

1-

(- 7)4.1199
(- 7) 8.1206

(- 4) 3.1978
4l3.7214
- 4 4.2971
- 4)4.9261
(- 4)5.6094
4) 6.3475
4) 7.1409
4)7.9897
4)8.8937
4) 9.8527

3) 1.6716
3) 1.8035
3) 1.9399
3) 2.0808
3) 2.2260

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel functions, Part II. Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol.
X (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952) (with permission).
See page

II.

424

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-9

Table 9.9
x
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

exK3(X)

exK8(X)

00

00

00

00

00

311.2153
2 1.8282
1 6.4573
1 3.2183

413.6520
3 2.7602
2 6.5506
2 2.4743

611.4620
4 5.5388
3 8.7987
3 2.5064

7 3138
671 1.3875

5 1.4730
4 3.1578

914.3897
7 4.1679
6 2.9548
5 4.7618

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

111.9303
1 1.2984
o 9.4345
o 7.2438
o 5.7946

2) 1.2024
116.8382
1 4.3280
1 2.9585
1 2.1426

2
2
2
2
2

9.8119
4.6886
2.5675
1.5517
1.0102

3
3
3
2
2

9.9322
3.9756
1.8772
9.9939
5.8265

5
4
4
3
3

1.2017
4.0225
1.6347
7.6506
3.9853

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

o 4.7836
o 4.0481
. 0 3.4948
o 3.0667
o 2.7276

1 1.6226
1 1.2731
1 1.0280
o 8.4989
o 7.1659

1
1
1
1
1

6.9687
5.0344
3.7762
2.9217
2.3202

2
2
2
2
1

3.6466
2.4157
1.6762
1.2087
9.0029

3
3
2
2
2

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

oO! 2.4539
2.2290
o 2.0415
o 1.8833
o 1.7482

1
1
1
1

1.8836
1.5583
1.3103
1.1176
o 9.6515

1
1
1
1
1

6.8929
5.4037
4.3240
3.5226
2.9153

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

o011.6317
1.5303
o 1.4414
o 1.3629
o 1.2931

o 6.1432
o 5.3415
o 4.7013
o 4.1817
o 3.7541
o 3.3976
o 3.0971
o 2.8412
o 2.6213
o 2.4309

1
1
1
1
1

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

o011.2306
1.1745
o 1.1237
o 1.0777
o 1.0357

0) 2.2646
12.U86
o 1.9895
o 1.8746
o 1.7720

o 8.4268
o 7.4295
o 6.6072
o 5.9217
o 5.3445
o 4.8540
o 4.4338
o 4.0711
o 3.7557
o 3.4798
o 3.2370
o 3.0221
o 2.8311
o 2.6603
o 2.5071
o 2.3689
o 2.2440
o 2.1306
o 2.0273
o 1.9328
o 1.8463
o 1.7667
o 1.6934
o 1.6257
o 1.5629

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

9.9723
9.6194
9.2942
8.9936
8.7149

011.6798
o 1.5967
o 1.5213
o 1.4528
o 1.3902

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.4559
8.2145
7.9890
7.7778
7.5797

o 1.3329
o 1.2803
o 1.2318
o 1.1870
o 1.1455

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.3935
7.2182
7.0527
6.8963
6.7483

i:6~t6
o~I 1.0376
o 1.0062

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

6.6079
6.4746
6.3480
6.2274
6.1125

-lj9.4941
-1 9.2354
-1 8.9918
-1 8.7620
-1 8.5449

(-1) 6.0028

(-1) 8.3395

10.0

(-1 9.7693

7
6
6
5
5

2.7197
6.3504
1.9061
6.8707
2.8469

2.2576
1.3680
8.7586
5.8709
4.0904

4
3
3
3
3

1.6168
8.9469
5.2768
3.2821
2.1352

5
4
4
4
4

1.3160
6.6436
3.6055
2.0785
1.2610

2
2
2
2
2

2.9455
2.1822
1.6572
1.2860
1.0171

3
3
2
2
2

1.4435
1.0088
7.2560
5.3532
4.0388

3
3
3
3
3

7.9932
5.2620
3.5803
2.5078
1.8023

2.4465
2.0786
1.7858
1.5495
1.3565

1
1
1
1
1

8.1821
6.6819
5.5310
4.6342
3.9258

2
2
2
2
2

3.1084
2.4352
1.9384
1.5654
1.2807

3
2
2
2
2

1.3252
9.9450
7.6019
5.9082
4.6615

1) 1.1973
111.0645
o 9.5285
o 8.5813
o 7.7717

1
1
1
1
1

3.3589
2.9000
2.5245
2.2144
1.9559

2
1
1
1
1

1.0602
8.8721
7.4980
6.3942
5.4983

2
2
2
2
2

3.7285
3.0199
2.4741
2.0483
1.7124

1 7387
111 1.5547

1 1.3978
1 1.2630
1 1.1467

1 .4.7644
1 4.1577
1 3.6521
1 3.2275
1 2.8685

211.4444
2 1.2284
2 1.0528
1 9.0873
1 7.8960

1) 1.0455
9 5723

0) 1.3088

o 7.0748
o 6.4711
o 5.9448
o 5.4835
o 5.0771
o 4.7171
o 4.3970
o 4.1110
o 3.8544
o 3.6235
o 3.4148
o 3.2256
o 3.0535
o 2.8966
o 2.7530
o 2.6213
o 2.5002
o 2.3886
o 2.2855
o 2.1900

0) 1.2674

0) 2.1014

o011.504
1.4505
o 1.4001
o 1.3529
o 1.1747
o 1.0947
o 1.0251

5.7493
5.5217
5.3161
5.1294
4.9591

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.8717
7.4597
7.0942
6.7680
6.4751

-1 9.6415
-1 9.1031

I1.9059
o 1.7411
o 1.6008
0/1.4803
0) 1.3758

13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

4.8030
4.6593
4.5266
4.4036
4.2892

-1) 6.2106
-1) 5.9706
-ll5.7519
-1 5.5517
-1 5.3678

-ll8.6249
-1 8.1974
-1 7.8133
-1)7.4666
-1) 7.1520

0) 1.2845
0) 1.2043
O} 1.1333
o 1.0701
o 1.0136

(-1) 4.1826
-1) 4.0829
-1) 3.9895
-1) 3.9017
-1) 3.8191

-1) 5.1982
-115.0414
-1 4.8959
(-1 4.7605
(-1 4.6343

( -116.8656
(-1 6.6036
-I 6.3633
-1 6.1420
-1) 5.9376

18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

!
!

(=il)U:~i

-1 3.5976
-1 3.5313
-1 3.4684

( -114.5162
(-1 4.4055
-1 4.3015
-1 4.2037
-1) 4.1114

1.6923
4.7326
1.6535
6.7942
3.1580

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

00

1312.4593
10 5.8448
9 1.8454
8 1.6777

6
5
5
4
4

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5

00

1113.0735
9 1.4602
7 6.9092
6 8.3647

-I}

5.7483
-1 5.5725
-1 5.4087
-1) 5.2559
-1) 5.1130

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

9.6276
9.1686
8.7524
8.3734
8.0272

-1) 7.7097
-117.4176
-1 7.1482
-1 6.8990
(-1 6.6679

o01 8.7970

o 8.1132
o 7.5074
o 6.9684
o 6.4871
o 6.0556
o 5.6674
o 5.3170

1 2.5628
1 2.3010
1 2.0754
1 1.8800
1 1.7098

1
1
1
1
1

6.9034
6.0705
5.3671
4.7692
4.2581

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

3.8188
3.4392
3.1096
2.8221
2.5702

014.9998
o 4.7117
o 4.4493
o 4.2098
o 3.9904

111.0399
o 9.6702
o 9.0153
o 8.4247
o 7.8906

0) 3.7891

0) 7.4062

1) 1.5639

o 3.3529
o 2.9941
o 2.6956
o 2.4444
o 2.2310
o 2.0482
o 1.8902
o 1.7527
o 1.6323
o 1.5261

0) 6.3764
0) 5.5518
O} 4.8824
o 4.3321
o 3.8745

1 1.3069
1 1.1070
o 9.4885
o 8.2205
o 7.1904

o 3.4902
o 3.1645
o 2.8860
o 2.6461
o 2.4379

o 6.3439
o 5.6407
o 5.0510
o 4.5521
o 4.1265
o 3.7608
o 3.4444
o 3.1689
o 2.9275
o 2.7150
o 2.5269
o 2.3595
o 2.2100
o 2.0759
o 1.9552

o011.4319
1.3480
o 1.2729
o 1.2053

0) 1.1442

o011.0888
1.0384
-1 9.9234
-1 9.5015
(-1) 9.1137

1.5610
1.4301
1.3146
1.2123
1.1212

o012.2561
2.0964
o 1.9552
o 1.8299
o 1.7181
o 1.6178
o 1.5276
o 1.4460
o 1.3721
o 1.3048

112.3486
1 2.1529
1 1.9794
1 1.8251
1) 1.6873

425

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 10, II, 20 AND 21

:c

109x- lOl lO (x)

10 11 x- Il IIl (.T)

1O-8.TIO KlO (.c)

Table 9.10

1024.r,- 20ho(x) 1026.r,- 21 h (x) 10-22.c2o K20(X)

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

0.26911
0.26935
0.27009
0.27132
0.27305

445
920
468
457
504

1.22324
1.22426
1.22733
1.23245
1.23965

748
724
125
366
820

1.85794
1.85588
1.84970
1.83947
1.82524

560
251
867
021
326

0.391990
0.392177
0.392738
0.393674
0.394988

0.933311
0.933736
0.935008
0.937136
0.940123

6.37771
6.37435
6.36429
6.34757
6.32424

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

0.27529
0.27805
0.28135
0.28519
0.28961

480
517
012
648
396

1.24897
1.26045
1.27414
1.29011
1.30843

831
740
918
798
932

1.80713
1.78527
1.75981
1.73095
1.69887

290
169
781
297
992

0.396684
0.398766
0.401239
0.404112
0.407392

0.943974
0.948703
0.954321
0.960843
0.968285

6.29437
6.25807
6.21545
6.16665
6.11184

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

0.29462
0.30025
0.30653
0.31350
0.32118

538
682
784
170
565

1.32920
1.35250
1.37845
1.40718
1.43883

036
061
262
285
260

1.66381
1.62600
1.58569
1.54314
1.49861

982
944
822
529
645

0.411087
0.415209
0.419768
0.424778
0.430253

0.976669
0.986016
0.996351
1.007703
1.020101

6.05118
5.98488
5.91314
5.83620
5.75428

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

0.32963
0.33888
0.34899
0.36002
0.37203

121
455
681
459
039

1.47355
1.51153
1.55295
1.59803
1.64700

907
657
782
551
388

1.45238
1.40471
1.35587
1.30613
1.25574

126
020
192
075
432

0.436209
0.442662
0.449632
0.457139
0.465205

1.033581
1.048178
1.063935
1.080893
1.099102

5.66764
5.57655
5.48128
5.38210
5.27932

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

0.38508
0.39925
0.41464
0.43132
0.44940

316
889
125
237
362

1.70012
1.75766
1.81995
1.88733
1.96016

064
896
978
435
700

1.20496
1.15402
1.10314
1.05255
1.00243

150
052
736
442
944

0.473853
0.483111
0.493006
0.503569
0.514832

1.118613
1.139481
1.161768
1.185538
1.210861

5.17321
5.06408
4.95224
4.83797
4.72159

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

0.46899
0.49022
0.51322
0.53813
0.56513

655
387
061
536
169

2.03886
2.12388
2.21572
2.31490
2.42204

82
83
08
71
09

0.95298
0.90435
0.85670
0.81016
0.76484

465
626
405
129
483

0.526830
0.539601
0.553186
0.567630
0.582979

1.237813
1.266475
1.296933
1.329281
1.363622

4.60339
4.48367
4.36272
4.24084
4.11830

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

0.59438
0.62610
0.66050
0.69781
0.73832

965
759
400
972
033

2.53777
2.66282
2.79796
2.94406
3.10208

36
00
48
93
00

0.72085
0.67827
0.63718
0.59762
0.55964

532
767
161
235
137

0.599284
0.616599
0.634984
0.654501
0.675219

1.400061
1.438715
1.479709
1.523176
1.569259

3.99537
3.87234
3.74945
3.62695
3.50507

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

0.78229
0.83007
0.88201
0.93850
0.99998

881
854
663
764
773

3.27303
3.45808
3.65847
3.87560
4.11098

69
34
74
29
38

0.52326
0.48851
0.45539
0.42389
0.39401

729
672
529
854
295

0.697210
0.720554
0.745333
0.771639
0.799570

1.618113
1.669904
1. 724808
1. 783016
1.844734

3.38405
3.26411
3.14543
3.02821
2.91264

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

1.06693
1.13989
1.21945
1.30625
1.40103

936
641
007
534
829

4.36629
4.64339
4.94432
5.27132
5.62688

90
88
35
42
64

0.36571
0.33898
0.31371
0.29004
0.26716

690
159
202
783
418

0.829231
0.860735
0.894204
0.929769
0.967571

1.910180
1.979593
2.053225
2.131351
2.214264

2.79887
2.68705
2.57133
2.46983
2.36466

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

1.50460
1.61784
1. 74175
1.87744
2.02612

429
713
933
369
620

6.01375
6.43496
6.89386
7.39417
7.93999

48
31
57
36
51

0.24687
0.22732
0.20905
0.19202
0.17616

251
134
690
382
568

1.007764
1.050510
1.095988
1.144389
1.195919

2.302281
2.395741
2.495011
2.600488
2.712593

2.26193
2.16172
2.06411
1.96916
1.87692

0.16142 553

1.250800

2.831786

1.78744

[(-t)5J

[(-:)4J

[(-t)9J

[(-:)8J

10.0

2.18917 062

8.53588 02

[(-~)2J

[(-~)6J

In+1(x)=- ~; In(x)+In-1(x)

2n

Kn+l (x)=-Kn(x)+ K n- 1(x)

x

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel functions, Part II. Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952) and 1. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and larg~ arguments. Royal
Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No.3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954) (with
permission).

426

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS--ORDERS 10, II, 20 AND 21

Table 9.10
x

e-xllO(x)

e-xI n(x)

1024x -212o(x) 1026X-21I21(X) 1O-22x2K2o(x)

exK 10 (x)

75284
45861
37417
50080
83934

35.55633
32.60759
29.98 4 23
27.64297
25.54714

91
68
91
29
23

1.25080
1.30927
1.37160
1.43806
1.50895

2.83179
2.95856
3.09345
3.23703
3.38992

1.787443
1.700753
1.616873
1.535814
1.457578

10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8

0.00099
0.00107
0.00115
0.00124
0.00132

38819
29935
52835
06973
91744

0.00038
0.00042
0.00046
0.00050
0.00054

11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8

0.00142
0.00151
0.00161
0.00171
0.00181

06490
50508
23051
23339
50559

0.00059
0.00064
0.00069
0.00074
0.00079

39013
15309
12768
31298
70766

23.66558
21.97172
20.44277
19.05917
17.80405

79
20
46
72
56

1.58462
1.66540
1.75169
1.84390
1.94249

3.55278
3.72634
3.91139
4.10876
4.31937

1.382160
1.309546
1.239714
1.172637
1.108279

12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8

0.00192
0.00202
0.00213
0.00225
0.00236

03870
82412
85303
11650
60548

0.00085
0.00091
0.00097
0.00103
0.00109

31003
11805
12937
34132
75097

16.66281
15.62277
14.67293
13.80364
13.00649

24
97
16
34
01

2.04795
2.16080
2.28162
2.41105
2.54975

4.54421
4.78434
5.04093
5.31521
5.60856

1.046601
0.987556
0.931095
0.877164
0.825703

13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

0.00248
0.00260
0.00272
0.00284
0.00297

31086
22347
33415
63375
11314

0.00116
0.00123
0.00130
0.00137
0.00144

35512
15035
13301
29926
64509

12.27407
11.59989
10.97821
10.40394
9.87258

71
74
07
07
79

2.69846
2.85799
3.02921
3.21306
3.41058

5.92244
6.25845
6.61832
7.00393
7.41731

0.776652
0.729947
0.685520
0.643305
0.603230

14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8

0.00309
0.00322
0.00335
0.00348
0.00361

76327
57518
53999
64894
89341

0.00152
0.00159
0.00167
0.00175
0.00183

16634
85870
71776
73898
91776

9.38015
8.92308
8.49819
8.10265
7.73392

52
36
79
95
53

3.62289
3.85121
4.09686
4.36131
4.64613

7.86068
8.33644
8.84722
9.39585
9.98543

0.565225
0.529218
0.495137
0.462910
0.432464

15.0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

0.00375
0.00388
0.00402
0.00416
0.00429

26491
75510
35583
05908
85705

0.00192
0.00200
0.00209
0.00218
0.00227

24942
72921
35235
11403
00942

7.38971
7.06797
6.76684
6.48467
6.21995

31
04
87
94
46

4.95305
5.28394
5.64087
6.02608
6.44202

10.61932
11.30119
12.03503
12.82520
13.67643

0.403728
0.376630
0.351101
0.327070
0.304470

16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8

0.00443
0.00457
0.00471
0.00485
0.00500

74209
70675
74378
84612
00690

0.00236
0.00245
0.00254
0.00263
0.00273

03%6
18192
44936
83118
32259

5.97130
5.73750
5.51741
5.31001
5.11438

87
35
43
78
19

6.89137
7.37705
7.90228
8.47055
9.08571

14.59389
15.58322
16.65059
17.80271
19.04691

0.283235
0.263299
0.244598
0.227071
0.210658

17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

0.00514
0.00528
0.00542
0.00557
0.00571

21947
47735
77427
10418
46119

0.00282
0.00292
0.00302
0.00312
0.00322

91884
61523
40709
28982
25887

4.92965
4.75506
4.58989
4.43349
4.28527

63
40
42
60
20

9.75197
10.47392
11.25663
12.10562
13.02697

20.39124
21.84444
23.41611
25.11674
26.95781

0.195301
0.180944
0.167532
0.155012
0.143336

18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8

0.00585
0.00600
0.00614
0.00629
0.00643

83964
23403
63909
04971
46098

0.00332
0.00342
0.00352
0.00362
0.00373

30977
43808
63948
9Q969
24450

4.14467
4.01119
3.88437
3.76378
3.64903

40
75
85
89
41

14.02734
15.11406
16.29515
17.57946
18.97668

28.95188
31.11272
33.45541
35.99648
38.75407

0.132454
0.122321
0.112891
0.104124
0.095978

19.0
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8

0.00657
0.00672
0.00686
0.00701
0.00715

86817
26672
65226
02059
36768

0.00383
0.00394
0.00404
0.00415
0.00425

63982
09161
59590
14885
74667

3.53974
3.43559
3.33626
3.24146
3.15093

93
74
62
65
00

20.49749
22.15363
23.95803
25.92489
28.06989

41.74804
45.00024
48.53460
52.37745
56.55768

0.088414
0.081397
0.074892
0.068865
0.063285

20.0

0.00729 68965

3.06440 75

30.41029
-~)2]

61.10706

0.058124

[C -;)4]

0.00436 38567

[C -;)3J

[(-i)4]

[(

[( -~)5]

[C-l)4]

427

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY TABLE FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

Table 9.10
1

x-I In [x2e- xI lO(x)] In [x2e-x1u (x)] In [.. -lx2exKlO(x)] In [x 2e- xI2o(X)] In [x2e-xI21 (x)] In [.. -lxtexK20(x)] <x>
0.050
0.049
0.048
0.047
0.046

-3.42244
-3.3731&
-3.32386
-3.27447
-3.22501

002
689
306
055
139

-3.93653
-3.87762
-3.81861
-3.75949
-3.70026

292
888
524
454
938

1.47299
1.42771
1.38232
1.33681
1.29118

048
939
785
644
575

-10.434749
-10.263511
-10.091302
- 9.918126
- 9.743983

-11.346341
-11.160467
-10.973471
-10.785351
-10.596108

8.250182
8.088946
7.926737
7.763551
7.599386

20
20
21
21
22

0.045
0.044
0.043
0.042
0.041

-3.17548
-3.12590
-3.07625
-3.02655
-2.97678

766
147
496
033
979

-3.64094
-3.58151
-3.52199
-3.46237
-3.40267

242
639
408
835
211

1.24543
1.19956
1.15358
1.10748
1.06126

642
910
449
332
635

9.568876
9.392809
9.215785
9.037810
8.858889

-10.405744
-10.214259
-10.021658
- 9.827944
- 9.633121

7.434240
7.268110
7.100994
6.932893
6.763806

22
23
23
24
24

0.040
0.039
0.038
0.037
0.036

-2.92697
-2.87711
-2.82719
-2.77723
-2.72722

559
002
539
405
837

-3.34287
-3.28300
-3.22304
-3.16300
-3.10288

833
006
039
246
949

1.01493
0.96848
0.92192
0.87525
0.82847

437
822
874
686
349

8.679029
8.498236
8.316519
8.133888
7.950352

9.437195
9.240173
9.042063
8.842873
8.642612

6.593733
6.422673
6.250630
6.077603
5.903597

25
26
26
27
28

0.035
0.034
0.033
0.032
0.031

-2.67718
-2.62709
-2.57696
-2.52681
-2.47661

076
365
948
074
992

-3.04270
-2.98245
-2.92213
-2.86175
-2.80131

472
146
308
298
461

0.78157
0.73457
0.68746
0.64024
0.59291

961
624
441
520
975

7.765923
7.580613
7.394434
7.207403
7.019533

8.441293
8.238927
8.035529
7.831113
7.625695

5.728614
5.552659
5.375732
5.197843
5.018998

29
29
30
31
32

0.030
0.029
0.028
0.027
0.026

-2.42639
-2.37615
-2.32588
-2.27558
-2.22527

955
216
032
659
356

-2.74082
-2.68027
-2.61968
-2.55904
-2.49837

147
709
504
894
243

0.54548
0.49795
0.45031
0.40257
0.35474

920
475
764
915
059

6.830842
6.641348
6.451070
6.260027
6.068243

7.419294
7.211929
7.003620
6.794389
6.584261

4.839203
4.658466
4.476796
4.294202
4.110696

33
34
36
37
38

0.025
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021

-2.17494
-2.12460
-2.07424
-2.02388
-1.97351

384
002
475
063
031

-2.43765
-2.37691
-2.31613
-2.25533
-2.19451

918
291
733
620
329

0.30680
0.25876
0.21063
0.16241
0.11409

331
871
822
332
551

5.875738
5.682539
5.488669
5.294155
5.099025

6.373261
6.161416
5.948754
5.735305
5.521102

3.926290
3.740995
3.554826
3.367799
3.179929

40
42
43
45
48

0.020
0.019
0.018
0.017
0.016

-1.92313
-1.87276
-1.82238
-1.77201
-1.72165

643
162
853
979
806

-2.13367
-2.07281
-2.01195
-1.95107
-1.89020

239
731
186
986
514

0.06568
+0.01718
-0.03139
-0.08007
-0.12883

636
745
959
306
128

4.903309
4.707035
4.510235
4.312943
4.115190

5.306177
5.090565
4.874302
4.657427
4.439978

2.991233
2.801730
2.611440
2.420383
2.228582

50
53
56
59
63

0.015
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.011

-1.67130
-1.62096
-1.57064
-1.52033
-1.47004

595
610
113
365
626

-1.82933
-1.76846
-1. 70760
-1.64675
-1.58592

153
286
295
564
472

-0.17767
-0.22659
-0.27559
-0.32467
-0.37383

247
485
659
581
061

3.917011
3.718443
3.519520
3.320281
3.120763

4.221995
4.003521
3.784599
3.565272
3.345586

2.036059
1.842840
1.648949
1.454415
1.259264

67
71
77
83
91

0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006

-1.41978
-1.36954
-1.31933
-1.26914
-1.21900

154
207
040
908
063

-1.52511
-1.46432
-1.40356
-1.34284
-1.28214

400
725
824
072
841

-0.42305
-0.47235
-0.52172
-0.57116
-0.62066

904
911
881
608
881

2.921004
2.721043
2.520921
2.320676
2.120350

3.125587
2.905322
2.68483B
2.464184
2.243408

1.063526
0.867231
0.670412
0.473099
0.275328

100
111
125
143
167

0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001

-1.16888
-1.11881
-1.06877
-1.01878
-0.96883

754
229
735
514
808

-1.22149
-1.16088
-1.10031
-1.03980
-0.97934

499
414
949
463
314

-0.67023
-0.71986
-0.76954
-0.81929
-0.86908

489
215
839
138
886

1.919982
1.719613
1.519284
1.319036
1.118907

2.022558
1.801685
1.580838
1.360065
1.139416

+0.077133
-0.121451
-0.320388
-0.519640
-0.719170

200
250
333
500
1000

0.000

-0.91893 853

- 0.918939

-0.918939

ao

[(-:)9]

-0.91893 853

[(-g)1]

-0.91893 853

[(-g)2]

- 0.918939

[(-1)1]

[( -1)1]

[(-1)1]

<x>=nearest integer to :c.

Compiled from L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments.
Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No.3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
permission) .

Royal

1954) (with

428

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.11

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

14

15
16
17

18
19
20
30
40
50
100

In(2)

In(l)

o 1.26606

1
1
2
3

5.65159
1. 35747
2.21684
2. 73712

5878
1040
6698
2492
0221

4
5
6
8
9

2. 71463
2.24886
1. 59921
9.96062
5. 51838

1560
6148
8231
4033
5863

- 10
-11
-13
- 14
- 16

2. 75294
1. 24897
5.19576
1. 99563
7.11879

8040
8308
1153
1678
0054

2.37046
7.40090
2.17495
6. 03714
1.58767

3051
0286
9747
4636
8369

17
19
20
22
23

''1'.9668' 598,

- 42 3.53950 0588
- 60 1.12150 9741
- 80 2.93463 5309

(-189)8.47367 4008

In(5)
2. 72398 7182
2.43356 4214
1. 75056 1497
1. 03311 5017
o 5.10823 4764

o 2.27958
o 1.59063

5302
6855
1 6.88948 4477
1 2.12739 9592
2 5. 07285 6998

1=

!~

3
3
4
5
6

9.82567
1.60017
2.24639
2.76993
3. 04418

9323
3364
1420
6951
5903

- 7 3.01696 3879
8 2. 72220 2336
- 9 2.25413 0978

1
1
1
1

1
1
2
2

o 2.15797
7. 92285
2.56488
7.41166
1.93157

4547
6690
9417
3216
1882

3
4
4
5
6

4.58004
9.95541
1.99663
3. 71568
6. 44800

4419
1401
4027
0720
5272

6
7
8
9
- 10

1.04797
1. 60139
2.30866
3.14983
4.07841

7675
2190
7371
7806
5017

- 10 1. 72451 6264
-11 1.22598 3451

8.13943
5.06857
2.97182
1. 64621
8.64160

13
14
15
16
18

2531
1401
8970
5204
3385

!- 19!,.'1056 0576 !- 33 3.89351 9664

- 48 1.25586 9192
- 65 3.35304 2830

11!~O""
- 21
3.99784 4971
- 32 1.18042 6980
- 45 2.93146 9647

(-158)1.08217 1475

(-119)7.09355 1489

9,58

In(lOO)

In (50)

In(lO)

3
3
3
3
3

2.81571
2.67098
2.28151
1. 75838
1. 22649

6628
8304
8968
0717
0538

20
20
20
20
20

2.93255
2.90307
2.81643
2.67776
2.49509

378
859
064
414
894

42
42
42
42
41

1.07375
1.06836
1.05238
1. 02627
9.90807

171
939
432
402
878

2
2
2
2
1

7.77188
4.49302
2.38025
1.16066
5. 23192

2864
2514
5848
4327
9250

20
20
20
20
20

2.27854
2.03938
1. 78909
1.53844
1. 29679

831
928
488
272
321

41
41
41
41
41

9.47009
8.96106
8.39476
7. 78580
7.14903

387
940
555
222
719

10
11
12
13
14

1 2.18917
o 8.53588
o 3.11276
o 1. 06523
- 1 3.43164

0616
0176
9776
2713
7223

20
19
19
19
19

1.07159
8.68154
6.89609
5.37141
4.10295

716
347
247
909
454

4lj"49897 552
41 5.84924
209

15
16
17
18
19

1. 04371
3.00502
8.21069
2.13390
5.28637

4907
5016
0206
3457
7589

19
19
19
19
18

3.07376
2.25869
1. 62819
1.15152
7.99104

455
581
923
033
593

41
41
41
41
41

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

20
30
40
50
100

!
!
(

1
2
3
3
4

!- 'j1.'5079 97,6

(-88)1.08234 4202

( -16) 2. 72788 795

-12 7. 78756 9783

-20 2.04212 3274
-30 4. 75689 4561

181" 44'00 840

16 4.27499 365
13 6. 00717 897
+10 1. 76508 024

41 5. 21214 227
41 4. 59832 794
41 4.01657 700
3.47368
2.97447
2.52185
2.11704
1. 75972

rT'

638
109
563
017
117

,48,. 613

40 1. 20615 487
38 3.84170 550
36 4.82195 809

(21)4.64153 494

429

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS

n

Kn(l)

Table 9.11

Kn(2)

0
1
2
3
4

- 1 4.21024
- 1 6.01907
o 1. 62483
o 7.10126
1 4.42324

4382
2302
8899
2825
1585

5
6
7
8
9

21'" 60960
3 3.65383
4 4. 42070
5 6.22552
7 1. 00050

5896
8312
2033
1230
4099

1
2
3
4

K n(5)

1.13893
1. 39865
2.53759
6.47385
2.19591

8728
8818
7546
3909
5927

-3
-3
-3
-3
-2

3.69109
4.04461
5.30894
8.29176
1. 52590

8334
3445
3712
8415
6581

o 9.43104

4.93511
3. 05538
2. 18811
1. 78104

9101
6143
0177
7285
7630

-2
-2
-1
-1

3. 27062
8.06716
2.26318
7.14362
2.51227

7371
1323
1455
4206
7891

4.15465
1.92563
9. 65850
5.21498

2829
2921
2913
3277
4995

-1
-1
-1
-1
0

o
o 9. 75856

10
11
12
13
14

8
9
10
12
13

1. 80713
3.62427
7.99146
1. 92157
5.00409

2899
0839
7175
6393
0088

5
6
7
8
9

1.62482
1. 64263
1.82314
2. 20420
2.88369

4040
4516
6208
1795
3795

1
2
2
3

15
16
17
18
19

15
16
18
19
21

1.40306
4.21420
1. 34994
4. 59403
1. 65520

6801
4494
8505
9121
4032

10
11
12
14
15

4.05921
6.11765
9.82884
1. 67702
3.02846

3332
6935
3230
1006
6654

4
5
6
6
7

20
30
40
50

2To 29436
39 4. 70614
58 1. 11422
77 3.40689

9360
5527
0651
6854

161'017085
30 4.27112
45 9.94083
62 2.97998

6853
5755
9886
1740

100

(185)5.90033 3184

(155)4.61941 5978

Kn(lO)

3. 01697 6630

1. 86233 5828

1. 22206 4696
8.49627 3517
6.23952 3402

81'" 82700
18 4. 11213
30 1. 05075
42 3.39432

0521
2063
6722
2243

(115)7.03986 0193

K n (50)

Kn(lOO)

0
1
2
3
4

-5
-5
-5
-5
-5

1. 77800
1.86487
2.15098
2. 72527
3. 78614

6232
7345
1701
0026
3716

-23
-23
-23
-23
-23

3.41016
3.44410
3.54793
3.72793
3.99528

774
222
183
677
424

-45
-45
-45
-45
-45

4.65662
4.67985
4. 75022
4.86986
5.04241

823
373
530
274
707

5
6
7
8
9

-5
-5
-4
-4
-4

5. 75418
9.54032
1. 72025
3.36239
7.10008

4999
8715
7946
3995
8338

-23
-23
-23
-23
-23

4.36718
4.86872
5.53567
6.41870
7.58966

224
069
521
975
233

-45
-45
-45
-45
-45

5.27325
5.56974
5.94162
6.40157
6.96587

611
268
523
021
646

3
-3
-2
-2
-2

1. 61425
3.93851
1. 02789
2.86081
8. 46600

530'
9435
9806
1477
9646

-23
-22
-22
-22
-22

9.15098
1.12500
1. 41010
1. 80185
2.34706

819
576
135
441
565

s 7.65542

-22
-22
-22
-22
-21

30 11621
4.21679
5.81495
8.17096
1.16980

111
235
828
398
523

r-19
To
10614
2.00581
-16 1. 29986
-13 4.00601

838
681
971
347

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
30
40
50
100

r!

2.65656
8.81629
3. 08686
1.13769
4.40440

3849
2510
9988
8721
2395

211018144
9 2.03024
17 5.93822
27 2.06137

2182
7813
4681
3175

-1
0
1
1

(85)4.59667 4084

(+13) 1. 63940 352

r
-45
-45
-44
-44

8.49696
9.52475
1. 07829
1.23283

797
206
963
044
148

!~

1.42348
1.65987
1.95464
2.32445
2. 79144

325
645
371
531
763

-4'1'0
38520
-43 3.97060
-41 1.20842
-40 9.27452

541
205
080
265

-44
-44
-44
-44

(-25)7.61712 963

430

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.12

KELVIN FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0 AND 1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

ber "'
1.00000 00000
0.99999 84375
O. 99997 50000
0.9998734379
O. 9991>0 00044

bei x
0.00000 00000
0.0024999996
O. 00999 99722
0.0224996831>
O. 03999 82222

ber, ,1:
0.00000 00000
-0.03539 95148
-0.07106 36418
-0.10725 4771>8
-0.14423 081>45

beL x
0.00000 00000
O. 03531 1121>5
0.07035 65360
0.10486 83082
O. 13857 41359

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.99902 34640
O. 99797 51139
0.9962488284
0.9931>0 11377
0.989751351>7

O. 06249
O. 08997
0.12244
0.15988
0.20226

-0.18224 31238
-0.22153 37177
-0.26233 33470
-0.3048587511
-0.34931 01000

0.17119
0.20244
0.23202
0.25962
0.28491

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.9843817812
0.97713 79732
0.9071>291558
0.95542 8741>8
0.9400750567

0.2495660400
0.30173 12692
0.3587044199
0.42040 59656
0.481>73 39331>

-0.39581>
-0.4441>9
-0.49591
-0.54904
-0.60594

821>10
19268
45913
131>36
56099

0.30755 1>1>314
O. 32719 1>5305
0.34345 43903
0.3559334049
O. 36421 04560

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.9210721835
O. 89789 11381>
0.8699712370
O. 83672 17942
0.79752 41670

0.55756
O. 63272
O. 71203
0.79526
0.88212

-0.66486
-0. 721>39
-0. 79050
-0.85709
-0.92601

54180
98786
51841>
05470
39357

0.31>78649890
0.36641 93986
0.35939 88584
0.3463018876
O. 32660 72722

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.75173
0.69868
0.63769
O. 56804
0.48904

0.97229 16273
1.06538 81608
1.16096 99438
1.25852 89751
1.3574854765

-0.9970776519
-1. 07002 37462
-1.14452 92997
-1. 22020 15903
-1. 291>57 31717

0.29977 54370
0.2652503092
O. 22246 17120
0.17082 83322
0.10976 13027

;1'

41827
50014
04571
89261
77721

32184
97504
89390
1>2295
93635

00623
56770
72924
19548
23406

51797
39824
241>23
00070
11>898

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.39996 84171
0.30009 20903
O. 18870 63040
+0.06511 21084
-0.0713678258

1.45718
1. 55687
1.1>5574
1. 75285
1.84717

20442
77737
24073
05638
61157

-1.37309
-1. 44914
-1. 52398
-1.59680
-1. 66670

68976
09315
37854
94413
26139

+0.0386684440
-0.04304 07916
-0. 13594 96285
-0. 24062 74875
-0. 35762 26713

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.2213802496
-0.38553 14550
-0.56437 64305
-0. 75840 70121
-0.96803 89953

1. 93758 67853

2.0228390420
2.10157 33881
2.17231 01315
2.23344 57503

-1. 73264
-1.79350
-1. 84805
-1. 89492
-1.9321>5

42211
71373
23125
53482
36306

-0.4874541770
-0.6306025952
-0. 78750 00586
-0.95851 92089
-1.14396 11510

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-1.19359
-1. 43530
-1. 69325
-1.96742
-2.25759

2.2832499669
2.31986 36548
2.34129 77145
2.34543 30614
2.33002 18823

-1. 95964
-1.97418
-1.97443
-1.95842
-1.92410

41313
19924
00262
9261>5
07174

-1.34404 23731
-1.5588806139
-1.78847 96677
-2. 03271 31257
-2.29130 70630

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-2. 51>341 65573

-2.88430 57320
-3.2194798323
-3.56791 08628
-3.92830 66215

2.29269
2.23094
2.14216
2.02364
1.87256

03227
27803
79867
70694
37958

-1. 86924 84590

-1. 79156 42730
-1.68863 39648
-1. 55794 55649
-1.3968995997

-2.56382
-2.84963
-3.14790
-3.45759
-3.77737

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-4.29908 65516
-4.67835 69372
-5.06388 55867
-5.45307 61749
-5.8429424419

1. 68601
1.46103
1. 19460
0.88365
0.52514

72036
68359
07968
1>8537
1>8109

-1.20282
-0. 97297
-0. 70458
-0. 39486
-0.04099

16315
72697
98649
10961
46681

-4.1056854084
-4.44064 68813
-4. 78006 93721
-5.12141 92170
-5.46179 58790

5.0

-6.23008 24787

0.11603 43816

+0.35977 66668

-5. 79790 79018

J:

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

81796
53217
99843
32727
94661

[(-l)2]

[(-l)6]

[( -l)6]

16886
19932
74393
07560
59182

[(-l)2]

KELVIN FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY TABLE FOR SMALL ARGUMENTS

ker "'+ber ,/' In ,/'
"'(ken "'+ben ,,. In ,r) ,I'(kei! or+beil '" In ,I')
kei '/'+bei ,r Inr
0.11593 1516
-0. 78539 8163
-0.70710 6781
-0.70710 6781
O. 11789 2485
-0. 78260 7108
-0.70651 7131
-0. 70215 4903
0.12374 5076
-0.77421 9267
-0. 70481> 2164
-0.68733 0339
0.13339 8210
-0.76019 0919
-0.70248 3157
-0. 1>6272 8003
0.14669 9682
-0. 74045 0212
-0.699941>658
-0.62851 1738
0.16343 5574

[(-i) 5]

-0.71489 8693

[(-i)8]

-0. 69804 1049

[(-i)1]

-0.58492 2770
[( -~)1]

Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the Bessel functions Jo(z) and J,(z) for complex
arguments, 2d ed. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947) and National Bureau of Standards,
Tables of the Bessel functions Ya(z) and Yl(Z) for complex arguments (Columbia Univ. Press, New York,
N.Y., 1950) (with permission).

431

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

KELVIN FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0 AND 1
a:

ker x

kei x

kerl x

Table 9.12
keill:

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

8163
0646
4933
1912
0212

GO

3980
2752
8637
3902

-0.78539
-0.77685
-0. 75812
-0.73310
-0. 70380

GO

2.42047
1. 73314
1 33721
1. 06262

-7.14668 1711
-3.63868 3342
-2.470742357
-1. 88202 4050

-6.94024 2153
-3.32341 7218
-2.082834751
-1.44430 5150

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.85590
0.69312
0.56137
0.45288
O. 36251

5872
0695
8274
2093
4812

-0.671581695
-0.637449494
-0. 60217 5451
-0. 56636 7650
-0. 53051 1122

-1.522403406
-1. 27611 7712
-1.09407 2943
-0.95203 2751
-0. 83672 7829

-1. 05118
-0. 78373
-0.59017
-0.44426
-0.33122

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.28670
O. 22284
0.16894
0.12345
0.08512

6208
4513
5592
5395
6048

-0.49499
-0.46012
-0.42616
-0. 39329
-0.36166

-0. 74032 2276

-0. 65791 0729
-0.586274386
-0.52321 5989
-0.46718 3076

-0.24199 5966
-0.170684462
-0.11325 6800
-0.06683 2622
-0.02928 3749

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.05293
O. 02602
+0.00369
-0.01469
-0.02966

4915
9861
1104
6087
1407

-0. 33139 5562

-0.30256 5474
-0.27522 8834
-0.24941 7069
-0.225142235

-0. 41704
-0. 37195
-0. 33125
-0.29442
-0.26105

+0. 00100
0.02530
0.04461
0.05974
0.07137

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

-0.04166 4514
-0. 0511 0 6500
-0.05833 8834
-0. 06367 0454
-0.067373493

-0. 20240
-0. 18117
-0.16143
-0.14313
-0. 12624

0068
2644
0701
5617
1488

-0. 23080 5929

-0.203373135
-0.17850 9812
-0. 15599 6054
-0.13563 6638

0.080049398
O. 08624 3202
0.09035 1619
O. 09271 2940
O. 09361 7161

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0. 06968
-0.07082
-0. 07097
-0. 07029
-0.06893

7972
5700
3560
6321
9052

-0.1l069
-0. 09644
-0.08342
-0. 07157
-0.06082

6099
2891
1858
0648
5473

-0. 11725 6136

-0.10069 5314
-0. 08580 8451
-0. 07246 1339
-0.060529755

O. 09331
0.09201
O. 08991
O. 08716
0.08391

3788
8037
5810
77 62
2666

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.06702 9233
-0.064678610
-0.06198 4833
-0.059032916
-0.05589 6550

-0.05112
-0. 04239
-0. 03458
-0.02761
-0. 02144

1884
5446
2313
9697
6287

-0.04989 8308
-0.040459533
-0. 03211 3183
-0.024765662
-0. 01832 9556

0.08027
0.07634
O. 07222
0.06797
0.06367

0223
3451
0724
7529
7999

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.05263
-0.04931
-0. 04597
-0.04264
-0.03937

9271
5556
1723
6864
3608

-0. 01600 2568

-0.01123 1096
-0.007076704
-0.003486665
-0. 00041 0809

-0. 01272
-0. 00787
-0.00370
-0. 00014
+0. 00285

3249
0585
0576
7138
1155

0.05937 6256
O. 05511 7592
0.050939514
0.046872681
O. 04294 1728

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0. 03617
-0.03308
-0.03010
-0.02726
-0.02455

8848
4395
7574
1764
6892

+0. 00219 8399

0.00438 5818
o. 00619 3613
0.007661269
O. 00882 5624

O. 00535
0.00740
O. 00906
0.01037
O. 01136

1296
6063
4226
0752
6998

O. 03916
O. 03556
O. 03213
O. 02889
O. 02585

6011
0272
5235
8142
3229

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-0. 02199
-0. 01959
-0. 01734
-0. 01524
-0.01330

9875
5024
4409
8188
4899

O. 01209
0.01257
0.01285
0.01296
O. 01291

0904
7182
7498
0651
2753

0.02300
O. 02034
O. 01787
O. 01559
0.01349

2160
4409
7607
7847
9960

5.0

-0. 01151 1727

GO

O. 00972
0.01037
0.01082
O. 01109
0.01120

4636
9528
3604
1826
4781

0918
8865
8725
7399
9526

0.01118 7587

4285
1238
0485
5803
9495

O. 01273 7390

2085
8860
5251
9985
6820

8681
6176
5190
7779
3592

0.011577754

KELVIN FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY TABLE FOR SMALL ARGUMENTS

x

ker x+ber x In

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.16343
O. 18332
0.20604
0.23116
O. 25823

5574
9435
1279
6407
4099

1.0

0.28670 6208

[(-i)4]

J'

kei .v+bei x In '"

-0. 71489
-0.68341
-0. 64584
-0. 60204
-0.55182

8693
3456
9920
5231
2327

-0. 49499 4636

[(-i)8]

x{ken x+ben x In .1') .r{keh x+beh "In .1')

-0. 69804
-0. 69777
-0. 70035
-0. 70720
-0.71993

1049
1567
3648
4389
1903

-0. 74032 2276

[(-~)1]

-0.58492
-0.53229
-0. 471 05
-0. 40176
-0.32512

2770
1460
2294
2012
0736

-0. 24199 5966

[(-~)1]

432

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.12

KELVIN FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE

ben .r = illl (.r) cos 01 (.1')

ber x=Mo(x) cos 60 (x)
bei x=1110(x) sin Oo(x)
beh x =.lfJ (x) sin 01 (a:)
x

JlJo(x)

OoCt)

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

1. 000000
1.000025
1. 000400
1.002023
1.006383

0.000000
0.010000
0.039993
0.089919
0.159548

0.000000
0.100000
0.200013
0.300101
0.400427

2.356194
2.361194
2.376194
2.401189
2.436166

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

1.015525
1.031976
1. 058608
1.098431
1.154359

0.248294
0.354999
0.477755
0.613860
0.759999

0.501301
0.603235
O. 706982
0.813585
0.924407

2.481086
2.535872
2.600386
2.674406
2.757605

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

1. 229006
1.324576
1.442891
1. 585536
1. 754059

0.912639
1. 068511
1. 225011
1. 380379
1. 533667

1. 041167
1. 165949

1. 614838

2.849536
2.949617
3.057139
3.171285
3.291160

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

1.950193
2.176036
2.434210
2.727979
3.061341

1.684559
1.833156
1.979784
2.124854
2.268771

1. 799908
2.008844
2.245840
2.515453
2.822653

3.415839
3.544415
3.676044
3.809981
3.945601

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

3.439118
3.867032
4.351791
4.901189
5.524209

2.411887
2.554483
2.696771
2.838893
2.980942

3.172896
3.572227
4.027393
4.545990
5.136619

4.082407
4.220023
4.358179
4.496691
4.635441

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

6.231163
7.033841
7.945700
8.982083
10.160473

3.122970
3.265002
3.407044
3.549094
3.691142

5.809060
6.574474
7.445618
8.437083
9.565568

4.774362
4.913417
5.052589
5.191872
5.331267

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

11.500794
13.025757
14. 761257
16.736836
18.986208

3.833179
3.975197
4.117190
4.259152
4.401083

10.850182
12.312791
13.978402
15.875614
18.037122

5.470772
5.610390
5.750117
5.889950
6.029884

7.0

21.547863

4.54,2982

20.500302

6.169913

[(-f)4]

[(-:)2]

01 (.1')

M1(x)

1.301211
1. 449780

[(-62)4]

[(-:) 1]

KELVIN FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

:1'-1

x! e-x;'.;'l.llo (x)

Oo(x)-(xlJ2)

x'e-x/,z MI(x)

01(X)-(X/~)

<.1">

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.40418
0.40383
0.40349
0.40315
0.40281

-0.40758
-0.40644
-0.40534
-0.40427
-0.40323

0.38359
0.38457
0.38556
0.38655
0.38755

1.22254
1.21922
1.21598
1.21280
1.20968

7
7
8
8
9

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

0.40246
0.40211
0.40176
0.40141
0.40106

-0.40221
-0.40119
-0.40019
-0.39921
-0.39824

0.38856
0.38957
0.39060
0.39162
0.39266

1.20660
1.20356
1.20057
1.19762
1.19471

10
11
13
14
17

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

0.40071
0.40035
0.40000
0.39965
0.39930

-0.39728
-0.39634
-0.39541
-0.39449
-0.39359

0.39369
0.39474
0.39578
0.39683
0.39789

1.19184
1.18901
1.18622
1.18348
1.18077

20
25
33
50
100

0.39894

-0.39270

1.17810

ex>

0.00

[(-:)1]

[(-:)1]

0.39894

[(-:)3]

<x>=nearest integer to x.

[(-:)1]

433

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

KELVIN FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE

kerx=No(x) cos <1>0 (x)

kei x=No (x) sin
x
No (x)

<1>0 (x)

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

1.891702
1.274560
0.941678
0.725172

0.000000
-0.412350
-0.584989
-0.743582
-0.896284

4.927993
2.372347
1.497572
1.050591

-2.356194
-2.401447
-2.487035
-2.590827
-2.704976

1.4
1.6
1.8

0.572032
0.458430
0.371548
0.303683
0.249850

-1.045803
-1.193368
-1.339631
-1. 484977
-1. 629650

O. 778870
0.597114
0.468100
0.372811
0.300427

-2.825662
-2.950763
-3.078993
-3.209526
-3.341804

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

0.206644
0.171649
0.143095
0.119656
0.100319

-1.773813
-1. 917579
-2. 061029
-2.204225
-2.347212

0.244293
0.200073
0.164807
0.136407
0.113353

-3.475437
-3.610143
-3.745715
-3.881994
-4.018860

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

0.084299
0.070979
0.059870
0.050578
O. 042789

-2.490025
-2.632692
-2. 775236
-2.917672
-3.060017

0.094515
0.079039
0.066264
0.055677
0.046873

-4.156217
-4.293990
-4.432118
-4.570551
-4.709250

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

0.036246
0.030738
0.026095
0.022174
0.018859

-3.202283
-3.344478
-3.486612
-3.628692
-3.770724

0.039530
0.033389
0.028242
0.023918
0.020280

-4.848179
-4.987312
-5.126623
-5.266093
-5.405705

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

0.016052
0.013674
0.011656
0.009942
0.008485

-3.912712
-4. 054662
-4.196576
-4. 338460
-4.480314

0.017213
0.014624
0.012435
0.010583
0.009013

-5.545443
-5.685295
-5.825250
-5.965298
-6.105430

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

0.007246
0.006191
0.005292
0.004526
0.003872

-4.622142
-4.763947
-4.905730
-5.047493
-5.189238

0.007682
0.006551
0.005590
0.004773
0.004077

-6.245638
-6.385917
-6.526260
-6.666662
-6.807119

7.0

0.003315

-5.330966

0.003485

-6.947625

1.0
1.~

ao

kerl :c =NI(.e)

Table 9.12

<1>0 (x)

COS

<l>ICe)

kei I x =NI (x) sin <1>1 (x)

NI (x)
<1>1 (x)
ao

KELVIN FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

x-I
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

xl eX/,f1. No (x)
1.23695
1.23802
1.23909
1. 24017
1.24125

<1>0 (x) + (x/-J?,)

-0.38070
-0.38142
-0. 38217
-0.38291
-0. 38367

xl exN2 NI (x)
1.30377
1.30039
1.29701
1.29363
1.29024

<1>1

(x) + (x/-J?,)

<x>

-1.99943
-1.99725
-1.99505
-1.99281
-1.99055

7
7
8
8
9

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

1. 24233
1.24342
1.24451
1.24560
1.24670

-0.38444
-0.38522
-d. 38600
-0.38680
-0.38761

1.28687
1.28349
1.28012
1.27675
1.27339

-1.98825
-1.98592
-1.98357
-1.98118
-1.97876

10
11
13
14
17

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

1.24779
1.24889
1.25000
1.25110
1.25221

-0.38843
-0.38926
-0.39010
-0.39096
-0.39182

1. 27002
1.26667
1.26332
1.25998
1. 25664

-1.97630
-1.97381
-1.97128
-1.96872
-1.96613

20
25
33
50
100

0.00

1.25331

-0.39270

[(-~)1]

[(-~)3]

1.25331

-1.96350

ao

[(-~)3]

<x>=nearest integer to x.

[(-~)5]

10. Bessel Functions of Fractional Order

H.

A. ANTOSIEWICZ 1

Contents
Page

Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . .
10.5. Use and Extension of the Tables

437
437
443
445
446
452
452

References

455

Mathematical Properties.
.......
10.1. Spherical Bessel Functions . . . .
10.2. Modified Spherical Bessel Functions .
10.3. Riccati-Bessel Functions
10.4. Airy Functions . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 10.1. Spherical Bessel Functions-Orders 0, 1, and 2 (0 ~x ~ 10) .

jn(x), Yn(x)
n=O, 1,2; x=0(.1)5, 6-8S, x=5(.1)10, 5S
Table 10.2. Spherical Bessel Functions-Orders 3-10
jn(x), Yn(x)
n=30)8; x=0(.1)10, 5S
x-njn(x), x n+1Yn(x)
n=9, 10; x=O(.I)lO, 7-8S

(O~x~lO)

Table 10.3. Spherical Bessel Functions-Orders 20 and 21 (0 ~x~25)

X-II exp (r/(4n+2jn(x)
xn+l exp (-x2/(4n+2Yn(x)
n=20, 21; x=0(.5)25, 6-8S
Table 10.4. Spherical Bessel Functions-Modulus and Phase-Orders
9, 10, 20 and 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.Ji'IrXMn+l~x), 8n+t(x)-x where
jn(X)=.Jt7r/xMn+t(x) cos 8n+t(x)
'U,,(x) =..Jt7r/xM,,+t(x) sin 8,,+t(x)
n=9, 10; x- 1=.1(-.005)0, 8D
n=20, 21; x- 1=.04( -.002)0, 8D
Table 10.5. Spherical Bessel Functions-Various Orders
jn(x), Yn(x)
n=0(1)20, 30, 40, 50, 100
X= 1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, lOS

(0~n~100)

Table 10.6. Zeros of Bessel Functions of Half-Integer Order (0 ~n ~ 19) .

Zeros j., II Y"s of J.(x), Y.(x) and Values of J;(j.,,), Y;(y.,,)
v=n+l, n=0(1)19, 6-7D
Table 10.7. Zeros of the Derivative of Bessel Functions of Half-Integer
Order (0~n~19). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zeros j;,,, Y;,. of J;(x), Y;(x) and Values of J.(j;, .), Y.(y;,.)
v=n+l, n=0(1)19, 6D
1

National Bureau of Standards.

:737-9720-64-29

457

459

463

464

465

467

468

(Presently, University of Southern California.)

435

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

436

Page

Table 10.8. Modified Spherical Bessel Functions-0rders 0, 1 and 2

(0$x$5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.Ji1r/xln+i (x), .Ji1r/xKn+i(x)
n=O, 1, 2; x=0(.1)5, 4-9D
Table 10.9. Modified Spherical Bessel Functions-0rders 9 and 10
(0 $x$ CD).
x-n.Jb/xIn+i(X), xn+I.Jt7l'/xKn+l(x)
n=9, 10; x=0(.1)5, 7-8S
e-"'ln+l(x), (2/1r)e'K n+i(x)
n=9, 10; x=5(.1)10, 6S
..j2;X exp [-x+n(n+1)/(2x)]In+i(X)
.J2x/1r exp [x-n(n+ 1)/(2x)]Kn+t(x)
n=9, 10; x- 1=.1(-.005)0, 7-88
Table 10.10. Modified Spherical Bessel Functions-Various Orders
(0$n$100) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.J~/xln+i(x), .J~/xKn+t(x)
n=0(1)20, 30, 40, 50, 100
x=l, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, lOS
Table 10.ll. Airy Functions (0 $x$ CD) .
Ai(x), Ai'(x), Bi(x), Bi'(x)
x=O(.Ol)l, 8D
Ai(-x), Ai'(-x), Bi(-x), Bi'(-x)
x=0(.01)1(.1)10, 8D

469

470

473

475

Auxiliary Functions for Large Positive Arguments

Ai(x)=ix- 1I4e-!{( -E); Bi(x)=x- 1I4e!{W

Ai' (x) = -tx1l4e- fg( -~); Bi'(x)=x1l4efg(~)

f(~), g(~); ~=ii'/2, ~-1=1.5(-.1).5(-.05)0,

6D

Auxiliary Functions for Large Negative Arguments

Ai(-x)=x- 1/4rflW cos E+f2W sin E)
Bi(-x)=x- 1/4 Ij2W cos E-jlW sin ~]
Ai'( -X)=X1l4 [glW sin E-g2W cos ~]
Bi'(-x)=x1/4 rg2W sin ~+glW cos E]
jlW,j2W, glW, g2(~)j E=ii'12
~-1=.05( -.01)0, 6-7D
Table 10.12. Integrals of Airy Functions (0 $x$10).

So" Ai(t)dt, x=0(.1)7.5; So" Ai( -t)dt, x=0(.1)10,

.r

Bi(t)dt, x=0(.1)2;

So" Bi( -t)dt, x=0(.1)10,

478

7D
7D

Table 10.13. Zeros and Associated Values of Airy Functions and Their
Derivatives (1 $8$10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zeros a., a;, b., b; of Ai (x), Ai'(x), Bi(x), Bi'(x) and values of Ai'(a.),
Ai(a;), Bi'(b B), Bi(b;) 8=1(1)10, 8D
Complex Zeros and Associated Values of Bi(z) and Bi'(z)
(1 $8$5)
Modulus and Phase of e-rmfJ., e-r f/3fJ:, Bi'(fJ.), Bi(fJ;) 8= 1 (1)5, 3D

478

The author acknowledges the assistance of Bertha H.~Walter and Ruth Zucker in the
preparation and checking of the tables and graphs.

10. Bessel Functions of Fractional Order

Mathematical Properties
10.1. Spherical Bessel Functions

WroD8kians

Definitions

10.1.6

Dift'erential Equation

W{j,.(z), y,.(z)} =Z-2

10.1.7

10.1.1
Z2W" +2zw' +[z2-n(n+1)]w=O
(n=O,l,

W{Ml)(z),

2, ...)

Particular solutions are the Spherical Bes8el

junctions oj the fir8t kind

h~)(z)}=-2iz-2

Representations by Elem.entary Functions

10.1.8
j,.(z)=z-l[P(n+i, z) sin (z-lnr)

j,.(z)=..ji7r/zJ,.+l(Z),

+Q(n+t, z) cos (z-tnnr)]

the Spherical Be88el junctions oj the 8econd kirul

10.1.9
y,.(z) = (-l),.+lZ-I[P(?I'+i, z) cos (z+ln7r)

y,.(z) =..jl7r/zY,.+t(z) ,

-Q(n+t, z) sin (z+tnnr)]

and the Spherical Be88el junctions oj the third

kirul

(n+2)! (2Z)-2
2! r(n-1)

h~1l (z) = j,.(z) +iy,.(z) =..j 17r/zH~t.l.\(z),

h~2) (z) = j,.(z) -iy,.(z) =..j 17r/zH~':i.t(z).

(n+4)! (2 )-4
+ 4!r(n-3) z -

The pairs j,.(z) , y,.(z) and h~l)(Z), h~)(z) are

linearly independent solutions for every n. For
general properties see the remarks after 9.1.1.
Ascending Series (See 9.1.2, 9.1.10)

z,.

y,.(z)

135 ... (2n-1)

z,.+!

{I

It(!!,:;l)]

2.,; (-1)I:(n+l,2k+1)(2z)-2I:-l

hi

(n=O, 1,2, ...)

(n+l, k)

(n+k) I
k!r(n-k+1)

... }

(n=O, 1,2, ...)

Lbniting Values as z..... O

,.' ( )
1
z- 3,. z --'1.3.5 ... (2n+1)

~
1
2
3
4

10.1.5
z"+1y,.(z)--.-13.5 . .. (2n-1)

(2 )-3

(n+5)!
-5
+5!r(n-4) (2z) - ..

I! (1-2n)

+2!(1-~~~?~-2n)
10.1.4

(n+3)!

z -3!r(n-2)

1 1!(2n+3)

(lz')2
}
+2!(2n+3)(2n+5) - ...
10.1.3

z = l!r(n)

iz2

1.3.5 ... (2n+l)

(n+1)! (2 )-1

...

~ (-l)l:(n+l, 2k)(2z)-21:

1.
Q(n+"2",

10.1.2
j,.(z)

(n=O, 1,2, ...)

1
2
6
12
20
30

12
60
180
420

120
840
3360

1680
15120

30240

(n=O, 1, 2, ...)

437

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

438

10.1.10
jn(z)=fn(z) sin z+(-I)n+lf_n_l(z) cos Z

Yn (x)

fl(Z)=Z-2

fo(Z)=Z-I,

fn-I (z) +fn+l (z)= (2n+l)z-ljn (z)

(n=O,

.() sinz
Jo Z =-z. ( ,,_sin z

JI

.1

o~~~~~+-~--~~~~c~--~~~~---x

/3

cos Z

III

-.1

zJ=~--z-

Z-2

-.2

-:3

10.1.12

/ : I

cos

/ ! !

.
cos z
Yo(Z)=-J-I(Z)=--.
Yl (z) = J-2(Z) =

'

/i

.() = (33-1).sIn z3cos z

z z

J2

1, 2, ...)

The Functionsj .. (z), y ..(z) for n=O, 1,2

10.I.ll

.2

Iii

-.4

z sin z

----z2----:z-

FIGURE

10.2. y,,(x).

n=0(I)3.

Y2(Z)=-j-3(Z)=(-!+!)
.Z3 z cos z-Z2 sin z

*
.10

in (x)
.05
.6

0 ~--~+--+--~~-4\~8~--~IO~~1~2~~14~----n

*
*

\
\

.5

-.05

.4

\
\

\\

-.10

,
I

.3
I

,
:

-.20

I
.1

\
\

-.15

\ Yn (xl

:
I

.2

FIGURE

10.3.

i..(x),

y,,(x).

x=10.

I
I

Po;~n's

Integral and Gegenbauer's Generalization

n.Jofr cos (z cos 0) sin2n+10 do

10.1.13 in(z) =2!n1

-.1

(See 9.1.20.)
-.2

10.1.14

=~ (-i)ni

-.3
FIGURE

s pagen.

10.1.

i .. (x). n=0(I)3.

e tHoB 8Pn(COS 0) sinOdO

(n=O, I, 2, ... )

439

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Spherical Bessel Functions of the Second and Third
Kind

Modulus and Phase

jn(z) =.Jttr/zMn+i(z) cos 8n+l(Z) ,

10.1.15

(n=O, 1, 2, ... )

Yn(Z) = (-I)n+lj_,t-l (z)

Yn(z)=.JttrlzMn+1(z) sin 8n+!(z)

(See 9.2.17.)

10.1.16
10.1.27

I) M2 ()=.!.. ~ (2n-k)!(2n-2k)! (2

( 1.

'J7rZ

10.1.17

n+! z

hc.!~_1 (z) =i( -

k![(n-k)!J2

)21:-211

(See 9.2.28.)
10.1.28

10.1.18

z2 ""1l'

(ttrlz)Mft2(Z) = jg(z) +yg(Z)=Z-2

10.1.29

1) nh~I>(z)

h<':~_1 (z)=-i (-I)nh~2)(z)

(ttrlz).Mf/2(Z) = jf(z) +yHz) =Z-2+ Z-4

(n=O, 1,2, ...)

10.1.30

Elementary Properties
Recurrence Relationa

fn(z)

:jnVl~,

Yn(Z) , N,I>(z),

h~21(Z)

Cross Products

(n=O, 1,
10.1.19

2, ...)

fn-I(Z) +fn+I(z)=(2n+I)z- lfn(z)

10.1.31

jn(Z)Yn-1 (z) -jn-I (Z)Yn(z) = Z--2

10.1.32

jn+1 (Z)Yn-1 (z) - jn-I (Z)Yn+I (z) = (2n+ I)z-3

10.1.20

10.1.33

10.1.21

jo(Z)jn(Z) +YO(Z)Yn(Z)

(See 10.1.23.)

n
d
-fn(Z)-d-f,,(z)=fn+I(z)
z
Z

10.1.22

=Z-2

(-1)1:2"-21: (k+!)

n-21:

(n=O, 1, 2, ... )

(See 10.1.24.)

Analytic Continuation

Dift"erentiation Fonnulas

fn(z) :jn(Z), Yn(z), N,I>(z),

10.1.34

h~2)(Z)

(n=O,

I, 2, ...)

10.1.23

GIzr

10.1.24

G tz)m [z-lIfn(z)] = (-I)mz-II-mfn+m(z)

[zn+lfn(z)]=zn-m+lfn_m(z)

(m=I, 2, 3, ... )

10.1.35

Yn(zem'l".) = (-I)me mn'l"Yn(z)

10.1.36

MI) (ze (2m+l) 'l"t) =

10.1.37

M2) (ze(2m+l)'I") = (-I)nMl)(z)

10.1.38

h~1) (ze 2m'l"t) =h~') (z)

10.1.25
(

)_

(-I)"h~) (z)

(l=l, 2; m, n=O, 1, 2, ... )

Rayleigh's Fonnulas

In z - z

Generating Functiona
II (

10.1.39

d)" -zsin z

- ; dz

1
(-t)1I
- sin.Jz2+2zt=~ --,- Yn-I(Z)
CD

Yn(z)=-Z"

10.1.26

OSee page n.

(n-k) z2t-n
k

(_!z ~)"
cos z
dz
z

(n=O, 1,2, ...)

10.1.40

n.

(2Itl<lz/)

1
CD
til
- cOs .Jz2-2zt=~"1 jll_I(Z)

n.

440

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Derivatives With Respect to Order

10.1.41

Fresnel Integrals

10.1.53

[~j.(X)J
()JI
.-0=(!1I"jx){Ci(2x) sin x-Si(2x) cos x}

f%

G(,J2X/1I")=ZJo J-l(t)dt

10.1.42

[:JI j.(x)

1--1

(!1I"/X){ Ci (2 x) cos x+Si(2x) sin x}

10.1.43

[~ Y.(X)]
VJI

=(!1I"/x) {Ci(2x) cos x+[Si(2x)-1I"] sin x}

,-0

10.1.44

[~ Y.(x)] .--1 =
VJI

(!1I"/x) {Ci(2x) sin x-[Si(2x) -11"] cos x}

Addition Theorems and Degenerate Forms

(See also B.I.1, B.1.2.)

r, p, 8, ~ arbitrary complex; R=..j(r2+p2-2rp cos 8)

10.1.45

si~~R =

(2n+ 1)j,.(~r)j,,(~p)P,,(cos 8)

*10.1.46 ----vl=
cos ~R
~
CD

(2n+ l)J,,(~r)y,,(~p)P,,(cos 8)

IreIel<lpl
CD

etICOB8=~

10.1.47

10.1.48

Jo(zsin

8)=*

(2n+1)el""'j,,(z)P,,(cos 8)

(4n+1)

2~(~!~2j2"(Z)P2,,(COS8)

Zeros and Their Asymptotic Expansions

The zeros of jn(x) and y,,(x) are the same as the

zeros of J,,+I(X) and Y"+I(X) and the formulas for
j... and y. o' given in 9.5 are applicable with
JI=n+!. There are, however, no simple relations
connecting the zeros of the derivatives. Accordingly, we now give formulas for a~ . , b~." the
s-th positive zero of j~(z), y~(z), respectively;
z=o is counted as the first zero of j~(z).
(Tables of a~." b~." j,,(a~.,), y,,(b~ .) are given in
[10.31].)

Duplication Formula

10.1.49

Elementary Relations

i,,(2z) =

],,(z) =j,,(z) cos 1I"t+y,,(z) sin 1I"t

, "H

-n.z

~
~

2n-2k+1 . ()
( )
k!(2n-k+1)! J"-I: z Y,,-k Z

Some Infinite Series Involving j!(z)

CD

10.1.50
10.1.51
10.1.52
See page n.

(2n+1)j!(z)=1

'o (-1)"(2n+1)j!(z)=sin2z2z
~ '2( )_Si(2z)

~J"z

-2Z

If

T"

(t a real parameter, 0 ~t ~ 1)
is a zero of 1~(z) then

10.1.55 1,,(T,,) =[ T,,/(n+ 1)] 1"-1 (T,,)

(See 10.1.21.)
10.1.56
(See 10.1.22.)
10.1.57

={~ [,{.-n(n+1)] ~,,} -I

441

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER.

McMahon's Expansions for n Fixed and

Large

10.1.58

10.1.63

a~." b~ . -!3-(~+7)(8!3)-1

a~ . -(n+!) {z[(n+!)-2/3 a;]

-~ (7 ~2+ 154~+95) (813)-3

-

Uniform Asymptotic Expansions of Zeros and

Associated Values for n Large

~: (85~3+3535~2+3561~+6133)(8m-6

-1~~ (6949~4+474908~3+330638~2
+9046780~-5075147)(8!3)-7-

10.1.64
b~ . -(n+!) {z[(n+!)-2/3b;]

...

!3='II"(s+!n-!) for a~." !3='II"(s+!n) for b~ . ;

~=(2n+l)2

Asymptotic Expansions of Zeros and Associated Values

for n Large

10.1.65

j,. (~ . ) -.J!'II"Ai(a;) (n+!) -6/6

h[ (n+!) -2/3 a;] (z[ (n+!) -2/3a

;n

-1/2

10.1.59
a~.l -

(n+!) +.8086165(n+!)1/3- .236680 (n+ !) -1/3

-.20736(n+!)-I+.0233(n+!)-6/3+ ...

10.1.66
y,.(b~ . ) - -.Jl;Bi(b;) (n+!)-5/6

h [(n+!) -2/3b;] (z [(n+!) -2/3b;n -1/2

10.1.60
b~.1-(n+!)+1.8210980(n+!)1/3

{1+

+.0249(n+!)-6/3+ ...
10.1.61
j,.(a~.I)

Complex Zeros of
h~!) (z)

10.1.62
y,.(b~.I)-.7183921(n+ !)-5/6{ 1-1.274769(n+!)-2/3

+ 1.23038 (n+!) -4/3-1.0070 (n+!) -2+ ... }

See [10.31] for corresponding expansions for

8=2,3.

h (e), z (e) are defined as in 9.5.26, 9.3.38, 9.3.39.

a;, b; s-th (negative) real zero of Ai' (z), Bi' (z)
(see 10.4.95, 10.4.99.)

-.8458430(n+!)-6/6 {1-.566032(n+!)-2/3
+.38081(n+!)-4/3-.2203(n+!)-2+ ... }

H [(n+!)-2/3b;](n+!)-21.1}
k-l

+.802728(n+!)-I/3-.11740(n+!)-1

h~ll(z). h~l)f(z)

and h~l) (ze2f7l rt ) , m any integer, have the

same zeros.
h~l) (z) has n zeros, symmetrically distributed with
respect to the imaginary axis and lying approximately on the finit-e arc joining z= -n and z=n
shown in Figure 9.6. If n is odd, one zero lies on
the imaginary axis.
h~!)1 (z) has n+ 1 zeros lying approximately on the
same curve. If n is even, one zero lies on the
imaginary axis.

442

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

(-t)hl<t)

-t

(-t)~(t)

(-t)2HI (t)

( -t)h 3 (t)

(-t)4H2 (t)

(-t) 6Ha(t)

0.0
0.2
o. 4
0.6
O. 8

-.4409724
-.4572444
-.4702250
-.4802184
-.4875705

-.122500
-.114201
-.107243
-.101318
-.096159

-.06806
-.05986
-.05279
-.04674
-.04160

.000000
.027518
.049069
.065677
.078255

.00000
.00575
.01118
.01592
.01983

.0000
.0023
.0043
.0061
.0075

1.0

-.4926355

-.091561

-.03725

.087587

.02290

.0085

hl(t)

-t

~<t)

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

-.4926355
-.4131280
-.3551700
-.3108548
-.2757704

-.09156
-.05056
-.03043
-.01950
-.01310

2.
2.
2.
2.
2.

0
2
4
6
8

-.2472521
-.2235898
-.2036314
-. 1865701
-.1718217

3.0
3.2
3.4
3. 6
3. 8

HI(t)

h3 Ct)

.087587
.065507
.050524
.039890
.032085

.0229
.0121
.0070
.0042
.0027

-.00914
-.00658
-.00485
-.00366
-.00280

.026206
.021682
.018141
.015326
.013061

.0018
.0012
.0008
.0006
.0004

-.1589519
-.1476304
-.1376005
-.1286601
-.1206469

-.00219
-.00173
-.00138
-.00112
-.00091

.011217
.009701
.008443
.007391
.006505

.0003
.0002
.0002
.0001
.0001

4.0
4.2
4. 4
4.6
4.8

-.1134296
-.1069004
-.1009699
-.0955634
-.0906180

-.00075
-.00062
-.00052
-.00044
-.00037

.005753
.005111
.004560
.004085
.003672

5.0
5. 2
5. 4
5.6
5.8

-.0860804
-.0819049
-.0780523
-.0744888
-.0711850

-.00032
-.00027
-.00023
-.00020
-.00018

.003313
.002998
.002722
.002478
.002262

6.
6.
6.
6.
6.

0
2
4
6
8

-.0681152
-.0652570
-.0625905
-.0600985
-.0577653

-.00015
-.00013
-.00012
-.00010
-.00009

.002070
.001899
.001746
.001609
.001486

7. 0

-.0555773

-.00008

.001375

(-t)-l

-.037
-.014
-.006
-.003
-.001

H 2 Ct)

hlCt)

O. 40
.36
.32
.28
.24

-.0645731
-.0487592
-.0352949
-.0242415
-.0155683

.20
.16
.12
.08
.04

-.0091416
-.0047276
-.0020068
-.0005965
-.0000747

.00

-.0000000

~Ct)

-.00013
-.00005
-.00002
-.00001

HI(t)

.001859
.001056
.000551
.000259
.000106
.000037
.000010
.000002

443

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

10.2. Modified Spherical Bessel Functions

Wronskians

10.2.7

Definitions

Differential Equation
10.2.1

W{ -J!7r/z1n+1(z), -J!7r/z1 -n-,(Z) }= (-I)"+I Z-2

10.2.8

z 2w" +2zw' _[z2+n (n+ 1) ]w=o

W{-Jh/z1nH (z) , -Jttr/zKnH(z) }=-ttrz- 2

(n=O, 1, 2, ... )

Representations

by

Elementary Functions

Particular solutions are the M odijied Spherical

Bessel Junctions of the first kind,

10.2.9

10.2.2

-J!7r/z1nH (z) = (2z) -1[R(n+!,-z) e"

- (-I)"R(n+!,z)e- Z]

-Jttr/ zl,,+I(z) = e -"7I'1/2jn (ze7l'I/2)

= e3n"I/2jn (ze -3,,1/2)

-Ji7r/z1 _n_,(z)=(2z) -1[R(n+!,-z)e"

oj the second kind,

+( -1)nR(n+!,z)e-'j

10.2.3

10.2.11

-J!7r/ zLn_l(z) = e3("+I),,1/2Yn (Ze,,I/2)

R(n

(-7r<arg z:::;ttr)
= e - (n+1)1r1/2 yn (ze -3,,1/2)
(!7r<arg Z:::;7r)
oj the third kind,

1 )
+(n+l)! (2 )-1
=1 l!r(n) z
+~,z

(n+2)! (2) 2+
+ 2!r(n-l) z ...

" (n+!, k)(2z)-1.I

=:E
o

10.2.4

-J!7r/zKn+,(z) =!7r( -1)"+I-J!7r/z[lnH (z) -I -n-,(z)]

10.2.12

The pairs

-Jttr/Z1n+l(Z)=gn(Z) sinh Z+g-n-l(Z) cosh z

go(Z)=Z-I, gl(Z)=-Z-2

and
are linearly independent solutions for every n.
Most properties of the Modified Spherical
Bessel functions can be derived from those of the
Spherical Bessel functions by use of the above
relations.
Ascending Series
10.2.5

-J!7r/ zln +,(z)

(n=O, 1,2, ...)

(See 10.1.9.)

1 35 ... (2n+ 1)

gn-l (z) -gn+! (z) = (2n+ 1) z-lgn(Z)

(n=O, 1, 2, ... )

The Functions-Jttr/z1(n+l)(Z), 1/=0,1,2

10.2.13
~
sinh Z
-V 1 7r/z11/2 (z) = - -

~/I () _ sinh z+cosh z

-Vl 7r/ Z 3/2 z - - Z2
Z

-Jtrr/zI5/ 2(z) =(33 +!) sinh z- 32 cosh z

10.2.14

'-I-

cosh z
Y'17r/z1 -1/2(Z)=--

~1

-Vl7r/Z

-3/2

() _ sinh z _ cosh z
z- Z
Z2

-J!7r/z1 -6/2(Z)=- 32 sinh z+(3a+!) cosh z

See page

II.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

444

Modified Spherical Be_I Functions of J;he Third Kind

10.2.15

I
I

~ !wi zKn+t (z) =

In. ie(lI+ 1l .. f/2h~1l (zetrf)

(-1I'"<arg z~h)
= -!1I'"ie-(n+1) .. 1/2h~2) (ze-trl)
(!1I'"<arg Z~ 11'")

= (h/z)e- :E (n+!, k)(2z)-1:

Z

I
1
I

I I

1
1
1
I

I 1
I I

I
1

I I
I
I

The Functions -vl'lr/zKn+t(z) ,n=O, 1, 2

I
1

I
I

,
I

(11.=0, 1, 2, ...)

1~
I
2iKL

I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I
I I I

10.2.16

Kn+t (z) =K -n-,(z)

I I I

I
I

I
I

I
6

1
1

\ \
I
\
\ \

10.2.17 ..J11l'"/zKI/2 (z) = (!1I'"fz)e-'

..Jh/zK3/2(z) = (!1I'"/z)e- z(1 +Z-I)
..J11l'"/zK5/2 (z) = (!1I'"/z)e- Z (1 +3z- 1+3z- 2)
Elementary Properties
Recurrence Relations

FIGURE

I,.(z): ..J!1I'"/zIn+t (z) , (-1)"+l..J!1I'"/zKn+i(Z)

(11.=0, 1,

10.4.

-J~ 1,,+t(x) , {ix Kn+l(X).

n=0(1)3.

2, ...)

10.2.18 1n-l(Z)-ln+1(Z) =(211.+ l)z- 11n(z)

10.2.19

d
nln-l(Z) +(11.+1) In+1 (z)=(2n+l) dz In(z)

11.+1
d
10.2.20 1n(Z)+d- 1n(z) =In-l (z)

(See 10.2.22.)
10.2.21

11.
d
-- In(Z)+-d jn(Z)=jn+1(Z)

(See 10.2.23.)

Dift'erentiation Formulas

1,.(z): ..Jtrr/ZIIIH(Z) , (_I)n+l..Jir/zK n+t(z)

(11.=0,
10.2.22

10.2.23

10

410. 5

1, 2, ... )

d:r[zlI+IJn(z)l=zll-m+IJn-m(Z)

d:r[Z-"jn(z)l=z-lI-mjn+m(Z)
(m=l, 2, 3, ... )

FIGURE

10.5.

..Jfx 1,,+1(x) , -J~ K,,+l(x).

x=10.

~;:>/<f(..J{.)

445

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Addition Theorems and Degenerate Forms

Formulas of Rayleigh's Type

~/I () _ n
"VFTIZ. n+l Z -z

10.2.24

(1Z

d)n sinh Z
dz - z -

r, p, 8, ~ arbitrary complex; R=.Jr2+p2-2rp cos 8

10.2.35
10.2.25
1-

"V!7r/zL n_ i (z)=zn

e- XR 2 .,
~R =:; ~ (2n+I) [.J!1I"/~rIn+l(~r)]

(1Zdz

d)n cosh z
-z-

[.J!1I"/~pKn+i(Xp) ]Pn(eos 8)

(n=O, 1,2, ... )

10.2.36
e'C089=i: (2n+I) [.J!lI"/ZIn+i(Z)]Pn(cos 8)
o

10.2.26

. 10.2.37

(ttr/z) [I~+l(Z) - I~n-i(Z)]

=~

z2 0

(-I)HI (2n-k)!(2n-2k)! (2z)2A:-2n

k! [(n-k) !]2

e- ZC089 =i: (-l)n(2n+I)[.J!1I"/zIn+1(z)]Pn(C(i)s 8)

o
Duplication Formula

(n=O, 1,2, ... )

10.2.38
10.2.27
10.2.28

Kn+l(2z) =

(!lI"/Z) [n/2(Z)-E 1I2 (Z)] =-Z-2

, -i n+i ~

(!lI"/z) [Iit2 (Z)-I~3/2 (Z)]=Z-2_ Z-4

n.lI"

10.2.29

(-I)k(2n-2k+I) K2
lc!(2n-k+I)!

()

n-Hl Z

10.3. Riccati-Bessel Functions

Differential Equation

10.3.1

Generating Function8

z2w"

IG.2.30

+[z2-n(n+ I)]w=O

(n=O,

!z sinh.Jz2-2izt=i:
(_~t)n [.J!1I"/zL n+1(z)]
0
n.

Pairs of linearly independent solutions are

zjn(z), ZYn(z)

(2iti<izi)

zh~I)(Z), Zh~2)(Z)

10.2.31
1
., (it) n
-cosh.Jz2+2izt=~ - , [.J!lI"/ZI n-i(Z)]
Z
0
n.

I, 2, ... )

All properties of these functions follow directly

from those of the Spherical Bessel functions.
The Functions zj .. (z) , zy .. (z), n=O, 1, 2

Derivatives With Respect to Order

10.2.32

zjo(z) = sin z,

I
[~VII I.(x)]'_1=--2
[Ei(2x)e-Z-EI(-2x)~]
lI"X

10.2.33

[ ~ I.(x)]
VII

10.2.34

10.3.2

._ -i

10.3.3
ZYjJ(z)=-cos z,

For EI (x) and Ei(x) , see 5.1.1, 5.1.2.

Z-Z-I

cos

Wronskian8

10.3.4
10.3.5

W{ zjn(z), ZYn(z)}

W{ zh~l) (z),

Zh~2) (z)}

ZV2(z)=-3z- sin z-(3z- 2-I) cos z

1T'X

VII

ZVI(Z)=-Sin
1

1
=-2 [Ei(2x)e- z +EI ( -2x)~]

[~ K.(x)].-i = "T.J1I"/2xEi( -2x)eZ

'See page n.

zjl (z) = Z-I sin z-cos z

zj2(z)=(3z- 2-l) sin z-3z- 1 cos z

=1

= -2i
(n=O, 1, 2, . . .)

446

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

10.4. Airy Functions

10.4.12 W[Ai (z), Ai (ze- 2..f13 )} =!1I'- l e.. I / 6

Definitions and Elementary Properties

10.4.13 W{Ai (ze 2 ..1/3) , Ai (ze- 2..1/3 )} =iill'-l

Differential Equation

w"-zw=O

10.4.1

Pairs of linearly independent solutions are

Ai (z), 13i (z),
Ai (z), Ai (ze2rI / 3 ) ,
Ai (z), Ai (ze- 2.. t / 3 ).
Ascending Series

10.4.2 Ai (z)=cd(Z)-C2g(Z)
10.4.3 13i (z)=-V3[Cd(Z)+C2U(Z)]

1
14
147
!(z)=1+ ! Z3+6f Z6+9J Z9+ ...
3

FIGURE

3k

10.6. Ai (x), Ai' (x).

(a+~)k=(3a+l)(3a+4)

... (3a+3k-2)
(a arbitrary; k=l, 2, 3, ... )

(See 6.1.22.)

2.2

10.4.4

2.0
2/ 3

cI=Ai (O)=13i (0)/-V3=3- /r(2/3)

=.35502 80538 87817

.1.8
1.6

10.4.5

c2=-Ai' (G)=13i' (0)/-V3=3- 1/ 3/r(1/3)

1.2

=.25881 94037 92807

1.0

Relations Between Solutions

I"\

.8

{\

10.4.7

Ai (z)+e 2..1/3 Ai (ze 2.. l /3)+e- 2.. 1/3 Ai (ze- 2..1/3) =0

10.4.8
13i (z) +e2.. t /3 13i (ze2..1/3) +e-2.. t /3 13i (ze- 2.. t /3) =0
10.4.9

Ai (ze2rt/3)=jert/3[Ai (z):r=i 13i (z)]

Wronskians

10.4.10

W{ Ai (z), 13i (z)} =

11'-1

-1.0

FIGURE

10.7. Bi (x), Bi'

(~).

447

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Representations in Terms of Bessel Functions

10.4.30 I,HI3(r)=(~/2z)[~ Ai' (z)+Bi' (z)]

10.4.31

10.4.14
Ai (z)=hfz[I _l/~(r)-Il/3W]=7r-l.JZ73KI/3(r)
10.4.15

Integral Representations

10.4.32
(3a)-I/37r Ai [ (3a)-I/3 x] =

Ai (-z)=hlz[Jl/ 3W+J-l/3(r)]
=h'z/3[erI/6Hm(r)+e-rj/6HmW]

CD

cos

(at3~)dt

10.4.33
(3a)-II37r Bi [(3a)-I/3x]

10.4.16

*-

Ai' (z)=lz[L 2/3 (r) -I2/3(t)]=r- 1(zrV3)K2I3 (r)

10.4.17

CD

The Integrals

Ai' (-z)=-lz[J-2/3(rJ-J2Is(rJ]
=t(z/~) [e- rj /6Hj}Hr) +e rl/6Hm(t)]
Bi (i) =.v'zi3[L II3 (r) +I 1I3

10.4.18

(m

10.4.19

10.4.34

Bi (-z)=.JZ/3[J- 1I3 (r)-JII3 (r)]

10.4.36

10.4.20 Bi' (zJ=(Z/~)[L2/3(r)+I2/3(m

10.4.37

10.4.21
Bi' (- z) = (z/../3) [J-mer) +J2/3 (r)]
= ti(z/~) [e- rj /6
_e r1l6Hm(r)]

Hm(n

Representations of Bessel Functions in Terms of Airy

Functions

/
z=(~ ry

10.4.22 J,H/3(r)=t../37Z[..j3 Ai (-z)=t=Bi (-z)]

*10.4.23 H~1/3(r)=e=Frl/8.J37Z[Ai (-z)-iBi (-z)]
10.4.24 H~1/3(r)=e"'rtI6.J37Z[Ai (-z)+i Bi (-z)]
10.4.25 II/S(r) = tNz[=t= ~ Ai (z)+Bi (z)]
10.4.26

KHI3(r)=7r$jZ Ai (z)

10.4.27 J2/3(t)=(~/2z)[~ Ai' (-z)+Bi' (-z)]

10.4.28
(-z)-i Bi' (-z)]

10.4.29
HJ'~(r) =e

L'

Bi (t)dt

Ai

(t)dt=~

Ai

(-t)dt=~

i'Bi
i'

10.4.38

[Ll/ 3 (t)-Il/ 3(t)]dt

[J_ 1I3 (t)+Jl/3(t)]dt

(t)dt=Jg.r [Ll/ 3(t)+Il/s(t)]dt

Bi (-t)dt=

i'

.Ja

L'

L
r

[J -l/S(t) -JI/3 (t) Idt

Ai (H)dt,

L'

Bi (t)dt

Ai (t)dt=c 1F(z)-c 20(z)

(See 10.4.2.)

10.4.40

i'

Ai (-t)dt=-c1F(-z)+c,O(-z)

i'

Bi

(t)dt=~[c,F(z) +c20(z)]

(See 10.4.3.)

10.4.41

i'Bi (-t)dt=-~[CIF(-z)+cP(-z)]
1 1 4 7 1 4 . 7 10+
F(z)=z+ 4! z +71" z +lO! z
...

(1)I:

z3Hl

=~ 31: '3 (3k+l)!

H~}Hr) =e-2rt/3H~J/a(r)

1
2
25
258 11
0(z)=2! Z2+ ! Z&+grz8+---ur- Z + ...
5

=~ 31: G)I: (3i~;)!

2rj13H<!J/a(t)

=e-rl/6(~/z)[Ai' (-z)+i
'See page D.

i'
i'

CII

=erj/6(~/z)[Ai'

Ai(t)dt,

Ascending Series for

10.4.39

L'

r=f Z 3/ 2

10.4.35
= !i.JZ73 [e r l/6HDHr) - e- r l/6Hm (n]

[exp (-at 3 xt) sin (at 3 xt)]dt

Bi' (-z))

The constants

CI. C2

are given in 10.4.4, 10.4.5.

448

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

The Functions Gi(z), Hi(z)

10.4.42
CD

Gi (z)=1I"- i

10.4.55

sin(~t3+zt)dt

=~Bi (Z)+ .[[Ai (Z) Bi (t)-Ai (t) Bi (z)]dt

10.4.43

Gi'

Dift"erential Equations for Gi (z), Hi (z)

W" -ZW=-1I"-1

W(O) =~ Bi (0) =.Ja Ai (0) = .20497 55424 78

w'(O)=~Bi' (0)=-.Ja Ai' (0)=.149429452449

(z)=~Bi' (z)+ So'[Ai'(z) Bi (t)-Ai (t) Bi'(z)]dt

w(z)=Gi(z)

10.4.56
10.4.44

Hi(z)=1I"- l

i'" exp(-~

t 3 +zt) dt

=iBi (z)+ So'[Ai (t) Bi (z)-Ai(z) Bi(t)]dt

w(O) =~ Bi (0) =

w' (0) =i Bi' (0)=- ~ Ai' (0)=.298858904898

w(z)=Hi (z)

10.4.45

Hi' (z)=iBi' (z)+ i'[Ai (t) Bi'(z)-Ai'(z) Bi (t)]dt

10.4.46

Gi (z)+Hi (z)=Bi (z)

Representations of

So" Ai( t)dt, So" Bi( t) dt

by Gi (z), Hi (z)

10.4.47
i'Ai

.Jg Ai (0) = .40995 10849 56

(t)dt=~+1I"[Ai' (z)Gi(z)-Ai (z)Gi'(z)]

10.4.48

=-i-1I"[Ai' (z) Hi (z)-Ai (z) Hi' (z)]

Differential Equation for Products of Airy Functions

10.4.57

w'" -4zw' -2w=0

Linearly independent solutions are

Ai (z) Bi (z), Bi2 (z).

10.4.58 W{Ai2 (z),Ai (z) Bi (z), Bi2 (z)}=21r- a

Asymptotic Expansions for Izl Large

co=1, c~

r(3k+l)

(2k+l) (2k+3) ... (6k-l)

2161Ck!
'

54~k!r(k+l)

(k=l, 2, 3, ...)

(-z) Gi (-z)
Jof'Ai(-t)dt=-!-1I"[Ai'
3

r=-23 Z3/2

-Ai (-z) Gi' (-z)]

10.4.50

=~+1I"[Ail

(-z) Hi (-z)

-Ai (-z)Hi'(-z)]

10.4.59
.
1
Ai (z)"'Z1l"-1/2 z-1/4e- r ~
CD

10.4.51

10.4.60

So' Bi (t)dt=1I"[Bi' (z) Gi (z) - Bi (z) Gi' (z)]

Ai (-Z)_1I"-1/2Z-1/4 [sin

(-I)1Cc~r-1C

*
*

(r+i)
-cos (r+i)

=-1I"[Bi' (z) Hi (z)-Bi (z) Hi'(z)]

10.4.53

(Iarg zl<1I")

(-I)1Cc~r-~

(-I)1C~+1r-~-lJ
(I arg z 1<I 11")

So' Bi (-t)dt=-1I"[Bi' (-z) Gi (-z)

-Bi (-z) Gi' (-z)]
10.4.54

(z),

Wronskian for Products of Airy Functions

10.4.49

10.4.52

AP

=1I"[Bi' (-z) Hi (-z)

-Bi (-z) Hi' (-z)]

10.4.61
CD

Ai' (z) _-!?r- 1/ 2 zl/ 4 e- r ~

o

(-1)1Cd~r-1C

*
*

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

10.4.62

Ai' (-z) "'-'II"-izl [cos (s+~)

+sin(r+~)

449

10.4.70

(-1)td2ts- 2t

(-I)td2HlS-lIk-l]
(Iarg zl<i'll")

Ai' (-x)=N(x) cos 4>(x), Bi' (-x)=N(x) sin 4>(x)

N(x)=.J[Ai'! (-x)+Bi'! (-x)],
4>(x)=arctan [Bi' (-x)/Ai' (-x)]
Differential Equations for Modulus and Phase

10.4.63

Primes denote differentiation with respect to x

CD

Bi (z) "''II"-iz-le r ~ c"s-t

o
10.4.64

()arg zl<l '11")

**

Bi (-z) "''II"-lz-l [COS (s+~)

+sin(s+i)

10.4.72

(-1)"c2ts- 2t

(-I)"C2t+1S-2t-1]

10.4.65

Bi (ze"''''/8)

-cos (s+~=t=~ In

2) ~ (-I)tc2"s-2.t

2) ~ (-I)tc2k+1S-2t-l]
(larg

zl<! '11")

10.4.73

NN'=-xMM'

tan (4)-9)=M9'/M'= -(rMM')-I,

MN sin (4)-9)='11"-1
10.4.75
M"+xM-r- 2M-3=0
10.4.76

(M2)'" +4x(M2)' -2M2=0

0'2+Ho'" /0') -1(8" /0')2=X

10.4.77

Asymptotic Expansions of Modulus and Phase for

Large :t

1047& M2(X)

10.4.66

10.4.74

(larg zl<i'll")

",-$r;e"''''/6z-1 [sin (s+~=t=~ In

10.4.71

Bi' (-z) "''II"-izl [sin (r+i) ~ (-1)kd2"r-2.t

-cos (s+~)

"'!'II" x-1/2 ~ (

.1)10 23/&

~ 12~k!

(!)
(2X)-3J:
2 at

10.4.79

CD

Bi' (z)"''II"-izlet ~ dts-J: (Jarg zl<l'll")

o
10.4.67

(-I)kd2t+1r-2.t-l]

9(x) "'! 'II"-~ X8/2 [l-~ (2X)-3+ 1105 (2X)-6

4
3
4
96

- 82825 (2 )_9+1282031525 (2 )-12_

]
128
x
14336
x
...
10.4.80

(larg zl<f '11")

N2(X) "'! xi

'II"

10.4.68

' (-12~)t+l
6k+ 1 2311 (!)
k! 6k-1
2
0

(2x)-at

3t

10.4.81

"' .../*e~"'/6z1 [cos (s+i=t=~ In

+sin (s+~=t=; In

2) ~ (-I)td2k s-2.t
z/<! '11")

Modulus and Phase

10.4.69

Ai (-x) =M(x) cos O(x), Bi (-x) =M(x) sin O(x)

M(x)=.JlAi (-x)+Bi (-x)],
O(x)=arctan [Bi (-x)/Ai (-x)]
'See page n.

96

(2 )-9_ 2065 30429 (2 )-12+

]
+495271
640
X
2048
X

2) ~ (-1)td2k+1S-2.t-l]
(/arg

4>(x)"'~'II"_~X3/2 [1+~ (2x)-3_ 1463 (2X)-6

lSAi (t)dt,lSBi (t)dtfor Large:t

Asymptotic Forms of

10.4.82
10.4.83

i% Ai (t)dt"'~-~ 'II"-1/2X-3/4 exp (_~x3/2)

450

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

i% Bi (t)dt"-'7r- 2X- 3/ exp (~X3/2)

i% Bi (-t)dt"-'7r- 2X- 3/ sin GX3/2+~)
4

1
/

10.4.84

Bi' (fJ.) =

(-l).J2e-Tt/~1 [3; (48-1) + ~i In 2J

1
/

10.4.85

10.4.104

Asymptotic FormsofGi (x), Gi' (x), Hi (x), Hi' (x)

for Large x

10.4.105

Bi (fJ;) = (-1)8-1$.e

t/6 g1

[3 7r (48-3) +
8

~i In 2J

1zl sufficiently large

10.4.86

2/3(1+5 -2 5 _4 77125 -6
j()
z "'Z
48 z -36 z +82944 z

10.4.87

10.4.88

1080 56875 -8
6967296 z
)
1623755 96875 -10_
3344 30208 z
...

Hi (x)

10.4.90

"-'7r- 1/ 2X- 1/ 4

exp

(JX 3/ 2 )

g ()
z "'Z

2/3 (

7 -2+ 35 -4 181223 -6
1-48 z
288 z -207360 z

+186 83371

Hi (-x) "-'7r- 1X- 1

10.4.91

1~ 44160 z

10.4.92
10.4.93
j (z) "'"7r- 1/ 2Z1/ 6

-8

91145884361 -10
)
1911 02976 z + ...

1525
(1 +~48 z_2_ 4608

Z-4

Zeros and Their Asymptotic Expansions

+2397875
663552 z

Ai (z), Ai' (z) have zeros on the negative real

axis only. Bi (z), Bi' (z) have zeros on the negative real axis and in the sector i7r<1 arg zl<!7r.
a., a;; b., b; 8-th (real) negative zero of Ai (z),
Ai' (z); Bi (z), Bi' (z), respectively. fJ., fJ;; fJ., fJ:
8-th complex zero of Bi (z), Bi' (z) in the sectors
f7r<arg z<!7r, -!7r<arg z< -f7r, respectively.
10.4.94

a.= -j[3'11'(48-1)/8]

10.4.95

a;= -g[3'11'(48-3)/8]

-6

- ...

Formal and Asymptotic Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations of Second Order With Turning
Points

An equation

10.4.96 Ai' (a.)=(-I)-~1[3'11'(48-1)/8]

10.4.106 W"+a(z, X)W'+b(z, X)W 0

10.4.97 Ai (a;) = (-1),-l gl [3'11'(48-3)/8]

in which X is a real or complex parameter and,

for fixed X, a(z, X) is analytic in z and b(z, X) is
continuous in z in some region of the z-plane, may
be reduced by the transformation

10.4.98

b.= -j[3'11'(48-3)/8]

10.4.99

b;= -g[3'11'(48-1)/8]

10.4.100 Bi' (b.)= (-1)'-~1[3'11'(48-3)/8]

10.4.101

Bi (b;) = (-1)'gl[3'11'(48-1)/8]

10.4.102

fJ.=eTt/3j[387r

(48-1)+~iln 2J

10.4.103 fJ;=e Ttl3 g [3; (48-3) +

See page

11.

~i In 2J

10.4.107 W(z)=w(z) exp (

-~f' aCt, X)dt)

to the equation
10.4.108
w" +",,(z, X)w=O

lid
",,(z, X)=b(z, X)-4 a2(z, X)-2 dz a(z, X).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

If 'P(z, >.) can be written in the form

10.4.114

Yo(x)=Ai (-X213x)[1

10.4.109
where q(z, >.) is bounded in a region R of the z
plane, then the zeros of p(z) in R are said to be
turning points of the equ~tion 10.4.108.
The Special Case w"+IX2z+ q(z, X)]w=O

Let >.=I>.le'" vary over a sectorial domain S:

Ixl;:::>.o(>O), W15W5W2, and suppose that q(z, X) is
continuous in z for Izl<r and X in S, and q(z, X)

"'~ q,,(z)X-"asX~co inS.

o

W(z)=u(z)

u"+X2zu=0
Co,

9'o(z)=Co,

CI

constants

1,
1 f' "
'Pn+1(Z)=-"21/;,,(z)-"2 Jo ~ q"-k(t)I/;k(t)dt

I/;,,(z)=~ z-t Sa' t-t ['P~'(t)+

For further representations and details, we refer

to [10.4].
When z is complex (bounded or unbounded),
conditions under which the formal series 10.4.110
yields a uniform asymptotic expansion of a solution are given in [10.121 if q(z, X) is independent
of X and /X/~co with fixed w, and in 110.14] if X
lies in any region of the complex plane. Further
references are [10.2; 10.9; 10.10].

Let >.=/X/e'" where /X/;:::Xo(>O) and -1I"~wS1l";

suppose that p(z) is analytic in a region R and has
a zero Z= Zo in R, and that, for fixed X, q(z, X) is
analytic in z for z in R. The transformation
~=~(z), v=[p(Z)/~]I/4W(Z), where ~ is defined as
the (unique) solution of the equation

e( ddze)2

10.4.11S

q"-k(t)'Pk(t)] dt
(n=O, 1, 2, ... )

10.4.116

e
f(~, x)=( ddz

For z real, i.e. for the equation

p(z),

yields the special case

Uniform Asymptotic Expansions of Solutions

2
)-2q(z, X)-(de)-.
d [(de).]
dz
de
dz
.

Example:

10.4.111
where x varies in a bounded interval a<x<b that
includes the origin and where, for each fixed Xin S,
q(x, X) is continuous in x for a 5 x 5 b, the following
asymptotic representations hold.
(i) If X is real and positive, there are solutions
Yo (x) , YI(X) such that, uniformly in x on a5x50,
10.4.112

Consider the equation

10.4.117

y" +[X2_(X2_t) x- 2 ]y=0

for which the points x=O, co are singular points

and X= 1 is a turning point. It has the fundions
xV" (Xx) , xty,,(Xx) as particular solutions (see
9.1.49).
The equation 10.4.115 becomes

Yo(x)=Ai (-X213x)[1 +O(X -I)]

d~)2=x2-1

~ (dx

YI(x)=Bi (-X213x)l1+ O(X-I)]

and, uniformly in x on

(IXI~CXl )

The General Case w" +IX'p(z) +q(z, X)]w""O

'P,,(zP,-"+X-1u'(z) ~ I/;,,(z)X-"
o

+0(X-I)]

YI(x)=Bi (-X213X)[1+0(X- 1)]

Formal Series Solution

10.4.110

451

x2

whence

O~x~b

10.4.1I3

Yo(x) =Ai (- X213x)[1 +0(X-1)]

+Bi (- X213 x)0(X-I),

(O<x~l)

YI(x)=Bi (-X213 x )[1+0(X-I)]+Ai (-X213 x )0(X-I)

(X~co )

(ii) If ~X;:::O, fx~O, there are solutions

Yo (x) , YI(X) such that, uniformly in x on a~x~b,
See page n.

(15x< co).
Thus
10.4.118

X2-1)1/4

v(~)= ( ~

y(x)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

452

satisfies the equation

2 2
d2v [
5
X (x +4)]
10.4.119 de+ ~2~-I6e+4 (x2_I),a v=o

which is of the form 10.4.111 with x replaced by ~

and q(~, ~) independent of ~.
Suppose ~~:2:0, .f~~0. By the first equation
of 10.4.114 there is a solution voW of 10.4.119,
i.e., a solution yo(x) of 10.4.117 for which the
representation
10.4.120

vo(~)=CX:2~ I}/4 Yo(x)=Ai(-~2/a~)[I+O(~-I)]

<

holds uniformly in x on 0 x< as I~I ~Q)

To identify Yo(x) in terms of XlJA(~)' xiY}.(~),
restrict x to O<x~b<I so that by 10.4.118 ~ is
negative, and replace the Airy function by its
asymptotic representation 10.4.59. This yields
Q)

10.4.121
Yo (x)
2
=(X -I)-1/4 !7r-1/2~-1/6(_OI/' exp
~

=~ 7r-1/2~ -1/6

Numerical Methods
10.5. Use and Extension of the Tables
SphericwBe~IFunction8

To computejn(x), Yn(x), n=O, 1,2, for values of

x outside the range of Table 10.1, use formulas

10.1.11, 10.1.12 and obtain values for the circular

functions from Tables 4.H.8.
Example 1. Compute jl (x) for x= 11.425.

From 10.1.11, jl (x) = sin2 X _ cos x. Hence, using

x

(~~( _~)a/2)
3

. (11 425)=- .90920500

(11.425)2

Jl'

.41634 873
11.425

=-.0069654535-.03644 1902
=-.043407356.

X2X) -1/4 exp

be fixed and

(~ ~(_~)a/2)

X~O

in 10.4.121. There

On the other hand, Yo(x) is a solution of 10.4.117

and therefore it can be written in the form

where, from 9.1.7 for

JA(~X)

[1+0(~-1)]

T...et now
results

Q)

Tables 4.6 and 4.8,

[1+0(~-1)]

It follows from 10.4.120 that uniformly in x on

O<x<
10.4.125

fixed and

X~O

Thus, letting x~o in 10.4.123 and comparing the

resulting relation with 10.4.122 one finds that
C2=0 and

To compute jn(x), 11 ~n ~20, for a value of x

within the range of Table 10.3, obtain from Table
10.3, directly or possibly by linear interpolation,
j21(X), j20(X) and use these as starting values in the
recurrence relation 10.1.19 for decreasing n.
An alternative procedure which often yields
better accuracy and which also applies to computations of jn(x) when both n and x are outside the
range of Table 10.1 is the following device essentially due to J. C. P. Miller [9.20].
At some value N larger than the desired value
n, assume tentatively FN+ 1=0, FN= 1 and use
recurrence relation 10.1.19 for decreasing N to
obtain the sequence FN-t, . . . , Fo. If N was
chosen large enough, each term of this sequence
up to Fn is proportional, to a certain number of
significant figures, to the corresponding term in
the sequence jN-I(X), . . . , jo(x) of true values.
The factor of proportionality, p, may be obtained
by comparing, say, Fo with the true value jo(x)
computed separately. The terms in the sequence
pFo, . . . pFn are then accurate to the number
of significant figures present in the tentative
values. If the accuracy obtained is not sufficient,
the process may be repeated by starting from a
larger value N.

4:>3

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Example 2. Compute j15(X) for x=24.6.

Interpolation in Table 10.3 yields for x=24.6
x- 21 eZ'/86j2l (x) = ( - 28)3.934616
X- 20eZ'/82j20(X) = (-27)9.48683
whence.
j21 (24.6) =

.05604 29, j2o(24.6) = .03896 98.

From the recurrence relation 10.1.19

results
[.00890
jI9(24.6)= .00890 67660
[- .02485
jI8(24.6)=-.0248493173
[-.04628
i17(24.6) = - .04628 17554
[- .04099
j16(24.6)=-.04099 87086
[-.00871
j16(24.6)=-.00871 65122

there
70]
90]
16]
88]
67]

For comparison, the correct values are shown in

brackets.
To compute jlS(X) for x=24.6 by Miller's device, take, for example, N=39 and assume
F 40=0, F39= 1. Using 10.1.19 with decreasing N,
i.e., FN_1 =[(2N+l)/x]FN-FN+1, N=39, 38, . . . ,
1, 0, generate the sequence F38 , F37 , " F l , Fo,
compute from Table 4.6, jo(24.6)= (sin 24.6)/24.6
= - .02064 620296, and obtain the factor of proportionality

p=io(24.6)/Fo= .00000 03839 17642.

The value pF15 equals jls(24.6) to 8 decimals.
The final part of the computations is shown in
the following table, in which the correct values
are given for comparison.
N

FN

15 -22704. 71107
14 + 78178. 88236
13 + 114866. 80811
12 +47894. 44353
-66193.59317
11
10 -109782. 76234
9 - 27523. 39903
8 + 88524. 85252
7 +88699.11017
6 - 34440. 02929
5 -106899. 12565
4 -13360. 39272
3 +102011.17704
2 + 42387. 96341
1 -93395. 73728
0 -53777. 68747

pFN

-.00871 67391
+. 03001 42522
+. 04409 93941
+.01838 75218
-.02541 28882
-.04214 75392
-.01056 67185
+. 03398 62526
+. 03405 31532
-.01322 21348
-.04104 04602
-.00512 92905
+.03916 38905
+.0162734870
-.03585 62712
-. 02064 62030

jN(24.6)

-.00871
+.03001
+.04409
+.01838
-.02541
-.04214
-.01056
+.03398
+.03405
-.01322
-.04104
-.00512
+.03916
+.01627
-.03585
-.02064

674
425
939
752
289
754
672
625
315
213
046
929
389
349
627
620

It may be observed that the normalization of the

sequence FN, FN_l , , Fo can also be obtained
from formula 10.1.50 by computing the sum

u="o

(2k+ 1)]11 and finding p= 1/,(i

This

yields, in the case of the example, p= 1/{;=

.00000 03839 177.

Modified Spherical Bessel FUDctioDs

To compute .Jh/xln+t(x), .Jh/xKn+t (x) , ~=O,

1, 2, . . . for values of x outside the range of

Table 10.8, use 'formulas 10.2.13, 10.2.14 together

with 10.2.4 and obtain values for the hypellbolic
and exponential functions from Tables 4.4 and
4.15. In those cases when .Jh/xln+i(x) and
.Jh/xL n-t (x) are nearly equal, i.e., when x is
sufficiently large, compute .J!7r/xKn+t (x) from
formula 10.2.15, for which the coefficients (n+!, k)
are given in 10.1.9.
Exalllple 3. Compute .J!-rr/xIs/2(x) , .J!7r/xK5/ 2(:C)
for x=16.2.
Fro'm 10.2.13, .J!7r/xIs/ 2 (x)=(3+x2) sinh :11/x33 cosh x/x2; from Table 4.4, cosh 16.2= (6)5.421l7
59950 and this equals the value of sinh 16.2 to th(\
same number of significant figures. Hence

.Jh/16.2Is/ 2 (16.2) = (.06243 402371

-.01143118427)[(6)5.426759950]
=338814.4594-62034.29298
=276780.1664.

To compute .J!7r/16.2K5 / 2 (16.2) use 10.2.17 and

obtain

/16 2K

Y<J7r

5/2

[_1_...l.._6
-...l..-E-_J
(32.4)2
(32.4):1

(16 2)-7re -16.2 !32.4

= (-7)2.8945 38069[.036932 60400]

= (-8)1.069028283.

To compute .J!7r/Xln+i (x) , 3 :$n:$8, for a

value of x within the range of Table 10.9, obta'ln
from Table 10.9, .y!7r/xII9 /2(X) , .J!7r/xI21 / 2(x) for
the desired value of x and use these as starting
values in the recurrence relation 10.2.18, for
decreasing n.
To compute .J!7r/xKnH (x) for some integer n
outside the range of Table 10.9, obtain from
10.2.15 or from Table 10.8, .Jh/xHt(x),
.J!7r/XK3/~(X) for the desired value of x and UBe
these as starting values in the recurrence relliLtion
10.2.18 for increasing n. If x lies within the
range of Table 10.9 and
10, the recU1'tenee
may be started with .Ji7r/xKI9 /2(X), .Jh/xK2~/2(:'C)
obtained from Table 10.9.
Example 4. Compute .J!7r/xKu /2(x) for x=3.6.
Obtain from Table 10.8 for x=3.6

n>

.J17r/xK1 /2(x) =.01192 222

.J!7rjzK3 /2(x) = .01523 3952

454

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

The recurrence relation 10.2.18 yields successively

--v'!11"/3.6K5/2 (3.6) = - .01192 222

3
- 3.6 (.01523 3952)

y'(x), respectively, the following formulas may be

used, in which d, d' denote approximations to c, c'
and u=y(d)/y'(d), v=y'(d')/d'2 y (d').
u3
u4
u5
c=d-u-2d -+2 --24d2 -

3!

=-.02461 718

+88d

.J!1I"/3.6K7/2 (3.6) = .01523 3952

5
+ 3.6 (.02461 718)

4!

5!

~~-(88+720d3) ;;

u9
2 US
+5856d 8 !-(16640d+40320d4)9

!+ ...

= .04942' 4480
-.J11l"/3.6K9/2 (3.6) = - .02461 718

- 3.6 (.04942 ':1:480)

= - .12072 034
-v'!11"/3.6KI1/2 (3.6) = .04942 4480

9
+ 3.6 (.12072 034)
=.35122 533.

As a check, the recurrence can be carried out until

n=9 and the value of -v'!11"/3.6K19/2 (3.6) so obtained

can be compared with the corresponding value

from Table 10.9.
To compute -v'h/x[,,+l(x) when both n and x
are outside the range of Table 10.9, use the device
described in [9.20].
Airy Functions

y(c')=y(d') {1-d'2

~-d'3 v3! _
2!

(3d'3+3d'6) v
4!
6

_ (15d'3+ 14d'6) v

5!

-(105d'3+101d'6+45d'4)~;_

... }

To compute Ai (x) , Bi(x) for values of x beyond

1, use auxiliary functions from Table 10.11.
Example 5. Compute Ai(x) for x=4.5.
First, for x=4.5,

Example 6. Compute the zero of y(x)=Ai(x)

-Bi(x) near d=-.4.
From Table 10.11,

e=i x 3/2=6.36396 1029, e- 1 =.15713 48403.

y( -.4)=.02420 467, y'( -.4)= -.71276 627

Hence, from Table 10.11, f(-e)=.55848 24 and

thus

whence u=y( - .4)/y' (- .4) = - .033958776. From

the above formulas

Ai (4.5)
=!(4.5)-11 4 (.55848 24) exp (-6.36396 1029)
=i(.68658 905)(.55848 24)(.00172 25302)
=.00033 02503.

To compute the zeros c, c' of a solution Vex) of

the equation y" -xy=O and of its derivative

c=-.4+.03395 8776-.00000 5221

+ .00000 0111 + .00000 0001
= - .36604 6333.
y'(c)=( -.71276 627){ 1+.00023 0640
- .00000 6527 - .00000 0027 + .00000 0002}
= (-.71276 627)(1.00022 4088)
=-.71292 599.

455

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

References
Texts

Tables

[10.1] H. Bateman and R. C. Archibald, A guide to tables

of Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids Compo I,
205-308 (1944), in particular, pp. 229-240.
[10.2] T. M. Cherry, Uniform asymptotic formulae for
fUnctions with transition points, Trans. Amer.
Math. Soc. 68, 224-257 (1950).
(lO.3J A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. I, 2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1953).
(10.4] A. Erdelyi, Asymptotic expansions, California
Institute of Technology, Dept. of Math.,
Technical Report No.3, Pasadena, Calif. (1955).
(10.5J A. Erdelyi, Asymptotic solutions of differential
equations with transition points or singularities,
J. Mathematical Physics I, 16-26 (1960).
[10.6] H. Jeffreys, On certain approximate solutions of
linear differential equations of the second order,
Proc. London Math. Soc. 23, 428-436 (1925).
(10.7] H. Jeffreys, The effect on Love waves of heterogeneity in the lower layer, Monthly Nat. Roy.
Astr. Soc., Geophys. SuppI. 2, 101-111 (1928).
(10.8] H. Jeffreys, On the use of asymptotic approximations of Green's type when the coefficient has
zeros, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 52, 61-66
(1956) .
[10.9] R. E. Langer, On the asymptotic solutions of
differential equations with an application to the
Bessel functions of large complex order, Trans.
Amer. Math. Soc. 34,447-480 (1932).
(10.10] R. E. Langer, The asymptotic solutions of ordinary
linear differential equations of the second order,
with special reference to a turning point, Trans.
Amer. Math. Soc. 67,461-490 (1949).
[10.11] W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger, Formeln und
Siitze fUr die speziellen Funktionen der mathematischen Physik, 2d ed. (Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Germany, 1948).
[10.12] F. W. J. Olver, The asymptotic solution of linear
differential equations of the second order for
large values of a parameter, Philos. Trans. Roy.
Soc. London [A] 247, 307-327 (1954-55).
[10.13] F. W. J. Olver, The asymptotic expansion of Bessel
functions of large order, Philos. Trans. Roy.
Soc. Lbndon [A] 247, 328-368 (1954).
(10.14J F. W. J. Olver, Uniform asymptotic expansions of
solutions of linear second-order differential
equations for large values of a parameter, Philos.
Trans. Roy. Soc. London [A] 250,479-517 (1958).
[10.15] W. R. Wasow, Turning point problems for systems
of linear differential equations. Part I: The
formal theory; Part II: The analytic theory.
Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 14, 657-673 (1961);
15, 173-187 (1962).
[10.16J G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions, 2d ed. (Cambridge U niv. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1958).

[10.17] H. K. Crowder and G. C. FranCis, Tables of

spherical Bessel functions and ordinary Bessel
functions of order half and odd integer of the
first and second kind, Ballistic Research Laboratory Memorandum Report No. 1027, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Md. (1956).
[10.18] A. T. Doodson, Bessel functions of half integral
order [Riccati-Bessel functions], British Assoc.
Adv. Sci. Report, 87-102 (1914).
[10.19J A. T. Doodson, Riccati-Bessel functions, British
Assoc. Adv. Sci. Report, 97-107 (1916).
[10.20] A. T. Doodson, Riccati-Bessel functions, British
Assoc. Adv. Sci. Report, 263-270 (1922).
[10.21] Harvard University, Tables of the modified Hankel
fUnctions of order one-third and of their derivatives (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,
1945).
[10.22J E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th
ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1945).
[10.23J C. W. Jones, A short table for the Bessel functions
I,,+!(x) , (2( ... )K,,+!(x) (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1952).
[1O.24J J. C. P. Miller, The Airy integral, British Assoc.
Adv. Sci. Mathematical Tables, Part-vol. B
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1946) .
[10.25] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical
Bessel functions, vols. I, II (Columbia Univ.
Press, New York, N.Y., 1947).
[1O.26J National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Bessel
functions of fractional order, vols. I, II (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1948-49).
[10.271 National Bureau of Standards, Integrals of Airy
functions, Applied Math. Series 52 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
1958) .
[10.28] J. Proudman, A. T. Doodson and G. Kennedy,
Numerical results of the theory of the diffraction
of a plane electromagnetic wave by a conducting
sphere, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London [Al
217, 279-314 (1916-18), in particular pp. 284288.
[10.29] M. Rothman, The problem of an infinite plate
under an inclined loading, with tables of the
integrals of Ai (x), Bi (x), QUart. J. Mech.
Appl. Math. 7, 1-7 (1954).
[lO.30J M. Rothman, Tables of the integrals and differential coefficients of Gi (+x), Hi (-x), Quart.J.
Mech. Appl. Math. 7, 379-384 (1954).
[10.31] Royal Society Mathematical Tables, vol. 7,
Bessel functions, Part III. Zeros and associated
values (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England, 1960).

456

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

[10.32] R. S. Scorer, Numerical evaluation of integrals of

the form

and the tabulation of the function

Gi (z) = (1 /11")50" sin (uz+ 1/3u')du,
Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 3, 107-112 (1950).

[10.33] A. D. Smirnov, Tables of Airy functions (and

special confluent hypergeometric functions).
Translated from the Russian by D. G. Fry
(Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., 1960).
[10.34] 1. M. Vinogradov and N. G. Cetaev, Tables of
Bessel functions of imaginary argument (Izdat.
Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1950).
[10.35] P. M. Woodward, A. M. Woodward, R. Hensman,
H. H. Davies and N. Gamble, Four-figure tables
of the Airy functions in the complex plane,
Phil. Mag. (7) 37, 236-261 (1946).

457

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Table 10.1

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

jo(x)

Y1 (x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1.00000
0.99833
0.99334
0.98506
0.97354

000
417
665
736
586

jl (x)
0.00000 0000
0.03330 0012
0.06640 0381
0.09910 2888
0.13121 215

0.00000
0.00066
0.00265
0.00596
0.01054

000000
619061
90561
15249
5302

-9.95004
-4.90033
-3.18445
-2.30265

17
29
50
25

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.95885
0.94107
0.92031
0.89669
0.87036

108
079
098
511
323

0.16253
0.19289
0.22209
0.24998
0.27639

703
196
828
551
252

0.01637
0.02338
0.03153
0.04075
0.05094

1107
8995
8780
0531
5155

-1.75516
-1.37555
-1.09263
-0.87088
-0.69067

51
94
17
339
774

- 4.46918
- 3.23366
- 2.48121
-1.98529
-1.63778

13
97
34
93
29

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.84147
0.81018
0.77669
0.74119
0.70389

098
851
924
860
266

0.30116
0.32417
0.34528
0.36438
0.38137

868
490
457
444
537

0.06203
0.07392
0.08651
0.09968
0.11334

5052
4849
2186
8571
028

-0.54030
-0.41236
-0.30196
-0.20576
-0.12140

231
011
480
833
510

-1.38177
-1.18506
-1.02833
- 0.89948
- 0.79061

33
13
66
193
059

- 3.60501
-2.81962
-2.26887
-1.86995
-1.57276

76
54
66
92
05

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.66499
0.62473
0.58333
0.54102
0.49805

666
350
224
646
268

0.39617
0.40870
0.41892
0.42679
0.43228

297
814
749
364
539

0.12734
0.14159
0.15595
0.17029
0.18450

928
426
157
628
320

-0.04715
+0.01824
0.07579
0.12622
0.17015

8134
9701
0879
339
240

0.69643
0.61332
0.53874
0.47090
0.40849

541
744
937
236
878

-1.34571
-1.16823
-1.02652
-0.91106
- 0.81515

27
87
51
065
048

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.45464
0.41105
0.36749
0.32421
0.28144

871
208
837
966
299

0.43539
0.43614
0.43454
0.43065
0.42451

778
199
522
030
529

0.19844
0.21200
0.22506
0.23749
0.24920

795
791
330
812
113

0.20807
0.24040
0.26750
0.28968
0.30724

342
291
051
523
738

0.35061
0.29657
0.24590
0.19826
0.15342

200
450
723
956
325

0.73399
0.66408
0.60282
0.54829
0.49902

142
077
854
769
644

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.23938
0.19826
0.15828
0.11963
0.08249

886
976
884
863
9769

0.41621
0.40583
0.39346
0.37923
0.36326

299
020
703
606
136

0.26006
0.26999
0.27889
0.28668
0.29328

673
585
675
572
784

0.32045
0.32957
0.33484
0.33650
0.33481

745
260
153
798
316

- 0.11120
- 0.07151
- 0.03427
+ 0.00054
0.03295

588
1067
3462
2796
3045

0.45390
0.41208
0.37292
0.33592
0.30072

450
537
316
641
380

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.04704
+0.01341
-0.01824
-0.04780
-0.07515

0003
3117
1920
1726
9148

0.34567
0.32662
0.30626
0.28475
0.26224

750
847
652
092
678

0.29863
0.30267
0.30536
0.30666
0.30655

750
895
678
620
336

0.32999
0.32230
0.31196
0.29923
0.28435

750
166
712
629
241

0.06295
0.09055
0.11573
0.13847
0.15879

9164
5161
164
939
221

0.26703
0.23466
0.20346
0.17334
0.14424

834
763
870
594
164

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.10022
-0.12292
-0.14319
-0.16101
-0.17635

378
235
896
523
030

0.23892
0.21495
0.19051
0.16577
0.14091

369
446
380
697
846

0.30501
0.30205
0.29766
0.29189
0.28474

551
107
961
179
912

0.26755
0.24909
0.22921
0.20814
0.18613

905
956
622
940
649

0.17666
0.19211
0.20514
0.21579
0.22407

922
667
929
139
760

- 0.11612
- 0.08900
- 0.06287
- O. 03778
-0.01376

829
2337
8964
7773
91')2

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.18920
-0.19957
-0.20751
-0.21306
-0.21627

062
978
804
185
320

0.11611
0.09152
0.06731
0.04365
+0.02069

075
2967
9710
9843
5380

0.27628
0.26654
0.25560
0.24352
0.23038

369
781
355
220
368

0.16341
0.14020
0.11672
0.09320
0.06984

091
096
877
9110
8380

0.23005
0.23377
0.23531
0.23473
0.23214

335
514
060
838
783

+ 0.00912
0.03085
0.05135
0.07056
0.08843

9107
4018
0236
1855
4232

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-0.21722
-0.21601
-0.21274
-0.20753
-0.20050

892
978
963
429
053

-0.00142
-0.02257
-0.04262
-0.06146
-0.07898

95812
9838
9993
5266
2225

0.21627
0.20129
0.18553
0.16911
0.15214

586
380
900
850
407

0.04684
0.02438
+0.00263
-0.01822
- 0.03806

3511
0984
5886
8955
3749

0.22763
0.22132
0.21331
0.20373
0.19273

858
000
046
659
242

0.10491
0.11995
0.13351
0.14556
0.15606

5.0

-0.19178 485

-0.09508 9408

[( -:)3]

[( 1)4]
jn

j2(x)

0.13473 121

(X)=-J~1f/:JnH (x)

[( -:)2]

Yo (x)
-co

Y2(x)

-co

-0.05673 2437

-co

-100.49875
-25.495011
-11.599917
-- 6.73017 71

- 3005.0125
- 377.52483
-112.81472
-48.173676
- 25.059923
-14.792789
-9.54114 00
-6.57398 92
-4.76859 87

0.18043 837

Yn(x)=-J~"!xYnH(X)= (-It+

554
814
972
433
319

0.16499 546

0,,/xJ -(nH) (x)

Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, vols. I, II. Columbia
Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

458

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

Table 10.1
x

io(x)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1. 9178
-1.8153
-1. 6990
-1.5703
-1. 4310

-1
-2
-2
-2

-1."'8
-1. 1273

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

-9.6611
-8.0104
-6.3369

-2~-4.6569
-2 -2.9863
-2 -1. 3402
-3~+2.6689

-2

1.8211

~ -2~ 3. 3095

6.5
6.6
6. 7
6.8
6.9

-2 4.7203
-2~ 6.0425
~-2 7.2664
-2 8.3832

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

9.3855
1.0267
1. 1023
-1~ 1.1650
( -1 1. 2145

l=ll

i l (x)
-9.5089
-1.0971
-1. 2277
-1.3423
-1.4404

-1
-1
-2
-2
-2

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.5217
-1. 5862
-1.6339
-1.6649
-1.6794

-2 4.5277
-2 2.7749
-2 +1.0617
-3 -6.0100
-2 -2.2024

-1~ -1. 6779

-1 -1. 6609
-1 -1. 6289
-1~-1.5828

'r

-1 -1.5234

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1. 8044
1.6700
1.5257
1.3730
1.2134

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.6500
1.7235
1.7812
1.8231
1.8495

-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.2885
-1.3849
-1. 4644
-1.5268
-1.5720

1.0485
-1~ 8.7995
-2
-2 7.0920
-2~ 5.3780
-2 3.6725

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.8604
1.8563
1.8377
1.8049
1.7587

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1. 6003
-1.6119
-1.6073
-1.5871
-1. 5519

-2
-3
-2
-2
-2

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.6998
1.6288
1.5467
1.4544
1.3528

-1.5024
-1.4397
-1.3648
-1.2785
-1.1822

1.2430
1.1260
1.0030
8.7500
7.4323

r
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-9.4292
-8.1954
-6.9183
-5.6107
-4.2851

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.3427
-1.3730
-1.3906
-1. 3956
-1.3882

-,('.0770
-2
-2
-2
-2

-2 -1.6303
-3 -3.2520
-3 +9.4953
-2 2.1829

-2.9542

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.3688
-1.3379
-1. 2960
-1. 2437
-1.1816

-1
-2
-2
-2

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1. 2367
1.1974
1.1472
1. 0870
1.0174

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

9.3940
8.5395
7.6203
6.6468
5.6294

-21

10.0

-5.6732
-7.4113
-9.0099
-1. 0460
-1.1754

-I} -1. 0009

-1 -1.0940
-1 -1.1750
-1~ -1. 2435
-1 -1. 2995

1. 2507
1. 2736
1. 2833
1. 2802
1. 2645

q.9

-3.7326
-5.1819
-6.5418
-7.8042
-8.9620

3.3646
4.4850
5.5351
6.5069
7.3932

-lr

'lOS

-1.0313
-9.4473
-8.5177
-7.5334

~ -2
-2

Y2 (x)

Y1(x)

Yo(x)
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1

-1.4515
-1.3682
-1. 2746
-1.1717
-1.0607

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

1.3473
1.1700
9.9065
8.1054
6.3084

-1
-1
-1
-1

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

i 2 (x)

-2
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.9898
+3.4379
-1.2523
-2. 7861
-4.2458

-2
-2
-2
-1

-6.9018
"10
-8.0795
-9.1466
-1.0097

-1
-1
-1
-2
-2

-9.6415
-8.4493
-7.2065
-5.9263

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.0924
-1.1625
-1.2197
-1.2637
-1.2946

6.0883
-2 4. 7295
-2 3.3674
-2 2.0132
-3 +6.7812

-2
-2
-2
-3
-3

-4.6218
-3.3061
-1.9919
-6.9174
+5.8231

-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.3171
-1.3092
-1.2891
-1.2571

-2
-2
-2
-2

-2
-2
-2
-2

1.8188
3.0067
4.1360
5.1973
6.1820

-1
-1
-1
-1
-2

-1.2140
-1.1603
-1.0968
-1.0243
-9.4378

-T6."11
-2 -7.3040
-2 -8.1487

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

7.0825
7.8921
8.6051
9.2170
9.7240

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-8.5607
-7.6218
-6.6312
-5.5994
-4.5369

ITS.

r
-r'"" r'

-6.2736

-1.8929
-3.1089
-4.2662
-5.3561

-2 -8.8997
-2 -9.5527

r'

-2
-2
-2
-1

8.1877
8.8851
9.4810
9.9723
1.0357

-6.5042
-5.4401
-2 -4.3510
-3.2471
~ -2
-2 -2.1385

4.5791
-2 3.5066
-2 2.4227
-2 1.3382
-3 +2.6357

-1
-1
-1
-1

1.0632
1.0800
1.0859
1.0813
1.0663

-1.0349
-4 +5.3818
-2 1.1184
-2 2.1498
-2 3.1395

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.0124
1.0415
1. 0596
1.0669
1.0635

-2
-2
-3
-3

-3.4542
-2.3621
-1.2710
-1.9101
+8.6782

-7.9106
-1.8159
-2.8017
-3. 7396
-4.6216

-1
-1
-2
-2
-2

1.0413
1. 0068
9.6325
9.1126
8.5149

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-1
-2
-2
-2

1.0497
1.0257
9.9213
9.4941
8.9817

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

1.8960
2.8844
3.8245
4.7084
5.5288

-T'""

(-2) 6.2793

(-2) -6. 5069

r r r ' r
r
-3
-2
-2
-2
-2

(-2)-5.4402

( -2) 7.8467

in

4.0795
4.9622
5.7808
6.5291
7.2018

( -2) 7.7942

(x)=~~"/xJnH(x)

(-2) 8.3907

Yn(x)=~~"/XYnH (X)=(-lt+

-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.0551
-1.0104

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.1275
-1.1193
-1.1011
-1.0731
-1.0358

-2
-2
-2
-2

-1.0892
-1.1126
-1.1253

-9.3558
-8.7385
-8.0528
-7.3063

0,,/xJ -(nH) (x)

459

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-10

x
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2;2
2.3
2.4

j3(X)

j4(X)

0.0000

0.0000

j6(X)

0.0000

-4 6.0413

-5 2.6894

-T0114O

9775
-'-4-41'01.3491
5390 --- '561'01.5866
7.3776
2.4847

-3
-3
-3
-3

2.0163
3.1787
4.7053
6.6361

9.0066
1.1847
1.5183
1.9033
2.3411

-4 4.2098
-4 6.6912

r' r'
-2
-2
-2
-2

( -2 2.8325

~ -2 3.3774

-2 3.9754
~ -2l4.6252
-2 5.3249

~ -2 6.0722

-2
(-2
( -2
(-2

6.8639
7.6962
8.5650
9.4654

-3
-3
-3
-3

1.0110
1.4661
2.0546
2.7976
3.7164

~ -3 4.8324
-3 6.1667
-3 7.7397
~ -3~ 9.5709
-2 1.1679

r,

4079
0
<-T0
6788
-2 1.9817
-2 2.3176
-2 2.6872

~-1 1.0392 ( -2 3.0911

tl

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.5205
1.6156
1.7087
1.7989
1.8857

-2~ 5.6150
-2 6.2142
-2) 6.8409
-2l7.4929
-2 8.1673

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.9681
2.0456
2.1174
2.1829
2.2414

-2
-1
-1
-1

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.2924
2.3354
2.3697
2.3951
2.4110

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.4174
2.4138
2.4001
2.3763
2.3423

-1 1.1339
1.2301
-1 1.3270
-1 1.4241

(-1) 2.2982

3.5292
-2 4.0014
-2 4.5071
-2 5.0454

- 7 9.7904

- 8 3.0149

0.0000

-12 1.8995
-11 1.8938

93
56
53
96
09

7.27309
7.27151
7.26677
7.25887
7.24783

19
10
00
47
46

-10
-10
- 9
- 9
- 8

1.1261
4.8282
1.6515
4.7873
1.2228

1.51828
1.51430
1.50962
1.50423
1.49815

26
88
48
66
12

7.23366
7.21637
7.19599
7.17254
7.14605

29
65
61
61
44

6 4.9082

8
8
7
7
7

2.8265
6.0254
1.2013
2.2640
4.0669

1.49137
1.48392
1.47579
1.46700
1.45757

65
11
48
80
18

7.11655
7.08407
7.04866
7.01035
6.96919

26
57
21
39
61

8875
6r
5 1.2279
- 5 1.8587
~- 5l2.7444
- 5 3.9632

7 7.0086
6 1.1649
6 1.8756
6l2.9356
6 4.4800

1.44749
1.43680
1.42549
1.41358
1.40109

84
05
17
63
93

6.92523
6.87852
6.82912
6.77708
6.72246

71
85
49
37
53

-12) 6.3072

~ - 1 ll.0761

-10 8.0448

- 5 3.0755
- 5 5.5059

7
7
7
6
6

1.1467
3.4113
8.5649
1.8989
3.8277

9.2561
1.4786
2.2643
3.3461
4.7963

6~ 7.1569
5 1.2590
5 2.1058
5~ 3.3756
5 5.2181

--

~ - 4) 6.6962
- 4~ 9.1354

~ --

7.8174
1.1395
1.6212
2.2577
3.0840

5
4
4
4
4

45
- 4
~- 4
- 4

{- 3 1.2212
- 3~ 1.6031
- 3 2.0705
{~ --

33
3
3
3

140'
--- '441'5.4720
07.1289

2.6352
3.3094
4.1059
5.0375
6.1171

!-,

(- 3 7.3576
8.7717
- 2 1.0372
1.2169
- 2
- 2 1.4174

9
8
8
7
7

3.8259
1.3665
4.0046
1.0153
2.3040

7901
7r
7 9.2769
6 1.6942
6~2.9451

~-

- 4 9.1665
- 3) 1.1645

5.6097
7.7975
1.0661
1.4358
1.9071

6~ 6.6832
6 9.7670
5 1.4009
5)1.9754
5) 2.7420

1.38804
1.37444
1.36030
1.34565
1.33050

63
35
78
67
81

6.66533
6.60575
6.54379
6.47951
6.41301

28
19
07
98
19

3~ 1.4630
3 1.8192
3 2.2404
3) 2.7345
3) 3.3096

4l2.5009
4 3.2410
4~ 4.1542
4 5.2705
4 6.6231

5
5
5
5
4

3.7516
5.0647
6.7532
8.9013
1.1607

1.31488
1.29879
1.28226
1.26531
1.24796

05
28
44
50
48

6.34434
6.27358
6.20082
6.12613
6.04960

22
74
63
95
91

4
3
3
3
3

8.2484
1.0187
1.2481
1.5177
1.8326

4
4
4
4
4

1.4983
1.9160
2.4283
3.0520
3.8056

1.23023
1.21214
1.19371
1.17496
1.15592

41
38
48
82
54

5.97131
5.89135
5.80979
5.72674
5.64226

85
26
75
00
82

- 2 1.3569
- 2 1.5429

3
3
3
3
3

2.1980
2.6195
3.1030
3.6544
4.2801

4
4
4
4
3

4.7098
5.7875
7.0639
8.5665
1.0325

1.13660
1.11703
1.09723
1.07722
1.05702

79
73
52
33
31

5.55647
5.46943
5.38125
5.29201
5.20181

05
61
47
62
05

09744
33 34.7374

1.6397
1.8848
2.1532
2.4457
2.7626

9.5706
1.0292
1.1022
1.1756

2
2
2
2
2

3.1042
3.4705
3.8614
4.2765
4.7151

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.2489
1.3217
1.3935
1.4637
1.5319

2
2
2
2
2

5.1766
5.6596
6.1630
6.6851
7.2242

2
2
2
2
2

1.7462
1.9673
2.2065
2.4645
2.7413

3
3
3
3
3

4.9865
5.7801
6.6676
7.6554
8.7501

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.5976
1.6602
1.7193
1.7743
1.8247

2
2
2
2
1

7.7780
8.3444
8.9207
9.5043
1.0092

2
2
2
2
2

3.0371
3.3520
3.6857
4.0381
4.4086

3
2
2
2
2

(-1) 1.8702

3 5.6074
3 6.5935
3 7.7045

8.9491
~ -- 32 1.0336
~ - 2 1.1873

(- 1) 1.0681

(- 2) 4.7967

11

5
5
4
4
4

2
2
2
2
2

-'1'0

<_16\'
09012
~ -14 7.4212

8610

0.0000

109 x-9J (c)

lOll x -10JIO (x)
9 x
1.52734
1.52698
1.52589
1.52407
1.52154

~ -14) 4.9319

jS(x)

j7(X)

0.0000

-5 7.6021 n'00577
-6 1.6900 r- IOl
8 '3.0737
-10 4.7297
o616l r12l703975
r'l'o5185
-6 8.5364
-4~ 2.5586
- 9l5.3784
- 7~ 2.3296

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

5.0

j5(X)

Table 10.2

63 5.11072 78
~ - 3 1.2372 1.03665
- 3 1.4743 1.01614 44 5.01885 80

1.7473
{-- 33 2.0603
- 3 2.4174

0.99550 88
0.97477 06
0.95395 10

4.92629 07
4.83311 51
4.73942 00

9.9581
1.1286
1.2739
1.4322
1.6042

~ - 3 2.8229

- 3 3.2814
~ -- 33 3.7976
4.3763
- 3 5.0226

0.93307
0.91215
0.89120
0.87026
0.84934

4.64529
4.55082
4.45609
4.36119
4.26620

(- 2) 1. 7903

(- 3)5.7414

0.82846 70

(X)=~~7r/xJ1Itt (x)

06
01
97
94
88

34
25
35
18
13

4.17120 50

[(-1)9] [( -t)4]

Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, vols. I, II. Columbia
Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

460

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-10

Table 10.2

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

5l-1.5015
3 -9.4126
3 -1.8686
2) -5.9544

7l-1.0507
5 -3.2906'
4 -4.3489
4) -1.0372

8j-9.4553
7 -1.4798
6 -1.3028
5 -2.3278

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

2) -2.4613
2) -1.2004
1 -6.5670
1 -3.9102
1 -2.4854

3
3
2
2
2

6 1328
441-2.0665

3 -8.2549
3 -3.7361
3 -1.8606

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1) -1.6643
1) -1.1631
0) -8.4253
0) -6.2927
0) -4.8264

2) -1.1290
7 1198
11
1 -4.6879
1 -3.2014
1 -2.2559

2
2
2
2
2

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0) -3.7893
0) -3.0374
0) -2.4804
0)-2.0598
0) -1.7366

1) -1.6338
1)-1.2120
0) -9.l871
0) -7.0994
0) -5.5830

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1 0) -1.4844
0) -1.2846
0) -1.1242
(-1) -9.9368
(-1) -8.8622

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

(-ll-7.9660
(-1 -7.2096
(-1 -6.5632
( -1) -6.0041
(-1) -5.5144

N
3.2

l=ij=um

3.3
3.4

00

-1 -4.3365
-1 -4.0112
(-1) -3.7091

00

00

00

00

-0.34459
-0.34469
-0.34499
-0.34550
-0.34622

42
56
99
77
02

-0.65472
-0.65490
-0.65541
-0.65628
-0.65749

90
14
86
18
23

ll)
8)
7)
6)

-1.0400
-8.1359
-4.7726
-6.3910

6
5
5
4
4

-1.3458
-3.7747
-1.2907
-5.1035
-2.2552

71-3.4929
6 -8.1579
6 -2.3888
5 -8.2559
5) -3.2389

9
8
7
7
6

-1.0465
-2.0357
- 5.1060
-1.5429
-5.3756

-0.34713
-0.34826
-0.34960
-0.35115
-0.35291

86
48
12
04
56

-0.65905
-0.66096
-0.66323
-0.66586
-0.66885

23
47
28
06
29

4
3
3
3
3

-1.0881
-5.6378
-3.0988
-1.7901
-1.0790

5
4
4
4
3

-1.4045
-6.6058
-3.3227
-1.7686
-9.8790

6
5
5
5
5

-2.0959
-8.9515
-4.1224
-2.0227
-1.0477

-0.35490
-0.35710
-0.35954
-0.36221
-0.36512

04
89
56
57
46

-0.67221
-0.67595
-0.68007
-0.68458
-0.68949

50
30
37
47
42

ll-9.4236
1 -6.5140
1 -4.6157
1) -3.3437
1) -2.4709

2) -6.7473
2) -4.3572
2l-2.8948
2 -1.9724
2 -1.3747

3
3
3
3
2

-5.7534
-3.4751
-2.1675
-1.3911
-9.1587

4
4
4
4
3

- 5.6859
- 3.2143
-1.8835
-1.1395
-7.0931

-0.36827
-0.37168
-0.37534
-0.37928
-0.38348

87
46
96
17
96

-0.69481
-0.70054
-0.70670
-0.71331
-0.72036

14
60
90
20
75

l-4.4613
o -3.6178
o -2.9740
0) -2.4760
0) -2.0858

1 -1.8591
1 -1.4220
1 -1.1042
o -8.6948
o -6.9354

1
1
1
1
1

-9.7792
-7.0870
-5.2238
-3.9108
-2.9702

2l-6.1705
2 -4.2450
2 -2.9764
2) -2.1235
2) -1.5395

3l-4.5301
3 -2.9613
3 -1.9771
3)-1.3458
2)-9.3247

-0.38798
-0.39277
-0.39786
-0.40327
-0.40901

26
08
50
71
97

-0.72788
-0.73589
-0.74439
-0.75340
-0.76294

93
19
11
38
81

OJ-I. 7766
o -1.5290
-1.3287
0) -1.1651
0) -1.0303

l-5.5991
o -4.5716
o -3.7725
0) -3.1446
0)-2.6462

1
1
1
1

-2.2859
-1. 7812
-1.4041
-1.1189
-9.0069

2j-l.1327
1 -8.4491
1 -6.3832
1) -4.8802
1) -3.7729

2l-6.5676
2 -4.6963
2 -3.4058
2) -2.5025
2) -1.8615

-0.41510
-0.42155
-0.42837
-0.43558
-0.44320

62
14
10
18
20

-0.77304
-0.78371
-0.79497
- 0.80685
-0.81937

34
06
18
08
31

( -ll- 9.1835
(-1 -8.2448
-I -7.4514
-1) -6.7752
-1) -6.1940

ol-2.2470
-1.9246
o -1.6621

1
1
1
1
1

-2.9476
-2.3257
-1.8521
-1.4881
-1.2057

2
2
1
1
1

-1.4006
-1.0653
-8.1850
-6.3496
-4.9707

-0.45125
-0.45975
-0.46872
-0.47818
-0.48818

11
01
14
95
03

- 0.83256
-0.84645
-0.86108
-0.87646
-0.89265

59
82
11
78
39

9 8471

1
1
1
1
1

-3.9249
-3.1246
-2.5070
-2.0265
-1.6498

-0.49872
-0.50984
-0.52158
-0.53396
-0.54704

20
49
17
75
05

-0.90967
-0.92757
- 0.94640
-0.96619
-0.98699

72
84
10
15
97

ll-1.3523
1 -1.1158
o -9.2642
0)-7.7389
0) -6.5027

-0.56084
-0.57541
-0.59081
-0.60708
-0.62428

19
63
20
14
15

-1.00887
-1.03188
-1.05608
-1.08153
-1.10831

91
69
44
78
79

-0.64247
-0.66172
-0.68211
-0.70371
-0.72661

43
73
42
55
94

-1.13650
-1.16616
-1.19741
-1.23032
-1.26500

10
90
05
08
29

-3.4208
-1.3857
-6.4716
-3.3557
-1.8854

-9.9944
-5.7090
-3.4317
-2.1534
-1.4020

0) -1.4467
0) -1.2687

o -1.1206

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-5.6901
-5.2492
-4.8600
-4.5131
-4.2011

-1
-1
-1
-1

-9.9657
-8.9204
-8.0339
-7.2774

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1-1
-1
-1
(-1
(-1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-3.9175
-3.6574
-3.4165
-3.1913
-2.9788

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-6.6280
-6.0670
-5.5793
-5.1525
-4.7765

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1-1j-1.1107
-2 -9.0931
-2 -7.1268
(-2) -5.2107
( -2) -3.3484

2 7768

-11-1 - 2.5833
-1 -2.3966
-1 -2.2155
-1) -2.0390

-1) -4.4430
-1) -4.1450
-1) -3.8766
-1) -3.6331
-1) -3.4102

5.0

(-2) -1.5443

(-1) -1.8662

(-1)-3.2047

-2.1864
-1.9615
-1.7418
-1.5269
-1.3165

00

-1) -3.4257
-1) -3.1573
-1) -2.9012
( -1) -2.6551
(-1) -2.4173

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1O-8x lOyg (X) 1O-:-9x ll yIO (X)

Y7(X)

,1'

o
o -7.3207
o -6.0048
o -4.9682
o -4.1447
o -3.4851
o -2.9528
o -2.5201
o -2.1660
o -1.8743
o -1.6325

gl=um

!( 0

-1.1196
(-1 -9.9895
(-1 -8.9625
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

(13 l-1.3519
10 -5.2868
9 -2.0668
8) -2.0747

o01--8.1040
o -6.7182
o -5.6086
o -4.7139
o -3.9878
o -3.3947
o -2.9075
o -2.5048
o -2.1704

15l-2.0277
12 -3.9643
11 -1.0329
9) -7.7739

-8.0839
-7.3280
-6.6763
-6.1102
-5.6166

l-1.8910
o -1.6566
o -1.4590
0) -1.2915
0) -1.1491

0)-5.4951
01-4.6692
o -3.9887
o -3.4251
o -2.9560

(-1) -5.1841

0)-1.0274

( 0)-2.5638

Yn(X)~.J~ ../xYnH (:r)~(_It+l ~J -(nHl(x)

-0.75092 23

[(-/)2]

-1.30156 80

[(-/)2]

461

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Table 10.2

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-10

x
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

j4(X)

j3(X)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

2.2982
2.2441
2.1803
2.1069
2.0245

1.8702
1.9102
1.9443
1.9722
1.9935

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.0681
1.1268
1.1849
1.2421
1.2980

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

4.7967
5.2015
5.6221
6.0573
6.5057

-1~ 1.9335
-1
1.8340
-1 1.7270
-1~ 1.6131
-1 1.4928

-1
-1
-1
-1

-'!

2.0078
2.0150
2.0147
2.0069
1.9913

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.3522
1.4044
1.4542
1.5011
1.5448

~ -2

-2
-2

6.9660
7.4364
7.9151
8.4000
8.8889

-1
-1
-1
-2
-2

1.3669
1.2361
1.1014
9.6346
8.2324

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.9679
1.9367
1.8977
1.8509
1.7966

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.5850
1.6213
1.6533
1.6807
1.7033

-2
-2
-1
-1
-1

'.8161

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.7349
1.6661
1.5905
1.5084
1.4203

-1~ 1.7206

1.7325
1.7388
-I}
-1 1.7391
-1 1.7335

-1.6120
-1.4736
-2.7385
-3.9479
-5.0945

-1
-1
-1
2)

-'\

1.3265
1.2277
1.1243
1.0170
'I 0628

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

6.7736
5.6051
4.4300
3.2552

-2 5.3947
-2 3.9773
-2 2.5729
-2)+1.1905

r'

-2
-2
-2
(-2

~ -2 -6.1713

-2
~ -2
-2
(-2

-7.1719
-8.0904
-8.9217
-9.6613

-1) -1.0305

7.928~

(-2) 2.0880

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-r'OS5l !-T'""

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-1) -1.1207
-I} -1.0770
-1 -1.0252
-2 -9.6572
-2)-8.9931

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

10.0

j6(X)

j5(X)

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1 -1.1296
-1 -1.1638
-1 -1.1877

-1.2014
-1.2048
-1.1982
-1.1817
-1.1558

-8.2662
-7.4836
-6.6527
-5.7814
-4.8776

( -2) -3.9496

-3 -1.9533
-2 -1.2975
(-2 -2.3644

jg(x)

109 X-9J (X) 1011 X-10JIO (X)

9

-2
-2
-2
-2

1.7903
1.9908
2.2061
2.4365
2.6821

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

5.7414
6.5379
7.4172
8.3843
9.4443

0.82846
0.80764
0.78689
0.76624
0.74569

70
29
50
10
86

4.17120
4.07628
3.98151
3.88698
3.79276

50
42
88
72
59

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

2.9429
3.2191
3.5104
3.8166
4.1374

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

1.0602
1.1862
1.3229
1.4707
1.6299

0.72528
0.70501
0.68490
0.66497
0.64523

47
58
78
60
54

3.69892
3.60555
3.51270
3.42045
3.32886

98
18
30
23
66

9.3796
9.8696
1.0356
1.0837
1.1309

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

4.4722
4.8205
5.1815
5.5543
5.9379

'.80'0
1.9842
2.1797
2.3877
2.6084

0.62570
0.60638
0.58729
0.56845
0.54987

01
37
93
94
57

3.23801
3.14794
3.05873
2.97043
2.88309

06
66
50
34
73

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.1769
1.2214
1.2642
1.3049
1.3432

-'\ ,.""

-2 6.7327
-2 7.1412
-2 7.5551
-2)7.9728

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

2.8417
3.0876
3.3461
3.6168
3.8996

0.53155
0.51352
0.49577
0.47831
0.46116

94
10
04
68
89

2.79677
2.71153
2.62739
2.54443
2.46266

98
12
98
09
76

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.3789
1.4117
1.4412
1.4672
1.4895

-2
-2
-2
-2
-1

8.3923
8.8118
9.2292
9.6425
1.0049

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

4.1940
4.4994
4.8154
5.1412
5.4759

0.44433
0.42782
0.41163
0.39578
0.38026

45
11
52
30
97

2.38215
2.30291
2.22500
2.14844
2.07326

03
70
27
05
03

( -1) 1.5685
1.5193
1.4642
1.4033
1.3370

!-T5077

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.0448
1.0835
1.1209
1.1568
1.1908

0.36510
0.35027
0.33580
0.32169
0.30793

02
86
85
28
39

1.99948
1.92715
1.85627
1.78687
1.71897

99
45
66
63
14

(-1

1.2654
1.1890
1.1081
1.0231
9.3440

~ -1) 1.5312

0.29453
0.28149
0.26881
0.25649
0.24453

36
30
29
33
39

1.65257
1.58770
1.52436
1.46257
1.40232

72
64
97
53
92

8.4249
7.4784
6.5099
5.5245
4.5278

-1~ 1.4292
-1 1.3932
-1~ 1.3520
-1 1.3059
-1 1.2548

-'1'.'58'

0.23293
0.22169
0.21080
0.20027
0.19009

38
16
54
29
14

1.34363
1.28649
1.23090
1.17687
1.12438

53
51
84
25
32

-1
-1
-1
-1
-2

1.1991
1.1389
1.0744
1.0060
9.3394

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.3795
1.3746
1.3655
1.3520
1.3341

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

8.5853
7.8016
6.9921
6.1608
5.3120

-1
-1
-1
-1

1.3117
1.2849
1.2536
1.2180
1.1780

-1

1.7217
1.7036
1.6793
1.6486
1.6117

m!
~-1
-1
-1
( -2

-T'"" r'
-2) -3.3894

( -2

-2 -5.2894
-2 -6.1529
-2 -6.9520

-2
-2
-2

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-7.6819
-8.3387
-8.9186
-9.4187
-9.8365

-2 3.5255
-2 2.5233
-2 1.5269
-3 +5.4232
-3 -4.2485

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.0170
-1.0419
-1.0582
-1.0659
-1.0651

(-1) -1.0559

j7(X)

-'! -,.,,"
-2
-2
-2
-2

-2.2842
-3.1654
-4.0072
-4.8048

( -2) -5.5535

-2

t2

-1 1.5217
-1 1.5312
~ -1 1.5360
-1) 1.5361

-1~ 1.5212
~ -1 1.5060
-1 1.4857
-1)1.4601

(-2) 4.4501

r'

r
-2
-2
-2
-2

-'! 5.""
-2
-2
-2
-2

6.1686
6.5244
6.8849
7.2486

(-'1'.2227 I-T6143
'.'524
-1 1.2795
-1 1.3039
-1) 1.3252
-1) 1.3434
-1 1.3693
-1 1.3767
-1 1.3801

(-1) 1.1339

jn(X)=Vi 7r/xJ nH(x)

-2 7.9804
-2 8.3451
-2 8.7069
(-2) 9.0640
-2
-2
-1
-1
-1

9.4145
9.7564
1.0088
1.0407
1.0712

-1
-1
-1
-1

'.1000
1.1270 0.17076 84 1.02401 72

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

0.18025 78

1.07343 42

1.1520
1.1747
1.1949

0.16161 93
0.15280 62
0.14432 46

0.97612 24
0.92973 83
0.88485 16

1.2126
1.2275
1.2394
1.2482
1.2537

0.13616
0.12833
0.12081
0.11360
0.10670

0.84144
0.79950
0.75902
0.71996
0.68231

(-1) 1.2558

93
53
68
83
35

0.10009 64

75
99
10
20
26

0.64605 15

[( -1)5] [(-t)2]

462

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-10

Table 10.2

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.8662
-1.6965
-1.5295
-1.3649
-1.2025

-2 -1.5443
-3 +1.9691
-2 1.8700
-2 3.4698
-2 4.9908

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

-2~ 6.4276

7.7750
9.0279
-2l
-1 1.0182
-1 1.1232

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.2175
1.3007
1.3726
1.4329
1.4815

~ -2l-2. 7936
-2 -1.3619
~ -4 +2.9727
-2~ 1.3770
-2 2.6754

6.5 ~ -1
6.6 -1
6.7
-1
6.8 ~ -1
6.9 -1

1.5183
1.5432
1.5564
1.5580
1.5482

3.9204
~-2
-2 5.1073

-2

Y5(X)

Y4(X)

Y3(X)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

-Y'O'424
-2
-2
-2
-2

-8.8447
-7.2898
-5.7610
-4.2612

-2

6.2315
7.2886
8.2743

-1
-1
-1
-1

9.1846
1.0016
1.0764
1.1427
1.2001

f-2
-2

Y6(X)

Y7(X)

Y8(X)

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-3.2047
-3.0134
-2.8341
-2.6647
-2.5033

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-5.1841
-4.8031
-4.4658
-4.1656
-3.8967

~-~

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-2.3484
-2.1990
-2.0538
-1.9121
-1.7732

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-3.6545
-3.4349
-3.2345
-3.0503
-2.8799

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-6.2895
-5.7750
-5.3232
-4.9248
-4.5723

0
0
0
-1
-1

-l'o72lO

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-4.2589
-3.9791
-3.7281
-3.5018
-3.2969

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

( -ll-2.0428
(-1 -1.9220

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-3.1101
-2.9390
-2.7813
-L.6351
-2.4985

-r

U365

-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.5017
-1.3683
-1.2362
-1.1052

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-9.7544
-8.4678
-7.1937
-5.9337
-4.6896

-1 -2.5717
-1 -2.4306
-1 -2.2961
-1) -2.1672

{ -lr1.8042
-1 -1.6887
-1 -1.5751

-1.0274
-9.2298
-8.3305
~ -1
-1 -7.5528
-1 -6.8777

O~ -2.5638

1O-8 xlOY9 (x) 1O-9 x ll ylO (x)

0.75092
0.77673
0.80415
0.83333
0.86440

23
01
92
74
56

-1.30156
-1.34013
-1.38083
-1.42381
-1.46922

80
68
98
86
70

-1.3499
-1.2034
-1.0774
-9.6863
-8.7446

- 0.89751
- 0.93284
- 0.97058
-1.01093
-1.05412

90
85
31
09
18

-1.51723
-1.56801
-1.62178
-1.67873
-1.73913

25
75
08
97
16

-7.9262
-7.2128
-6.5889
-6.0416
-5.5598

-1.10040
-1.15007
-1.20342
-1.26079
-1.32256

93
32
16
38
26

-1.80321
-1.87128
-1.94363
-2.02062
-2.10262

67
02
49
45
69

~ -1~ -5.1344 -1.38913 71

-1 -4.7576 -1.46096 57
f -1 -4.4227 -1.53853 78
-1~ -4.1239 -1.62238 69
-1 -3.8565 -1.71309 24

-2.19005
-2.28337
-2.38308
-2.48973
- 2.60393

78
46
14
26
95

11
85
95
75
31

-2.72637
-2.85777
-2.99896
-3.15082
- 3.31433

44
73
17
08
45

-2.7112 - 2.43982 13
-2.5726 - 2.59877 67
-2.4439 - 2.77091 77
-2.3236 - 2.95720 73
-2.2106 - 3.15862 24

-3.49057
-3.68071
-3.88603
-4.10791
- 4.34788

53
56
37
96
05

93
67
49
98
38

-4.60754
-4.88866
-5.19312
-5.52293
-5.88021

55
85
95
51
45

-6.26721
-6.68628
-7.13987
-7.63051
-8.16074

41
70
95
13
96

o -2.2343
ol-1.9564
-1.7210
o -1.5208

tl

-T'o4641

-2 -2.2599
-2 -1.0801
-4 +7.1768
-2) 1.1922

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.4628
-1.3517
-1.2414
-1.1319
-1.0229

-ll-2.3703
-1 -2.2489
-1~ -2.1334
-1 -2.0228
-1 -1.9162

1.2485
1.2877
1.3176
-ll
-1 1.3380
-1 1.3491

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

2.2774
3.3235
4.3267
5.2830
6.1887

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-9.1449
-8.0665
-6.9945
-5.9299
-4.8741

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.8129
-1.7122
-1.6136
-1.5166
-1.4209

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-ll 1.3509
-1 1.3435
1.3270
-ll
-1 1.3017
-1 1.2679

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

7.0400
7.8334
8.5654
9.2329
9.8330

-2
-2
-2
-3
-3

- 3.8290
-2.7968
-1.7798
-7.8077
+1.9747

-1
-1
-1
-1
-2

-1.3262
-1.2322
-1.1387
-1.0456
-9.5274

-ll-2.1038
-1 -2.0022
-ll-1.9050
-1 -1.8115
-1 -1.7211

8.5 ( -2 2.6172
8.6
1.4876
8.7 -3 +3.7160
8.8 -3 -7.2210
8.9 -2 -1.7852

-1
-1
-1
-1
-2

1.2259
1.1762
1.1191
1.0551
9.8492

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.0363
1.0821
1.1205
1.1513
1.1745

~ -2

1.1519
2.0793
2.9765
3.8403
4.6672

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-8.6015
-7.6780
-6.7573
-5.8403
-4.9278

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.6331 - 4.73689 09
-1.5471 - 5.06881 69
-1.4627 - 5.42169 35
-1.3795 - 5.79550 68
-1.2973 - 6.18991 88

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

9.0898
8.2794
7.4246
6.5321
5.6089

-1
-1
-1
-1

-'I

1.1899
1.1976
1.1976
1.1900
1.1748

-2
-2
-2
-2

5.4540
6.1976
6.8948
7.5427
8.1384

-2
-2
-2
-2
-3

-4.0214
-3.1227
-2.2335
-1.3560
-4.9250

-1
-l
-2
-2 l

-1~

-1.2156
-1.1345
-1.0536
-9.7298
-8.9243

- 6.60420
-7.03717
-7.48710
-7.95166
- 8.'~2777

-1
-1
-1
-1
-2

1.1522
1.1225
1.0860
1.0429
9.9352

-2
-2
-2
-1)

8.6793
9.1630
9.5874
9.9507
1.0251

-3 +3.5462
-2 1.1827
-2 1.9892
-2 2.7712
-2 3.5259

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-8.1193
-7.3150
-6.5114
-5.7090
-4.9088

-8.91157
- 9.39828
- 9.88210
-10.35610
-10.81210

(-1) 1.0488

(-2) 4.2506

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

~=g

~ =~~

7.5 ~ -1
7.6 -1
7.7
-1
7.8 f -1
7.9 -2
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

1.5273
1.4956
1.4535
1.4016
1.3404

~ =~~

{=~l

1.2705
1.1925
1.1073
1.0156
9.1812
8.1577
7.0941
5.9992
4.8821
3.7517

-T'08097

-'1

!:g

-2
-2
-2
-2

-3.7880
-4.7130
-5.5782
-6.3774

r'

-7.1053
-7.7572
-8.3288
-8.8169
-9.2189

4.6623
3.6995
-2 2.7280
-2~ 1.7550
-3 +7.8793

10.0 (-2) -9.5327

( -3}-1.6599

9.5
9.6 -2
9.7 -2
9.8 -2
9.9 ( -2

-2~
-2

(-2) 9.3834

-2

~ -2
-2
-2

-'I
-'I

-1
-1
~ -1
-1

-3.6163
-3.3996
-3.2032
-3.0246
-2.8613

-1.81128
-1.91762
- 2.03285
- 2.15774
- 2.29311

- 3.37613
-3.61071
- 3.86327
- 4.13466
- 4.42566

33 -8.73317 65
50 -9.35034 96
95 -10.01475 2
19 -10.72873 2
38 -11.49443 4
56
63
58
3
4

(-2) -4.1117 -11.24057 9

Yn(X)=~~7r/xYnH(X)=(-lt+l~J -(nHl(x)

[( -:)3]

-12.31371
-13.18805
-14.11841
-15.10518
-16.14793

5
0
9
2
9

-17.24536 7

[( -:)7]

463

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 20 AND 21

x

1026f2o(x)

1027f 21 (x)

1O-24y 20 (X)

Table 10.3
1O-25
(x)
Y21

0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

7.62597
7.62705
7.63028
7.63560
7.64293

90
91
29
15
25

1.77348
1.77371
1. 77439
1.17552
1.77707

35
23
56
32
85

-0.31983
- 0.31988
-0.32003
- 0.32028
-0.32065

10
11
25
86
49

-1.31130
-1.31149
-1.31205
-1.31300
-1.31436

70
33
61
70
61

2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

7.65215
7.66313
7.67566
7.68952
7.70444

99
22
19
28
90

1. 77903
1.78137
1.78403
1.78699
1. 79018

78
03
80
49
73

- 0.32113
- 0.32175
-0.32250
- 0.32342
-0.32450

96
30
82
08
98

-1.31616
-1.31842
-1.32121
-1.32457
-1.32856

11
87
43
29
95

5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

7.72013
7.73621
7.75231
7.76795
7.78264

23
95
00
28
38

1.79355
1.79702
1.80050
1.80392
1.80717

29
05
95
94
91

0.32579
0.32730
0.32907
0.33112
0.33350

69
79
24
44
34

-1.33328
-1.33879
-1.34521
-1.35264
-1.36123

02
33
03
77
89

7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5

7.79582
7.80686
7.81509
7.81976
7.82005

23
80
84
53
32

1.81014
1.81270
1.81472
1.81605
1.81653

64
77
70
56
14

-0.33625
- 0.33943
- 0.34309
-0.34731
- 0.35216

47
07
23
02
70

-1.37113
-1.38251
-1.39557
-1.41055
-1.42771

69
67
96
73
82

10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0

7.815076
7.803876
7.785428
7.758627
7.722309

1.815979
1.814208
1.811016
1.806185
1. 799482

- 0.35776
- 0.36420
-0.37164
- 0.38023
-0.39019

04
59
20
59
23

-1.447374
-1.469891
-1.495697
-1.525305
-1.559325

12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5

7.675238
7.616116
7.543601
7.456316
7.352841

1.790664
1. 779472
1. 765639
1.748885
1. 728929

- 0.40176
-0.41527
- 0.43113
-0.44987
- 0.47223

53
46
22
76
40

-1.598497
-1.643728
-1.696143
-1.757166
-1.828625

15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0

7.231764
7.091689
6.931265
6.749220
6.544411

1. 705481
1.678251
1.646956
1.611324
1.571096

- 0.49918
-0.53209
-0.57279
-0.62378
-0.68821

70
15
98
79
72

-1.912922
-2.013273
-2.134049
-2.281228
-2.462936

17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5

6.315851
6.062784
5.784739
5.481584
5.153621

1.526041
1.475960
1.420698
1.360155
1.294299

-0.76981 49
- 0.87240 01
-0.99883 14
-1.149171
-1.317987

-2.689957
-2.975953
-3.336925
-3.789188
-4.344958

20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0

4.801647
4.427041
4.031843
3.618830
3.191590

1.223178
1.146936
1.065826
0.98022 63
0.89065 46

-1.490982
-1.641599
-1. 728777
-1.697442
-1.483467

-5.004711
-5.745922
-6.508927
-7.182333
-7.592679

22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5

2.754567
2.313103
1.873442
1.442686
1.028721

0.79777
0.70243
0.60561
0.50849
0.41242

92
25
45
80
27

-1.024223
-0.274630
+0.773430
2.072631
3.508629

-7.504782
-6.640003
-4.717888
-1.52185
+3.01816

25.0

0.640055

0.31888 30

4.901591

[<-:)3]

[< -t)7]

+8.74251

in(x)=fnx1l exp (-x2j4n+2)

Yn(x) =Ynx-(n+1) exp (x2j4n+2)
Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, vols. I, II.ColumbiaUniv. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

464

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Table 10.4
SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE-ORDERS 9, 10, 20 AND 21
in (x) =.J!7r/xMn + J(x) cos 8"H(X)
y (x)=.J!7r/xM"H(X) sin 8"H(X)

X-I

.J!1rxMt~~ (X)

8tWx)-x
1. 72311 121
1. 44562 029
1.17232 718
0.90378 457
0.64017 615

.J!'trxM2}~ (X)
1.84157 799
1.65174 534
1. 50947 539
1. 40190 550
1. 31955 792

82}~(x) -x
1. 35401 461
1.00196 372
0.65310 249
+0.30984 705
-0.02643 915

<x>
10
11
11
12

0.100
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080

1. 50513
1.41043
1. 33509
1. 27462
1. 22560

630
073
121
197
809

0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055

1.18548
1. 15231
1.12467
1.10147
1. 08190

011
423
134
221
340

0.38142
+0.12729
-0.12255
-0.36849
-0.61090

613
416
277
087
826

1. 25559
1. 20514
1.16476
1.13202
1.10519

223
049
186
416
883

-0.35524
-0.67664
-0.99107
-1. 29911
-1. 60143

574
889
278
571
947

13
14
15
17
18

0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

1. 06534
1. 05133
1. 03949
1. 02956
1. 02130

781
389
892
235
658

-0.85018
-1.08669
-1. 32077
-1. 55274
-1. 78293

673
229
114
891
175

1. 08304
1. 06466
1. 04939
1.03675
1. 02635

588
562
746
104
931

-1. 89870
-2.19155
-2.48055
-2. 76627
-3.04920

678
009
907
814
936

20
22
25
29
33

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005

1.01456
1. 00920
1. 00512
1. 00226
1.00056

304
210
574
240
327

-2.01160
-2.23905
-2. 46552
-2.69127
-2.91655

832
224
469
701
326

1.01794
1. 01130
1. 00628
1. 00276
1. 00068

637
529
277
864
866

-3. 32981
-3.60853
-3.88577
-4.16191
-4.43732

737
532
070
106
935

40
50
67
100
200

0.000

1. 00000 000
[( -93

-3.14159 265
[( -94

)6J

1.00000 000

-4. 71238 898

X-I

84 %(x)-x

0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032

.J!nM47~ (x)
1. 31126 605
l.25741 042
1. 21433 612
1.17917 949
1.15001 033

1. 12909
0.61321
+0.11048
-0.38066
-0.86163

207
135
098
745
915

.J!nM4%,(x)
1.37979 868
1. 30763 025
1.25205 767
1. 20806 627
1.17245 178

84%(x)-x
+0.54348 547
-0.04056 472
-0. 60729 830
-1. 15885 172
-1.69717 688

0.030
O. 028
0.026
0.024
0.022

1.12549
1.10467
1.08687
1.07157
1. 05838

256
736
488
283
371

-1.33366
-1. 79783
-2.25507
-2. 70621
-3.15199

819
172
118
373
149

1.14310
1.11857
1. 09787
1.08027
1. 06523

153
851
629
122
083

-2.22398
-2. 74075
-3.24876
-3.74910
-4.24275

0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012

1. 04700
1. 03721
1. 02883
1.02170
1.01571

987
972
137
104
485

-3.59305
-4.03000
-4.46335
-4.89362
-5.32124

805
220
928
072
187

1. 05235
1.04134
1.03195
1.02400
1.01735

561
092
154
423
560

0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002

1.01078
1.00683
1.00381
1.00168
1. 00042

282
452
592
705
044

-5. 74664
-6.17024
-6. 59240
-7.01351
-7.43392

872
356
995
707
365

1.01189
1.00753
1.00420
1.00185
1.00046

351
093
153
654
253

0.000

1.00000 000

)2J

[( -:)1J

-7.85398 164

[( -:)2J

[( -:)6J

1.00000 000

[( 19)2J

[( 1~)9J

13

00

<x>
25
26
28
29
31

514
480
024
503
239

33
36
38
42
45

-4.
55
-5.21325
-5.69154
-6.16604
-6. 63731

105
651
843
479
350

50
56
63
71
83

-7.10588
-7.57224
-8.03687
-8.50021
-8.96270

196
522
285
498
770

100
125
167
250
500

no

-9.42477 796
3

[(9 )2J

00

<x> = nearest integer to x.

Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, vols. I, II.
Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

465

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Table 10.5

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS

jn(x)
n

x=l

x=2

1!8.41470
1 3. 01168
2 6.20350
3 9.00658
3 1.01101

9848
6789
5201
1117
5808

5
6
7
8
9

9.25611
7.15693
4.79013
2.82649
1.49137

5861
6310
4199
8802
6503

10
11
12
13
14

11
12
13
15
16

7.11655
3.09955
1.24166
4.60463
1.58957

2640
1855
2597
7678
5988

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

15
16
17

18
19
20
30
40
50

100

- 18 5.13268 6115

1-

19
21
22
24

1.55670
4.45117
1.20385
3.08874

8271
7504
5742
2364

26l7.53779 5722
- 43 5.56683 1267
- 61 1.53821 0374
- 81 3.61527 4717

(-190)7.44472 7742

5
6
7
8
9

2
2
1
1
1

-5.55345
+4.45013
1. 13386
1. 25578
1. 00096

10
11
12
14

~~ --

2
2
23
3

6.46051
3.55744
1. 72159
7.46558
2.94107

15
16
17
18
19

--

100

2 -9.50894
1 +1. 34731
1) 2.29820
1) 1. 87017

8549
0808
2101
6182
6553

3~2.63516 9770

9734
5703
4324
7192

1
2
2
3
3

1.06811
4. 79668
1. 79027
5. 74143
1.61809

1615
9986
7818
4675
9715

- 8 6.82530 0865
- 9 5.97687 1612
- 10 4.81014 8901
- 11 3.58145 1402
- 12 2.48104 9119

4
5
5
6
7

4.073442442
9.27461 1037
1.92878 6347
3.69320 6998
6.55454 3131

4 4.14040
5 5.60965
6)6.68320
7)7.10679

2166
7728
9151
8644
3992

- ~~

1. 08428
1. 67993
2. 44802
-- 109~ 3.36741
-11 4.38678

0182
9976
0198
6303
6630

20l7.63264 1101
- 34 5.83661 7888
- 49 1.66097 8779
- 66 4.01157 5290

12l 5.42772
4.28273
- 33 1.21034
- 46 2.85747

6761
0217
7583
9350

13
15
16
17
18

1.60698
9. 77323
5.60205
3.03657
1.56113

(-160)9.36783

25~1

x=50

- 2 +7.79421 9363
- 2 -3.94958 4498
- 1)-1.05589 2851

20
30
40
50

x=5

4.54648 7134
4.35397 7750
1.98447 9491
6.072209766
1.40793 9276

1~-1.91784

x=10

-- '1-5.440"
110'
2 +7.84669 4180

0
1
2
3
4

13

1
1
1
2
2

(- 3)-5.24749 7074

(-- 3'1-,.'404'
+4.08324 7051
0843

= 22

(-120) 5.53565 0303

x=100

1-')-5.06'65 6411
-'r8.6738'
5287
-3 +4.80344 1652

- 2 +1.98125 9460
(- 3 -1.30947 7600

-3 +8.91399 7370
(-3 -4.17946 1837

1162
2233
2307
0236
4095

({-(-

2
3
2
3
2

-2.00483
-3.10114
+1. 92420
+8.87374
-1. 62249

0056
8524
0195
9108
2725

!-,)-,."0148"5
-3~+3.15754 5454

5449
1489
9974
4477
8342

(-

2
3
2
4
2

-1.50392
+9.90845
+1. 95971
-1. 09899
-1. 96564

2146
4236
1041
0300
5589

-4
-3
-3
-3
-3

-1. 95657
+9.94895
+2.48391
-9.32797
-5. 00247

8597
8359
8282
8789
2555

-- '1-""908
2 +1.26561 45"
3175

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

+7.87726
+7.44442
-5.42060
-9.34163
+1. 96419

1748
3697
1928
4372
7210

1. 06354 2715
3}
4 3.55904 0735
4 1. 10940 7280
7439
5~ 3.23884
6 8. 89662 7269

- 2 +1.96438 9234
- 3 +1.09459 2888
- 2 -1.88338 9360

-3 +9. 70062 9844

-3 -1. 70245 0977
(-3)-9.99004 6510

1961
7385
1634
6023

1-- '1-1.57850
3 -1.49467 "'0
3454

(-'1+1.01076
71'8
-3 +8. 70062 8514

- 2 -2.60633 6952
- 2 +1.88291 0737

-2 +1.04341 0851
(-4 +5.79714 0882

( -90) 5.83204 0182

(-22)+1.01901 2263

( -2)+1. 08804 7701

(-22
:1~1
( -31

2.30837
2.51205
8.43567
2.23069

466

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Table 10.5
n
0
1
2
3
4

x=1

o -1. 38177
o _3.60501

3291
7566
1 -1.66433 1454
2 -1.12898 1842

10

12
13
14

Yn(x)
x=2

-1 -5.40302 3059

5
6
7
8
9

11

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS

2
4
5
6
7

-9.99440 3434

-1. 08809 4559

-1. 40452 8524
-2. 09591 1840
- 3.54900 4843

8~-6. 72215
10 -1.40810
~ 11}-3.23191
12~-8. 06570
( 14 -2.17450

0083
2512
3629
3047
7909

~ -1 +2.08073 4183

-1 -3.50612 0043
-1 -7. 33991 4247
o -1. 48436 6557
o -4.46129 1526
1
1
2
3
4

-1. 85914
-9.77916
-6.17054
-4. 53011
-3.78889

4531
5769
3296
5815
3009

T3.55414
7201
-3.69396 5631

6
7
8
9

-4.21251 9003
-5.22870 9098
- 7. 01663 2092

1-

x=5

2
-1
-1
~ -1
- 2

-5.67324
+1.80438
+1. 64995
-1. 54429
-1. 86615

3709
3675
4576
0991
5315

I-Io

0467
-1 -3.20465
-5.18407 5714
-1. 02739 4639
o -2. 56377 6345
o -7.68944 4934
1
2
2
3
4

-2. 66561 1441

-1.04266 2356
-4.52968 5692
~2.16057 6611
-1.12141 4513

4
5
6
7
8

-6.28814
-3. 78650
-2.43621
-1.66748
-1.20957

15
16
17
18
19

15
17
18
20
21

20
30
40
50

2T3.2395' 221'

40 -2.94642 8547
58 -8.02845 0851
78 ;..2. 73919 2285

31 -1. 40739 3871

46 -3. 72092 9322
63}-1.23502 1944

18 -7.76071 7570
30 -2.05575 8716
42 -6.96410 9188

100

(186)-6.68307 9463

(156)-2.65595 5830

(116)-1.79971 3983

n
0
1
2
3
4

17~-1. 60543 6493

x=50

x=100
-8.62318 8723
+4.97742 4524
+8.77251 1459
-4.53879 8951
-9. 09022 7385

+4.86151
+1. 95910
-2.90240
-1. 99973

0663
1121
9542
4855

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

-21".38335 .168

-4
-2
-3
-2
-2

-6.97113
+1.98439
+5.85654
-1.80870
-1. 20061

1965
8364
8943
1896
3539

-3 +9.49950
-3 -2.48574
-3 -9.87236
-4)+8.07441

+1.04876
+4.25063
-4.11173
-1.12405

8261
3221
2775
7894

-1. 72453
-2.49746
-4.01964
-7.55163
o -1. 63697

6721
9220
2485
6993
7739

6513
9387
4730
5217
6913

T'.26795 1403

-1. 92993 2057

-1
-1
-1
-1

100

-2.56695 8608
-4.47655 8894
-8.25596 4368

-2
-3
-2
-3
-2

10
11
12
13
14

-+-8.39071
-+-6.27928
-6.50693
-9.53274
-1.65993

-1. 01218 2944

-1. 56186 6932

5291
2638
0499
7888
0220

-1
-2
-2
-1

20
30
40
50

-6.42938 7516
-2.24833 5423
-8.31241 1677

11
12
13
14
15

x=10
-2
-2
-2
-2
-3

6
7
8
9

15
16
17
18
19

-6.29800 7233

-1. 95020 7734

-T3.72067 8'86

2019
3224
3502
4285

-2
-3
-2
( -3

+1. 76865
-5.38889
-2.03809
-5.61681

0414
5605
5195
8446

-2
-2
-3
-2
-3

+1. 71231
+1.62332
-6.40928
-2.07197
-8.92329

9725
0074
4759
0007
3294

(-3~+6.25864 1510
(-3 -6. 78002 3635
\-3~-8.49604 9309
(-3 +3.80640 6377
(-3 +9.90441 9669

1 -21'1.375'5
-2 -2.24122 3130
6812

1-51'5.63172
'37'
-3 -5.41292 9349

-5 +4.97879 7221
-2 -4.19000 0150

-4 -7.04842 0407
-2 +1. 07478 2297

(85)-8.57322 6309

(+18}-1.125692891

(-2}-2.29838 5049

0-3.992071745
1 -1.07384 4467
1 -3.14447 9567
1 -9.93183 4017
2 - 3. 36033 0630

31-L21121 0605

9 -6.90831 8646
18 -1.51030 4919
27 -4.52822 7272

1 -2 +1.352'6 8751

2 +1.00257 7737

-3
-3
-3
(-3

+1.29797
-9. 72724
-3.72978
+8. 72020

1820
3855
2784
2503

467

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF HALFINTEGER ORDER
Jy(jy,s) =0
Y.(Y,,8)=0

iv,s
1/2

3/2

5/2

7/2

9/2

11/2

13/2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

3.141593
6.283185
9.424778
12.566370
15.707963
18.849556
21.991149

J;(j,)
-0.45015 82
+0.31830 99
-0.25989 89
+0.22507 91
-0.20131 68
+0.18377 63
-0.17014 38

(_I)n+l Y;C'I" J
YV,if
1.570796 -0.63661 98
lS/2
4.712389 +0.36755 26
7.853982 -0.28470 50
10.995574 +0.24061 97
14.137167 -0.21220 66
17.278760 +0.19194 81
20.420352 -0.17656 66
23.561945 +0.16437 45
17/2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

4.493409
7.725252
10.904122
14.066194
17.220755
20.371303
23.519452

-0.36741
+0.28469
-0.24061
+0.21220
-0.19194
+0.17656
-0.16437

35
20
69
57
77
64
44

2.798386
6.121250
9.317866
12.486454
15.644128
18.796404
21.945613

+0.44914
-0.31827
+0.25989
-0.22507
+0.20131
-0.18377
+0.17014

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

S.763459
9.095011
12.322941
15.514603
18.689036
21.853874

-0.31710
+0.25973
-0.22503
+0.20130
-0.18376
+0.17014

58
30
59
14
96
05

3.959528
7.451610
10.715647
13.921686
17.103359
20.272369
23.433926

-0.36184 68
+0.28430 75
-0.24053 93
+0.21218 15
-0.19193 81
+0.1765619
-0.16437 21

1
2
3
4
S
6
7

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
2
3
4
5

6.987932
10.417119
13.698023
16.923621
20.121806
23.304247

8.182561
11.704907
15.039665
18.301256
21.525418
24.727566

9.355812
12.966530
16.354710
19.653152
22.904551

10.512835
14.207392
17.647975
20.983463
24.262768

-0.2822371
+0.24019 23
-0.21208 02
+0.19189 90
-0.17654 40
+0.1643628

-0.25620 49
+0.22432 53
-0.2010712
+0.1836744
-0.17009 46
+0.15912 86

-0.23580
+0.21109
-0.19155
+0.17639
-0.16428

60
29
58
49
83

-0.21926 48
+0.19983 04
-0.18321 82
+0.1698882
-0.15902 21

5.088498
8.733710
12.067544
15.315390
18.525210
21.714547
24.891503

6.197831
9.982466
13.385287
16.676625
19.916796
23.128642

7.293692
11.206497
14.676387
18.011609
21.283249
24.518929

8.379626
12.411301
15.945983
19.324820
22.628417

+0.30882
-0.25896
+0.22485
-0.20124
+0.18374
-0.17012
+0.15914

-0.27236
+0.23908
-0.21179
+0.19179
-0.17649
+0.16433

+0.24538
-0.22293
+0.20067
-0.18352
+0.17002
-0.15909

-0.22441
+0.20946
-0.19106
+0.17619
-0.16419

84
37
33
76
63
61
37

36
77
68
01
36
77
62

25
76
27
35
69
89

14
49
86
21
38
15

70
65
59
60
26

Table 10.6

jv,s
11.657032
15.431289
18.922999
22.295348

J;(j"
-0.20550
+0.19008
-0.17582
+0.16402

sJ
46
87
99
38

(-I)n+1Y;CIJ"J
Yv,.'t
9.457882 +0.20754 83
13.600629 -0.19801 01
17.197777 +0.18264 01
20.619612 -0.1696444
23.955267 +0.15890 14

1
2
3
4

12.790782
16.641003
20.182471
23.591275

-0.19382
+0.18155
-0.16922
+0.15870

82
15
10
04

10.529989
14.777175
18.434529
21.898570

-0.19361
+0.18810
-0.17517
+0.16373

19/2

1
2
3
4

13.915823
17.838643
21.428487
24.873214

-0.18376
+0.17398
-0.16326
+0.15383

12
80
17
84

11.597038
15.942945
19.658369
23.163734

+0.18186 42
-0.1794410
+0.16849 33
-0.15837 45

21/2

1 15.033469 -0.17496 82
2 19.025854 +0.16722 59
3 22.662721 -0.15785 09
4

12.659840
17.099480
20.870973
24.416749

-0.17179
+0.17176
-0.16247
+0.15347

23/2

1 16.144743 -0.16720 39
2 20.203943 +0.16113 25
3 23.886531 -0.15290 87

13.719013 +0.16304 06
18.247994 -0.16491 86
22.073692 +0.15700 50

25/2

1 17.250455 -0.16028 44
2 21.373972 +0.15560 47
3

14.775045 -0.1553497
19.389462 +0.15875 20
23.267630 -0.15201 34

27/2

1 18.351261 -0.15406 88
2 22.536817 +0.15056 00
3

15.828325 +0.14852 56
20.524680 -0.15316 36
24.453705 +0.1474315

29/2

1 19.447703 -0.14844 69
2 23.693208 +0.14593 21

16.879170 -0.14242 04
21.654309 +0.14806 91

31/2

1 20.540230 -0.14333 12
2 24.843763 +0.14166 70

17.927842 +0.13691 88
22.778902 -0.14340 05

33/2

1 21.629221 -0.13865 11
2

18.974562 -0.13192 99
23.898931 +0.13910 20

35/2

22.715002 -0.13434 93

20.019515 +0.12738 05

37/2

23.797849 -0.13037 81

21.062860 -0.12321 13

39/2

1 24.878005 -0.12669 81

22.104735 +0.11937 34

1
2
3
4
5

Values to greater accuracy and over a wider range are given in [10.31].
From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, vols. I, II. Columbia Univ.
Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

38
92
27
75

22
97
13
56

468

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Table 10.7

ZEROS OF THE DERIVATIVE OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

OF HALF-INTEGER ORDER

r;(.I{ 8)~O

J;(j;,8)~O

j;,s
1/2

3/2

5/2

7/2

9/2

11/2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1.165561
4.604217
7.789884
10.949944
14.101725
17.249782
20.395842
23.540708

J,(j;,,)
+0.679192
-0.369672
+0.285287
-0.240870
+0.212340
-0.192029
+0.176620
-0.164412

Y;,8

( -l)n+ I Y,(Y;, ,)

2.975086
6.202750
9.371475
12.526476
15.676078
18.822999
21. 968393

-0.456186
+0.319331
-0.260267
+0.225258
-0.201419
+0.183841
-0.170188

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

2.460536
6.029292
9.261402
12.445260
15.611585
18.769469
21.922619

+0.525338
-0.328062
+0.263295
-0.226711
+0.202245
-0.184363
+0.170542

4.354435
7.655545
10.856531
14.029845
17.191285
20.346496
23.498023

+0.388891
-0.290138
+0.242910
-0.213417
+0.192678
-0.177046
+0.164709

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

3.632797
7.367009
10.663561
13.883370
17.072849
20.246945
23.412100

+0.457398
-0.301449
+0.247304
-0.215670
+0.194015
-0.117917
+0.165314

5.634297
9.030902
12.278863
15.480655
18.661309
21. 830390
24.992411

-0.350669
+0.270006
-0.229783
+0.203956
-0.185432
+0.171262
-0.159953

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
2
3
4
5
6

4. 762196
8.653134
12.018262
15.279081
18.496200
21.690284
24.870602

5.868420
9.904306
13.337928
16.641787
19.888934
23.105297

6.959746
11.129856
14.630406
17.917886
21.256291
24.496327

+0.415533
-0.282237
+0.234875
-0.206685
+0.187103
-0.172317
+0.160741

+0.386006
-0.267385
+0.224788
-0.199151
+0.181169
-0.167534

+0.363557
-0.255385
+0.216349
-0.192692
+0.175987
-0.163244

6.863232
10.356373
13.656304
16.891400
20.095393
23.281796

8.060030
11.646354
14.999624
18.270330
21.500029
24.705942

9.234274
12.909478
16.315912
19.623229
22.879980

+0.324651
-0.254849
+0.219318
-0.196124
+0.179270
-0.166245

-0.305246
+0.242810
-0.210673
+0.189472
-0.173929
+0.161826

+0.289946
-0.232895
+0.203344
-0.183714
+0.169229

j;,s

1
2
3
4
5

8.040535
12.335631
15.901023
19.291967
22.602185

+0.345649
-0.245384
+0.209127
-0.187058
+0.171399

10.391621
14.151399
17.610124
20.954335
24.238863

-0.277420
+0.224513
-0.197009
+0.178651
-0.165043

Y;,8

( -l)n+ I Y.(y;, ,)

1
2
3
4
5

9.113402
13.525575
17.153587
20.587450
23.929631

+0.330874
-0.236854
+0.202841
-0.182017
+0.167294

n.535731
15.376058
18.885886
22.266861

+0.266883
-0.217283
+0.191447
-0.174147

17/2

1
2
3
4

10.180054
14.702493
18.390930
21.866965

+0.318378
-0.229449
+0.197291
-0.177623

12.669130
16.586323
20.145940
23.563314

-0.257833
+0.210950
-0.186505
+0.170098

19/2

1
2
3
4

11.241675
15.868463
19.615227
23.132584

+0.307606
-0.222927
+0.192335
-0.173605

13. 793646
17.784362
21.392422
24.845689

+0.249935
-0.205332
+0.182067
-0.166427

21/2

1
2
3
4

12.299124
17.025072
20.828186
24.385974

+0.298179
-0.217118
+0.187870
-0.169950

14.910648
18.971857
22.627032

-0.242951
+0.200296
-0.178048

23/2

1
2
3

13.353045
18.173567
22.031181

+0.289825
-0.211893
+0.183813

16.021196
20.150142
23.851147

+0.236710
-0.195742
+0.174383

25/2

1
2
3

14.403937
19.314945
23.225333

+0.282348
-0.207156
+0.180103

17.126125
21.320300

-0.231081
+0.191594

27/2

1
2
3

15.452196
20.450018
24.411571

+0.275596
-0.202830
+0.176690

18.226109
22.483219

+0.225965
-0.181792

29/2

16.498138
21.579459

+0.269455
-0.198856

19.321702
23.639641

-0.221286
+0.184287

31/2

1
2

17.542024
22. 703832

+0.263833
-0.195187

20.413362
24.790191

+0.216981
-0.181040

33/2

1
2

18.584071
23.823614

+0.258658
-0.191783

21.501417

-0.213000

19.624460
24.939214

+0.253871
-0.188612

22.586374

+0.209303

37/2

20.663347

+0.249423

23.668335

-0.205855

39/2

21.700865

+0.245275

24.747606

+0.202629

3512

13/2

J,(j;,,)

15/2

Values to greater accuracy and over a wider range are given in [10.31].
From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions,vols. I, II. Columbia Univ.
Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

469

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, I AND 2

X

io(x)

i2(X)

il(X)

ko(x)

Table 10.8

kJ(x)

k2(X)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1.00000
1.00166
1.00668
1.01506
1.02688

000
750
001
764
081

0.00000
0.03336
0.06693
0.10090
0.13547

000
668
370
290
889

0.00000
0.00066
0.00267
0.00603
0.01078

0000
7143
4294
8668
9114

14.21315
6.43029
3.87891
2.63234

293
630
513
067

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.04219
1.06108
1.08369
1.11013
1.14057

061
930
100
248
414

0.17087
0.20729
0.24496
0.28412
0.32501

071
319
858
808
361

0.01696
0.02462
0.03382
0.04465
0.05719

6360
3348
5678
2156
5452

1.90547
1.43678
1.11433
0.88225
0.70959

226
550
482
536
792

5.71641
3.83142
2.70624
1.98507
1.49804

679
801
170
456
005

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.17520
1.21422
1.25788
1.30644
1.36021

119
497
446
803
536

0.36787
0.41299
0.46064
0.51112
0.56477

944
416
259
785
365

0.07156
0.08787
0.10627
0.12692
0.14998

2871
7251
7995
2227
6112

0.57786
0.47533
0.39426
0.32930
0.27668

367
880
230
149
115

1.15572
0.90746
0.72281
0.58261
0.47431

735
4974
4219
0332
0537

4.04504
2.95024
2.20129
1.67378
1.29306

57
33
78
69
09

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1.41951
1.48472
1.55625
1.63454
1.72008

964
997
408
127
574

0.62192
0.68295
0.74827
0.81829
0.89349

665
906
140
550
778

0.17566
0.20418
0.23577
0.27071
0.30929

6332
1728
5138
5433
9770

0.23366
0.19821
0.16879
0.14425
0.12365

136
144
918
049
360

0.38943
0.32209
0.26809
0.22438
0.18873

5596
3595
2818
9655
4440

1.01253
0.80213
0.64190
0.51823
0.42165

25
693
415
325
535

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.81343
1.91516
2.02595
2.14650
2.27759

020
988
690
513
551

0.97438
1.06149
1.15543
1.25683
1.36639

274
681
247
283
653

0.35185
0.39874
0.45036
0.50715
0.56959

6089
5868
7165
7959
9849

0.10629
0.09159
0.07911
0.06847
0.05937

208
719
327
227
476

0.15943
0.13521
0.11507
0.09824
0.08411

8124
4906
3847
2824
4246

0.34544
0.28476
0.23603
0.19661
0.16451

927
135
215
508
757

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.42008
2.57489
2.74306
2.92568
3.12398

179
701
041
513
658

1.48488
1.61311
1.75200
1.90251
2.06572

308
877
304
546
335

0.63822
0.71360
0.79639
0.88727
0.98703

2102
6125
0365
5704
1387

0.05157
0.04487
0.03909
0.03411
0.02980

553
256
858
437
354

0.07220
0.06213
0.05357
0.04629
0.04008

5736
1241
9539
8067
0625

0.13822
0.11656
0.09863
0.08371
0.07126

241
246
140
944
626

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

3.33929
3.57304
3.82683
4.10238
4.40157

164
872
875
723
747

2.24279
2.43498
2.64368
2.87041
3.11681

012
437
983
631
153

1.09650
1.21661
1.34837
1.49291
1.65144

152
224
954
787
965

0.02606
0.02282
0.02000
0.01755
0.01541

845
681
910
635
841

0.03475
0.03019
0.02626
0.02287
0.01995

7931
0302
1944
6452
3243

0.06082
0.05204
0.04462
0.03835
0.03302

638
323
967
312
422

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

4.72646
5.07929
5.46251
5.87879
6.33105

494
316
092
128
220

3.38467
3.67596
3.99283
4.33762
4.71289

421
831
865
799
572

1.82531
2.01598
2.22507
2.45434
2.70574

562
623
418
813
780

0.01355
0.01192
0.01049
0.00924
0.00815

255
222
611
735
280

0.01742
0.01523
0.01333
0.01168
0.01024

4712
3952
2903
0862
3262

0.02848
0.02461
0.02130
0.01846
0.01603

802
718
658
908
223

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

6.82247
7.35655
7.93706
8.56816
9.25438

930
060
374
571
538

5.12143
5.56631
6.05085
6.57872
7.15390

838
208
704
451
628

2.98140
3.28363
3.61502
3.97835
4.37672

051
932
300
791
200

0.00719
0.00634
0.00560
0.00495
0.00438

253
934
833
661
300

0.00899
0.00789
0.00694
0.00610
0.00537

0668
7961
3650
9316
9136

0.01393
0.01212
0.01056
0.00921
0.00805

554
834
808
893
059

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

10.00066
10.81241
11.69554
12.65647
13.70227

914
998
012
789
889

7.78076
8.46407
9.20906
10.02142
10.90741

689
908
250
620
515

4.81349
5.29236
5.81741
6.39308
7.02426

122
840
513
652
961

0.00387
0.00343
0.00303
0.00269
0.00238

777
248
975
318
716

0.00473
0.00417
0.00368
0.00325
0.00287

9498
8666
6506
4257
4331

0.00703
0.00615
0.00539
0.00472
0.00414

744
769
284
709
695

5.0

14.84064 212

[( -l)l]

11.87386 128

[( -l)l]

in(x)

= ~~ 7r/xIn+~ (x)
1

7.71632 535

[( -l)8]

00

00

0.00211 679

00

156.344682
38.58177 78
16.80863 22
9.21319 233

4704.5536
585.15696
171.96524
71.731283

0.00254 0146

kn(x)

= ~~ 7r/xKnH (X)

36.203973
20.593926
12.712514
8.32628 49
5.70306 48

0.00364 088

470

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Table 10.9
x

MODU'IED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 9 AND 10

109x- 9i9(x)

1010X-lOilO(X)

10- 7xlOk9(X)

10- 9Xll k lO (x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1.52734
1.52771
1. 52880
1. 53062
1. 53317

93
30
46
54
79

0.72730
0.72746
0.72794
O. 72873
0.72984

92
73
19
35
30

5.41287
5.41128
5.40650
5.39856
5.38746

38
21
99
70
92

1.02844
1.02817
1. 02736
1. 02601
1. 02412

60
54
41
35
59

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.53646
1. 54049
1. 54526
1.55078
1.55706

54
23
36
57
60

0.73127
0.73302
O. 73509
O. 73749
0.74022

18
17
47
33
04

5.37323
5.35590
5.33549
5.31206
5.28564

85
33
79
23
31

1.02170
1. 01875
1. 01527
1.01128
1.00678

47
42
95
67
27

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.56411
1. 57193
1.58054
1. 58994
1.60016

27
49
32
87
42

0.74327
0.74667
O. 75040
O. 75448
O. 75891

93
38
79
62
37

5.25629
5.22406
5.18902
5.15123
5.11078

13
45
48
93
01

1.00177
0.99627
0.99028
0.98382
0.97689

53
31
56
30
61

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1. 61120
1. 62308
1.63581
1.64941
1. 66390

30
02
13
38
60

O. 76369
O. 76883
0.77434
0.78023
O. 78649

58
83
76
05
43

5.06772
5.02215
4.97414
4.92379
4.87119

38
07
57
68
57

0.96951
0.96169
0.95345
0.94478
0.93572

68
72
03
97
94

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1. 67930
1. 69563
1. 71292
1. 73118
1. 75044

73
90
33
39
59

0.79314
0.80019
0.80765
0.81552
0.82381

68
63
17
21
79

4.81643
4. 75961
4. 70083
4.64019
4.57780

66
72
65
67
09

0.92628
0.91646
0.90629
0.89579
0.88495

41
88
89
04
95

2.5
2.6
2. 7
2.8
2.9

1.77073
1. 79208
1. 81451
1.83806
1. 86277

63
32
64
76
03

0.83254
0.84172
0.85136
0.86147
0.87206

94
78
49
30
54

4.51375
4.44816
4.38113
4.31277
4.24318

41
23
22
10
63

0.87382
0.86239
0.85069
0.83874
0.82655

25
63
78
39
20

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1. 88865
1. 91577
1. 94414
1.97382
2.00485

96
24
79
74
39

0.88315
0.89475
0.90688
0.91956
0.93279

57
86
95
42
97

4.17248 53
4.10077 50
4.0281619
3.95475 12
3.88064 76

0.81413
0.80152
0.78872
0.77574
O. 76262

92
28
01
83
45

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

2.03727
2.07113
2.10648
2.14337
2.18187

33
33
43
94
40

0.94661
0.96102
0.97605
0.99171
1. 00804

40
55
38
97
44

3.80595
3. 73076
3.65519
3.57933
3.50326

33
99
70
16
88

O. 74936
O. 73598
O. 72250
O. 70894
0.69531

56
84
95
53
19

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

2.22202
2.26389
2.30755
2.35306
2.40049

68
90
54
35
43

1. 02505
1. 04276
1. 06120
1.08040
1.10038

08
26
45
28
47

3.42710
3.35091
3.27481
3.19885
3.12314

13
95
07
96
76

0.68162
0.66790
0.65415
0.64039
0.62664

50
02
25
66
70

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

2.44992
2.50142
2.55508
2.61099
2.66924

27
71
99
74
03

1.12117
1.14281
1.16532
1.18874
1. 21310

91
58
63
39
29

3.04775
2.97275
2.89821
2.82421
2.75081

39
34
88
90
98

0.61291
0.59922
0.58557
0.57198
0.55846

75
16
24
25
39

5.0

2.72991 40

[(-:)3]

in(x) =

1.23843 97

2.67808 38

[(-44)1]

[(-:)4]

~~ 7r/~In+t (x)

0.54502 82

[(1)7]

kn(x) =

Compiled from C. W. Jones, A short table for the Bessel functions I

~~ 7r/xKnH (x)

(x) (2/1f)K (x)

n+i-'
n+t'

Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952 (with permission).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 9 AND 10 Table 10.9

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

~ ~K19(X)

e- x I21 (x)
2

7r

2) 4. 62276

( -5/1. 45387
(-5 1. 65403
-5 1. 87488
-5 2.11718
-5}2.38413

2~4.11899

2 3.68187
2 3.30123
2} 2.96863

(2
2
2
2
2

2.67706
2.42066
2.19449
1.99441
1. 81692

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

-5) 2.67535
-512.99285
-5 3.33809
-5 3. 71252
-5 4.11760

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

-5}4.55480
-515.02559
-5 5.53143
-5 6.07371
-5 6.65407

2 1.51825
2 1.39236
2) 1. 27955
2} 1.17821

6.5
6.6
6. 7
6.8
6.9

-5
-5
-5
-5
-4

7.27375
7.93423
8.63691
9.38317
1.01743

2
2
1
1
1

1. 08697
1.00464
9.30213
8.62775
8.01557

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

1.10117
1.18967
1. 28304
1. 38142
1.48492

1
1
1
1
1

7.45880
6.95148
6.48840
6.06498
5.67717

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

1.59365
1. 70173
1.82727
1. 95236
2.08311

1~ 5.32140
1 4.99452
1 4.69371
(I) 4.41649
(I) 4.16065

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-4
-4
-4
(-4
(-4

2.21961
2.36195
2.51020
2.66447
2.82481

II 3.92420
I 3. 70539
3.50262
(11 3.31448
( 3.13970

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-4}2.99130
-4) 3. 16400
-4) 3. 34298
-4}3.52828
-4} 3. 71997

(l~ 2.97113

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

9.5
9.6
9. 7
9.8
9.9
10.0

3.91809
4.12268
4.33377
4.55140
4. 17560

-4} 5. 00639
-4 5.24378
-4 5.48179
-4)5.73844
(-4) 5. 99571

( -4) 6.25963

2~1.65905

~
~

12.82574
1 2.68460
1}2.55287
1}2.42979

1~2. 31467
1 2.20689
1 2.10586
I) 2.01109
I} 1. 92209
1 1. 83843

1
1
1
1

1. 75973
1. 68563
1. 61578
1. 54991

( I) 1. 48772

471

472

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Table 10.9
MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 9 AND 10
X-I

fg(X)

gg(X)

!lO(X)

glO(X)

<X>

0.100
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080

1.10630
1.08238
1.06167
1.04394
1.02899

573
951
683
741
406

1.21411
1.17260
1.13650
1.10534
1. 07872

149
877
462
464
041

0.65502
0.68557
O. 71563
O. 74502
O. 77352

364
030
676
124
114

0.56777
0.60351
0.63926
0.67473
O. 70961

303
931
956
612
813

10
11
11
12
13

0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055

1. 01661
1.00662
0.99883
0.99304
0.98907

895
998
728
985
251

1.05626
1.03762
1.02248
1.01055
1.00151

085
412
982
159
009

0.80093
0.82707
0.85175
0.87480
0.89608

667
483
354
587
425

O. 74360
O. 77639
0.80768
0.83717
0.86461

745
538
018
510
675

13
14
15
17
18

0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

0.98670
0.98573
0.98593
0.98707
0.98892

320
080
357
842
100

0.99506
0.99091
0.98874
0.98822
0.98900

643
634
519
421
824

0.91546
0.93284
0.94817
0.96140
0.97253

455
978
344
216
769

0.88977
0.91245
0.93251
0.94985
0.96444

340
301
041
358
830

20
22
25
29
33

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005

0.99120
0.99367
0.99605
0.99807
0.99947

680
323
259
595
760

0.99073
0.99302
0.99549
0.99774
0.99937

519
746
538
259
316

0.98161
0.98871
0.99394
0.99744
0.99939

804
764
654
863
894

0.97632
0.98556
0.99231
0.99679
0.99925

121
077
623
434
415

40
50
67
100
200

0.000

1.00000 000
[( -64)4J

1.00000 000

)1

[( -74

1. 00000 000

[( -l)3J

~27rXlt9(X) =fg(x)e X -

45x - 1

"2

~27rXI21 (X)

=!1O(X)ex- 55x -

"2

,J2x/7rK19(X) = g9(X)e- X +45x - 1

"2

~2x/;K21 (x) = glO(X)e- x +55x- 1

"2

<x> = nearest integer to X.

1. 00000 000

)3J

[( -74

00

473

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Table 10.10

MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS

-V~ 7r/xlnH (x)

x=1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
30
40
50
100

o 1.17520 1194

1
2
2
3

3.67879
7.15628
1.00650
1.10723

4412
7013
9052
6461

1
1
2
2

9. 74382
3.51856
9.47425
2.02572

5
6
7
8
9

9.99623
7.65033
5.08036
2.97924
1.56411

7520
3778
0873
6909
2692

3
4
5
6
7

3.58484
5.40595
7.09794
8.24936
8.59805

8301
2086
4523
9394
3854

11
12
13
15
16

7.43279
3.22604
1.28851
4. 76618
1.64168

3549
7141
2381
7751
8672

18\5.29060
19 1.60182
21 4.57312
22 1.23512
24 3.16500

2725
7153
0086
2995
3796

2617.71514
43 5.65589
- 61 1.55685
1- 81 3.65054

7565
8686
5122
5412

--

(-190}7.48149 1755

0
1
2
3
4

3
2
2
2
2

5
6
7
8
9

2
2
1
1
1

13

14

15
16
17

18
19

20
30
40
50
100

- 1 7.45140 8690
- 1 2.56465 1251
- 2 7.83315 4364
- 2 2.14704 9422
- 3 5.33186 3294

1-

x=10

1.10132
9.91190
8.03965
5. 89207
3.91520

r'

3
3
4
4

6530
1449
9390
5792
7468

1.20941
2.52325
4.87152
8. 74937
1.46862

3702
7454
7330
8858
7470

- 7 2.31339
- 8 3.43223
- 9 4.81186
- 10 6.39343
- 11 8.07224

5316
7424
1587
1309
1852

2018.37672 8478
- 34 6.21921 4440
- 49 1.74298 6176
- 66 4.17042 9214

70826 6441
-- 1219.
22 6.36889 3001
1.63577 1994
9664
1-- 3346 3.64245

(-160}9.554251030

{-120}6.26113 6933

x=50

x=100

5529
1418
4844
6934
1073

41
41
41
41
41

1. 34405
1.33061
1. 30414
1. 26541
1. 21556

8571
7985
00)1
0984
1262

19
19
19
19
19

3.83039
3.39413
2.94792
2.50975
2.09460

9141
3262
4492
5914
7482

41
41
41
40
40

1.15601
1. 08840
1. 01451
9.36222
8.55360

0470
0111
8456
3425
6574

1653
6874
8439
2641
3093

19
19
19
18
18

1. 71380
1. 37480
1. 08139
8.34112
6.30971

5071
9352
2769
9672
7670

40
40
40
40
40

7.73703
6.92882
6.14340
5.39297
4. 68730

8176
8557
7607
6655
3911

9437
8379
7720
3574
6979

18
18
18
18
18

4. 68149
3.40719
2.43274
1. 70426
1. 17158

3423
1747
6870
8938
7856

40
40
40
40
40

4.03365
3.43686
2.89949
2.42204
2.00333

8521
9769
1497
7745
3832

6.65436 3519
3.11814 2991
1.35352 0435

2.23450
6.26543
1.66914
4.23421
1. 02488

1.81406
1.09565
6.24163
3.36455
1. 72111

3
4
5
6
6

5.18470
5.08101
4.87984
4. 59302
4.23682

2.36839 5827

02.05966
- 1 7.27307
- 1 2.41397
- 2 7.55352

13
14
16
17
18

19
19
19
19
19

1. 30996 8827

o 5.46454

3287
9633
9985
9640
4237

8 8.12182 3211
- 9 7.01394 8275
- 10 5.57826 9483
- 11 4.11114 2138
1- 12 2.82275 9636
-

x=5

1 1.48406 4212
1 1. 18738 6128
o 7.71632 5346
o 4.15753 5935
o 1. 89577 5037

0204
7436
0886
2220
6087

10
11
12

x=2

o 1.81343

1--1251'3'154
1.22928 35'7
4325

-21 2.81471 5830

-31 5.88991 6154

(-90)9.54463 8661

04
1 17
30 4104
151'.'
5.67659
3929
+ 9 2.00489 8633

12 7.34905 8082

(40)1.640747551
~ 39~ 1. 3014 7 2327
37 3.95371 9716
35 4. 74095 0959

(-17)2.34189 3740

(20) 3. 73598 8741

474

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Table 10.10

MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS

~
x=l
- 1o 1.15572
5.77863 6749
7350

1
2

3
4

3
4
5
6
7

7r/xKn+! (x)

x=2

-1-

x=5

1 1.06292 0829
1 1. 59438 1243
1 3.45449 2694
o 1. 02306 1298
o 3.92616 3812

312.11678
3 2. 54014
3 3.64087
3 6.18102
2 1. 22943

8479
6175
6184
2359
0749

2
2
1
1

2.83107
7.45780
2. 22213
7.41218
o 2. 74235

7584
1433
6131
8536
7715

1. 40478
1. 56063
2.04287
3.07991
5.25629

6594
6427
5221
9195
1384

1
2
2
3
4

1. 86907
1. 06725
7.12406
5.44977
4. 70355

9845
5553
9079
7364
1451

911.00177
10 2.10898
11 4.86068
13 1. 21727
14 3.29151

5282
4384
1836
9443
5179

5
6
7
8
9

4.52287
4. 79605
5.56068
6.99881
9.50401

1652
0749
7078
9354
2999

111.11621
1 4.96235
2 2.39430
3 1. 24677
3 6.97201

7817
0604
3059
5036
5499

11)1.38508 0704
12)2.15637 9105
13~3.57187 6330
14 6.27234 7368
16 1.16395 6139

4!4.16844
5 2.65415
6 1. 79342
7 1. 28194
7 9.66570

6493
6981
8072
1220
7838

8)7.66744
18)7.97979
30) 2.35318
42)8.49795

6235
3303
1718
8757

5
6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13
14

o 4.04504 5724
1 2.13809 5597
2 1. 53711 7375

1
-2

15
16
17
18
19

15!9.557566814
17 2.96613 7227
18 9.79781 0417
20 3.43219 9783
22 1.27089 3701

20
30
40
50

( 23)4.95991 7633
40~4.55045 5450
59 1. 24524 3351
78 4.25947 0196

( 17)2.27598 6819
(~ 31~2.06581 6824
46 5.55624 8963
63 1.86314 7755

100

( 87)1.04451 3645

( 156) 4.08894 4237

0
1
2
3
4

:1'=10

~-6
-6

x=50

-5

7.13140
7. 84454
9.48476
1. 25869
1. 82956

4291
4720
7707
2857
1771

-24
-24
-24
-24
-24

6.05934
6.18053
6. 43017
6.82355
7.38547

6353
3280
8350
ll15
5506

-5
-5
-4
(-4

o
9052'
5.02539
9.43830
1. 91828
4.20491

845'
0067
5538
4837
4777

-24
-24
-23
-23
-23

8.15293
9.17912
1. 05395
1. 23409
1.47354

6706
1581
0832
7408
3950

-4
-3
-3
-2
-2

9.90762
2.50109
6. 74327
1.93592
5.90133

2914
2290
4558
7868
2701

-23~1. 79404 4109

-23 2.22704 2476
-23 2.81848 3648
-23~3.63628 4300
-23 4.78207 7170

15
16
17
18
19

rT0904'7
-1 6.49556
o 2.33403
o 8. 81868
1 3.49631

'270
9007
5699
1848
5854

20
30
40
50

( 2) 1. 45175
~ 9~ 1.99043
17 6. 68871
(27 2.59020

0001
6138
7408
6572

5
6
7
8
9
10
11

12
13
14

100

rr
-6

~-5

(85) 8.14750 7624

(116)2.49323 8041

~-2'1604o'88
-23 8. 75620 '058
8386
-22 1.21889 8659
1.72884 9900
-22 2.49824 7585

~-22

(-22)3.67748
~-20~4. 72460
-17 3.32175
-13 1.10246

3017
0057
1557
0162

(+12)5.97531 1344

-46
-46
-46
-46
-46

x=100

5.84348
5. 90191
6. 02053
6.20294
6.45474

1679
6495
9173
3454
5215

!-4616o
78'87
-46 7.20097
-46 7.71999
-46 8.35897
-46 9.14102

052'
0973
6750
0485
1732

-451'000'57 6461
-45 1.12611 3230
-45 1.26858 2504
-45 1.44325 8856
-45 1.658262396
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45

1.92415
2.25475
2.66822
3.18862
3. 84801

4951
0430
2593
8338
5078

(-45)4.68935
~-44}5. 77221
-42 1.84121
-40 1.47876

4218
5084
2999
1633

(-25)1.48279 6529

475

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

AIRY FUNCTIONS
Ai(x)
Bi' (x)
x

Bi(x)

Ai'(x)

Ai(x)

Ai'(x)

Bi(x)

Table 1O.1l
Bi' (x)

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.35502
0.35243
0.34985
0.34726
0.34467

805
992
214
505
901

-0.25881
-0.25880
-0.25874
-0.25866
-0.25854

940
174
909
197
090

0.61492
0.61940
0.62389
0.62837
0.63286

663
962
322
808
482

0.44828
0.44831
0.44841
0.44856
0.44878

836
926
254
911
987

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.23169
0.22945
0.22721
0.22499
0.22279

361
031
872
894
109

-0.22491
-0.22374
-0.22257
-0.22138
-0.22018

053
617
027
322
541

0.85427
0.85974
0.86525
0.87081
0.87641

704
431
543
154
381

0.54457
0.54890
0.55334
0.55789
0.56257

256
049
239
959
345

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.34209
0.33951
0.33693
0.33435
0.33177

435
139
047
191
603

-0.25838
-0.25819
-0.25797
-0.25772
-0.25744

640
898
916
745
437

0.63735
0.64184
0.64634
0.65084
0.65534

409
655
286
370
975

0.44907
0.44942
0.44984
0.45033
0.45088

570
752
622
270
787

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.22059
0.21841
0.21624
0.21408
0.21193

527
158
012
099
427

-0.21897
-0.21775
-0.21653
-0.21529
-0.21404

720
898
112
397
790

0.88206
0.88776
0.89350
0.89930
0.90515

341
152
934
810
902

0.56736
0.57227
0.57730
0.58246
0.58774

532
662
873
311
120

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.32920
0.32663
0.32406
0.32150
0.31894

313
352
751
538
743

-0.25713
-0.25678
-0.25641
-0.25600
-0.25557

042
613
200
854
625

0.65986
0.66438
0.66890
0.67343
0.67798

169
023
609
997
260

0.45151
0.45220
0.45297
0.45381
0.45472

263
789
457
357
582

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.20980
0.20767
0.20556
0.20347
0.20138

006
844
948
327
987

-0.21279
-0.21153
-0.21025
-0.20898
-0.20769

326
041
970
146
605

0.91106
0.91702
0.92303
0.92910
0.93524

334
233
726
941
011

0.59314
0.59867
0.60433
0.61012
0.61603

448
447
267
064
997

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.31639
0.31384
0.31130
0.30876
0.30623

395
521
150
307
020

-0.25511
-0.25462
-0.25411
-0.25356
-0.25300

565
724
151
898
013

0.68253
0.68709
0.69167
0.69625
0.70085

473
709
046
558
323

0.45571
0.45677
0.45791
0.45912
0.46041

223
373
125
572
808

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.19931
0.19726
0.19521
0.19318
0.19116

937
182
729
584
752

-0.20640
-0.20510
-0.20380
-0.20248
-0.20117

378
500
004
920
281

0.94143
0.94768
0.95399
0.96037
0.96681

066
241
670
491
843

0.62209
0.62827
0.63460
0.64106
0.64766

226
912
222
324
389

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.30370
0.30118
0.29866
0.29615
0.29365

315
218
753
945
818

-0.25240
-0.25178
-0.25114
-0.25047
-0.24977

547
548
067
151
850

0.70546
0.71008
0.71472
0.71938
0.72405

420
928
927
499
726

0.46178
0.46324
0.46477
0.46638
0.46808

928
026
197
539
147

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.18916
0.18717
0.18519
0.18322
0.18127

240
052
192
666
478

-0.19985
-0.19852
-0.19719
-0.19585
-0.19451

119
464
347
798
846

0.97332
0.97990
0.98655
0.99327
1.00006

866
703
496
394
542

0.65440
0.66129
0.66832
0.67549
0.68282

592
109
121
810
363

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.29116
0.28867
0.28619
0.28372
0.28126

395
701
757
586
209

-0.24906
-0.24832
-0.24756
-0.24677
-0.24597

211
284
115
753
244

0.72874
0.73345
0.73818
0.74292
0.74769

690
477
170
857
624

0.46986
0.47172
0.47367
0.47571
0.47783

119
554
549
205
623

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.17933
0.17741
0.17549
0.17360
0.17171

631
128
975
172
724

-0.19317
-0.19182
-0.19047
-0.18912
-0.18777

521
851
865
591
055

1.00693
1.01387
1.02088
1.02798
1.03516

091
192
999
667
353

0.69029
0.69792
0.70571
0.71365
0.72174

970
824
121
062
849

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.27880
0.27635
0.27392
0.27149
0.26906

648
923
055
064
968

-0.24514
-0.24429
-0.24343
-0.24254
-0.24164

636
976
309
682
140

0.75248
0.75729
0.76213
0.76699
0.77187

559
752
292
272
782

0.48004
0.48235
0.48474
0.48722
0.48980

903
148
462
948
713

0.80 .0.16984 632

0.81 0.16798 899
0.82 0.16614 526
0.83 0.16431 516
0.84 0.16249 870

-0.18641
-0.18505
-0.18369
-0.18232
-0.18096

286
310
153
840
398

1.04242
1.04976
1.05719
1.06470
1.07230

217
421
128
504
717

0.73000
0.73842
0.74701
0.75576
0.76468

690
795
380
663
865

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.26665
0.26425
0.26186
0.25947
0.25710

787
540
243
916
574

-0.24071
-0.23977
-0.23881
-0.23783
-0.23684

730
495
481
731
291

0.77678
0.78172
0.78669
0,79169
0.79671

917
770
439
018
605

0.49247
0.49524
0.49810
0.50106
0.50412

861
501
741
692
463

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.16069
0.15890
0.15713
0.15536
0.15362

588
673
124
942
128

-0.17959
-0.17823
-0.17686
-0.17549
-0.17413

851
223
539
823
097

1.07999
1.08778
1.09566
1.10363
1.11170

939
340
096
385
386

0.77378
0.78304
0.79249
0.80211
0.81191

215
942
282
473
759

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.25474
0.25238
0,25004
0.24771
0.24539

235
916
630
395
226

-0.23583
-0.23480
-0.23376
-0.23270
-0.23163

203
512
259
487
239

0.80177
0.80686
0.81198
0.81714
0.82233

300
202
412
033
167

0.50728
0.51053
0.51389
0.51736
0.52092

168
920
833
025
614

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.15188
0.15016
0.14845
0.14676
0.14508

680
600
886
538
555

-0.17276
-0.17139
-0.17003
-0.16866
-0.16730

384
708
090
551
113

1.11987
1.12814
1.13651
1.14499
1.15357

281
255
496
193
539

0.82190
0.83207
0.84243
0.85298
0.86373

389
615
695
891
470

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.24308
0.24078
0.23849
0.23621
0.23394

135
139
250
482
848

-0.23054
-0.22944
-0.22833
-0.22720
-0.22606

556
479
050
310
297

0.82755
0,83282
0.83812
0.84346
0.84885

920
397
705
952
248

0.52459
0.52837
0.53225
0.53625
0.54035

717
457
956
338
729

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.14341
0.14176
0.14012
0.13850
0.13689

935
678
782
245
066

-0.16593
-0.16457
-0.16321
-0.16185
-0.16050

797
623
611
781
153

1.16226
1.17106
1.17998
1.18901
1.19815

728
959
433
352
925

0.87467
0.88581
0.89716
0.90871
0.92046

704
871
253
137
818

0.50

0,23169 361

-0.22491 053

0.54457 256

1.00

0.13529 242

[(-t)l]

[(-t)4]

0.85427 704

[(-:)1]

[(-t)5]

[(-2)2]

-0.15914 744

1.20742 359

[( -2)1]

[( -:)1]

0.93243 593

[(-:)3]

AIRY FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS FOR LARGE POSITIVE ARGUMENTS

r-I

f( -r)

fer)

g( -r)

g(t)

r-I

f( -r)

fer)

g( -r)

g(r)

1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1

1.000000
1.047069
1.100099
1.160397
1.229700

0.527027
0.528783
0.530601
0.532488
0.534448

0.619912
0.620335
0.620327
0.619799
0.618649

0.619954
0.617156
0.614275
0.611305
~.608239

0.478728
0.479925
0.481658
0.484018
0.487107

0.50
0.45
0.40
0,35
0.30

2.080084
2.231443
2.413723
2.638450
2.924018

0.548230
0.549584
0.550980
0.552421
0.553912

0.593015
0.589451
0.585855
0.582330
0.578985

0.587245
0.585235
0.583174
0.581056
0.578878

0.526011
0.530678
0.535345
0.539902
0.544235

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

1.310371
1.405721
1.520550
1.662119
1.842016

0.536489
0.538618
0.540844
0.543180
0.545636

0.616764
0.614022
0.610309
0.605543
0.599723

0.605068
0.601782
0.598372
0.594823
0.591120

0.491037
0.495921
0,501859
0.508909
0.517032

0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05

3.301927
3.831547
4.641589
6.082202
9.654894

0.555456
0.557058
0.558724
0.560462
0.562280

0.575908
0.573135
0.570636
0.568343
0.566204

0.576635
0.574320
0.571927
0.569448
0.566873

0.548255
0.551930
0.555296
0.558428
0.561382

0.5

2.080084

0.548230

0.593015

0.587245

0.526011

0.00

0.564190

[(-g)4]

.,

[(-~)1 [(-~)2] [(-:)1] [(-~)2] [(-:)1]

I

Ai(x)~~x -4 e-rf( -r)

Bi(x)~x -4

0.564190

[(-!)1]

0.564190

[(-g)4]

erf(r)

Ai'(x)~.-

iX4 e- r g( -r)

Bi' (x )~X4 er g(r)

0.564190

[( -!)1]
r~

From J. C. P. Miller, The Airy integral, British Assoc. Adv. Sci. Mathematical
Tables, Part-vol. B. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1946 (with
permission) .

2
2x "

476

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Table IO.n
x
Ai( -x)

Ai '( -x)

Bi( -x)

AIRY FUNCTIONS
x
Bi'( -x)
Ai( -x)

Ai'( -x)

Bi( -x)

Bi'( -x)

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.35502
0.35761
0.36020
0.36279
0.36537

805
619
397
102
699

-0.25881
-0.25880
-0.25874
-0.25865
-0.25852

940
157
771
731
986

0.61492
0.61044
0.60596
0.60147
0.59698

663
364
005
524
863

0.44828
0.44831
0.44841
0.44856
0.44877

836
896
015
104
074

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.47572
0.47775
0.47976
0.48174
0.48369

809
692
138
089
487

-0.20408
-0.20167
-0.19920
-0.19668
-0.19410

167
409
846
449
192

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.36796
0.37054
0.37312
0.37570
0.37827

149
416
460
243
725

-0.25836
-0.25816
-0.25792
-0.25763
-0.25731

484
173
001
918
872

0.59249
0.58800
0.58351
0.57901
0.57450

963
767
218
261
841

0.44903
0.44936
0.44974
0.45017
0.45066

833
293
364
955
976

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.48562
0.48752
0.48939
0.49124
0.49306

274
389
774
369
115

-0.19146
-0.18875
-0.18600
-0.18318
-0.18030

050 0.35481 589

999 0.34965 033
016 0.34446 520
078 0.33926 043
166 0.33403 599

0.51557
0.51753
0.51949
0.52145
0.52342

853
339
424
991
927

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.38084
0.38341
0.38597
0.38853
0.39109

867
628
967
843
213

-0.25695
-0.25655
-0.25011
-0.255'63
-0.25510

811
685
443
033
406

0.56999
0.56548
0.56096
0.55643
0.55189

904
397
208
466
940

0.45121
0.45180
0.45245
0.45315
0.45390

336
945
712
546
355

0.00
0.61
0.02
0.63
0.64

0.49484
0.49660
0.49833
0.50003
0.50170

953
821
659
408
007

-0.17736
-0.17436
-0.17130
-0.16818
-0.16500

260
341
392
399
345

0.32879
0.32352
0.31824
0.31294
0.30761

184
796
435
101
795

0.52540
0.52737
0.52934
0.53132
0.53329

115
438
780
022
046

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.39364
0.39618
0.39871
0.40124
0.40376

037
269
868
789
987

-0.25453
-0.25392
-0.25326
-0.25256
-0.25182

511
297
716
716
250

0.54735
0.54280
0.53824
0.53367
0.52909

642
523
536
634
771

0.45470
0.45554
0.45043
0.45737
0.45835

047
530
713
503
806

0.05
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.50333
0.50493
0.50050
0.50803
0.50953

395
511
295
685
620

-0.16176
-0.15846
-0.15509
-0.15167
-0.l4818

218
007
701
290
708

0.30227
0.29691
0.29153
0.28612
0.28070

521
282
084
932
835

0.53525
0.53721
0.53917
0.54112
0.54306

733
964
618
575
714

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.40628
0.40879
0.41128
0.41377
0.41625

419
038
798
653
557

-0.25103
-0.25019
-0.24931
-0.24838
-0.24741

267
720
559
737
206

0.52450
0.51990
0.51529
0.51067
0.50604

903
986
977
835
518

0.45938
0.46045
0.46156
0.46272
0.46391

529
578
860
279
740

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.51100
0.51242
0.51382
0.51517
0.51649

040
882
087
591
336

-0.14464
-0.14103
-0.13736
-0.13363
-0.12984

129
366
479
464
322

0.27526
0.26980
0.26432
0.25883
0.25331

801
840
964
185
516

0.54499
0.54692
0.54883
0.55072
0.55260

912
048
000
642
852

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.41872
0.42118
0.42363
0.42606
0.42849

461
319
082
701
126

-0.24038
-0.24531
-0.24419
-0.24303
-0.24181

919
828
888
053
276

0.50139
0.49674
0.49207
0.48738
0.48268

987
203
127
722
953

0.46515
0.46642
0.40773
0.46908
0.47046

148
408
423
095
327

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.51777
0.51901
0.52021
0.52137
0.52249

258
296
390
479
501

-0.12599
-0.12207
-0.11810
-0.11406
-0.10996

055
665
157
538
815

0.24777
0.24222
0.23605
0.23106
0.22545

973
571
329
265
398

0.55447
0.55632
0.55815
0.55996
0.56176

506
480
047
884
063

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.43090
0.43330
0.43568
0.43805
0.44041

310
200
747
900
607

-0.24054
-0.23922
-0.23785
-0.23643
-0.23496

513
719
851
865
718

0.47797
0.47325
0.46851
0.46375
0.45898

784
181
112
543
443

0.47188
0.47333
0.47481
0.47632
0.47787

022
081
405
895
450

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.52357
0.52461
0.52560
0.52055
0.52746

395
101
557
703
479

-0.10580
-0.10159
-0.09731
-0.09297
-0.08857

999
101
134
U3
055

0.21982
0.21418
0.20852
0.20284
0.19714

751
345
204
354
820

0.56353
0.56527
0.56699
0.56869
0.57036

059
745
994
679
071

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.44275
0.44508
0.44739
0.44968
0.45196

817
477
535
937
631

-0.23344
-0.23186
-0.23023
-0.22855
-0.22682

368
773
893
687
116

0.45419
0.44939
0.44457
0.43974
0.43488

784
534
667
156
973

0.47944
0.48105
0.48268
0.48434
0.48602

970
354
500
307
670

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.52832
0.52914
0.52991
0.53064
0.53132

824
678
982
676
700

-0.08410
-0.07958
-0.07500
-0.07036
-0.06506

979
904
854
852
925

0.19143
0.18570
0.17996
0.17420
0.16842

630
813
399
419
900

0.57200
0.57362
0.57520
0.57675
0.57826

845
071
220
165
777

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.45422
0.45646
0.45868
0.46089
0.40307

561
675
918
233
567

-0.22503
-0.22318
-0.22128
-0.21933
-0.21732

141
723
826
412
447

0.43002
0.42513
0.42023
0.41531
0.41037

094
495
153
047
154

0.48773
0,48946
0.49122
0.49299
0.49479

486
652
062
611
193

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.53195
0.53254
0.53308
0.53356
0.53400

995
502
163
920
715

-0.06091
-0.05609
-0.05121
-0.04628
-0.04129

100 0.16263 895

407 0.15683 420
879 0.15101 518
549 0.14518 220
452 0.13933 585

0.57974
0.58119
0.58260
0.58397
0.58530

926
484
321
309
317

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.46523
0.46738
0.40950
0.47159
0.47367

864
066
119
965
548

-0.21525
-0.21313
-0.21095
-0.20872
-0.20643

894
721
893
379
147

0.40541
0.40043
0.39544
0.39043
0.38540

457
934
570
348
251

0.49660
0.49844
0.50029
0.50215
0.50403

702
031
070
713
850

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.53439
0.53473
0.53501
0.53525
0.53543

490
189
754
129
259

-0.03624
-0.03114
-0.02597
-0.02076
-0.01548

628
116
957
197
880

0.58659
0.58783
0.58904
0.59019
0.59131

217
879
174
973
145

0.50

0.47572 809

0.50593 371

1.00

0.53556 088

[(-t)3]

-0.20408 167

[(-t)7]

0.38035 266

[(-t)2]

[(-t)8]

[(-t)7]

-0.01016 057

[(1)8]

0.38035
0.37528
0.37019
0.36508
0.35996

0.13347
0.12760
0.12171
0.11582
0.10991

266 0.50593 371

379 0.50784 166
579 0.50976 123
853 0.51169 132
193 0.51363 080

634
415
971
346
587

0.10399 739

[(-;)2]

0.59237 503

[(-t)6]

477

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Ai( -x)

AIRY FUNCTIONS
Bi'( -x)
x
Ai( -x)

Bi(-x)

Ai'(-x)

Table 10.11
Bi( -x)
Bi'( -x)

Ai'( -x)

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.53556
0.53381
0.52619
0.51227
0.49170

088 -0.01016 057

051 +0.04602 915
0.10703 157
437
201
0.17199 181
0.23981 912
018

+0.10399
+0.04432
-0.01582
-0.07576
-0.13472

739
659
137
964
406

0.59237
0.60011
0.60171
0.59592
0.58165

563
970
016
975
624

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

+0.01778
-0.06833
-0.15062
-0.22435
-0.28512

154
070
016
192
278

0.86419
0.85003
0.78781
0.67943
0.52962

722
256
722
152
857

-0.36781
-0.36017
-0.33245
-0.28589
-0.22282

345
223
825
021
969

+0.02511
-0.17783
-0.37440
-0.55300
-0.70247

158
760
903
203
952

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.46425
0.42986
0.38860
0.34076
0.28680

658
298
704
156
006

0.30918
0.37854
0.44612
0.50999
0.56809

697
219
455
763
172

-0.19178
-0.24596
-0.29620
-0.34140
-0.38046

486
320
266
583
588

0.55790
0.52389
0.47906
0.42315
0.35624

810
354
134
137
251

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

-0.32914
-0.35351
-0.35642
-0.33734
-0.29713

517
168
107
765
762

0.34593
+0.13836
-0.08106
-0.29899
-0.50147

549
394
856
161
985

-0.14669
-0.06182
+0.02679
0.11373
0.19354

838
255
081
701
136

-0.81289
-0.87622
-0.88697
-0.84276
-0.74461

879
530
896
110
387

2.0 0.22740 743

2.1 0.16348 451
2.2 0.09614 538
2.3 +0.02670 633
2.4 -0.04333 414

0.61825
0.65834
0.68624
0.70003
0.69801

902
069
482
366
760

-0.41230
-0.43590
-0.45036
-0.45492
-0.44905

259
235
098
823
228

0.27879
0.19168
+0.09622
-0.00581
-0.11223

517
563
919
106
237

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

-0.23802
-0.16352
-0.07831
+0.01210
0.10168

030
646
247.
452
800

-0.67495
-0.80711
-0.88790
-0.91030
-0.87103

249
925
797
401
106

0.26101
0.31159
0.34172
0.34908
0.33283

266
995
774
418
784

-0.59717
-0.40856
-0.19009
+0.04437
0.27926

067
734
878
678
391

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.11232
-0.17850
-0.24003
-0.29509
-0.34190

507
243
811
759
510

0.67885
0.64163
0.58600
0.51221
0.42118

273
799
720
098
281

-0.43242
-0.40500
-0.36709
-0.31929
-0.26258

247
828
211
389
500

-0.22042
-0.32739
-0.42989
-0.52445
-0.60751

015
717
534
040
829

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.18428
0.25403
0.30585
0.33577
0.34132

084
633
152
037
375

-0.77100
-0.61552
-0.41412
-0.18009
+0.07027

817
879
428
580
632

0.29376
0.23425
0.15821
+0.07087
-0.02159

207
088
739
411
652

0.49824
0.68542
0.82650
0.90998
0.92812

459
058
634
427
809

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.37881
-0.40438
-0.41744
-0.41718
-0.40319

429
222
342
094
048

0.31458
0.19482
+0.06503
-0.07096
-0.20874

377
045
115
362
905

-0.19828
-0.12807
-0.05390
+0.02196
0.09710

963
165
576
800
619

-0.67561
-0.72544
-0.75412
-0.75926
-0.73920

122
957
455
518
163

7.5 0.32117
7.6 0.27825
7.7 0.21372
7.8 0.13285
7.9 +0.04170

572
023
037
154
188

0.31880
0.54671
0.73605
0.87115
0.94004

951
882
242
540
300

-0.11246
-0.19493
-0.26267
-0.31030
-0.33387

349
376
007
057
856

0.87780
0.76095
0.58474
0.36122
+0.10670

228
509
045
930
215

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.37553
-0.33471
-0.28201
-0.21885
-0.14741

382
748
306
598
991

-0.34344
-0.46986
-0.58272
-0.67688
-0.74755

343
397
780
257
809

0.16893
0.23486
0.29235
0.33904
0.37289

984
631
261
647
058

-0.69311
-0.62117
-0.52461
-0.40581
-0.26829

628
283
361
592
836

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-0.05270
-0.14290
-0.22159
-0.28223
-0.31959

505
815
945
176
219

0.93556
0.85621
0.70659
0.49727
+0.24422

094
859
870
679
089

-0.33125
-0.30230
-Q.24904
-0.17550
-0.08751

158 -0.15945 050

331 -0.41615 664
019 -0.64232 293
556 -0.81860 044
798 -0.92910 958

4.0 -0.07026 553

4.1 +0.00967 698
4.2 0.08921 076
4.3 0.16499 781
4.4 0.23370 326

-0.79062
-0.80287
-0.78221
-0.72794
-0.64085

858
254
561
081
018

0.39223
0.39593
0.38346
0.35494
0.31122

471
974
736
906
860

-0.11667
+0.04347
0.20575
0.36320
0.50858

057
872
691
468
932

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-0.33029
-0.31311
-0.26920
-0.20205
-0.11726

024
245
454
445
631

-0.03231
-0.30933
-0.56297
-0.77061
-0.91289

335
027
685
301
276

+0.00175
0.10235
0.18820
0.25778
0.30483

444
647
363
240
241

-0.96296
-0.91547
-0.78882
-0.59221
-0.34136

917
918
623
371
475

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.29215
0.33749
0.36736
0.38003
0.37453

278
598
748
668
635

-0.52336
-0.37953
-0.21499
-0.03676
+0.14695

253
391
018
510
743

0.25387
0.18514
0.10794
+0.02570
-0.05774

266
576
695
779
655

0.63474
0.73494
0.80328
0.83508
0.82721

417
444
926
976
903

9.0 -0.02213 372

9.1 +0.07495 989
9.2 0.16526 800
9.3 0.24047 380
9.4 0.29347 756

-0.97566
-0.95149
-0.84067
-0.65149
-0.39986

398
682
107
241
237

0.32494
0.31603
0.27858
0.21570
0.13293

732
471
425
835
876

-0.05740
+0.23484
0.50894
0.73928
0.90348

051
379
402
028
537

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.35076
0.30952
0.25258
0.18256
0.10293

101
600
034
793
460

0.32719
0.49458
0.63990
0.75457
0.83122

282
600
517
542
307

-0.13836
-0.21208
-0.27502
-0.32371
-0.35531

913
913
704
608
708

0.77841
0.68948
0.56345
0.40555
0.22307

177
513
898
694
496

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

0.31910
0.31465
0.28023
0.21886
0.13623

-0.10809
+0.19695
0.48628
0.73154
0.90781

532
044
629
486
333

+0.03778
-0.06091
-0.15379
-0.23186
-0.28738

543
293
421
331
356

0.98471
0.97349
0.86898
0.67936
0.42147

407
918
388
774
209

5.5

0.01778 154

0.86419 722

0.02511 158 10.0

-0.36781 345

[( -~)2] [( -~)5J [( -~)2] [( -~)5]

325
158
750
743
503

0.04024 124

0.99626 504

-0.31467 983

AIRY FUNCTIONS-t\UXILIARY FUNCTIONS FOR LARGE NEGATIVE

ARGUMENTS

~-1

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

9.654894
11.203512
13.572088
17.784467
28.231081

0.00

ao

f 2(t)

fl(t)
0.39752
0.39781
0.39809
0.39838
0.39866

0.40028
0.40002
0.39975
0.39949
0.39921

21
14
83
24
38

87
58
97
03
79

0.39894 23

0.39894 23

[( -J)4]

[( -J)4]

gl(t)
0.40092
0.40052
0.40012
0.39972
0.39933

31
06
11
48
19

0.39894 23

[( -J)4]

g2(t)
0.39704
0.39741
0.39779
0.39817
0.39855

<t>

87
99
49
37
62

0.39894 23

[( -J)5]

Ai( -X)=X -4 [fl(r) cos r+f2(~) sin r]

1

4
Ai'( _x)=x [gl(t) sin ~-git) cos t]

Bi( -x)=x -4 [f2(~) cos t- fI(r) sin r]

1

Bi'( _x)=x [gl(~) cos t+git) sin~]

t= aX

0.11941 411

[( -~)4] [( -lril] [( -~)4] [( -lril]

<p=nearest integer to t.

20
25
33
50
100
ao

478

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Table 10.12
x

f: Ai (t)dt f: Ai (-t)dtf: Bi(t)dt f: Bi (-t) dt

0.00000
0.03421
0.06585
0.09497
0.12164

00
01
15
09
06

0.00000
-0.03679
-0.07615
-0.11802
-0.16229

00
54
70
51
44

0.00000
C.06373
0.13199
0.20487
0.28256

00
67
45
68
70

0.00000
-0.05924
-0.11398
-0.16411
-0.20952

00
87
10
57
89

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.33328
0.33329
0.33330
0.33331
0.33331

76
73
50
11
59

-0.71788
-0.75103
-0.77926
-0.80111
-0.81545

22
62
27
58
49

-0.15873
-0.14113
-0.11667
-0.08660
-0.05250

09
39
30
41
03

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.14595
0.16801
0.18795
0.20589
0.22196

33
79
52
45
97

-0.20880
-0.25736
-0.30768
-0.35944
-0.41225

95
07
05
15
56

0.36533
0.45356
0.54773
0.64845
0.75649

85
50
36
82
64

-0.25006
-0.28553
-0.31575
-0.34052
-0.35966

28
62
56
58
27

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

0.33331
0.33332
0.33332
0.33332
0.33332

97
27
50
69
83

-0.82151
-0.81897
-0.80797
-0.78914
-0.76354

82
90
96
06
19

-0.01617
+0.02038
0.05518
0.08625
0.11181

86
99
54
18
25

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.23631
0.24907
0.26037
0.27034
0.27910

73
33
12
09
66

-0.46567
-0.51918
-0.57224
-0.62421
-0.67447

40
94
05
79
31

0.87276
0.99838
1.13466
1.28318
1.44579

91
41
38
00
42

-0.37300
-0.38042
-0.38185
-0.37726
-0.36673

50
77
43
99
34

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

0.33332
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333

95
03
10
16
20

-0.73267
-0.69836
-0.66268
-0.62781
-0.59592

53
93
96
93
62

0.13038
0.14086
0.14262
0.13555
0.12011

11
00
05
73
15

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.28678
0.29349
0.29932
0.30438
0.30876

67
24
75
82
29

-0.72232
-0.76709
-0.80807
-0.84459
-0.87602

88
26
24
41
06

1.62470
1.82252
2.04231
2.28772
2.56304

81
33
52
12
90

-0.35038
-0.32847
-0.30132
-0.26939
-0.23325

81
24
67
97
04

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333

23
25
27
29
30

-0.56902
-0.54883
-0.53667
-0.53334
-0.53906

35
59
65
74
98

0.09726
0.06847
0.03562
+0.00088
-0.03340

08
29
42
80
40

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.31253
0.31577
0.31854
0.32091
0.32292

28
11
43
19
74

-0.90177
-0.92135
-0.93435
-0.94050
-0.93967

28
09
56
97
67

2.87340 83

-0.19354
-0.15106
-0.10667
-0.06132
-0.01603

74
46
18
23
45

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3

7.4

0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333

31
31
32
32
33

-0.55345
-0.57549
-0.60365
-0.63593
-0.66999

17
72
96
60
96

-0.06491
-0.09147
-0.11121
-0.12273
-0.12521

67
36
47
90
80

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.32463
0.32608
0.32730
0.32833
0.32919

80
57
74
55
83

-0.93187
-0.91730
-0.89633
-0.86951
-0.83758

78
54
20
37
77

+0.02812
0.07009
0.10878
0.14317
0.17234

94
01
06
88
20

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.33333 33

-0.70336
-0.73355
-0.75830
-0.77575
-0.78453

19
34
99
13
65

-0.11847
-0.10300
-0.07997
-0.05114
-0.01872

31
57
85
35
22

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.32992
0.33052
0.33102
0.33144
0.33178

04
31
49
15
65

-0.80146
-0.76220
-0.72100
-0.67915
-0.63802

29
32
37
91
56

0.19544
0.21180
0.22092
0.22252
0.21655

25
21
49
61
57

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-0.78398
-0.77413
-0.75578
-0.73041
-0.70011

26
57
55
93
70

+0.01475
0.04664
0.07440
0.09577
0.10902

64
84
43
87
22

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.33207
0.33230
0.33249
0.33265
0.33278

15
63
93
76
70

-0.59897
-0.56335
-0.53242
-0.50730
-0.48892

71
61
25
05
77

0.20321
0.18296
0.15652
0.12485
0.08914

50
47
33
43
28

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-0.66739
-0.63499
-0.60566
-0.58192
-0.56584

21
08
32
70
22

0.11303
0.10749
0.09285
0.07039
0.04205

86
35
98
64
63

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.33289
0.33297
0.33304
0.33310
0.33315

27
86
84
50
07

-0.47800
-0.47496
-0.47992
-0.49268
-0.51269

75
79
95
51
28

+0.05076
+0.01121
-0.02788
-0.06494
-0.09837

01
78
79
00
02

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-0.55881
-0.56148
-0.57358
-0.59403
-0.62093

97
12
51
00
76

+0.01033
-0.02196
-0.05192
-0.07682
-0.09439

04
26
24
93
87

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.33318
0.33321
0.33324
0.33326
0.33327

76
73
11
02
54

-0.53908
-0.57068
-0.60606
-0.64358
-0.68146

35
59
63
51
70

-0.12673
-0.14876
-0.16347
-0.17018
-0.16857

04
50
66
59
74

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-0.65181
-0.68375
-0.71373
-0.73889
-0.75680

01
25
85
84
07

-0.10300
-0.10183
-0.09101
-0.07157
-0.04539

27
70
44
33
57

5.0

0.33328 76

-0.71788 22

-0.15873 09

[(-~)3]

[( -~)1]

10.0

a.

6
7
8
9
10

f: Ai (t)dt f: Ai (-t)dtf: Bi(-t)dt

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

Table 10.13
1
2
3
4
5

INTEGRALS OF AIRY FUNCTIONS

[(-~)4]

[(-:)1]

-0.76569 84

741
944
983
809
359

+0.70121
-0.80311
+0.86520
-0.91085
+0.94733

082
137
403
074
571

1.01879
3.24819
4.82009
6.16330
7.37217

297
758
921
736
726

+0.53565
-0.41901
+0.38040
-0.35790
+0.34230

666
548
647
794
124

1.17371
3.27109
4.83073
6.16985
7.37676

- 9.02265
-10.04017
-11.00852
-11.93601
-12.82877

085
434
430
556
675

-0.97792
+1.00437
-1.02773
+1.04872
-1.06779

281
012
869
065
386

- 8.48848
- 9.53544
-10.52766
-11.47505
-12.38478

673
905
040
663
837

-0.33047
+0.32102
-0.31318
+0.30651
-0.30073

623
229
539
729
083

- 8.49194
- 9.53819
-10.52991
-11.47695
-12.38641

322
330
784
213
208

+0.60195
-0.76031
+0.83699
-0.88947
+0.92998

-0.01504 04

[(-~)1]

ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF AIRY FUNCTIONS

AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
b'
Bi'(b.)
b.
a's
Ai (a's)
Ai' (as)

2.33810
4.08794
5.52055
6.78670
7.94413

(- ~)3J

789
014
101
990
364

885 -0.96323 443

438 +0.99158 637
351 -1.01638 966
355 +1.03849 429
714 -1.05847 184

[(-~)1]
Bi(b'.)

2.29443
4.07315
5.51239
6.78129
7.94017

968
509
573
445
869

-0.45494
+0.39652
-0.36796
+0.34949
-0.33602

438
284
916
912
624

- 9.01958
-10.03769
-11.00646
-11.93426
-12.82725

336
633
267
165
831

+0.32550
-0.31693
+0.30972
-0.30352
+0.29810

974
465
594
766
491

AUXILIARY TABLE-COMPLEX ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF

Bi (z) AND Bi' (z)
e-i/3~.

s
1
2
3
4
5

Modulus Phase
2.354
4.093
5.524
6.789
7.946

0.095
0.042
0.027
0.020
0.015

Bi'(~.)

Modulus Phase
0.993
1.136
1.224
1.288
1.340

+2.641
-0.513
+2.625
-0.519
+2.622

Bi(~'.)

e- lti / 3tl s

Modulus Phase
1.121
3.257
4.824
6.166
7.374

0.331
0.059
0.033
0.023
0.017

From J. C. P. Miller, The Airy integral, British Assoc. Adv. Sci. Mathematical
Tables Part-vol. B. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1946 and
F. W. J. Olver. The asymptotic expansion of Bessel functions of large order.
Philo . Trans. Roy. Soc. London [A] 247, 328-368, 1954 (with permission).

Modulus Phase
0.750
0.592
0.538
0.506
0.484

+0.466
-2.632
+0.515
-2.624
+0.519

11. Integrals of Bessel Functions

YUDELL L. LUKE 1

Contents
Page

480
480
482
483
485
488
488
490
492

Mathematical Properties. . . . . . . . .
11.1. Simple Integrals of Bessel Functions.
11.2. Repeated Integrals of J lI (z) and Ko(z)
11.3. Reduction Formulas for Indefinite Integrals.
11.4. Definite Integrals . . . . . . .
Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . .
11.5. Use and Extension of the Tables
References

Table 11.1 Integrals of Bessel Functions

So" Jo(t)dt, So" Yo(t)dt, 10D

J."

f"

e-"Jo Io(t)dt, e" " K o(t)dt,7D

Table 11.2 Integrals of Bessel Functions

So" [l-J;(t)]dt,
e

l"

}
x=O(.l)lO

. . . . . . . . .

Yo(:)dt, 8D

-" f" [Io(t) -ljdt . "J." Ko(t)dt

Jo
t
' SD, xe"
t ' 6D

494

}
x=0(.1)5

The author acknowledges the assistance of Geraldine Coombs, Betty Kahn, Marilyn
Kemp, Betti Ruhlman, and Anna Lee Samuels for checking formulas and developing
numerical examples, only a portion of which could be accommodated here.

1 Midwest Research Institute.

of Standards.)

(Prepared under contract with the National Bureau

479

II. Integralslof Bessel Functions

Mathema . cal Properties
I

ILl. Simple Integrals of Bessel

i"

Functio~s

H.1.8

L~Zo(t)dt=xZo(X)+~1I'x{ -LO(X)Zl(X)+L1(x)Zn(x)}

tllJ.(t)dt

Z.(x) = AI. (x) +Be t '''K.(x),v=0,1

11.1.1

A and B are constants.

J:"tI'J.(t)dt

zl'r (V+~+1)

B.(x) and L.(x) are Struve functions (see

chapter 12).

r(V-~+1)

11.1.9

(v+2k+1)r(v-~+1+k)

CD

X~

k~O

J.+ 2kH (Z) ,

(V+"+3)
+k

roo

Jo Ko(t)dt=-

i'
o

J.(t)dt=2

CD

CD

CD

CD

(x/2) 2,.

+x~ (k!)2(2k+1)
I'

J.+2Hl(Z) (&lv>-1)

k-O

(x/2) 2,.

+x~ (k!)2(2k+1)2

(&l(p.+v+ 1) >0)
11.1.2

(X)
(X/2)2~
'Y+ln 2 x~ (k!)2(2k+1)

(1
1)
1+ +", +iC
2

(Euler's constant)=.57721 56649 ...

In this and all other integrals of 11.1, x is real

and positive although all the results remain valid
for extended portions of the complex plane unless
stated to the contrary.
H.1.IO

Jor-

Recurrence Relations

tz

11'

K o(t)dt=2"

11.1.5

Jorx Jo(t)dt+i 2" Jor'" Yo(t)dt

11'

Asymptotic Expansions

J:"J

nH

1l.1.6

(t)dt=

J:"J

i'
f

n-l

(t)dt-2J n(z)

J1 (t)dt=1-Jo(Z)

11.1.Il

CD

(Jo(t) +iYo(t) ]dt -(;xY

X[t (-)"a2kHx- 2,.-1+i f..t:O (-)ta2kx-Zk]

k-O

Jo(t)dt, Yo(t)dt, Io(t)dt, Ko(t)dt

1l.1.12

Il.1.7
1
Jor~ ~0(t)dt=x~0(x)+211"x{Bo(x)~(x)-Bl(X)~(X)}
~.(x) =AJ.(x) +BY.(x) ,11=0,1

A and B are constants.

480

e'(~-"/4)

a,l:

r(k+l) k r(s+l)
rm ~ 2'slrm

11.1.13

2(k+l)aH1 =3

(k+~)(k+~)ak
-(k+~y

(k-~) ak-l

481

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

n.I.ls
where the
11.1.15

a~

are defined as in 11.1.12.

xtezil Ko(t)dt"'(~y 'to (_)kakx-Ie

where the

ale are defined as in 11.1.12.

11.1.16

..

f
-2.1:-1

+it (_)k b/c(X/8)-2k+ E(X)]

1. 25331 414

0.11190
.02576
.00933
.00417
.00163
.00033

2
3
4
5
6

Polynomial Approxilnations'

II [Jo(t)+iYo(t)jdt
=x~jet(z- /.{t (- )'i'a (x/8)

6.

289
646
994
454
271
934

Jo(t)dt fYo(t)dt fKo(t)dt

t'
t'
t

11.1.19

rz 1-Jo(t) dt

Jo

IE(X)I ~2X10-9
k

1
2
3
4
5
6

.06233
,00404
00100
00053
00039
00027
.00012
00002

47304
03539
89872
66169
92825
55037
70039
68482

79788
01256
.00178
00067
00041
00025
00011
00002

45600
42405
70944
40148
00676
43955
07299
26238

For I/I(z) , see 6.3.

n.1.20

J:z

Jo(t)dt

+'Y+ In ~= rz [1-Jo(t) jdt

Jo

11.1.17

=-

0
1

(_)/c

t;

(~yle

2k(k!)2

d
. 39894 23

.03117 34

.00591 91

.00559 56

-.01148 58

.01774 40

-.00739 95

I Approximation 11.1.16 ill from A. J. M. Hitchcock.

Polynomial approximations to Bessel functions of order
zero and one and to related functions, Math. Tables Aids
Compo 11, 86-88 (1957) (with permission).

n.l.23

-II

-u

Ko(t)dt

i7r
2

II Jo(t)dt _:!!: II Yo(t)dt

z

~EGRALS

482

OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

1l.1.30

Asymptotic Expansions

where
k

dk

1. 25331
0.50913
.32191
.26214
.20601
.11103
.02724

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

11.1.25

41
39
84
46
26
96
00

5~x~ co

11.1.31
where
13
CO=1,Cl=8

11.1.27

IE(x) I ~ 1.1 X 10- 6

2(k+1)Ck+l=[3(k+1)2+~JCk-(k+~)3C!:-l
11.1.28

il/2 e- Z

fX [Io(t)-11dt ",(2n-)-t:t Ck XJo

t
k-O

Polynomial Approximations

1l.1.29
fa> CCoCt)dt

2g1Ct)~(X)

go(x)~(x)

Ie

0.39893 14
. 13320 55
-.04938 43
1. 47800 44
-8.65560 13
28. 12214 78
-48.05241 15
40.3947340
-11. 90943 95
--3.51950 09
2. 19454 64

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

where Ck is defined as in 1l.1.27.

Jz

11.2. Repeated Integrals of In(z) and Ko{z)

where

Repeated Integrals of J .. (z)

Let
ll.2.1
fo.n(z)=Jn(z),
iI,n(z)=
k

bk

ak

11.2.2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1.0
O. 15999
.10161
.13081
.20740
.28330
.27902
.17891
.06622
.01070

2815
9385
1585
4022
0508
9488
5710
8328
2234

1.0
O. 31998
.30485
.52324
1. 03702
1. 69980
1. 95320
1. 43132
O. 59605
. 10702

5629
8155
6341
0112
3050
6413
5684
4956
2336

i"

In(t)dt, .. " fr.n(z)

i'

fr-l.n(t)dt

d"
f-r. n(z) =dzr In(z)

Then
1l.2.3

fr.n(Z)=r~r)

i'

(z-t)'-IJn(t)dt

(Plr>O)

2r a> r(k+r)
1l.2.4 fr.n(z)=r(r)
k!
J ..+r+2k (Z)

t;

483

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

Recurrence Relations

n.3.2

1l.2.S

J.(z), Y.(z), H~l)(z), H~2)(Z)

I.(z)

r(r-l)!T+!. n(z) =2(r-l)ziT. n(z)

K.(z)

- [(I-r)2- n 2+ z2)fT- I. n(Z)

+ (2r-3)ziT-2.n(Z)-Z2jT_3. n(Z)

11.2.6

-1
1

1
-1

11.3.3

+ ziT-2. O(Z)

!T+I. n+I(Z) jT+I. n_l(z)-2!T. n(Z)

1l.3.4
pgl' . +1 (z) = -e-PzI'Z.+1 (z)

Repeated Integrals of KO(II)

Let

+ (fJ.-/l-l)gl'_I .+I(z) +bgl' . (z)

n.2.8

n.3.S

KioCz) =Ko(z),

(p2+ ab)gl' . (z) =ae-PzI'Z.+1 (z)

Kil(z)=

i'"

Ko(t)dt, ... , KiT(z)=

i'"

KiT_1(t)dt

+ (fJ.- /I-I )e-pzl'-IZ.(z) -pe-PzI'Z.(z)

+p(2fJ.-1)gl'_I . (z)+[/l2- (fJ.- 1)2]gl'_2 . (z)

dT

1l.2.9

KLT(z)=(-Y dzT Ko(z)

n.3.6

Then

a(/I- fJ.)gl' .+1 (z)= -2/1e- PzI'Z.(z)-2/1pgl' . (z)

n.2.10

. f'" e-'
Kl (z) =

+b(fJ.+/I)gl' . _I(z)
cosh I

dt
Case 1:

coshT t

a
1

pgl' . (z) = -e-PzI'Z.(z)

rfT+I. o(z) = ziT. o(Z) - (r-l)!T-I. O(Z)

n.2.7

Z.(z)

(9l'z;:::o, 9l'r>O, 9l'z>O, r=O)

p.2.11
1
KiT(z) =r(r)

f.a> (t-ZY-1KO(t)dt
(&tz;:::O, &tr>O)

n.2.12

Ki 2T (O)

r(r)r(J)
r(r+l)

(&tr>O)

7r

2 r(r+!)

n.2.13 Ki + (O)
2T

r(!)r(r+l)

&tr>-~)

n.2.14
rKiT+1(z) = -zKiT(z)

+ (r-l)Ki T_1(z) +zKiT_2(Z)

1l.3.10

Jor' eHt-J.(t)dt=- etz-+

2/1-1

I
[J.(z)+iJ._1(z)]
t

Integrals

Let
n.3.1

gl' . (z)=

f'

n.3.n

e z+
Jor' eHtY.(t)dt=2/1+1
t

e-P'tI'Z.(t)dt

where Z.(z) represents any of the Bessel functions

of the first three kinds or the modified Bessel
functions. The parameters a and b appearing in
the reduction formulae are associated with the
particular type of Bessel function as delineated
in the following table.

(/I!)

+2' 1(2/1-1)r(/I)

n.3. Reduction Formulas for Indefinite

l

[Y.(z)-iY.+ 1(z)]

i2+lr(/I+l)
7r(2/1+1)

n.3.12

(&t/l>-!)

484

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

II.S.IS

.r

e-'1n(t)dt=ze-'[1o(z)+1 1 (z)]
n-l
+n[e-'1o(z)-I]+2e-'~

(n-k)1,,(z)

II.S.26

L'

t-1.H(t)dt=z- I.(z)

2'r(;+I)

k-l

1I.3.27
11.3.14
So't'K.-1(t)dt=-Z'K.(Z)+2 v - 1r(lI)

e=z-+1
211-1 [1.(z) 1=1.-1(Z)

1=

1
2- 1(211-1)r(lI)

(lI;06l)
Indefinite Integrals of Products of Bessel Functions

II.S.15

Let %(z) and E#.(z) denote any two cylinder

functions of orders p, and II respectively.
Il.S.29

f" { (k2-l2)t- (p,2

King's integral (see [11.5])

II.3.16

,r

=z {ktt'I'+I(kz)E#.(lz)-ltt'l'(kz)E#'+I(lz)}
e'Ko(t)dt=ze'[Ko(z)+K1 (z)]-1

II.S.17

= 211-1 [K.(z)+K._ 1 (z)]

Il.S.IS

bg"'_I(z)=zZ.(z)

11.3.19

aU-"'H (z) = -z-Z.(z)

50' t'J.-1(t)dt=zJ.(z)

1I.3.S1

f' tl'++t%(t)~(t)dt
ZI'++2
2(p,+1I+1) {%(z)E#.(z) +%+1 (z)E#'+l(z)}

(&Iv>O)

1l.3.32

II.S.21

Jo(. tJ!_1 (t)dt=2 i: (1I+2k)J!+2"(Z)

II.S.22

(&Iv >0)

k-O

r' J 2n (t)dt
t

1-- "5: (2k-l)J2k _ 1(z)

1I.3.S3

.r

z t=1

..

L:
z k-n+l

=-

1l.3.23

Z-I'-'
=-2(p,+1I+1) {%(z)~(z)+%+l(Z)E#'-'-l(Z)}

(&ill>!)

p=O,p,=1I

Case 2:

Jo

- (p,-II)tt'I'(kz)E#.(lz)

f' t-r.-I%+I(~)E#'H(t)dt

ez-+ 1

2n

(2k-l)J2l:_ 1(z)

t[J~_I(t)-J;H(t)]dt=2I1J~(Z)

1I.3.S4

(&Iv>O)

i' tJ~(t)dt=~2 [J~(z)+~(z)l

II.S.35

i'

n.S.24

(. t'Y._1(t)dt=z'Y.(z)+ 2'r(lI)
~

Jo

Il.3.S0

f." e't-K.(t)dt

II.S.20

t v2) }%(kt)E#,(lt)dt

In(t) In+l(t)dt=-2 [l-J~(z)]- ~ JHz)

k-l

(Bfll> 0)

=
See page

II.

~ JHz)

k-n+l

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

11.3.36
(lL+p)

485

2. There must exist numbers k, and k2 (both

not zero) so that for all n

IZ r'~(t)~.(t)dt
-(IL+p+2n) IZ t-l(6'l>+n(t)~.+n(t)dt

1l.4.4

n-l

=~(z)~.(z) +~+n(z) EC.+n(z) +2 ~ ~+k(Z)~'+k(Z)

k=l

In connection with these formulae, see n.3.29.

This
case is covered by the following result.

If a=O, the above is valid provided B=O.

Convolution Type Integrals

1l.4.5

1l.3.37

.r
.r

JI>(t)J.(z-t)dt=2

to (-

iltJ.(amt)J.(ant)dt=O

)kJI>+.+2k+I(Z)

(mn, p>-l)

=![J;(an)]2

(g?IL>-l,9'p>-l)

11.3.38

(m=n, b=O, p>-l)

J.(t)J,_.(z-t)dt=Jo(z)-cos z

=2!! [~;+a!-p2J

(-1<,%.<2)

11.3.39

(m=n, bO, p;::::-l)

Z

ai, a2, . . . are the positive zeros of

J.(t)J_.(z-t)dt=sin z

aJ.(x) + bxJ; (x) =0, where a and b are real constants.

n.3.40

[J.(an)]2

n.4.6

Jo

t-1JI>(t)J. (z- t)dt= JI>+'(z)

IL

So'" t-IJ.+2n+l(t)J.+2m+l(t)dt=0

(m n)

1
2(2n+p+1)

1l.3.41

fZ JI>(t)J. (z-t)dt
Jo
t(z-t)

(m=n)(p+n+m>-l)
Definite Integrals Over a Finite Range

11.4. Definite Integrals

11.4.7

i~ J 2n (2z sin t)dt=~ J!(z)

1l.4.8

Sor J o(2z sin t) cos 2ntdt=7rJ!(z)

11.4.9

Soi Yo(2z sin t) cos 2ntdt=~ In(z)Yn(z)

Orthogonality Properties of Bessel Functions

Let ~(z) be a cylinder function of order

In particular, let

P.

~(z)=AJ.(z)+BY.(z)

11.4.1

where A and B are real constants.

Then
1l.4.10

11.4.2

i t~.(Xmt)<6;,(x,.t)dt=O
=G (1-X~2) ~(Xnt)+~;2(Xnt)

Ii

(m n)

t2{

(m=n)(O<a<b)

provided the following two conditions hold:

1. Xn is a real zero of
1l.4.3

Jiz sin t) sinl>+lt

2'r(p+1)
Z.+I

.+ 1 tdt

COS 2

JI>+'+l(Z)

(9'IL>-l,9'p>-l)

1l.4.11

i"2" JI'(Z sin2 t)J.(z cos2 t) csc 2tdt

- (lL+p) J
()
- - 4 - 1>+' z
ILP

486

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

Infinite Integrals
Integrals of the Fonn

So"'Ko(t)dt=~

1l.4.23

So'" e-pttI'Z.(t)dt

2( 0~3)iw) (w 2<1)

f-"'", e-ic.'Jn (t)dt

1l.4.24
1l.4.12

=O(w2>1)

iirv.+,)

r(I-I+II) r(!-J.!)
r(!)2I'r(II-J.!+I)

(~J.!<~' ~(#L+IIO)

where Tn(w) is the Chebyshev polynomial of the

first kind (see chapter 22).
1l.4.25

1l.4.13

f-"'", t-1e-ic.lJn (t)dt

r(J.!+II)r(l-J.!)
So'" e-ttr1I.(t)dt r(!)2I'r(II-J.!+I)

=2i (-i)n(l-w 2 )iUn_1(w)(w 2 <1)

n

(.qfJ.!<~' ~(J.!+IIO)
1l.4.14

So'" cos btKo(t)dt

(lfbl<l)

(lt2)i

1l.4.26

1l.4.1S

j'"

Jo

sinbtKo(t)dt

arc sinh b
(1+b 2)i

(I

fbl<l)

f-"'",

t-ie-ic.'Jn+t(t)dt= (-i) n(27r) iPn(w)(w 2<1)

=O(w2>1)

21'r (1I+~+I)

where Pn(w) is the Legendre polynomial (see

chapter 22).

r e-~+I)

(~(J.!+II-I, ~J.!<~)
1l.4.17

where Un(w) is the Chebyshev polynomial of the

second kind (see chapter 22).

So'" J.(t)dt=1

1l.4.27

So'" e- t t;-lJa[2(zt)iJdt='Y~~;) (~a>O, ~z>O)

where 'Y(a, z) is the incomplete gamma function
(see chapter 6).

1l.4.18

Integrals of the Fonn

So'" e-2,2tZ.(bt)dt

1l.4.28

1l.4.20
1l.4.21

So'" Y.(t)dt=-tan ;-

(1~1I1<1)

So"'Yo (t)dt=O

where the notation M(a, b, z) stands for the confluent hypergeometric function (see chapter 13).
1l.4.29

1l.4.22

Joj'" e -a t t+ 1J.(bt)dt
22

So'" tI'K.(t)dt=21'-1 r (J.!+;+I) r (J.!-;+I)

(Pl(J.! 11-1)

487

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

11.4.30

So'" e-

a2t2

Y2.(bt)dt=-;: e

+;

K.

(:~2) sec

-:2 [I. (~2) tan

P7r

(l&fpl<~' &fa >0)

2

JI7]

-aI>

7r1-l

sm2

11.4.31
b2

So'" e-

a2i2

8a2

I.(bt)dt=;: e

Ii. (::2)

1l.4.38

(&fp >-1, &fa2>0)

11.4.32
aI> cos

'Ir;

Weber-Schafheitlin Type Integrals

1l.4.33

(&f1-l>-2)

(b>a>O)

C'" J/>(at)J.(bt)dt

Jo

p X 1
+ )
2Aa.-H1r(p+1)r (l-I-

1l.4.39

P-I-I-X+1. +1. b2)

X 2F 1 ( I-I+P-X+1
2
'
2
' p
, a2

11.4.34

.1:'o" etbtY0()dt
at = 'lra(22i b2) i
-1

e-l-It

'

'

1-1

(b 2-a2)i

(O<a<b)

. -b
arc sm
a

(O::;b<a)

2i

(b 2-a2)i 'Ir( b2-a2)i

X 1
+ )

X F (l-I+p-X+1 I-I-P-X+1. +1. a2)

2

b2

(&f(I-I+p-X+lO, &fX>-l, O<a<b)

Xln {b-(b:-a )i} (O<a<b)

11.4.41

So'" t/>-+IJ (at)J,(bt)dt=O

p

2r.+lal>(b2-a2).-rl
b'r(p-I-I)

For 2Fi, see chapter IS.

Special Cases of the Discontinuous Weber-Schafheitlin
Integral

(b>a>O)

1l.4.35

JoC"'J/>(at)sinbtdt
t

1 . [
.
sm 1-1 arc sm

1-1

aI>

abJ

(&fp >&f 1-1>-1)

(O~b~a)
1l.4.42

7r1-l

sm 2"

11.4.36

'" JI'(at) cos

bt dt =1 cos [ 1-1 arc sm
. -bJ
t

.1:o

(O~b~a)

1
=2b

(O<b=a)

=0

(b>a>O)
(&fI-l>O)

1-1

al>COS 7r;

(O::;b<a)

1l.4.40

(&f (l-I+p-X+l) >0, &fX>-l, O<b<a)

2Ab/>- H1 r(I-I+1)r

1
(a 2-b 2)i

So'" etbtJo(at)dt

1l.4.43

C'" Jo(at) {l-Jo(bt) }dt=O

Jo

(O<b::;a)

=In ~ (b >a>O)
a -

~EGRALS

488

OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

Hankel-NicholsoD Type Integrals

f'" K.(at)dt
Jo t(t2+Z2)

1l.4.44

f'" t+1J.(at)dt
Jo (t2+Z2)1'+1

aJ'z'-1'
2I'r(IL+I) K'_I'(az)
(a>o,

4z+ 1 cos JI1I'"[H.(az)-Y.(az)]

(Pla>O, Plz>O, PlJl<i)

PlZ>O,-:-I<PlJl<2PlIL+~)

1l.4.45

f'" J.(at)dt
Jo t(t 2+Z2)

1l.4.47

2Z~+1 [I.(az)-L.(az)]

(a>o, Plz>O, PlJl>-~)

11.4.48

f'" J.(at)dt
Jo (t2+Z2)t

Ii.(!az)Kt.(laz)

11.4.49

(:~yr(JI+l)

1l.4.46

f'" Yo(at)dt
Jo t2+Z2

r (2J1+ 1) I.(!az)K.(j-az)
_ Ko(az)
Z

(a>O, Plz'>O)

(a>O, Plz>O, PlJl>-i)

Numerical Methods
11.5. Use and Extension of the Tables

For moderate values of x, use 1l.1.2 and 11.1.71l.1.10 as appropriate. For x sufficiently large,
use the asymptotic expansions or the polynomial
approximations n.l.ll-H.I.IS.
fa.os
Example 1. Compute J0 Jo(t)dt to 5D.
Using 11.1.2 and interpolating in Tables 9.1 and
9.2, we have
fa.o&

Jo

This value is readily checked using x=3.1 and

h=-.05. Now IJo(x)lsl for all x and IJn(x) I
<2-1, n;::: 1 for all x. In Table 11.1, we can
always choose Ihl ::s; .05. Thus if all terms of O(h4)
and higher are neglected, then a bound for the
absolute error is 2W/48<.2.1O- 6 for all x if Ihl
S .05. Similarly, the absolute error for quadratic
interpolation does not exceed
h3 (2 t +2)/24<.2.1O- 4

Example 3.

.
SlUlpson's rule.

using

1"+11 JoCt)dt=~ [Jo(X)+4Jo(X+~)+Jo(x+h) J+R

hS
R=-2880 J~4)(t),

f3.0S

Jo(t)dt to 5D by

interpolation of Table 11.1 using Taylor's formula.

We have
2
Jof"+11 Jo(t)dt=Jof" J o(t)dt+hJo(x)-7jh J1(x)

ha
h4
+12 [J2(x)-Jo(x)]+96 [3J 1(x)-J 3 (x)]+ ...
Then with :1:=3.0 and h=.05,
fa.os

We have

f"Jo(t)dt
Jo

.[+11 JoCt)dt= So" Jo(t)dt+ 1"+11 Jo(t)dt

J o(t)dt=2[.32019 09+.31783 69+.04611 52
+.00283 19+.0000972+.0000021]
=1.37415

Example 2. Compute Jo

Jo

Interpolation of

Jott)dt= 1.387567 + (.05) (- .260052)

- (.00125) (.339059)
+(.000010)(.746143) =1.37415

x<t<x+h

Now
1

Jci 4) (x) ='8 [J,(x)-4J 2 (x)+3Jo(x)]

IJJ')(x)I<6~~.J2<.82
and with Ihl

s .05, it follows that

IRI<.9. 10- 10

Thus if :1:=3.0 and h=.05

i3.0S Jo(t)dt=1.3875672520+(~5) [-.2600519549

+4(-.2684113883)-.2765349599]
=1.3741486481

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

which is correct to 10D. The above procedure

gives high accuracy though it may be necessary to

489

The recurrence formula gives

interpolate twice in Jo(x) to compute J o(x+~)

and Jo(:li+h). A similar technique based on the
trapezoidal rule is less accurate, but at most only
one interpolation of Jo(x) is required.

Compute

Jo(t)dt and

J o=-.260052

J I=. 339059

Yo=

.376850

110=

.574306

YI = .324674
HI=1. 020110

Using II.1.7, we have

J o(t)dt=3( - .260052)

+3; [(.574306) (.339059)

- (1.020110) (- .260052)]

=1.38757

Similarly,

gT(a:) = (r-1) !X-T+YT(X)

Yo(t)dt

to 5D using the representation in terms of Struve

functions and the tables in chapters 9 and 12.
For x=3, from Tables 9.1 and 12.1

When x> >r, it is convenient to use the auxiliary function

Example 4.

f3=1.20909 66,j4=.62451 73,f5=.25448 17

This satisfies the recurrence relation

~2gT+I (x) =z2g r- (r-1)2gr _1 (x)

+ (r-1)(r-2)gr_2(X), r~3
gl (x) =

LX Jo(t)dt, g2(X) =gl (x) - JI(x)

g3(X) = [X2g2(a:) -gl (x) +xJo(X) ]j:l:2

Example 6. Compute gT(X) to 5D for X= 10

and r=0(1)6. We have for x=10,

J o= - .24593 58, J,-o;;: .04347 27, gl = 1.06701 13

Thus
g2=1.02353 86, g3=.98827 49

L
3

and the forward recurrence formula gives

Y o(t)dt=.19766

Using II.I.S and Tables 9.8 and 12.1, one can

compute

IX Io(t)dt and LX Ko(t)dt.

For tables of 2-'jT(X) , see [11.16].

'" Jo(t)dt,f.'" Yo(t)dt, rx [I o(t)-l]dt,f.'" Ko(t)dt

f.x
t
t
txt

Jo

For moderate values of x, use II.l.I9-II.1.23.

For x sufficiently large, use the asymptotic expansions or the polynomial approximations
1l.1.24-II.1.31.
Repeated Integrals of Jo(x)

rjT+! (x) =:r.fT(X) - (r-1)fr-! (x) +XfT-2(X)

-I

(x) = - JI(x), fo(x) = Jo(x) ,fl (x) =

LX J o(t) iii

and the terms on this last line are tabulated. Thus

for x=2,

J-I = -

Repeated Integrals of Ko(x)

For moderate values of x, use the recurrence

formula 1l.2.14 for all r.
Example 7. Compute KiT(X) to 5D for x=2
and r=0(1)5. We have
r Ki T+I (x) = -xKiT(x)

+(r-1)Kir-l (x) +xKiT_2(x)

Ki_1 (x) =KI(x), Kio(x) = Ko(x) , Kil (x) =

For moderate values of x and r, use II.2.4.

If r=l, see Example I. For moderate values of
x, use the recurrence formula II.2.5. If x is large
and xr, see the discussion below.
Example 5. Compute fT. o(x) -1T(X) to 5D for
x=2 and r=0(1)5 using 1l.2.6. We have

g4=.96867 36, g5=.94114 12, g6=.90474 64

.57672 48, fo=.22389 08,j1 = 1.42577 03

Ix'" Ko(t)dt

and the functions on this last line are tabulated

Thus for ,x=2,
K o=.11389 39, K I=.13986 59, Ki l =.09712 06

and
Similarly,
Ki3=.07696 36, Ki 4=.07043 17, Ki s=.06525 22

If xlr is not large the formula can still be used

provided that the starting values are sufficiently
accurate to offset the growth of rounding error.
For tables of KiT(x), see [11.11].

490

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

Apart from round-off error, the value of r needed

to achieve a stated accuracy for given x and m
can be determined a priori. Let

Now
10(x) =

LX Ko(t)dt,jl(X)=[1-xK (x)]/x
1

ET=/gT-jr/

Then
the latter following from 1l.3.27 with v= 1. In
1l.3.5, put a=1, b=-1, p=O and v=O. Let
p.=m. Then
jm(X) = [(m-1)2jm_2(X)-x2K1 (x)

Using tabular values ofjo andj" one can compute

in succession 12, la, . . . provided that mix is not
large.
Example 8. Computejm(x) to 5D for x=5 and
m=0(1)6. We have, retaining two additional
decimals
Kl =. 00404 46

jo=1. 56738 74

j,=.19595 54

(r-1)2(r-3)2 ... (r-2k+1)2

ET ::;[x2K1 (x) +x(r-l)Ko(x) ]/(r-1)2

since for x fixed,jT(x) is positive and decreases as r

increases.

-x(m-l)Ko(x)]/r

Ko= . 00369 11

E -2l:

Example 9. Computejm(x) to 5D for x=3 and

m=0(2)10. We have
Ko=.03473 95

K 1 =.04015 64

If r=16,
Taking g16=O, we compute the following values
of g14, gu, . . . , go by recurrence. Also recorded
are the required values ofjm to 5D.

Thus
j2=.05791 27,j.=.01458 93,j6=.00685 36

Similarly starting withj" we can computeja andjs.

If m>x, employ the recurrence formula in
backward form and write

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

jm-2(X) = [x2jm(x) +x2K,(x) +x(m-1)Ko(x)]/(m-l)2

In the latter expression, replace jm by gm. Fix x.

Take r>m and assume gr=O. Compute gr-2,
g,-4, etc. Then
lim gr-2k(X) jm(x), m=r-2k

gm
.00855
.01061
.01325
.01751
.02548
.04447
. 11936
1. 53994

jm
42
09
05
39
09
31
90
71

.01325
.01751
.02548
.04447
.11937
1. 53995

For tables of jm(X) , see [11.21].

r~'"

References
Texts

[ILl] H. Bateman and R. C. Archibald, A guide to tables

of Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids Compo
1, 247-252 (1943). See also Supplements I, II,
IV, same journal, 1,403-404 (1943); 2,59 (1946);
2, 190 (1946), respectively.
[11.2] A. Erdelyi et aI., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 2, ch. 7 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1953).
[11.3] A. Erdelyi et aI., Tables of integral transforms, vols.
1, 2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1954).
[11.4] W. Gr5bner and N. Hofreiter, Integraltafel, II Teil
(Springer-Verlag, Wien and Innsbruck, Austria,
1949-1950).
[11.5] L. V. King, On the convection of heat from small
cylinders in a stream of fluid, Trans. Roy. Soil.
London 2I4A, 373-432 (1914).
[11.6] Y. L. Luke, Some notes On integrals involVing
Bessel functions, J. Math. Phys. 29, 27-30
(1950).

[11.7] Y. L. Luke, An associated Bessel function, J. Math.

Phys. 31, 131-138 (1952).
[11.8] F. Oberhettinger, On some expansions for Bessel
integral functions, J. Research NBS 59, 197-201
(1957) RP 2786.
[11.9] G. Petiau, La theorie des fonctions de Bessel
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,
Paris, France, 1955).
[11.10] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions, 2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1958).
Tables

[11.11] W. G. Bickley and J. Nayler, A short table of the

functions Kin(x), from n= 1 to n= 16. Philos.
Mag. 7, 20, 343-347 (1935).
Kin(x)

L'"

(.1)2, 3, 9D.

Kh(x) =

L'"

Ko(t)dt,

Ki,,-I(t)dt, n=I(I)16, x=0(.05).2

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[11.12] V. R. Bursian and V. Fock, Table of the functions
L'" Ko(X)dx,f1o(X)dx,ezL'" Ko(X)dx,rZf1o(X)dx,
Akad.

Nauk,

Leningrad,

Inst.

Trudy (Travaux) 2, 6-10 (1931).

x=0(.1)12, 7D; e"

.ro

L'"

Io(t)dt, x=0(.1)6,

Fiz.

L'"

Mat.,
Ko(t)dt,

Ko(t)dt, x=0(.1)16,
7D;

7Dj

e-" f.x Io(t)dt, x=

(.1) 16,

7D.
[11.13] E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy funktsii Besselya ot
deistvitel' nogo argumenta i integralov ot
nikh (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R.,
f'" J,,(t)
f'" Y,,(t)
1958). J,,(X) , Y,,(X) , Jx - t - dt, Jx - t - dt,
n=O, Ij X=O(.OOI) 15(.01) 100, 7D.
Also tabulated are auxiliary expressions to facilitate interpolation near the origin.
[11.14] A. J. M. Hitchcock, Polynomial approximations to
Bessel functions of order zero and one and to
related functions, Math. Tables Aids Compo
11, 86-88 (1957). Polynomial approximations
for

LX Jo(t)dt and L'" Ko(t)dt.

[11.15] C. W. Horton, A short table' of Struve functions

and of some integrals involving Bessel and
Struve functions, J. Math. Phys. 29, 56-58
(1950). Cn(X) =
4Dj D,,(x) =

.r

[11.18] H. L. Knudsen, Bidrag til teorien for ante nnesystemer med hel eller del vis rotations-symmetri.
I (Kommission Has Teknisk Forlag, Copenhagen,
Denmark,
0(.01)10,

1953).
5D.

So" J,,(t)dt,

Also

f'

n=0(1)8, X=

In(t)e;adt,a=t,a=x-t.

[11.19] Y. L. Luke and D. Ufford, Tables of the function

Ko(x) =

So" Ko(t)dt.

Math. Tables Aids Compo

UMT 129. Ko(x)=-h+ln (x/2)]A I (x) + A2(X) ,

Al(x), Az(x). x=0(.01).5(.05)1, 8D.
[11.20] C. Mack and M. Castle, Tables of Soa1o(X)dx and

L'"

Ko(x)dx, Roy. Soc. Unpublished Math. Table

File No.6. a=0(.02)2(.1)4, 9D.

[11.21] G. M. Muller, Table of the function
Kj,,(x) =x-n1"u"Ko(u)du,
Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department
of Commerce, Washington, D.C. (1954).
n=0(1)31, x=0(.01)2(.02)5, 8S.
[11.22] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of functions
and zeros of functions, Applied Math. Series 37
(U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1954). (1) pp. 21-31:

Jo(t)dt,

t"B,,(t)dt, n=0(1)4, x=O(.l) 10,

LX

x=0(1)24,8D. Also ~,,(x) =

L'"

J o[2(xt)"]J n(t)dt,

~,,(x), ~~(x), n=1(1)7, x=0(1)24, 4D.

[11.17] L. N. Karmazina and E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy
funktsii Besselya ot mnimogo argumenta i
integralov ot nikh (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR.,
Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1958). r"Io(x) , e-"/l(x),

e"Ko(x) , e"KI (x) , e", e-"l" /o(t)dt,ezL"" Ko(t)dt,

x=0(.001)5(.005)15(.01) 100, 7D except for e~
which is 7S. Also tabulated are auxiliary expressions to facilitate interpolation near the origin.

Yo(t)dt,

x=O(.OI) 10, 10D.

(2) pp. 33-39: L'" Jo(t)dt/t,

x=O(.l) 10(1)22,

10Dj

t nJ,,(t)dt,n=I(I)4,x=0(.1) 10,

4D, where Hn(x) is Struve's function; see

chapter 12.
[11.16] J. C. Jaeger, Repeated integrals of Bessel functions
and the theory of transients in filter circuits,
J. Math. Phys. 27, 210-219 (1948). ft(x)=
Jo(t)dt, fr(X) =
fr-l(t)dt, 2- rfr(x), r=1(1)7,

LX

491

+In (x/2) , x=0(.1)3,

F(x) =

lOD;

i'"

Jo(t)dt/t

F(n) (x)/n!, x=

10(1)22, n=O(l) 13, 12D.

[11.23] National Physical Laboratory, Integrals of Bessel
functions, Roy. Soc. Unpublished Math. Table
File No. 17. 1" Jo(t)dt, 1" Yo(t)dt, x=0(.5)50,
10D.
[11.24] M. Rothman, Table of l"/o(X)dx for 0(.1)20(1)25,
Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 2, 212-21.7 (1949).
88-9S.
[11.25] P. W. Schmidt, Tables of

So"Jo(t)dt

for large x,

J. Math. Phys. 34,169-172 (1955). x=10(.2)40,

6D.
[11.26] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions, 2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1958). Table VIII, p. 752:

~fJo(t)dt,~So"Yo(t)dt,

x=0(.02)1,

7D,

with

the first 16 maxima and minima of the integrals

to 7D.

492

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

Table
x

n.1

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

JoxJo(t)dt

JOXyo (t)dt

e-xJox Io(t)dt

Ix

eX ~ Ko (t) dt

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00000
0.09991
0.19933
0.29775
0.39469

00000
66979
43325
75802
85653

0.00000
-0.21743
-0.34570
-0.43928
-0.50952

00000
05666
88380
31758
48283

0.00000
0.09055
0.16429
0.22391
0.27172

00
92
28
79
46

1. 57079
1. 35784
1. 25032
1.17280
1.11171

63
82
54
09
28

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.48968
0.58224
O. 67193
O. 75834
0.84106

05066
12719
68094
44308
59149

-0.56179
-0.59927
-0.62409
-0.63786
-0. 64184

54559
15570
96341
88991
01770

0.30964
0.33929
0.36206
0.37910
0.39137

29
99
71
05
42

1. 06127
1. 01836
0.98109
0.94821
0.91885

17
48
70
80
56

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.91973
0.99399
1.06355
1. 12813
1. 18750

04101
71082
76711
83885
20495

-0.63706
-0.62447
-0.60490
-0.57911
-0.54783

93766
91607
26964
12548
19295

0.39970
0.40479
0.40721
0.40745
0.40593

88
52
52
78
39

0.89237
0.86829
0.84626
0.82596
0.80719

52
97
10
89
04

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1. 24144
1. 28982
1. 33249
1. 36939
1. 40048

95144
09734
68829
85727
85208

-0.51175
-0.47156
-0.42788
-0.38136
-0.33260

90340
13039
62338
24134
04453

0.40298
0.39891
0.39394
0.38828
0.38211

85
09
29
68
11

O. 78973
O. 77344
O. 75819
O. 74386
O. 73037

57
80
62
97
44

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1. 42577
1. 44528
1. 45912
1.46740
1. 47029

02932
81525
63387
80303
39949

-0.28219
-0.23071
-0. 17871
-0.12672
-0.07526

28501
32490
50399
97284
50420

0.37555
0.36873
0.36174
0.35467
0.34757

57
67
98
38
29

0.71762
O. 70556
0.69412
0.68324
0.67288

95
50
02
16
26

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1. 46798
1. 46069
1. 44871
1. 43231
1.41181

09446
96081
25408
16899
57386

-0.02480
+0.02420
0.07132
0.11617
0.15839

29261
24953
69288
78353
62206

0.34049
0.33349
0.32659
0.31981
0.31319

93
48
30
99
59

0.66300
0.65356
0.64452
0.63587
0.62757

15
16
98
68
60

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1. 38756
1. 35992
1. 32928
1. 29602
1.26056

72520
96508
40386
59125
17835

0.19765
0.23367
0.26620
0.29502
0.31996

82565
66986
20748
36222
99576

0.30673
0.30045
0.29435
0.28843
0.28271

62
18
04
67
31

0.61960
0.61193
0.60455
0.59744
0.59059

34
74
84
84
11

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.22330
1. 18467
1. 14509
1.10496
1. 06471

57382
59706
13136
78009
52877

0.34090
0.35775
0.37044
0.37896
O. 38335

94657
03989
06831
74266
61369

0.27718
0.27183
0.26668
0.26170
0.25691

02
70
11
94
78

0.58397
0.57757
0.57139
0.56540
0.55961

14
57
13
66
09

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1. 02473
0.98541
0.94712
0.91021
0.87502

41595
21560
13375
52175
60866

0.38366
0.38000
0.37250
0.36131
0.34665

96479
67672
06552
69475
16398

0.25230
0.24785
0.24357
0.23945
0.23548

18
61
56
46
74

0.55399
0.54854
0.54326
0.53812
0.53314

42
72
15
91
27

4.5
4.6
4. 7
4.8
4.9

0.84186
O. 81100
O. 78271
O. 75721
O. 73468

25481
72858
50802
10902
94106

0.32872
0.30779
0.28413
0.25802
O. 22977

87513
77892
10351
06786
58227

0.23166
0.22799
0.22445
0.22104
0.21775

83
15
13
21
83

0.52829
0.52358
0.51899
0.51452
0.51017

52
03
19
43
24

5.0

O. 71531 19178

[(-i) 7]

0.19971 93876

0.21459 46

[( -:)2]

0.50593 10

493

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

x

.fo J

(t) dt

fox Yo (t)dt

e-

Table 11.1

fox Io(t)dt

ext

ro

Ko (t)dt

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

O. 71531
0.69920
O. 68647
0.67716
0.67131

19178
74098
10457
40870
39407

0.19971
0.16818
0.13551
0.10205
0.06814

93876
49405
34784
01932
12463

0.21459
0.21154
0.20860
0.20577
0.20303

46
58
68
28
89

0.50593
0.50179
0.49776
0.49382
0.48998

10
55
16
50
19

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

0.66891
0.66992
0.67427
0.68187
0.69257

44989
67724
98068
18713
19078

0.03413
+0.00035
-0.03284
-0.06517
-0.09630

05806
67983
98697
04775
01348

0.20040
0.19785
0.19539
0.19301
0.19072

08
40
44
81
13

0.48622
0.48256
0.47897
0.47547
0.47204

86
16
75
34
60

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

O. 70622
O. 72263
O. 74160
O. 76290
O. 78628

12236
54100
64692
51256
33012

-0.12595
-0.15385
-0.17975
-0.20344
-0.22470

06129
27646
87372
39625
89068

0.18850
0.18635
0.18427
0.18225
0.18030

02
16
20
84
78

0.46869
0.46541
0.46219
0.45905
0.45596

29
11
83
20
99

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.81147
0.83820
0.86618
0.89512
0.92470

67291
76824
77897
09137
60635

-0.24338
-0.25931
-0.27239
-0.28252
-0.28966

05692
37161
18447
78684
45218

0.17841
0.17658
0.17480
0.17308
0.17140

74
44
64
09
55

0.45294
0.44998
0.44708
0.44424
0.44144

98
97
76
15
97

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.95464
0.98462
1. 01435
1. 04354
1.07190

03155
17153
21344
00558
32638

-0.29377
-0.29486
-0.29295
-0. 28811
-0.28043

44843
02239
35658
49927
26862

0.16977
0.16819
0.16665
0.16516
0.16370

82
68
93
39
89

0.43871
0.43602
0.43338
0.43079
0.42824

05
22
34
23
76

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

1. 09917
1. 12508
1. 14941
1. 17192
1. 19243

14142
84628
49299
99830
33198

-0.27002
-0.25702
-0.24159
-0.22392
-0.20421

13202
06208
37080
52368
93575

0.16229
0.16091
0.15956
0.15825
0.15698

24
30
91
93
21

0.42574
0.42329
0.42087
0.41850
0.41617

81
20
86
63
40

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

1. 21074
1. 22671
1. 24021
1. 25112
1. 25939

68348
60587
13565
88778
12520

-0.18269
-0.15959
-0.13516
-0.10966
-0.08335

75150
61109
40494
01934
07540

0.15573
0.15452
0.15333
0.15217
0.15104

64
08
42
55
36

0.41388
0.41162
0.40940
0.40722
0.40507

07
52
65
37
56

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

1. 26494
1. 26777
1. 26787
1. 26528
1. 26005

80240
58297
83120
57796
46162

-0.05650
-0.02940
-0.00230
+0.02451
0.05078

66385
07834
54965
01664
29664

0.14993
0.14885
0.14779
0.14676
0.14575

74
61
88
44
23

0.40296
0.40088
0.39883
0.39681
0.39482

15
04
15
40
69

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

1. 25226
1. 24202
1. 22946
1. 21473
1.19799

64460
70675
51666
08237
38314

0.07625
0.10069
0.12385
0.14552
0.16550

79635
08937
04194
02334
09969

0.14476
0.14379
0.14284
0.14191
0.14099

16
16
16
08
87

0.39286
0.39094
0.38904
0.38716
0.38532

97
15
17
95
41

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

1. 17944
1. 15927
1.13772
1. 11499
1. 09134

18392
83464
05614
71504 ..
58985

0.18361
0.19969
O. 21360
0.22523
0.23448

20962
32017
56169
34059
42919

0.14010
0.13922
0.13836
0.13752
0.13669

46
78
79
43
65

0.38350
0.38171
0.37994
0.37820
0.37648

53
20
39
03
06

10.0

1. 06701 13040

[(-i)4]

0.24129 03183

[(-i)4]

0.13588 40

[(-g) 1]

0.37478 43

[( -g) 1]

494

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

Table 11.2

io I-Jo(t)
t
dt

i '" Yo(t)t dt

i'" Ko(t)t dt

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00000
0.00124
0.00499
0.01121
0.01990

000
961
375
841
030

-1.34138
-0.43423
-0. 05107
+0.15238

382
067
832
037

Io(t)-l
--dt
t
0.00000 000
0.00113 140
0.00409 877
0.00835 768
0.01347 363

0.5
0.6
O. 7
0.8
0.9

0.03100
0.04449
0.06032
0.07841
0.09872

699
711
057
882
519

0.26968
0.33839
0.37689
0.39543
0.40022

854
213
807
866
301

0.01910
0.02497
0.03088
0.03667
0.04222

285
622
584
383
295

0.548819
0.558366
0.563828
0.566545
0.567355

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.12116
0.14565
0.17211
0.20043
0.23052

525
721
240
570
610

0.39527
0.38332
0.36633
0.34572
0.32256

290
909
694
398
701

0.04744
O. 05229
0.05672
0.06070
O. 06425

889
376
080
995
420

0.566811
0.565291
0.563058
0.560302
0.557163

1.5
1.6
1. 7
1.8
1.9

0.26227
0.29557
0.33031
0.36636
0.40360

724
796
288
308
666

0.29769
0.27176
0.24529
0.21871
0.19235

696
713
896
360
409

0.06735
0.07002
0.07228
0.07414
0.07563

663
797
458
688
806

0.553745
0.550126
0.546364
0.542506

0.538587

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.44191
0.48117
0.52124
0.56200
0.60333

940
541
775
913
248

0.16650
0.14138
0.11719
0.09408
0.07218

135
594
681
798
365

0.07678
0.07760
0.07813
O. 07839
0.07841

298
744
746
884
674

0.534635
0.530670
0.526711
0.522768
0.518854

2.5
2.6
2. 7
2.8
2.9

0.64509
0.68716
0.72942
O. 77174
0.81402

164
194
081
836
795

0.05158
0.03235
+0.01457
-0.00174
-0.01655

229
987
248
144
931

0.07821
0.07781
0.07724
0.07652
0.07566

544
809
664
168
245

0.514976
0.511139
0.507350
0.503610
0.499924

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.85614 669
0.89799 596
0.93947 188
0.98047 571
1.02091 428

-0.02987
-0.04168
-0. 05201
-0.06088
-0.06833

272
613
554
740
756

0.07468
0.07361
0.07245
0.07121
0.06993

681
124
090
963
006

0.496292
0.492717
0.489198
0.485736
0.482332

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.06070
1. 09975
1.13799
1.17536
1.21179

-0.07441 025
-0.07915
-0.08263
-0.08491
-0.08605

722
683
323
553

0.06859
0.06722
0.06582
0.06440

360
060
033
109

0.478984
0.475694
0.472459
0.469280

0.06297 029

0.466155

-0. 08613
-0. 08523
-0.08342
-0.08079
-0.07742

706
459
762
769
769

0.06153
0.06009
0.05867
0.05725
0.05584

450
952
042
166
708

0.463085
0.460067
0.457100
0.454185
0.451320

-0.07340
-0.06880
-0.06371
-0.05821
-0. 05239

123
199
317
690
371

0.05446
0.05309
0.05174
O. 0.5042
0,04913

000
325
921
989
691

0.448503
0.445734
0.443012
0.440335
0.437703

0.04787 161

0.435114

032
277
707
536
667

4.0

1. 24723 707

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.28163
1. 31496
1. 34718
1.37826

975
504
044
060

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1. 40818
1. 43694
1. 46454
1. 49096
1.51622

716

5.0

1.54034 722

870
052
446
864

[(-:)3J

-co

-0.04632 205

e- X

[(-i) 2]

xe X

0.000000
0.368126
0.460111
0.506394
0.532910

12. Struve Functions and Related Functions

MILTON ABRAMOWITZ 1

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties. . . . . . .
12.1. Struve Function H,(z) . . . .
12.2. Modified Struve Function L,(z)
12.3. Anger and Weber Functions .

.
.
.
.

Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . .
12.4. Use and Extension of the Tables
References

............. .

Table 12.1. Struve FunctioQs

lIo(x), B 1 (x),

(2/'Ir)

1'"

(O~:l~

ClO)

So2: Bo(t)dt, Io(z)-Lo(z), I 1(x)-L 1(x), So2: [Io(t)-Lo(t)Jdt

t- 1Bo(t)dt, x=0(.1)5, 5D to 7D

Table 12.2. Struve Functions for Large Argumen ts. . . . . .

lIo(x)-Yo(x), B 1 (x)-Y 1 (x),
Io(x)-Lo(x), I 1 (x)-L(x),

1'"

496
496
498
498
499
499
500
501

i2:

502

[1Io(t)-Yo(t)]dt-(2/'Ir) In x

So2: [Lo(t)-IQ(t)]dt-(2/'Ir) In x

[Bo(t)-YO(t)]t- 1dt, x- 1=.2(-.01)0, 6D

The author acknowledges the assistance of Bertha H. Walter in the preparation and
checking of the tables.

National Bureau of Standards.

(Deceased.)

495

12. Struve Functions and Related Functions

Mathematical Properties
12.1.

12.1.1l

Struve Function H,(.z)

Differential Equation and General Solution

12.1.12

12.1.1
12.1.13

The general solution is

12.1.2 w=aJ,(z)+bY',(z)+H,(z) (a,b, constants)

where z-H.(z) is an entire function of z.
Power Series Expansion

12.1.3

12.1. 5

..
FIGURE

12.1.

Struve junctions.

H,,(x), n=O(1)3

Integral Representations

"n(X)

12.1.6

.8

H. (z)

2 (lz)'

fl

.J; r(p+!) Jo

(1- t 2),-1

sin (z t) dt

2(l z)'

12.1.7

_I
(
~1I'r

p+!)

f2 sin(zcos8)sin '8d8
2

=y, (z)

12.1.8

+~r(p+l)
~(! z)' fa> e-" (1+t2/-ldt
Jo
(Iarg zl<~)
Recurrence Relations

2p

12.1.9

(!z)'

H._1+H.+!=- H.+ c
z
,\,11' r(p+t)

12.1.10
496

H._I-H'+1=2H~-

FIGURE

12.2.

Struve junctions.

(!z)'

.v1l'r(p+t)

H,,(x), -n=1(1)3

497

STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Struve's Integral

12.1.25

.. ]
12.1.27
r(il')2"-'-' tan (irl')
r(v-il'+l)

foCD t"-'-'H.(t)dt

J~

Ifj.(z)=

i'

(19t1'1<I,9tv>9tp.-l:)
H.(t)t"dt

-.8

12.1.28
FIGURE

12.3.

Strove junctions.

1.+1= (2v+ l)j.(z)-z+1H.(z)

Special Properties

12.1.14

Asymptotic Expansions for Large 1.111

(x>O and v~i)

H.(x)~O

12.1.15
H_<,,+t)(z)=(-l)"J,,+I(Z)

(nan integer~O)

12.1.29
1
H.(z)-Y.(z)=r

m-l

:E
i-O

r(k+i)

( )2t-.+1+Rm
r(v+i-k) ~
2
(Iarg zl<r)

12.1.16
12.1.17

lIt(z)=

COSZ)
1" 1+ Z22) - (2)1(.
rZ
sm z+-z(2'1Z)l(

12.1.18 H.(ze m.. I )=e m<.+1)"'H.(z) (m an integer)

where Rm=O(lzl-lm-,). If II is real, z positive

and m+t-II~O, the remainder after m terms is
of the same sign and numerically less than the
first term neglected.
12.1.30
2

1 12. 3
z- z3+zr

2 [1
lIo(z)-Yo(z)"';:

12 . 32 52
Z7

+ ...

(Iarg zl<r)

12.1.19

12.1.31

2[

H,(z)-Y,(z)",r

12.1.20

1 12 . 3 II . 3 5
]
1+---+
Z2
Z4
Z8 - ...

(Iarg zl<r)
12.1.21
Integrals (See chapter 11)

12.1.22
12.1.23

i'

12.1.32

lCD t- I

2
[1Io(t)-Yo(t)]dt-- [In (2z)+'r]
r

lIo(t)dt=~

2 ~ (-I)t+l(2k)I(2k-l)1
"';: i-I

where

~l=.57721

(Iarg zl<r)

(kl)2(2z)2t

56649 . . . is Euler's constant.

12.1.33
CD 2"
(-1)t[(2k)I]1
, t 1 [1Io(t)-Yo (t)]dt", 'll"Z ~ (kl)I(2k+l)(2z)2t

f.

(Iarg zl<r)

498

STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Asymptotic Expansions for Large Orders

Asymptotic Expansion tor Large

12.2.6

L.(z)-L.(z)
(-l)~+lr(k+!)

"';1 Hr('+i-k) (Z)2k

2
CD

(Iarg zl< i'll",lvl<lzi)

I !II !

.+1

(Iargz/<!'II")

bo=l, b1=2v/z, b2 =6(v/Z)2_i, b3=20(v/Z)3_4(vjz)

Integrals

12.1.35
H.(z)+iJ.(z)", 2(lz)'

.J;r(v+l)

k!!~, (Ivl>lzi)
k-O

12.2.7

z"

12.2. Modified Struve Function L.{z)

12.2.8

Power Series Expansion

b ..

12.2.1

L.(z)=-ie- 2

i
o

[Io(t)-Lo(t)]dt--2 [In (2z)+'Yl

'II"

H.(iz)

CD

"'-; ~

(Z/2)2~

CD

=(iZ)+1 ~ r(k+i)r(k+v+i)

(2k)! (2k-l)!
(k!)2(2z)2k (/arg z/<i'll")

12.2.9

Integral Representations

..

12.2.2

L.(z):ad(Z/2)'

f'sinh (z cos 0) sini> odD

'll"r(,+!) Jo

(91v>-i)

Relation to Modified Spheric&1 Bessel Function

12.2.10 L_(fI+l) (z)=I(fI+l)(z)

(n an integer~O)

12.2.3
12.3. Anger and Weber Functions
Anger's Function
Recurrence Relations

12.3.1

12.2.4

If" cos (,O-z sin 0) dO

J.(z)='II"

12.3.2

(n an integer)
Weber's Function

12.2.5
12.3.3

E.(z)::::,.!. fir sin (1'8- z sin 0) do

11

5
4

\
\

Relations Between Anger's and Weber's Function

\L-l
\
\
\
\
\

12.3.4 sin (V1/") J.(z)=cos (V1/") E.(z)-E_.(z)

12.3.5 sin (V1/") E.(z)=J_.(z)-cos (V1/") J.(z)

Jo

\
\

Relations Between Weber's Function and

Function

\
\

,
3.5

4.0

4.!I

If n is a positive integer or zero,

12.3.6
12.3.7

FIGURE 12.4.

Modified Strove junctions.

L,,(x), n=O(1)5
'See page n.

Struve's

r;IJ r (k+!)(!z)n-2k-l

En(z)=;~

r(n+!-k)

Hn(z)

499

STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

12.3.8

Eo(z)=-Bo(z)

12.3.9

EI(z)=~-BI(z)
11"

12.3.10

Numerical Methodt;!
12.4. Use and Extension of the Tables
Exalllple 1. Compute Lo(2) to 6D. From
Table 12.1 I o(2)-Lo(2)=.342152; from Table 9.11
we have 10(2)=2.279585 so that Lo(2)= 1.937433.
Exalllple 2. Compute 110(10) to 6D. From
Table 12.2 for x- 1=.1. B o(1O)-Yo(10)=.063072;
from Table 9.1 we have Y o(10)=.055671. Thus,
110(10)=.118743.
Exalllple 3.
5D.

Compute.r Bo(t)dt for x=6 to

Using Tables 12.2, 11.1 and 4.2, we have

Jo(6 11o (t)dt= Jo(6 Yo(t)dt+~ In 6+/1(6)

We note that for n >6 there is a rapid loss of

significant figures. On the other hand using 12.1.3
for x=4 we find B 9(4) =.0007935729, B IO (4)=
.00015447630 and backward recurrence with 12.1.9
gives
B 8 (4)=.00367
B 7 (4)=.01510
B 6 (4)=.05433
B 5(4)=.16719
B 4 (4)=.42637

1495
315
519
87
43

B 3(4) = .85800
B 2(4)=1.24867
B 1 (4) =1.06972
110(4) = .13501

94
6
7
4

Exalllple 6. Compute Ln(.5) for n=0(1)5 to

88. From 12.2.1 we find L5(.5) =9.6307462X10- 7 ,
L 4 (.5)=2.1212342X 10-5 Then, with 12.2.4 we
get

11"

L3(.5) =3.82465 03 X 10-4

L 2 (.5)=5.36867 34X10-3

= - .125951 + (.636620) (1.791759)

+.816764
=1.83148
Exalllple 4. Compute B .. (x) for x=4, -11 =
0(1)8 to 68. From Table 12.1 we have 110(4) =
.1350146, B 1(4) =1.0697267. Using 12.1.9 we find
B_1(4)=-.433107
B_2 (4)= .240694
B_ 3(4) = .152624
B_ 4 (4) = - .439789

B_ 5(4)=
.689652
B_ 6 (4)=-1.21906
B_ 7 (4) = 2.82066
B_ 8 (4) = -8.24933

Exalllple 5. Compute Bn(x) for x=4, n=

0(1)10 to 78. 8tarting with the values of 110(4)
and BI(4) and u,sing 12.1.9 with forward recurrence, we get
Bo(4) = .13501
B 1(4)=1.06972
B 2(4)=1.24867
B 3(4)= .85800
B.(4) = .42637
B 6 (4)= .16719

46
67
51
95
41
87

B 6 (4) =.05433
B 7 (4) =.01510
B 8 (4) =.00367
B 9 (4) =.00080
B IO (4)=.00018

54
37
33
02
S5

LI (.5) = .05394 2181

Lo(.5) = .32724 068

Exalllple 7. Compute Ln(.5) for -n=0(1)5

to 68. From Tables 12.1 and 9.8 we find Lo(.5) =
.327240, LI (.5) = .053942. Then employing 12.2.4
with backward recurrence we get
L_\(.5) =
.690562
L_2(.5) = -1.16177
L_3(.5) = 7.43824

L_ 4 (.5) =-75.1418
L_ 5(.5) = 1056.92

Exalllple 8. Compute Ln(x) for x=6 and

- n=0(1)6 to 88. From Tables 12.2 and 9.8
we find Lo(6) =67.124454, L\(6)=60.725011.
Using 12.2.4 we get
L_I (6) =61.361631
L_ 2 (6) =46.776680
L_ 3(6) =30.159494

L_ 4 (6) = 16.626028
L_5(6) = 7.984089
L_ 6 (6) = 3.32780

We note that there is no essential loss of accuracy

until n= -6. However, if further values were
necessary the recurrenc~ procedure becomes unstable. To avoid the instability use the methods
described in Exalllples 5 and 6.

500

STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

References
Texts

[12.1] R. K. Cook, Some properties of Struve functions,

J. Washington Acad. Sci. 47, 11,365-368 (1957).
[12.2] A. Erdelyi et aI., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 2, ch. 7 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1953).
[12.3] A. Gray and G. B. Mathews, A treatise on Bessel
functions, ch.14 (The Macmillan Co., New York,
N.Y., 1931).
[12.4] N. W. McLachlan, Bessel functions for engineers, 2d
ed. ch. 4 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1955).
[12.5] F. Oberhettinger, On some expansions for Bessel
integral functions, J. Research NBS 59 (1957)
RP2786.
[12.6] G. Petiau, La theorie des fonctions de Bessel,
ch. 10 (Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France, 1955).
112.7] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions, ch. 10 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1958).

Tables

[12.8] M. Abramowitz, Tables of integrals of Struve

functions, J. Math. Phys. 29,49-51 (1950).
[12.9] C. W. Horton, On the extension of some Lommel
integrals to Struve functions with an application
to acoustic radiation, J. Math. Phys. 29, 31-37
(1950) .
[12.10] C. W. Horton, A short table of Struve functions
and of some integrals involving Bessel and
Struve functions, J. Math. Phys. 29, 56-58 (1950).
[12.11] Mathematical Tables Project, Table of the
Struve functions L.(x) and H.(x), J. Math.
Phys. 25, 252-259 (1946).

501

STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

STRUVE FUNCTIONS
x

HI (x)

Ho(x)

Table 12.1
fo(x)

gf'" Ho(t) dt

10 (x)-Lo (x)
1. 000000
0.938769
0.882134
0.829724
0.781198

11(X)-Ll(X)
0.000000
0.047939
0.091990
0.132480
0.169710

0.00000
0.09690
0.18791
0.27347
0.35398

X
t
1. 000000
0.959487
0.919063
0.878819
0.838843

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00000
0.06359
0.12675
0.18908
0.25014

00
13
90
29
97

0.00000
0.00212
0.00846
0.01898
0.03359

00
07
57
43
25

f:Ho(t)dt
0.000000
0.003181
0.012704
0.028505
0.050479

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.30955
0.36691
0.42184
0.47399
0.52303

59
14
24
44
50

0.05217
0.07457
0.10063
0.13012
0.16281

37
97
17
25
75

0.078480
0.112322
0.151781
0.196597
0.246476

0.736243
0.694573
0.655927
0.620063
0.586763

0.203952
0.235457
0.264454
0.291151
0.315740

0.42982
0.50134
0.56884
0.63262
0.69294

O. 799223
O. 760044
0.721389
0.683341
0.645976

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.56865
0.61057
0.64855
0.68235
0.71179

66
87
00
03
25

0.19845
0.23675
0.27742
0.32012
0.36452

73
97
18
31
80

0.301090
0.360084
0.423074
0.489655
0.559399

0.555823
0.527058
0.500300
0.475391
0.452188

0.338395
0.359276
0.378530
0.396290
0.412679

O. 75005
0.80418
0.85553
0.90430
0.95066

0.609371
0.573596
0.538719
0.504803
0.471907

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.73672
O. 75702
0.77261
0.78345
0.78952

35
55
68
23
36

0.41028
0.45704
0.50444
0.55210
0.59966

85
72
07
21
45

0.631863
O. 706590
0.783111
0.860954
0.939643

0.430561
0.410388
0.391558
0.373970
0.357530

0.427810
0.441783
0.454694
0.466629
0.477666

0.99479
1. 03682
1. 07691
1.11518
1. 15174

0.440,086
0.409388
0.379857
0.351533
0.324450

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

O. 79085
O. 78752
0.77961
0.76726
0.75064

88
22
35
65
85

0.64676
0.69304
O. 73814
O. 78174
0.82351

37
18
96
98
98

1.018701
1. 097659
1. 176053
1. 253434
1. 329364

0.342152
0.327756
0.314270
0.301627
0.289765

0.487877
0.497329
0.506083
0.514194
0.521712

1.18672
1. 22020
1.25230
1. 28309
1.31265

0.298634
0.274109
0.250891
0.228992
0.208417

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.72995
0.70542
0.67729
0.64586
0.61142

77
23
77
46
64

0.86315
0.90036
0.93489
0.96649
0.99496

42
74
57
98
63

1. 403427
1.475227
1. 544392
1.610577
1.673465

0.278627
0.268162
0.258319
0.249056
0.240332

0.528685
0.535156
0.541164
0.546746
0.551933

1.34106
1.36840
1. 39472
1. 42008
1. 44455

0.189168
0.171238
0.154618
0.139293
0.125242

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.57430
0.53484
0.49339
0.45032
0.40600

61
44
57
57
80

1. 02010
1. 04177
1. 05983
1. 07418
1. 08477

96
30
03
63
74

1. 732773
1. 788248
1. 839675
1.886873
1. 929699

0.232107
0.224348
0.217022
0.210099
0.203553

0.556757
0.561246
0.565426
0.569319
0.572948

1. 46816
1.49098
1. 51305
1. 53440
1. 55508

0.112439
0.100857
0.090460
0.081212
0.073071

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.36082
0.31514
0.26935
0.22382
0.17893

08
40
59
98
12

1.09157
1. 09457
1. 09380
1.08934
1.08127

23
16
77
44
62

1.968046
2.001847
2.031071
2.055726
2.075858

0.197357
0.191488
0.185924
0.180646
0.175634

0.576333
0.579492
0.582442
0.585199
0.587776

1.57512
1.59456
1. 61343
1.63176
1.64957

0.065992
0.059928
0.054829
0.050642
0.047311

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.13501
0.09242
0.05147
+0.01247
-0.02427

46
08
40
93
98

1. 06972
1.05484
1.03681
1. 01584
0.99214

67
79
86
22
51

2.091545
2.102905
2.110084
2.113265
2.112655

0.170872
0.166343
0.162032
0.157926
O. 154012

0.590187
0.592445
0.594560
0.596542
0.598402

1. 66689
1. 68375
1.70017
1.71616
1. 73176

0.044781
0.042994
0.041891
0.041414
0.041502

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-0.05854
-0.09007
-0.11867
-0.14415
-0.16637

33
71
42
67
66

0.96597
0.93759
0.90729
0.87535
0.84208

44
56
01
28
90

2.108492
2.101037
2.090574
2.077406
2.061852

0.150279
0.146714
0.143309
0.140053
0.136938

0.600147
0.601787
0.603328
0.604777
0.606142

1. 74697
1.76182
1. 77632
1. 79049
1. 80434

0.042096
0.043139
0.044571
0.046335
0.048376

5.0

-0.18521 68

0.80781 19

2.044244

0.133955

0.607426

1. 81788

0.050640

[(1)6]

[(-~)5]

[(-~)8]

[(-~)6]

[(-~)5]

[(-~)7]

[<-~)2]

z
fo [lo(t)-Lo(t) ]dt

1r

fo(x)

Ho(x), Hl(X), Lo(x), Ll(X), compiled from Mathematical Tables Project, Table of the Struve functions
Lv(x) and Hv(x), J. Math. Phys. 25, 252-259, 1946 (with permission).

J,'"

fHo(t)dt, f[lo(t)-Lo(t)]dt, g Ho(t) dt, compiled from M. Abramowitz, Tables of integrals of Struve
o
0
r z
t
functions, J. Math. Phys. 29, 49-51, 1950 (with permission).

502

STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

STRUVE FUNCTIONS FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

Table 12.2
x-'
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

Ho(x)-Yo(x)
0.123301
0.117449
0.111556
0.105625
0.099655

H,(x) - Y,(x)
0.659949
0.657819
0.655774
0.653818
0.651952

I,(x)
0.819924
0.818935
0.817981
0.817062
0.816182

10(x) - Lo(x)
0.133955
0.126683
0.119468
0.112319
0.105242

I,(x)-Ll(x)
0.607426
0.610467
0.613348
0.616060
0.618598

Mx)
O. 793280
0.794902
0.796448
0.797910
O. 799279

la(x)
0.125868
0.119694
0.113505
0.107299
0.101079

<x>

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.093647
0.087602
0.081521
0.075404
0.069254

0.650180
0.648504
0.646927
0.645452
0.644081

0.815341
0.814541
0.813785
0.813074
0.812411

0.098241
0.091318
0.084474
0.077706
0.071010

0.620955
0.623129
0.625119
0.626927
0.628558

0.800551
0.801721
0.802787
0.803750
0.804611

0.094843
0.088593
0.082328
0.076051
0.069761

7
7
8
8
9

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0,06

0.063072
0.056860
0.050620
0.044354
0.038064

0.642817
0.641663
0.640622
0.639696
0,638888

0,811796
0.811232
0.810722
0.810266
0.809866

0.064379
0.057805
0.051279
0.044793
0.038340

0.630018
0,631315
0.632457
0,633450
0,634302

0,805374
0,806047
0,806634
0,807140
0,807572

0.063460
0.057147
0.050824
0.044492
0.038152

10
11
13
14
17

0.05
0,04
0,03
0.02
0.01

0,031753
0,025425
0,019082
0.012727
0.006366

0,638200
0.637634
0,637191
0.636874
0,636683

0,809525
0,809244
0.809023
0.808865
0.808770

0,031912
0,025506
0,019116
0.012738
0.006367

0,635016
0.635596
0.636045
0.636365
0.636556

0,807933
0.808225
0.808450
0.808611
0.808706

0,031805
0.025451
0.019093
0.012731
0,006366

20
25
33
50
100

0.00

0.000000

0.636620

0.808738

0.000000

0.636620

0,808738

0.000000

0Ci

[( -~)5J

[( -~)2J

[( -~)8J

[(-~)lJ

[( -~)2J

[( -~)lJ

5
5
6
6
6

[C -~)2J

f," [H.(t) - Yo(t)ldt =-In

x+/J(x)
7
i'lLo(t)
-I.(t)ldt =~ In X+/.(X)

[Ho(t); YO(t)]dt =/.(X)

<x> = nearest integer to x.

Starting with Ho(x) and H,(x), recurrence formula 12.1.9 may be used to generate H.(x) for n<O. As long as 1I:<x/2
(approx.), H.(x) may be generated by forward recurrence. When n>x/2, forward recurrence is unstabl~. To avotd the
instability, choose n> >x, compute Hk(x) and Hk+l(x) with 12.1.3, and then use backward recurrence Wlth 12.1.9.
If n>O, L.(x) must be generated by backward recurrence. If n<O, L.(x) may be generated by backward recurrence
as long as L.(x) increases. If n<O and L.(x) is decreasing, forward recurrence should be used.

See Examples 4-8.

13. ConOuent Hypergeometric Functions

Lucy

JOAN SLATER 1

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

13.1.
13.2.
13.3.
13.4.
13.5.
13.6.
13.7.

. . , . . . . . . . . . . .

Definitions of Kummer and Whittaker Functions

Integral Representations . . . . . . . . . .
Connections With Bessel Functions . . . . . .
Recurrence Relations and Differential Properties
Asymptotic Expansions and Limiting Forms
Special Cases . . . . .
Zeros and Turning Values . . .

Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . .

13.8. Use and Extension of the Tables

13.9. Calculation of Zeros and Turning Points .
13.10. Graphing M(a, b, x) .
References

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 13.1. Confluent Hypergeometric Function M(a, b, x)

x=.I(.I)I(I)lO, a=-I(.I)I, b=.I(.I)I, 8S
Table 13.2. Zeros of M(a, b, x). . .
a=-I(.I)-.I, b=.I(.I)I, 7D

504
504
505
506
506
508
509
510
511
511

513
513
514
516
535

The tables were calculated by the author on the electronic calculator EDSACI in the
Mathematical Laboratory of Cambridge University, by kind permission of its director, Dr
M. V. Wilkes. The table of M(a, b, x) was recomputed by Alfred E. Beam for uniformity
to eight significant figures.

I University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge.

National Bureau of Standards.)

(Prepared under contract with the

503

13. Confluent Hypergeometric Functions

Mathematical Properties
13.1. Definitions of Kummer and Whittaker
Functions

Logarithmic Solution

Kummer's Equation

13.1.6
(-1)"+1 [

dw
z cJJw
-+(6-z)
--aw=O
2

13.1.1

dz

U(a,n+l,z) ntr(a-n) M(a,n+l,z)lnz

dz

It has a regular singularity at Z=O and an irregular

singularity at co.
Independent solutions are

13.1.2
az

(a)2z2

(a)"z"

... +(b)"nl+

(a) z'
]
+~
(n+~),rt l"'(a+l')-"'(1+r)-"'(1+n+r)}

(n-l)! -n
+ rea) z M(a-n, 1-71" z)"
for n=O, 1,2, . . . , where the last function is the
sum to n tenns. It is to be interpreted as zero
when n=O, and \fCa)=r'(a)(r(a).

Kummer's Function

M(a, b, z)=l+T+ (b)2 2!+

U(a, b, z) is a many-valued function. Its principal branch is given by - '11'"< arg z:::; '11'".

...

13.1.7

U(a, 1-71" z)=z"U(a+1l" 1 +n, z)

where

(a),,=a(a+l)(a+2) ... (a+n-l), (a)o=l,

13.1.8

and

Analytic Continuation

13.1.9

13.1.3

7r
-. [ M(b-a, b, z)
e
U( a, b,ze =1'1) =sin7rb
r(1+a-b)r(b)

'II'"
{
M(a,b,z)
U( a, b)
,z = sin 'lI'"b r(l+a-b)r(b)

-z
Parameters
(m, n positive integers)
b~-n

a~-m

b-n a=-m

e=TH1-b) zl-bM(l-a,

I_b M (1+a-b,2-b, z)}

r(a)r(2-b)
M(a, b, z)

a convergent series for

all values of a, band z
a polynomial of degree m
in z

b=-n a~-m
b=-n a=-m,
m>n

a simple pole at b=-n

h=-n a=-m,

undefined

U(a, b, z) is defined even when

As jzj~co,

where either upper or lower signs are to be taken

throughout.
13.1.10

U(a b ze 2I'i")=[l-e- Zl'ib"j rei-b) M(a h z)

, ,
r(l+a-b)
"

+e- 2I't bnU(a, b, z)

1F, (a; bi z) or cJ>(a; b; z) for M(a, 6, z)
z-a2Fo(a, 1 +a-h; ;-l(z) or ir(a; h; z) for U(a, b, z)

b~n

Complete Solution

13.1.11

13.1.4

'II=AM(a, h, z)+BU(a, h, z)

where A and B are arbitrary constants, b ~ -no

M(a, h, z)=~~!; e'z"-b(1+0(jzj-I)1

Eight Solution.

and

13.1.12 '111 =M(a, b, z)

13.1.5

113.1.13 Y2=zl-&M(1+a-b, 2-b, z)

r(h)

504

Alternative Notations

m:5n

M(a, h, z)

2-b, z)

f(a)f(2-b)

reb-a) (-z)-all+0(/zl-1)J

(p;fz<O)

13.1.14 Ya=e'M(b-a, b, -z)

505

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

13.1.15 Y4=zl-b e'M(1-a, 2-b, -z)

13.1.34

13.1.16 Y6= U(a, h, z)

W . iz)

13.1.17

Ye=zl-bU(l+a-h, 2-h, z)

13.1.18 Y7=e'U(h-a, h, -z)

13.1.19

General Confluent Equation

13.1.35

Ys=zl-be'U(I-a, 2-b, -z)

W,,+[2t +2j,+b~' -h'- ~,' lw'

Wronskians

If W{m, n}=YmY~-YnY~ and

E=8gn (..I"z)=1 if ..I"z>O,
=-lif..l"z$.O
13.1.20
W{l, 2}=W{3, 4}=W{I, 4}=-W{2, 3}
=(l-b)z-be ,
13.1.21

+(b~' -h'- t,') (~+1')+A(~~ I)

+2Aj' +j" +1'2_ ah,2 jw=0

Z

13.1.37

W{l, 3}=W{2, 4}=W{5, 6}=W{7, 8}=0

13.1.22

Z-Ae-!(Z)U(a, h, h(Z
13.2. Integral Representations

W{I,5}=-r(b)z-be'/r(a)

13.1.23 W{I,7}=r(b)e .. l&z-be'jr(b-a)

13.1.24

Solutions:
Z-Ae-!(Z) M(a, b, h(Z
13.1.36

W{2, 5} = - r(2-b)z-be'jr(1 +a-9)

13.2.1
r(b-a)r(a) M(

reb)

13.1.25 W{2,7}=-r(2-b)z-be'jr(l-a)

Kummer Transformations

b )

a, ,z

= .feUtIJ-I(I-t)b-Cl-ldt
13.2.2

M(a, h, z)=e'M(h-a, h, -z)

13.1.27

13.1.28

13.2.3

zl-bM(1+a-h, 2-b, z)=zl-be'M(I-a, 2-b, -z)

13.1.29 U(a,

b, z)=zHU(I+a-h, 2-b, z)
13.2.4

13.1.30

=e- A JAB e"(t-A)a-I(B-t)b-IJ-1dt

(A=B-l)

e'U(h-a, b, -z)=e.,H1-bl e'zl-bU(I-a, 2-b, -z)

&la>O, &lz>O

Whittaker's Equation

13.2.5
13.1.31

r(a)U(a, b, z) =

Solutions:

So'" e-"t a- I(1 +t)b-IJ-1dt

13.2.6
Whittaker's Functions

13.1.32 M . I'(z)=e-izi+I'M(I+~-K, 1+2~, z)

13.1.33
W . ,,(z)=e-izi+I'U(l+~-K,

1+2~,

z)

(-lI'<arg z:::;;'II", K=!b-a, ~=!b-!)

See page

n.

13.2.7
=21-bei'i"" e-i.cosh9sinhb-l/Jcothb-2a(!/J)d/J

>I<

506

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

13.3.7

13.2.8 rea) U(a, b, z)

= eA'fA'" e-"(t-A)a-l(t+B)b-a-1dt

M(a, b, z)
reb)

el'(lbz-az)l-lb

(A=I-B)
Similar integrals for M . I'(z) and W"I'(z) can
be deduced with the help of 13.1.32 and 13.1.33.
Barnes-type Contour Integrals

where
Ao=1, Al=O, A 2 =lb,
(n+ I)A"+1= (n+b-I)A .. _1+(2a-b )A.. - 2 ,

13.2.9

rea) M(a b z)=_1_ fc+t'" r(-s)r(a+s) (-z)'ds

reb)
"
2ri Jc-i",
r(b+s)
for larg (-z)I<I'lr, a, b~O, -1, -2, .... The
contour must separate the poles of r( -s) from
those of r(a+s); c is finite.

(a real)

13.3.8

M(a, b, z)
reb)

13.2.10

where

r(a)r(I +a-b)zaU(a, b, z)
1.
=-2

7r'/,

+' ''' r(-s)r(a+s)r(I+a-b+s)z-'ds

c-I",

for /arg z/<3 'lr,

2

a~O, -1, -2, . . . , b-a~1,

2,

3, . . . . The contour must separate the poles of

r( -s) from those of r(a+s) and r(I +a-b+s).

0 0 =1, Ol=-bh, 02=-i(2h-l)a+lb(b+l)h2,

(n+ 1)0"+1 = [(1-2h)n-bh]O"
+[(1-2h)a-h(h-1)(b+n-I)]0,,_1
-h(h- I)aO,,_2
13.3.9

(h real)

M(a, b, z) = ~O,,(a, b)I,,(z)

11=0

13.3. Connections With Bessel Functions

(see chapters 9 and 10)
Beuel Functions as Limiting Cases

If band z are fixed,

lim {M(a, b, z/a)/r(b)} =zl-lb I b- 1 (2.rz)

13.3.1
13.3.2

0 0 =1, Olea, b)=2a/b,

0"+1 (a, b) = 2aO,,(a + 1, b+l)/b-O.. - l (a, b)
13.4. Recurrence Relations and Differential
Properties

a-.+",

13.4.1

lim {M(a, b,-z/a)/r(b)} =ZI-\bJb_l (2.,jz)

(b-a)M(a-I, b, z)+(2a-b+z)M(a, b, z)
-aM(a+ 1, b, z) =0

a-.+'"

13.3.3

lim {r(I+a-b) U(a, b, z/a)} =2zl-ibKb_l(2.,jZ)

-""

13.4.2

b(b-l)M(a, b-I, z)+b(I-b-z)M(a, b, z)

+z(b-a)M(a, b+I, z)=O

13.3.4

lim{r(I+a-b)U(a, b, -z/a)}

a-.+",

13.3.5

= -rie"'bz\-\bH~12l (2-.[i)

(.1"z>O)

=7rie-r'bzi-ibH122l (2-.[i)

(.1"z<O)

Expansions in Series

13.3.6

13.4.3
(1 +a-b )M(a, b, z) -aM(a

+1, b, z)

+ (b-l)M(a,

b-1, z) =0

13.4.4

bM(a, b, z)-bM(a-l, b, z)-zM(a, b+I, z)=O

M(a, b, z)=el'r (b-a-l)(tz)a-Hl

>I<

where

' (2b-2a-I) .. (b-2a) .. (b-a-t+n)

11-0

"See page n.

n!(b) ..
(-1)" I b - a- H ,,(lz) (b~0,-I,-2, ...)

13.4.5

b(a+z)M(a, b, z)+z(a-b).Ll:f(a, b+I, z)

-abM(a+I, b, z)=O

507

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

13.4.6

13.4.19

(a-l+z)M(a, h, z)+(b-a)M(a-l, b, z)

(a+z)U(a, h, z)-zU(a, h+l, z)

+(I-b)M(a, b-l, z)=O

+a(b-a-l)U(a+l, h, z)=O
13.4.20

13.4.7

(a+ z-l) U(a, h, z) - U(a-l, b, z)

b(l-b+z)M(a, b, z)+b(b-l)M(a-l, b-l, z)
-azM(a+l, b+l, z)=O
13.4.8

M'(a, b, z)=~M(a+l, b+l, z)

+(I+a-b)U(a, h-l, z)=O

13.4.21

U'(a, h, z)=-aU(a+l, b+l, z)

13.4.22

dn
- n {U(a, b, z)} = (-I)n(a)nU(a+n, b+n, z)
dz

13.4.23
13.4.10

aM(a+l, b, z)=aM(a, b, z)+zM'(a, b, z)

a(1 +a-b) U(a+ 1, b, z) =aU(a, b, z)

+zU'(a, h, z)

13.4.n

13.4.24

(b-a)M(a-l, b, z)=(b-a-z)M(a, h, z)

(l+a-h)U(a, h-l, z)=(I-h)U(a, h, z)

+z..M'(a, b, z)

-zU'(a, b, z)

13.4.12

(b-a)M(a, b+l, z)=bM(a, b, z)-hM'(a, h, z)

13.4.25

Uta, b+l, z)=U(a, b, z)-U'(a, b, z)

13.4.26
13.4.13

U(a-I, b, z)=(a-b+z)U(a, b, z)-zU'(a, h, z)

(b-l)M(a, b-l, z)=(b-l)M(a, h, z)

+zM'(a, b, z)

13.4.27

U(a-l, b-l, Z)=(I-h+z)U(a, b, z)

13.4.14

-zU'(a, b, z)

(h-l)M(a-l, b-l, z)=(h-l-z)M(a, h, z)

+zM'(a, b, z)
13.4.29

13.4.15

U(a-l, h, z)+(h-2a-z)U(a, h, z)
+a(l+a-h)U(a+l, h, z)=O
13.4.16

(1 +2}.'+2K)M.+ 1,I'(z)- (1 +2}.'-2K)M._ 1,I'(z)

=2(2K-Z)M.,I'(z)
13.4.30

W'+i,I'(Z) -ziW',I'+l(Z)

+(K+P.)W._t.I'(z) =0

(h-a-l)U(a, b-l, z)+(I-b-z)U(a, b, z)

+zU(a, h+l, z)=O

13.4.31

(2K-Z)W.,I'(z) +W'+l.I'(z)

13.4.17

=(J.L-K+t)(J.L+K-~)W'_I,I'(Z)

U(a, h, z)-aU(a+l, h, z)- U(a, h-l, z)=O

13.4.32

13.4.18

(b-a)U(a, b, z)+U(a-l, h, z)
-zU(a, b+l, z)=O

zM~,,, (z) =( !z-K)M., ,,(z) +( !+p.+K)M.+ 1,,, (z)

13.4.33

zW~'II(z)=(~Z-K)W.jZ)-W.+l.,.(z)

508

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

13.5. Asymptotic Expansions and Limiting

Forms

13.5.10 U(a, b, z)

13.5.1

13.5.n

f(l-b) +O(lzjI- 9fO)

f(l+a-b)
(O<91b<I)
1
f(l+a)+O(lzlnzl)
(b=O)

M(a, b, z)
feb)

13.5.12

f(i-b)
f(l+a-b) +O(lzl)

For \.1J\ large, (a, b fixed)

elraZ-a {~1 (a) .. (1+a-b)" (-Z)-"+O(lzl-R)}

feb-a) .. -0
n!
+ e"za-b {~1 (b-a)"~I-a),, z-"+O(lzl-8)}
f(a) .. -0
n.

(f1lb~O, b~O)

For large a (b, .1J fixed)

13.5.13
M(a, b, Z)=

the upper sign being taken if-!'II"<arg z<t'll", the

lower sign if -i'll"<arg z~

f (b)et"(!bz-az)t-tbJb-! (4(2bz-4az

-;'11".

[1+0(llb~al-")]

where

13.5.2
U(a, b, z)

=z-a(~ (a)"(I~a-b),, (-z)-"

Izl=l!

n.

.. -0

b-al

and O'=min (l-p, !-ip),

13.5.14
M(a, b, x)=I'(b)e l ''(jbx-ax)1-lb1l"-1

Converging Factorfl for the Remainders

13.5.3

cos Cv'(2bx-4ax)-lb'll"+b)

O(lzl-R)=(ah(1~t-bh (-Z)-R

[1 +0(1 lb-al- l )]

[!+ Ci+lb-;a+lz-!R) + 0(lzl-2)]

z

and
13.5.4
O(lzl-8)

(b-a)S\I-a)s Z-8

as a~- co for b bounded, x real.

13.5.15
U(a, b, z)=
f(;b-a+!)elzl-1b[cos (a1l")Jo_ 1 (.,J(2bz-4az
-sin (a1l")Yb_1 (.,J(2bz-4az] [1+0(llb-al- u )]
where

[i"':'b+2a+z-8+0(lzl-I)]
where the R'th and 8'th terms are the smallest in
the expansions 13.5.1 and 13.5.2.
For slnall .1J (a, b fixed)

13.5.5

r~~-;,)l)

is defined in 13.5.13.

a~- co

for b bounded, x real.

For large real a, b, s

ZI-b+O(lzl91b-2)

If cosh2 l1=x/(2b-4a) so that x>2b-a>l,

(f1lb~2, b~2)

f(b-I) ZI-b+O(lln zl)

f(a)

(b=2)

13.5.8

13.5.9

0'

13.5.16
U(~, b, x)=f(!b-a+!)1I"-iei%xHO
cos (.,J(2bx-4ax)-;b1l"+a1l"+i1l")
[1 +O(llb-al-t )]
as

As Izl~O, M(a, b, 0)=1, b~-n

13.5.6 U(a, b, z)

13.5.7

O~p<i.

= - f(a) [In z+l/t(a)]+O(lzln zl)

(b=l)

13.5.17
M(a, b, x)=f(b) sin (a1l")
exp [(b-2a)(1 sinh 211-I1+cosh2 11)]
[(b-2a) cosh t1)1-0[1I"(lb-a) sinh 21Wt
[1+0(I!b-al- 1 )]

13.5.18
U(a, b, x)=exp [(b-2a)(! sinh 211-I1+cosh2 11)]
[(b-2a) cosh I1P-b[(lb-a) sinh 211]-t
(1+O(l!b-al- 1) ]

509

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

13.5.21

If X= (2b-4a)[1 +t/(b-2a)I], so that

M(a, b, x) = reb) exp {(b-2a) cos 2 O}

x.--2b-4a

13.5.19

[(b-2a) cos OP-b[".(tb-a) sin 20]-1

M(a, b, x)=etX (b-2a)l-br(b)[Ai(t) cos (a".)

[sin (a".) +sin { (tb-a) (20-sin 20) +t".}

+Bi(t) sin (a".)+O(lib-al- 1)]

+O(ltb-al- I )]
13.5.22
U(a, b, X) =exp [(b-2a) cos 2 fJJ[(b-2a) cos fJ1 H

13.5.20
U(a, b, x) = etx+a-tbr(t) ".-tx6- t
{1-tr(i)(bx-2ax)-13 i".-t+O(ltb-al- J) }

[(!b-a) sin 2fJ]-I{sin [(lb-a)

If cos 0=x/(Zb-4a) so that 2b-4a>x>O,

2

(2fJ-sin 20)+t".J+O(l!b-al- I )}

13.6. Special Cases

M(a, b, z)
a

Relation

Function

13.6.1

v+!

2~+1

2iz

r(1 + .,)e"(!z)-J ,(z)

Bessel

13.6.2

-,.+~

-2.,+1

2iz

r(I-.,)e"(!z) -[cos (Jnr)J.(z) -sin (Jnr) Y.(z)}

Bessel

13.6.3

.,+!

2.,+1

2z

r(1 + .,)e'(!z)-I.(z)

Modified Bessel

13.6.4-

n+l

2n+2

2iz

Spherical Bessel

13.6.5

-n

-2n

2iz

13.6.6

n+l

2n+2

2,

ret + n),"(!z)-"-lJ..+t(z)
r(!- n)e"(!z)"+iJ - ..-t(z)
rei + n)e'(!t)-"-H..+t(z)

13.6.7

n+!

2n+l

-2-/iz

r(1 +n)e-"(!i:c... ) -"(ber.. z+i bei.. z)

Kelvin

13.6.8

L+l- i 'l

2L+2

2i:c

e'XF L('1, Z):rL-1/Cd'l)

Coulomb Wave

13.6.9

-n

a+l

(a+ 1)..

13.6.10

IJ

a+l

-:e

ar'Y(a, :e)

13.6.11

-n

1+.,-n

(nl)i:l:t"
(1+.,-n)"

13.6.12

e'

Exponential

13.6.13

-2iz

e-'
.
-SIn z

Trigonometric

13.6.14

2z

s'
- sinh z

Hyperbolic

13.6.15

-!.,

!z'

2- t exp (izl) mOl (z)

nl

Spherical Bessel
Spherical Bessel

L(m)
.. (z)

Laguerre
Incomplete Gamma

P .. (."

z)

Poisson-Charlier

13.6.16

!-!.,

!Z'

exp2~iz') E!1) (z)

Weber
or
Parabolic Cylinder

13.6.17

-n

!:e'

n!
(2n)! (-!)-"He... (:e)

Hermite

13.6.18

-n

lx'

nl
1
(2n+ I)! (-t)-";:- Heln+I(z)

13.6.19

-:e'

... 1
2z erf z

13.6.20

!m+!

1+"

r'

See

pag~ 11.

n!r- 2n + m -

Hermite

>I<

Error Integral
1

r(!m+!) e' T(m, n, r)

Toronto

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

510

13.6. Special Case_Continued

U(a, b, z)

a
13.6.21
13.6.22

.,+i
lI+i

Relation

b
~p+1

2.,+1

Function

2%

1I'-te'(2z)-' K .(z)

Modified Bessel

-2iz

!Tie i[..-(v+!) - zl (2z)-' H~l) (z)*

Hankel
Hankel

13.6.23

,,+i

2,,+1

2iz

i".ie-i[..-(vH) - zl (2z)-'H!21 (zr

13.6.24

n+I

2n+2

2z

". -ie' (2z) -n-l Kn+t( z)

Spherical Bessel

".lr exp (jzata)2-2/335/6 Ai (z)

Airy

13.6.25

tz SIJ

13.6.26

n+i

2n+l

..Jiz

i~-iev7'(2-v'ix)-n[kern z+i kein z]

Kelvin

13.6.27

-n

a+l

(-I)nn!L~a) (z)

Laguerre

I-a

e%r(a, z)

Incomplete Gamma

-e- z Ei (z)

Exponential Integral

13.6.28

I-a

13.6.29

-z

13.6.30

ezEJ(z)

Exponential Integral

13.6.31

-lnz

-!x Ii (z)

Logarithmic Integral

13.6.32

im-n

l+m

r(I +n-Im)ez-i(tm-nl"'n, .. (z)

Cunningham

13.6.33

-ill

2z

r(I +i.,)ezk,(:c) for x>O

Bateman

13.6.34-

iz

ei%[ -

13.6.35

-i%

e- iz[!lI'i-i Si (z)-Ci (z)]

!Zl

2-te /4D.(z)
2

-ill

13.6.36

!".i+ i Si (z) - Ci (z)]

Sine and Cosine Integral

13.6.37

i-ill

!Z2

2t-te /4D. (z)/z

13.6.38

i-in

z2

2-"H,,(x)/x

13.6.39

z2

..j'i exp (z2) erfc z

13.7. Zeros and Turning Values

If jb-l, r is the r'th positive zero of J b - 1 (x), then
a first approximation Xo to the r'th positive zero
of M(a, b, x) is

Weber
or
Parabolic Cylinder

Hermite
Error Integral

For the derivative,

13.7.4
M'(a, b,X1)=

M' (a, b, Xo) {I + (b- Xo)

13.7.1 Xo= j~-l.r {lj(2b-4a.)+ O(lj<!b-a)2) }

13.7.2

Sine and Cosine Integral

If X~ is the first approximation to a turning value

of M(a, b, x), that is, to a zero of M'(a, b, x) then
a better approximation is

A closer approximation is given by

13.7.5
See page n,

::'~d, bb,~~) }

X;=X~

X~M'(a,b,X~)
aM(a,b,X~)

511

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

The self-adjoint equation 13.1.1 can also be

written
13.7.6
The Sonine-Polya Theorem

The maxima and minima of Iwl form an increasing or decreasing sequence according as

is an increasing or decreasing function of x, that is,

they form an increasing sequence for M(a, b, x)
if a>O, x<b-j or if a<O, x>b-j, and a decreasing sequence if a>O and x>b-! of if a<O and
x<b-j.
The turning values of Iwllie near the curves
13.7.7
W=

r (b)1I'-1/2 eZ/2(!bx-ax)t-t b {1- xj(2b-4a) }-1/4

Numerical Methods
In this way 13.4.1-13.4.7 can be used together
with 13.1.27 to extend Table 13.1 to the range

13.8. Use and Extension of the Tables

Calculation of M(a, b, s)

-10~a:::;1O,

KUlnlner's Transfortnation

Example 1. Compute M(.3, .2, -.1) to 7S.

Using 13.1.27 and Tables 4.4 and 13.1 we have
a= .3, b=.2 so that

M(.3, .2, -.I)=e- 1M( -.1, .2, .1)

=.85784 90.
Thus 13.1.27 can be used to extend Table 13.1 to
negative values of x. Kummer's transformation
should also be used when a and b are large and
nearly equal, for x large or small.
Example 2. Compute M(17, 16, 1) to 7S.
Here a=17, b=16, and

M(17, 16, 1)=e1M(-I, 16, -1)

=2.71828 18X1.06250 00

-lO:::;x~lO.

This extension of ten units in any direction is

possible with the loss of about IS. All the recurrence relations are stable except i) if a<O, b<O
and lal>lbl, x>O, or ii) b<a, b<O, Ib-al>lbl,
x<O, when the oscillations may become large,
especially if Ixl also is large.
N ei ther in terpola tion nor the use of recurrence
relations should be attempted in the strips
b= -n.1 where the function is very large numerically. In particular M(a, b, x) cannot be
evaluated in the neighborhood of the points
a=-m, b=-n, m~n, as near these points
small changes in a, b or x can produce very large
changes in the numerical value of M(a, b, x).
Example 4. At the point (-1. -1. x). M(a, b, x)
is undefined.

=2.88817 44.
Roourrence Relations

Example 3. Compute M( -1.3, 1.2, .1) to 7S.

Using 13.4.1 and Table 13.1 we have a=-.3,
b=.2 so that

M( -1.3, .2, .1)=2[.7 M( -.3, .2, .1)-.3M(.7, .2,

=.35821 23.

-lO:::;b:::;lO,

.1)1

By 13.4.5 when a= -1.3 and b= .2,

M(-1.3,1.2,.I)=[.26 M(-.3, .2,.1)

-.24 M( -1.3, .2, .1)]/.15
=.89241 08.

When a=-I, M(-I, b, X)=I-7)for all x.

Hence lim M(-I, b, x)=l +x.
b~-l

for all x, when a=b.

ButM(b, b, x)=~

Hence lim M(b, b, x)=ez.

H-I

In the first case b~-1 along the line a= -1, and

in the second case b~-1 along the line a=b.
Derivatives

Example 5. To evaluate M'( -.7, -.6, .5) to

7S. By 13.4.8, whena=-.7 andb=-.6, we have

M'( -.7, -.6, .5)=

:~ M(.3,

.4, .5)

Similarly when a = -.3 and b=.2

M(-.3, 1.2, .1)=.97459 52.

Check, by 13.4.6,

M(-1.3, 1.2, .1)=[.2 M(-.3, .2, .1)

+ 1.2 M( - .3, 1.2, .1)]/1.5
=.89241 08.

= 1.724128.
ASYlnptotic Fortnulas

For x~ 10, a and b small, M(a, b, x) should be

evaluated by 13.5.1 using converging factors
13.5.3 and 13.5.4 to improve the accuracy if
necessary.

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

512
Example 6.
using 13.5.1.

Calculate M(.9, .1, 10) to 7S,

M( 9 1 10)
. ,. ,

r(.I) .9 ..tlO-. 9
(.9)"(1.8),,
r(-.8) e
.. -0 n!(-10)"

+r(.I) elolO. 8 - (-.8),,(.I)"+0(10r (.9)

Hence
U(.I, .2, 1)=5.344799(.371765-.194486)
=.94752.
Similarly
U(-.9, .2,1)=.91272.

N)

nil 0"
= - .198(.869) + 1237253(.99190 285)
+0(1)
=1227235.23-.17 +0(1)

Hence by 13.4.15

= 1227235+ 0(1)

Example 10. To compute U'(-.9, -.8, 1) to

5S. By 13.4.21

71-0

Check, from Table 13.1, M(.9, .1, 10)=1227235.

To evaluate M(a, b, x) with a large, x small and b
small or large 13.5.13-14 should be used.
Example 7. Compute M(-52.5, .1, 1) to 3S,
using 13.5.14.
M(-52.5, .1,

1)=r(.1)e 5 (.05+52.5)2&-.O&

.5642 cos [(.2-4( -52.55_.0511'+.2571'}

[1 +0.05+52.5)-5)]= -16.34+0(.2)
By direct application of a recurrence relation,
M(-52.5, .1,1) has been calculated as -16.447.
To evaluate M(a, b, x) with x, a and/or b large,
13.5.17,19 or 21 should be tried.
Example 8. Compute M( -52.5, .1, 1) using
13.5.21 to 3S, cos 8=~1/21O.2.
M( -52.5, .1, 1)
=r(.l)eIOU 00.2 8[105.1

COB

8p-1.5641

U(1.1, .2, 1)=[U(.I, .2, 1)- U( -.9, .2, 1)]/.09

=.38664.

U'(-.9, -.8, 1)=.9U(.1, .2, 1)

=(.9)(.94752)
=.85276.
Asymptotic Formulas

Example 11. To compute U(l, .1, 100) to 58.

By 13.5.2
V(I, .1,

100)-1~0{1_!090+!O~ ~~
_~ 2.9 3.9 +0(10- 9)}
100100100
.

=.01 {1-.019+.000551-.000021
+0(10- 9 ) },
=.00981 53.
Example 12. To evaluate U(.I, .2, .01).

For

x small, 13.5.6-12 should be used.

52.55-i sin 28-i [sin (-52.5'11')

+sin {52.5f'(28-sin 28) +%71'}
+052.55)-1)]= -16.47 +0(.02)
A full range of asymptotic formulas to cover all
possible cases is not yet known.
Calculation of U(at b, x)

For -lO::;x::;1O, -10::;a::;1O, -1O::;b::;10

this is possible by 13.1.3, using Table 13.1 and the
recurrence relations 13.4.15-20.
Example 9. Compute U(1.1, .2, 1) to 5S.
Using Tables 13.1, 4.12 and 6.1 and 13.1.3, we
have

U(.1, .2, .01)

~i\-~~~) +0.01)1-.2)
=r(.8) +0 01).8)
r(.9)
.
= 1.09 to 3S, by 13.5.10.

To evaluate U(a, b, x) with a large, x small and

b small or large ~3.5.15 or 16 should be used.
To evaluate U(a, b, x) with x, a and/or b large
13.5.18, 20 or 22 should be tried. In all these
cases the size of the remainder term is the guide to
the number of significant figures obtainable.
Calculation of the Whittaker Function8

U(.I, .2; 1)=

{M(.1, .2, 1) M(.9, 1.8, I)}

sin (.2?r) r(.9)r(.2) - r(.I)r(1.8) .
'II'

But M(.9, 1.8, 1)=.8[M(.9, .8, I)-M(-.I, .8, 1)]

= 1.72329, using 13.4.4.

Example 13. Compute M.a. - . (1) and W.o. - . (1)

to 5S. By formulas 13.1.32 and 13.1.33 and
Tables 13.1, 4.4
M.o. _ . (I)=e- 5M(.1, .2, 1)=1.10622,
W. o._ . (I)=e- 5 U(.I, .2, 1)=.57469.

513

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Thus the values of M.,ix) and W . I'(x) can

always be found if the values of M(a, b, x) and
U(a, b, z) are known.
13.9. Calculation of Zeros and Turning Points
Example 14. Compute the smallest positive
zero of M( -4, .6, x). This is outside the range of
Table 13.2. Using 13.7.2 we have, as a first
approximation
V'

= (.5511'-)2 = 174

AO

17.2

X;=X~ [1- M'(-3, .6,X~), 1

-3M(-3, .6,Xo)
=X~ [1-M(-2, 1.6,X~)/.6M(-3, .6,X~)1

=.9715X1.0163=.9873 to 4S.

This process can be repeated to give as many

significant figures as are required.

Using 13.7.3 we have

XI=Xo-M( -4, .6, Xo)/M'( -4, .6, Xo).

But, by 13.4.8,

M'(-4, .6, X o)=-(.15)-IM(-3, 1.6, Xo)

Hence
X 1 =Xo+.15M(-4, .6,Xo)IM(-3, 1.6,Xo),
=.174+ (.15)(.030004)
= .17850 as a second approximation.

If we repeat this calculation, we find that

b
FIGURE

Calculation of Maxima and Minima

Example 15. Compute the value of x at which

M( -1.8, - .2, x) has a turning value. Using 13.4.8
and Table 13.2, we find that M'(-1.8, -.2,x)
=9M(-.8, .8, x) =0 when x=.94291 59.
Also M"(-1.8, -.2, x)=9M'(-.8, .8, x)=
-9M(.2, 1.8, x) and M(.2, 1.8, .94291 59) >0.
Hence M( -1.8, - .2, x) has a maximum in x when
x=.94291 59.
Example 16. Compute the smallest positive
value of x for which M( -3, .6, x) has a turning
value, X;. This is outside the range of Table 13.2.
Using 13.4.8 we have

M'(-3, .6, x)=-3M(-2, 1.6, x)/.6.

By 13.7.2 for M(-2, 1.6, x),

Xo= (1.05'11'Y/(11.2) =.9715.

This is a first approximation to X~ for M( -3, .6, x).
Using 13.7.5 and 13.4.8 we find a second approximation

13.1.

Figure 13.1 shows the curves on which M(a, b, x)

=0 in the a, b plane when X= 1. The function is

positive in the unshaded areas, and negative in the

shaded areas. The number in each square gives
the number of real positive zeros of Jvf(a, b, x) as a
function of x in that square. The vertical
boundaries to the left are to be included in each
square.
13.10. Graphing M(a, b, x)
Example 17. Sketch M(-4.5, 1, x). Firstly,
from Figure 13.1 we see that the function has
five' real positive zeros. From 13.5.1, we find
that ~-aJ, M'~-aJ as x~+aJ and that
M~+aJ, M'~+aJ as X~-aJ. By 13.7.2 we
have as first approximations to the zeros, .3, 1.5,3.7,
6.9, 10.6, and by 13.7.2 and 13.4.8 we find as first
approximations to the turning values .9, 2.8, 5.8,
9.9. From 13.7.7, we see that these must lie near
the curves

y= eiZ (5x) -1(I-xI11)- 11l'-i.

From these facts we can form a rough graph of
the behavior of the function, Figure 13.2.

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

514

80

10

I
I

60

8
7

40
6

20

14
0

2 ---4-

16

... ...

-20

... ...

X
3

,
\

FIGURE

13.2.

M(-4.5, 1, x).

.5

(From F. O. Tricoml, Funzionl, lpergeometrlche confluent!, Edlzionl.

Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954, wltb permission.)

1.5

2.5

10

8
7

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

0
.5

1.5

2.5

FIGURE 13.4.
M(a, .5, :11).
(From E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, Dover Publications,
Inc., New York, N.Y., 1945, with permission.)

References

10

b=1

Texts

6
4

2
I
0

-2

-4
-6
-8

-10
FIGURE

13.3.

M(a, 1, x).

(From E. JlIlmke QIld F. Emde, Tables of functions, Dover Publications,

Inc., New York, N.Y., 1945, with permission.)

[13.1] H. Buchholz, Die konfluente hypergeometrische

Funktion (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany,
1953). On Whittaker functions, with a large
bibliography.
[13.2] A. Erdeiyi et aI., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 1, ch. 6 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1953). On Kummer functions.
[13.3] H. Jeffreys and B. S. Jeffreys, Methods of mathematical physics, ch. 23 (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1950).
On Kummer
functions.
[13.4] J. C. P. Miller, Note on the general solutions of the
confluent hypergeometric equation, Math. Tables
Aids Compo 9,97-99 (1957).
[13.5) L. J. Slater, On the evaluation of the confluent
hypergeometric function, Proc. Cambridge
Philos. Soc. 49, 612-622 (1953).

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

[13.6] L. J. Slater, The evaluation of the basic confluent

hypergeometric function, Proc. Cambridge
Philos. Soc. 50, 404-413 (1954).
[13.7] L. J. Slater, The real zeros of the confluent hypergeometric function, Proc. Cambridge Philos.
80c. 52, 626-635 (1956).
[13.8] C. A. Swanson and A. Erdelyi, Asymptotic forms
of confluent hypergeometric functions, Memoir
25, Amer. Math. Soc. (1957).
[13.9] F. G. Tricomi, Funzioni ipergeometriche confluenti
(Edizioni Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954). On
Kummer functions.
[13.10J E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, ch. 16, 4tl> ed. (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952). On
Whittaker fUnctions.
Tables

[13.11J J. R. Airey, The confluent hypergeometric function,

British Association Reports, Oxford, 276-294
(1926), and Leeds, 220-244 (1927). M(a, b, x),
a=-4(.5)4, b=!, 1, i, 2, 3, 4,x=.I(.1)2(.2)3
(.5)8, 5D.

515

[13.12] J. R. Airey and H. A. Webb, The practical importance of the confluent hypergeometric function,
Phil. Mag. 36, 129-141 (1918). M(a, b, x),
a= -3(.5)4, b=1(1)7, x=1(1)6(2)10, 48.
[13.13J E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, ch. 10,
4th ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1945). Graphs of M(a, b, x) based on the
tables of [13.11J.
[13.14J P. Nath, Confluent hypergeometric functions,
Sankhya J. Indian Statist. Soc. 11, 153-166
(1951). M(a, b, x), a=1(1)40, b=3, x=.02(.02)
.1(.1) 1(1)10(10)50, 100, 200, 6D.
[13.15] S. Rushton and E. D. Lang, Tables of the confluent
hypergeometric function, Sankhya J, Indian Statist.
Soc. 13, 369-411 (1954). M(a, b, x), a=.5(.5)40,
b=.5(.5)3.5, x=.02(.02).I(.1)1(1)1O(10)50, 100,
200, 7S.
[13.16) L. J. Slater, Confluent hypergeometric functions
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1960).
M(a, b, x), a=-l(.I)l, b=.l(.l)l,
x=.1(.1)10, 88; M(a, b, 1), a=-1l(.2)2,
b= -4(.2)1, 88; and smallest positive values of
x for which M(a, b, x) =0, a= -4(.1) - .1,
b=.1(.1)2.5, 88.

516

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

Table 13.1

x=O.1
0.2

0.1

a\b

( -1~ 5.00000
5.48093
5.96605
~ -1 6.45537
-1 6.94891

00
23
00
25
92

( -1) 6.66666
6.98827
~ -1 7.31245
-1 7.63922
( -1 7.96859

0.5

0.4

0.3

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.00000
9.58364
1. 92586
-1~ 2.90253
( -1 3.888.f3

00
34
25
86
71

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

~ -1
-1

25
94
26
70
77

94
-1~ 7.44670
-1
7.94876 28
-1 8.45509 89
-1~ 8.96573 73
-1 9.48069 78

0.0

( 0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

( 0
( 0
0
0
0

1.10517
1.21130
1.31839
1.42645
1.53548

09
01
21
14
28

0
0
0
0
0

1.05236
1.10517
1.15841
1.21210
1.26623

64
09
56
24
34

0
0
0
0
0

1.03478
1.06984
1.10517
1.14076
1.17663

75
41
09
91
99

0
0
0
0
0

1.02601
1.05220
1.07859
1.10517
1.13193

15
99
61
09
51

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

~g~
~ ~~

1.64549
1.75647
1.86845
1.98142
2.09538

07
99
49
05
12

0
0
0
0
0

1.32081
1.37583
1.43131
1.48723
1.54362

05
59
14
92
12

0
0
0
0
0

1.21278
1.24920
1.28589
1.32287
1.36012

44
38
94
23
38

0
0
0
0
0

1.15888
1.18603
1.21337
1.24090
1.26862

93
45
14
08
36

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

( -1
~ -1
-1
~ -1
-1

8.33333
8.49524
8.65820
8.82221
8.98727

33
54
31
06
18

~-1
-1

8.57142
8.71045
8.85031
8.99103
9.13259

86
21
91
26
59

-1) 8.75000
8.87183
-1 8.99436
-1 9.11759
-1 9.24152

00
35
39
38
56

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.88888
8.99733
9.10636
9.21598
9.32620

89
47
73
87
11

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

9.00000
9.09772
9.19594
9.29467
9.39390

00
21
59
31
52

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

!~1!

9.15339
9.32057
9.48881
9.65813
9.82852

10
22
96
72
93

9.27501
9.41828
9.56241
9.70741
9.85327

22
47
64
08
09

9.36616
9.49150
9.61755
9.74432
9.87180

18
52
81
32
29

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

9.43700
9.54840
9.66040
9.77300
9.88619

64
68
42
09
88

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

9.49364
9.59389
9.69464
9.79591
9.89770

42
16
91
86
16

~ =i~

-1
( -1
(-1

4.88360
5.88807
6.90191
7.92514
8.95782

f=1

( -1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

( -1
( -1
( -1

~ -1
-1
-1
( -1
( -1

8.30057
8.63516
8.97239
9.31227
9.65480

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.50000
7.74183
7.98547
8.23090
8.47814

00
96
23
56
73

19
97
98
38
34

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.72720
8.97808
9.23079
9.48534
9.74174

49
60
84
97
76

!-1

-1
-1
-1
( -1

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

( 0) 1.01725
( O~ 1.03461
1.05209
1.06967
( 0) 1.08736

53
94
25
52
79

0
0
0
0
0

1.01476
1.02960
1.04454
1.05956
1.07467

01
78
34
71
94

0
0
0
0
0

1.01289
1.02585
1.03889
1.05200
1.06518

17
56
21
13
35

0
0
0
0
0

1.01144
1.02294
1.03450
1.04612
1.05781

07
21
45
80
30

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

1.10517
1.12308
1.14110
1.15924
0) 1.17749

09
48
98
65
53

0) 1.08988
1.10517
1.12055
1.13602
0) 1.15158

06
09
08
05
03

0
0
0
0
0

1.07843
1.09176
1.10517
1.11864
1.13219

90
81
09
79
91

0
0
0
0
0

1.06955
1.08136
1.09323
1.10517
1.11716

95
79
83
09
60

~~

r
-1
-1

_lj

-1
-1
-1
-1

8.00000
8.19391
8.38915
8.58575
8.78369

00
07
99
33
61

8.98299
9.18365
9.38567
9.58907
9.79384

40
22
64
21
48

0) 1.00000 00
0
0
0
0
0

1.02075
1.04164
1.06268
1.08385
1.10517

43
80
16
58
09

11

1.12662
1.14822
1.16996
1.19185
1.21388

77
66
83
34
22

1.0

( 0) 1.00000 00

11

1
-1

0.9

0.0

~ ~)

( 0) 1.00000 00

-11

( -1

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.8

0.7

0.6

a\b

(-11

67
46
77
74
49

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

0
0
0
0
0

1.01028
1.02061
1.03100
1.04143
1.05192

15
50
04
81
82

( 0
0
0
0
( 0

1.06247
1.07306
1.08371
1.09441
1.10517

09
64
47
62
09

l
l

For O~x~ 1, linear interpolation in a, b or x provides 3-48. Lagrange four-point interpolation gives 78 in a, b or x over
most of the table, but the Lagrange six-point formula is needed over the range 1 ~x~ 10. Any interpolation formula
can be reapplied to give two dimensional interpolates in a and b, a and x or band x. This calculation can be checked
by being repeated in a different order.

517

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPER(;EOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

Table 13.1

x=0.2

a\b

0.2

0.1

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

O~ -1.00000
-1 -8.16955
-1) -6.30239
-1) -4.39817
-1) -2.45653

00
02
72
97
39

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-2) -4.77093
-1) +1.54050
-1) 3.59664
-1~ 5.69168
-1 7.82601

96
87
50
81
37

0.3

0.00000 00

~ -2) 9.22415 48

-1) 1.86164 63
( -1~ 2.81785 03
( -1 3.79118 64

~ -1) 4.78181 44

!~!l

5.78989
6.81559
7.85906
8.92047

52
07
39
86

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.33333
3.95232
4.58166
5.22143
5.87174

33
64
34
72
11

!:il

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

6.53266
7.20431
7.88677
8.58014
9.28452

92
59
63
62
18

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

0.0

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

~ ~~

~ g~

1.10977
1.22140
1.33488
1.45024
1.56750

94
28
69
87
53

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

1.68667
1.80777
1.93081
2.05582
2.18281

37
12
51
28
20

0 1.45315 23
0 1.53274 81
0 1.61353 39
0 1.69551 97
0 1.77871 60

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

1.22140
1.44684
1.67637
0) 1.91002
2.14782

~~

28
80
41
01
49

~l

79
85
67
25
61

2.38982
2.63606
2.88658
3.14142
0) 3.40061

a\b

~ ~~

0.6

0.7

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

6.66666
-1~ 6.98070
-1
-1 7.29894
-1~ 7.62141
-1 7.94814

67
53
21
04
35

~ -1
-1

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

51
89
91
97
51

8.27917
8.61453
8.95426
9.29839
9.64696

~-1
-1

71
26
38
68
73

-1
-1
-1
:...1
-1

8.52780
8.81515
9.10602
9.40043
9.69842

14
54
57
88
13

-1

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.03575
1.07196
1.10862
1.14575
0) 1.18334

39
17
70
32
39

0
0
0
0
0

1.03052
1.06140
1.09265
1.12428
1.15627

1.22140
1.25993
1.29893
1.33842
1.37839

28
33
91
39
12

0
0
0
0
0

1.18865
1.22140
1.25453
1.28805
1.32195

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

II

78
55
28
97
61

( -1) 5.00000
5.46684
5.94088
~ -1 6.42219
-1 6.91083
7.40685
7.91032
8.42131
8.93987
9.46608

00
38
89
72
10
28
56
28
82
57

1
-1
-1
~ -1
-1

6.00000
6.37527
6.75592
7.14199
7.53352

00
43
38
30
62

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.93056
8.33316
8.74136
9.15520
9.57473

84
46
01
06
18

1-

( 0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

~ g~

1.05416
1.10912
1.16486
1.22140
1.27874

86
09
34
28
56

~~

0
0
0
0
0

1.33689
1.39586
1.45566
1.51628
1.57774

87
86
22
63
76

0 1.26747 01
0 1.31414 41
0 1.36142 97
0 1.40933 17
0 1.45785 51

~ ~~

0.8

7.14285
7.41302
7.68657
7.96353
8.24393

0.0

il

( 0) 1.00000 00
1.07266
1.14646
1.22140
1.29748
1.37473

0.5

0.4

~~

1.04310
1.08679
1.13106
1.17593
1.22140

51
33
91
74
28

1.0

0.9

{=U

7.50000
7.73716
7.97712
8.21990
8.46551

00
33
40
25
94

{ -1
-1
-1
~ -1
-1

7.77777
7.98920
8.20297
8.41912
8.63766

78
01
76
68
45

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.00000
8.19077
8.38356
8.57837
8.77523

00
41
13
54
03

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.71399
8.96535
9.21960
9.47678
9.73691

57
20
95
92
22

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.85860
9.08197
9.30777
9.53603
9.76677

76
30
78
91
40

-1
-1
-1
-1

8.97413
9.17511
9.37817
9.58333
9.79060

99
81
91
69
58

~=H

"1

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

02
54
84
18
85

0
0
0
0
0

1.02660
1.05351
1.08072
1.10824
1.13606

74
56
66
29
64

0 1.02357 34
0 1.04739 95
0 1.07147 98
0 1.09581 63
0 1.12041 07

0
0
0
0
0

12
28
59
34
81

0 1.16419
0 1.19264
0 1.22140
0 1.25047
0 1.27987

94
41
28
76
08

1.14526
1.17038
1.19575
1.22140
0) 1.24731

0 1.13018 06
0 1.15264 83
0 1.17534 02
0 1.19825 79
0 1.22140 28

II

47
02
89
28
35

1.02115
1.04252
1.06410
1.08591
1.10793

34
22
78
18
56

518

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Table 13.1

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

x=0.3
0.1

a\b

0.2

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0) -2.00000 00

94
36
81
-1 -9.05127 09

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-1~ -6.10043
-1 -3.06158
-3r6.65629
-1 3.28532
-1 6.59602

T1."BB.

o -1.46940
o -1.19153

44
84
62
83
92

-1~ -5.00000
-1 -3.67762
-1~ -2.31724
-2 -9.18332
-2 +5.19671

~=g

~ =~~

1.99731
3.51517
5.07379
6.67375
8.31562

0.3

00
19
76
95
16
93
11
19
21
77

0.00000
( -2) 8.90939
1.80524
2.74324
3.70525

~=U
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

4.69160
5.70261
6.73862
7.79996
8.88697

0.0

0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

11

1.34985
1.70931
2.07850
2.45757
2.84665

88
54
71
28
23

0) 1.17274
1.34985
1.53139
1.71742
1.90800

1!

56
88
94
78
49

0
0
0
0
0

1.11393
1.23054
1.34985
1.47191
1.59674

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0
0
0
0
0

3.24588
3.65541
4.07539
4.50595
4.94725

71
99
50
77
50

0
0
0
0
0

22
18
63
89
36

0
0
0
0
0

1.72438
1.85487
1.98825
2.12455
2.26380

a\b

0) 1.00000 00

0.6

2.10319
2.30305
2.50764
2.71703
2.93129

0.4

00
59
85
64
58

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.50000
3.17420
3.86467
4.57162
5.29526

00
35
39
39
85

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

4.00000
4.54351
5.09916
5.66711
6.24750

00
25
51
03
17

23
46
42
60
76

~ -1

6.03582
6.79351
7.56854
8.36115
9.17156

44
05
74
78
65

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

6.84049
7.44624
8.06491
8.69665
9.34162

44
48
07
13
71

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.7

-1

~ -1
-1
-1

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

77
56
88
26
26

~~

0 1.06719 33
0 1.13575 92
0 1.20571 42
0 1.27707 51
0 1.34985 88

49
58
19
03
82

0 1.53620 75
0 1.63232 02
0 1.73042 41
0 1.83054 38
0 1.93270 41

g~

0.8

-1) 5.00000
5.45594
-1 5.92137
-1 6.39639
-1 6.88112

-I!

00
63
29
42
54

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.71428
6.10737
6.50811
6.91657
7.33287

57
55
03
86
00

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

6.25000
6.59572
6.94776
7.30618
7.67106

00
25
02
39
45

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

28
36
59
91
34

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.75707
8.18928
8.62958
9.07807
9.53485

44
28
68
88
19

~ -1
-1

8.04247
8.42048
8.80516
9.19659
9.59485

38
41
81
93
17

-1
~ -1
-1

1.08466
1.17118
1.25957
1.34985
1.44206

87
5q
47
88
18

0
0
0
0
0

1.42408
1.49976
1.57691
1.65556
1.73572

0.9

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

7.37568
7.88018
8.39474
8.91948
9.45453

0.5

~ -1
-1
-1
~ -1
-1

-11

-1
-1
-1
-1)

24
30
80
49
13

1.0

6.66666
6.97537
7.28940
7.60881
7.93364

67
97
91
20
63

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.00000
7.27897
7.56249
7.85061
8.14336

00
71
82
06
18

8.26397
8.59984
8.94132
9.28846
9.64133

01
20
11
71
99

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.44079
8.74297
9.04993
9.36172
9.67839

99
33
07
12
44

0.0

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

11
90
62
51
84

0
0
0
0
0

1.04736
1.09558
1.14466
1.19462
1.24547

18
01
45
48
07

0 1.04121 19
0 1.08312 85
0 1.12575 75
0 1.16910 65
0 1.21318 32

0
0
0
0
0

1.03645
1.07349
1.11113
1.14937
1.18822

08
27
16
40
61

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0) 1.34985 88
0) 1.41204 93
1.47538 27
1.53987 22
1.60553 08

0
0
0
0
0

1.29721
1.34985
1.40342
1.45790
1.51333

20
88
10
88
23

a
a
0
a

1.22769
1.26778
1.30850
1.34985
1.39185

42
47
41
88
54

0 1.20360 57
0 1.23936 18
0 1.27565 25
0 1.31248 30
0 1.34985 88

0
0
0
0

~~

1.05560
1.11226
1.17001
1.22885
1.28879

1.25799 56
0 1.30355 15
0 1.34985 88
0 1.39692 56
0 1.44475 99

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00
0
0

0
0

1.03265
1.06582
1.09949
1.13367
1.16837

88
10
16
58
88

519

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

Table 13.1

x=O.4

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

!T'OOOOOO
0.1

0.2

00
o -2.67035 54
o -2.32590 02
o -1.96633 24

0) -1.00000 00

-'-1ro32139
-6.57495 4'
96

( 0) -1.59134 63

-1 -4.75937 91
-1 -2.87331 90

0) -1.20063 19

~ -2) -9.15428 01

0.3

0.4

-3.33333 33
-1 -2.19718 27
-1 -1.01932 12
-2 +2.01024 24
( -1 1.46463 65

0.5

1( =:!
-1

0.00000
8.63057
1. 75514
2.67677
3.62847

00
33
40
48
08

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.00000
2.69801
3.41768
4.15938
4.92349

00
05
30
56
10

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

4.61075
5.62417
6.66925
7.74655
8.85661

95
45
61
09
23

-'!

5.71037
6.52042
7.35401
8.21154
9.09340

59
19
47
46
66

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-1 -3.70758 28
-2)+6.90415 20
(-1) 5.25850 66

0.0

( 0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

( 0) 1.49182
2.00166
2.52986
3.07676
3.64273

~~

1.24182
1.49182
1.75015
2.01696
2.29240

32
47
41
26
35

0
0
0
0
0

2.57663
2.86980
3.17208
3.48362
3.80459

20
51
18
30
19

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

-1~-7.93875 31

~!

0
0
0
0
0

a\b

68
91
73
27
12

~~

-1~
-1
-1
-ll
-1

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-I}
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

21
74
15
59

2.77230
4.12484
5.52305
6.96775
8.45979

84
23
08
63
18

-1
-1
-1
-1)

( 0) 1.00000 00

0
0
0
0
0

1.15892
1.32283
1.49182
1.66597
1.84538

34
59
47
84
67

0
0
0
0
0

1.11772
1.23890
1.36358
1.49182
1.62369

81
28
21
47
00

0 1.09317 29
0 1.18890 02
0 1.28722 33
0 1.38818 41
0 1.49182 47

~~

2.03014
2.22033
2.41605
2.61739
2.82445

00
03
02
39
63

0
0
0
0
0

1.75923
1.89852
2.04162
2.18859
2.33948

82
99
67
08
51

0
0
0
0
0

~}

o.s

0.7

0.6

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.0

4.22811
4.83327
5.45858
6.10441
6.77113

47
43
27
82
38

-lr1.11566
-1 3.22133
~ -1 5.40300
-1) 7.66207

1.59818
1.70731
1.81925
1.93404
2.05174

80
73
64
94
12

1.0

0.9

3.33333
3.92050
4.52459
5.14587
5.78462

33
85
74
62
40

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

4.28571
4.79315
5.31423
5.84916
6.39816

43
51
36
36
17

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.00000
5.44722
5.90572
6.37564
6.85718

00
84
12
87
29

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.55555
5.95564
6.36521
6.78440
7.21335

56
45
50
52
46

6.00000 00
-1~ 6.36214
-1
28
-1 6.73238 89
-1~ 7.11085 21
-1 7.49764 78

6.44112
7.11565
-1 7.80852
-1~ 8.52000
-1 9.25039

32
94
14
13
46

~ =~}

6.96144
7.53923
8.13176
8.73924
9.36191

64
92
35
56
40

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.35049
7.85576
8.37317
8.90289
9.44510

77
88
41
30
72

~-1
-1

7.65220
8.10109
8.56017
9.02958
9.50948

44
70
66
86
02

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

~I

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0
0
0
0
0

1.07691
1.15580
1.23671
1.31966
0) 1.40469

20
59
28
37
04

1.49182
1.58109
1.67254
1.76619
1.86208

47
90
59
84
99

~ =~~

0) 1.00000 00
0
0
0
0
0

II

1.06537
1.13233
1.20091
1.27112
1.34299

37
62
13
31
62

1.41655
1.49182
1.56883
1.64759
1.72815

50
47
03
75
18

( 0) 1.00000 00
( 0 1.05677
0 1.11485
0 1.17426
0 1.23500
( 0 1.29712

g~

g~

1.36061
1.42550
1.49182
1.55958
1.62880

-1

~ -1

-1

( 0) 1.00000 00

57
65
15
97
04

0 1.05012 98
0 1.101.35 26
0 1.15368 38
0 1.20713 88
0 1.26173 33

33
81
47
33
44

0 1.31748 31
0 1.37440 41
0 1.43251 25
0 1.49182 47
0 1.55235 70

7.89289
8.29670
8.70919
9.13049
9.56072

21
27
82
86
51

( 0) 1.00000 00

II
(

1.04484
1.09061
1.13733
1.18500
0) 1.23364

47
91
58
76
74

0) 1.28326
1.33388
1.38550
1.43814
1.49182

80
28
48
76
47

~I

520

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Table 13.1

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

x=0.5

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

0.2

0.1

a -4.00000
o -3.61201
o -3.20079
o -2.76573
o -2.30622
o -1.82163
o -1.31133

00
70
33
-1 -8.71196 18
-1 -6.39608 65

45
45
-1 -7.74681 00
-1 -2.11019 41
-1 +3.80315 52

-1 -3.96579 38
-1 -1.41832 63
-1 +1.24911 75
-1 4.03938 42
-1 6.95536 57

( 0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0
0
0
0
0

1.64872
2.32717
3.03607
3.77614
4.54811

13
78
92
69
35

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0
0
0
0
0

5.35272
6.19073
7.06291
7.97004
8.91291

38
40
26
04
03

a\b

-1
-1
-2
-2
-1

-2.50000
-1.46751
-3.89499
+7.35066
1.90722

00
27
09
66
60

-2 +7.69319 06
-1 2.46534 08
-1 4.23474 05
-1 6.07918 46
-1 8.00036 50

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.12803
4.39857
5.71992
7.09319
8.51950

64
14
06
04
36

( 0) 1.00000 00

72
13
02
68
86

0
0
0
0
0

1.20798
1.42416
1.64872
1.88183
2.12369

34
39
13
81
98

3.11399
3.51714
3.93567
a 4.36993
0 4.82026

83
35
68
59
39

0
0
0
0
0

2.37449
2.63441
2.90364
3.18240
3.47086

45
32
98
09
63

0
0
0

0.7

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.66666
2.37390
3.10765
3.86848
4.65693

67
35
94
36
33

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.47357
6.31897
7.19372
8.09841
9.03363

40
89
99
67
78

0.0

0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

a
a
a
0
a
a

1.09981
1.20286
1.30921
1.41892
1.53207

19
18
31
99
73

1.64872 13
0 1.76892 87
0 1.89276 74
0 2.02030 62
a 2.15161 47

-6.66666
-5.31342
-3.89475
-2.40912
-8.54965

( 0) 1.00000 00

a 1.15358 36
0 1.31281 87
0 1.47782 42
a 1.64872 13
0 1.82563 24

0
0
0

a
a

0.8

-1~ 2.85714 29

0.5

67
47
90
78
30

-1
-1
-1
-2

1.31762
1.64872
1.99359
2.35254
2.72590

0
0
0
0

0.6

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

o -1.50000
o -1.30112
a -1.09161

00
86
89
85
47

0.4

0.3

2.00868
2.19799
2.39370
2.59593
2.80482

23
70
49
60
21

0.9

-l~
-1
-1

3.46998
4.10420
4.76023
5.43849

42
52
18
54

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.75000
4.29138
4.85042
5.42745
6.02283

00
21
16
70
14

-1
-1
-1
-1

-'I

4.44444
4.92975
5.42992
5.94522
6.47594

44
27
21
72
62

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

6.13943
6.86349
7.61111
8.38276
9.17890

38
09
66
72
54

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

6.63689
7.26999
7.92248
8.59474
9.28712

23
22
85
31
29

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.02236
7.58475
8.16342
8.75865
9.37074

09
70
38
45
63

-1

( 0) 1.00000 00
0 1.08465
0 1.17189
0 1.26178
a 1.35435
a 1.44966

27
67
10
51
91

1.54777 40
0 1.64872 13
0 1.75256 32
0 1.85935 29
0 1.96914 38

0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

a
a
a
a

0 1.07337
1.14887
1.22654
1.30640
1.38852

51
58
08
94
11

0 1.06467 21
0 1.13112 17
a 1.19938 02
a 1.26947 93
a 1.34145 10

0 1.47291
a 1.55963
a 1.64872
a 1.74021
a 1.83415

64
60
13
40
67

a
0
a
a
a

1.41532
1.49114
1.56892
1.64872
1.73055

79
29
95
13
26

E!!
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

0.00000
8.38114
1.71019
2.61697
3.55920

00
43
66
96
78

4.53763
5.55303
6.60617
7.69784
8.82884

61
09
00
21
81

0) 1.00000 00
0
0
0
0

1.12121
1.24660
1.37626
1.51027
1.64872

22
50
32
29
13

0 1.79169 69
0 1.93928 94
0 2.09159 01
0 2.24869 11
0 2.41068 61

1.0

-1
-1
-1
-1

5.00000
5.44007
5.89284
6.35854
6.83739

00
21
39
17
50

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.32963
7.83550
8.35522
8.88905
9.43722

60
00
55
38
94

( 0) 1.00000 00

II
a
a
a
a
a

1.05776
1.11703
1.17784
1.24020
1.30416

16
33
06
96
68

1.36973
1.43695
1.50583
1.57641
1.64872

88
27
59
61
13

521

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPER(;EOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

Table 13.1

x=0.6

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-U.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.1

T5000000 00

o -4.56442
o -4.09525

36
03
o -3.59141 57
0) -3.05183 34

o -2.00000
o -1.77497
o -1.53457
o -1.27832
o -1.00575

00
83
51
65
96

~-1 -7.16392 12

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

73
-1 -5.13527 80
-1) +2.21866 89

-1 -4.09732 38
~ -2 -8.52791 51
-1 +2.57478 49
(-1 6.19061 29

0.0

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.82211
2.68949
3.60342
4.56523
0) 5.57625

88
50
49
01
77

6.63788
7.75149
8.91853
1.01404
1.14187

04
76
48
45
08

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0ro4753'
54
o -1.86097 11

o -1.20740

il

II

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

1m
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

( 0) -1.00000
~ -1~ -8.45926
-1 -6.82397
-1~ -5.09139
(-1 -3.25877

-1ro32327 40

-2 oj. 7.17978
~ -1 2.86791
-1 5.12952
(-1) 7.50585

00
80
03
99
62

4.47097
5.48800
6.54835
7.65309
8.80327

05
20
72
05
45

94
75
90
66

( 0) 1.00000 00

-T5000000 00

-1 -3.81848
~-1 -2.57117
-1 -1.25627
-2) +1.28080
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.58375
3.11265
4.71672
6.39795
8.15836

50
79
00
81

0
0
0
0
0

1.19249
1.39353
1.60333
1.82211
2.05010

52
51
61
88
75

3.72312
4.25528
4.81141
5.39216
5.99815

11
05
85
24
10

0
0
0
0
0

2.76199
3.10304
3.45858
3.82895
4.21453

12
83
04
20
44

0
0
0
0
0

2.28753
2.53462
2.79161
3.05874
3.33627

06
03
30
93
37

~ -1
-1

0.8

-1
( -1
(-1

14
25
99
28
33

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.28944
6.16039
7.06609
8.00737
8.98506

63
00
56
79
53

-1~ 5.90040 05
-1

-1~
-1
-1

2.50000
3.12786
3.78124
4.46071
5.16689
6.66185
7.45188
8.27114
9.12029

00
69
01
49
67

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.33333
3.89744
4.48302
5.09055
5.72052

33
84
85
63
24

18
ql
95
84

52
-1~ 6.37342
-1
7.04977 12
-1 7.75007 48
-1~ 8.47485 87
-1 9.22465 40
( 0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0 1.12443 77
0 1.25375 32
0 1.38806 15
0 1.52747 91
0 1.67212 47

0 1.10530 38
0 1.21450 50
0 1.32769 20
0 1.44495 47
0 1.56638 46

0
0
0
0
0

1.09109
1.18537
1.28292
1.38380
1.48809

32
84
55
56
10

0
0
0
0
0

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0 1.82211 88
0 1.97758 41
0 2.13864 53
0 2.30542 91
0 2.47806 43

1.69207
1.82211
1.95661
2.09565
2.23934

0
0
0
0
0

1.59585
1.70717
1.82211
1.94077
2.06320

51
25
88
10
72

0 1.52199 31
0 1.61899 63
0 1.71901 75
0 1.82211 88
0 1.92836 31

II

-1

-1~
-1
-1

4.54119
5.81866
7.15333
8.54662

67
96
26
21

1.15149
1.30929
1.47356
1.64445
1.82211

54
96
68
34
88

0) 2.00672
2.19843
2.39742
2.60385
2.81789

51
71
24
15
78

\)

0
0
( 0

il

1.0

0.0

45
88
34
57
48

-1~ 3.31950 22

0.9

1.42857
2.13746
2.87723
3.64865
4.45246

44
91.

( 0

16
21
88
52
08

~~

14
50

( 0) 1.00000 00

1.26151
1.53544
1.82211
2.12187
2.43505

g}

-3) -1003687
-2.46606
-1)+1.03792
-1) 2.15219

0) 1.00000 00

0
0
0
0
0

1zl

r'

0.5

( -1~ -2.00000 00

09
10
67
93
59

55
88
16
58
45

0.7

0.00000
8.156il2
1.66954
2.56274
3.49622

00
51
09
76
35

( 0) 1.40083
1.82211
2.26441
2.72828
( 0 3.21432

0.6

a\b

0.4

0.3

0.2

1.08014
1.16295
1.24848
1.33679
1.42794

45
44
64
79
70

-1~ 4.00000 00

-1

-1~
-1
-1

4.51255
5.04345
5.59308
6.16186

49
12
68
59

-1~ 6.75019 92
-1

-1~
-1
-1

7.35850
7.98720
8.63672
9.30751

35
24
59
06

( 0) 1.00000 00
0
0
0
0
0

II

1.07146
1.14519
1.22122
1.29961
1.38040

44
01
33
13
19

1.46364
1.54938
1.63767
1.72857
1.82211

36
57
83
22
88

522

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Table 13.1

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

x=0.7

a\b

0.2

0.1
O~ -6.00000 00

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

o -5.52819
O~ -5.01049
o -4.44515
o

79
23
47
-3.83041 49

0) -3.16446 06

0.3

o -2.50000
o -2.25396

00
47
o -1.98691 64
o -1.69810 26
o -1.38675 31

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

o44543 6846
oT'-1.67144
-1 -8.40541 00

-1.05207 99
1
-6.93277 09
29
1--1-1 -3.09520
+1.00033 57

-2 +4.92624 47

( -1

0.0

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

( 0
0
0
0
0

2.01375
3.09264
4.23886
5.45463
6.74221

27
92
64
06
79

0
0
0
0
0

1.49219
2.01375
2.56561
3.14874
3.76411

g~

8.10395
9.54222
1.10594
1.26581
1.43407

56
25
50
24
83

0
0
0
0
0

4.41274
5.09565
5.81389
6.56853
7.36066

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

t~

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

83
-1~ -9.81007 11
-1 -7.85028 60
-1 -5.75241 82

-1
~ -1
-1
-1

-6.19090
-4.79194
-3.30020
-1.71267

30
87
58
91

-1
-1
-1
-2
-2

-4.00000
-2.92768
-1.78834
-5.79886
+6.99831

00
78
77
90
62

2.05299
3.48181
4.98858
6.57561
8.24528

00
61
44
66
23

5.36246 53

( 0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

50
27
44
21
90

0'
0
0
0
0

1.31994
1.65767
2.01375
2.38873
2.78318

11
60
27
10
26

0 1.23474 77
0 1.48171 31
0 1.74125 83
0 2.01375 27
0 2.29957 36

0
0
0
0
0

1.18422
1.37745
1.57993
1.79195
2.01375

38
14
98
11
27

94
95
76
43
31

0
0
0
0
0

3.19769
3.63285
4.08927
4.56758
5.06840

12
27
57
14
38

0
0
0
0
0

~~

2.24561
2.48782
2.74065
3.00440
3.27935

74
35
46
00
49

0.7

52
36
82
16
13

~ -1 -7.50000 00

-3 -2.63083 59
-1 +1.76203 27
-1 3.65553 75
-1 5.65746 78
-1 7.77115 48

~ -1~ -1.66666 67

-1) 3.43109
-1~ 4.62042
-1 5.87022
-1~ 7.18224
-1 8.55823

O~ -1.33333 33

o -1.16362

0.5

-1 -3.51185 70
-1 -1.12388 92
-1 +1.41630 28
-1 4.11364 25
-1 6.97316 13

0.6
-2 -7.54915 03
-2 +2.09154 67
~ -1~ 1.22710 86
-1 2.30054 51

0.4

1m
~ -1
-1
-1
~ -1
-1

58
21
34
85
46

( 0) 1.00000 00

g~

0.9

0.8

0.00000
7.95165
1.63250
2.51322
3.43855

00
75
20
11
96

-1~ 1.25000 00

4.40977
5.42816
6.49502
7.61170
8.77956

87
47
91
97
99

-1

2.59910
2.91274
3.24088
3.58393
3.94232

-1
-1
-11
-1
-1

-1~
-1
-1

1.95634
2.69751
3.47447
4.28819

74
66
03
01

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.13967
6.02994
6.96004
7.93103
8.94398

66
98
90
40
42

~ -1
-1

1.0

-1

2.22222
2.85846
3.52400
4.21962
4.94612

22
10
18
49
53

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.00000
3.57936
4.18377
4.81385
5.47027

00
92
43
81
56

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.70431
6.49501
7.31906
8.17733
9.07068

32
40
85
33
09

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

6.15369
6.86479
7.60426
8.37280
9.17114

36
13
03
46
12

-1

~ -1

0.0

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0
0
0
0
0

1.15093
1.30882
1.47385
1.64621
1.82611

86
66
50
90
74

~~

g~

1.12744
1.26042
1.39910
1.54361
1.69412

17
67
20
79
73

1.11002
1.22457
1.34377
1.46774
0) 1.59660

il

02
33
57
58
44

1.09661
1.19701
1.30129
1.40953
0) 1.52184

il

0
0
0
0
0

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0
0
0
0
0

2.01375
2.20933
2.41306
2.62516
2.84585

27
17
50
74
75

0
0
0
0
0

1.85078
2.01375
2.18318
2.35926
2.54213

59
27
94
09
50

0
0
0
0
0

46
15
27
82
02

0 1.63831 77
0 1.75905 87
0 1.88416 89
0 2.01375 27
0 2.14791 66

1.73047
1.86948
2.01375
2.16341
2.31861

96
89
20
43
32

1.08601
1.17522
1.26772
1.36357
1.46286

24
70
07
19
04

0 1.56566 72
0 1.67207 52
0 1.78216 81
0 1,89603 16
0 2.01375 27

523

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

Table 13.1

x=O.S

a\b

0.1

0.2

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

o -7.00000
o -6.50401
o -5.94785
o -5.32888
o -4.64439

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

o -3.89159

56
06
29
o -1.19431 35
-1 -1.38863 05

0.0

0)+1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0
0
0
0
0

2.22554
3.54111
4.95014
6.45617
8.06281

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0
1
1
1
1

9.77377
1.15928
1.35239
1.55710
1.77383

00
48
78
96
77

58
02
95
28
38

-1 -1.70668 54
-2 +3.41976 74
-1 2.53186 47
-1 4.86802 83
-1 7.35564 06

-2 +7.34885 63
-1 2.37153 85
-1 4.11274 30
-1 5.96208 97
-1 7.92325 45

0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

09
04
63
50
37

0 1.59252 93
0 2.22554 09
0 2.90051 91
0 3.61898 52
0 4.38249 84

1.38374
1. 79197
2.22554
2.68533
( 0) 3.17225

79
39
09
25
39

0
0
0
0
0

1.28065
1.57807
1.89284
2.22554
2.57675

33
97
81
09
45

0 1.21961 77
0 1.45157 28
0 1.69626 83
0 1.95411 70
0 2.22554 09

18
53
56
78
16

~~

{ ~~
~ ~~

21
63
86
38
06

0
0
0
0
0

2.94709
3.33719
3.74769
4.17923
4.63249

89
88
30
55
51

0
0
0
0
0

o -2.73837
O~ -2.44921
o -2.13135
o -1.78363

67
23
83
55

( 0 -1.40483
-9.93710
~ -1
-1 -5.48990
-2 -6.93656
( -1 +4.46505

36
17
22
36
60

~~

0.6

-3.33333
-2.33826
-1 -1.27465
~ -2 -1.40115
-1 +1.06779

33
62
48
64
15

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

45
95
27
10
28

-1
-1
-1

2.35156
3.71375
5.15699
6.68394
8.29734

68
78
89
87
73

U
-1
-1
-2
-1
-1

( 0) 1.00000 00

-2 -5.57356 14
94
-2 +3.69102 15
~ -1 1.35264 99
-1 2.39517 31
3.49860
4.66490
5.89611
7.19428
8.56152

3.68723
4.23121
4.80517
5.41011
6.04704

O.S

tT,.42857
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-5.80333
-3.06747
-1.26930
+3.02591
6.39888

HI

0.7

~ -1
-1

( -1

5.19265
6.05109
6.95949
7.91957
8.93309

( 0 -1.66666
-1.48461
-1.28563
-1.06906
-8.34197

15
92
50
36
59

( 0) 1.00000 00

ml
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-2

-6.00000
-4.83512
-3.58242
-2.23871
-8.00722

2.51097
2.81085
3.12563
3.45577
3.80174

00
37
29
07
55

18
12
06
20
73

1.0

00
88
95
86
19

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.11111
1.81250
2.55227
3.33161
4.15173

11
42
74
66
34

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.00000
2.64028
3.31335
4.02018
4.76178

00
04
07
75
82

4.35327
5.37278
6.44555
7.57323
8.75747

95
55
87
29
79

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.01386
5.91927
6.86926
7.86514
8.90826

60
92
51
37
31

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.53917
6.35337
7.20546
8.09652
9.02766

14
71
73
62
05

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0 1.11417 60
0 1.23349 80
0 1.35811 24
0 1.48816 89
0 1.62382 02

0
0
0
0
0

1.10146
1.20729
1.31758
1.43248
1.55209

98
30
99
29
71

0 1.76522
0 1.91253
0 2.06591
0 2.22554
0 2.39157

0
0
0
0
0

1.67656
1.80600
1.94055
2.08035
2.22554

00
17
51
55
09

0
0
0
0
0

1.15119
1.30995
1.47651
1.65110
1.83397

12
18
22
80
98

0 1.13025 42
0 1.26668 86
0 1.40948 49
0 1.55882 92
0 1.71491 10

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0) 2.22554
2.46668
2.71923
2.98352
3.25992

2.02537
2.22554
2.43473
2.65322
0) 2.88127

37
09
81
74
68

0
0
0
0
0

i!

00
03
18
81
04

0.00000
7.76467
1.59854
2.46770
3.38544

0 1.17947 78
0 1.36846 08
0 1.56724 87
0 1.77614 79
0 1.99547 19
09
24
11
90
56

-LOOOOO
-8.58588
-7.05401
-5.39992
-3.61905

0.9

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

~I

O..'i

G
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.0

O~ -3.00000 00

0.4

67
68
99
32
05

o -3.06762
o -2.16953

a\b

0.3

1.87792
2.04806
2.22554
2.41055
2.60331

43
69
09
26
27

23
43
86
09
03

524

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

Table 13.1

x=0.9

a\b

0.2

0.1

o -8.00000
o -7.49259
o -6.90878
o -6.24470
o -5.49641
o -4.65980
o -3.73067
o -2.70466
o -1.57731

0.3

O~ -3.50000 00

00
77
25
96
35

o -3.22852
0~-2.92208
o -2.57899
o -2.19753

60
06
21
81

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

55
11
65
62
-1 -3.44010 11

-1.77594
-1.31238
-8.04973
-1 -2.51778
(-1 +3.49195

43
34
88
79
37

0.0

0) +1.00000 00
2.45960
4.03983
5.74586
7.58304
0) 9.55683

1.16728
1.39370
1.63551
1.89334
( 1) 2.16782

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
O.S0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

~
(

il
HI
~

a\b

00
26
35
43
79

!-lrB.205lB 02

~ O~ -1.25000
o -1.10046
~ -1~ -9.35972
-1 -7.55885
-1 -5.59533

0.5

00
05
27
89
56

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-8.00000
-6.76001
-5.40855
-3.94096
-2.35250

00
98
15
49
18

10
97
91
14

-1 -3.46228 53
-1 -1.15264 70
-1 +1.34083 75
-1 4.02562 81
-1 6.90939 03

-2 -6.38272 88
-1 +1.20674 49
-1 3.18771 09
-1 5.30992 39
-1 7.57882 50

( 0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

31
23
78
06
50

~~

1.45345
1.93955
2.45960
3.01492
3.60688

52
77
31
28
44

0
0
0
0
0

1.33055
1.68343
2.05949
2.45960
2.88466

47
42
16
31
81

93
17
72
94
87

{ g~
~ 1)~~

0
0
0
0
0

4.23689
4.90639
5.61685
6.36981
7.16683

27
03
85
80
00

0
0
0
0
0

3.33560
3.81337
4.31893
4.85329
5.41746

96
52
69
20
38

!J
~

0
0
0
0
0

0.6

1.70274
2.45960
3.27280
4.14464
5.07749

56
31
52
74
00

6.07375
7.13594
8.26661
9.46839
1.07439

88
69
58
74
95

1~~

0
0
0
0
0

1.25791
1.53222
1.82352
2.13244
2.45960

83
60
69
07
31

11

2.80566
3.17129
3.55718
3.96403
4.39255

62
88
66
28
83

0.8

0.9

-1~ -1.25000 00
-2 -4.12148 81
-2 +4.83592 97
-1~ 1.43934 85
-1 2.45729 51

0.00000
7.59274
1.56725
2.42566
3.33625

00
35
54
24
68

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.00000
1.69504
2.43169
3.21136
4.03551

00
02
00
46
32

4.30084
5.32127
6.39943
7.53728
8.73679

39
33
94
29
14

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

4.90562
5.82320
6.78982
7.80706
8.87657

01
50
39
95
20

-1) -5.00000 00
44
-1 -2.78312 29
-1 -1.54071 44
-2 -2.04284 74

-T3093506

_lroB5714 29

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-1 +1.22981 53
-1 2.76533 21
-1 4.40611 09
-1 6.15609 81
-1 8.01934 30

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

0.0

0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0
0
0
0
0

1.21023
1.43307
1.66896
1.91836
2.18175

31
07
10
37
01

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0) 2.45960
2.75241
3.06070
3.38497
3.72577

31
80
20
53
04

-1 -1.92058 43
-2 -9.13906 92
-2 + 1.65565 38
-1 1.32057 89
2.55395
3.86857
5.26740
6.75350
8.32996

12
31
93
07
53

( 0) 1.00000 00
0) 1.17668
1.36339
1.56047
1. 76826
1.98713

82
71
09
25
34

2.21745
2.45960
2.71396
2.98095
3.26095

38
31
99
21
72

II
0
0
0
0
0

-1 -5.12058
(-1 -1.76920
~ -1 + 1.86021
-1) 5.77931

0.7

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

~~
~~

o -2.00000
o -1.80907
o -1.59665
o -1.36176
o -1.10339

0.4

~ -1
-1
-1

~ -1
-1

3.53966
4.68874
5.90688
7.19649
8.56001

52
74
76
04
96

ml
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.0

( 0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

1.15190
1.31197
1.48048
1.65771
( 0) 1.84394

18
24
31
19
34

0
0
0
0
0

1.13289
1.27259
1.41929
1.57322
1.73462

93
03
15
64
38

1.11790
1.24155
1.37111
1.50677
0) 1.64871

90
71
31
96
65

0
0
0
0
0

1.90371
2.08074
2.26595
2.45960
2.66193

79
81
96
31
52

!!I
~~

~~

2.03946
2.24458
2.45960
2.68482
2.92058

!I

II

61
02
10
14
85

1.79714 36
1.95224 22
2~11421 45
2.28326 51
2.45960 31

525

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x}

Table 13.1

x=1.0

a\b

0.1

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

o -9.00000
o -8.49472
o -7.89481

-0.5
-D.4
-0.3
-0.2
-D. 1

D~ -5.47235
D -4.43802
o -3.28011
D~ -1. 99225
-1 -5.67828

0.2

00
34
34
o -7.19487 27
o -6.38931 44

0.3

O} -4.00000 00
63
o -3.40618 57
O~ -3.04197 32
o -2.62968 42

o -3.72474

o -2.16681
o -1.65076
o -1.07887

o -2.33333
o -2.13718
o -1.91443
o -1.66369
o -1.38355

0.4

0.5

o -1.50000
o -1.34483
o -1.17116

33
91
23
18
11

00
48
05
-1 -9.78067 35
-1 -7.64616 83

o -1.00000

-1
-1
-1
-1

-8.70327
-7.26851
-5.68924
-3.95877

00
28
39
14
20

71
02
86
77
07

22
69
24
-1 -4.48364 63
-1 +2.43610 69

o -1.07254 74
-1 -7.29170 37
-1 -3.51861 30
-2 +6.09884 13
-1 5.11038 28

-'-1-3rS029840
46
-2.72739 30
+7.71680 36
3.12589 94
6.42974 92

-1 -2.07021 66
-3 -1.64753 21
-1 +2.20976 75
-1 4.61604 79
-1 7.21012 79

0.0

( 0)+1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

~ 0) 2.71828 18

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

~n

4.59430
6.63559
8.84990
1.12452

40
00
62
68

0
0
0
0
0

1.82384
2.71828
3.68654
4.73198
5.85803

44
18
94
60
42

0
0
0
0
0

1.52963
2.10177
2.71828
3.38109
4.09220

87
40
18
51
54

0
0
0
0
0

1.38482
1.79865
2.24271
2.71828
3.22665

77
55
69
18
79

0 1.29938 93
0 1.62002 78
0 1.96278 70
0 2.32856 41
0 2.71828 18

11

1.38299
1.66124
1.96016
2.28065
2.62364

44
65
30
08
52

0
0
0
1
1

7.06824
8.36627
9.75588
1.12409
1.28255

32
13
81
78
41

0
0
0
0
0

4.85366
5.66758
6.53614
7.46157
8.44619

43
48
27
79
60

0
0
0
0
0

3.76919
4.34726
4.96230
5.61578
6.30920

11
65
95
62
50

0
0
0
0
0

~~

0.6

a\b

0.7

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-3 +6.30910 70
-1 1.77225 36
-1 3.61483 67
-1 5.59644 73
-1 7.72285 59

0.0

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

~ :1
~~

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

-1
-1

III

-6.66666
-5.54597
-4.31756
-2.97660
-1.51809

67
35
71
48
81

0.8

0.9

1.57371
3.03694
4.60681
6.28763
8.08383

-1
-1
-1
-1

99
92
41
08
81

( 0) 1.00000 00

1.24339
1.50311
1.77978
2.07407
2.38667

88
03
05
40
38

0
0
0
0
0

1.20408
1.42110
1.65157
1.89600
2.15489

08
86
89
10
81

2.71828
3.06961
3.44142
3.83447
4.24952

18
97
89
12
89

0
0
0
0
0

2.42880
2.71828
3.02388
3.34620
3.68583

78
18
72
59
55

-2 +3.88236 65
-1 1.50229 88

-1
-1

1.50083 68
2.49853 18

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.56392
4.69960
5.90827
7.19266
8.55560

2.69717
3.97610
5.34239
6.79945
8.35078

87
35
08
04
67

( 0) 1.00000 00

11

1.17507
1.36069
1.55723
1.76511
1.98472

89
55
97
25
52

2.21650
2.46087
2.71828
2.98919
3.27406

01
06
18
01
39

05
88
38
55
76

( 0) 1.00000 00
1.15288
1.31451
1.48520
1.66528
0) 1.85507

20
22
44
05
07

2.05491
2.26515
2.48615
2.71828
2.96190

39
76
84
18
29

!il

93
26
56
02
69

1.0

-1) -1.11111 11
_1(4028571
43
-'-1r2.50000
-1 -3.29502 50
-1.60990 00
29
-'ro0l549
81
-1 -2.21753 45
-2 -6.48146 54
-2 +5.68299 01
-1 -1.04950 02
-2 +2.12929 76

3.13288
3.57336
4.04070
4.53595
5.06015

ml
-11
-1
-1
-1
-1

0.00000
7.43386
1.53827
2.38663
3.29050

00
23
23
42
15

4.25195
5.27314
6.35625
7.50355
8.71734

83
45
70
07
01

( 0) 1.00000 00

!II
a
0
0
0

1.13539
1.27817
1.42858
1.58690
1.75338

67
41
86
33
77

1.92831
2.11197
2.30465
2.50665
2.71828

84
89
98
90
18

526

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Table 13.1

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

x=2.0

a\b

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.3

o -9.00000
o -9.11450
o -9.05346

o -5.66666

0.5

O~ -4.00000 00

OOOOO
oT'o-2.93919
o -2.82231

o -2.96103
o -2.44928
o -1.81029
o -1.03148

o -2.06875
o -1.65883
o -1.15610

00

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1~ -1.90000
1 -1.94803
1~ -1.95774
1 -1.92363
1 -1.83976

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

1 -1.69974 68
1 -1.49674 24
1 -1.22340 44
o -8.71869 85
o -4.33729 58

o -6.55175
o -5.21994
o -3.54165
o -1.48107

96
56
53
86
68

52
34
O~ -1.85372 46
-1 -5.51412 64

91
29
53
90
-2 -9.94703 39

95
14
27
-1 -5.51740 45
-1 +1.63639 81

0.0

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0)+ 1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0) 7.38905
1.49320
2.37378
3.39223
4.56085

0
0
1
1
1

3.94227
7.38905
1.13864
1.59833
2.12317

09
61
24
25
23

g~

11

61
73
96
44
43

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

1
1
1
2
2

84
79
50
32
41

2.71867
3.39068
4.14538
4.98933
5.92946

46
27
60
60
26

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

5.89272
7.40173
9.10260
1.10109
1.31432

00
05
57
39
09

00
17
68
o -8.79313 67
o -8.30798 80

o -7.57063

0.6

o
o

O~ -4.47833 69

o -3.79726
o -2.92882

O~ -2.33333 33

09
69
67
12

o -1.14402
-1 -7.31188
-1 -2.40906
(-1)+3.33718

22
63

o -3.96130
O~ -3.84746
o -3.64939

19
13
40
o -3.35738 15

2.82379
4.94472
7.38905
1.01846
1.33611

65
25
61
79
54

0
0
0
0
0

2.28204
3.76272
5.45904
7.38905
9.57185

66
10
52
61
22

1
1
1
1
1

1.69497
2.09837
2.54981
3.05299
3.61185

98
67
38
98
28

1 1.20276
1 1.47777
1 1.78448
1 2.12527
1 2.50266

42
93
86
66
00

o.s

0.7

o -2.26126
o -2.14541
O~ -1.98102
o -1.76300

67
46
85
-5.34952 69
-4.99011 57

o -5.67351
o -5.57239

0) -1.85714 29

0ro",44
34
o -1.66645 90
o -1.51452
o -1.31972

14
79

-1 -7.84722
-1 -4.35429
-2 -2.50963
(-1)+4.51527

05
49
14
65

07
32
o -2.64293 64
0) -2.39419 32

II
0
1
1
1
1

0.9

o -1.50000
o -1.41981
o -1.31049
o -1.16915

00
77
88
08
-1 -9.92701 33

1.96790
3.07855
4.34381
5.77622
7.38905

63
71
17
05
61

9.19634
1.12129
1.34543
1.59372
1.86788

52
02
65
26
78

1.0

O~ -1.22222 22

o -1.14139

10
O~ -1.03604 27
-1 -9.03849 17
-1 -7.42341 04

-1.00000 00
1
-9.19616 98
-1 -8.18288 30

1-

-1 -6.94107 82
-1 -5.45057 11

!0r!.4B592 !T'o077" 00

42
-T'
4890' 8419 -1-'r069000
;-'-1 -7077889
97
-5.21259 33
-1 0
-3.20761
-1.63679 56
-1 -2.19146 36
-1 +1.32327 01
-1 5.37263 41

-2 -5.49879 73
-1 +2.51516 76
-1) 6.02027 13

-2 +7.32914 71
-1 3.44431 99
-1) 6.52400 38

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

76
72
60

0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.76568
2.63896
3.62852
4.74350
0) 5.99361

~I

32
63
02
99
56

0
0
0
0
0

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0
0
1
1
1

61
15
48
43
09

0 6.15318 83
0 7.38905 61
0 8.75406 09
1 1.02572 10
1 1.19079 79

7.38905
8.94061
1.06596
1.25581
1.46487

1.62619
2.33634
3.13698
4.03507
5.03790

96
06
76
07
12

88
72
92
69
19

0
0
0
0
0

1.44908
1.95312
2.51617
3.14250
3.83660

29
22
15
04
34

0
0
0
0
0

1.39018
1.82606
2.31092
2.84820
3.44152

53
83
49
19
39

0 5.26532 81
0 6.27606 41
0 7.38905 61
0 8.61126 21
0 9.94999 53

0
0
0
0
0

4.60320
5.44729
6.37407
7.38905
8.49799

94
15
66
61
64

0
0
0
0
0

4.09470
4.81173
5.59682
6.45439
7.38905

06
45
82
28
61

III

1.52511
2.11745
2.78211
3.52448
4.35023

527

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

Table 13.1

x=3.0

a\b

0.1

0.2

0.3

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1
1
1
1
1

-2.90000
-3.33062
-3.67972
-3.92295
-4.03286

00
11
78
55
65

1
1
1
1
1

-1.40000
-1.57397
-1.71028
-1.79849
-1.82694

00
85
23
94
57

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

1
1
1
1
1

-3.97869
-3.72604
-3.23666
-2.46803
-1.37312

07
95
24
49
67

1~ -1.78256
1 -1.65079
1~ -1.41549
1 -1.05876
0) -5.60854

05
47
22
41
66

0.4

O~ -9.00000 00

o -9.93407

08
1~ -1.06346 98
1 -1.10419 34
1 -1.10887 39

o -6.50000
o -7.05978
o -7.45607
o -7.64967
1o -7.59691

0.5

00
63
06
21
35

o -7.24926

1 -1.07004
o -9.79393
o -8.27742
o -6.04935
o -2.99786

00
09
10
06
41

o -6.55296
o -5.44863
o -3.87082

0) +1.00000 00

0) +1.0000

00

0) +1.00000 00

51
82
43
13
-1.74758 43

o -5.00000
o -5.35304
o -5.58342
o -5.66362
o -5.56302
o -5.24773
o -4.68029
o -3.81941
o
o

00
11
63
13
55

50
11
32
-2.61971 67
-1.03141 44

0.0

0)+1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

2.00855
4.41540
7.38953
1.10064
1.53485

37
99
06
09
39

~~

9.47722
2.00855
3.31122
4.88711
6.77048

60
37
04
46
23

0
1
1
1
1

6.07912
1.23871
2.00855
2.93502
4.03729

54
81
37
26
70

0
0
1
1
1

4.45833
8.72184
1.38935
2.00855
2.74198

69
59
23
37
55

0
0
1
1
1

3.53408
6.63580
1.03759
1.48313
2.00855

59
90
15
21
37

2.05059
2.65765
3.36670
4.18932
2) 5.13805

14
56
66
19
80

1
2
2
2
2

8.99862
1.16120
1.46549
1.81749
2.22239

23
98
60
79
01

5.33622
6.85444
8.61651
1.06490
2) 1.29806

57
79
37
11
99

1
1
1
1
1

3.60289
4.60562
5.76574
7.10006
8.62675

07
86
86
77
30

1
1
1
1
1

2.62290
3.33600
4.15843
5.10165
6.17800

97
27
31
02
67

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

~~

~~
~~

0) -4.00000
O~ -4.22698
o -4.35776
O~ -4.37205
o -4.24734

00
22
62
21
55

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

T'o 95879
o

58
oq

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

II

o.s

0.7

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.6

a\b

0.0

i~

o -3.28571
o -3.43076
o -3.49795
o -3.47180

43
30
59
10
-3.33517 91

0.9

O~ -2.75000 00
20
o -2.86423 28
O~ -2.81244 38
o -2.67062 69

o -2.83937

o -2.42407
o -2.05665
o -1.55071

O~ -3.06922 34

38
72
60

12
o -2.06432 89
~ O~ -1.27772 88
-1 -2.66178 30

50
59
23
-1 -8.86954 74
-2 -4.43495 10

0) +1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

( 0) +1.00000 00

-3.47899
-2.77784
o -1.82229
-1 -5.76188

2.94937
5.31885
8.15947
1.15266
( 1) 1.54802

02
34
04
06
96

2.00855
2.54126
3.15373
3.85417
4.65138

37
00
75
22
52

!!l

l!

o -2.65319

O} 2.55311
4.42829
6.66364
9.30049
1.23835
(

!~~~~

B
B

1.59611
2.00855
2.48129
3.02040
1) 3.63241

( O~ 2.27097
3.79559
5.60309
7.72517
1) 1.01960

64
20
61
38
54

Pi

70
37
50
57
26

1
1
1
1
1

1.30526
1.63348
2.00855
2.43509
2.91805

0) +1.00000 00

1.0

O~ -2.33333 33

o -2.38362
O~ -2.37946
o -2.31115
o -2.16800
o -1.93831
o -1.60926

40
93
68
92

65
29
o -1.16684 98
-1 -5.95815 42
-1 +1.20451 21

( 0) 1.00000 00

OOOOO
oT'.-2.02218
o -1.99773
o -1.91873
o

00

41
27
96
-1.77653 50

0rl.5.,.'
15
o

-1.26366
-1 -8.71351
-1 -3.72391
-1) +2.46564

85
71
35
64

( 0) 1.00000 00

84 (
01
84
18 .
38 (

0
0
0
0
0

2.06241
3.32891
4.82245
6.56784
8.59185

49
38
42
35
66

0 1.90360 36
0 2.97434 69
0 4.23056 48
0 5.69204 18
0 7.38010 13

48
43
37
06
85

1
1
1
1
1

1.09233
1.35934
1.66355
2.00855
2.39820

58
30
12
37
88

0
1
1
1
1

9.31770
1.15295
1.40421
1.68839
2.00855

09
31
20
43
37

528

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

Table 13.1

x=4.0
0.1

a\b

0.3

0.2

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1~ -3.90000
1 -5.28985
1~ -6.56662
1 -7.65252
1 -8.45540

00
40
17
34
43

1
1
1
1
1

-1.90000
-2.48147
-3.00867
-3.44868
-3.76267

00
20
57
41
54

1
1
1
1
1

-1.23333
-1.55982
-1.85166
-2.09004
-2.25292

33
88
07
11
22

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

1~ -8.86704 80
1 -8.76134 25
1 -7.99228 75
1~-6.39183 19
1 -3.76752 93

1
1
1
1
1

-3.90525
-3.82372
-3.45726
-2.73610
-1.58055

49
05
34
36
26

1
1
1
1

-2.31462
-2.24546
-2.01126
-1.57295
-8.86027

88
12
30
45
55

0.0

0) +1. 00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

~ ~~

5.45981
1.25936
2.18189
3.34927
4.80147

50
21
72
25
67

1
1
1
2
2

2.40818
5.45981
9.38520
1.43304
2.04591

08
50
09
83
31

~~

6.58320
8.74427
1.13401
1.44322
1.80888

17
45
20
61
49

2
2
2
2
2

2.79535
3.70166
4.78740
6.07756
7.59977

32
95
93
33
67

~ ~~

~~

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

o -5.66666
o -7.50985
o -8.14117

67
27
56
89
-8.48636 64

o -6.66432
o

o -8.46261
o -7.97509
o -6.91578

o
o

04
54
17
-5.16209 26
-2.57549 99

o -4.71428
o -5.44175
o -6.04428
o -6.47484
o -6.67916
o -6.59496
o -6.15120
o -5.26711
o -3.85134

0) -9.00000 00

T'o10723

65
1 -1.28958 24
1 -1.43486 25
1 -1.52885 30

95
28
67
51
-1.80088 43

0)+1.00000 00

00
69
70
1 -1.05661 02
1 -1.11333 79
1 -1.12123 61
1 -1.06719 99
o -9.36252 11
o -7.11353 67
o -3.73199 87

0) +1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

1
1
1
1
2

1.44217
3.20473
5.45981
8.28815
1.17799

35
65
50
42
11

0
1
1
1
1

9.87867
2.14598
3.61972
5.45981
7.72277

71
18
65
50
23

0
1
1
1
1

7.32759
1.55257
2.59017
3.87987
5.45981

68
11
89
49
50

2
2
2
2
2

1.60355
2.11665
2.72967
3.45631
4.31169

04
31
48
21
57

2
2
2
2
2

1.04714
1.37755
1.77124
2.23672
2.78343

53
99
33
99
47

1
1
2
2
2

7.37235
9.66443
1.23879
1.56000
1.93640

87
28
22
85
05

1
1
1
1

-1.55505
-1.49445
-1.32524
-1.02255
o -5.58125

0.8

57
41
51
53
15

o -7.00000
o -8.40761
o -9.62460

56
23
14
01
37

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

o -4.00000
o -4.54078
o -4.97675
o -5.27129
o -5.38234
o -5.26181
o -4.85495
o -4.09978
o -2.92629

0.9

00
84
07
22
50

1.0

o -3.44444
o -3.85159

o
o

44
75
-4.16932 54
-4.36854 34
-4.41593 73

o
o -4.27354
o -3.89828
o -3.24149
o -2.24839

o -3.00000
o -3.30880
o -3.54030
o -3.67096

00
92
67
90
-3.67394 51

o
o -3.51873

06
90
13
19
-1.25577 95

17
45
77
06
-1 -8.57483 35

12
98
26
51
-1 -5.57651 91

0)+1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

o -3.17081
o -2.59132
o -1.73656

0.0

0)+1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0
1
1
1
1

5.73952
1.18390
1.95174
2.90181
4.06117

56
73
11
11
30

0
0
1
1
1

4.68094
9.38676
1.52787
2.25363
3.13582

79
76
90
21
01

0
0
1
1
1

3.93968
7.67325
1.23229
1.80245
2.49282

87
59
94
87
52

0
0
1
1
1

3.40078
6.43024
1.01831
1.47644
2.02901

42
18
42
52
97

0
0
0
1
1

2.99716
5.50132
8.58729
1.23377
1.68439

17
78
05
53
84

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

1
1
1
2
2

5.45981
7.13090
9.11107
1.14406
1.41640

50
76
21
67
95

1
1
1
1
2

4.19644
5.45981
6.95271
8.70463
1.07479

69
50
64
66
72

1
1
1
1
1

3.31999
4.30227
5.45981
6.81475
8.39140

64
62
50
87
83

1
1
1
1
1

2.68883
3.46999
4.38798
5.45981
6.70412

75
38
40
50
50

1
1
1
1
1

2.22065
2.85359
3.59535
4.45924
5.45981

21
16
37
13
50

CONFLUENT

HYP]~RGEOMETRIC

529

FUNCTIONS

Table 13.1

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

a:=5.0

a\b

0.2

0.1

0.3

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1
1
2
2
2

-4.90000
-8.48135
-1.20177
-1.52985
-1.80596

00
46
53
90
42

1
1
1
1
1

-2.40000
-3.90138
-5.37054
-6.71922
-7.83737

00
34
86
90
80

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

2
2
2
2
1

-1.99749
-2.06475
-1.95997
-1.62617
-9.95925

08
40
71
59
89

1
1
1
1
1

-8.58991
-8.81313
-8.31068
-6.84913
-4.15313

93
79
13
57
99

0.4

0.5

1
1
1
1
1

-1.56666
-2.41382
-3.23511
-3.98065
-4.58862

67
36
34
33
62

1
1
1
1
1

-1.15000
-1.69201
-2.21244
-2.67925
-3.05298

00
76
58
47
12

1
1
1
1

o -9.00000

-1.27235
-1.62630
-1.93973
-2.18551

00
43
91
31
10

1
1
1
1

-5.07426
-4.75193
-3.88754
-2.32934

08
11
12
93

1
1
1
1
1

,...3.28566
-3.31965
-3.08632
-2.50460
-1.47944

20
25
11
94
56

1
1
1
1
1

-2.33084
-2.33646
-2.15579
-1.73399
-1.00692

19
31
45
46
28

!1(4...", "

0.0

0) +1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

2 1.48413 16
2 3.53395 30
2 6.28371 74
2 9.87643 86
3 1.44760 74

1 6.28624 01
2 1.48413 16
2 2.62678 96
2 4.11434 26
2 6.01287 11

1
1
2
2
2

1 2.36223 07
1 5.45552 50
1 9.55023 72
2 1.48413 16
2 2.15510 54

1 1.67304 26
1 3.81153 30
1 6.62935 70
2 1.02565 96
2 1.48413 16

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

3 2.02699 13
3 2.74711 92
3 3.63219 45
3 4.70961 17
3 6.01029 56

2
3
3
3
3

2 4.69942 40
2 6.33864 72
2 8.34418 40
3 1.07753 37
3 1.36988 66

a\b

8.39773
1.13545
1.49804
1.93851
2.46923

11
79
92
85
43

0.7

0.6

3.60663
8.42893
1.48413
2.31584
3.37396

62
34
16
25
77

II

0.8

o -6.14285
o -8.13469
o -9.98761

2.99320
4.02706
5.28902
6.81553
8.64757

90
82
72
64
36

2
2
2
2
2

14
43
22
46
14

1.0

0.9

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1
1
1
1

o -7.33333

-1.00125
-1.25327
-1.47334
-1.64188

33
62
68
02
17

71
15
99
1 -1.15809 94
1 -1.27685 52

00
82
54
21
1 -1.01924 14

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

1
1
1
1

-1.73534
-1.72563
-1.57953
-1.25808
o -7.15818

19
11
99
94
24

I! -1.33749
1 -1.31918
1 -1.19740
O~ -9.43413
o -5.23827

40
93
11
73
09

1 -1.05817 04
1 -1.03502 42
o -9.31162 41
o -7.24837 36
o -3.90821 47

0)+1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

9.72559
2.14485
3.67515
5.62973
8.08378

33
95
33
09
40

0 7.81074 40
1 1.69066 81
1 2.87239 67
1 4.37580 33
1 6.25698 73

0 6.43982 88
1 1.36614 90
1 2.29989 34
1 3.48308 09
1 4.95851 46

0 5.42870 50
1 1.12729 02
1 1.87930 66
1 2.82840 13
1 4.00784 46

1.11223
1.48413
1.93485
2.47651
3.12265

46
16
65
46
96

1 8.57928 78
2 1.14140 27
2 1.48413 16
2 1.89509 28
2 2.38432 45

6.77444
8.98511
1.16513
1.48413
1.86309

1 5.45508 08
1 7.21214 61
1 9.32612 06
2 1.18496 18
2 1.48413 16

0.0

0) +1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1
1
1
1
2

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

I!

1.25021
2.80473
4.84355
7.45788
1.07513

43
44
66
26
41

1.48413
1.98603
2.59579
3.33018
4.20801

16
96
43
07
74

HI
2
2
2
2
2

o0(S'2S0OO
-6.76712
o -8.16187
o -9.34109

o -4.55555
o -5.73274
o -6.80132
o -7.68780
o -8.30396
o -8.54492
o -8.28701
o -7.38548
o -5.67194

2~05515

2.75772
3.61329
4.64598
5.88289

56
31
29
55
66

28
58
98
55
o -2.95155 22

il

40
69
78
16
66

o -4.00000
o -4.92670
o -5.75641
o -6.43011
o -6.87726
o -7.01437
o -6.74333
o -5.94963
o -4.50048
o -2.24261

00
46
51
23
99
97
16
73
61
78

530

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Table 13.1

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

x=6.0

a\b

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

1
2
2
2
2

-5.90000
-1.44132
-2.33128
-3.20791
-4.00174

00
92
14
31
16

2j_4.62243
2 -4.95505
2 -4.85579
2 -4.14715
2 -2.61250

63
80
61
07
17

0.3

0.2

0.1

-2.90000
-6.43961
-1.01116
-1.37008
-1.69209

00
14
95
05
38

1) -1.90000 00
1) -3.88390 81
1~-5.92627 62
1 -7.90656 11
1 -9.66592 36

1
1
1
1
1

-1.40000
-2.66287
-3.95288
-5.19335
-6.28400

00
93
49
87
93

1
1
1
1
1

-1.10000
-1.96459
-2.84081
-3.67618
-4.40252

00
57
83
94
67

2
2
2
2
2

-1.94024
-2.06773
-2.01621
-1.71394
-1.07362

69
13
45
56
31

2
2
2
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

-7.09668
-7.47062
-7.20700
-6.06296
-3.74471

98
14
55
12
97

1
1
1
1
1

-4.93318
-5.15995
-4.94954
-4.13963
-2.53449

77
73
27
47
16

0) +1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

2 4.03428
2 9.83405
3 1.78513
3 2.86060
3 4.27068

79
67
43
97
45

2~!

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

316.08625
8.38957
1.12757
:: 1.48541
1.92506

44
36
14
80
91

3
3
3
3
3

0.6

o -9.00000

1.66280
4.03428
7.30095
1.16700
1.73835

07
79
48
13
48

2.47231
3.40149
4.56354
6.00176
7.76580

35
55
65
64
14

1
1
1
1

-1.52103
-2.14539
-2.73534
-3.24219

00
70
69
89
87

o -7.57142

-1.21887
-1.67928
-2.11028
-2.47582

86
04
88
68
00

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

1
1
1
1
1

-3.60439
-3.74541
-3.57134
-2.96819
-1.79891

87
77
39
67
61

I} -2.73056
1 -2.81841
1 -2.67076
1~ -2.20463
1 -1.32051

65
55
84
65
32

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

2.92224
6.89588
1.22879
1.94097
2.86223

4.03428
5.50517
7.33002
9.57187
3) 1.23026

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

!i
i!

61
15
51
20
89

II

9.26969
2.2:3669
4.03428
6.43121
9.55746

34
33
79
54
91

3~~11'35639
1.86253

99
97
2.49428 70
3.27475 26
4.23039 92

0) +1.00000 00
1
2
2
2
2

o -6.50000

00
52
52
50
70

5.89051
1.41226
2.53795
4.03428
5.98067

-1.00236
-1.35080
-1.67379
-1.94390

1 -2.18026 23
1 -2.05268 12
1 -1.68195 09
o -9.93780 50

0) +1.00000 00

1
1
2
2
2

4.04184
9.61906
1.72165
2.72837
4.03428

10
66
84
67
79

2 5.69983 97
2 7.79473 21
3 1.03990 56
3 1.36045 49
3 1.75159 77

0.9

1.0

o0rS.66666
-8.41150

6768

1 -1.11025 64
1 -1.35713 62
1 -1.56045 26

00
32
79
1 -1.12032 42
1 -1.27553 63

1
1
1
1

40
15
68
12
49

1
1
1
1

!
'r'.12682 93
1
1
1
1

37
82
01
79
12

2 8.46913 69
3 1.16059 73
3 1.55134 92
3 2.03319 84
3 2.62218 79

0.8

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1
1
1
1

-1.10002
-1.16523
-1.13027
-9.56011
-5.94951

( 0)+1.00000 00

0.7

0)+1.00000 00

0.5

1
1
2
2
2

0.0

a\b

0.4

-1.69364
-1.72410
-1.61224
-1.31050
o -7.62137

o -5.00000
o -7.17389
o -9.28639

-1.37333
-1.38810
-1.28887
-1.03853
o -5.92948

18
25
64
60
86

0) +1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

67
66
89
77
27

1
1
1
2
2

2.19683
5.13440
9.10486
1.43316
2.10737

71
78
02
97
78

1
1
1
2
2

1.70335
3.93817
6.94664
1.08938
1.59705

65
92
31
21
69

1
1
1
1
2

1
1
1
1
1

79
98
58
15
21

2
2
2
2
2

2.96297
4.03428
5.36065
6.98699
8.96449

41
79
25
63
42

2
2
2
2
2

2.23967
3.04245
4.03428
5.24808
6.72131

22
98
79
61
30

II

1.35491
3.09503
5.42797
8.47842
1.23903

58
99
37
06
18

1.73291
2.34847
3.10736
4.03428
5.15728

89
33
70
79
26

1.10148
2.48291
4.32726
6.73053
9.80333

13
09
56
68
40

2 1.36726 52
2 1.84838 13
2 2.44026 08
2 3.16176 35
2 4.03428 79

531

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

Table 13.1

x=7.0

a\b

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.5

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1
2
2
2
2

-6.90000
-2.66288
-4.82834
-7.06530
-9.19980

00
80
55
95
13

1
2
2
2
2

-3.40000
-1.15002
-2.03315
-2.93971
-3.79893

00
17
80
82
33

1
1
2
2
2

-2.23333
-6.72111
-1.15809
-1.65375
-2.12025

33
28
32
76
19

1
1
1
2
2

-1.65000
-4.47674
-7.51697
-1.05973
-1.34754

00
11
57
99
31

1
1
1
1
1

-1.30000
-3.21693
-5.26450
-7.32517
-9.23583

00
87
27
82
79

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

3
3
3
3
2

-1.09929
-1.21270
-1.21896
-1.06546
-6.86139

51
91
61
71
84

2
2
2
2
2

-4.51426
-4.95796
-4.96479
-4.32480
-2.77502

47
49
64
32
15

2
2
2
2
2

-2.50491
-2.73838
-2.73134
-2.37063
-1.51499

09
73
11
77
28

2
2
2
2
1

-1.58243
-1.72158
-1.71005
-1.47850
-9.40594

03
27
68
91
48

2
2
2
1
1

-1.07780
-1.16671
-1.15389
-9.93558
-6.28867

84
10
05
67
03

0.0

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

~~

1.09663
2.72330
5.02903
8.19139
1.24220

32
73
83
01
89

2
3
3
3
3

4.42900
1.09663
2.02058
3.28466
4.97211

71
32
34
83
80

2
2
3
3
3

2.41753
5.96600
1.09663
1.77901
2.68791

11
60
32
54
51

2
2
2
3
3

1.50292
3.69501
6.77457
1.09663
1.65368

87
44
83
32
85

2
2
2
2
3

1.00798
2.46763
4.51182
7.28692
1.09663

98
45
31
93
32

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

1.79722
2.51381
3.42679
4.57689
4) 6.01161

28
30
34
88
32

3
4
4
4
4

7.18148
1.00289
1.36506
1.82058
2.38799

47
02
23
62
82

3
3
3
3
4

3.87554
5.40336
7.34333
9.77948
1.28094

96
15
78
66
89

3
3
3
3
3

2.38009
3.31282
4.49515
5.97748
7.81838

49
90
29
66
27

3
3
3
3
3

1.57543
2.18907
2.96556
3.93749
5.14269

68
73
40
79
05

~~

!l

a\b

0.7

0.6

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1
1
1
1
1

-1.06666
-2.43203
-3.88035
-5.32790
-6.65941

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

1 -8.31498
1 -8.18647
1 -7.01816
1) -4.41663

67
85
55
43
15

'r,.7214' 2B

75
83
36
81

0r'DODOO
DO
1 -1.90770 95

o -7.75000

1 -2.96917 41
1 -4.02257 88
1) -4.98346 93

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

-5.74011
-6.14818
-6.02463
-5.14074
-3.21419

0.9

0.8

58
51
60
94
15

-1.53927
-2.33863
-3.12617
-3.83826

00
06
78
60
01

i -4.39120 14
-4.67738
-4.56087
-3.87234
-2.40338

87
46
20
13

l.0

1
1
1
1

o -6.77777

-1.27012
-1.88526
-2.48676
-3.02562

78
46
21
78
11

o -6.00000

1
1
1
1

-1. 06732
-1.54912
-2.01662
-2.43133

00
11
65
21
06

1
1
1
1
1

-3.43770
-3.64095
-3.53208
-2.98287
-1.83595

69
75
76
74
18

1
1
1
1
1

-2.74320
-2.88847
-2.78716
-2.34034
-1.42690

50
09
65
55
55

0.0

0) +1.00000 00

0) +1. 00000 001

0) +1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1
2
2
2
2

98
30
31
36
47

1
2
2
2
2

5.21962
1.26468
2.29812
3.69345
5.53466

63
67
96
22
48

1
1
2
2
2

3.94472
9.49891
1.72012
2.75715
4.12222

08
56
72
27
44

1
1
2
2
2

3.05562
7.30700
1.31824
2.10704
3.14277

65
42
90
18
19

1
1
2
2
2

2.41701
5.73511
1.03047
1.64217
2.44332

00
61
87
15
54

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

3 1.09663 32
3 1.52109 75
3 2.05725 48
3 2.72726 12
3 3.55678 22

2
3
3
3
3

7.92047
1.09663
1.48067
1.95979
2.55205

08
32
73
60
62

2
2
3
3
3

5.88720
8.13601
1.09663
1.44913
1.88419

07
69
32
63
29

2
2
2
3
3

4.47895
6.17802
8.31248
1.09663
1.42364

79
12
87
32
54

2
2
2
2
3

3.47456
4.78318
6.42409
8.46076
1.09663

13
84
85
16
32

1.0

7.11674
1.73382
3.16073
5.09262
7.64800

532

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Table 13.1

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

x=8.0

a\b

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.5

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1
2
3
3
3

-7.90000
-5.35947
-1.05913
-1.62135
-2.18025

00
58
37
82
86

1
2
2
2
2

-3.900QO
-2.23970
-4.34517
-6.59589
-8.82153

00
82
66
37
60

1
2
2
2
2

-2.56666
-1.26764
-2.41159
-3.62791
-4.82414

67
73
61
31
97

1
1
2
2
2

-1.90000
-8.18608
-1.52562
-2.27325
-3.00441

00
14
18
01
34

1
1
2
2
2

-1.50000
-5.71092
-1.04182
-1.53682
-2.01811

00
02
83
58
79

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

3
3
3
3
3

-2.67429
-3.01799
-3.09632
-2.75810
-1.80829

61
53
67
97
89

3
3
3
3
2

-1.07763
-1.21208
-1.23996
-1.10164
-7.20419

74
08
24
91
31

2
2
2
2
2

-5.86783
-6.57678
-6.70780
-5.94329
-3.87580

06
93
36
13
16

2
2
2
2
2

-3.63786
-4.06244
-4.13029
-3.64902
-2.37245

60
15
89
75
74

2
2
2
2
2

-2.43202
-2.70544
-2.74155
-2.41475
-1.56480

00
00
31
59
05

0.0

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

3
3
4
4
4

2.98095
7.51808
1.40881
2.32720
3.57745

80
32
29
88
28

3
3
3
3
4

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

5.24445
7.42998
1.02553
1.38646
5) 1.84279

76
57
76
40
80

i!

a\b

il

1.18444
2.98095
5.57611
9.19616
1.41150

63
80
41
72
69

2
3
3
3
3

2.06625
2.92330
4.02964
5.44098
7.22305

00
17
70
22
38

~!

6.35818
1.59656
2.98095
4.90796
7.52139

11
00
80
57
08

2
2
3
3
3

25
54
75
80
12

2
2
3
3
3

2.56061
6.39631
1.18950
1.95153
2.98095

41
86
58
01
80

1.09940
1.55324
2.13822
2.88342
4) 3.82312

42
53
46
27
68

3 6.65669 18
3 9.39119 38
4 1.29105 19
4 1.73873 91
4 2.30252 22

3
3
3
4
4

4.34399
6.11953
8.40117
1.12994
1.49443

08
13
14
43
61

0.7

0.6

0.8

o -9.00000

3.88567
9.73282
1.81369
2.98095
4.56094

0.9

o -7.88888

l.0

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1
1
1
2
2

-1.23333
-4.19816
-7.49216
-1.09361
-1.42648

33
11
65
95
08

1
1
1
1
2

-1.04285
-3.20746
-5.59749
-8.08183
-1.04680

71
94
62
59
37

1
1
1
1

-2.52522
-4.30847
-6.15107
-7.90952

00
99
38
90
94

1
1
1
1

-2.03685
-3.39751
-4.79493
-6.11965

89
45
08
78
64

1
1
1
1

o -7.00000

-1.67621
-2.73380
-3.81325
-4.82945

00
46
70
44
42

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

2
2
2
2
2

-1.71051
-1.89519
-1.91386
-1.68033
-1.08493

24
44
58
35
76

2
2
2
2
1

-1.24874
-1.37780
-1.38635
-1.21307
-7.80116

83
10
99
63
43

1
2
2
1
1

-9.38477
-1.03097
-1.03347
-9.01063
-5.76904

69
46
63
22
74

1
1
1
1
1

-7.22077
-7.89678
-7.88488
-6.84858
-4.36332

10
13
72
28
11

1
1
1
1
1

-5.66582
-6.16743
-6.13297
-5.30551
-3.36181

71
32
12
30
13

0.0

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

2
2
2
3
3

1.77542
4.42157
8.20490
1.34359
2.04885

34
41
47
84
12

~}

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

3
3
3
3
4

2.98095
4.19313
5.74840
7.72114
1.01986

80
16
89
36
91

~~

II

1.27804
3.17224
5.87308
9.59878
1.46114

07
03
59
19
76

1
2
2
2
3

9.47420
2.34287
4.32702
7.05759
1.07237

10
19
55
09
41

1
2
2
2
2

7.19400
1.77165
3.26355
5.31172
8.05582

22
46
40
06
19

1
2
2
2
2

5.57451
1.36651
2.51027
4.07661
6.17064

38
86
48
58
03

2.12243
2.98095
4.08075
5.47370
7.22067

36
80
63
48
87

3
3
3
3
3

1.55511
2.18075
2.98095
3.99294
5.26034

32
96
80
06
65

3
3
3
3
3

1.16622
1.63280
2.22860
2.98095
3.92186

16
79
68
80
75

2
3
3
3
3

8.91734
1.24646
1.69869
2.26888
2.98095

62
81
84
68
80

533

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERG EOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

Table 13.1

x=9.0

a\b

0.1

0.3

0.2

0.4

0.5

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1
3
3
3
3

-8.90000
-1.15822
-2.42781
-3.83823
-5.28795

00
92
38
48
76

1
2
2
3
3

-4.40000
-4.70696
-9.74816
-1.53240
-2.10310

00
01
44
98
78

1
2
2
2
3

-2.90000
-2.58988
-5.29323
-8.26992
-1.13032

00
67
09
61
66

1
2
2
2
2

-2.15000
-1.62573
-3.27532
-5.08337
-6.91755

00
25
02
71
27

1
2
2
2
2

-1.70000
-1.10263
-2.18739
-3.37079
-4.56573

00
21
83
66
11

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

3
3
3
3
3

-6.62068
-7.60990
-7.94036
-7.18584
-4.78278

16
61
79
92
15

3
3
3
3
3

-2.62521
-3.00975
-3.13336
-2.82979
-1.87974

11
26
92
30
72

3
3
3
3
2

-1.40643
-1.60814
-1.67025
-1.50519
-9.97775

82
10
41
87
31

2
2
3
2
2

-8.57840
-9.78118
-1.01340
-9.11218
-6.02698

43
66
64
60
67

2
2
2
2
2

-5.64186
-6.41404
-6.62844
-5.94613
-3.92362

81
87
84
42
38

0.0

0) +1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

3
4
4
4
5

8.10308
2.07097
3.93063
6.57367
1.02271

39
19
86
60
23

3
3
4
4
4

3.17569
8.10308
1.53566
2.56471
3.98485

47
39
77
76
11

3
3
3
4
4

1.68114
4.28218
8.10308
1.35137
2.09683

27
60
39
30
16

3 1.01296 25
3 2.57548 14
3 4.86584 85
3 8.10308 39
4 1.25557 31

2
3
3
3
3

6.57992
1.66969
3.14939
5.23683
8.10308

17
38
49
11
39

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

5
5
5
5
5

1.51686
2.17356
3.03359
4.14598
5.56941

28
27
16
16
19

4) 5.90279
8.44810
1.11771
1.60777
2.15743

86
69
47
16
14

4
4
4
4
5

3.10207
4.43426
6.17433
8.41941
1.12854

78
09
59
52
63

4
4
4
4
4

1.85508
2.64844
3.68332
5.01687
6.71721

4
4
4
4
4

1.19562
1.70478
2.36805
3.22165
4.30870

36
81
96
07
75

il

0.8

0.7

0.6

a\b

62
50
96
01
10

0.9

l.0

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1
1
2
2
2

-1.40000
-7.88310
-1.53831
-2.35259
-3.17089

00
88
87
85
67

1
1
2
2
2

43
35
55
69
95

1
1
1
2
2

-1.02500
-4.49394
-8.46300
-1.27296
-1.69747

00
10
77
76
84

1
1
1
2

o -9.00000

-3.53363
-6.53007
-9.73476
-1.29066

00
88
44
07
47

o -8.00000

1
1
1
2

-2.83797
-5.14354
-7.59652
-1.00113

00
81
17
04
60

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

2
2
2
2
2

-3.90366
-4.42433
-4.56001
-4.08061
-2.68584

91
15
78
95
35

'2;-'-3.16741
.80365 8'38
2 -3.25546 25
2 -2.90574 94
2 -1. 90735 35

2
2
2
2
2

-2.07304
-2.33416
-2.39208
-2.12938
-1.39363

42
78
63
18
74

2
2
2
2
2

-1.56947
-1.76099
-1.79922
-1.59711
-1.04195

14
80
96
34
05

2
2
2
2
1

-1.21196
-1.35492
-1.37997
-1.22131
-7.94021

37
40
11
75
75

0.0

0) +1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0) +1. 00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

4.49581
1.13844
2.14370
3.55908
3) 5.49915

13
85
76
19
09

2
2
3
3
3

3.18820
8.05506
1.51408
2.50977
3.87215

43
28
89
29
54

2
2
3
3
3

2.32750
5.86608
1.10059
1.82136
2.80582

60
76
12
70
25

2
2
2
3
3

1.73981
4.37321
8.18906
1.35291
2.08094

39
78
59
34
05

2
2
2

1.32662
3.32490
6.21332
3 1.02470
3 1.57360

16
16
82
26
49

3
4
4
4
4

39
32
54
51
06

3
3
4
4
4

5.69778
8.10308
1.12271
1.52385
2.03337

22
39
41
32
24

3
3
3
4
4

4.12286
5.85547
8.10308
1.09842
1.46399

14
03
39
88
00

3 3.05330
3 4.33052
3 5.98502
3 8.10308
4 1.07870

38
37
62
39
28

~!

09
78
55
86
39

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

11

8.10308
1.15389
1.60085
2.17532
2.90602

-1.18571
-5.86101
-1.12AOI
-1.70516
-2.28631

2.30549
3.26534
4.50694
6.09425
3, 8.10308

534

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Table 13.1

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

x=10.0

0.2

0.1

a\b

0.3

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1
3
3
3
4

-9.90000
-2.63572
-5.74321
-9.29414
-1.30473

00
95
45
29
07

1) -4.90000 00
98
3 -2.26606 51
3 -3.65315 21
3 -5.11412 18

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

4
4
4
4
4

-1.66086
-1.93829
-2.05153
-1. 88191
-1.26894

19
90
93
87
82

3
3
3
3
3

Tl.04774

-6.49508
-7.56478
-7.99213
-7.31898
-4.92715

42
22
74
36
82

1
2
3
3
3

0.4

0.5

-3.23333
-5.63504
-1.20865
-1. 94041
-2.70839

33
48
20
89
91

1
2
2
3
3

-2.40000
-3.45535
-7.34339
-1.17365
-1.63300

00
97
26
02
24

1
2
2
2
3

3} -3.43144
3 -3.98819
3 -4.20553
3~ -3.84460
3 -2.58388

26
28
66
18
05

3
3
3
3
3

-2.06370
-2.39329
-2.51877
-2.29844
-1.54205

40
23
45
83
59

3~ -1.33814 35
3 -1.54831 36
3 -1.62617 94
3~ -1.48115 57
2 -9.91916 94

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

2.65569
6.83804
1.30747
2.20264
3.45147

0.0

0)+1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0) +1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

4) 2.20264
5.69563
1.09330
1.84869
2.90713

66
19
93
24
00

~~4)

~~

8.52983
2.20264
4.22272
7.13160
1.12016

30
66
41
87
64

3
4
4
4
4

4.46140
1.15043
2.20264
3.71537
5.82887

89
71
66
68
58

3
3
4
4
4

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

~~

28
47
75
53
66

5
5
5
5
5

1.67700
2.42511
3.41517
4.70872
6.38024

20
79
02
70
53

4
5
5
5
5

8.71652
1.25912
1.77129
2.43971
3.30250

20
31
13
24
83

4 5.15540 77
4 7.43887 06
5 1.04535 82
5 1.43835 42
5 1.94508 11

~~
~~

~~

4.35713
6.30765
8.89199
1.22723
1.66450

0.6

a\b

0.7

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1~ -1.56666
2 -1.59656
2~ -3.32180
2 -5.25566
2 -7.26224

67
19
59
60
96

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

( 2) -9.12749
3~ -1.05359
3 -1.10424
3 -1. 00381
( 2)-6.70959

57
27
16
19
43

T,.n85'

2 -1.15824
2 -2.38103
2 -3.74603
( 2) -5.15669

'r6.46204 50

2
2
2
( 2

-7.44065
-7.78122
-7.05925
-4.70898

06
74
89
38

0.0

( 0)+1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.14989
2.95153
5.62785
9.45635
4) 1.47812

01
65
57
54
55

2
3
3
3
4

8.05237
2.06339
3.92867
6.59238
1.02914

11
28
40
53
95

:~

66
89
42
43
35

:~

1.53174
2.20264
3.08513
4.23152
5.70477

58
66
39
76
12

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

11
:~

2.20264
3.17106
4.44649
6.10528
8.23940

( 0)+1.00000 00

:~

'(,'5000
-8.66482
-1.75833
-2.74969
-3.77001

00
26
05
50
68

2 -4.70972
2 -5.40890
2 -5.64358
2 -5.10920
( 2) -3.40090

63
80
20
02
10

1
2
2
2

( 0) +1.00000 00

~ ~~

~ ~~
4
4
4
4
4

5.80387
1.48456
2.82236
4.72945
7.37367

50
77
24
31
65

1.09611
1.57436
2.20264
3.01784
4.06428

92
46
66
47
07

'rl.Ollll

1 -6.64811
2 -1.33052
2 -2.06733
2) -2.82246

2
2
2
2
( 2

-3 ..51454
-4.02538
-4.19006
-3.78501
-2.51375

00
39
33
62
13

3
3
3
4
4

1.70399
4.38084
8.36496
1.40739
2.20264

66
00
74
54
66

Iil

3.28620
4.73642
6.64873
9.13874
1.23458

65
75
73
32
19

0.9

0.8
14
17
41
08
48

71
74
73
66
55

-1.90000
-2.28812
-4.81371
-7.65615
-1.06170

l.0

11
79
77
55
37
04
09
43
43
92

( 0) +1.00000 00

o -9.00000

1
2
2
2

-5.21121
-1.02772
-1.58596
-2.15560

00
29
90
75
45

,;-,.67503 59

2
2
2
2

-3.05522
-3.17236
-2.85915
-1.89427

11
75
68
82

0)+1.00000 00

~~
~~

4.28243
1.09332
2.07532
3.47272
5.40715

19
07
55
61
90

2
2
3
3
3

3.22252
8.21055
1.55600
2.59995
4.04275

43
88
88
59
54

3
4
4
4
4

8.02783
1.15166
1.60942
2.20264
2.96327

98
83
26
66
38

3
3
4
4
4

5.99449
8.58922
1.19892
1.63901
2.20264

62
62
63
69
66

535

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

ZEROS OF M(a, b, x)
a\b

0.1

0.2

Table 13.2
0.4

0.3

0.5

-1. a
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.10000
0.11054
0.12357
0.14010
0.16173

00
47
83
11
42

0.20000
0.22012
0.24477
0.27567
0.31555

00
64
52
24
72

0.30000
0.32894
0.36411
0.40779
0.46354

00
15
44
72
99

0.40000
0.43713
0.48196
0.53721
0.60707

00
15
35
21
04

0.50000
0.54480
0.59858
0.66443
O. 74705

00
16
98
91
02

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.19128
0.23411
0.30182
0.42537
0.72703

98
73
31
31
16

0.36906
0.44470
0.56019
O. 75993
1.20342

09
78
88
80
40

0.53728
0.63961
0.79200
1. 04632
1. 58016

03
58
44
32
05

0.69839
0.82334
1.00591
1.30289
1. 90320

96
00
69
37
51

0.85403
0.99868
1. 20695
1. 53918
2.19258

26
55
84
36
90

a\b

0.6

0.7

0.9

O.S

1.0

-1. a
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.60000
0.65203
0.71419
O. 78986
0.88415

00
19
38
07
45

0.70000
O. 75888
0.82892
0.91376
1. 01887

00
50
89
55
44

0.80000
0.86541
0.94291
1.03637
1. 15158

00
05
59
62
21

0.90000
0.97164
1. 05625
1.15786
1.28256

00
85
10
85
70

1. 00000
1. 07763
1.16901
1. 27838
1. 41205

00
19
22
33
79

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

1.00529
1.16751
1.39828
1. 76075
2.45881

53
37
59
91
88

1.15298
1.33112
1. 58200
1.97114
2. 70808

99
03
88
63
56

1.29711
1. 49044
1. 75960
2.17271
2.94434

21
27
56
84
51

1.43991
1. 64618
1.93215
2.36714
3.17028

63
10
19
89
02

1.57995
1.79887
2.10045
2.55566
3.38779

68
13
49
24
57

Table 13.2 gives the smallest zeros in x of M (a, b, x), near a = b = 0, that is, the smallest positive roots in
x of the equation M(a, b, x) =0. Linear interpolation gives ~-4S. Interpolation by the Lagrange six-point
formula in two dimensions gives 7S.

14. Coulomb Wave Functions

MILTON ABRAMOWITZ 1

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties. . . . . . . . .
14.1. Differential Equation, Series Expansions
14.2. Recurrence and Wronskian Relations
14.3. Integral ReprE~sentations . .
14.4. Bessel Function Expansions. . . . .
14.5. Asymptotic Expansions . . . . . .
14.6. Special Values and Asymptotic Behavior.

538
538
539
539
539
540
542

Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . .
14.7. Use and Extension of the Tables

543
543

References

544

....

Table 14.1. Coulomb Wave Functions of Order Zero (.5 ~71~20,

1 ~p~20) . . .
. . . . . .
. . . ..

d
Fo(71,P), dp Fo(71,P),

'iJ

Go{71,P), dp Go(71,P)

71=.5(.5)20, p=1(1)20,

5S

Table 14.2. GO('I)=e-i"~lr(l+i'l)1

'1=0(.05)3,

546

554

6S

The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of David S. Liepman in checking the
formulas and tables.

National Bureau of

Stf~ndards

(deceased).

537

14. Coulomb Wave Functions

Mathematical Properties
14.1. Differential Equation, Series Expansions
Differential Equation

14.1.1
2
d w +[1
dp2
(p>O, -

00

21] L(L+l)]W=O
p
p2

14.1.13
Irregular Coulomb Wave Function GL(f/, p)

<1]< 00, L a non-negative integer)

The Coulomb wave equation has a regular

singularity at p=O with indices L-t.l and -L;
it has an irregular singularity at p= 00.
General Solution

14.1.2
w=OIFL(1], P)+02GL(1], p)

14.1.14
GL(1],

p)=O~(1]) FL(1], p)[ln 2P+;~~~~1+(h(1], p)

14.1.15

(h(1], p) =DL(1]) p-Ll/IL(1], p)

]4.1.16

1
D L(1])OL(1]) =2L+ 1

where FL (1], p) is the regular Coulomb wave

function and GL (1], p) is the irregular (logarithmic)
Coulomb wave function.

14.1.17

Regular Coulomb Wave Function FL(f/, p)

14.1.18

14.1.3

a~L=I,

FL(T/, p) =OL(T/) pLHe- i pM(L+l-iT/, 2L+2, 2ip)

al+l=O,

(k- L-l) (k+ L)af=21]af-l-af-2- (2k-l) PLC1])Af

14.1.4
14.1.19
qL(1])=- _8__ ~1!
PL(1]) '_182+1]2 ,-1 8

+ 8t' {r' (1+!1])} +21'+ rL (1])

14.1.6
L -1
A L+l-,

AL
L+2

=0

r(I+~7J)

1] ,
L+l

PL(1])

(See Table 6.8.)

(k+ L) (k- L-l)Af =21]Af-l- Af-2

14.1.20
14.1.7

rL(T/)

(See chapter 6.)

2 ()

14.1.9

0 L 71

14.1.10

OL(1])
PL(1])

14.1.11
538

21]

PL(1])CH1])
21](2L+l)

(12+1]2)t
L(2L+l) OL-I(1])

(1 +71 2) (4+1]2) ... (12+1]2)22L

(2L+ 1)[ (2L) !]2

2(i1]-L)

+ 2L(11)
+ 2~(iT/- L)(i1]-L+ 1) +
(2L-l)(2!)

~(1]) =21r1](e2"~-I)-1

14.1.8

(_I)L+l
1
(2L)! J{2L+l

.. .

22L(i1]-L)(i1]-L+l) ... (i1]+L-l)}

(2L)!

14.1.21
21] {F'[In 2 +qL(1])
' dGL
GL=dP=O~(1])
L
p PL(1])

1+ p-IFL(1], P)}
+(J~(7J,

p)

539

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

14.2. Recurrence and Wronskian Relations

Recurrence Relations

14.1.23

If uL=FL(fJ, p) or GL(fJ, p),

L dUL=(L2+ fJ 2)iuL_l-(L2+ fJ )UL
dp
p

14.2.1
14.2.2

UL
(L+1) dd =[CL+1)2 +fJ]uL-[(L+1)2+ fJ 2]iuL+l

1.6

14.2.3

1.2

L[ (L+ 1)2+ fJ 2]'uLH= (2L+ l)[fJ+ L(L+1)]uL

p

.8

- (L+1)[L2+'I1 2]'UL_l
Wronskian Relations

14.2.4
r;~~~-7~~6~/~~8--~~~~-Z~'~L

14.2.5

-.4

14.3. Integral Representations

I
I

14.3.1

I
I

-.8

'-,'

+'G

,j

.e

-Ip -L

L ~ L=(2L+1)!OL(fJ)

-1.2

f'"

-/ L-I~(

e t

+2'~p)L+I~d t

14.3.2
.,=1, p=10

FL' Fi.
1.3

1.2

1.1

LO

.9

.8
.7
.6

FL

.S

II
.3

F'

--~

i-Gi.

.2

22

.
e-"~pL+l
FL +~GL= (2L+ 1) !OL(fJ)

20
18

So'"

{(1-tanh 2 t)L+l exp [-i(p tanh t-2fJt)]

16

+i(1+t2)L exp [-pt+2fJ arctan t]}dt

14

12

14.4. Bessel Function Expansions

10
8

Expansion in Tenns of Bessel-Clifford Functions

14.4.1

-L ~ b klH (2 r:)
FL (fJ, P) = 0 L (fJ ) (2L+1)!
(2 )2L+l P
...J
let 1k -vt

fJ

k=2L+l

o
0~~~2~~4~~6~~78~~IO~~~~~14-~li2
L

FIGURE 14.2.

14.4.2

F L, Fl, GL and Gl.

.,=10, p=20

GL(fJ, p)",DL(fJ)'XL(fJ)p-L

:t

k=2L+l

(-1)"b"t"/2K,,(2li)

540

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

jl= (1/5)x2

14.4.3

1
j2=35 (2x3+6)
1

j3=63000 (84x 7 +1480x4 +2320x)

14.4.4
gl=-(1/5)x
1

g2=350 (7x 6 -30x2)

(See chapter 9.)

g3=63~00 (1056x6-1160x3-2240)

Expansion in Terms of Spherical Bessel Functions

14.4.5

(See chapter 10.)

F L (1/, p)=

135 ... (2L+1)pOL(1])

14.4.6

b" -V. /211' Jk+i(P)

P

k-L

2L+3
bL=l, bL+l= L+1 1]

14.5. Asymptotic Expansions

(2k+1)
b" k(k+1)-L(L+1)
12 b
t 1] "-I

Asymptotic Expansion for Large Values of p

(k-1)(k-2)-L(L+1) b }
2k-3
k-2
(k>L+l)

14.4.7

14.5.1

FL=g cos BL+f sin BL

14.5.2 .

GL-f cos BL-g sin BL

14.5.3

Fl=g* cos BL+f* sin BL

F~(1/, p)=1.35 ... (2L+1)pOL(1])

14.5.4

(L+1)
_ /7f
{(2L+ 1) bL "\/ 2p J L-l(P)

14.5.5

(L+2)
(2L+3) . bL+I

Gl=f* cos BL-g* sin BL, gf*-fg*=l

14.5.6
14.4.8

b,,'

(k+2) b
(2k+3) ,,+1

(See 6.1.27, 6.1.44.)

(k-1) b
(2k-l) ,,-I

14.5.7

Expansion in Terms of Airy Functions

X= (21]-p)/(21])1I3

14.4.9

1-'= (21])2/3,

1]> >0

(See Tables 4.14, 6.7.)

Ip-21]1<21]

where
fo=l, go=O,ft=O, g6=l-1]/p
f"+1 =a",,,-b~,,

14.4.10

g"+1 = a"g"

FF1], p) =_1Tl(21])-i{A~(x) [g;+xjl

Go(f/, p)
BI(x)
I-'

+g~+Xj2+ ... ]+ A~'(x) [l+(gl+ j;)

1-'2

BI'(X)

+ (g2+ j~)
,.,.2

I-'

+ ... J}

+bd"

ft+1 = adt-b"gt-f"+1/p
gt+1=a"gt+b"J:-g"+1/p

541

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

14.5.9
f+'
1+ (i1]- L)(i1]+ L+1) + (i1]- L)(i1]- L+1)(i1]+ L+1)(i1]+L+2)
~g'"
1!(2ip)
2!(2ip)2
+ (i1]- L) (i1]- L+ 1) (i1]- L+2) (i1]-\- L+ 1) (i1]+ L+2) (i1]+ L+3) +
3!(2ip)3
...
Asymptotic Expansion for L=O, p=2.,> >0

14.5.10
14.5.11
F~(21])

",r(2/3){1+~r(1/3)~_8_~+ 11488 r(1/3) 1

}
15 r(2/3) fj2 56700' fJ6 18711.103 r(2/3) fJs ...

G~(21])/~ 2YifjIA.

fJ==(21]/3)~,

r (1/3) =2.6789 38534 ... , r(2/3)=1.3541 17939 ...

14.5.12
Fo(21]) '" { .70633 26373} M{n:.04959 5701135
Go (21])
1.22340 4016 1]
1]'.

.00888 88888 89
1]2

=f.00245 51991 81
.,'%
.,

.00091 08958 061

=f
1]~.
4

.00025 34684 115

1] '~i

... }

14.5.13
F~(21])",{

G~(21])

.4086957323} _M{1.17282 60369+.0003174603174

-.70788 17734 1]
1]%
1]2
.00358 12148 50+ .00031 17824 680 .00090 73966 427 +
}
1]"
1]4
1 ] ' ' ' ' ..

...
FIGURE

14.3.

Fo(f/, p).

FIGURE

14.5.

Go(f/, p).

.,=0, 1, 5, 10, p/2

.,=0, 1, 5, 10, p/2

1.2
1.2

.8
.4

-1.2

FIGURE

14.4.

F~(1],

.,=0, 1, 5, 10, p/2

p).

jr1=1

FIGURE

14.6.

G~(1],

.,=0, 1, 5, 10, p/2

p) .

542

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

14.6. Special Values and Asymptotic Behavior

14.6.1

L>O, p=O

14.6.10
1

FO"'2 {3e a ; F~", {{3-2+

FL=O, F~=O
GL=oo, G~=-oo

Go"'{3e- a ; G~", {_{3-2+

L=O, p=O

14.6.2

Fo=O, Fo=Go(1])

Go= 1/00 (11), G~= -

1
1] t- 2fJ4}Fo
8

1 2
1] t- {3'}Go
8

t=p/21]
00

L~oo

14.6.3

FL",OL(1])~H,

14.6.4

GL",DL(1])P- L

L=O, 1]=0
Fo=sin

p, F~=cos P

Go=cos

p, G~= -sin P

{3={tf(l-t)Ji
14.6.11

Fo=a sin (3;

F~=_t2(bFo-aGo)

Go=a cos (3;

G~=-t2(aFo+bGo)

P~OO

14.6.5

GL+iFL",exp i[p-1] In 2p- ~1f' +O'L]

L~O,

14.6.6

1]=0

FL=(!1f'p)! JUi(p)
GL=(-l)L(!1f'p)i J-<ui)(P)

t=21]
P

1
a . (1-/ exp [

8t 3-3t'
64(21])2(1-t)3]

{3=!I:+2 {(1- t)i +~ I [1- (1- t)t]}

4 1]
t
2 n l+(l-t)i

a=t- 2 (1-t)t, b=[81](1-t)]-1

14.6.7

FL",

(2L+1)!CL(17)
(21])L+l
(21]p)!12L+l[2(21]p)i]

14.6.12

GL", (2L!(;)?~L(1]) (21]p)iK2L +l[2(21]p)i]

14.6.8

PL=1]+[17 2 + L (L+1)P/2

L=O, 21]p

X=(PL- p) [.!.
PL

F o'" e-"~(7rp )1/1[2 (21]p )i]

+L(Lt 1)]1/3
PL

F~"'e-"~(27r1])iJo[2 (21]p)i]

14.6.13

Go"'2er~ (;YKl[2(21]p)i]

1]> >0,21]'" P

x= (21]- p) (21]) -1/3

[Go+iFo1"'1f'1/2(21]) 1/6[Bi(x) +iAi(x)]

14.6.9

14.6.14

1]0

PL=1]+[1]2+ L(L+ 1)1 112

FL(PL)
'" r(1/3) (PL)1/6{ 1+ L(L+1)} -1/6
GL(PL)/-J?,
2-[; 3
pI

543

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

14.6.15

1]~

14.6.17

p=21]0
Fo
r(1/3) (21])1/6
Go;'';3''' 2";; 3"
F~
r(2/3)

110(1]) '" -"(1]

("(=Euler's constant)

2LL!
OL(1])'" (2L+1)!

-GfJ..j3'" 2";;(21]/3)1/ 6

14.6.18

14.6.16

L~~

o()

110(") "'li+,,(ln ,,-1)]

2LL!

- ..~/2

1] '" (2L+1)! e

0 0 (,,) ' " (211"1]) 1/2e-"~,

(Equality to 8S for 1]>3.)

Nunlerical Methods
14.7. Use and Extension of the Table!!
In general the tables as presented are not simply
interpolable. However, values for L>O mlLy be
obtained with the help of the recurrence relations.
The values of GL (1], p) may be obtained by
applying the recurrence relations in increasing
order of L. Forward recurrence may be used for
FL (1], p) as long as the instability does not produce
errors in excess of the accuracy needed. In this
case the backwards recurrence scheme (seEI Example 1) should be used.
Example 1. Compute F L (1], p) and F~(1],p) for
'1=2, p=5, L=0(1)5. Starting with Fto= 1,
F!i=O, where F!=cFL , we compute from 14.2.3 in
decreasing order of L:
(1)

11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

(2)

(3)

(4)

F1
O.

Example 2. Compute GL (", p) and O~('I/, p) for

1]=2, p=5, L= 1(1)5.
Using 14.2.2 and Go(2, 5)=.79445, G~=-.67049
from Table 14.1 we find G1 (2, 5)=1.0815. Then

by forward recurrence using 14.2.3 we find:

L
1
2

.090791
.21481
.43130
.72124
.99346
1. 1433
FofFti= 1.7344 X 1O- 4 =c- 1.

1. 0815
1.4969
2. 0487
3.0941
5.6298

4
5

-G'L
.60286
.56619
.79597
1. 7318
4. 5493

The values of 01. are obtained with 14.2.1.

Example 3. Compute 0 0 (1], p) for 1]=2, p=2.5.
From Table 14.1, Go(2, 2)=3.5124, G~(2, 2)
= -2.5554. Successive differentiation of 14.1.1
for L= 0 gives
d H2W

1.

4.49284
17.5225
61. 3603
191. 238
523.472
1238. 53
2486. 72
4158.46
5727.97
6591. 81

GL

cPw

dH1W

P dpH2 =-(21]-p) dp" -k{d pHl

cP-1w

+d pl<-1}

Taylor's expansion is w(p+Ap)=w(p)+(Ap)w'

.091
.215
.4313
.72125
.99347
1. 1433

.1043
.2030
.3205
.3952
.3709
.29'380

The values in the second column are obtltined

from those in the first by multiplying by the
normalization constant, Fo/Ft where Fo is the
known value obtained from Table 14.1.
Repetition starting with F~= 1 and F:6=O
yields the same results.
In column 3, the results have been given when
14.2.3 is used in increasing order of L.
FL (column 4) follows from 14.2.2.

(Ap)2 w" + . . . .
+2!

we get:

d~Go
dp~

3. 5124
0
1
-2.5554
2
3.5124
3
-6.0678
12. 136
4
5 -29.540
6
83.352
7 -268.26

W'ith w-0o1],P
( ) an d
(~p) ~

A
5
41P-

dkGO

~ dp~

3.5124
-1. 2777

.43905
-.12641
.03160
-.00769
.00181
-.00042

0 0 (2,2.5)=2.5726
As a check the result is obtained with 1/=2, p=3,
Ap= - .5. The derivative G~(", p) may be obtained using Taylor's formula with w=G~(1/, p).
"See page

II.

544

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

References
Texts

Tables

[14.11 M. Abramowitz and H. A. Antosiewicz, Coulomb

wave function.. in the transition region. Phys.
Rev. 96, 75-77 (1954).
[14.2J Biedenharn, Gluckstern, Hull, and Breit, Coulomb
functions for large charges and small velocities.
Phys. Rev. 97,542 (1955).
[14.31 I. Bloch et aI., Coulomb functions for reactions of
protons and alpha-particles with the lighter
nuclei. Rev. Mod. Phys. 23, 147-182 (1951).
[14.41 Carl-Erik Frllberg, Numerical treatment of Coulomb
wave functions. Rev. Mod. Phys. 27, 399-411
(1955).
[14.51 I. A. Stegun and M. Abramowitz, Generation of
Coulomb wave functions from their recurrence
relations. Phys. Rev. 98, 1851 (1955).

[14.61 M. Abramowitz and P. Rabinowitz, Evaluation of

Coulomb wave fUnctions along the transition line.
Phys. Rev. 96, 77-79 (1954). Tabulates Fo, F~,
Go, G~ for P=271=O(.5)20(2)50, 88.
[14.71 National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Coulomb
wave functions, vol. I, Applied Math. Series 17
(U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1952). Tabulates
k

ipL (1],

P)

1 d ipk(1], p) f

an d k!

dr/'

(
or p=O .2)5,

1]=-5(1)5, L=0(1)5, 10, 11,20,21, 7D.

[14.8J Numerical Computation Bureau, Tables of Whittaker functions (Wave functions in a Coulomb
field). Report No.9, Japan (1956).
[14.9] A. Tuhis, Tables of non-relativistic Coulomb wave
functions, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
La-2150, Los Alamos, N. Mex. (1958). Values
of Fo, F~, Go, G~, p=0(.2)40j 71=0(.05)12, 5S.

546

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

Table 14.1

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

Fo('I,p)
1
4
2
3
5.1660
a 1. 0211
a 1. 0432
- 1 4.1924
2.2753
a 1.0841
- 1 6.6178
0 1.1571

'fI"-P
0.5
1. a
1.5
2.0
2.5
3. a
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5

8.4815
2.8898
9.3008
2.8751
8.6200
2.5224
7.2358
2. 0413

1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4)

3.3159
1. 4445
5.7560
2.1538
7.6857
2.6417
8.8072
2.8622

1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3

7.3013
3.9861
1.9162
8.4417
3.4863
1. 3692
5.1636
1.8829

0 1.1186
1 7.7520
1 4.4865
1 2.3093
1 1. 0927
2 4.8493
2 2.0448
3 8.2690

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

- 6
- 6
- 7
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 9
-10
-10
-11

5.6770
1.5593
4.2367
1.1400
3.0407
8.0474
2.1146
5.5203
1.4325
3.6966

5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9

9.1017
2.8403
8.7187
2.6375
7.8750
2.3238
6.7842
1.9614
5.6202
1.5971

4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8

6.6735
2.3080
7.8131
2.5954
8.4780
2.7278
8.6573
2.7136
8.4089
2.5785

3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7

3.2283
1.2230
4.5136
1.6280
5.7536
1.9966
6.8154
2.2918
7.6019
2.4900

2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6

1.1829
4.8778
1.9502
7.5886
2.8831
1.0722
3.9115
1.4023
4.9481
1.7207

10.5
11.0
11.5
12. a
12.5
13. a
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

-12
-12
-13
-13
-14
-15
-15
-16
-16
-17

9.4903
2.4248
6.1679
1.5623
3.9419
9.9089
2.4822
6.1972
1.5424
3.8274

-10
-10
-11
-12
-12
-13
-13
-14
-14
-15

4.5043
1.2613
3.5086
9.6998
2.6660
7.2878
1.9819
5.3636
1. 4449
3.8752

9
- 9
-10
-10

- 8

-11
-12
-12
-13
-13

-11

7.8306
2.3567
7.0332
2.0826
6.1216
1.7870
5.1827
1. 4939
4.2812
1.2201

- 8
- 9
- 9
-10
-10
-11
-11
-12
-12

8.0621
2.5824
8.1895
2.5730
8.0134
2.4754
7.5877
2.3090
6.9781
2.0952

- 7
- 7
- 8
- 8
- 9
- 9
-10
-10
-11
-11

5.9043
2.0009
6.7032
2.2216
7.2896
2.3694
7.6337
2.4390
7.7314
2.4326

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

18
-18
-19
-19
-20
-21
-21
-22
-22
-23

l 9.4708
2.3372

-15
-16
-17
-17
-18
-18
-19
-20
-20
-21

1. 0350
2.7536
7.2980
1.9272
5.0719
1. 3304
3.4785
9.0677
2.3568
6.1087

-14
-15
-15
-16
-16
-17
-17
-18
-18
-19

3.4592
9.7586
2.7399
7.6580
2.1311
5.9063
1.6304
4.4834
1.2284
3.3538

-13
-13
-14
-14
-15
-15
-16
-16
-17
-18

6.2521
1. 8547
5.4712
1.6053
4.6864
1.3614
3.9364
1.1331
3.2476
9.2696

-12
-12
-13
-13
-14
-14
-15
-15
-16
-16

7.5998
2.3584
7.2719
2.2286
6.7904
2.0575
6.2009
1.8594
5.5480
1.6477

5.9292
3.4873
1. 5684
6.1308
2.1980
7.4239
2.3993
- 431 7.4933
- 4 2.2767
- 5 6.7615

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4

3.2960
4.8156
3.3631
1.7962
8.2804
3.4693
1.3575
5.0436
1. 7984
6.2008

1 -3.1699
1 +3.0192
1 4.3300
1 3.2695
1 1. 9237
2 9.8019
2 4.5336
2 1.9532
3 7.9650
3 3.1077

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2

-8.6672
-1.9273
+2.9671
4.0401
3.1922
2.0030
1.0945
5.4362
2.5140
1. 0992

1. 9700
5.6457
1.5950
4.4497
1.2276
3.3527
9.0744
2.4359
6.4900
1.7173

4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9

2. 0789
6.8046
2.1817
6.8691
2.1283
6.5001
1.9597
5.8395
1.7215
5.0256

3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8

1.1690
4.2638
1.5145
5.2563
1. 7875
5.9696
1.9614
6.3501
2.0285
6.4011

3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
7

4.5914
1.8462
7.1867
2.7200
1. 0045
3.6292
1.2859
4.4771
1.5341
5.1804

-6

1.4028
6.1885
2.6259
1.0777
4.2964
1.6695
6.3417
2.3601
8.6225
3.0976

4.5150
1.1801
3.0676
7.9334
2.0420
5.2322
1. 3350
3.3929
8.5905
2.1673

- 9
-10
-10
-11
-12
-12
-13
-13
-14
-14

1.4539
4.1713
1.1875
3.3562
9.4217
2.6282
7.2879
2.0096
5.5121
1.5043

- 8
- 9
- 9
-10
-10
-11
-11
-12
-12
-13

1.9973
6.1672
1.8860
5.7160
1.7179
5.1227
1.5163
4.4571
1. 3016
3.7774

- 7
- 8
- 8
- 9
- 9
-10
-10
-11
-11
-12

1. 7262
5.6813
1. 8487
5.9521
1.8975
5.9935
1.8768
5.8291
1.7966
5.4972

- 6
- 7
- 7
- 8
- 8
- 9
- 9
-10
-10
-11

1.0958
3.8219
1.3157
4.4743
1.5045
5.0060
1. 6492
5.3830
1.7417
5.5888

5.4495
1.3659
3.4129
8.5032
2.1127
5.2352
1.2940
3.1905
7.8484
1.9263

-15
-15
-16
-17

4.0861
1. 1049
2.9747
7.9764
2.1304
5.6690
1. 5031
3.9718
1.0461
2.7464

-13
-14
-15
-15
-16
-16
-17
-17
-18
-18

1.0899
3.1270
8.9243
2.5341
7.1612
2.0144
5.6414
1.5733
4.3698
1.2090

-12
-13
-13
-14
-14
-15
-15
-16

1.6705
5.0433
1.5132
4.5133
1. 3386
3.9490
1.1590
3.3848
9.8388
2.8470

-11
-12
-12
-13
-13
-14
-14
-15
-15
-16

1.7794
5.6234
1.7647
5.5009
1.7038
5.2453
1.6054
4.8863
1. 4793
4.4556

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5. a

5.7529
1.4126
3.4f,02
8.4571
2.0625
5.0197
1.2192
2.9556

1
1
1
2
2
3

5.5
6. a
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

- 5
- 6
- 6
- 7
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 9
-10
-10

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

-11
-11
-12
-13
-14
-14
-15
16
-16

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

-17
-17
-18
-19
-19
-20
2
--21
-221
-22

-13

-17

-18
-18
-19
-19
-20

For use of this table see Examplp8 1-3.

d
iIPFo('I,p)

-17

-17

5
- 1 -4.9046
- 1 +6.8494
0 1.2327
0 1.1433
- 1 8.0955
- 1 4.8882
- 1 2.6473
- 1 1.3227
- 2 6.2060
- 2 2.7673

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
- 1
- 2
- 2

r
-

2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
6

-8.3314
-7.2364
-1. 0456
+2.9380
3.8386
3.1264
2.0555
1.1839
6.2113
3. 0360

547

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

COULOMB W AYE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO
Gn(II,P)

II'"

0 1.1975
0 2.0431
0 4.0886
0 9.8003
1 2.6401
1 7.6551
2 2.3355
2 1.4015
3 2.4167
3 8.0855

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

5.3221
1.2758
2.1~276

3. '5124
7. :13l8
1.1,390
4.1)982
1.1)878
3.020'!
8,969

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9

2. 760~
9.5899
3.3815
1.2081
4.3664
1.5946
5.8778
2.1850
8.1855
3.0882

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

10
10
11
11
12
13
13
14
14
15

1.1727
4.4801
1.7211
6.6465
2.5193
1.0055
3.9366
1.5474
6.1061
2.4181

8 3.5934
9 1.2509
9 4.3888
10 1.5511
10 5.5199
11 1.9769
11 7.1230
12 2.5811
12 9,4029
13 3.4429

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

15
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
20
21

9.6091
3.8309
1.5320
6.1445
2.4714
9.9610
4. 0300
1.6335
6.6365
2.7024

14
14
15
15
16
16
17
18
18
19

- 1 -).4105
- 1 +6.2704
0 1.3423
0 2.0405
0 3.2733
0 6,0195
1 1.2493
1 2.8313
1 6.8403
2 1.7354

- 1 -9.8570
- 1 -1.8901
- 1 +7.1836
0 1.3975
0 2.0592
0 3.l445
0 5.4049
I! 1.0423
1 2.1964
1 4.9434

2
- 1
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4

2.5792
7.11428
2.11367
4 7.7137
5 2.11826
5 8.1086
6 2.6837
6 8. ~1891
7 3.0439
8 1. (1411

2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6

1.2667
4.6814
1.7377
6.4769
2.4:236
9.11l34
3.4H6
1. 2'~81
4.9263
1. 8'756 (1

~l

4.5790
1.2482
3.4980
1.0041
2.9432
8.7893
2.6689
8.2266
2. 570t.
8.1333

!!

II

3.0052
9.1181
2.7986
8.6825
2.7207
8.6053
2.7457
8.8331
2.8638
9.3530

5
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9

12

11 3.0758
12 1.0182
12 3.3917
13 1.1365
13 3.8299
14 1.2916
14 4.4194
1.5126
15!
15 5.2016
16 1.7969

14
14
15
15
16
17
11

2.0292
7.1771
2.5502
9.1019
3.2623
1.1141
4.2418

ll-9. 3493
1 -8.9841
2 -5.3716
1 +7.9445
0 1.4442
0 2.0188
0 3.0657
0 5.0146
0 9.1424
1 1.8193
1 3.8704
1 8.6736
2 2.0275
2 4.9101
3 1.2258
3 3.1422
8.2458
2.2097
6.0344
1.6764

6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10

4.7264

5
-

1.1708
2.8891
7.3782
1.9403
5.2344
1.4441
4.0648
1.1648
3.3928
1.0029

7 2.6029
7 8.4187
8 2.7496
8 9.0625
9 3.0124
10 1.0093
10 3.4069
11 1.1581
11 3.9629
12 1.3645

13 1.6463
13 5.1652

Tahle 14.1

i!

4.1305
1.3542
3.9285
1.1537
3.4272
1.0290
3.1205
9.5523
2.9500
9.1867

10 2.8835
10 9.1182
11 2.9039
11 9.3107
12 3.0045
12 9.7548
13 3.1857
14 1.0462
14 3.4544
15 1.1464

T( PGII(II,p)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

- 1 -5.6132
o -1.2636
o -4.2300
1 -1.3813
1 -4.5128
2 -1.5015
2 -5.1001
3 -1.7657
3 -6.2161
4 -2.2206

- 1 -8.0'753
- 1 -5.8:173
- 1 -9.5'130
o -2.5!i54
o -7.1ll37
1 -2.0029
1 -5.70'25
2 -1.7086
2 -5.11159
3 -1.6M7

-8.5494
-7.4783
-5.7358
-8.3499
o -1.9326
o -4.8566
1 -1,2438
1 -3.2646
1 -8.8150
2 -2.4467

1
1
1
1

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

4
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
10

-8.0354
-2.9409
-1.0873
-4.0566
-1.5259
-5.7831
-2.2067
-8.4732
-3.2724
-1.2706

3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8

-5.09'61
-1.64l8
-5.3723
-1.7825
-5.9890
-2.0352
-6.9879
-2.4222
-8.4693
-2.9853

2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7

-6.9635
-2.0268
-6.0185
-1.8195
-5.5897
-1.7425
-5.5045
-1.7601
-5.6909
-1.8591

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

10\-4.9580
11 -1.9437
11 -7.6530
12 -3.0256
13 -1.2008
13 -4.7827
14 -1. 'IllS
14 -7.6643
151-3.0826
16 -1.2434

9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
14

-1.0602
-3.7915
-1.3647
-4.9424
-1.8002
-6.5922
-2.4263
-8.9735
-3.3339
-1. 24,~0

7
8
8
9
9
10
10
II
12
12

-6.1315
-2.0402
-6.8449
-2.3143
-7.8819
-2.7027
-9.3274
-3.2386
-1.1310
-3.9713

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

16l-5.0296
17 -2.0399
17 -8.2941
18 -3.3805
19 -1.3810
19 -5.6545
20 -2.3201
20 -9.5394
21 -3.9299
22 -1.6221

14i-4.6610
15 -1. 75:~2
15 -6.61'14
16 -2.50111
16 -9.53.,1
17 -3.6376
18 -1. 39J.9
18 -5. 34;!4
19 -2.05b4
19 -7.93"18

See page

II.

13l-1.4017
13 -4.9720
14 -1.7719
14 -6.3433
15 -2.2806
15 -8.2334
16 -2.9841
17 -1.0857
17 -3.9642
18 -1.4526

1
1
1
1
1

-3.4747

-8.nn

-7.0346
-5.6167
-1.6379
o -1.6029
o -3.7315
o -8.9366
1 -2.1901
1 -5.5222

2 -1.4325
2 -3.8154
3 -1.0408
3 -2.9006
3 -8.2422
4 -2.3835
4 -7.0031
5l-2.0878
5 -6.3080
6 -1.9295

+4.5076
-5.1080
-8.0665
-6.7049
-5.5046
-7.1618
o -1.3970
o -3.0719
o -6.9633
1 -1.6176

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5

-3.8641
-9.4968
-2.3977
-6.2044
-1.6419
-4.4339
-1.2197
-3.4122
-9.6943
-2.7937
-8.1574
-2.4111
-7.2077
-2.1176
-6.6446
-2.0464
-6.3581
-1.9918
-6.2887
-2.0003

6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11

-5.9693
-1.8664
-5.8932
-1.8780
-6.0367
-1.9562
-6.3878
-2.1009
-6.9573
-2.3188

5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10

12
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
16

-2.6230
-8.8973
-3.0340
-1.0399
-3.5813
-1.2392
-4.3069
-1.5033
-5.2691

10 -6.4071
II -2.0660
11 -6.7044
12 -2.1889
12 -7.1879
13 -2.3135
13 -7.8789
14 -2.6288
14l-8.8139
15 -2.9690

"\",.,,"

548

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

Table 14.1

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

",\p
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11. 0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

Fo( '1,P )

10

- 1 -7.6744
- 1 -9.0632
- 1 +1.1034
0 1. 0148
0 1. 3237
0 1.1803
- 1 8.6154
- 1 5.5158
- 1 3.2100
- 1 1.7351

- 1 +1. 0351
o -1.0333
- 1 -7.0763
- 1 +3.3340
0 1.1181
0 1.3540
0 1.1952
- 1 8.8245
- 1 5.7720
- 1 3.4502

(- 1) +8.8802
- 1 -4.3441
o -1.1015
- 1 -4.9930
- 1 +5.1312
0 1.1984
0 1.3786
0 1.2085
- 1 9.0109
- 1 6.0014

- 1 +9.3919
- 1 +4.7756
- 1 -8.0125
o -1.0616
- 1 -3.0351
- 1 +6.6010
0 1.2627
0 1.3992
0 1.2207
- 1 9.1794

3.5181
1.5740
6.7927
2.8407
1.1557
4.5875
1. 7814
6.7813
2.5352
9.3224

2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5

8.8379
4.2849
1.9924
8.9366
3.8839
1. 6415
6.7674
2.7281
1.0776
4.1786

- 1
- 1
- 2
-

(- 6! 3.3763
- 6 1.2058
4.2504
-- 7!
7 1. 4802
- 8 5.0971
1. 7367
-- 98! 5.8586
- 9 1.9579
-10! 6.4858
-10 2.1306

5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9

1. 5930
5.9782
2.2113
8.0697
2.9081
1. 0358
3.6487
1.2720
4.3915
1.5022

6
(

OJ_I. 0286
1 -1.6718
1 +8.7682
o 1,2850
0 1. 1633
1 8.3763
1 5.2251
1 2.9445
1 1.5362
2 7.5384

2!
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
6

-11

-11
-12
-12
-13
-13
14
-14
- 1
-15
-15

6.9438
2.2461
7.2135
2.3009
7.2918
2.2965
7.1900
2.2382
6.9296
2.1342

5.0935
l 1.7129
5.7147

1.8924
6.2217
2.0316
6.5907
2.1247
6.8088
2.1694

1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3

- <\

3.6697
2.0964
1.1325
5.8352
2.8870
1.3786
6.3805
2.8716
1.2603
5.4065

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3

6.2092
3.8720
2.2615
1.2511
6.6087
3.3543
1. 6440
7.8106
3.6091
1.6263

5
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
9

6.4260
2.5293
9.7972
3.7389
1.4073
5.2291
1. 9195
6.9669
2.5016
8.8925

4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8

2.2716
9.3643
3.7930
1.5115
5.9333
2.2964
8.7713
3.3091
1.2340
4.5511

4
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
7!
7

7.1627
3.0895
1. 3072
5.4341
2.2220
8.9480
3.5521
1.3913
5.3814
2.0569

- 9
- 9
-10
-10
-11
-11
-121
-12
-13
-13

3.1309
1.0924
3.7787
1. 2965
4.4135
1. 4913
5.0033
1. 6672
5.5194
1. 8158

1.6612
6.0045
2.1502
7.6316
2.6859
9.3772
3.2487
-11 1.1173
-111
-12 3.8154
-12 1.2942

1-

- 2

-10
-11

-111
-12
-12
13
-13
--14
-14

2
3
3
4
4
4

1.9214
1. 0100
5.0593
2.4318
1.1277
5.0678
2.2145
9.4374
3.9317
1.6046

- 8

- 9

- 9
-10
-10
-11

7.7746
2.9076
1. 0765
3.9479
- 99 1.4347
-10 5.1691
1.8470
-11 6.5478
(01
-11 2.3038
-12 8.0470
- 8
- 8

1-

rI/O(""p)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

lrl.6439
1 -8.9251
1 -5.9833
2 -4.4197
1 +2.9104
1 3.6867
1 3.0694
1 2.0917
1 1. 2557
2 6.8842

1!+6.5317
1 -4.9515
1 -8.7151
1 -4.9758
3 -1.2700
1 +2.8830
1 3.5660
1 3.0193
1 2.1173
1 1. 3148

1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1

+9.6217
+2.6293
-6.7918
-8.2026
-4.1714
+3.0507
2.8559
3.4667
2.9748
2.1357

'-

1 +4.8856
1 +8.6117
2 -5.9095
1 -7.7036
1 -7.6083
1 -3.5216
2 +5.4822
I! 2.8296
1 3.3827
1 2.9346

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1

-3.9577
+8.4114
+6.3051
-2.9353
-8.0858
-7.0180
-2.9887
+7.3929
2.8044
3.3103

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5!
5

3.5199
1.7018
7.8549
3.4861
1. 4956
6.2296
2.5276
1. 0018
3.8880
1.4803

2 7.4742
2 3.9680
2 1.9931
3 9.5595
3 4.4083
3 1. 9647
4 8.4983
4 3.5795
4 1.4721
5 5.9256

1 1. 3640
2 7.9960
2 4.3832
2 2.2750
2 1. 1280
3 5.3775
3 2.4777
3 1.1077
4 4.8216
4 2.0487

1 2.1489
1 1. 4058
2 8.4608
2 4.7685
2 2.5468
2 1. 2999
3 6.3815
3 3.0279
3 1.3940
4 6.2477

1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3

2.8982
2.1583
1.4416
8.8777
5.1268
2.8081
1.4707
7.4103
3.6095
1. 7060

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

1=- ~!7

5. 5384
2.0392
7.3981
2.6475
9.3549
3.2665
1.1280
3.8550
1. 3046
4.3743

--

5!
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9)

8.5166
3.4707
1.3887
5.4642
2.1167
8.0818
3.0443
- 771 1. 1324
- 8 4.1623
- 8 1.5130

4 2.7329
4 1.1694
5 4.9038
5 2.0187
6 8.1695
6 3.2541
6 1.2772
7 4.9445
7 1.8896
8 7.1342

--

44!
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7

7.8494
3.5246
1.5479
6.6617
2.8139
1.1682
4.7727
1. 9209
7.6241
2.9865

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

-10
-11

- 8
- 8
- 8
- 9
- 9
-10

-11

-12
-12
-13

-13

-14
-14
-15

1. 4540
4. 7930
1. 5677
5.0893
1. 6405
5.2523
1.6708
5.2819
1.6599
5.1871

-10
-10
-10

-11

-11
-12
-12
-13
-13
-14

2.3388
9.0675
3.4579
1.2988
4.8095
1. 7578
6.3458
2.2647
7.9952
2. 7940

1-- 55

9.6701
3.3165
1.1277
3.8030
1.2726
4.2267
1. 3939
4.5659
1.4859
4.8057

(- 9)
- 9
-10
-10

5
6
6
7

-11

-11

-12
-12
-12

-13

5.4422
1. 9382
6.8378
2.3909
8.2893
2.8507
9.7283
3.2955
1.1085
3.7036

- 8)
- 9
- 9
- 9
-10
-10
-11

-11

-12
-12

2.6629
9.8333
3.5942
1.3011
4.6667
1.6593
5.8508
2.0467
7.1053
2.4488

- 7
- 8
- 8
- 9
- 9
-10
-10
-10

-11

-11

1.1555
4.4191
1.6715
6.2571
2.3192
8.5155
3.0988
1.1181
4.0014
1.4209

549

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

'1\P
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

- 1
o
- 1
- 2
- 1
0
0
0
0
0

COULOMB W AVIE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

Go('1,p)

-1. 8864
-1. 0908
-7.8946
+5.7313
8.5834
1.4847
2.0980
3.0138
4.7449
8.2720

+7.00~5

- 1
- 1 -5. 98~2
o -1.14)3
- 1 -6.84 )9
- 1 +1. 49'J6
- 1 9.13:11
0 1.521)5
0 2.11,;5
0 2.9179
0 4.54"5

~- ~

- 1
o
- 1
- 1
- 1
0
0
0

- 1 +5.2116
- 1 +9.7148
- 2 -9.0032
o -1.0415
o -1.1041
- 1 -5.0095
- 1 +2.9641
0 1.0040
0 1.5818
0 2.1507

0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3

4.3971
7.1665
1. 2667
2.3913
4.7587
9.8888
2.1316
4.7425
1.0850
2.5448

1
1
1
1
o
o
- 1
- 1
0
0

-4.1435
+9.4287
+7.4235
-3.9931
-1. 1456
-1. 0601
-4.2253
+3.5656
1.0426
1.6085

0 2.9338
0 4.2789
0 6.7939
1 1.1669
1 2.1389
1 4.1320
1 8.3352
2 1. 7442
2 3.7678
2 8.3709

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2

2.1665
2.9202
4.1837
6.4944
1.0879
1.9428
3.6553
7.1811
1. 4634
3.0787

2 6.6618
3 1.4783
3 3.3559
3 7.7783
4 1.8375
4 4.4178
5 1.0796
5 2.6784
5 6.7399
6 1.7186
6 4.4374
7 1.1592
7 3.0621
7 8.1738
8 2.2037
8 5.9978
9 1.6472
9 4.5626
10 1. 2742
10 3.5867

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

1 1.5713
1 3.1910
1 6.8300
2 1.5259
2 3.5340
2 8.4429
3 2.0726
3 5.2121
4 1.3393
4 3.5096

0
1
1
1
2
Z
2
3
3
3

10.5
11. 0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

4 9.3615
5 2.5381
5 6.9851
6 1. 9492
6 5.5096
7 1.5761
7 4.5596
8 1.3330
8 3.9356
9 1.1728

4 2. 2l~'0
4 5.7119
5 1. 49!,1
5 3.9745
6 1.0718
6 2.92<;0
6 8.1041
7 2. 26E 6
7 6.4200
8 1.8356

3 6.1041
4 1.4943
4 3.7266
4 9.4543
5 2.4367
5 6.3731
6 1.6898
6 4.5378
7 1.2333
7 3.3897

4
5
5
6
6
6

~l

1.9070
4.4437
1.0570
2.5623
6.3199
1. 5841
4.0302
1.0398
2.7177
7.1908

8 5.2995
9 1.5441
9 4.5382
10 1.3449
10 4.0168
11 1.2087
11 3.6634
12 1.1179
12 3.4335
13 1.0612

7 9.4158
8 2.6418
8 7.4830
9 2.1387
9 6.1650
10 1.7916
10 5.2473
11 1.5483
11 4.6007
12 1.3764

7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11

1.9247
5.2078
1.4237
3.9301
1.0950
,3.0778
8.7237
2.4925
7.1762
2.0813

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

-8.3938
+3.7613
+9.0303
+3.9589
-3.1180
-6.8725
-7.1359
-5.9237
-5.1597
-6.1460

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13

3.5260
1.0689
3.2661
1.0055
3.1176
9.7326
3.0582
9.6692
3.0754
9.8379

10

+1.0284
+2.9114
-8.7095
-1.1353
-5.8782
+2.2822
9.6127
1.5526
2.1340
2.9524

7. 64:!6
1. 391.4
2.121>6
5.61;'.5
1. 201<3
Z.68!17
6.18',3
1. 46,'3
3.54,,6
8. 77~'2

Table 14.1

dp GO('1,p)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
o
o
o

+9.4204
+1.5804
-6.0177
-7.8017
-6.4488
-5.4037
-6.8137
-1.2552
-2.6310
-5.7112

1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
o
o

+7.0722
+7.7643
-5.6347
-6.4993
-7.555,3
-6.242')
-5.31%
-6.5441
-1.1511)
-2.317';

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
o

-1.0134
+8.9368
+5.7724
-2.0611
-6.7507
-7.3342
-6.0700
-5.2327
-6.3266
-1.0709

(-

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

-8.9014
-4.3326
+6.6389
+8.3156
+2.4273
-3.8780
-6.9193
-6.9585
-5.7969
-5.0932

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

1 -1.2704
1 -2.9031
1 -6.8237
2 -1.6477
2 -4.0793
3 -1.0333
3 -2.6728
3-7.0464
4 -1.8904
4 -5.1540

o
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4

-4.851';
-1. 040"
-2. 291!;
-5. 186:!
-1.20%
-2.873!!
-7. 010~'
-1. 746~1
-4.438,'
-1.148,'

o
o
o
1
1
1
2
2
3
3

-2.0829
-4.2272
-8.7913
-1.8751
-4.1077
-9.2394
-2.1308
-5.0295
-1.2129
-2.9831

o
o
o
o
1
1
1
2
2
2

-1.0071
-1.9007
-3. 7545
-7.6010
-1.5769
-3.3574
-7.3362
-1.6432
-3.7670
-8.8229

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
n.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

5
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
9

-1. 4262
-4.0011
-1.1369
-3.2694
-9.5069
-2.7936
-8.2899
-2.4829
-7.5021
-2.2856

4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8

-3.019,'
-8. 063~'
-2.184"
-5.995"
-1.6661
-4. 683~
-1.3312
-3.822<
-1. 1083
-3. 243C

3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7

-7.4717
-1.9033
-4.9246
-1.2929
-3.4407
-9.2739
-2.5296
-6.9781
-1.9454
-5.4781

3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
7

-2.1080
-5.1298
-1.2698
-3.1937
-8.1522
-2.1099
-5.5322
-1.4684
-3.9424
-1. 0701

2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6

-6.6607
-1.5503
-3.6759
-8.8669
-2.1734
-5.4080
-1.3647
-3.4894
-9.0337
-2.3663

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19. a
19.5
20.0

'I
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14

-7.0183
-2.1712
-6.7650
-2.1221
-6.7001
-2.1285
-6.8019
-2.1860
-7.0638
-2.2945

8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13

-9.57H
-2.8485
-8.5435
-2.5817
-7.8569
-2.4075
-7.4250
-2.3043
-7.1939
-2.2589

8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12

-1.5573
-4.4670
-1. 2923
-3.7692
-1.1079
-3.2807
-9.7840
-2.9377
-8.8779
-2.6998

7
7
8
8
9
'I
10
10
11
11

-2.9344
-8.1256
-2.2710
-6.4031
-1.8206
-5.2180
-1.5070
-4.3845
-1.2846
-3.7889

6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
10
10

-6.2673
-1.6175
-4.5347
-1.2375
-3.4078
-9.4651
-2.6506
-7.4812
-2.1275
-6.0938

- 1 -5.9925
- 1 -9.5489
o -1.7550
o -3.3846
o -6.6920
1 -1. 3548
1 -2.8128
1 -5.9900
2 -1. 3012
2 -2.9193

550

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

Table 14.1

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

Fo(1J,p)
11
12
13
14

1IV
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

- 1 +2.0734
o +1.0298
- 2 +2.4612
o -1. 0170
- 1 -9.6841
- 1 -1.2613
- 1 +7.8227
0 1. 3156
0 1.4169
0 1. 2318

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3

9.3335
6.3994
4.0596
2.4178
1.3660
7.3768
3.8306
1.9215
9.3472
4.4228

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.,0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

- 7
- 7
- 8
- 8
- 9
- 9
-10
-10
-10
-11

!-~

1)-6.9792
1 +7.9515
1 +8.3008
1 -3.6119
o -1.1262
- 1 -8.5079
- 2 +3.2549
- 1 8.8532
0 1. 3600
0 1.4324

0
1
1
1
1
1
2

2.0410
9.2064
4.0667
1.7621
7.5001
3.1398
1. 2943
5.2587
2.1078
8.3417

3.2617
1. 2609
4.8223
1. 8255
6.8436
2.5420
9.3587
3.4166
1.2373
4.4462

- 1
- 1
- 1
0

-1.0101
-5.5932
+1.0493
+5.1844
-6.5917
-1.1642
-7.2395
+1.7404
9.7341
1.3978

- 1
- 1

- 1 -4.5964
- 1 -8.6120
- 1 +5.1243
o +1. 0566
- 1 +1.8869
- 1 -8.7866
o -1.1551
- 1 -5.9595
- 1 +3.0035
0 1.0496

15
+4.8492
-9.7879
-3.9930
+8.8343
+9.1875
-1.1758
o -1.0318
o -1.1153
- 1 -4.7101
- 1 +4.1342

1
1
1
1
1
1

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1

1.2422
9.4757
6.5749
4.2347
2.5662
1.4773
8.1375
4.3132
-- 22l 2.2096
- 2 1.0980

0
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2

1.4462
1. 2519
9.6017
6.7378
4.3989
2.7074
1.5852
8.8895
4.8001
2.5064

3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6

5.3087
2.5036
1.1541
5.2102
2.3072
1.0036
4.2931
1.8082
7.5055
3.0731

2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5

1. 2700
6.2624
3.0126
1.4168
6.5253
2.9480
1.3082
5.7090
2.4529
1.0386

2
2
3
3
3
4

2.8108
1. 4498
7.2798
3.5666
1. 7085
8.0157
3.6890
- 441 1.6617
- 5 7.4139
- 5 3.2448

2
2
2
3
3
3!
4

- 6
- 7
- 7
- 8
- 8
- 8
- 9
- 9
-10
-10

1. 2422
4.9601
1.9580
7.6449
2.9542
1.1303
4.2845
1.6095
5.9943
2.2143

6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9)

4.3371
1.7878
7.2797
2.9299
1.1663
4.5940
1.7916
6.9206
2.6491
1.0052

5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9

1.3994
5.9525
2.4990
1. 0363
4.2471
1.7213
6.9031
2.7406
1.0176
4.1981

5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8

4.2002
1.8429
7.9746
3.4058
1.4366
5.9886
2.4686
1.0068
4.0646
1.6250

+8.6352
+3.1951
-8.7421
-5.3804
+4.9591
+8.7738
+4.1643
-2.9695
-7.2842
-7.3777

0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
2

1.4305
1.4586
1. 2610
9.7312
6.8900
4.5535
2.8422
1. 6898
9.6316
5.2898

1.1161
1.4592
1.4698
1.2697
9.8472
7.0328
4.6997
2.9711
1.7913
1.0363

5.7809
3.1214
1. 6367
8. 3~67
4.1640
2.0290
9.6841
4.5343
-- 4l
4 2.0854
- 5 9.4326

--Fo(1I'p)
dp
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1

-9.5680
+1.8546
+9.2360
+3.8476
-4.5774
-8.1670
-6.4636
-2.5453
+8.9270
2.7803

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

-7.1349
-6.2449
+5.8520
+8.5839
+1.6399
-5.7064
-8.0763
-5.9550
-2.1713
+1. 0181

1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1

+1. 3869
-9.5769
-1.7814
+7.9972
+7.2679
-2.2037
-6.4688
-7.8882
-5.4930
-1.8523

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+8.7670
-5.3599
-8.2728
+2.0967
+8.8132
+5.7220
-1.7427
-6.9700
-7.6466
-5.0747

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3

3.2469
2.8649
2.1649
1.4725
9.2538
5.4607
3.0589
1.6394
8.4560
4.2172

1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3

2.7572
3.1907
2.8342
2.1694
1.4994
9.5947
5.7724
3.2995
1.8054
9.5118

1 +1.1221
1 2.7353
1 3.1402
1 2.8059
1 2.1722
1 1.5231
2 9.9053
2 6.0640
2 3. 5301
2 1.9685

1 -1.5772
1 +1.2094
1 2.7144
1 3.0946
1 2.7794
1 2.1737
1 1. 5440
1 1. 0189
2 6.3375
2 3.7513

1 -4.6963
1 -1.3378
1 +1.2836
1 2.6945
1 3.0530
1 2.7548
1 2.1743
1 1.5625
1 1.0450
2 6.5943

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6

2.0412
9.6175
4.4224
1.9888
8.7636
3.7897
1.6105
6.7342
2.7736
1.1263

3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6

4.8467
2.3971
1.1542
5.4237
2.4927
1.1224
4.9597
2.1535
9.1993
3.8704

2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5

1. 0573
5.4937
2.7714
1.3612
6.5256
3.0596
1.4055
6.3355
2.8061
1.2227

2.1282
1.1634
6.1551
- 3 3.1620
- 3 1. 5818
- 4 7.7243
- 4 3.6892
- 4 1.7264
- 5l 7.9271
- 5 3.5765

2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5

3.9633
2.2844
1.2693
6.8276
3.5670
1.8150
9.0158
4.3806
2.0855
9.7427

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

- 7
- 7
- 8
- 8
- 8
- 9
- 9
-10
-10
-11

4.5133
1.7861
6.9850
2.7014
1. 0337
3.9159
1. 4693
5.4629
2.0135
7.3598

- 6
- 7
- 7
- 7
- 8
- 8
- 9
- 9
-10
-10

1.6053
6.5690
2.6544
1.0598
4.1839
1.6340
6.3169
2.4184
9.1730
3.4487

6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9

5.2466
2.2191
9.2602
3.8151
1.5529
6.2491
2.4875
9.8001
3.8231
1.4774

1. 5873
6.9375
2.9885
1.2700
5.3278
2.2081
9.0465
3.6658
1. 470J
5.8367

5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8

4.4720
2.0192
8.9777
3.9341
1.7006
7.2565
3.0587
1. 2744
5.2514
2.1413

1=- ~l3

5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9

551

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

II\P

11

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

GO(II,P)

, o -1. 0028

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

t1

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

2) 2.5735
5.4370
1.1780
2.6115
5.9114
1.3640
:1 3.2036
7.6488
1. 8544
il 4.5606

- 1 +2.1054
o +1.0819
- 1 +4.6526
- 1 -6.4066
o -1.2065
o -1.0105
-3.5145
- 1 +4.1032
0 1. 0777

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

1.6333
2.1816
2.9102
4.1056
6.2486
1.0238
1. 7863
3.2824
6.2966
1.2529

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1

II~l

6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9

~l

1.1368
2.8697
7.3309
1.8940
4.9456
1. 3046
3.4746
9.3396
2.5325
6.9249

1) -1. 9549
1 -9.3312
2 -3.0001
1 +8.0730
1 +7.2980
1 +1.1621
1 -4.4342
1 -6.9211
1 -6.7991
1 -5.6855

!-

ll-5. 0324
- 1 -5.8597
- 1 -9.1132
01-1.6356
o -3.0877
o -5.9776
1rl.1842
1 -2.4038
1 -5.0022
2 -1.0663

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

2 -2.3257
2 -5.1822
3 -1. 1779
3 -2.7275
3 -6.4259
41-1. 5386
4 -3.7400
4!-9.2211
5 -2.3041
5 -5.8301

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
IB.O
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

61-1.4929
6 -3.8658
7 -1. 0118
7r2.6753
7 -7.1420
8 -1.9243
8 -5.2302
91-1.4335
9 -3.9609
10 -1.1028

5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9

14

13

1-

II

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

12

- 11-7.4645
- 1 -6.8021
- 1 +6.8165
o +1. 0'151
- 1 +1.9:103
- 1 -8.21>67
o -1. 2:187
-9.51167
- 1 -2.8h67
- 1 +4.5U9l
I.ll00
1. 6!i63
2.1<160
2.9029
4.0,.04
6.0'132
9.7('72
1. 6~,87
2.9836
5.6(113

r~
-

+1.4266
-1.0410
1 -1. 9619
1 +9.6524
1 +9.1486
2 -5.4999
1 -9.6933
o -1. 2515
1 -9.0670
1 -2.2730

- 1 +5.0322
0 1.1399
0 1.6778
0 2.2097
0 2.8977
0 3.9853
0 5.8691
0 9.2614
1 1.5529
1 2.7395

Tahle 14.1

1
1
1
1

+9.0905
-5.8152
-9.3005
+2.5664
o +1. 0999
- 1 +7.4014
- 1 -2.7342
o01-1.0783
-1. 2510
- 1 -8.5560

- 1 -1.7259
- 1 +5.4393
0 1.1677
0 1. 6980
0 2.2229
0 2.8940
0 3.9383
0 5.7197
0 8.8817
1 1.4638

15
-

lr8.9435
1 +3.4046
1 -9.7885
1 -6.2172
lr6.1593
o +1. 1292
- 1 +5.4881
- ll-4. 6254
o -1. 1612
o -1. 2413

!-

11-8.0595
- 1 -1.2194
- 1 +5.8159
0 1.1937
0 1.7172
0 2.2355
0 2.8916
0 3.8977
0 5.5902
0 8.5544

1. 0~'06
2. H'19
4. 5~09
9.6(54
2.0E,35
4.6148
1. 0421
2. 3~'53
5.5978
1.3286

~l

g 2.5369
4.5863

2
2
3
3
3
4
4

5.0429
9.6258
1.8964
3.8424
7.9840
1. 6974
3.6852
8.1567
1. 8380
4.2110

1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4

8.5960
1.6627
3.3072
6.7457
1. 4078
3.0002
6.5186
1. 4419

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3

3. 1 ~90
7.8082
1.9303
4.8301
1.2225
3.1276
8.0845
2.1103
5.5602
1.4781

4)
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8

9.7988
2.3136
5.5378
1.3427
3.2955
8.1823
2.0539
5.2096
1. 3345
3.4512

4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7

3.2432
7.4095
1.7177
4.0372
9.6130
2.3172
5.6510
1. 3934
3.4722
8.7394

1.1531
2.5494
:! 5.7251
1. 3047
3. 0146
7.0570
6) 1.6726
4.0107
9.7253
2.3833

d
dpGO(II,P)

lr6.6972
1 -7.2341
1 -7.2415
1 +2.8479
1 +8.5982
1 +6.2091
2 +1. 2156
1 -4.8470
1 -6.8955
1 -6.6551

!-

ll-5. %63
- 1 -4.9764
- 1 -5.7431
- 1 -8.7431
0-1.5;60
o -2.8442
o -5.4C29
1 -1. 0496
1 -2.0S79
1 -4.2551

1 +9.7040
2 +5.5060
1 -9.1975
1 -4.3994
1 +5.0789
1 +8.5795
1 +5.1517
21-7.3596
1 -5.1566
1) -6.8530

1 -6.5243
- 1 -5.4972
- 1 -4.9245
(- 1 -5.6396
~ -8.4240
-1. 4516
o -2.6410
o -4.9315
o -9.4124
1 -1. 8382

!1

1 +4.4173
1 +7.9924
1 -4.4998
1 -8.9553
1 -1.6218
1 +6.5611
1 +8.2450
1 +4.1682
11-1.4460
1 -5.3907

!-

(- 1) -6. 8002
11-6.4050
- 1 -5.4165
- 1 -4.8763
- 1 -5.5466
- 1 -8.1456
o -1. 3790
o -2.4689
o -4.5385
o -8.5238

1.3878
2.3662
4.2071
7.7536
1.4744
2.8830
5.7803
1.1857
2.4836
5.3038

~!
~!

1) -4.6958
1 +9.1053
1 +3.6132
1 -7.5330
1 -7.5598
2 +7.8968
1 +7.4771
1 +7.7350
1 +3.2728
- 1 -2.0374

!-

!-

I! -5.5683
1 -6.7414
1 -6.2956
1 -5.3428
1 -4.8313
1 -5. 4626
1 -7.9001
o -1. 3159
o -2.3213
o -4.2061

11-8.8802
2 -1.8956
2 -4.1335
2 -9.1940
3 -2.0833
3 -4.8031
4 -1.1255
4 -2.6777
4 -6.4624
5 -1.58J8

1 -3.6758
1 -7.5239
2 -1. 5749
2 -3.3666
2 -7.3407
3 -1.6305
3 -3.6849
31-8.4644
4 -1.9742
4)-4.6712

1 -1. 6369
1 -3.2170
1 -6.4688
2 -1.3297
2 -2. 7912
2 -5.9750
3 -1. 3029
3 -2.8906
31-6.5183
4 -1.4925

0)-7.7837
1 -1. 4720
1 -2.8470
1 -5.6316
2 -1. 1385
2 -2.3496
2 -4.9448
3 -1. 0599
3 -2.3115
3 -5.1233

5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9

51-1. 1203
5 -2.7217
5 -6.6925
6 -1.6647
6 -4.1862
7 -1.0637
7 -2.7299
7 -7.0724
8 -1.8489
8 -4.8757

41-3.4670
4 -8.1642
5 -1. 9474
5 -4.7022
6 -1.1486
6 -2.8369
6 -7.0806
7 -1. 7850
7 -4.5433
8 -1.1670

4 -1.1531
4 -2.6329
4 -6.0946
5 -1.4291
5 -3.3924
51-8.1473
6 -1. 9785
61-4.8557
7 -1.2038
7) -3.0133

-3.9163
-9. 81~8
-2.4904
-6.3846
-1.6537
-4.3256
-1.1421
-3.0423
-8.1738
-2.2Hl

552

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

Table 14.1

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

FO(f/,p)
19
16
17
18

'IV
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3. a
3.5
4.0
4.5
5. a
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8. a
8.5
9.0
9.5
10. a

0) +1.0105
1 -3.0813
o -1. 0106
1 +1. 0271
a +1. 0681
1 +7.0689
1 -3.8460
o -1.1328
o -1. 0557
1 -3.5128

- 1 +5.1503
a 1.1748
a 1. 4845
a 1. 4802
a 1.2778
- 1 9.9567
- 1 7.1674
- 1 4.8384
- 1 3.0947
(- 1) 1.8899

+6.6039
+6.1193
-8.5450
-7.4809
+5.2505
o +1.1097
- 1 +4.6531
- 1 -6.0877
a -1.1932
- 1 -9.8377

(- 1) -2. 6356
01 +1.0298
- 2 -4.2659
o -1.0610
- 11 -3.6504
- 1 +8.3235
o +1.0517
- 1 +2.2016
- 1 -7.9196
a -1.2226

- 1 -2.3772
- 1 +6.0673
a 1.2270
0 1.5072
a 1.4897
0 1.2856
0 1. 0060
- 1 7.2948
4.9703
(- 1) 3.2134

- 1 -9. 0447
- 1 -1.3066
- 1 +6.8982
a 1.2736
0 1.5276
a 1.4986
all.
2930
o 1.0159
- 1 7.4157
(- 1) 5.0960

1
1
1
1
1

-.

10.5
11.0
11.5
12. a
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

1 1.1084
2 6.2723
2 3.4374
2 1. 8300
3 9.4892
3 4.8032
3 2.3779
3 1.1532
4 5.4870
4 2.5646

1 1.9857
1 1.1794
2 6.7632
2 3.7577
2 2.0290
2 1.0674
3 5.4824
3 2.7546
3 1.3560
4 6.5497

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
H.5
20. a

4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8

1. 1789
5.3346
2.3787
1. 0460
4.5399
1. 9459
8.2424
3.4522
1.4304
5.8668

4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7

3.1079
1.4504
6.6636
3.0167
1.3469
5.9345
2.5824
1.1105
4.7213
1.9859 d

20

-9.5714
+5.9819
+8.0098
-6.0110
a -1. 0050
2 +3.2093
o +1.0266
1!+9.2908
2 -1.3928
1 -9.3827

- 1 -8.1320
- 1 -3.2923
o +1.0154
- 1 +3.0159
- 1 -9.4813
- 1 -7.8654
- 1 +3.8780
o +1.1240
- 1 +7.6776
- 1 -2.2935

a -1. 2281
- 1 -8.2121
- 2 -3.0049
- 1 +7.6541
a 1.3157
0 1.5461
0 1.5069
0 1.3001
0 1. 0253
(- 1) 7.5308

o -1. 0524
o -1.2155
- 1 -7.3630
- 2 +6.4345
- 1 8.3446
0 1.3538
0 1.5630
0 1.5147
0 1.3070
0) 1.0343

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3

3.3276
2.0789
1.2493
7.2527
4.0816
2.2331
1.1907
6.2000
3.1586
1.5768

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3

5.2163
3.4376
2.1696
1.3181
7.7405
4.4084
2.4418
1.3185
6.9542
3.5893

4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7

7.7245
3.7177
1.7598
8.2016
3.7665
1.7058
7.6243
3.3654
1.4679
6.3305

3 1.8156
4 9.0130
4 4.3962
4 2.1092
5 9.9629
5 4.6375
5 2.1289
6 9.6448
6 4.3152
6 1.9078

1 7.6406
1 5.3315
1 3.5437
1 2.2578
1 1.3858
2 8.2258
2 4.7375
2 2.6546
2 1.4504
3 7.7433

3 4.0459
3 2.0721
3 1.0416
4 5.1452
4 2.5000
4 1.1961
5 5.6392
2.6221
-- 5t
5 1.2032
- 6 5.4529

dpFO(f/,p)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

- 1 +1.0374
- 1 +9.2398
- 1 -2.6352
- 1 -9.2711
- 1 -2.1794
- 1 +6.8521
- 1 +8.2181
- 1 +2.6981
- 1 -3.9491
(-1)-7.4641

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8. a
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

1)-7.0977
1 -4.3534
1 -1. 1279
1 +1. 3471
1 2.6755
1 3.0148
1 2.7316
1 2.1740
1 1. 5790
1 1. 0690

10.5
11.0
11.5
12. a
12.5
13. a
13.5
14. a
14.5
15.0

2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4

6.8361
4.1667
2.4370
1.3747
7.5088
3.9846
2. 0598
1. 0396
5.1328
2.4832

- 4

1. 1789
5.4992
7.5233
1. ) 101
5.0 7 69

15.5
16. a
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

- 5
- 5
- 5

- 6
- 6

2. :jjO

- 7 9. ;,.,688
- 7 4.1409
- 7 1. 7529
- 8 7.3379

1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1

-7.4873
+7.7918
+5.5592
-6.6487
-8.0683
+7.3796
+7.9551
+7.3722
+1.3669
-4.7259

1 -9.5176
3 -6.9768
1 +9.5486
2 +8.1839
1 -8.6636
1 -6. 0115
1 +3.1511
1 +8.4585
1 +6.3816
2)+1. 8327

1 -3.2396
1 -7.9198
1 +6.1234
1 +7.7886
1 -3.3293
1 -9.0956
lr3.6640
1 +5.0199
1 +8.5260
1 +5.3380

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+5.8913
-9.2215
-2.1544
+9.0561
+4.4171
-6.3111
-8.4454
-1.3528
+6.3846
+8.2868

1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1

-7.5469
-6.8162
-4.0420
-9.4232
+1.4020
2.6574
2.9796
2.7098
2.1730
1.5938

1) -5.3380
1 -7.5595
1 -6.5393
1 -3.7584
2 -7.7728
1 +1.4497
1 2.6401
1 2.9470
1 2.6893
1 2.1715

2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1

-8.5571
-5.8167
-7.5212
-6.2703
-3.4994
-6.2964
+1.4915
2.6235
2.9166
2.6698

1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1

+4.2976
-1.7601
-6.1873
-7.4462
-6.0113
-3.2623
-4.9686
+1.5282
2.6076
2.8881

- 2 4.3620
- 2 2.5860
- 2 1.4792
- 3 8.1964
- 3 4.4133
- 3 2.3153
- 3 1. 1861
- 4 5.9443

1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3

1.6072
1.1118
7.2792
4.5494
2.7313
1.5829
8.8884
4.8514
2.5805
1.3405

1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3

2.1696
1.6191
1.1309
7.4828
4.7295
2.8730
1.6854
9.5832
5.2978
2.8547

1 2.6513
1 2.1673
1 1.6300
1 1.1487
2 7.6757
2 4.9026
2 3.0112
2 1.7867
2 1.0279
3 5.7512

4 2.9194
4 1.4071
5 6.6637
5 3.1043
5 1.4240
6 6.4378
6 2.8708
- 6 1.2636
- 7 5.4935
- 7 2.3605

4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7

6.8135
3.3940
1.6592
7.9706
3.7665
1.7526
8.0374
3.6355
1.6231
7.1576

1.5025
7.7388
3.9067
1.9356
9.4242
4.5139
- 5 2.1289
- 6 9.8957
- 6 4.5369
- 6 2.0531

3 3.1370
3 1.6717
4 8.7182
4 4.4568
4 2.2364
4 1.1028
5 5.3499
5 2.5557
5 1.2033
6 5.5878

1. 0912
-II
- 2 7.0640

3
4
4
4
5
5

553

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

16

7J\p
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

GO(7J'p)

1 +1.0821
1 +9.8687
1 -2.9626
o -1.0694
1 -2.5363
1 +8.7388
o +1.0876
1 +3.5629
1 -6.2482
o -1.2237

a -1.2251
- 1 -7.5801
- 2 -7.4816
- 1 +6.1662
0 1.2182
0 1.7353
0 2.2476
0 2.8903
0 3.8625
a 5.4768

17

19

20

1 -9.7953
3 -5.5146
o +1. 0457
2 +8.8035
o -1.0212
1 -7.2872
1 +4.1434
o +1.1362
1 +8.8526
3 -3.2476

-3.3354
-8.3622
+6.6931
+8.7398
-3.9315
o -1.0987
- 1 -4.5088
- 1 +6.7042
o +1.1729
- 1 +7.5425

- 1 +6.0387
- 1 -9.7243
- 1 -2.3123
o +1.0133
- 1 +5.0534
- 1 -7.5896
o -1.0436
- 1 -1.6256
- 1 +8.7013
o +1.1657

- 1 -8.8135
o -1.3038
o -1.1808
- 1 -6.6763
- 2 +1.0458
- 1 6.8010
0 1.2631
0 1.7689
0 2.2705
0 2.8898

- 1 -1.6427
- 1 -9.8158
o -1.3275
o -1.1549
- 1 -6.2518
- 2 +4.9276
- 1 7.0906
0 1.2839
0 1.7846
0 2.2814

- 1 +6.1562
- 1 -3.1172
o -1.0666
o -1.3430
o -1.1277
- 1 -5.8448
- 2 +8.5910
- 1 7.3645
0 1. 3037
0 1.7997

18

1
1
1
1
1
1

-7.7111
+8.3(165
+6.0950
-7.6383
-9.5594
+1. 0254
o +1.0419
o +1.0004
- 1 +1.7088
- 1 -7.6338

a -1.2101
o -1. 2045
- 1 -7.1189
- 2 -3.0805
- 1 +6.4936
a 1.2413
0 1.7525
0 2. 2593
0 2.8897
a 3.8316

Table 14.1

1
1
1
1
1

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

8.2695
1.3223
2.2207
3.8880
7.0544
1.3205
2.5411
5.0139
1. 0121
2.0860

0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2

5.3768
8.0B3
1.2652
2.0953
3.61,,3
6.4M6
1.19:17
2.2615
4.39 ';8
8.7404

0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2

3.8044
5.2879
7.7978
1.2151
1.9863
3.3826
5.9669
1.0855
2.0297
3.8903

2.8904
0 3.7803
0 5.2085
0 7.6004
1 1.1707
1 1.8906
1 3.1797
1 5.5380
1 9.9453
2 1.8354

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1

2.2919
2.8915
3.7589
5.1370
7.4234
1.1312
1. 8061
3.0021
5.1664
9.1659

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6

4.3833
9.3774
2.0400
4.5079
1.0109
2.2987
5.2957
1.2353
2.9156
6.9590

3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6

1.7745
3.6?:!7
7.73118
1.65112
3.60'10
7.971.7
1.78!i5
4.0519
9.31(15
2.16 118

2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5

7.6267
1.5265
3.1148
6.4702
1.3667
2.9323
6.3851
1.4098
3.1542
7.1454

2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5

3.4717
6.7162
1.3264
2.6703
5.4726
1.1404
2.4141
5.1860
1.1297
2.4935

2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4

1.6708
3.1213
5.9630
1.1629
2.3115
4.6772
9.6229
2.0110
4.2650
9.1723

dpGO(7J,p)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1

5.5
6. a
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

-9.7855
+2.8609
+9.1227
-8.3491
-8.8452
-5.6757
+2.7609
+7.9794
+7.1352
+2.4665

-2.5327
-5.7031
-6.6792
-6.1949
-5.2752
-4.7892
-5.3860
-7.6818
o -1.2605
o -2.1932

a -3.9217

10.5
11. a
11.5
12. a
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

0-7.1592
1 -1.3348
1 -2.5439
1 -4.9562
1 -9.8652
2 -2.0042
2 -4.1515
2 -8.7576
3 -1.8795

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19. a
19.5
20.0

3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6

-4.0993
-9.0788
-2.0399
-4.6466
-1.0722
-2.5048
-5.9202
-1.4150
-3.4181
-8.3412

- 1 -6.40(0
- 1 -5. 76~'0
-_ 11 +7.73i4
+6.5JE,7
- 1 -4. 35E,2
-8.9431
- 1
- 1 -3.6790
- 1 +4.3113
- 1 +8.1848
- 1 +6.4978

1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+2.5695
-9.7102
+3.6067
+9.3570
+3.1578
-6.7512
-8.2667
-1.7673
+5.4934
+8.1799

1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1

+9.3189
-5.6460
-7.3679
+5.3119
+8.6483
-1.9960
-8.1315
-7.1410
-3.4829
+6.3669

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+7.9224
+3.1370
-9.3578
-2.7296
+8.1928
+6.6241
-3.0592
-8.7013
-5.7890
+1.4822

+1. 7444
-2.9499
-5.80:0
-6.6155
-6.1017
-5.2127
-4.7495
-5.3157
-7.4860
o -1.2115

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+5.8546
+1.0993
-3.3031
-5.8814
-6.5515
-6. 0151
-5.1547
-4.7121
-5.2509
-7.3093

1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+8.0282
+5.2246
+5.2317
-3.6035
-5.9378
-6.4880
-5.9344
-5.1001
-4.6767
-5.1908

1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1

+6.9880
+7.7756
+4.6186
+8.3738
-3.8601
-5.9783
-6.4254
-5.8590
-5.0502
-4.6431

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

o -2. 0812
o -3.6757
o -6.6261

a -1.1677
o -1.9822
o -3.4609

o -6.1663

1 -1.2193
1 -2.2921
1 -4.4031
1 -8.6387
2 -1.7295
2 -3.5297
2-7.3351

1
1
1
1
2
2

-1.1209
-2.0805
-3.9443
-7.6350
-1.5077
-3.0346

3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6

2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5

-6.2186
-1.2962
-2.7456
-5.9G47
-1.2883
-2.8495
-6.3850
-1.4484
-3.3247
-7.7176

-1.5507
-3.331'/
-7.2680
-1. 6G8~i
-3.608'1
-8.202U
-1. 887!i
-4.3947
-1.034,'
-2.462',

- 1 -7.1488
o -1.1284
G -1.8942
o -3.2719
o -5.7662
1 -1.0363
1 -1.9007
1 -3.5594
1 -6.8033
2 -1.3263
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5

-2.6348
-5.3284
-1.0960
-2.2906
-4.8605
-1.0463
-2.2832
-5.0474
-1.1297
-2.5583

- 1 -5.1349
- 1 -7.0023
a -1. G929
o -1.8154
o -3.1044
o -5.4152
o -9.6285
1 -1.7465
1 -3.2330
1 -6.10il6
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4

-1.1761
-2.3079
-4.6G95
-9.3627
-1.9322
-4.0483
-8.6039
-1.8537
-4.0457
-8.9396

554

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

CO(1/) =e-t11"'I') Ir(l+if/)1

Table 14.2
1/

Co (1/)

1/

CO(f/)

f/

CO(f/)

2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20

( -3) 6.61992

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1. 000000
0.922568
0.847659
O. 775700
O. 707063

1. 00
1. 05
1.10
1.15
1. 20

1-1) 1. 08423
-2r o49261

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.642052
0.580895
0.523742
0.470665
0.421667

1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1. 45

( -2) 5. 52279
( -2) 4.81320

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
O. 70

0.376686
0.335605
0.298267
0.264478
0.234025

1.50
1.55
1.60
1. 65
1. 70

-2ro 75796

O. 75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

0.206680
0.182206
0.160370
0.140940
0.123694

1. 75
1.80
1. 85
1. 90
1.95

1-2ro
35817
-2 1.17720

1. 00

0.108423

2.00

[C -:)5J

For In r(l+iy), see Table 6.7.

-2 8.30211
(-2 7.25378
( -2) 6. 33205

1-2j4019173

-2 3. 64804
-2 3.17287
-2 2.39599
-2 2.08045

-2~1.80558

-2 1. 56632

2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
2. 70

r3l50
72791
-3 4.95461
-3)4.28450
-3) 3. 70402

-3! 3020136
-3 2. 76623
-3 2.38968
-3 2.06392
-3) 1. 78218

-3\1 053858

-3 1. 32801
-3 1.14604
-4~9.88816

-4 8.53013

1- 4)7035735

-2 1. 01996
~ -3~ 8.83391
-3 7.64847

2. 75
2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95

( -3) 6. 61992

3.00

(-4) 3. 50366

-4}6.34476
-4)5.47066
~ -4~ 4. 71626
-4 4.06528

15. Hypergeometric Functions

FRITZ OBERHETTINGER 1

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

15.1. Gauss Series, Special Elementary Cases, Special Values of

the Argument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2. Differentiation Formulas and Gauss' Relations for Contiguous
Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
15.3. Integral Representations and Transformation Formulas. "
15.4. Special Cases of F(a, b; c; z), Polynomials and Legendre
Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5. The Hypergeometric Differential Equation
15.6. Riemann's Differential Equation
15.7. Asymptotic Expansions
References . . . . . . . . . .

National Bureau of Standards.

556
556
557
558
561
562
564
565
565

(Presently, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.)

555

15. H ypergeometric Functions

Mathenlatical Properties
15.1. Gauss Series, Special Elementary Cases,
Special Values of the Argument

15.1.7
F(!, j; -!; -z2)=(I+z2)tF(l, 1; -!; -Z2)

Gauss Series

=Z-I In [z+(I+z 2)i]

The circle of convergence of the Gauss hypergeometric series

15.1.8

15.1.1

IS.1.9 F(a, !+aj tj z2)=![(1+z)-2a+(1_z)-2a]

F(a, b; b;z)=(I-z)-a

IS.1.10
(a)n(b)n zn
, a,.c,, z)=--0
-.J
()
n=O
C n
n.,

F(a, !+aj Ij Z2)=

!z-I(I-2a) -1 [(1 +Z)I- 2a_ (I-Z)I-2 a]

r(c):t r(a+n)r(b+n) zn
r(a)r(b) n-O
r(c+n)
n!

15.1.11
'f(~ ~rtyv HI'T~.{\j
F(-a,aj!; _Z2)=! {[ (1 +z2)1+z]2a+[ (1 +z2)1_z]2a}

=F(b

( C

is the unit circle Izl = 1. The behavior of this

series on its circle of convergence is:
(a) Divergence when fJ? (c-a-b)~-1.
(b) Absolute convergence when fJ? (c-a-bO.
(c) Conditional convergence when -1 <fJ? (c-a
-b)~O; the point z=1 is excluded. The Gauss
series reduces to a polynomial of degree n in z
when a or b is equal to -n, (n=O, 1, 2, . . . ).
(For these cases see also 15.4.) The Reries 15.1.1
is not defined when c is equal to -m, (m=O, 1,
2, . . . ), provided a or b is not a negative integer
n with n<m. For c=-m

15.1.12

IS.1.2

15.1.15

F (a, I-a,

IS.1.16

F(a, 2-aj -!j sin 2 z)

lim r(l) F(a, b; c; z)=

c

c~-m

(a)m+I(b)m+I zm+lF (a+m+I b+m+I' m+2' z)

(m+l)!
" ,
Special Elementary Cases of Gauss Series

(For cases involving higher functions see 15.4.)

15.1.3

F(I, 1; 2; z)=-z-Iln (1-z)

F(a, I-a;

F(j-,

IS.I.S

F(!, Ij Ij -Z2)=Z-1 arctan z

!; -Z2)=

HI + z2)-1 {[(I +z2)1+z]2a-I+[ (1 +z2)i-z]2a-l}

IS.1.13
F(a, !+aj 1+2a; z)=2 2a [I+(I-z)i]-2 a
=(I-z)tF(l+a, !+aj 1+2aj z)

15.1.14
F(a, !+a; 2aj z)=22a - I (I-z)-i[I+(I-z)ijl-2a

IS.1.17

F(!, ij!j z2)=(I-z2)IF(I, 1; Ij Z2)=Z-1 arcsin z

See page II.

556

sin [(2a-2)z]
(a-I) sin (2z)

F(-a, aj !j sin 2 z)=cos (2az)

.1.'

cos [(2a-l)z]
cos z

F( a, 1 -a,

15.1.19

F(a, !+aj !j -tan 2 z)=cos 2a z cos (2az)

2'

SIn z

Special Values of the Argument

15.1.20
F(a, bj Cj 1)

15.1.6

_sin [(2a-I)z]

!, sm z)- (2a - 1) sm
. z

15118
.

Ij!j z2)=iz- 11n G+:)

IS.1.4

6r

r(c)r(c-a-b)
r(c-a)r(c-b)
(c;eO, -1, -2, . . . , fJ?(c-a-bO)

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

IS.I.21
r(l+a-b)
F(a, b, a-b+1, -1)-2 7r r(l+ !a-b)r(! + !a)
.

-a

557

IS.2. Differentiation Formulas and Gauss'

Relations for Contiguous Functions
Differentiation Formulas

(1+a-bO, -1, -2, . . .)

IS.I.22
F(a, b; a-b+2; -1) =2-a1f1/ 2 (b-1)-lr(a-b+2)
[r(la)r(;+!a-b)

1
r(!+!a)r (1+!a-b)]

d
ab
15.2.1 -d F(a, b; c; z)=- F(a+1, b+l; c+1; z)
z

IS.2.2

dn
dz n F(a, b; c; z)

(a-b+2 o, -1, -2, . . . )

-l)=!a[~(!+!a)-~(~a)]

IS.I.23 F(l, a; a+1;

IS.I.24

1
I
r(l+la+!b)
F (a, b; ia+~h+t;t)=7r r(!+!a)r(!+!b)

(ia+-!b+tO, -1, -2:, ... )

IS.1.2S
F(a, b; la+!b+l;

!)=2~(a-b)-lr(1+!a+M)

{[r(!a) r(!+!b)]-l_[r(!+!a) r(lb)]-l}

IS.2.3
dn
dz n [za+n- 1F(a, b; c; z)]=(a)nza-1F(a+n, b; c; z)

IS.2.4

~n [zC-IF(a , b, c, z)]= (c-n) n zc-n- 1F(a ' "

b c-n z)
dz
15.2.5

~n [zc-a+n-l(l-z)OH-CF(a , b, c, z)]
dz

(!(a+b)+1 o, -1, -2, ... )

IS.I.26
F(a, I-a; b; !)=
21-

b t
1f

15.2.6

r(b) [r(!a+!b) r (!+lb-!a)]-1

dn

dz n [(1-z)a H -CF(a, bjc; z)]

(hO, -1, -2, ... )

15.1.27
F(l, 1; a+1; !)=a[~(!+!a)-~(!a)]
(a-l, -2, -3, ... )

IS.1.28
F(a, a; a+l;

!)=za-la[~(!+!a)-~(!a)]

=(c-a~;i:-b)n

(l-z)a H -c-nF(a, b;c+nj z)

IS.2.7

dn

dz n [(1-z)a+n- 1F(a, b; c; z)]

= (-l)n~~):(c-b)n (1-z)a-1F(a+n, bj c+ni z)

(a-l, -2, -3, ... )

15.2.8

15.1.29
1

F (a, ~+a; t-2a,--i)-(t)

-2a

r(!)r(t-2a)
r(t)r(!-2a)

d:: [zC-l(l- Z)b-c+ nF(a, hi Cj z)]

(t-2aO, -1, -2, ... )

15.1.30
F (a, i+a; f+ a ; t)=(t)a

7ri

r(!:~!~~~ta)

(i+!aO, -1, -2, ... )

= (c-n)nze-n-l(l-z)b-C F(a-n, bj c-nj z)

IS.2.9
d:: [zC-l(l-z)aH-CF(a, b; c; z)]
= (c-n)nzc-n-l(l- z)aH-c-nF(a-n, b-n; c-ni z)

IS.1.31

F (a, ia+l; !a+t; eho/S)

fa+j t

=2

1f

Gauss' Relations for Contiguous Functions

-t<a+I) tra/6

r(ta+f)
r(ta+i)rW

(j a-i,-,-l/, ... )

The six functions F(a 1, b; c; z), F(a, b 1; c; z),

F(a, b; clj z) are called contiguous to
F(a, bj Cj z). Relations between F(a, hj Cj z) and

558

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

any two contiguous functions have been given by

Gauss. By repeated application of these relations the function F(a+m, b+n; c+l; z) with
integral m, n, l(c+l~O, -1, -2, . . .) can be
expressed as a linear combination of F(a, b; c; z)
and one of its contiguous functions with coefficients
which are rational functions of a, b, c, z.

15.2.21

[a-l- (c-b-l)zJF(a, b; c; z)
+ (c-a)F(a-l, b; c; z)
-(c-l)(l-z)F(a, b; c-l; z)=O
15.2.22

[c-2b+ (b-a)zJF(a,

15.2.10

Cj

z) =0

+ (c-a)(c-b)zF(a,

+b(z-I)F(a, b+ 1; c; z) =0

+ (c-a)(c-b)zF(a, b;
15.2.13
[c-2a- (b-a)z]F(a, bj c; z)

15.2.23

c[b-(c-a)zJF(a, bj Cj z)-bc(l-z)F(a, b+l; c; z)

15.2.11
(c-b)F(a, b-l; Cj z)+(2b-c-bz+az)F(a, b; Cj z)

z)

Cj

c+lj

z)=O

b+lj Cj
bj

z)
c-l; z) =0

c(l-z)F(a, b; c; z)-cF(a, b-l;

Cj

z)

15.2.26

[b-l- (c-a-l)zJF(a, b;

Cj

z)

+ (c-b)F(a, b-l; c; z)
-(c-l)(l-z)F(a,

Cj

z)=O

15.2.15
Cj

z)+bF(a,

* + (c-a)zF(a, b; c+l; z)=O

z)+aF(a+l, b; Cj z)
-bF(a, b+lj

(c-a- b)F(a,. bj

c+ 1; z) =0

15.2.25

15.2.14
Cj

bj Cj

- (c-l)F(a,

+a(l-z)F(a+l, b; c; z)
-(c-a)F(a-l, b; c; z)=O
(b-a)F(a, b;

bj

15.2.24

(c-b-l)F(a,

15.2.12
c(c-l)(z-I)F(a, b; c-l; z)
+c[c-l-(2c-a-b-l)z]F(a, b;

z)

+b(l-z)F(a, b+l; Cj z)
-(c-b)F(a, b-lj c; z)=O

(c-a)F(a-l, b; c; z)+(2a-c-az+bz)F(a, b; c; z)
+a(z-I)F(a+ 1, b;

bj Cj

z)+ a (1 -z )F(a +1 , bj Cj z)
-(c-b)F(a, b-lj Cj z)=O

bj c - l j

z)=O

15.2.27

c[c-l- (2c-a-b-l) zJF(a, b; C; z)

+(c-a)(c-b)zF(a,bjc+ljz)
-c(c-l)(I-z)F(a,

bj c - l j

z)=O

15.2.16

c[a-(c-b)zJF(a,

bj Cj

z)-ac(l-z)F(a+l,

+ (c-a)(c-b)zF(a,

bj

bj Cj

z)

c+ Ij z) =0

15.2.17

(c-a-l)F(a,

bj Cj

z) + aF(a + 1, b;

-(c-l)F(a,

Cj

Integral Representations

z)

bj c - l j

z)=O

15.2.18

15.3.1

F(a, b;

(c-a-b)F(a,

bj Cj

z)-(c-a)F(a-l,
+b(l-z)F(a,

bj Cj

b+lj

z)
c; z)=O

Cj

z)=

r(c)
r(b)r(c-b)

fl t b- 1(1-t)"-b-l(1-tz)-adt

Jo

(PAc>PAb>O)

15.2.19

(b-a)(l-z)F(a, b; C; z)-(c-a)F(a-l, b; c; z)

+(c-b)F(a, b-l; c; z)=O

15.2.20

c(l-z)F(a,

bj Cj

z)-t:F(a-l,
+

See pag<

15.3. Integral Representations and Transformation Formulas

fi.

bj

c; z)

(c-b)zF(a,

bj c+lj

z)=O

The integral represents a one valued analytic function in the z-plane cut along the real axis from 1 to
00 and hence 15.3.1 gives the analytic continuation of 15.1.1, F(a, b; c; z). Another integral
representation is in the form of a Mellin-Barnes
integral

559

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

15.3.2 F(a, h; c; z)

r(c)
211"ir(a)r(b)
.

r(c)

=t~ r(a)r(b)

.,

-1.,

'"

-1",

r(a+s)r(b+s)r(-s) (-z)'d,s
r(c+s)
r(a+s)r(h+s)

r(l+s) r(c+s) cSC(1I"s) (-z) ds

Here -1I"<arg(-z)<1I" and the path of integration is chosen such that the poles of r(a+s) and
r(b+s) i.e. the points s= -a-n and s= -b-m(n, m=O, 1, 2, . . . ) respectively, are at its left
side and the poles of csc(1I"s) or r( -s) i.e. s==O, 1,2, are at its right side. The cases in which -a, -b
or -c are non-negative integers or a-b equal to an integer are excluded.
Linear Transfonnation Formulas

From 15.3.1 and 15.3.2 a number of transformation formulas for F(a, b; c; z) can be derived.
15.3.3

F(a, bi c; z)=(I-z)c- a-bF(c-a, c-b;; c; z)

Z:~1)

15.3.4

=(l-z)-aF(a, c-b; c;

15.3.5

=(1-Z)-bF(h , c-a'" c -~)

z-1

15.3.6

r(c)r(c-a-h)
=r(c-a)r(c-b) F(a, b; a+b-c+1; 1-z)
h
b+'
)
+(1 -z )c_a_br(c)r(a+h-c)F(
r(a)r(b)
c-a, c- ,c-a- 1,I-z

15.3.7

r(c)r(h-a)
-a (
r(b)r(c-a) (-z) F

tt,

(/arg (l-z)I<1I")

.1)

l-c+a, 1-b+a,;

.1)

r(c)r(a-h)
-b
(

+r(a)r(c-b) (-z) F h, l-c+b, 1-a+b,;

15.3.8

=(1-z)

-a

r(c)r(b-a) ('
1 )
r(b)r(c-a) F ,a, c-b; a-b+1; 1-z
+(I-z)

15.3.9

1)

-b r(c)r(a-b) (
.
.
r(a)r(c-h) F h, c-a, h-a+l, 1-z

1)

r(c)r(c-a-h) -a (
r(c-a)r(c-b) z F a, a-c+l; a+b-c+1j 1-;

(1_z)C-a-bza-c F(c-a 1-a'c-a-b+l'l-l)

+ r(c)r(J~+b-c)
r(a)r(b)
'"
z
(Iarg zl<1I", larg (1-z)I<1I")
Each term of 15.3.6 has a pole when c=a+b:f:m, (m=O, 1, 2, . . . ); this case is covered by
15.3.10

F(a, h; a+h; z)

r(a+b)
(a)n(b)n
r(a)r(b) ~ (n!)2 - [21Jt(n+l)-1f(a+n)-1f(h+n)-ln (1-z)](1-z)n
CD

(Iarg (1-z)I<1I", 11-zl<1)

Furthermore for m=1, 2, 3, . . .
15.3.11

F(a, h; a+b+m; z)

r(m)r(a+b+m) ~ (a)n(b)n (l-z)n

r(a+m)r(b+m) n-O n!(1-m)n
r(a+b+m) (z-l)m
r(a)r(b)

i: (a+m)n(b+m)n
(l-z)n[ln (1-z)-1f(n+1)
n!(n+m)!
n-O

-1f(n+m+1)+1f(a+n+m)+1f(b+n+m)]

(Iarg (1-z)I<1I",11-zl<l)

560

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

15.3.12 F(a,

hj

a+b- mj z)

r{m)r{a+b-m) (1-z)-m ~ (a-m) .. {b-m) .. (1-z)"

r(a)r{b)
'1-0
nl{l-m) ..
m
(-l) r(a+b-m)
(a) .. (b) .. (l-z)lI[ln (1-z)-1f{n+l)
r(a-m)r{b-m) f1_onl{n+m)1
-1f{n+m+ 1) +1f{a+n) +1f{b+n)]
(Iarg (1-z)I<'II",ll-zl<l)

i2

SimiJarly each term of 15.3.7 has a pole when b=am or b-a= m and the case is covered by
15.3.13 F{a, aj Cj z)

r(a)~~-a)

(- z) -a

to (a)"{~~~2+a)

.. z-ft[ln (- z)+21f(n+ 1)-1f(a+n)-1f(c-a-n)]

{Iarg (-z)1 <'II", Izl>l, (c-a) ~O, 1, 2, ... )

The case b-a=m, (m=l, 2, 3, . . .) is covered by

15.3.14 F(a, a+mj Cj z)=F(a+m,aj Cj z)
r(c)(-z)-a-m
r(a+m)r(c-a)

:t (a) ..+m{1-c+a)
..+m z-"[ln (-z)+1f(I+m+n)+1f{1+n)
n!{n+m)!
'1-0

r(c) m-l r (m-n) (a)

::E
.. z-ft
r{a+m) f1_on1r(c-a-n)
(larg{-z)I<'II", Izl>l, (c-a)~O, 1, 2, ... )

-1f{a+m+n)-1f(c-a-m-n)]+{-z)-a

"-

The case c-a=O, -1, -2, . . . becomes elementary, 15.3.3, and the case c-a=l, 2, 3, . . . can be
obtained from 15.3.14, by a limiting process (see [15.2]).
Quadratic Transformation Formulas

If, and only if the numbers (I-c), (a-b), (a+b-c) are such, that two of them are equal
or one of them is equal to !, then there exists a quadratic transformation. The basic formulas
are due to Kummer [15.7J and a complete list is due to Goursat [15.3]. See also [15.2].
15.3.1S F{a,bj 2b;z)=(I-Z)-iaF( la, b-!aj

zJ

b+!j 4Z

4)

15.3.16

=(I-iz)-aF{la, !+!aj b+!j z2(2-z)-2)

IS.3.17

=(!+hl1

IS.3.18

=(I-Z)-iaF(a 2b-a' b+1. _

,
,~,

15.3.19 F{a

z)-2a F [a,a-b+!jb+!j

a+!'c'z)=(1+1~1
"
~ ~

G~~)]

(1-.Jr=z)J)
4~1
z

-::-.JI=Z)

1
Z)-2aF (2a 2a-C+l'C.
"
'1+~I-z

IS.3.20
IS.3.21
lS.3.2~

15.3.23

=(I-Z)-aFi(2a 2c-2a-l' c .Jf=Z-I)

,
, , 2~1 z
F{a,bj a+b+!jz)=F(2a,

2bj a+b+!j !-!~1

=(t+t~l

z)-2a

z)

F(2a a-b+tj a+b+ti ~-1)

l-z+1
l

561

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

15.3.24 F(a, b; a+b-!; z)=(1-z)-tF(2a-l,2b-l;a+b-;;;-hll-z)

15.3.25

=(1-z)-t

.J1=Z-1)

r:;--:
(!+t ,,1-Z)l-2tJ
F ( 2a-1, a-b+!; a+b-!; .Ji=Z+1

15.3.26 F(a, b; a-b+l; z)=(1+z)-aF (la, ;a+!; a-b+l; 4z(1+z)-2)

15.3.27

=(1-{Z)-2tJF(a" a-b+!; 2a-2b+1; 4-{Z(1.rz)-2)

15.3.28

=(I-z)-aF(ia, ia-b+!;a-b+l;-4z(l-z)-2)

15.3.29 F (a, b; !a+!b+!; Z)=(1-2z)-aF(i-a, !a+!; !a+tb+t;

=F(ia, !h;

15.3.30

!~~+!b+!;

~Z~--;!)2)

4z-4z2)

15.3.31 F(a, I-a; c; z)=(I-z)C- 1F(!c-!Qi, !c+!a-!; c; 4z-4z2)

15.3.32
Cubic transformations are listed in [15.:~] and [15.3].
In the formulas above, the square roots are <;lefined so that their value is real and positive when
o~ z< 1. All formulas are valid in the neighborhood of 2=0.
15.4. Special Cases of F(a, b; c; z)
PolynOlnial.

When a or b is equal to a negative integer, then

15.4.1 F(-m, b;

Cj z)=~

(-m)"(b),, z"

()

n-O

-I

C "

This formula is also valid when c= -m-l; m, 1=0, 1, 2, .

m (-m)"(b),, z..
15.4.2 F(-m, bj-m-l, z)=:; (-m-l): nl

Some particular cases are

15.4.3 F(-n, n;!j x)=T,,(1-2x)
15.4.4 F(-n, n+lj 1; x)=P,,(1-2x)
15.4.5 F ( -n, n+2a;

a+~j x)= (~)" O~Oll (1-2x)

15.4.6 F(-n, a+l+,8+n; a+1; x)=(a~'l)~ p~0l,"l(1-2x)

Here T .. , p .. , O~Oll, P~Ol,"l denote Chebyshev, Legendre's, Gegenbauer's and Jacobi's polynomilltls respectively (see chapter 22).
Legendre Functions

Legendre functions are connected with those special cases of the hypergeometric function for which
a quadratic transformation exists (see 15.3).
15.4.7
15.4.8

15.4.9

F(a, b; 2b; z)=2 2b - 1 r(t+b)zt- b(l-z)l(b-a-tl p!=:-t [( 1-~) (1-z)-tJ

=22b1l"-1

r(!+b)

r(2b-a)

F(a, b; 2bj-z)=22b 1l"-!

z-b(l __ z)t(b-alet .. (a-bl pb:a (~-l)

r~(!)b)

bIZ

z-b(J.+z)!(b-ale-C;r(a-bl P~:f

(l+~) {Iarg zl<1I", larg (1 z)I<1I")

562
IS.4.10

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

F(a, a+!j Cj Z)=2-1r(c)Zl-1(1-Z)1.-a-ip~;~r[(I-Z)-t]

(Iarg zl<1I", larg (l-z)I<1I", z not between 0 and - (0)

IS.4.11

F(a, a+!; c; x)=2- 1r(c)( -x)t-1(I-x)t-a-ip~;~.[(I-x)-t]

IS.4.12

F(a, b; a+b+!; z)=2'1 H - t r(!+a+b) (-z)t<t- a- b1 P!:::i[(1-z)lj

(Iarg (-z)I<1I", z not between 0 and 1)

IS.4.13

F(., h; a+b+!; x)=2'1H-tr(!+a+b)xt<i-a-bJp!:::i[(1-x)t]

IS.4.14 FJ" h;a-b+l; ~=r(a-b+l)ztb-ta(1-z)-bP~ba

G+:)
(Iarg (l-z)I<1I", z not between 0 and - (0)

IS.4.16

F(a, I-a; c; z) = r(c)( -z)l-"(I- z)1.-tP~-a(1-2z)

(Iarg (-z) 1<11", larg (l-z)I<1I", z not between 0 and 1)

IS.4.17

F(a,

IS.4.18

F(a, hi ltt+!b+!i z)= r(!+!a+!b)[z(z-l) ]lU-a-bJ pt~~-=-~-=-~l(I-2z)

(Iarg z 1<11", larg (z-l) 1<11", z not between 0 and 1)

IS.4.19

F(a, h; la+!b+l; x)=r(!+!a+ib)(x-x2)l(1-a-bJpt~~-=-~-=-~l(I-2x)

l-a;c;x)=r(C)X1-1(I-x)1-lp~~(1-2x)

IS.4.20 F(a, hj a+h-!j z)=2"H- J r(a+b-l)( -z)t(t-a-bJ(I-z)-tPt:.~:.U(1-z)t]

(I arg (-z)I<1I", 1arg (l-z)I<1I", .t?l[(I-z)t]>O, z not between 0 and 1)

IS.4.22

F(a, b; i; z)=1I"-t2'1H-lr(!+a)r(!+b)(z-l)t<t-a-bJ[I1:.~:.t(zt)+I1-=-~-=-t( -zt)]

(Iarg zl<1I", 1 arg(z-I)I<1I", z not between 0 and 1)

I!: (b-a)
15.4.24 F(a, b; !;-z)=1I"-t2'1- b - 1r(!+a)r(l-b)(z+1)-ta-1be 2
{P::;g_l[zl(1+z)-t]
+P:+'l.-l[ -zi(1 +z)-I]}
( according as fz~O, z not between 0 and (0)

* IS.4.2S F(a, hj !; -x)=1I"-t2'1- b- 1r(!+a) r(l-b)(1 +X)-ta-1b{P~+'l._1[x1(1 +x) -t]+P~+'l.-l[ -X 1/ 2(l +x)-lJ}
(O<x< (0)

15.5. The HypergeoDletric Differential Equation

The hypergeometric differential equation

IS.S.1

rPw

dw

z(l-z) dz 2 +[c-(a+b+l)z] dz -abw=O

'See page u.

HYPEIWEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

has three (regular) singular points z=O, 1,

15.5.2

p~?~=O,

l-c,

ex>.

563

The pairs of exponents at these points are

p1~~=0, c-a-b,

respectively. The general theory of differential equations of the Fuchsian type distinguishes between
the following cases.
A. None of the numbers c, c-a-b; a-b is equal to an integer. Then two linearly independent solutions
of 15.5.1 in the neighborhood of the singular points 0, 1, ex> are respectively
15.5.3 wl(o)=F(a, b; c; z)=(I-z)c-a- bF(c--a, c-b; c; z)
15.5.4 w2(0)=zl-CF(a-c+l, b-c+l; 2-c; z)=zl-C(1_z)C-a-bF(I-a, I-b; 2-c; z)
15.5.5 wl(l)=F(a, b; a+b+l-c; l-z)=zl-cF(1+b-c, l+a-c; a+b+l-c; l-z)
15.5.6 W2(1) = (l-z)c-a-bF(c-b, c-a; c-a-b+ 1; l-z) =zl-C(I-z)c-a-bF(I-a, I-b; c-a-b+ 1; l-z)

15.5.7 Wt(<D)=z-aF(a, a-c+l; a-b+l; z'-l)=zb-C(z-l)c-a-bF(I-b, c-b; a-b+l; Z-I)

15.5.8 W2(<D)=Z-bF(b, b-c+l; b-a+l; z--l)=za-c(z-l)c-a-bF(I-a, c-a; b-a+l; Z-l)

The second set of the above expressionB is obtained by applying 15.3.3 to the first set.
Another set of representations is obtained by applying 15.3.4 to J5.5.3 through 15.5.8.
gives 15.5.9-15.5.14.
15.5.9 Wl<o)=(I-z)-aF(a, c-b; c; z z 1)=(I-z)-bF (b, c-a; c; z
15.5.10 W2(0)=zl-C(1_z)C-a-1F(a-c+l, I--b; 2-c;

This

z 1)

z~I)=zl-c(1-Z)C-b-1F(b-c+l, I-a; 2-c; z z 1)

15.5.11 Wl(l)=z-aF(a, a-c+l; a+b-c+l; l-z- 1)=z-bF(b, b-c+l; a+b-c+l; l-z- 1)

15.5.12

W2(l)=za- c(1-z)C-a-bF(c-a, I-a; c-a-b+ 1; l-z- 1) =zb- C(I-z) <-a-bF(c-b, I-b; c-a-b+ 1; l-z- 1)
15.5.13

Wl<<D)=(z-I)-aF(a, c-b; a-b+l;: 1 1 J=(Z-I)-bF(b, c-a; b-a+l; 1 1 z)

15.5.14

W2(<D)=zl-C(z_l)c-a-lF (a-c+l, 1-6j a-h+l; 1 1 Z)=Zl-C(Z-I)C-b-1F (b-C+l, I-a; b-a+l;

l~Z)

15.5.3 to 15.5.14 constitute Kummer's 24 solutions of the hypergeometric equation. The analytic continuation of WI ,2(0) (z) can then be obtained by means of 15.3.3 to 15.3.9.
B. One of the numbers a, b, c-a, c-b is an i1~teger. Then one of the hypergeometric series for
instance Wl,2(0)' 15.5.3, 15.5.4 terminates and the corresponding solution is of the form

15.5.15

w=za(l-z)~P.. (z)

where P.. (z) is a polynomial in z of degree n. This case is referred to as the degenerate case of the
hypergeometric differential equation and its solutions are listed and discussed in great detail in [15.2].
O. The number c-a-b is an integer, c nonintegral. Then 15.3.10 to 15.3.12 give the analytic continuation of WI ,2(0) into the neighborhood of Z='1. Similarly 15.3.13 and 15.3.14 give the analytic continuation of Wl.2(0) into the neighborhood of Z= ex> in case a-b is an integer but not c, subject of
course to the further restrictions c-a=O, 1, 2 . . . (For a detailed discussion of all possible
cases, see [15.2]).
D. The number c= 1. Then 15.5.3, 15.fi.4 are replaced by
15.5.16 wl(o)=F(a, bj 1; z)

564

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

(/z/<I)
E.

The number c=m+l, m=l, 2,3, . . .. A fundamental system is

15.S.18 wl(o)=F(a, b; m+l; z)

IS.S.19 w2(o)=F(a, b; m+l; z) In z+t1

(i~~~~~! z"[~(a+n)-~(a)+~(b+n)-~(b)-~(m+I+n)

+~(m+I)-~(n+l)+~(1)l- i: (n-l)!(-m) .. z-..

.. =1

F.

(/z/< 1 and a, b~O, 1, 2, ... (m-l

(l-a)n(I-b) ..

The number c=I-m, m=l, 2, 3, . . .. A fundamental system is

15.5.20

wl(o)=zmF(a+m, b+m; l+m; z)

IS.5.21

w2(0)=zmF(a+m, b+m; l+m; z) In

z+zm~ z.. (a1~~~~~)" [~(a+m+ll)-~(a+m)+~(b+m+n)

-~(b+m)-~(m+l+n)+~(m+l)-~(n+l)+~(I)l-~ (1-~~-~?~~~-~~m) .. zm- ..

(/z/<1 and a, b ~O, -1, -2, ... -em-I))
IS.6. Riemann's Differential Equation

Special Cases of Riemann's P Function

The hypergeometric differential equation IS.S.1

with the (regular) singular points 0, 1, ex> is a
special case of Riemann's differential equation
with three (regular) singular points a, b, c

(a) The generalized hypergeometric function

IS.6.4
1

W=p{:

IS.6.1

z}

a'

(b) The hypergeometric function F(a, b; c;

fi2w [1-a-a' I-fJ-fJ' 1-'Y-'Y'] dw

-+
-dz
dz 2 ---+
z-a
z-b + Z-c

15.6.5

+[aa'(a-b )(a-c) +fJfJ'(b-c)(b-a)

z-a
z-b
+ 'Y'Y'(c-a)(c-b)]
W
z-c
(z-a)(z-b)(z-c)

'Y'

00

c-a-b

(c) The Legendre functions

The pairs of the exponents with respect to the
singular points a; bi c are a, a'; fJ, fJ'; 'Y, 'Y' respectiveJy subject to the condition
IS.6.2

IS.6.3

P~(z), Q~(z)

15.6.6

w=p{ _O!v

a+a' +fJ+fJ' +'Y+"Y' =1

The complete set of solutions of 15.6.1 is denoted

by the symbol

z}

ex>

!+!v
(d) The confluent hypergeometric function
IS.6.7

w~p{ ~+:
l-U

provided lim

C-4OO.

ex>

-c
0

c-k
k

z}

Z)

565

HYPER GEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Transformation F'ormulas for Riemann's P Function

15.6.8

(z-a), (Z-c)'p {:
z-b

z-b

a'

15.6.9

pE

P
P'

"Y

P
P'

l'

z}~p{ .:k

"Y'

z}~pE

"Y'

a'+k

bl

Cl

P
P'

"Y

P-k-l

"Y+l

P'-k-l

1"

z}

+l

zj

1"

where

and A, B, 0, D are arbitrary constants such that AD-BO:O.

Riemann's P function reduced to the hypergeometric function is
c
15.6.11

P {:
a'

l'

P'

z-a)'"
=
( z-b

~ (z-a)(c-b)
}
(z-b)(c-a)

(Z-C)Y
P { 00
z-b
-

a'-a

1" -1'

The P function on the right hand side is Gauss' hypergeometric function (see 15.6.5). If it is replaced
by Kummer's 24 solutions 15.5.3 to 15.5.14 the complete set of 24 solutions for Riemann's differential
equation 15.6.1 is obtained. The first of these solutions is for instance by 15.5.3 and 15.6.5

15.7. ASYDlptotic Expansions

15.7.2

The behavior of F(a, b; c; z) for large Izl is

described by the transformation formulas of 15.3.
For fixed a, b, z and large

lei

F(a, b; c; z)=e-h"'[r(c)/r(c-a)] (bz)-tJ[1+0(lbzl- 1)]

+[r(c)/r(a)] eb'(bz)a-c[1 +0(lbzl- 1 )]

one has [15.8]

( _3;<arg (bz)<t'll")
15.7.3
F(a, b; c; z)=et ....[r(c)/r(c-a)] (bz)-a[1+0(lbzl- 1 )]

15.7.1
m

F(a,b;c;z)=2:
n=O

(a) (b) zn

n n-+O(lcl- m (c)n n!

For fixed a, c, z, (c:O, -1, -2, . . .

and large Ibl one has [15.2]

+[r(c)/r(a)]e bZ ( bz )a-c[1 +0(1 bzl- 1)]

(-1-'11"< arg (bz)<i'll")

,0<1.:1<1)

For the case when more than one of the parameters are large consult [15.2].

References
l15.1) P. Appell and J. Kampe de Feriet, Fonctions hyper-

geometriques et hyperspheriques
Villars, Paris, France, 1926).

(Gauthiers-

[15.2) A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,

vol. 1 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,

N.Y., 1953).
[15.3) E. Goursat, Ann. Sci. ~cole Norm. Sup (2) 10,
3-142(1881).

[15.4] E.

Goursat, Proprietes generales de l'equation

d'Euler et de Gauss (Actualites scientifiques et
industrielles 333, Paris, France, 1936).

[15.5) J. Kampe de Feriet, La fonction hypergeometrique

(Gauthiers-Villars, Paris, France, 1937).
[15.6) F. Klein, Vorlesungen iiber die hypergeometrische

Funktion (B. G. Teubner, Berlin, Germany,

1933).

566

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

[15.7] E. E. Kummer, tJber die hypergeometrische Reihe,

J. Reine Angew. Math. 15, 39-83, 127-172(1836).
[15.8J T. M. MacRobert, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 42,
84-88(1923) .
[15.9] T. M. MacRobert, Functions of a complex variable,
4th ed. (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London,
England, 1954).
[15.10] E. G. C. Poole, Introduction to the theory of linear
differential equations (Clarendon Press, Oxford,
England, 1936).

[15.11] C. Snow, The hypergeometric and Legendre functions with applications to integral equations of
potential theory, Applied Math. Series 19 (U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
1952).
[15.12] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1952).

16. Jacobian Elliptic Functions and Theta

Functions
L. M.

MILNE-THOMSON 1

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.2. Classification of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions.
16.3. Relation of the Jacobian Functions to the Copolar Trio .
16.4. Calculation of the Jacobian Functions by Use of the Arith16.5.
16.6.
16.7.
16.8.
16.9.
16.10.
16.11.
16.12.
16.13.
16.14.
16.15.
16.16.
16.17.
16.18.
16.19.
16.20.
16.21.
16.22.
16.23.
16.24.
16.25.
16.26.
16.27.
16.28.
16.29.
16.30.
16.31.
16.32.

metic-Geometric Mean (A.G.M.) .

Special Arguments . . . . . . . .
JacobhLll Functions when m=O or 1 .
Principal Terms . . . . . . . . .
Change of Argument . . . . . . .
Relations Between the Squares of the Functions
Change of Parameter.. . . . . . . . . . . .
Reciprocal Parameter (Jacobi's Real Transformation) .
Descending Landen Transformation (Gauss' Transformation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Approximation in Terms of Circular Functions. .
Ascending Landen Transformation . . . . . . .
Approximation in Terms of Hyperbolic Functions
Derivatives . . . .
Addition Theorems.
Double Arguments .
Half Arguments . .
Jacobi's Imaginary Transformation ..
Complex Arguments . . . . . . .
Leading Terms of the Series in Ascending Powers of u.
Series :~xpansion in Terms of the Nome q . . . . . .
Integrals of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions. .
Notation for the Integrals of the Squares of the Twelve
Jacobian Elliptic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Integmls in Terms of the Elliptic Integral of the Second
Kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Theta Functions; Expansions in Terms of the Nome q
Relations Between the Squares of the Theta Functions
Logarithmic Derivatives of the Theta Functions . . .
Logarithms of Theta Functions of Sum and Difference
Jacobi's Notation for Theta Functions . . . .
Calculation of Jacobi's Theta Function e(ulm) by Use of
the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean . . . .

569
569
570
570
571
571

571
572
572
573
573

573
573
573
573
574
574
574
574
574
574
575
575
575
575
576
576
576
576
576
577
577
577

1 University of Arizona. (Prepared under contract with the National Bureau of

Standards.)
567

568

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCfIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

Page

16.33. Addition of Quarter-Periods to Jacobi's Eta and Theta

Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.34. Relation of-Jacobi's Zeta Function to the Theta Functions.
16.35. Calculation of Jacobi's Zeta Function Z(ulm) by Use of the
Arithmetic-Geometric Mean . . . .
16.36. Neville's Notation for Theta Functions
16.37. Expression as Infinite Products.
16.38. Expression as Infinite Series . .
Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . .

16.39. Use and Extension of the Tables

577
578
578
578
579
579
579
579

References

581

Table 16.1. Theta Functions .

582

rJs(EO\aO) , .Jsec a rJc(E,:\aO)

rJ n(EO\aO), .Jsec a rJd(E~\aO)
a=OO(5)85, E, El=OO(5)90,

9-10D

Table 16.2. Logarithmic Derivatives of Theta Functions

584

du In rJ.(U)-f(EO\aO)

d
du In rJc(u)=-f(E,:\aO)
d
du In rJn(U)=g(EO\aO)

d:

In

rJd(U)=-g(E~\aO)

a=OO(5)85, E, El=OO(5)900,

5-6D

The author wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to his friend, the late Professor
E. H. Neville, for invaluable assistance in reading and criticizing the manuscript. Professor Neville generously supplied material from his own work and was responsible for many
improvements in matter and arrangement.
The author's best thanks are also due to David S. Liepman and Ruth Zucker for the
preparation and checking of the tables and graphs.

16. Jacobian Elliptic Functions and Theta Functions

Mathematical Properties
Jacobian Elliptic Functions
16.1. Introduction

A doubly periodic meromorphic function

called an elliptic function.
Let m, ml be numbers such that

IS

m+ml=1.

We call m the parameter, ml the complementary

parameter.
In what follows we shall assume that the parameter m is a real number. Without loss of generality we can then suppose that O:$m:$l (see
16.10, 16.11).
We define quarter-periods K and iK' by
16.1.1

K(m)=K=

i.

/2

(l-m ~n2(J)1/2'

.,

., '1:"/

~K (m)=~K =~

(1 -mldB
. 2 1l)1/2
SIn
(l

so that K and K' are real numbers. K is called

the real, iK' the imaginary quarter-period.
We note that
16.1.2

K(m)=K'(ml)=K'(l-m).

We also note that if anyone of the numbers m,

mh K(m) , K' (m) , K'(m)fK(m) is given, all the
rest are determined. Thus K and K' ca,n not
both be chosen arbitrarily.
In the Argand diagram denote the point!! 0, K,
K+iK', iK' by s, c, d, n respectively. These
points are at the vertices of a rectangle. The
translations of this rectangle by )J(, p.iK', where
X, p. are given all integral values positive or negative, will lead to the lattice
.s
.n
.s
.n

.C

.d
.c
.d

.s
.n
.s
.n

.c
.d
.c
.d

the pattern being repeated indefinitely on all

sides.

Let p, q be any two of the letters s, c, d, n.

Then p, q determine in the lattice a minimum
rectangle whose sides are of length K and K' and
whose vertices s, c, d, n are in counterclockwise
order.
Definition

The Jacobian elliptic function pq u is defined by

the following three properties.
(i) pq u has a simple zero at p and a simple
pole at q.
(ii) The step from p to q is a half-period of pq u.
Those of the numbers K, iK', K+iK' which differ
from this step are only quarter-periods.
(iii) The coefficient of the leading term in the
expansion of pq u in ascending powers of u about
u=o is unity. With regard to (iii) the leading
term is u, l/u, 1 according as u=O is a zero, a
pole, or an ordinary point.
Thus the functions with a pole or zero at the
origin (Le., the functions in which one letter is s)
are odd, and the others are even.
Should we wish to call explicit attention to the
value of the parameter, we write pq (ulm) instead
of pq u.
The Jacobian elliptic functions can also be
defined with respect to certain integrals. Thus if
16.1.3

the angle rp is called the amplitude

16.1.4

rp=am u

and we define
16.1.5

sn u=sin rp, cn u=cos rp,

dn u=(l-m sin 2 rp)1/2=t:.(rp).
Similarly all the functions pq u can be expressed
in terms of rp. This second set of definitions,
although seemingly different, is mathematically
equivalent to the definition previously given in
terms of a lattice. For further explanation of
notations, including the interpretation, of such
expressions assn (rp\a) , cn (ulm), dn (u, k), see 17.2.
569

570

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

16.2. Classification of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions

According to Poles and Half-Periods

Pole

Pole

Pole

Pole

iK'

K+iK'

Half period iK'

sn u

cd u

dc u

ns u

Periods 2iK', 4K+4iK', 4K

Half period K+iK'

cn u

sd u

nc u

ds u

Periods 4iK', 2K+2iK', 4K

Half period K

dn u

nd u

sc u

cs u

Periods 4iK', 4K+4iK', 2K

The three functions in a vertical column are

copolar.
The four functions in a horizontal line are
coperiodic. Of the periods quoted in the last line
of each row only two are independent.

1.5

,I

/r
: '/
dcu Xi
,/ V
cs u\

1.0

csu \

"'.......

_.

/\...

.5

\~u

SCUj

"

\"

..........

or------,.-------7--------f.--------r-I~K
.

-.5

K\

" SGu/
'. I

". i

'.i

-1.0

I.

~'\,

\~nu

-1.5

'\""

"'.

FIGURE

16.1.

,.

FIGURE

16.3.

Jacobian eUiptic junctions

sc u, cs u, cd u, dc u

Jacobian eUiptic junctions

sn u, cn u, dn u

m=2

m=2
The curve for on (ull) is the boundary between those
which have an inflexion and those which have not.

16.3. Relation of the Jacobian Functions to the

Copolar Trio sn u, en u, dn u
16.3.1

2.5

cnu
cdu=-dnu
sn u

2.0

1.5

1.0
5

1
nsu=--snu

16.3.2 sdu=d
nu

nc u=--cnu

dnu
dsu=-sn u

1
16.3.3 ndu=--

snu
scu=-cnu

cs

dnu

Or-------;.K--------Z~K--------3~K--------4~K--U
-.5

dnu
dcu=-enu
1

cnu
u=--snu

And generally if p, q, r are any three of the letters

s, c, d, n,

-1.0

1.5

2.0

FIGURE

16.2.

Jacobian eUiptic junctions

ns u, ne u, nd u
1
m=-2

16.3.4

Pru
pqu=qru

provided that when two letters are the same, e.g.,

pp u, the corresponding function is put equal to
unity.

571

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

16.4. Calculation of the Jacobian Functions by

Use of the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean
(A.G.M.)
For the A. G.M. scale see 17.6.
To calculate sn (ulm), en (ulm), and dn (ulm)
form theA.G.M. scale starting with

and then compute successively 'PN-I, 'PN-2,

'PI! 'Po from the recurrence relation

"

16.4.3
Then
16.4.4

16.4.1
terminating at the step N when eN is negligible to
the accuracy required. Find 'PN in degrees where

SIl

(ulm) =sin 'Po, cn (ulm) =cos 'Po

dn (ulm)=

cos I{)o .
cos ('PI-I{)O)

From these all the other functions can be determined.

16.4.2

16.Si. Special Arguments

cn u

sn u

..

dn u

16.5.1

16.5.2

!K

(1

16.5.3

16.5.4

l(iK')

im- l /4

(l

16.5.5

l(K+iK')
2

2- 1/2m- 1/ 4 [(1 +m1l1)!/'

16.5.6

K+!(iK')
2

m-1I4

16.5.7

iK'

<Xl

<Xl

16.5.8

!K+iK'
2

(1- mI1l2)-il~

_.(~y2

-im1 1l4

16.5.9

K+iK'

m-1I1

-i(ml/m)1I2

I
ml l/4

+ml'")1/1

(I

+mllll) ill

mill.

+mill)!/.
ml/4

(:

+i(I- mill) 111]

ml 1l4

y4 (I-i)

_ . (I-mlll)1/1
l
mill

(1

( ml y4 [(1
4

<Xl

I-ml"

m=O

'See page n.

m=1

cn (1.6 m)
dn (ulm)

(ulm)

sin 1.6
cos u
1

tanh u
sech u
sech u

16.6.4
16.6.5
16.6.6

cd (ulm)
sd (ulm)
nd (ulm)

cos 1.6
sin u
1

1
sinh u
cosh u

16.6.7
16.6.8
16.6.9

de (u.lm)
Ill} (u m)
se (ulm)

sec u
sec u
tan u

I
cosh u
sinh u

16.6.10
16.6.11
16.6.12

nn (u/m)
dll (u m)
cs (ulm)

csc

cscu

coth 1.6
csch u
csch u

16.6.13

am (ulm)

1.6

Sll

cot

1.6
1.6

gd

1.6

+mlil.) lIS

(I-ml/l)l/"

16.6. Jacobian Functions when m=O or 1

16.6.1
16.6.2
16.6.3

+mill) ill
-i(1_ mI 1/2)1I1)

<:l1
a..J

16.7. Principal Term.s

tv

When the elliptic function pq u is expanded in ascending powers of (u-Kr), where Kr is one of
0, K, iK', K+iK', the first term of the expansion is called the principal term and has one of the
forms A, BX (u-Kr) , C-+-(u-Kr) according as Kr is an ordinary point, a zero, or a pole of pq u.
The following list gives these forms, where X means that the factor (u--Kr) has to be supplied
and -+- means that the divisor (u-Kr) has to be supplied.
Kr=

16.7.1

sn u

IX

16.7.2
16.7.3
16.7.4
16.7.5
16.7.6

en u

dnu
edu

I
I

sd u

IX

ndu

deu

ne u

se u
ns u
ds u
es u

IX
I-+-

16.7.7
16.7.8
16.7.9
16.7.10
16.7.11
16.7.12

iK'
m- I/2-+-im-I/2-+-

I
-m1 1l2 X
. ml 1l2
-IX
ml- l /2
ml- l /2

1+

I-+-

K+iK'

m- l /2

l:7j

iX

-i (:IY/2
iml1l2X
-m-1I2 -+I
-i----'(mmJ)I/2 .
- im l- I/2-+-

-1+

ml/2

-ml /2X

-ml- 1I2 +
-ml- I/2+
I
ml l /2
-ml 1/2X

iml/2X

i (:J/2
iml- 1I2
ml/2
i(mml)I/2X
-im11l2

-i-+m-I/2
im- I/2

i
ml/2X
-iml/2
-i

~
t"'.!

('1

~
.....
o

!?:
rJl

t:l

16.8. Change of Argum.ent

u

16.8.1
16.8.2
16.8.3
16.8.4
16.8.5
16.8.6

sn
en
dn

sn u
en u
dn u

cd
sd
nd

cd u
sd u
nd u

16.8.7
16.8.8
16.8.9

de
ne
se

16.8.10
16.8.11
16.8.12

ns
ds
es

-u

- sn u
en u
dn u

u+K

cd u
-mll/2sd u
mil/2nd u

u-K

K-u

u+2K

u-2K

2K-u

u+iK'

u+2iK'

u+K+iK'

u+2K
+2iK'

- cd u
mll/2sd u
mil/2nd u

cd u
mll/2sd u
mil/2nd u

-sn u
-en u
dn u

-sn u
-enu
dn u

sn u
-enu
dn u

m- 1/2ns u
-im- 1/2ds u
-ies u

sn u
-enu
-dnu

m- 1/2de u
-imI 1/2m- 1/2ne u
imll/2se u

-sn u
en u
-dnu

-edu
sd u
nd u

m- I/2de u
im- I/2ne u
ise u

cd u
-sd u
-ndu

-m- I/2ns u
-edu
-iml-I/2m- I/2ds u
sd u
-iml-I/2es u
-ndu

-de u
-ne u
se u

-de u
-ne u
-se u

ml/2ed u
iml/2sd u
ind u

~ne

de u
u
-se u

-ml/2sn u
iml-l/2ml/2en u
iml-1/2dn u

-de u
ne u
-se u

-ns u
-dsu
es u

ns u
ds u
-es u

m1/2sn u
--im1/2en u
-idnu

ns u
-ds u
-esu

m 1l2ed u
imll/'m1/'sd u
--imll/'nd u

-ns u
ds u
-es u

cd u
-sdu
nd u

-snu
ml-1/2en u
ml- I/2dn u

sn u
-ml-I/2en u
ml- I/2dn u

sn u
ml-1/2en u
ml- I/2dn u

-edu
-sdu
nd u

-edu
-sd u
nd u

de u
ne u
se u

de u
ne u
-seu

-nsu
-ml-I/2ds u
- ml- 1/2es u

ns u
ml-1/2ds u
- ml-1/2es u

ns u
ml-I/2ds u
ml- 1/2es u

-deu
-ne u
se u

ns u
ds u
es u

-ns u
-ds u
-es u

de u
mll/'ne u
-mI1/2se u

-de u
-ml1l2ne u
-mI1/2se u

de u
mll/'ne u
mll/2se u

-nsu
-ds u
es u

0-3

>

573

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

16.9. Relations Between the Squares of the

Functions

16.12.1

then

16.9.3

an (ulm)

16.12.3

cn (u Im) =

16.9.4
In using the above results remember that
m+ml=1.
If pq u, rt u are any two of the twelve func:tions,
one entry expresses tq 2u in terms of pq21:t and
another expresses qt2u in terms of rt2u. Since
tq 2U ' qt2u= 1, we can obtain from the tablle the
bilinear relation between pq 2u and rt2u. Thus
for the functions cd u, sn u we have
16.9.5

nd2u=

1-m cd 2u
2
2
I dn u= 1- m sn u
ml

and therefore
16.9.6

(l-m cd 2u)(1-m sn 2u}=ml.

16.10. Change of Parameter

(1+~1I2}sn (vl~)

16.12.2

1+1J.1I2 sn2 (vl~)

cn (vl~) dn (vl~)
~~";-.....,,..-;---;-'--:1 ~1/2 sn 2 (vl~)

16.12.4
Note that successive applications can be made
conveniently to find sn (ulm) in terms of sn (vl~)
and dn (ulm) in terms of dn (vl~), but that the
calculation of cn (ulm) requires all three functions.
16.13. Approximation in Terms of Circular
Functions
When the parameter m is so small that we may
neglect m2 and higher powers, we have the
approxima tions
16.13.1
sn (ulm) :::::sin u-i m(u-sin u cos u) cos u

Negative Parameter

If m is a positive number, let

u
16.10.1 ~=I+m' ~l=l+m' v= ~lt
m

16.10.2

sn (ul-m}=~ltsd (vl~)

16.10.3

en (ul-m}=cd (vl~)

16.10.4

dn (ul-m}=nd (vl~).

16.11. Reciprocal Parameter (Jacobi's Real

Transformation)
16.11.1
16.11.2

sn (ulm) =~1I2sn

(vl~)

16.11.3

cn (ulm) =dn (vl~)

16.11.4

dn (ulm}=cn (vl~)

Here if m>l then m-l=~<1.

Thus elliptic functions whose parameter iB real
can be made to depend on elliptic functions whose
parameter lies between 0 and 1.
16.12. Descending Landen Transformation
(Gauss' Transformation)
To decrease the parameter, let

16.13.2
cn (ulm) ~cos u+i m(u-sin u cos u) sin u
16.13.3

dn (ulm) ~ 1-~ m sin2 u

16.13.4 am (ulm) ~u-~ m(u-sin u cos u).

One way of calculating the Jacobian functions
is to use Landen's descending transformation to
reduce the parameter sufficiently for the above
formulae to become applicable. See also 16.14.
16.14. Ascending Landen Transformation
To increase the parameter, let

cn (vl~)
16142 sn (u Im) -- (1 +~l 1/2) sn (vl~)
dn (vl~)
16.14.3
16.14.4

1 +~11/2 dn 2(vl~} -

~11/2

1- ~11/2 dn 2 (vl~)

+~11/2

cn (ulm)=-~-

dn (ulm}=-~-

dn (vl~)

dn (vl~)

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

,574

Note that, when successive applications are to

be made, it is simplest to calculate dn (ulm) since
this is expressed always in terms of the same function. The calculation of cn (ulm) leads to that of
dn (vl~).
The calculation of sn (ulm) necessitates the
evaluation of all three functions.
16.15. Approximation in Terms of Hyperbolic
Functions

When the parameter m is so close to unity that

m1 2 and higher powers of ml can be neglected we
have the approximations
16.15.1

sn (ulm) ~tanh U+iml (sinh u cosh u-u) sech2 u

16.15.2

cn (ulm) ~sech u

-i

ml (sjnh u cosh u-u) tanh u sechu

16.17. Addition Theorems

16.17.1 sn(u+v)

sn ucn vdn v+sn vcn udn u

I-m sn 2usn 2v

16.17.2 cn(u+v)

cn u cn v-sn u dn u sn v dn v
I-m sn2u'sn Zv
dnudnv-msnucnusnv cm)
I-msn2u sn2v

16.17.3 dn (u+v)

Addition theorems are derivable one from

another and are expressible in a great variety of
forms. Thus ns(u+v) comes from I/sn(u+v) in the
form (l-msn 2usn 2v) / (sn ucn vdn v+sn vcnudn u)
from 16;17.1.
Alternatively ns(u+v)=m1/ 2sn {(iK'-u)-v}
which again from 16.17.1 yields the form (ns u cs v dsu
-ns v cs uds v)/(ns2 u-ns 2 v).
The function pq(u+v) is a rational function of
the four functions pq u, pq v, pq'u, pq'v.
16.18. Double Arguments

16.15.3

16.18.1 sn 2u
2sn u . cn u . dn u 2sn u cn u . dn u

dn (ulm) ""sech u
+1 ml (sinh u cosh u+u) tanh u sech u

16.18.2 cn 2u

16.15.4

cn 2u-sn2u . dn2u cn2u-sn2u . dn2u

cn2u+sn2u. dn2u
l-msn4.u

am (ulm) ""gd u+i ml (sinh u cosh u-u) sech u.

Another way of calculating the Jacobian functions is to use Landen's ascending transformation
to increase the parameter sufficiently for the above
formulae to become applicable. See also 16.13.

16.18.3 dn 2u
dn 2u-msn 2u.cn 2 u dn2u+cn 2u(dn2u-l)
l-msn 4u
dn 2u-cn 2u(dn 2u-I)
16.18.4

16.16. Derivatives
Funetion

16.18.5

Derivative

I-cn 2u sn2u dn 2u
I+cn 2u
cn2u
I-dn 2u
I+dn 2u
16.19. Half Arguments

16.16.1
16.16.2
16.16.3

sn u
en u
dn u

en u dn u
-sn u dn u
-m sn u en u

Pole n

16.19.1

2
I-cn u
sn tu I+dn u

16.16.4
16.16.5
16.16.6

cd u
sd u
nd u

-ml sd u nd u
cd u nd u
msduedu

Pole d

16.19.2

21 _dn u+cn u
cn"2"u- I+dn u

16.16.7
16.16.8
16.16.9

de u
ne u
se u

ml se u ne u
se u de u
de u ne u

Pole e

16.19.3

16.16.10
16.16.11
16.16.12

ns u
ds u
es u

-ds u es u
-esunsu
-nsudsu

21

dn"2" u

ml+dn u+mcn u
I+dn u

16.20. Jacobi's Imaginary Transformation

Pole s

Note that the derivative is proportional to the

product of the two copolar functions.

16.20.1

sn(iulm)=isc(ulml)

16.20.2

cn(iulm)=nc(ul ml)

16.20.3

dn(iulm)=dc(ul ml)

575

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

16.23.6

16.21. Co:mplex Argu:ments

With the abbreviations

16.21.1
s=sn(xlm), c=en(xlm), d=dn(xlm), sl=sn(ylml),

el = en (yl ml), d l = dn (yl ml)

16.21.2

sdl+icdslel
2 S21
el2+ ms

sn(x+~ylm)

dc (ulm)=2K sec v
2~ ..
n
+K ~ (-1) 1

n-o

t n+2n+I cos (2n+1)v

1

-q

16.23.8
~

.
e,cl-isd.sld l
16.21.3 en(x+~yl m) =
e~+ms2. s~
16.21.4

2~

nd (ulm) =2 m 1/2K+ m 1/2K~

(-1)n 1 +n2"COS
2nv
n-I
~
1
1
16.23.7

ne (ulm)=2m~/2Ksecv
2~"

'1 )
dn (+
x ~y m

dCld1-imsesl
2 SI2
e2+
ms
1

sc (ulm)=2m~I2K tan v
211""

'1.3

sn(ulm)=u-(l+m) 3!+(1+14m+m 2) 5!

q2n

(-1) 1+ q211 sm2nv

ml1/2K~
n=1

16.23.10
7

n-O

16.23.9

16.22. Leading Terms of the Series in Ascending

Powers ofu
16.22.1

-(1+135m+135m +m ) i,+ .

16.22.2
'1.2

n ifn+l
1/2K~ (-1) 1+ 2n+1 cos (2n+1)v

ml

'1.4

cn(ul m)=1-2 ! +(1+4m) 4!

~
211" co
q211+1
ns (ulm)=2K csc v-K ~ 1_ q2n+l sin (2n+1)v
16.23.11
~
211""
q211+I .
ds (ulm)=2K csc v- K ~ 1 +q211+I sm (2n+1)v

16.23.12

_ ~
2~ ~
rin.
'
es (ulm)-2Kcotv-K ~1+q2nSm2nv

16.22.3
'1.2

16.24. Integrals of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic

Functions

'1.4

dn(ulm)=l-m 2!+m(4+m) 4!
'1.6

- m(16+44 m+ m 2) 6!

+ ...

No formulae are known fOJ; the general eoefficients in these series.

16.23. Series Expansions in Terms of the Nome
q=e-rK'IK and the Argument v=7ru/(2Ft)
1623 1

~ qn+I/2 sl'n (2rt+1)v

sn (ulm) -- 27r
1 2n+l
'
m 1/2K.4....J
n=O-q

16.23.2

211"
.. qn+1/2
en (ulm)= 1/2K~ 1+ 2n+1 cos (2n+1)v
m

n=O

7r 27r"
qn
16.23.3 dn (ulm)=2K+K ~ 1+q2n cos 2nv
16.23.4
.. (-1) nqn+1/2
_ 27r
cd(ulm)- 1/2K~ 1 2n+I eos(2n+1)v

n=O

-q

16.23.5

sd(ulm)

.,

n qn+l/2 .
(mml)1/2K~(-1) 1 + q2n+I sm (2n+l)v
2~

16.24.1

fsn

16.24.2

fen

16.24.3

du=m- 1/2 In (dn u-ml/2en

'1.
'1.

'1.)

du=m- 1/2 arccos (dn '1.)

fdn

'1.

du=arcsin (snu)

16.24.4

fed

'1.

du=m- 1/2 ln (nd u+m l12sd

16.24.5

fsd

'1.

du= (mml)-1/2 arcsin (-m1/ 2cd

16.24.6

fnd

16.24.7

'1.

fdc

du=ml-1/2 arceos (cd

'1.

du=ln (nc u+sc

'1.)
'1.)

'1.)

'1.)

16.24.8 fne '1. du=mi l/2 ln (de u+mt /2gc '1.)

16.24.9 fse '1. du=m11/2 ln (dc u+m{12ne '1.)
16.24.10

fns

16.24.11

f ds '1. du=ln (ns u-cs '1.)

f cs '1. du=ln (ns u-ds '1.)

16.24.12

'1.

du=ln (ds u-cs

'1.)

In numerical use of the above table certain restrictions must be put on '1. in order to keep the
arguments of the logarithms positive and to avoid

576

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

trouble with many-valued inverse circular functions.

16.25. Notation for the Integrals of the Squares
of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions
16.25.1

Pq u=

16.25.2

Psu=

pq 2t dt when

q~s

So" (pq2t-~)dt-~
Examples

Cdu= i

U
cd 2t dt,Ns u= iU(ns2t-~)dt-~

16.26. Integrals in Terms of the Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind (see 17.4)

mSn 1.l=-E(u)+u

16.26.1

mCn u=E(u) -m,u

16.26.2

16.27.4
tJ 4 (z, q)=tJ 4(z)=1+2 (_I)nqn2 cos 2riz
11=1

Theta functions are important because every

one of the Jacobian elliptic functions can be expressed as the ratio of two theta functions.
See 16.36.
The notation shows these functions as depending on the variable z and the nome q, /q/<l.
In this case, here and elsewhere, the convergence
is not dependent on the trigonometrical terms.
In their relation to the Jacobian elliptic functions,
we note that the nome q is given by

where K and iK' are the quarter periods. Since

Pole n

q=q(m) is determined when the parameter m is

16.26.3

Dn u=E(u)

given, we can also regard the theta functions as

dependent upon m and then we write

16.26.4

mCd u=-E(u)+u+msn u cd u

tJa(z, q) =tJa(z/m), a= 1, 2, 3, 4

16.26.5

but when no ambiguity is to be feared, we write

mm,Sd u=E(u) -m,u-msn u cd u

16.26.6

miNd u=E(u)-msn u cd u

16.26.7

De u=-E(u)+u+sn u de u

Pole d

16.26.8

miNe u=-E(u)+mlu+sn u de u
16.26.9

miSe u=-E(u)+sn u de u

16.26.10

Ns u=-E(u)+u-cn u ds u

Pole c

The above notations are those given in Modern

Analysis [16.6].
There is a bewildering variety of notations, for
example the function tJ.(z) above is sometimes
denoted by tJo(z) or tJ(z); see the table given in
Modern Analysis [16.6]. Further the argument
u=2Kz/7r is frequently used so that in consulting
books caution should be exercised.
16.28. Relations Between the Squares of the
Theta Functions

16.26.11

Ds u=-E(u)+m,u-cn u ds u
16.26.12

tJa(z) simply.

Pole s

Cs u=-E(u)-cn u ds u

16.28.1

tJHz)tJHO) =tJ~(z)tJ~(O) -tJ~(z)tJ:(O)

16.28.2

tJHz)tJ;(O) =tJ;(z)tJHO) -tJHz)tJ~(O)

16.28.3

tJHz)tJ:(O) =tJ!(z)t?i(O) -tJHz)tJ~(O)

All the above may be expressed in terms of

Jacobi's zeta function (see 17.4.27).

Z(u) =E(u) - KU' where E=E(K)

16.28.4 tJ!(z)tJ!(O) =tJHz)tJ~(O) -tJl(z)tJ~(O)

16.28.5
16.27. Theta Functions; Expansions in Terms
of the Nome q

Note also the important relation

16.28.6 tJ~ (0) =tJ 2 (0)tJ 3 (0)tJ 4 (0) or tJ~ =tJ 2tJ 3tJ.

16.27.1
CD

tJ l (z, q) =tJ, (z) =2ql/4 L: (_l)n qn(n+1> sin (2n+ l)z

11-0

16.27.2

16.29. Logarithmic Derivatives of' the Theta

Functions

CD

tJ 2 (z, q) =tMz) =2ql/4 L: qn(n+!) cos (2n+l)z

11-0

16.29.1

tJ~ (u)

CD

q2n

fI-1

-q

~() -cot, u+4 ~ 1~ sm 2nu

VI

577

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

16.31. Jacobi's Notation for Theta Functions

16.29.2

t1~(u) =-tan u+4

(_1)n 1 q2n 2n sin 2nu

n=l-q

t12(U)

16.29.3

~~U)=4 t
U

Va

n=1

(-l)n 1 qn,,2n sin 2nu

-'1.

~ sin

TJ~(u) =4

16.29.4

TJiu)

16.31.1 8(ulm)=8(u)=t1 4 (v),

n=11-qn

2nu

q2n

- -1
2n sin 2na sin 2nfJ

nsl n -q

16.30.2
t1 2 (a-i3)

16.31.3

H(ulm)=H(u)=TJ 1(v)
H1(ulm)=H I (u)=t1 2 (v)=H(u+K)

16.32. Calculation of Jacobi's Theta Function

8(ulm) by Use of the Arithmetic-Geometric
Mean

16.32.1
co

In t1 2 (a+i3)

8 1(ulm)=81(u)=TJ a(v)=8(u+K)

Form the A.G.M. scale starting with

In TJ 1 (a+i3) =In s~n (1+13)

TJ I (a-i3)
sm (a-i3)
+4

16.31.2

16.31.4

16.30. Logarithms of Theta Functions of Sum

and Difference
16.30.1

7rU

v=2K

terminating with the Nth step when eN is negligible

to the accuracy required. Find IPN in degrees,
where
16.32.2

In cos (a+i3)
cos (a-i3)
co

(_l)n

n-l

2n

+4 ~ - - 1 q 2n sin 2na sin 2nfJ

-q

16.30.3

and then compute successively lPN-I, IPN-2, . . . ,

IPI, lPo from the recurrence relation
16.32.3

In TJa(a+fJ) =4
(-1)" ~ sin 2 na sin :2ni3
TJ a(a-i3)
n-l n
1_ q2n

Then
16.32.4

16.30.4

In TJ,(a+i3)
TJ,(a-i3)

1 q~n sin 2na sin 2ni3

n-l n - '1.

I} 2m F2K(m)+1
~ u m)=- n
- 1n cos (IPI-'Po)
1n 8(
I 2
2
cos 'Po
1
1
+4'ln sec (2IPo-lPl) +gln sec (2IPI-I{I2) + ...

7r

The corresponding expressions when 13=1"1 are

easily deduced by use of the formulae 4.3.5fi and
4.3.56.

+zN+11n sec (2tpN-I-IPN)

16.33. Addition of Quarter-Periods to Jacobi's Eta and Theta Functions

u

-u

u+K

u+2K

u+iK'

u+2iK'

u+K+iK'

u+2K+2iK'

16.33.l
H(u)

-H(u)

H 1 (u)

-H(u)

iM(u)8(u)

-N(u)H(u)

M(u) 81(U)

N(u)H(u)

HI(u)

-H(u)

-HI(u)

M(u) 81(U)

1V(u)H1(u)

-iM(u)8(u)

-N(u)H 1(u)

81(U)

8(u)

81(U)

M(u)Hl(U)

N(u)81(U)

iM(u)H(u)

N(u) 81(U)

8(u)

81(U)

8(u)

iM(u)H(u)

-N(u)8(u)

M(u)Hl(U)

-N(u)8(u)

16.33.2
HI(u)

16.33.3
81(U)

16.33.4
8(u)

where
M(U)=[ex p (

-;~)J q-l,

N(u)=[exp (

_7r};)Jq-1

H(u) and HI(U) have the period 4K.

81(U) have the period 2K.

8(u) and

2iK' is a quasi-period for all four functions,

that is to say, increase of the argument by 2iK'
multiplies the function by a factor.

578

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

16.34. Relation of Jacobi's Zeta Function to the

Theta Functions

16.34.1

Z(U)=~

2K {}
1

2K

(1I"U)
2K

{}a(u)

8(u+K)
8(u)
8(K)' {}n(u) = 8(0)"

If x, p. are any integers positive, negative, or

zero the points Uo+2>J{+2p.iK' are said to be

Z(u)=()u In 8(u)

{}' (7rU)

16.36.2

congruent to Uo.
{}s(u) has zeros at the points congruent to 0
{}c(u) has zeros at the points congruent to K
t1,,(u) has zeros at the points congruent to iK'

cnudnu
sn u

{}d(U) has zeros at the points congruent to

16.34.2

{}' (1I"U)
2K +dn usnu
2K {} (1I"U)
en u
2K

=~

K+iK'

Thus the suffix secures that the function {}11(U)

has zeros at the points marked p in the introductory diagram in 16.1.2, and the constant by
which Jacobi's function is divided secures that the
leading coefficient of {}11(U) at the origin is unity.
Therefore the functions have the fundamentally
important property that if p, q are any two of the
letters s, c, n, d, the Jacobian elliptic function
pq u is given by

16.34.3

7r

{}' (1I"U)
2K
sn u en u
-m-.-(1I"U)
dn u
2K

--2K {}

16.34.4

pq U= ::~:~.

16.36.3

These functions also have the property

16.35. Calculation of Jacobi's Zeta Function
Z(ulm) by Use of the ArithlIletic-GeOlnetric
Mean

Fonn the A.G.M. scale 17.6 starting with

16.35.1

ao= 1, bo= -J mil Co= {iii

terminating at the Nth step when

to the accuracy required. Find
where

CN

~N

is negligible
in degrees

16.35.2

m,I/4{}C(K-u) = {}. (u)

16.36.5

m,I/4{}d(K-u) ={}n (u),

for complementary arguments u and K-u.

In terms of the theta functions defined in 16.27,
let v=7rU/(2K), then
16.36.6

{}.(u)

2K{}1 (v)

{}2 (v)
tJ~(O)' {}.(u) = {}2(O)

16.36.7

and then compute successively ~N-h ~N-2,

1P1, ~o from the recurrence relation
16.35.3

16.36.4

"'

.-. . . . .

1.2

>.~---~~:.~~~.:.~

. . .-.. . . . . . . .

~;(lr--

:.~~~:.~i-;

///

. (2IPn-l-lPn ) =C-n sIn

SIn
IP".

an

Then

..-

~----~K~\----~~------~------~U

16.35.4
Z(ulm)=clsinlP1+c2sin~+ ... +cNsin~N'

'.5

16.36. Neville's Notation for Theta Functions

-'.0

These functions are defined in terms of Jacobi's

theta functions of 16.31 by
16.36.1

H(u)
{},(u)=R'(O)' ".(u)

H(u+K)
R(K)

-1.2

16.4. Nev1l1e's thetafunctions

{},(u), {}.(u), {},,(u), {}n(u)
1
m=2

FIGURE

579

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

1.0

.5

16.38. Expression as Infinite Series

Let v=7rU/(2K)
\

\
J!..ln..9'n(u) \
du
\
\
____~~____~~____~~_____ ~u
31<\

\
-.5

41<

-1.0

\.

Logarithmif derivatives oj theta

junctions

FIGURE 16.5.
d
du

16.38.1

1r ]

16.38.3 tJd(u)= [ 2K

1/2

""

{1+2 ~ qn cos 2nv}

16.38.4

In tJ.(u) , du In tJn(u)
1

m=2

16.37. Expression as Infinite Products

16.38.5 (2K/1r)1/2=1+2q+2q4+2q9+ ... =tJa(O, q)

q=q(m), v=7rU/(2K)

16.37.1

16
tJ.(u)= ( -qmml

16.37.2
tJc(u)= (

16

)1/6 sin v

m.

eo

cos v IT (1+2q 2ncos2v+q4n)

mm

tJd(u)= ( _ _I
16q

IT (1-2q2n cos 2v+q4n)

(2K'/1r)1/2=1+2ql+2qf+2q!+ . .. =iJa(O, !l!)

n=1

ml/2)1/6

16.37.3

16.38.6
eo

16.38.7

n=l

)1112

ITeo (1+2 q2n-1 cos 2v+tn-. 2)

n-I

16.38.8

16.37.4

m )1112 IT"" (1-2

iJn(U)= ( - - 2
q2n-1 cos 2v+tn- 2)
16qml
n=1

Numerical Methods
16.39. Use and Extension of the Tables
ExalIlple 1. Calculate nc (1.996501.64) to 48.
From Table 17.1, 1.99650=K+.001. From the
table of principal terms
.

P.2=(11 )4 =1O- 6 X7.67

9

which is negligible.
From 16.12.4

ncu=-m11 / 2/(u-K)+ .

nc (K+.001164)

- (36)-1/2
:001 + ...
=_10000+
6
.. .
=-1667+ .. .

and since the next term is of order .001 this value

-1667 is correct to at least 48.
ExalIlple 2. Use the descending Landen transformation to calculate dn (.201.19) to 6D.
Here m=.19, m1'2=.9 and so from 16.12.1
p.

Also

dn(.201.19)

dn2[.191(1~)J-(1-1~) 1
'1

1
1
2
(1+ 19)-dn [.19I (1 9)J;
Now from 16.13.3
dn [.191 (119)J=.999951
whence dn (.201.19)=.996253.
ExalIlple 3. Use the ascending Landen
formation to calculate dn (.201.81) to 5D.
From 16.14.1
( 1 )2
4(.9) 360
P.=(1.9)2=361' P.I= 19

= (l.)2
20 _
19' 1 +p. 1/2_
-19,v-.19.

1 + ,..1
,,1/2_
20,
-19
p.~

is negligible to 4D.

V=21 9 X .20 = .19,

0

Thus

tr~ns

580

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

;)+~

Example 4. Use the ascending Landen transformation to calculate cn (.201.81) to 6D.

Using 16.14.4, we calculate dn (.201.81) and
deduce en (.201.81) from 16.14.3 settling the sign
from Figure 16.1.
As in the preceding example, we reduce the

19 dn2(.191
20
dn (. I.81)=20 X
( 1 360) '
dn .19 361
From 16.15.3

dn(.191~~D=sech (.19)+~X3~1 tanh.19 sech.19

calculation of dn (.201.81) to that of dn ('191

when

[sinh .19 cosh .19+.19]

=

(.187746) (.982218)

dn ('191 ~:D=.982267

[(.191145) (1.01810) + .19]

dn (.201.81)=.984056

.982218+~ X 3!1

.982218+~ X3~1

(.184408)[.384605]

:~~).

cn (.201.81) = .980278.

= .982218+ .000049= .982267.

Thus dn (.201.81) = .98406.
Use the A.G.M. scale to compute dc (.6721.36) to 4D.

Example 5.

From 16.9.6 we have dc2 (.6721.36) =.36+ 1-sn2(~72i.36f

method given in 16.4.
n

We now calculate sn(.6721.36) by the

Form the A.G.M. scale

bn

an

en

sin '1'1'

'l'n

sin (2'1'1'_1 - '1'1')

2'1'1'-1-'1'1'

an

0 1
r .9
2 . 89721
3 . 89721
'1'. =

.6
.8
.6
.89443 . 1
.11111
.89721 .00279 .00311
0
. 89721 0

2 n an u

.65546
1. 2069
2.4117
4. 8234

.60952
.93452
.66679
-.99384

. 10383
.00207
0

.10402
.00207
0

'1'3= 23(.89721) (.672) =4.8234

I~ontinuing

until cn=O to 5D.

Then complete as indicated in 16.4 to find l{io and so sn u and hence dc u,
l{io=.65546

sn u=.60952

dc u=1.1740.

Example 6. Use the A.G.M. scale to compute 8(.61.36) to 5D.

We use the method explained in 16.32 with ao=l, bo=.8, co=.6.

Computing the A.G.M. as explained in 17.6, we find

(For values of
n

0
1
2
3

'1',.

.58803
1. 0780
2. 1533
4. 3066

an,

bm

Cn,

sin "'"

.55472
. 88101
.83509
-.91879

see Example 5.)

sin (2'1',.-1 - '1',.)

.09789
.00260
0

2""'-1-'1'1'

.09805
,00260
0

sec (2""'-1- ""')

1. 0048
1.
1.

:md then complete the calculation outlined in 16.32 to give

In 8(ulm) =-.05734+.02935+.00120
=-.02679
8(ulm) =.97357.
The series expansion for 8 is preferable.

1
2n+11n sec (2";"-1- <Pa)

.00120
0
0

581

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

Example 7. Use the q-series to compute

cs (.53601 621.09).
Here we use the series 16.23.12, K= 1.60804 862,
q=.00589 414, v=;~=~radians or 30.

~.(300\45)= .59128

(sec
Therefore
sc

is negligible to 8D, we have t.o 7D

Since
cs (.53601 621.09)
71"
00 271"{ q2 . 6
=2K cot 3 -K l+q2 sm 0

o}

45)t~c(300\45)= 1.02796.

(.618021.5)=1~;~29~

(sec 45 o )t

=.68402.

=(.976833852)(1.73205081)

Example 10. Find sn (.753421.7) by inverse

interpolation in Table 17.5.
This method is explained in chapter 17, Example

-3.90733541[(.000034740)(.86602.5404)]

7.
Example 11. Find u, given that cs (ul.5)=.75.
From 16.9.4 we have

=1.6918083.
Example 8. Use theta functions to compute
sn (.618021.5) to 5D.

and
sn (ul.5)=.8.

sin2 01.=1/2, 01.=45.

We have therefore replaced the problem by

that of finding u given sn (ulm), where misknown.
If cp=am u

Thus
~.(300\45)

11 n (30\45)
.59128
1.04729 = .56458

sin cp=sn u and so

from Table 16.1.

Example 9. Use theta functions to compute
sc (.618021.5) to 5D.
As in the preceding exam pIe
EO=300, 01.=45
so that
sc (.6180215)

2U

sn 2 (ul5)=.64

.61802 X 90 =30
1.85407

sn (.618021.5)

l+cs

Thus

Here K(!)=1.85407
EO

sn 2 U=

cp=.9272952 radians or'53.1301O.

From Table 17.5,

u=F(53.130100\ 45) = .99391.

Alternatively, starting with the above value of

cp we can use the A.G.M. scale to calculate F(cp\a)
as explained in 17.6. This method is to be preferred if more figures are required, or if 01. differs
from a tabular value in Table 17.5.

~.(300\45)

~c(300\450)'

We use Table 16.1 to give

References
Texts

Tables

[16,1) A. Erdelyi et aI., Higher transcendental functions,

vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y.,1953).
[16,2) L. V, King, On the direct numerical calculation of
elliptic functions and integrals (Camhridge
Univ. Prl)ss, Cambridge, England, 1924).
[16.3) W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger, Formulns and
theorems for the special functions of mathematical physics (Chelsea Publishing Co., New
York, N,Y" 1949).
[16.41 E. H. Neville, Jacobian emptic functions, :2d ed.
(Oxford Univ. Press, London, England, 1951).
[16.5) F. Tricomi, Elliptische Funktionen (Akademische
VeriagsgeseUIi'chaft, Leipzig, Germany, 1948) .
[16.6) E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A cou.rse of
modern analysis, chs, 20, 21, 22, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).

[16.7) E. P. Adams and R. L. Hippisley, Smithsonian

mathematical formulae and tables of elliptic
functions, 3d reprint (The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1957).
[16,8) J. Hoiiel, Recueil de formules et de tables numeriques (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, France, 1901).
[16.9) E. Jahnke and F, Emde, Tables of functions, 4th
ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1945),
[16.10) L. M. Milne-Thomson, Die elliptischen Funktionen
von Jacobi (Julius Springer, Berlin, Germany,
1931).
[16.11) L. M. Milne-Thomson, Jacobian elliptic function
tables (Dover Publications, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1956).
[16.12) G. W. and R. M. Spenceley, Smithsonian elliptic
function tables, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, vol. 109 (Washington, D.C., 1947).

582

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

THETA FUNCTIONS

Tuh) .. 16.]

tJs (e\a)

e\cx.
o'

0'

5'

10'

15'

20'

25'

aiEl
90 .

5
10
15
20

0.00000
0.08715
0.17364
0.25881
0.34202

0000
5743
8178
9045
0143

0.00000
0.08732
0.17397
0.25931
0.34267

0000
1966
9362
2677
2476

0.00000
0.08782
0.17497
0.26080
0.34464

0000
4152
9967
4191
3695

0.00000
0.08867
0.17667
0.26332
0.34797

0000
3070
1584
6099
7361

0.00000
0.08988
0.17909
0.26693
0.35274

0000
7414
1708
4892
9211

0.00000
0.09149
0.18229
0.27171
0.35907

0000
5034
6223
4833
2325

25
30
35
40
45

0.42261
0.50000
0.57357
0.64278
0.70710

8262
0000
6436
7610
6781

0.42342
0.50095
0.57467
0.64401
0.70845

4343
3708
0526
3768
5688

0.42586
0.50383
0.57797
0.64772
0.71253

0446
6358
7994
1085
4820

0.42998
0.50871
0.58357
0.65399
0.71944

1306
3952
6134
8067
3681

0.43588
0.51570
0.59159
0.66299
0.72935

2163
1435
9683
9145
6053

0.44370
0.52497
0.60225
0.67495
0.74253

5382
0857
0597
6130
3161

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

0.76604
0.81915
0.86602
0.90630
0.93969

4443
2044
5404
7787
2621

0.76750
0.82071
0.86767
0.90803
0.94148

5843
4821
7668
6964
5546

0.77192
0.82544
0.87267
0.91326
0.94691

5893
2256
6562
9273
1395

0.77941
0.83345
0.88115
0.92214
0.95611

4712
4505
1505
2410
4956

0.79016
0.84496
0.89332
0.93489
0.96935

4790
1783
9083
7610
0025

0.80446
0.86028
0.90955
0.95189
0.98700

5863
0899
1166
9199
0216

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

0.96592
0.98480
0.99619
1.00000

5826
7753
4698
0000

0.96776
0.98668
0.99809
1.00190

8848
6836
5528
8098

0.97334
0.99237
1.00384
1.00768

6839
4367
9133
3786

0.98281
1.00202
1.01361
1.01748

0311
5068
2807
5224

0.99642
1.01591
1.02766
1.03158

3213
0350
2527
9925

1.01458
1.03444
1.04641
1.05041

4761
0908
6011
7974

15
10
5
0

0000
- 0.00000
0.09914 2353
0.19754 9961
0.29449 2321
0.38924 7478

0.00000
0.10287
0.20501
0.30564
0.40405

0000
9331
0420
8349
4995

0.00000
0.10740
0.21405
0.31918
0.42204

0000
5819
3194
5434
9614

0.00000
0.11291
0.22506
0.33569
0.44403

0000
2907
4618
3043
4769

90
85
80
75
70

eV~

30'

40'

35

45'

alE 1

55'

50'

85
80
75
70

0'
5
10
15
20

0.00000
0.09353
0.18636
0.27778
0.36710

0000
4894
3367
4006
5393

0.00000
0.09606
0.19139
0.28530
0.37706

0000
0073
9811
3629
5455

25
30
35
40
45

0.45365
0.53676
0.61581
0.69019
0.75934

1078
4494
3814
6708
4980

0.46599
0.55141
0.63268
0.70917
0.78030

3521
5176
1725
3264
3503

0.48110
0.56937
0.65339
0.73250
0.80611

6437
7735
2178
7761
4729

0.49950
0.59127
0.67868
0.76106
0.83776

2749
8.602
8658
3101
1607

0.52189
0.61799
0.70961
0.79606
0.87664

9092
6720
8904
0581
1114

0.54932
0.65080
0.74770
0.83928
0.92480

5515
1843
4387
2749
2089

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

0.82272
0.87986
0.93030
0.97366
1.00961

9031
2121
4365
6431
2870

0.84552
0.90433
0.95626
1.00092
1.03795

4503
1298
6326
3589
2481

0.87364
0.93455
0.98837
1. 0346 7
1.07308

0739
6042
8598
8996
5074

0.90817
0.97175
1.02796
1.07635
1.11651

9128
1955
3895
2410
4503

0.95071
1.01765
1.07692
1.12798
1.17041

1025
9399
1759
8100
0792

1.00355
1.07485
1.13807
1.19262
1.23801

1297
2509
1621
9342
2299

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

1. 03786
1.05820
1.07047
1.07456

5044
3585
0366
9932

1. 06706
1.08801
1.10066
1.10488

11 79
9556
1511
6686

1.10328
1.12503
1.13815
1.14254

6100
6391
8265
4218

1.14811
1.17087
1.18461
1.18920

2152
7087
4727
7115

1.20381
1.22789
1.24242
1.24728

2008
0346
6337
6586

1.27378
1.29959
1.31518
1.32039

3626
2533
2322
6454

15
10
5
0

5
10
15
20

0.00000
0.11968
0.23861
0.35604
0.47120

0000
1778
4577
4091
6153

0.00000
0.12814
0.25558
0.38160
0.50544

0000
8474
9564
3032
4270

0.00000
0.13904
0.27747
0.41467
0.54994

0000
1489
6571
2740
7578

0.00000
0.15372
0.30706
0.45960
0.61082

0000
0475
5715
9511
7702

0.00000
0.17522
0.35063
0.52633
0.70219

0000
3596
9262
5260
9693

0.00000
0.21321
0.42844
0.64743
0.87146

0000
7690
3440
4941
4767

90
85
80
75
70

25
30
35
40
45

0.58332
0.69160
0.79525
0.89344
0.98538

3727
6043
0355
6594
4972

0.62633
0.74345
0.85596
0.96294
1.06350

5361
9784
1570
9380
5669

0.68254
0.81164
0.93630
1.05553
1.16824

9331
3704
8263
5305
3466

0.76005
0.90647
1.04907
1.18666
1.31788

8920
6281
2506
0037
6740

0.87783
1.05251
1.22511
1.39412
1.55769

8622
4778
1680
6403
2334

1.10111
1.33612
1.57526
1.81633
2.05616

6239
3616
8297
9939
7815

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

1.07026
1.14731
1.21579
1.27502
1.32438

6403
5349
4546
0900
1718

1.15670
1.24161
1.31733
1.38304
1.43795

0687
0747
9855
3549
3601

1.27329
1.36953
1.45580
1.53099
1.59408

7730
6895
7011
8883
7380

1.44126
1.55522
1.65814
1.74846
1.82467

6644
4175
9352
0610
1332

1. 71363
1.85953
1.99285
2.11103
2.21162

1283
2258
2358
3523
7685

2.29072
2.51529
2.72469
2.91357
3.07668

3417
0558
4161
4159
6743

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

1.36335
1.39150
1.40851
1.41421

0417
0813
9209
3562

1.48140
1.51284
1.53187
1.53824

2159
3876
4716
6269

1.64417
1.68050
1.70253
1. 70991

0149
3336
2036
3565

1.88545
1.92971
1.95660
1.96563

5864
0721
6998
0511

2.29242
2.35155
2.38762
2.39974

2061
6149
2438
3837

3.20921
3.30704
3.36705
3.38728

2227
7313
9918
7004

15
10
5
0

e\a
d

65'

60'

70'

~sec

E-X 90'
, - 11

E:~90' -E'

a tJo (E, la)

a=arcsin ..j1ii.

aiEl

85'

80'

75'

tJs (lI!m)= tJ/t\d)

In calculating elliptic functions from theta functions, when the modular angle exceeds about 60', use
the descending Landen transformation 16.12 to induce dependence on a smaller modular angle.
Compiled from E. P. Adams and R. L. Hippisley, Smithsonian mathematical formulae and tables of
elliptic functions, 3d reprint (The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1957) (with permission).

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC F'UNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

583
Table 16.1

THETA FUNCTIONS

" n(e\a)
e\a

0
5
10
15
20

1
1
1
1
1

1.00000
1.00001
1.00005
1.00012
1.00022

00000
44942
75362
78184
32051

1.00000
1.00005
1.00023
1.00051
1.00089

00000
83670
16945
47160
88322

1.00000
1.00013
1.00052
1.00117
1.00204

00000
28199
72438
12875
53820

1.00000
1.00023
1.00095
1.00211
1.00369

00000
99605
25510
61200
53131

1.00000
1.00038
1.00152
1.00337
1.00589

00000
29783
02770
73404
77438

90
85
80
75
70

25
30
35
40
45

1
1
1
1
1

1.00034
1. 00047
1.00062
1.00078
1. 0009 5

07982
70246
77451
83803
40492

1.00137
1.00192
1.00252
1.00317
1.00384

23717
09464
78880
47551
18928

1.00312
1.00437
1.00575
1.00722
1.00874

29684
13049
24612
44718
26104

1.00564
1.00789
1.01039
1.01305
1.01579

21475
74700
27539
21815
49474

1.00900
1.01260
1.01658
1.02083
1. 02520

49074
44231
69227
14013
88930

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

1
1
1
1
1

1.00111
1.00128
1.00143
1.00156
1.00168

97181
03532
10738
73002
48932

1.00450
1.00515
1.00576
1.00631
1.00678

90305
58975
28392
14139
49535

1.01026
1. 01173
1.01311
1.01436
1.01543

07491
27599
39167
22536
98405

1.01853
1.02119
1.02369
1.02594
1.02789

77143
71444
24323
77596
45992

1.02958
1.03383
1.03781
1.04141
1.04452

63905
08852
34098
29561
01522

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

1
1
1
1

1.00178
1.00185
1. 00189
1. 00190

02800
05621
36042
80984

1.00716
1.00745
1.00762
1.00768

90696
20912
54187
37857

1.01631
1.01695
1.01735
1.01748

39354
79795
24037
52237

1.02947
1.03063
1.03134
1.03158

37972
73701
99632
99246

1.04704
1.04889
1.05003
1.05041

05862
76746
49895
79735

15
10
5
0

E\x'

30

10

35

40'

20

45

25

aiel

aiel

50

0
5
10
15
20

1.00000
1.00056
1.00224
1.00499
1.00872

00000
64294
85079
51300
28461

1.00000
1.00079
1.00316
1.00702
1.01226

00000
66833
25308
56701
87413

1.00000
1.00108
1.00429
1. 00954
1.01667

00000
26253
76203
73402
23379

1.00000
1.00143
1.00570
1.01267
1.02212

00000
67802
35065
06562
67193

1.00000
1.00187
1.00745
1.01655
1. 02891

00000
71775
17850
47635
00179

1. 00000
1.00243
1.00964
1.02143
1.03743

00000
05914
88003
61311
56974

90
85
80
75
70

25
30
35
40
45

1.01331
1.01864
1.02453
1.03081
1.03728

83978
21583
23743
00797
45330

1.01873
1.02622
1.03450
1.04333
1.05244

24599
04548
52308
50787
17208

1.02545
1.03563
1.04689
1.05889
1.07126

62012
21191
09786
07481
68617

1.03378
1.04729
1.06223
1.07816
1.09458

46028
03271
37524
10137
82886

1.04414
1.06179
1.08131
1.10213
1.12360

27466
07561
84270
29153
21058

1.05716
1.08002
1.10531
1.13227
1.16009

29130
00285
40947
78297
27802

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

1.04375
1.05003
1.05592
1.06125
1.06584

90125
67930
71242
10260
67280

1.06154
1.07037
1.07866
1.08615
1.09261

84606
85902
37978
23221
66042

1.08364
1.09564
1.10690
1.11708
1.12586

32917
39724
42279
18582
75438

1.11101
1.12694
1.14189
1.15540
1.16706

64844
63970
38846
45920
77783

1.14507
1.16589
1.18543
1.20309
1.21834

37802
54205
40490
54999
25328

1.18791
1.21489
1.24021
1.26310
1.28287

40899
61356
82552
97835
36204

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

1.06957
1.07232
1.07400
1.07456

45853
13226
34764
99318

1.09786
1.10172
1.10408
1.10488

02047
37756
99048
66859

1.13299
1.13824
1.14146
1.14254

42539
53698
12760
42117

1.17652
1.18350
1.18776
1.18920

88244
00363
94140
71150

1.23071
1.23982
1.24540
1.24728

12287
51648
69243
65857

1.29890
1.31072
1.31795
1. 32039

75994
29838
95033
64540

15
10
5
0

e\ a

60

0
5
10
15
20

1.00000
1.00313
1.01245
1.02768
1.04834

00000
85295
94672
16504
57003

1.00000
1.00406
1.01615
1.03589
1.06269

00000
92257
50083
51569
75825

1.00000 00000
1.0053~, 44028
1.02121 95717
1.047E, 56657
1.0823E: 38086

1.00000
1.00720
1.02862
1.06363
1.11122

00000
88997
79374
90673
86903

1.00000
1.01026
1.04076
1.09068
1.15864

00000
06485
43440
07598
11101

1.00000
1.01663
1.06618
1.14751
1.25875

00000
88247
38299
59063
62174

90
85
80
75
70

25
30
35
40
45

1.07382
1.10335
1.13604
1.17088
1.20684

76019
71989
11010
93642
51910

1.09575
1.13408
1.17651
1.22176
1.26848

73598
00433
06705
77148
10938

1.12585 71388
1.17627 97795
1.2321~ 31946
1.291 n 91861
1.35335 85717

1.17001
1.23826
1.31398
1.39491
1.47863

24008
96285
80140
71251
07744

1.24276
1.34068
1.44960
1.56636
1.68752

19421
05139
33094
90138
66770

1.39725
1.55957
1. 7 4151
1.93815
2.14389

25218
26706
57980
19599
95792

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

1.24281
1.27771
1.31046
1.34007
1.36565

67937
04815
39783
89457
16965

1.31523
1.36060
1.40320
1.44173
1.47501

31927
17261
31647
53793
81348

1.41504
1.47494
1.53123
1.5821S;
1.62620

43413
78592
64694
06891
90720

1.56259
1.64425
1.72108
1.79070
1.85094

67789
25175
41609
70015
39670

1.80942
1.92833
2.04054
2.14249
2.23090

88493
82823
54606
29245
12139

2.35264
2.55792
2.75309
2.93165
3.08742

71220
12198
84351
25995
47870

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

1.38640
1.40169
1.41105
1.41421

11169
28947
92570
35624

1.50203
1.52194
1.53413
1.53824

00916
10514
83232
62687

1.66195
1.68832
1.70447
1.70991

87940
00831
27784
35651

1.89989
1.93602
1.95816
1.96563

92030
35909
92561
05108

2.30289
2.35609
2.38873
2.39974

04563
12550
86793
38370

3.21489
3.30946
3.36764
3.38728

91220
52989
82512
70037

15
10
5
0

65

u 900
e=7(

70

75

ex lEi

85

80

"'sec ex ~ (e l \a)
e;=900-E'

a=arcsin

.ym

"n(u 1m) =t1n(l\d)

In calculating elliptic functions from theta functions, when the modular angle exceeds about 60, use the
descending Landen transformation 16.12 to induce dependence on a smaller modular angle.

584

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMIC DERIVATIVES OF THETA FUNCTIONS

Table 16.2

It

T
In"lI(u)=f(E\a)
( It

E\a

10

15'

20'

25

00

DO

DO

DO

DO

DO

11.43005
5.67128
3.73205
2.74748

11.40829
5.66049
3.72495
2.74225

11.34306
5.62812
3.70365
2.72658

11.23449
5.57427
3.66823
2.70051

11.08275
5.49902
3.61876
2.66414

10.888ll
5.40253
3.55536
2.61756

90 0
85
80
75
70

25
30
35
40
45

2.14451
1.73205
1.42815
1.19175
1.00000

2.14043
1.72875
1.42543
1.18949
0.99810

2.12820
1. 71888
1.41729
1.18270
0.99240

2.10787
1.70248
1.40378
1.17143
0.98296

2.07952
1.67962
1.38497
1.15577
0.96985

2.04325
1.65041
1.36096
1.13581
0.95315

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

0.83910
0.70021
0.57735
0.46631
0.36397

0.83750
0.69888
0.57625
0.46542
0.36328

0.83273
0.69489
0.57297
0.46277
0.36121

0.82481
0.68830
0.56754
0.45839
0.35779

0.81383
0.67915
0.56001
0.45232
0.35306

0.79987
0.66754
0.55047
0.44464
0.34708

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

0.26795
0.17633
0.08749
0.00000

0.26744
0.17599
0.08732
0.00000

0.26592
0.17499
0.08683
0.00000

0.26340
0.17334
0.08600
0.00000

0.25992
0.17105
0.08487
0.00000

0.25553
0.16816
0.08344
0.00000

15
10
5
0

0
5
10
15
20

E\a

5'

aft!

35

40

45

00

00

DO

00

10.65083
5.28496
3.47816
2.56090

10.37113
5.14645
3.38730
2.49430

10.04914
4.98711
3.28290
2.41789

9.68479
4.80696
3.16502
2.33179

9.27764
4.60585
3.03365
2.23605

8.82657
4.38332
2.88859
2.13062

90 0
85
80
75
70

25
30
35
40
45

1.99919
1.61498
1.33189
1.11167
0.93301

1.94749
1.57348
1.29791
1.08352
0.90958

1.88828
1.52607
1.25919
1.05154
0.88302

1.82172
1.47292
1.21591
1.01592
0.85355

1.74793
1.41419
1.16828
0.97687
0.82139

1.66695
1.35001
1.11647
0.93462
0.78679

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

0.78307
0.65359
0.53902
0.43543
0.33992

0.76355
0.63743
0.52579
0.42482
0.33169

0.74151
0.61923
0.51093
0.41292
0.32248

0.71714
0.59918
0.49462
0.39991
0.31242

0.69066
0.57749
0.47705
0.38595
0.30168

0.66232
0.55441
0.45846
0.37125
0.29042

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

0.25028
0.11>471
0.08173
0.00000

0.24424
0.16076
0.07977
0.00000

0.23.751
0.15634
0.07759
0.00000

0.23017
0.15155
0.07522
0.00000

0.22235
0.14645
0.07270
0.00000

0.21419
0.14114
0.07009
0.00000

15
10
5
0

0
5
10
15
20

e\a

30

..60

65

70

75

GO

DO

50'

55'

ao

ao

80

85

alE]

aiEl

00
5
10
15
20

8.32941
4.13843
2.72935
2.01530

7.78200
3.86930
2.55490
1.88950

7.17654
3.57238
2.36323
1.75208

6.49756
3.24056
2.15026
1.60057

5.71041
2.85790
1.90678
1.42943

4.71263
2.37760
1.60605
1.22261

90 0
85
80
75
70

25
30
35
40
45

1.57876
1.28047
1.06066
0.88940
0.75000

1.48308
1.20552
1.00096
0.84142
0.71131

1.37931
1.12492
0.93737
0.79086
0.67101

1.26603
1.03795
0.86969
0.73784
0.62941

1.13996
0.94288
0.79715
0.68225
0.58682

0.99169
0.83453
0.71737
0.62344
0.54358

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

0.63242
0.53023
0.43911
0.35605
0.27885

0.60125
0.50526
0.41932
0.34063
0.26719

0.56918
0.47987
0.39943
0.32532
0.25574

0.53662
0.45454
0.37992
0.31054
0.24484

0.50411
0.42988
0.36140
0.29684
0.23497

0.47247
0.40690
0.34488
0.28513
0.22685

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

0.20584
0.13572
0.06742
0.00000

0.19749
0.13034
0.06478
0.00000

0.18935
0.12512
0.06224
0.00000

0.18170
0.12026
0.05988
0.00000

0.17490
0.ll601
0.05784
0.00000

0.16949
0.11272
0.05628
0.00000

15
10
5

GO

d
dn In"c(u)=- f(El \0.)

ao

00

In calculating elliptic functions from theta functions, when the modular angle exceeds about
60, use the descending Landen transformation 16.12 to induce dependence on a smaller modular angle.

585

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMIC DERIVATIVES Of THETA fUNCTIONS

(II

Table 16.2

In"n(lI)~g(E\a)

we

'

20

E"a

0
5
10
15
20

0
0
0
0
0

0.000000
0.000331
0.000651
0.000952
0.001224

0.000000
0.001324
0.002607
0.0(13811
0.004897

0.000000
0.002984
0.005875
0.008583
0.011024

0.000000
0.005318
0.010466
0.015283
0.019616

0.000000
0.008337
0.016401
0.023933
0.030690

90
85
80
75
70

25
30
35
40
45

0
0
0
0
0

0.001458
0.001649
0.001788
0.001874
0.001903

0.005833
0.006591
0.OC17147
0.007486
0.007596

0.013124
0.014819
0.016057
0.016804
0.017037

0.023332
0.026318
0.028487
0.029776
0.030154

0.036462
0.041075
0.044394
0.046332
0.046846

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

0
0
0
0
0

0.001873
0.001787
0.001647
0.001457
0.001222

0.007476
0.007129
0.006566
0.005805
0.004868

0.016753
0.015962
0.014691
0.012979
0.010879

0.029616
0.028185
0.025912
0.022871
0.019154

0.045938
0.043654
0.040077
0.035328
0.029556

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

0
0
0
0

0.000951
0.000650
0.000330
0.000000

0.003786
0.002589
0.001314
O.OC,OOOO

0.008455
0.005780
0.002933
0.000000

0.014877
0.010165
0.005157
0.000000

0.022935
0.015661
0.007942
0.000000

15
10
5
0

E\,iJ.

30

35

'W

15

45

50

25

55

(tIEl

a/EI

0
5
10
15
20

0.000000
0.012059
0.023711
0.034569
0.044277

0.000000
0.016511
0.032444
0.047248
0.060427

0.000000
0.021734
0.042671
0.062057
0.079221

0.000000
0.027787
0.054498
0.079124
0.100783

0.000000
0.034760
0.068087
0.098650
0.125308

0.000000
0.042791
0.083685
0.120939
0.153099

90
85
80
75
70

25
30
35
40
45

0.052528
0.059074
0.063730
0.066384
0.066987

0.071558
0.080308
0.086442
0.089827
0.090424

0.093605
0.104784
0.112477
0.116544
0.116978

0.118758
0.132533
0.141791
0.146411
0.146447

0.147169
0.163627
0.174358
0.179298
0.178606

0.179081
0.198206
0.210188
0.215082
0.213212

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

0.065561
0.062183
0.056989
0.050157
0.041905

0.088287
0.083549
0.076408
0.067122
0.055989

0.113888
0.107483
0.098051
0.085943
0.071553

0.142097
0.133678
0.121592
0.106302
0.088310

0.172615
0.161784
0.146658
0.127835
0.105932

0.205102
0.191402
0.172831
0.150136
0.124058

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

0.032483
0.022163
0.011235
0.000000

0.043344
0.029545
0.014968
0.000000

0.055309
0.037660
0.019067
0.000000

0.068143
0.046339
0.023443
0.000000

0.081578
0.055395
0.028000
0.000000

0.095321
0.064622
0.032631
0.000000

15
10
5
0

t\a

60

65

70

75

80

85

(XjEI

0
5
10
15
20

0.000000
0.052098
0.101680
0.146471
0.184635

0.000000
0.063034
0.122704
0.176024
0.220691

0.000000
0.076222
0.147856
0.210938
0.262588

0.000000
0.092860
0.179233
0.253725
0.312762

0.000000
0.115687
0.221544
0.309882
0.376311

0.000000
0.153481
0.289421
0.395712
0.467893

90
85
80
75
70

25
30
35
40
45

0.214885
0.236514
0.249349
0.253651
0.250000

0.255225
0.278976
0.292010
0.294931
0.288691

0.301193
0.326329
0.338517
0.338908
0.329990

0.354775
0.379918
0.389553
0.385698
0.370590

0.420046
0.442452
0.446532
0.435687
0.413176

0.507818
0.520777
0.512966
0.490013
0.456422

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

0.239181
0.222085
0.199639
0.172751
0.142285

0.274426
0.253326
0.226549
0.195171
0.160167

0.310353
0.284538
0.252950
0.21 [)820
0.177204

0.346389
0.315020
0.278119
0.237026
0.192823

0.381811
0.343874
0.301140
0.254956
0.206331

0.415539
0.369741
0.320668
0.269431
0.216780

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

0.109049
0.073794
0.037222
0.000000

0.122405
0.082664
0.041645
0.000000

0.n~996

0.091)960
0.045763
0.000000

0.146375
0.098382
0.049423
0.000000

0.156015
0.104574
0.052449
0.000000

0.163217
0.109083
0.054618
0.000000

15
10
5
0

~~ In"d(u)~-g(EI\a)
In calculating elliptic functions from theta functions, when the modular angle exceeds about
60, use the descending Landen transformation 16.12 to induce dependence on a smaller modular angle.

17. Elliptic Integrals

L.

M. MILNE-THOMSON

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties. . . . . . .
17.1. Definition of Elliptic Integrals
17.2. Canonical Forms . . . . . .
17.3. Complete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds
17 .4. Incomplete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds
17.5. Landen's Transformation. . . . . . . . . .
17.6. The Process of the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean.
17.7. Elliptic Integrals of the Third Kind

589
589
589
590
592
597
598
599

Numerical Methoflls . . . . . . . . . .
17 .8. Use and J8xtension of the Tables

600
600

References

606

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 17.1. Complete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds
and the Nome q With Argument the Parameter m . . . .

K(m), K'(m),

15D; q(m), ql(m),

15D; E(m), E'(m),

608

9D

m=O(.Ol)l

Table 17.2. Complete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kin<!s
and the Nome q With Argument the Modular Angle a . . . . . .

K(a), K'(a), q(a), ql(a), E(a), E'(a),

610

15D

a=O(1 )90

Table 17.3. Parameter m With Argument K'(m)(K(m) . . . . . . ,

K'(m)/K(m) =.:3(.02)3,

lOD

Table 17.4. Auxiliary Functions for Computation of the Nome q and the
Parameter m. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Q(m)=ql(m)/mI,

612

612

15D

(16)
,
m

K'(m)
L(m)=-K(m)+--ln
71'

10D

ml=0(.01).15
Table 17.5. Elliptic Integral of the First Kind F(IP\a)
a=00(2)900, 5'J(100)85, 1P=00(5)900,

8D

Table 17.6. Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind E(IP\a)

a=OO(2)900, 5')(10)85, 1P=00(5)900,

613

616

8D

1 University of Arizona. (Prepared under contract with the National Bureau of

Standards.)
587

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

588

Page

Table 17.7. Jacobian Zeta Function Z(IP\a)

619

Values of K(a)Z(IP\a)
a=OO(2)900, 5(10)85, IP=OO(5)900,

6D

Table 17.8. Heuman's Lambda Function Ao(IP\a) .

Ao(lP\a) =

F(IP\900-a)
K' (a)

+;2 K(a) Z(IP\90 -a),

622

6D

a=OO(2)900, 5(10)85, IP=OO(5)90

Table 17.9. Elliptic Integral of the Third Kind IT(n; lP\a)

625

The author acknowledges with thanks the assistance of Ruth Zucker in the computation of the examples, Ruth E. Capuano for Table 17.3, David S. Liepman for Table 17.4,
and Andreas Schopf for Table 17.9.

)89

17. Elliptic Integrals

Mathenlatical Properties
17.1. Definition of Elliptic Integrals

If R(x, y) is a rational function of x and y,

where y2 is equal to a cubic or quartic polynomial
in x, the integral

17.1.5

(2-s)brJ._3+! bl (3-2s)J8-2+b2(l-s)J8-1

+! bs(l-2s)J.-sb 4J

+I=y(x-c)-'

JI R(x,y)dx

17.1.1

(s=l, 2, 3, . . . )

is called an elliptic integral.

The elliptic integral just defined can not, in

general, be expressed in terms of elementary
functions.
Exceptions to this are

By means of these reduction formulae and certain transformations (see Examples 1 and 2)
every elliptic integral can be brought to depend
on the integral of a rational function and on three
canonical forms for elliptic integrals.
17.2. Canonical Forms

(i) when R(x, y) contains no odd powers of y.

(ii) when the polynomial y2 has a repeated faetor.
We therefore exclude these cases.
By substituting for y2 and denoting by P.(x) a
polynomial in x we get 2
PI (x) +YP2(x)
R(x, y) Pa(x) +YP4(X)
[PI(X)+YP2(X)] [Ps(X)-YP4(X)]Y
{[Pa(X) ]2_ y 2[p.(X) Fly
p.,(x) +YP6(X)
YP7(X)

RI (x) +~~2(X)
Y

Definitions

17.2.1

m=sin2 a; m is the parameter,

a is the modular angle
17.2.2

x=sin IP=sn u

17.2.3

cos IP=cn u

17.2.4

(l-m sin 2 IP)!=dn

where RI (x) and R2 (x) are rational functions of x.

Hence, by expressing R2 (x) as the sum of a polynomial and partial fractions

17.2.5

f R(x,y)dx= f RI(x)dX+2:.Asf xSy-Idx

17.2.6

+2: s

B.JI [(x-c)'yj-Idx

u=~(IP),

the delta amplitude

IP=arcsin (sn u)=am u, the amplitude

Elliptic Integral of the First Kind

17.2.7

Reduction Formulae

F(IP\a)=F(IPlm)=
=

i'"

(l-sin 2 a sin 2 e)-ide

[(1-t 2) (l-mf2)]-tdt

Let
17.1.2

y2=aoX4+alr+a2r+a3x+a4
(Iaol lad ~O)
=bo{x-e)4+b l (x-c)3+b 2(x-c)2+b 3(x-c) ll4
(Ibol + Ibtl~O)

Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind

17.1.3 1.= f x'y-Idx, J.= f[y(X-C)S]-ldx

By integrating the derivatives of yxS and

y(x-c)-S we get the reduction formulae
17.1.4

17.2.9

17.2.10

(s+ 2)aol.+3+! al (2s+3)1'+2+a2(s+ 1)1'+1

+!aa(2s+I)I.+sa41._I=x'y (s=O, 1,2, . . . )
2

See [17.71 22.72.

Sou dw=u

17.2.11

590

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

17.2.12 E(cp\a)=u- m

71"

17.2.13

=2K(m)

sn 2 w dw

"~(7I"uj2K)

E(m)u

"4 (7I"uj2K) + K(m)

In computation the modulus is of min;mal importance, since it is the parameter and its complement which arise naturally. The parameter and
the modular angle will be employed in this chapter
to the exclusion of the modulus.

(For theta functions, see chapter 16.)

The Characteristic n

Elliptic Integral of the Third Kind

The elliptic integral of the third kind depends

on three variables namely (i) the parameter,
(ii) the amplitude, (iii) the characteristic n.
When real, the characteristic may be any number
in the interval (- (Xl, (Xl). The properties of the
integral depend upon the location of the characteristic in this interval, see 17.7.

17.2.14

If x=sn (ulm),
17.2.15
II(n; ulm)= 1X (1-nt 2)-I[(1-t 2) (1-mt 2)J- 1/2dt
17.2.16

(1-nsn 2 (wlm-ldw
The Amplitude '"

17.2.17

cp=am u=arcsin (sn u)=arcsin

17.3. Complete Elliptic Integrals of the First

and Second Kinds

Referred to the canonical forms of 17.2, the elliptic integrals are said to be complete when the
amplitude is t7r and so x= 1. These complete integrals are designated as follows

can be calculated from Tables 17.5 and 4.14.

The Parameter m

Dependence on the parameter m is denoted by a

vertical stroke preceding the parameter, e.g.,
F(cplm).
Together with the parameter we define the
complementary parameter ml by

17.3.2

K=F(~lm)=F(~\a)

17.3.3

17.2.18

E[K(m)J=E= 11(1-t2)-1/2(1-mt2)1/2dt

r. /(l-m sin 8)1/2d8

When the parameter is real, it can always be

arranged, see 17.4, that O~m~1.

=Jo

The Modular Angle a

Dependence on the modular angle 01, defined in

terms of the parameter by 17.2.1, is denoted by a
backward stroke \ preceding the modular angle,
thus E(cp\a). The complementary modular angle
is 7r/2-a or 90-01 according to the unit and
thus ml=sin 2 (900-a)=cos 2 01.
The Modulus k

In terms of Jacobian elliptic functions (chapter

16), the modulus k and the complementary
modulus are defined by
17.2.19

k=ns (K+iK'), k'=dn K.

They are related to the parameter by k 2 =m,

k'2=m 1.
Dependence on the modulus is denoted by a
comma preceding it, thus II(n; u, k).

17.3.4

E=E[K(m)]=E(m)=E(!7r\a)

We also define
17.3.5

17.3.6
17.3.7

r. /(l-ml sin 8)1/2d8

E'=E(ml)=E(1-m)= Jo

17.3.8 E'=E[K(ml)]=E(ml)=E(~\!7r-a)

K and iK' are the "real" and "imaginary"

quarter-periods of the corresponding Jacobian
elliptic functions (see chapter 16).

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Relation to the Hypergeometric Function

(see chapter 15)

K=t 'll"F(t,

17.3.10

E=!'II"F(-t,

K=- '11"+2'11"
2

~=~ (1 +m1)+ ('II"/K)

t; 1; m)

Infinite Series

1 [ 1+ (1)2
. 3)2 m 2
K(m)=2'11"
2 m+ (12.4
17.3.25

[1/12-2

lim K'(E-K) =0

17.3.26
17.3.27

1 .3.5)2 m 3
- ( 246 5-'"

lim [K-t In (l6/ml)]=0

17.3.28
]

ml~1

Alternative }."atuations of K and E (see also 17.5)

K(m) =2[1 +ml /2 ]-lK[ (1- ml/2)/(1 +ml /2 )]2

17.3.30

~-K(m)
mt

17.3.15. m=I-16 exp [-'II"(K(m)

lim q/m=lim qdml=I/16

17.3.29

Auxiliary Function

'II"

m~

m~

(Iml<l)

EK'+E'K-KK'=h

L(m)=K'(m) In

lim m-1(K-E)=lim m- I (E-m 1K)=1I"/4

m~

Legendre's Relation

+L(m/K'(m)]

E(m)= (1 +ml/2)E([ (l-ml /2 )/(l +ml/2)2)

-2ml/2(1 +ml /2 ) -lK([ (1-ml/2)/(1+ml/2)]2)

17.3.31
17.3.32

K(a)=2F(arctan (sec l/2 a)\a)

E;(a)=2E(arctan (sec t/2 a)\a)-1 +cos a

m=16 exp [-'II"(K'(m)+L(mt/K(m)]

Polynomial Approximations

The function L(m) is tabulated in Table 17.4,.

(0 ~ m< 1)

17.3.33
K(m)=[ao+alml+aam~]+[bo+blml

q-Series

+b 2

The Nome q and the Complementary Nome qt

17.3.17

q=q(m)=exp [-'II"K'/K]

17.3.18

qt=q(m1)=exp [-'II"K/K']

In ! In ..!.=11"2
qt ql

mn In (l/ml)+E(m)
IE(m)I:::;3XIO- 6

ao= 1.38629 44
al= .11197 23
a2= .07252 96

bo=.5
b1=.12134 78
b2 =.02887 29

17.3.34
K(m)=[aO+alm 1 + ... +a4mtl+[b o+b 1 m l+ ...

17.3.20

+b 4 mtlln (l/m1)+E(m)
IE(m)1 :::;2XIO- 8

17.3.21

q=exp

q28(l_q2')-2]

m~1

1 [ 1-(1)2
m - (1.3)2
E(m)=-'II"
- -m
2
2 1
24
3

17.3.19

t1

m~O

17.3.12

17.3.16

Limiting Values

1.3.5)2 3
]
(
+2.4.6
m+ ...

17.3.14

q8

_
"" 2q' sin 2sv
17.3.24 am u-v+.L: (1+ 28) where v='II"u/(2K)
.=1 s
q

17.3.U

17.3.13

.L:
~8=1 1 +q28

17.3.23

t; 1; m)

17.3.9

17.3.22

[-'II"K'/K]=~+8 (~y+84 (~y

+992(~y+

...

ao= 1.38629
at = .09666
aa= .03590
a3= .03742
a4= .01451

436112
344259
092383
563713
196212

bo=.5
b1= .12498
b2 = .06880
b3 = .03328
b4 = .00441

593597
248576
355346
787012

3 The approximations 17.3.33-17.3.36 are from C. Hastings, Jl'., Approximations for Digital Computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N. J. (with permission).

592

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

17.3.35
E(m)=[1+alml+~m~]+[blml+b2m~]ln (l!ml)

4.0

+E(m)
IE(m)I<4X10- 6

al = .46301 51
a2=.10778 12

3.5

bl = .24527 27
b2=.04124 96

K"FI90'\90'-QI

17.3.36
E(m)=[I+alml+ ... +a4mt]+[blml+ ...

3.0

+b4 mt] In (1/ml)+E(m)

It(m) 1<2XI0- s

al=.44325 141463
~=.06260 601220
a3= .04757 383546
a4= .01736 506451

2.5

bl = .24998
b2 = .09200
b3 =.04069
b4 = .00526

368310
180037
697526
449639

2.0

17.4. Incomplete Elliptic Integrals of the First

and Second Kinds
Extension of the Tables
1.5

Negative Amplitude

rOo

FIGURE

20'

17.1.

30'

40'

50'

60'

70'

80'

90'

Oomplete elliptic integral oj the first

kind.

17.4.1

F( - cplm) = - F( cplm)

17.4.2

E(-cp\m)=-E(IP.\m)
AmplitUde of Any Magnitude

1.6
.".

E=EI90'\Ql

'2

17.4.3

F(s7r cp\m) =2sK F(cp\m)

17.4.4

E(u+2K)=E(u)+2E

17.4.5

E(u+2iK')=E(u)+2i(K'-E')

17.4.6
1.5

E'-EI90'\90'-QI

E(u+2mK +2niK') =E(u)

17.4.7

+2mE+2ni(K' -

E')

E(K-u)=E-E(u)+msn u cd u

1.4

Imaginary Amplitude

If tan 8=sinh cp
1.3

17.4.8
17.4.9
1.2

E(icp\OI) = -iE(8\ h-OI) +iF(8\ ;71'-(1)

+i tan 8(1-oos 2 01 sin2 8)l

1,1

Jacobi's Imaginary Transformation

17.4.10
1.0

10

FIGURE

20

17.2.

30

40

50

60'

70

80

90.

Oomplete elliptic integral oj the

second kind.

E(iulm)=i[u+dn(ulml)sc(ulml)-E(ulml)]
Complex Amplitude

17.4.11

F(cp+iljllm)=F(>.lm)+iF(lLl ml)

ELI.IPTIC

where cot2 X is the positive root of the equation

X2_[cot2 cp+m sinh~ csc2cp-mdx-ml coVcp=O
and m tan 2 JL=tan 2cp cot2X-1.
17.4.12
E(cp+i1/!\a)=E(X\a)-iE(JL\900-a)
+iF(JL\90 0 -a) +~

.
tb 2

+ba

INTEGRAL~

593
Parameter Greater Than Unity

17.4.15

F(cplm)=m-tF(lJlm- I ), sin IJ=mt sin cp

17.4.16

E(ulm)=mtE(umilm-l)-(m-1)u

by which a parameter greater than unity can be

replaced by a parameter less than unity.
Negative Parameter

where

17.4.17

bl =sin 2 a sin X cos X sin2 JL(1-sin 2 a sin2 X)t

F(cpl-m) = (1 +m)-tK(m(1 +m)-I)

b2 = (1 ~sin2 a sin2 X)(1-cos 2 a sin2 JL)t sin JL cos JL

- (1 +m)-tF

(~-cp I m(l +m)-l)

17.4.18
Amplitude Near to 71'/2 (see also 17.5)

E(ul-m) = (1 +m)t {E(u(1+m)tlm(m+ 1)-1)

If cos a tan cp tan 1/!= 1

-m(1 +m)-tsn(u(l +m)tlm(l +m)-I)

17.4.13 F(cp\a) +F(1/!\a) =F(7r/2\a) =K

cd(u(1 +m)tlm(1 +mrl)}

17.4.14
E(cp\a) + E(.J;\a) =E(7r/2\a) +sin 2a sincp sin1/!

Values when cp is near to 7r/2 and m is near to unity

can be calculated by these formulae.

whereby computations can be made for negative

parameters, and therefore for pure imaginary
modulus.
FI<p\al

F(<P\Q)

2.4

2.4
BO'
2.2

2.2
2.0

2.0
1.8

I.B

70'
1.6

1.4

1.4L---

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

-----"40"

.B,f--_ _ _
.6

.8

40

.6

~---------------~3~O

.4~------------------;;

.4

. 2 F - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'O
I

.2

20'

FIGURE

17.3.

Incomplete elliptic integral of the

first kind.
F(",\a),

'" constant

FIGURE

10'

20'

17.4.

30'

50'

60'

70'

80'

90'

<p

Incomplete elliptic integral oj the

first kind.
F(",\a),

a constant

594

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
E('P\al

'P'- 90' !!.Cp~

aGo

1.6

30
1.4

45
60

1.2

75
1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

FIGURE

Incomplete elliptic integral oj the

second kind.

17.7.

E(rp\a),

10'

FIGURE

1.6

80'

30

90'

a constant

<f'

a constant.

17..5.

r - -_ _

1.2~--_

'P 9O '

1.0

80'
70'
60'

.8

50'
40'

.6

O'

10"

30"

20"

40"

50

60"

70

80"

90"

3o'
.4

FIGURE

20'
.2

00'

FIGURE

20

17.6.

30'

40'

50'

60'

70'

80'

90'

900 E(IP\a)_

IP,

a constant.

17.4.21

10'

10'

17.8 .

Incomplete elliptic integral oj the

second kind.

F(IP\900) =In (sec lP+tan .IP) =In tan

17.4.22

F(ilP\900)=i arctan (sinh IP)

17.4.23

E(IP\O)=IP

Special Casell

17.4.24

E(ilP\O) =ilP

17.4.19

F(IP\O)=IP

17.4.25

E(IP\900) = sin IP

17.4.20

F(ilP\O)=ilP

17.4.26

E(ilP\900)=i sinh IP

E(rp\a) ,

rp constant

(i+~)

595

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
Jacobi's Zeta Function

17.4.27

Z(I{!\fx)=E(I{!\a)-E(a)F(I(J\a)/K(a)

17.4.29

Z(-u)=-Z(u)

17.4.30

Z(u+2K)=Z(u)

17.4.31

Z(K-u)=-Z(K+u)

F(I{!;;,~:)a) +~K(a)Z(I(J\900-a)

17.4.40

=~ {K(a)E(1{! \90
7T'

-a)

Z(u)=Z(u-K)-msn(u-K)cd(u-l()
.9

Special Values

17.4.33

Z(uIO)=O

17.4.34

Z(ul 1) = tanh u

.8

Addition Theorem

17.4.35
Z(u+v) =Z(u) +Z(v)-msn usn

.6

sn(u+t}

Jacobi's Imaginary Transformation

17.4.36

.5r---_ _

.4

.3

iZ(iulm)=Z(ul mJ) +2~~' -dn(ul mJ)sc(ul 1n J)

Relation to Jacobi's Theta Function

17.4.37

AO(I(J\a)

Z(ulm)=Z(u)=E(u)-uE(m)/K(m)

17.4.28

17.4.32

Heuman's Lambda Function

17.4.39

.2

15

5
.Ir-------~

Z(u)=8'(u)/8(u)=-ln 8(u)
du
FIGURE 17.10.

Heuman's lambda junction AO(I(J\a).

q-Series
Numerical Evaluation of Incomplete Integrals of the
First and Second Kinds

For the numerical evaluation of an elliptic

integral the quartic (or cubic 4) under the radical
should first be expressed in terms of t 2, see
ExalIlples 1 and 2. In the resulting quartic there
are only six possible sign patterns or combinations
of the factors namely

KlaIZly>\a)

W+a 2)(t2+b2), (a2-t2) (t2-b 2),

(a2-t2 )W-t2), (t2-a2)(t2-b 2), (t2+a 2 ) (t2-b 2 ) ,
(t2 +a2) (b 2-t2).

The list which follows is then exhaustive for

integrals which reduce to F(I{!\a) or E(I(J\a).
The value of the elliptic integral of the first
kind is also expressed as an inverse Jacobian
elliptic function. Here, for example, the notation
u=sn-Jx means that x=sn u.
The column headed "t substitution" gives the
Jacobian elliptic function substitution which is
appropriate to reduce every elliptic integral which
contains the given quartic.
FIGURE

17.9.

OSee page 11.

J~obian

zeta junction K(a)Z(I{!\a).

t For an alternate treatment of cubics see 17.4.61 and

17.4.70.

F('P\a)

.r

[17.4.41
a

cos a=b/a
a>b
m=(az -b2)/az

dt
[(t2+aZ)(t2+b2)]1I2

17.4.42
I'''
a

dt
[(t2+aZ)(t2+b2)IIZ

17.4.43

!X

dt

[(aLt2)(t2-b2)]1IZ

17.4.44
a

dt

[(aLt2)(t2-b2)1IZ

Equivalent Inverse
Jacobian Elliptic
Function

IX [(a2-t2) dt(b2-t2)]1/2
0

17.4.46

fb

t=b sc v

aLb2
cs- I - - Z
el
a a )

tan 'P=l!

I=a cs v

aLb2
nd- I - - Zel
b a )

Z _ a Z(:Dl- b2)
sm 'P- x2(a2- b2)

t=b nd v

ab2!% -1

aLb2
dn- I - - Z
el
a a )

a -x2
smZ
'P=-2

t=a dn v

Ii

t=b sn v

t=b cd v

2
1 )
dt
a(a -b2) % aZ_12 [(az-t2)(b2-t2)]1/2

t=a dc v

a b2
-a-

sin 'P=x

t=a ns v

t=b nc v

sn-

GI~)

Z
a -b2
x

sin 'P=lj

[(aL t2) (b2-t2)112

cd-IGI~)

Z _ a 2(b2-x2)
sm 'P-b2(a2-xZ)

a>b
m=b2/a2

17.4.47
J.%
dt
a [(12 - a2)(t2 - b2) ]1/2

dC-IGI~)

sm2 'P=-Z

dt

E('P\a)

tan 'P=lj

sin a=b/a

t Substitution

aLb2
sc-I - -2el
b a )

17.4.45
a

'P

x2-a2
x -b2

dt
ab2 re+a2)
12+b2 [(t2+aZ)(t2+b2)1IZ
0

I'''e2+b2)
dt
x
12 + a Z [(12 + a Z)(t2 + b2) ]111

dt

12 [(aL t2)(t2-b2)1I2

fa

t2dt
t2)(t2-b2)112

[(a L

i%
0

(aZ-tZ)dt
[(a z -t2)(b2-t2)]1IZ

f(

J.X(

tL

12

b2

dt
[(t2-a2)(t2-b2)]IIZ

17.4.48

fa>

dt
a % [(t2-aZ)(t2-b2)]1IZ

17.4.49
b
cot a=a
m=aZ/(a2 +b2)

(I b2) 1/2
a +

17.4.50

dt
[(t'+aZ)(t'-b2)1/2

dt
% [(t'+a2)(t'-b2)jI/Z ds-

GI~)

Gla2~b2)

cos 'P=;;

Cca2+xb2)IIZla'~b2)

'P=-a +b2
slnZ

nc-

f"

( z+b2) 1Iz
a

i%b

ns-

t= (a2 + b2) 112 ds v

a'+x'

I'''eLb2)

(a'+b2)I/,

ibXtZ+az

(2+ b2 ) IIZ
a

Z
f"% (t'+a2)
t

b2

- tZ-

17.4.51
b
tan a=a
m= bJ/(a2 + bJ)

( '+b2)1/2.C
dt
0 [(t' + a 2)(b2 - 12) JI/2
a

sd

_I e(a2+b2)1/21~ )
ab
a2+b2

sin' 'P

x Z(a2 +b2)
b2(a'+x')

ab
t= (a'+b2) 112 sdv

t=b en v

'( '+ b2) liZ

a a

17.4.52

( Z+b2)1/Zf.b
a

dt
[(P+aZ)(bJ-t2)]I/Z

b2 z)
cn -lei
lj aZ+b

cos 'P=lj

dt

[(12 - aZ) (12- b2) ]112

-t'-

f.b

(a'+b2)I/Z

dt
[(t'+a2)(t2-b2)]I/Z

dt
[(t'+a')(tZ -b2)]I/Z

1
dt
(t'+aZ) [(t2+aZ)(b2-P)]1/2

{t2+ aZ)dl
[(t'+a2)(b2-ez)]112

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
Some Important Special Cases

cos

!F(<P\a)

17.4.53
dt
z (l+t4)!

f"

1
31/4F (<P\a)

'I'

17.4.57

xZ-l
xZ+l

f.'"

45

17.4.58

17.4.54

So'o" (l+t4)1
dt
.1.
2 1/2

.l.
2

112

dt

'" (ta-I)!

17.4.55
dt
1 (t4-1)1

i'"
f.l

17.4.56
dt
,,(l-t4)1

l-x 2

45

l+x2
I

-Va-l+x

-Va-I+x
-Va + I-x

17.4.59
dt
",(I-ts)l

I'"-",(l-ts)l
dt

45

x-l--Va
x-H-Va

15
I

17.4.60

'I'

1:'" (t dt I)!
1

45

cos

-Va + I-x

I--V3-x
1+-Va-x

15

75

75

Reduction of dt/-{P where P=P(t) is a eubic

polynomial with three real factors P=
(t-{3I) (t-.{32)(t-{3a) where {31>{3z>{3a. Writl~

Reduction of dt/-{p ~hen P=P(t)=&ra1t2

+~t+aa is a cubic polynomial with only onel real
root t={3. We form the first and second detivatives P' (t), P" (t) with respect to t and then ~te

17.4.61

,\2_[P'( )]1/2
- ' 2 -!-! P"( )
" (3
, m-sm a- 2 8 [P'({3)]112

17 470

1/2
. 2
{32-{3a
1 (
(31-{3a) ,m=sm a={3I-{3a'

X=2

ml=cos2 a=!!.I-{32
{31- (3a

17.4.71
IX dt
AJp

-VI>

17.4.62

f-

dt
63..,jP

).

x-fJa
fJ2- fJ3

s1n2 '1'=--

F(<P\a)

AJx

17.4.63

).f.~' j

",..,jP

cos '1'=

F(<P\a)

(fJI - fJ,)(x - fJ,)

(fJ2- fJa)(fJI-X)

17.4.64

f --VI>
dt

).

17.4.72
I'" dt

61

X-fJI
x-fJz

sin' '1'=--

F(<P\a)

f.'"

dt
). '" -VI>

17.4.73
x
dt

). -'" -V(-p)

L-V(-p)
x

f-"'-V-p
-dt

x-fJa

fa'" -V-p
-dt

aO

sin' '1'= fJI- fJa

F(<P\ (90 -

aO

cos' <P=fJi-fJa

fJI-X

17.5. Landen's Transform.ation

f --V-p
~,

dt

F(<P\ (90 -

aO

fJz-x

sin' '"

(fJI- fJa)(X- fJz)

(fJI- fJ2)(X- fJa)

17.4.69
).f.~1 dt

--

" -V-p

F(<P\(900-aO

Let an, an+1 be two modular angles such th~t

17.5.1

17.4.68
).

F(",\(900-aO

Descending Landen Transformation 6

F(<P\ (90 -

17.4.67
).

(fJ-x) -).' .

cos '1'= (fJ-x) +).z

cos' <p=x- fJ1

F(<P\a)

17.4.66
).

F(<P\(900-aO

17.4.74
p dt
).

17.4.65

-VI>

x-fJ,
cos' '1'=-fJI- fJ,

(1 + sin an+I)(1+Cos a,,) =2

and let IP",

such that

17.5.2

IP"+I

be two corresponding

tan (1Pn+1-lPn)=Cos a" tan

1,1'"

amplit~des
(1Pn+1::j>lPn)

Sinc~his

6 The emphasis here is on the modular angle

is an argument of the Tables. All formulae conce ning
Landen's transformation may also be expressed in rms
of the modulus k=ml=sin a and its complement k' m\
=cos a.

598

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Thus the step from n to n+ 1 decreases the modular

angle but increases the amplitude. By iterating
the process we can descend from a given modular
angle to one whose magnitude is negligible, when
17.4.19 becomes applicable.
With ao=a we have

With ao=a we have

n~l

17.5.14

F(<p\a)=2n II (l+sin a.)-IF(<Pn\a n)

8"0

17.5.15

17.5.3

F(<p\a)= II (l+cos a.)F(<Pn\a n)

8=1

.,

F(<p\a) = (1+cos a)-IF(<pl\al)

=!(1+sin al)F(<pI\al)
n

17.5.16 F(<p\a) = [csc a II sin as]! In tan (!7r+!'P)

8=1

17.5.17

17.5.4 F(<p\a)=2- n II (1 +sin as)F(<Pn \an)

'P=lim <Pn
n-+ oo

8=1

Neighborhood of II Right Angle (see also 17 .4.13)

00

F(<p\a)='P II (1+sin as)

17.5.5

When both <p and a are near to a right angle,

interpolation in the table F(<p\a) is difficult.
Either Landen's transformation can then be used
with advantage to increase the modular angle and
decrease the amplitude or vice-versa.

8=1

00

17.5.7

K=F(~\a)=~

II (l+sin as)

17.6. The Process of the Arithmetic-Geometric

Mean

8=1

F(<p\a)=27r- IK'P

17.5.8

Starting with a given number triple (ao, bo, co)

we proceed to determine number triples
(ai, bl> C.,), (az, b2, C2), ... , (aN, bN, CN) according to
the following scheme of arithmetic and geometric
means

17.5.9

[l-i sin2 a (1+~ sin

. )
sm sm a. + . .. )].
+ sm a [12" (sm
+221..

E(<p\a)=F(<p\a)

al

al

al

112

sm
<PI

1 (sm
. al sm
. az)112.
+ 22
sm <P2 + ... ]

17.5.10
E=K [1-~ sin 2 a

17.6.1

ao

al=!(ao+b o)
aZ=!(al +b l )

bo

b1=(aobo)1
b2=(al bl)t

(1+~ sin a l +;2 sin al sin a2

.
+21sm
3

at

Co

.a2.
sm
sm a3+ ...)]

cI=i(ao-bo)
c2=!(al- bl)

Ascending Landen Transformation

Let an, an+1 be two modular angles such that

17.5.11

(1 + sin an)(l +cos an+l) =2

and let <Pn, <Pn+l be two corresponding amplitudes

such that
17.5.12 sin (2<Pn+I-<Pn) =sin an sin <Pn

CN=!(aN-l- bN-l).

(an+l>a n)

(<Pn+l <<Pn)

Thus the step from n to n+ 1 increases the

modular angle but decreases the amplitude. By
iterating the process we can ascend from a given
modular angle to one whose difference from a right
angle is so small that 17.4.21 becomes applicable.

We stop at the Nth step when aN=bN, i.e., when

CN=O to the degree of accuracy to which the numbers are required.
To determine the complete elliptic integrals
K(a), E(a) we start with
17.6.2
whence
17.6.3

ao=l, bo=cos a, co=sin a

599

ELI,IPTIC INTEGRALS

1 [c2o+2~1+22C~+ ... +2NC~]

2

6 4 K(a')-E(a)
17
K(a)

To determine K'(a), E'(a) we start with

a~=l, b~=sin a, c~=cosa

17.6.5

17.7.4
1

I t?(v+i3)

"2

n t?(v-[3)

'" 8- l s(l- q2s) - I sin 28V sin 28fl

2 .L:::
q

.=1

17.7.5

whence

t?;({3) =cot fl+4

i}1({3)

17.6.6

.=1

q2s(1-2q2& cos 2,8+q4S) -I sin 2,8

In the above we can also use Neville's theta

functions 16.36.

17.6.7
K' (a) - E' (a) =! [c'2+2c'2+22c'2+

K' (a)

. +2Nc' 2]

17.7.6

Case (ii) Hyperbolic Case n>l

n>

To calculate F(<(J\a) , E(<(J\a) start from 17.5.2

which corresponds to the descending Landen
transformation and determine JI, J2, . . " <(IN
successively from the relation

The case
1 can be reduced to the case
O<N<sin2 a by writing

17.6.8 tan (<(In+t-<(Jn)=(bn/a n) tan <(In, Jo=J

17.7.8

Then to the prescribed accuracy

II(n; J\a)=-II(N; J\a)+F(<(J\a)

17.6.9

+2l.... ln [(A(<(J) +PI tan J)(A(<(J)-PI tan <p)-I]

PI

]7.6.10
Z(<(J\a) =E(<(J\a) - (E/K)F(<(J\a)

=CI sin JI+C2 sin Jz+ ... +cNsin <PN

where A(<p) is the delta amplitude, 17.2.4.

II(n\a) =K(a) -II (N\a)

17.7.9

Case (iii) Circular Case sin 2

17.7. Elliptic Integrals of the Third Kind

17.7.1
1I(1l; <p\a) =

i'"

17.7.2

a< n< 1

E=arcsin [(I-n)/cos2 ali

(I-n sin2 0) -'(I-sin 2 a sin2 0) -ldO

lI(n; !'IT\a)=1I (n\a)

Case (i) Hyperbolic Case 0< n < sin 2 a

fl=!7rF(E\900-a)/K(a)
q=q(a)

17.7.10
v=!7rF(<(J\a)/K(a), o2=[n(1-n)-'(n-sin 2 a)-I]l

E=arcsin (n/sin ex)t,

lI(n; <p\a) =o2(X-4~v)

17.7.n
17.7.12

q=q(a)

X=arctan (tanh fl tan v)

V=!7rF(<p\a)/K(a) ,

.-1

+2:E (-I)-18-' q2(I-q2.)-1 sin 2sv sinh 28,8

17.7.13

J[I +2 i:
if2 cosh 28flJ-I
'-1

~=[ 8if2 sinh 28fl

17.7.3
lI(n;<p\a)=ol

[-! In

[t?4(v+{3)M4(V-fl)]

,~1

17.7.14 II (n\a) =K(a)+!7r62 [I-A o(E\a)]

where Ao is Heuman's Lambda function, 17.4.39.
See page

II.

600

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Special Cases

lJ(n;.p\a)

17.7.18

n=O

3.5

II(O; lP\a) =F(IP\a)

3.0

17.7.19

n=O, a=O

2.5

II(O; IP\O) =IP

2.0

1.5

17.7.20

1.0

lI(n; IP\O)=(I-n)-i arctan [(1-n)i tan IP],

a=O

*
n<I

=(n-l)-t arctanh [en-I)! tan IP],

.5

.2
O

15'

FIG URE 17.11.

=tan IP

Elliptic integral oj the third kind

lI(n; lP\a).

17.7.21

Case (iv) Circular Case n<O

n=I

a= 7r/2

lI(n; IP\ 7r/2) = (l-n)-'[ln (tan lP+sec IP)

The case n<O can be reduced to the case

sin 2 a<N<I by writing
17.7.15

-! ni In

(1 +n! sin IP)(I-nl sin IP)-']

17.7.22

n= sin a

(l=j=sin a){21I(sin a; lP\a)-F(IP\a)}

N=(sin 2 a-n)(I-n)-'

=arctan [(1 =j=sin a) tan IP/A(IP)]

P2=[-n(l-n)-'(sin 2 a-n)]i

17.7.23

n=I cos

2 cos alI(lcos

17.7.16

a; <p\a)=! In [(I+tan <p

A(<p)(I-tan lP'A(<p-']+! In [(A(<p)

[(I-n)(l-n-' sin 2 a)]ilI(n; lP\a)

=[(I-N)(I-N-' sin2 a)]ilI(N; lP\a)
+ Pi' sin 2aF(IP\a) + arctan [!P2 sin 21P/A(IP)]

+cos atan IP)(A(IP)-cos

tan IP)-']

=j= (1 =j= COs a) F( <p \ a)

17.7.24

17.7.17
II (n\a) = (-n cos 2a)(l-n)-'(sin 2 a-n)-' II (N\a)
+sin 2 a(sin 2 a-n)-'K(a)

17.7.25

n=1

Numerical Methods
17.8. Use and Extension of the Tables
ExaDlple 1. Reduce to canonical form
where

f y-'dx,

(1O+8X)2-4(3+X) (9+ 1OX) =0; i.e., if A= -~ or ~

and then

Q,+~ Q2=~ (x-l)2

3

By inspection or by solving an equation of the

fourth degree we find that
y2=Q,Q2where Q,=3x2-1Ox+9, Q2=-r+8x-1O
First Method

Q,-XQ2=(3+A)r-(10+8X)x+9+1OX is a perfect square if the discriminant

'See page n.

Q,_!
'2

Q2=~

(X-2)2

Solving for Q, and Q2 we get

Q, = (x-l)2+2(x-2)2, Q2=2(x-l)2-3(x-2)2
The substitution t=(x-l)/(x-2) then gives

601

EL:LIPTIC INTEGRALS

If the quartic y2=0 has four real roots in x

(or in the case of a cubic all three roots are real),
we must so combine the factors that no root of
QI =0 lies between the roots of Q2=0 and no root
of Q2=0 lies between the roots of QI =0. Provided
this condition is observed the method jus.t described will always lead to real values of A. These
values may, however, be irrational.

QI
Q2

~t2-QI

4 W = (2w+ 1)2-4w=4w+ 1

so that
1

W=Aw+Bw+O where A=l, B=O, 0=4"

and if we write Z2= W/w and

3x2-lOx+9
-x2+8x-1O

and let the discriminant of

IS

Z2=(B- Z2)2_4AO= (z2)2_1 =(z2-1) (Z2+ 1),

Second Method

Write

The discriminant of Q2W- QI =rw- (2w+ l)x+ 1

be

4 T2= (8t 2+ 1O)2-4(t 2+3) (lOt 2+9)

=4(3t 2+2) (2t2-1)

Then

y-1dx=

[(z2-1)(z2+ 1)]-1/2 dz

The first method of Example 1 fails with the

above values of QI and Q2 since the root of QI =0
lies between the roots of Qz=O, and we get
imaginary values of A. The method succeeds,
however, if we take QI=X, Q2=(x-l)(x-2), for
then the roots of QI =0 do not lie between those
of Q2=0.
Example 3. Find K(80/81).
First Method

This method will succeed if, as here, T2 as a

function of t 2 has real factors. If the coeffieients
of the given quartic are rational numbers, the
factors of T2 will likewise be rational.

Use 17.3.29 with m=80/81, ml = 1/81, m~/2= 1/9.

Since [(1-m~/2) (1 + mt/2)-1]2 = .64, K(80/81) =
1.8 K(.64) =3.59154 500 to 8D, taking K(.64) from
Table 17.1.

Third Method
Second Method

Write
QI
W Q2

3x2-10x+9
-x2+8x-1O

and let the discriminant of Q2W- QI be

4 W =4(3w+ 2) (2w-l) =4 (Aw+ Bw+ 0)

Table 17.4 giving L(m) is useful for computing

K(m) when m is near unity or K'(m) when m is
near zero.
K(80/81)=! K'(80/81) In (16X81)-L(80/81).
11'

By interpolation ~n Tables 17.1 and 17.4, since

80/81 =.98765 43210,

Then if
Z2= W/w and Z2=(B- z2)2-4AO=(z2-1)2-\-48

y-1dx=

Z-Idz

K'(80/81) =1.57567 8423

L(80/81) = .00311 16543
K(80/81) =11'-1(1.57567 8423)(7.16703 7877)

However, in this case the factors of Z are complex

and the method fails.
Of the second and third methods one will always
succeed where the other fails, and if the coefficients
of the given quartic are rational numbers, the
factors of T2 or Z2, as the case may be, willl be
rational.
Example 2. Reduce to canonical form fy-1dx
where y2=x(x-l)(x-2).
We use the third method of Example 1 tE~king
Ql=(x-l), Q2=x(x-2) and writing

QI

x-I

w=Q2=x2-2x

-.00311 16543
=3.59154 5000 to 9D.
Third Method

The polynomial approximation 17.3.34 gives to

8D
K(80/81) =3.59154 501
Fourth Method, Arithmetic-Geometric Mean

Here sin 2 a=80/81 and we start with

ao=l,
giving

bo=~, co=-v'80/81=.99380

79900

602

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

a,.

Cn

b"

0
1
2
3
4
5

1. 00000 00000

55555
44444
43738
43735
43735

55555
44444
79636
95008
95003

1
Thus K(80/81)=Z

.11111
33333
43033
43733
43735
43735

11111
33333
14829
10380
94999
95003

1I"ai1=3.59154

99380
44444
.1l1l1
00705
00002

79900
44444
11111
64808
84628

5001.

Find E(80/81).

Example 4.

The computation could also be made using

common logarithms with the aid of 17.3.20. The
point of this procedure is that it enables us to
calculate ql without the loss of significant figures
which would result from direct interpolation in
Table 17.1. By this means In (ljqt) can be found
without loss of accuracy.
Example 6. Find m to 10D when K'jK=.25
and when K'/K=3.5.
From 17.3.15 with K'/K=.25 we can write the
iteration formula

First Method

Use 17.3.30 which gives, with m=80/81

E~80/81)=1~ E(.64)-~ K(.64)

Then by iteration using Tables 17.1 and 17.4

n

=1.01910 6047

taking E(.64) and K(.64) from Table 17.1.

Second Method

Polynomial approximation, 17.3.36 gives

E(80/81) = 1.01910 6060. The last two figures
must be dropped to keep within the limit of
accuracy of the method.

1.

1
2
3

.99994 42025
.99994 42041
.99994 42041

Thus m=.99994 42041.

From 17.3.16 with K'jK=3.5 we can write the
iteration formula,

Third Method

Arithmetic-geometric mean, 17.6. The numbers

were calculated in Example 3, fourth method, and
we have

K(80/81)-E(80/81) =l [-2+2-2+22-2+
+2 52]
K(80/81)
2 CO
Cj
C2
,
C5

=~ [1.43249 71298]
= .71624 85649.
Using the value of K(80j81) found in Example 3,
fourth method, we have

E(80/81) = 1.01910 6048 to 9D.

Example 5. Find q when m=.9995.
Here ml=.0005 and so from Table 17.4

Q(m) = .06251 563013

Ql=mlQ(m)=.00003 1257815.
From 17.3.19
In

(~)=1I"2/ln (;)=11"2/10.37324 1132

=

.95144 84701

q=.38618125.

mIn)

o
1
2
3

.(3)26841 25043
. (3)26837 65
. (3) 26837 65

Thus m= .00026 83765.

The above methods in conjunction with the
auxiliary Table 17.4 of L(m) enable us to extend
Table 17.3 for K'/K>3, and for K'/K<.3.
Example 7. Calculate to 5D the Jacobian
elliptic function sn (,753421.7) using Table 17 .5.
Here
m=sin2 01.=.7, 01.='56.789089.
Thus, sn (.753421.7) = sin IP where IP is determined
from
F(IP\56.789089)=.75342.

Inspection of Table 17.5 shows that IP lies

between 40 and 45. We have from the table
of F(IP\OI.)

603

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

~
35
40
45
50

Second Method, Numerical Quadrature

60

58

56
.63803
.73914
.84450
.95479

.63945
.74138
.84788
.95974

Simpson's formula with 11 ordinates and interval

.1 gives .141117 .
Example 9. Evaluate

. 64085
.74358
.85122
. 96465

14

From this we form the table of F(<p\56.789089)

<P

~2

35

.63859

40

.74003

Here we can use 17.4.48 noting that a2 =4,

b =2, and that
2

50

.95674

.C [(t2-2) (t 2-4)]-ldt=i Ie
oo

437
10581

.84584

First Method, Reduction to Standard Form and

Bivariate Interpolation

~3

10144
45

72
509

=~ [F(<pI\45)-F('P2\45)]

11090

A rough estimate now shows that <p lies between

40 and 41. We therefore form the following
table of F(<p \56.789089) by direct interpoh~tion
in the foregoing table
<P

40.0
40.5
41.0

.74003
.75040
.76082

whence by linear inverse interpolation

<p

[(t 2 -2) (t 2 -4) ]-tdt .

=405+ 5 [.75342-.75040J=40 6449

.
.
.76082-.75040
.

and so sin <p=.65137=sn (.753421.7).

This method of bivariate interpolation is given
merely as an illustration. Other more direct
methods such as that of the arithmetic-geometric
mean described in 17.6 and illustrated for the
Jacobian functions in chapter 16 are less laboriious.
Example 8. Evaluate

=~ [1.854075-.5356~3]=.659226
where
Thus
Second Method, Numerical Integration

If we wish to use numerical integration we must

observe that the integrand has a singularity at
t=2 where it behaves like [8(t-2)]-l.
We remove the singularity at t=2, by writing

where
jet) = [(t2-2) (t 2-4) ]-1-[8(t-2) ]-t.
If we definej(2)=0,

4j

(t)dt

can be calculated by numerical quadrature.

First Method, Bivariate Interpolation

From 17.4.50 we have

14

Also

[8(t-2) ]-ldt=[~ (t-2)1J: =1

and thus we calculate the integral as

1+
where
sin2 a=!, cos <PI = ..fi, cos <P2=..fi
5
3
2

4j

(t)dt=I-.340773=.659227.

Example 10. Evaluate

U=

Thus a=26.56505 12, <PI=61.87449 43, <P2=45,

F(<pI\a) = 1.115921 and F(<P2\a)=.800380 and
therefore the integral is equal to .141114.

re (r-7x+6)-ldx.

J17

r-7x+6=(x-l)(x-2)(x+3) and we use 17.4.65

with {j1=2, {j2=1, {js=-3,

604

ELL~C

m=sin2 a=4/5, X=l5/2, cos 2 1/'=3/4.

~EGRALS

the integral=F(900\ 30) =~ (1.071797) (1.001292)

Thus a=63.434949, 1/'=30 and

u=2(5)-W(300\63.434949)
=2(5)-1(.543604)=.486214 from Table 17.5.

The above integral is of the Weierstrass type and

in fact 17= g>(!u; 28, -24) (see chapter 18).
ExaDlple 11. Evaluate

=1.68575 to 5D.
Second Method, Ascending Transformation

We use 17.5.11 to give

l+cos a n +l=2/(1+sin an)
n

COS

1
2

We have

There is only one real zero and we therefore

use 17.4.74 with P(t)=f!-2f2+12t-24, {j=2 so
that P'(2)=16, P"(2)=8, X=2 and therefore

sin a"

a"

.33333 333
.02943 725
.00021 673

.94280 904
.99956 663
.99999 998

sin (21/'1-90 0)=sin 30,

1/'1=60

sin (21{'2-I/'1) = sin

sin 1/'1,

1{'2=57.367805

sin (21/'a-I{'2)=sin a2 sin 1{'2,

1/'3=57.348426

sin (21/"-I/'a)=sin

I/'.=57.348425=~.

al

ag

sin 1/'3,

From 17.5.16

Therefore the given integral' is

F(900\300)=1~5 1.942:09041.999:6663
1.999~9 998 In tan ( 45 +~ ~)

where
1
cos 1/'1=:3'

= 1.37288050 In tan 73.674213

1/'1=70.52877 93

= 1.37288 050(1.22789 30)

F(900\300) = 1.68575 to 5D.
ExaDlple 13. Find the value of F(89.5\89.5).

and the integral=![1.510344-1.212597]=.148874.

ExaDlple 12. Use Landen's transformation to
evaluate

F/2

(1
1- sin
4

)-1/2

(J

We use 17.5.1 to give

2
l+cos 300 1.071797
cos cxI=[(l-sin al) (1 +sin al)1/2=.997419
2

l+sin ag

Thus from 17.5.7,

This is a case where interpolation in Table 17.5

is not possible. We use 17.4.13 which gives

dO to 5D.

First Method, Descending Transformation

.
l+sm al

First Method

where
cot y,=sin (.5) cot (.5) =cos (.5 0 )
y,=45.00109 084
and F(y,\89.5)=.881390 from Table 17.5.
F(900\89.5)=K(sin 2 89.5)=K(.99992 38476)

=6.1277788
1.001292; cos a2= .999999
1.000000

Thus F(89.5\89.5) =5.246389.

Second Method

Landen's ascending transformation, 17.5.11,

gives

605

ELll..IPTIC INTEGRALS

cos al=(I-sin 89.5)/(1 + sin 89.5)

sin al=[(I-cos al)(l+cos al)]i=.99999 9!}997

This is case (i) of integrals of the third kind,

0<n<sin2 a, 17.7.3

cos a2=0
sin a2=1.
E=arcsin (n/sin 2 a)'=300,

17.5.12 then gives

(2~-89.5)=sin

sin

fj= !1rF(300\300) / K(300) = .49332 60

89.5 sin 89.5

v=pF(45\300)/K(300)=.74951 51,

=.99992 38476
2<p1-89.5=89.2929049,

<PI =89.39645 U5

sin (2<P2-<Pl)=Sin al sin ~,

<P2=89.39645 602
sin (2<pa- <P2) = sin <P2,
<Pa= <P2= P.

~1 =

and so from 17.7.3

II (fs; 45\30)=

Thus 17.5.16 gives

(16/45)1

F(89.5\89.5) =

{-! In t1t1 (v+fj) +t1;(fj)

v}
t11
4

1
(99996 19231Y In (tan 89.69822

801)=5.~:4640.

Example 14. Evaluate

i2

(16/45)i

(fJ)

q= .01797 24.
Using the q-series, 16.27, for the t1 functions We get
II (fo;45\30) = (16/45)i{ -.0299589
+(1.8609621)(.7495151)} =.813845.

[(9-t2) (16+t2)aj- idt t05D.

From 17.4.51 the given integral

(v-fj)

Table 17.9 gives .81385 with 4 point Lagrangian

interpolation.
Example 16.
integral

Evaluate the complete elliptic

where
a=36.869900

From 17.7.6 we have

sin <Pl=i-/5,
.

sm <P2=3

where
E=arcsin(njsin2a)1=30.
Table 17.7

5
1-'

,,17

II (-h\300)=1.743055.

By bivariate interpolation in Table 17.15 we

find that the given integral

=lo [.80904 -

Thus using

.41192]= .00496.

Table 17.9 gives 1.74302 with 5 point Lagrangian interpolation.

Example 17. Evaluate

Simpson's rule with 3 ordinates gives

i [.00504+.01975+.005]=.00496.
Example 15. Evaluate
II (10; 45\30) =

Jof

r/
'

(1-10 sin 2 8)-1(1-1 sin 2 8)-idO to 6D.

to 6D.
This is case (iii) of integrals of the third kind,
sin2 a<n<l,

606

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

E=arcsin [(1-n)/cos2 ajl=45

Here n=~, <p=45, a=300 and since the character-

,6=hF(45\600)/K(300) =.70317 74

istic is greater than unity we use 17.7.7

v=hF(45\300)/K(300)=.7495151
52 =

N=n- 1 sin2 a=.2, Pl=(1/5)t

(40/9)!

II (-i; 45\30) =-II( 2; 45\30) +F(45\300)

q=.0179724

1 ~
(7 /8)t+ (1/5)l
+(2'\,5) In (7/8)t-(1/5)t

and sO from 17.7.11

IT (i; 45\300)=(40/9)1!2(~-4JLv)

=-.83612+.80437

=2.10818 51 { .55248 32-4(.03854 26)

+1~ In .J35+.J8

(.74951 51)} =.921129.

Table 17.9 gives .92113 with 4 point Lagrangian
interpolation.
Example ]8. Evaluate the complete elliptic
integral
II (t\300) to 5D.

"2

.J35-.J8

=1.13214.
Numerical quadrature gives the same result.
Example 20. Evaluate
II (-!; 45\30)

From 17.7.14 we have

to 5D.
where E=arcsin [(1-n)/cos 2aj1/2=45.
Table 17.8
II (i\300)=2.80099.

Thus using

Here the characteristic is negative and we therefore use 17.7.15 with n=-~, sin 2 a=~

Table 17.9 gives 2.80126 by 6 point Lagrangian

interpolation. The discrepancy results from interpolation with respect to n for <p=90 in Table
17.9.
Example 19. Evaluate

N=(1-n)-1(sin 2 a-n)=.4, P2=...[1

and therefore

Using Tables 4.14, 17.5, and 17.9 we get

to 5D.

II (-!; 45\30)=.76987

References
Texts
[17.1] ii.. Cayley, An elementary treatise on elliptic
functions (Dover Publications, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1956).
[17.2) A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 2, ch. 23 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1953).
[17.3] L. V. King, On the direct numerical calculation of
elliptic functions and integrals (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1924).
[17.4] E. H. Neville, Jacobian elliptic functions, 2d ed.
(Oxford Univ. Press, London, England, 1951).
[17.5) F. Oberhettinger and W. Magnus, Anwendung der
elliptischen Funktionen in Physik und Technik
(Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1949).

[17.6] F. Tricomi, Elliptische Funktionen (Akademische

Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, Germany, 1948).
[17.71 E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, chs. 20, 21, 22, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).
Tables
[17.81 P. F. Byrd and M. D. Friedman, Handbook of
elliptic integrals for engineers and physicists
(Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1954).
[17.91 C. Heuman, Tables of complete elliptic integrals,
J. Math. Phys. 20, 127-206 (1941).
[17.101 J. Hotiel, Recueil de formules et de tables numeriques (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, France, 1901).

ELLlPTIC INTEGRALS

[17.11] E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functionll, 4th

ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1945).
[17.12] L. M. Milne-Thomson, Jacobian elliptic fUIlction
tables (Dover Publications, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1956).
[17.13] L. M. Milne-Thomson, Ten-figure table of the
complete elliptic integrals K, K ' , E, E' and a
1

table of "HOlT)' "1"(OIT)' Proc. London :Math.

Soc. 2,33 (1931).

607

[17.14] L. M. Milne-Thomson, The Zeta function of

Jacobi, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 52 (1931).
[17.15] L. M. Milne-Thomson, Die elliptischen Funktionen
von Jacobi (Julius Springer, Berlin, Germany,
1931) .
[17.16] K. Pearson, Tables of the complete and incomplete
elliptic integrals (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1934).
[17.17] G. W. and R. M. Spenceley, Smithsonian elliptic
function tables, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, vol. 109 (Washington, D.C., 1947).

608

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
Table 17.1 COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS
AND THE NOME q WITH ARGUMENT THE PARAMETER m
1

"

K(m)~ f02 (l-m sin 2 0)

E(m)~

Ll (l-m sin

-2

dO

0)2dO

E'(m)~E("'l)

q(m)=exp [-"K'(rn)/K(m)]
rn

K'(1I!)~K(m1)

q1 (m )=q(m1)

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

K(1II)
1.57079 6326794897
1.57474 5561517356
1.57873 99120 07773
1.58278 03424 06373
1.586867847454166

3.69563
3.35414
3.15587
3.01611

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.591003453790792
1.595188221321610
1.59942 32446 58510
1.60370 96546 39253
1.60804 86199 30513

2. 90833 72484 44552

2.82075 24967 55872
2.74707 30040 24667
2.68355 14063 15229
2.627773332084344

0.00320 57869
0.00386 71356
0.00453 55438
0.00521 11618
0.0058941444

70686
22010
98018
66885
34269

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.612441348720219
1.616889090505203
1.62139 31379 80658
1.6259548290 38433
1.63057 5548881754

2.57809 21133 48173

2.533334546002200
2.49263 53232 39716
2.45533 80283 21380
2.42093 29603 44303

0.0065846515 53858
0.007282848449518
0.007988905849815
0.00870 30002 35762
0.00942 53141 02678

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.63525 67322 64580

1.639999865864511
1.64480 6490798881
1.64967 82052 94514
1.65461 6667522527

2.38901 64863 25580

2.359263554745007
2.33140 85677 50251
2.3052317368 77189
2.2805491384 22770

0.01015
0.01089
0.01164
0.01240
0.01316

60362
53620
34936
06407
70202

37153
10173
87540
58856
86392

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.65962 3598610528
1.66470 07858 45692
1.66985 00860 83368
1.67507 34293 77219
1.680372822848361

2.25720 53268
2.2350677552
2.21402 24978
2.19397 09253
2.17482 70902

20854
60349
46332
19189
46414

0.01394
O. 01472
0.01552
0.01632
0.01714

28572
83850
38457
94906
55806

75318
66891
56320
37206
74605

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

1.68575
1.69120
1.69674
1.70237
1.70808

0354812596
81991 86631
86201 96168
39774 10990
67311 34606

2.15651
2.13897
2.12213
2.10594
2.09037

56474
01837
18631
83200
27465

99643
52114
57396
52758
52360

0.0179723870
0.01881 01914
0.0196592872
0.02051 99793
0.02139 25853

08967
93399
66940
66788
82708

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1. 71388
1.71978
1. 72577
1. 73186
1.73805

94481
48080
56096
47782
53734

78791
56405
29320
52098
56358

2.0753631352
2.06088 16467
2.04689 40772
2.0333694091
2.02027 94286

92469
30131
10577
52233
03592

0.02227
0.02317
0.02408
0.02500
0.02594

57154
35013
67250
73177
66576

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1.74435
1. 75075
1.75726
1.76389
1. 77064

05972
38029
85048
83888
73233

25613
15753
82456
83731
.33534

2.00759
1.99530
1.98337
1.97178
1.96052

83984
27776
09795
31617
10441

24376
64729
27821
25656
65830

0.02689 79677 51443

0.02786 40785 93729
0.02884 51915 76181
0.029841775744138
0.03085 43225 51033

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.77751
1. 78451
1. 79165
1. 79891
1.80632

93714
88046
01166
80391
75591

91253
81873
52966
87685
07699

1.9495677498
1.93890 76652
1.92852 63181
1. 91841 02691
1.90854 70162

06026
34220
14418
09912
81211

0.03188
0.03292
0.03399
0.03507
0.03617

33473
93907
30208
48344
54594

13363
86003
70043
66773
93133

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.81388
1.82159
1.82945
1.83749
1.84569

3936816983
27265 56821
97985 64730
13633 55796
39983 74724

1.89892 49102
1.88953 30788
1.8803613596
1.87140 02398
1. 86264 08023

71554
53096
22178
11034
32739

0.03729 55570
0.03843 58239
0.03959 69950
0.0407798463
O. 04198 51981

75822
43468
38753
75263
67183

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

0.50
m1

1.8540746773 01372
K'(m)

0.04321 39182 63772

q\(m)

0.50
m

[(1~2]

K'(m)
00

73629
14456
49478
24924

89875
99160
91841
77648

1.8540746773 01372
K(m)

q(m)
0.0000000000 00000
0.00062 81456 60383
0.00126 26665 23204
0.00190 36912 69025
0.002551352513689

74361
48765
52661
89803
64110

[(-;)3]

m1
1. 00

0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

O. 77

See Examples 3-4.

E(m) and E'(m) from L. M. Milne-Thomson, Ten-figure table of the complete elliptic integrals
K, IC,E, E' and a table of

"~(~Ir)' "r ~Olr)' Proc. London Math. Soc.(2)33, 1931(with permission).

609

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS

AND THE NOME q WITH ARGUMENT THE PARAMETER m

K(1Tt)~ f02 (I-rn sin 2 e) -'ide

..

Table 17.1

K'(1n)~K(ml)

E(m)~ f02 (I-m sin 2 e)2de

E'(m)~E(ml)

q(m)=exp [- .. K'(rn) IK(m)]

q] (m)=q(m])
E'(m)
1.00000 0000
1.01599 3546
1.02859 4520
1.03994 6861
1.05050 2227

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

3352
2456
5653
2730
3465

1.06047
1.06998
1.07912
1.08793
1.09647

3728
6130
1407
7503
7517

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

1. 53075
1.52666
1. 52255
1. 51842
1. 51428

7637
5017
5369
8454
4027

1.10477
1.11285
1.12074
1.12845
1.13599

4733
5607
1661
0735
7843

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

17472
23363
23834
98477
13544

1.51012
1.50594
1.50174
1. 49752
1. 49329

1831
1612
3101
6026
0109

1.14339
1.15065
1.15778
1.16479
1.17169

5792
5629
6979
8293
7053

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.09927
0.09633
0.09353
0.09084
O. 08827

36973 38825
82749 65990
3288880648
75434 60707
12359 87862

1.48903
1.48476
1. 48046
1.47615
1.47181

5058
0581
6375
2126
7514

1.17848
1.18518
1.19178
1.19829
1.20471

9924
2883
1311
0087
3641

0.80
O. 79
O. 78
0.77
0.76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.08579
0.08341
0.08111
0.07890
0.07676

57337
33938
74173
17281
08740

02195
83117
41165
26084
04317

1.46746
1. 46308
1. 45868
1. 45426
1. 44982

2209
5873
8155
8698
7128

1.21105
1.21732
1.22351
1.22963
1.23568

6028
0955
1839
1828
3836

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.07468 99435 37179

0.072684496537110
0.07074 05053 87511
0.0688543052 47167
0.06702 25515 69108

1.44536
1.44087
1.43636
1. 43183
1. 42727

3064
6115
5871
1919
3.821

1.24167
1.24759
1.25345
1.25926
1. 26501

0567
4538
8093
3421
2576

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.06524 21836
0.06351 03934
0.06182 45979
0.06018 24161
0.0585816483

78738
00746
15898
79938
56838

1. 42269 1133

1. 41345 0127
1. 40879 0839
1.40410 5019

1.27070
1.27634
1.28194
1. 28748
1.29297

7480
9943
1668
4262
9239

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0,42
0.43
0.44

0.05702
0.05549
0.05400
0.05255
0.05113

02578
63553
81850
41123
26127

14610
09081
43499
42653
21764

1. 39939
1. 39465
1. 38988
1. 38508
1.38025

2139
1652
2992
5568
8774

1.29842
1.30383
1.30919
1. 31451
1.31978

8034
2008
2448
0576
7557

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.0497422621
0,04838 17284
0.04704 97634
0.04574 51959
0,04446 69259

64574
53289
16424
80149
25028

1.375401972
1.37051 4505
1. 36559 5691
1. 36064 4814
1. 35566 1135

1. 32502
1.33022
1. 33538
1.34050
1. 34559

4498
2453
2430
5388
2245

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

0,50

0,04321 39182 63772

q(m)

1.35064 3881
E'(m)

1.35064 3881
E(m)

0.50

m
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.00000
0.26219
0.22793
0.20687
0.19149

ql(m)
00000
62679
45740
98108
63082

00000
17709
67492
47842
09940

E(m)
1. 57079 6327
1. 56686 1942
1. 56291 2645
1. 55894 8244
1. 55496 8546

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.17931 60069
0.16920 75311
0.16055 42010
0.1529814810
0.14624 42694

55723
46133
73011
09741
73236

1. 55097
1.54696
1.54293
1. 53889
1.53483

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.14017
0.13464
0.12957
0.12488
0.12051

31269
58847
14695
01223
71957

54262
92091
20553
52049
28729

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.11643
0.11261
0.10900
0.10558
0.10235

90607
03164
18330
93457
24235

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

ml

1. 41808 3394

[( -~)4]

uq

610

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Table 17.2 COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS

AND THE NOME q WITH ARGUMENT THE MODULAR ANGLE '"

~

K(a)= f02

(1-sin 2

sin 2 II) -2 dll

1

11"

1.57079
1.57091
1.57127
1.57187
1.57271

E' (01.) =E(900-a)

E(a)= Io2 (1-sin 2 a sin 2 1I)2dfJ
ql (01.) =q(90 -01.)
q(a)=exp [-1I"K'(a)/K(a)]
K'(a)
K(a)
q(a}
00
63267 94897
0.00000 00000 00000
5.43490 98296 25564
59581 27243
0.00001 90395 55387
4. 74271 72652 78886
49523 72225
0.00007 61698 24680
4.33865 39759 99725
36105 14009
0.00017 14256 42257
4.05275 81695 49437
24349 95227
0.00030 48651 48814

5
6
7
8
9

1.57379
1.57511
1.57667
1.51848
1.58054

21309
36077
79815
65776
09338

24768
77251
92838
88648
95721

3.83174
3.65185
3.50042
3.36986
3.25530

19997
59694
24991
80266
29421

84146
78752
71838
68445
43555

0.00047
0.00068
0.00093
0.00122
0.00154

65699
66451
52197
24470
85045

16867
27305
97816
64294
16579

85
84
83
82
81

10
11
12
13
14

1.58284
1.58539
1.58819
1.59125
1.59456

28043
41637
72125
43820
83409

38351
75538
27520
13687
31825

3.15338
3.06172
2.97856
2.90256
2.83267

52518
86120
89511
49406
25829

87839
38789
81384
70021
18100

0.00191
0.00231
0.00276
0.00324
0.00376

35945
79450
18093
54674
92262

90170
15821
29252
43525
86978

80
79
78

15
16
17
18
19

1.59814
1.60197
1.60608
1.61045
1.61510

20021
85300
13494
41537
09160

12540
86952
10364
89663
67722

2. 76806
2. 70806
2.65213
2.59981
2.55073

31453
16145
80046
97300
14496

68768
90486
30204
61099
27254

0.00433
0.00493
0.00558
0.00627
0.00700

34205
84132
45970
23946
22602

09983
64213
58517
95994
97383

75
74
73

72
71

20
21
22
23
24

1.62002
1.62523
1.63072
1.63651
1.64260

58991
36677
91016
74093
41437

24204
58843
30788
35819
12491

2.50455
2.46099
2.41984
2.38087
2.34390

00790
94583
16537
01906
47244

01634
04126
39137
04429
46913

0.00777
0.00859
0.00944
0.01035
0.01130

46804
01752
92999
26461
08432

16442
53626
75082
44129
78049

70
69
68
67
66

25
26
27
28
29

1.64899
1.65569
1.66271
1.67005
1.67773

52184
69263
59584
94262
48840

78530
10344
91370
69580
80745

2.30878
2.27537
2.24354
2.21319
2.18421

67981
64296
93416
46949
32169

67196
11676
98626
79374
49248

0.01229
0.01333
0.01442
0.01555
0.01673

45605
45085
14412
61584
95077

27181
07947
80638
97708
33023

65
64
63
62
61

30
31
32
33
34

1.68575
1.69411
1. 70283
1. 71192
1. 72139

03548
43573
59363
46951
08313

12596
05914
12341
55678
74249

2.15651
2.13002
2.10465
2.08035
2.05706

56474
14383
76584
80666
23227

99643
99325
91159
91578
97365

0.01797
0.01925
0.02059
0.02191
0.02341

23870
51475
05967
80013
90910

08967
39635
10437
16901
88188

60
59
58
57
56

35
36
37
38
39

1.73124
1. 74149
1. 75216
1. 76325
1. 77478

51756
92344
52364
61840
59091

57058
26774
68845
59342
05608

2.03471
2.01326
1.99266
1.97288
1.95386

53121
65652
97557
22662
48092

85791
05468
34209
74650
51663

0.02491
0.02646
0.02807
0.02974
0.03147

50625
71830
67957
53239
42771

23981
76961
17219
19583
20286

55
54
53
52
51

40
41
42
43
44

1. 78676
1. 79922
1.81215
1.82560
1.83956

91348
15440
98536
18981
67210

85021
49811
62126
35889
93652

1.93558
1.91799
1.90108
1.88480
1.86914

10960
75464
30334
86573
75460

04722
36423
63664
80404
26462

0.03326
0.03511
0.03704
0.03902
0.04108

52566
99625
02001
78889
50703

95577
22096
87133
26607
79885

50
49
48
47
46

0.04321 39182 63772

qt(a}

45

45
90 -01.
0

1.85407 46773 01372

K'(a)

[C 1T7]

1.85407 46773 01372

K(a}

90
89
88
87
86

71

76

[(-~)9]

Compiled from G. W. and R. M. Spenceley, Smithsonian elliptic function tables, Smithsonian

Miscellaneous Collection, vol. 109, Washington, D.C., 1947 (with permission).

611

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS

AND THE NOME q WITH AHGUMENT THE MODULAR ANGLE a
~

K(ex) = J02 (1-Sitl 2 ex sin 2 8) -2d8

~

E(ex) =

J; (1-sin ex sin

q(ex)=exp

Table 17.2

[-~K'(ex)

2 8)2d8

E' (ex) =E(90 -ex)

ql (ex) =q(90 -ex)

/K(ex)]

ql (ex)

K' (ex)=K (90 -ex)

E(ex)

90-ex

0
1
2
3
4

1.00000
0.40330
0.35316
0.32040
0.29548

00000
93063
56482
03371
83855

00000
38378
96037
34866
58691

1.57079
1.57067
1.57031
1.56972
1.56888

63267
67091
79198
01504
37196

94897
27960
97448
23979
07763

1.00000
1.00075
1.00258
1.00525
1.00864

E'(ex)
00000
15777
40855
85872
79569

5
6
7
8
9

0.27517
0.25794
0.24291
0.22956
0.21754

98048
01957
29743
71598
89496

73563
66337
06665
81194
99726

1. ~j6780
1.56649
1.56494
1.56316
1.56114

90739
67877
75629
22295
17453

77622
60132
69419
18261
51334

1.01266
1.01723
1.02231
1.02784
1.03378

35062
69183
25881
36197
94623

34396
41019
67584
40833
90754

85
84
83
82
81

10
11
12
13
14

0.20660
0.19656
0.18728
0.17865
0.17059

97552
76611
51836
56628
45383

00965
43642
10217
04653
49477

1. ~j5888
1.55639
1.55368
1.55073
1.54755

71966
97977
08919
19509
45758

01596
70947
36509
84013
69993

1.04011
1.04678
1.05377
1.06105
1.06860

43957
64993
69204
93337
95329

06010
44049
07046
53857
78401

80
79
78
77
76

15
16
17
18
19

0.16303
0.15591
0.14919
0.14283
0.13680

35348
66592
73690
65198
08474

21581
65792
67429
36280
28619

1. ~j4415 04969
1. !i4052 15741
1.5366697975
1.53259 72877
1. ~i2830 62960

14673
27631
68556
45636
54359

1.07640
1.08442
1.09265
1.10106
1.10964

51130
52193
03455
21687
34135

76403
72543
37715
57941
42761

75
74
73

20
21
22
23
24

0.13106
0.12559
0.12037
0.11539
0.11062

18244
47852
82455
33684
35386

99858
09819
07894
49987
78854

1.52379 92052
1.51907 85300
1.51414 69174
1. ~i0900 71479
1.5036621353

59774
25531
93342
16775
53715

1.11837
1.12724
1.13624
1.14534
1.15454

77379
96377
43646
78566
66775

69864
57702
84239
80849
24465

70
69
68
67
66

25
26
27
28
29

0.10605
0.10167
0.09746
0.09342
0.08953

40201
16783
47524
26672
58769

85996
93444
70352
88483
52553

1. ~,9811
1. ~9236
1.'8642
1.L8029
1.47396

49284
87111
68037
26638
98872

22116
24151
44253
27039
41625

1.16382
1.17317
1.18258
1.19204
1.20153

79644
93826
90849
56765
81841

93139
83722
45384
79886
13662

65
64
63
62
61

30
31
32
33
34

0.08579
0.08219
0.07872
0.07537
0.07215

57337
43773
46415
99738
43668

02195
66408
92073
58803
98737

1.46746
1.46077
1. ~5390
1. 44686
1.43966

22093
35062
77960
92406
21471

39427
13127
65210
95183
15459

1.21105
1.22058
1.23012
1.23966
1.24918

60275
89957
72241
11752
16206

68459
54247
85949
88672
07472

60

35
36
37
38
39

0.06904
0.06603
0.06313
0.06033
0.05763

22996
86859
88302
83890
33361

09032
10861
96461
33716
79494

1.43229
1.42476
1. 41707
1. 40923
1.40125

09693
03101
49233
97160
97507

06756
24890
71952
46096
85523

1.25867
1.26814
1.27757
1.28695
1.29627

96247
65310
39482
37387
80079

79997
65206
50391
83001
94134

55
54
53
52
51

40
41
42
43
44

0.05501
0.05249
0.05005
0.04769
0.04541

99336
47051
44121
60340
67490

98829
04844
29953
17056
83529

1.39314
1. 3,8488
1.]7650
1.]6799
1.35937

02485
65913
43257
91658
69972

23812
75413
72082
73159
75008

1.30553 90942
1.31472 95602
1.3238421844
1.33286 99541
1.34180 60581

97794
64623
81263
17179
29911

50
49
48
47
46

45

0.04321 39182 63772

q(ex)

1.35064 38810 47676

E(ex)

45

90 -ex

1.35064 38810 47676

E'(ex)

[(-8)3]

00000
01834
27552
09152
07096

90
89
88
87
86

72

71

59
58
57
56

612

ELLIPTIC LNTEGRALS
Table 17.3
K'
K

111

PARAMETER m WITH ARGUMENT K'(m)/K(m)

K'
K'
m
K
K

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.99954
0.99912
0.99844
0.99740
0.99590

69976
85258
79307
8(}762
01861

1. 20
1. 22
1. 24
1. 26
1. 28

0.30866 25998
0.29292 52811
0.27782 39170
0.26335 17107
0.2494994512

2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18

0.02158 74007
0.02028 61803
0.0190626278
0.01791 21974
0.01683 05990

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.99380
0.99101
0.98739
0.98284
0.97726

79974
23521
58502
72586
54540

1. 30
1.32
1. 34
1. 36
1. 38

0.23625
0.22360
0.21154
0.20003
0.18908

58558
78874
10467
96393
70181

2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28

0.01581
O. 01485
0.01395
0.0] 311
0.01232

37845
79356
94517
49385
11967

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

O. 97056 27485

1. 40

~:~m~ rm~

0.94310 38029
0.93138 57063

1. 42
1. 44
1. 46
1. 48

0.1786658032
0.1687580773
0.15934 55603
.0.15040 97635
0.14193 21249

2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38

0.01157
0.01087
0.01021
0.00959
0.00901

52117
41433
53165
62118
44574

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.91837
0.90409
0.88859
O. 87191
0.85413

61134
80105
18214
38254
42916

1.50
1. 52
1.54
1. 56
1. 58

0.13389
0.12627
0.11906
0.11223
O. 10577

41273
73987
38004
54993
50300

2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48

0.00846
0.00795
0.00747
O. 00701
0.00659

78199
41974
16117
820] 1
22140

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
O. 78

0.83533
0.81560
0.79505
O. 77377
0.75188

54217
91841
51193
81814
6671]

1.60
1. 62
1. 64
1. 66
1.68

0.09966 53447
0.0938898538
0.0884324583
0.08327 75739
0.07841 01486

2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58

0.0061920026
0.00581 60167
0.00546 27984
0.00513 09763
0.00481 92610

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

O. 72949
O. 70669
0.68361
0.66035
0.63700

03078
84707
86358
50204
74395

1. 70
1.72
1. 74
1. 76
1. 78

0.07381 56747
0.06948 01950
0.06539 03054
O. 06153 31533
0.0578964327

2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68

O. 00452 64398
0.00425 13725
0.0039929873
0.00375 02764
0.00352 22924

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.61367
0.59043
0.56737
0.54457
0.52209

03730
22404
48621
30994
46531

1. 80
1. 82
1. 84
1. 86
1. 88

0.05446
0.05123
O. 04819
0.0453?
0.04262

83767
77481
38272
63995
57408

2.70
2. 72
2.74
2. 76
2, 78

0.00330 81448
0.00310 69966
0.00291 80610
0.0027405988
0.00257 39151

1. 00
102
1.04
1.06
1.08

O. 50000
0.47834
0.45716
0.43651
0.41642

00000
24497
83054
71048
19278

1. 90
1. 92

1.94
1.96
1. 98

0.0400826022
O. 03768 81947
0.03543 41720
0.03331 26147
0.03131 60134

2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88

0.00241
0.00227
0.00213
O. 00200
0.00188

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1. 18

0.39690
0.37800
0.35971
0.34205
0.32503

97552
18621
42366
80100
98919

2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08

0.02943
0.02766
0.02600
0.02444
0.02297

72515
95892
66464
23873
11038

2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98

0.00176 62198
0.00165 87487
0.00155 78119
0.0014630127
0.00137 39785

1.20

O. 30866 25998

2.10

0.0215874007

3.00

0.00129 03591

[(-:)2]

[(-;)8]

73568
03103
21990
24811
06475

[(-;)1]

K'

K'

For K >3.0, K <0.3, see Example 6.

Table 17.4
AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATION OF THE NOME q AND THE PARAMETER m
L(m)=-K(m)+ K'(m) In ~

(J(m)=ql(m)
ml

Q(m)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07

0.062500000000000
0.06281 45660 38302
0.06313 33261 60188
0.06345 63756 34180
0.06378 38128 42217
0.06411 57394 13714
0.06445 22603 66828
0.06479 34842 57396

[( -J)6]

See Examples 3, 5 and 6.

..

L(m)
0.00000
0.00251
0.00506
0.00765
0.0]027
0.01292
0.01561
0.01834

00000
65276
66040
09870
04595
58301
79344
76360

[( -:)5]

m]
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

Q(m)
0.065139523336060
0.06549 0493714101
0.06584 65155 38584
0.0662077131 77434
0.066574215415123
0.06694 61556 59704
0.06732 36721 61983
0.06770 69082 47689

[( -J)7]

ml

L(m)
O. 02111
O. 02392
0.02677
O. 02966
0.03259
0.03556
0.03858
0.04165

58281
34345
14110
07472
24678
76342
73466
27452

[( -:)6]

613

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

ELLIPTIC INTEGlllAL OF THE FIRST KIND F('P\a)

F('P\a) =
a\'P

0
2
4
6
8

0
0
0
0
0

0.08726
0.08726
0.08726
0.08726
0.08726

646
660
700
767
860

0.17453
0.17453
0.17453
O. 17454
0.17454

29:1
401)
721

10
12
14
16
18

0
0
0
0
0

0.08726
0.08727
0.08727
0.08727
0.08727

980
124
294
487
703

0.17455
0.17457
0.17458
0.17459
0.17461

20
22
24
26
28

0
0
0
0
0

0.08727
0.08728
0.08728
0.08728
0.08729

30
32
34
36
38

0
0
0
0
0

40
42
44
46
48

10

f: (l-sin2asin28)-td9
15
20

Table 17.5

30

25

99'1

0.26179
0.26180
0.26181
0.26183
0.26185

939
298
374
163
656

0.34906 585
0.34907428
0.34909 952
0.34914 148
0.34919 998

0.43633
0.43634
0.43639
0.43647
0.43659

231
855
719
806
086

0.52359
0.52362
0.52370
0.52384
0.52403

878
636
903
653
839

94'1
10;!
45J.
99:.
714

0.26188
0.26192
0.26197
0.26202
0.26208

842
707
234
402
189

0.34927
0.34936
0.34947
0.34959
0.34972

479
558
200
358
983

0.43673
0.43691
0.43711
0.43735
0.43761

518
046
606
119
496

0.52428
0.52458
0,52493
0.52533
0,52578

402
259
314
449
529

940
199
477
773
086

0.17463 61l.
0.1746567!i
0.17467 89!i
0.17470 26l.
0.17472 76,'

0.26214
0.26221
0.26228
0.26236
0.26245

568
511
985
958
392

0.34988 016
0.35004 395
0.35022 048
0.35040901
0.35060 870

0.43790
0.43822
0.43856
0.43893
0.43932

635
422
733
430
365

0.52628
0,52682
0.52741
0.52804
0.52872

399
887
799
924
029

0.08729
0.08729
0.08730
0.08730
0.08730

413
755
108
472
844

0.17475
0.17478
0.17480
0.17483
0.17486

386
119
950
86l,
8411

0.26254
0.26263
0.26273
0.26282
0.26293

249
487
064
934
052

0.35081
0.35103
0.35126
0.35150
0.35174

868
803
576
083
218

0.43973
0.44016
0.44060
0.44107
0.44154

377
296
939
115
622

0.52942
0.53017
0.53094
0.53174
0.53257

863
153
608
916
745

0
0
0
0
0

0.08731
0.08731
0.08731
0.08732
0.08732

222
606
992
379
765

0.17489
0.17492
0.17496
0.17499
0.17502

887
96j'
07;i
189
300

0.26303
0.26313
0.26324
0.26335
0.26345

369
836
404
019
633

0.35198
0.35223
0.35249
0.35274
0.35300

869
920
254
748
280

0.44203
0.44252
0.44302
0.44353
0.44404

247
769
960
584
397

0.53342
0.53429
0.53517
0.53606
0.53696

745
546
761
986
798

50
52
54
56
58

0
0
0
0
0

0.08733
0.08733
0.08733
0.08734
0.08734

149
528
901
265
620

0.17505
0.17508
0.17511
0.17514
0.17517

392
44i

0.26356
0.26366
0.26376
0.26387
0.26396

191
643
936
020
842

0.35325
0.35350
0.35375
0.35400
0.35424

724
955
845
269
101

0.44455
0.44505
0.44555
0.44604
0.44652

151
593
469
519
487

0.53786
0.53876
0.53965
0.54053
0.54139

765
438
358
059
069

60
62

962
291
605
902
182

0.17520
0.17522
0.17525
0.17527
0.17529

02~

0.26406
0.26415
0.26424
0.26432
0.26440

355
509
258
556
362

0.35447217
0.35469 497
0.35490 823
0.35511 081
0.35530 160

0.44699
0.44744
0.44787
0.44828
0.44867

117
153
348
459
252

0.54222
0.54304
0.54382
0.54456
0.54527

911
111
197
704
182

25~i

45~

391
26(1

66
68

0
0
0

0.08734
0.08735
0.08735
0.08735
0.08736

70
72
74
76
78

0
0
0
0
0

0.08736
0.08736
0.08736
0.08737
0.08737

442
681
898
092
262

0.1 533
0.17535
0.17537
0.17538

0.1~532 010

949
712
289
672

0.26447
0.26454
0.26460
0.26465
0.26470

634
334
428
883
671

0.35547
0.35564
0.35579
0.35592
0.35604

959
377
326
721
488

0.44903
0.44936
0.44967
0.44994
0.45019

502
997
538
944
046

0.54593
0.54654
0.54710
0.54760
0.54804

192
316
162
364
587

80
82
84
86
88

0
0
0
0
0

0.08737
0.08737
0.08737
0.08737
0.08737

408
528
622
689
730

0.17539
0.17540
0.17541
0.17542
0.17542

854
830
594
143
473

0.26474
0.26478
0.26480
0.26482
0.26483

766
147
795
697
842

0.35614
0.35622
0.35629
0.35634
0.35636

560
881
402
086
908

0.45039
0.45056
0.45070
0.45079
0.45085

699
175
168
795
596

0.54842
0.54873
0.54898
0.54916
0.54927

535
947
608
348
042

90

0.08737 744

64

5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

[(-38)3J

0.08726730
0.08727 387
0.08728 623
0.08730 289
0.08732 185
0.08734 084
0.08735 756
0.08736 998
0.08737 659

69(1
232
64C
903

0.17542 583

[(-1)3J

0.17453
0.17459
0.17469
0.17482
0.17497
0.17512
0.17526
0.17536
0.17541

962
198
061
397
630
935
454
525
895

0.26484 225

[( -;)1
0.26182
0.26199
0.26232
0.26277
0.26329
0.26382
0.26428
0.26463
0.26481

180
739
912
965
709
007
466
238
840

0.35637 851

[(-:)2J

0.34911
0.34953
0.35031
0.35138
0.35261
0.35388
0.35501
0.35586
0.35631

842
092
330
244
989
123
092
223
976

0.45087 533

0.54930 614

0.43643
0.43722
0.43874
0.44083
0.44328
0.44580
0.44808
0.44981
0.45075

0.52317
0.52512
0.52712
0.53134
0.53562
0.54009
0.54419
0.54735
0.54908

[(-:)5]

361
998
792
848
233
113
179
645
457

[(-:)9J

095
754
849
425
273
391
926
991
352

The table can also be used inversely to find 'P=am u where u=F('P\a) and so the Jacobian elliptic
functions, for example sn u=sin 10, cn u= cos 10, dn U= (l-sin2 a sin2 <p)1/2. See Examples 7-11.
Compiled from K. Pearson, Tables of the complete and incomplete elliptic integrals, Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1934 (with permission). Known errors have been corrected.

614

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Table 17.5

ELliPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND F('P\a)

F('P\a) =

a\'P
0
2
4
6
8

35

40

f: (1-sin2

45

sin2 8) -i do

50

55

60

0.61086
0.61090
0.61103
0.61125
0.61155

524
819
691
108
010

0.69813
0.69819
0.69838
0.69869
0.69913

170
436
220
484
161

0.78539
O. 78548
0.78574
0.78617
0.78678

816
509
574
974
644

0.87266
0.87278
0.87312
0.87370
0.87451

463
045
784
649
593

0.95993
0.96008
0.96052
0.96127
0.96231

109
037
821
450
911

1.04719
1.04738
1. 04794
1.04888
1.05019

10
12
14
16
18

0.61193
0.61239
0.61294
0.61357
0.61428

318
927
707
504
140

0.69969
0.70037
0.70117
0.70209
0.70313

159
358
608
730
511

O. 78756
O. 78851
O. 78963
O. 79091
0.79236

494
403
221
768
827

0.87555
0.87682
0.87832
0.88004
0.88199

545
412
076
389
174

0.96366
0.96530
0.96723
0.96947
0.97200

180
224
998
438
462

1.05187 911
1.05394160
1.05638 099
1. 05919 813
1.06239 384

20
22
24
26
28

0.61506
0.61592
0.61684
0.61784
0.61890

406
071
871
515
682

O. 70428
O. 70555
0.70692
O. 70839
O. 70997

706
037
183
788
451

O. 79398
0.79575
0.79768
O. 79976
0.80199

143
422
324
461
389

0.88416
0.88655
0.88915
0.89198
0.89501

214
254
992
071
076

0.97482
0.97794
0.98135
0.98505
0.98904

960
790
773
681
227

1.06596 891
1.06992 405
1.07425976
1.07897 628
1.08407 347

30
32
34
36
38

0.62003
0.62121
0.62244
0.62373
0.62505

018
138
622
019
840

0.71164
0.71341
0.71526
0.71719
0.71919

728
124
098
052
335

0.80436
0.80687
0.80951
0.81228
0.81516

610
558
599
024
039

0.89824
0.90167
0.90530
0.90911
0.91310

524
852
415
465
148

0.99331
0.99785
1.00267
1.00776
1.01311

059
743
749
438
039

1.08955
1.09540
1.10163
1.10824
1.11521

40
42
44
46
48

0.62642
0.62782
0.62925
0.63070
0.63216

563
630
446
385
783

O. 72126
0.72338
0.72556
0.72778
0.73003

235
982
741
615
640

0.81814
0.82123
0.82440
0.82764
0.83095

765
227
346
941
712

0.91725
0.92156
0.92601
0.93059
0.93528

487
370
535
558
835

1. 01870 633
1.02454 127
1. 03060 230
1.03687427
1.04333948

1.:1.2255 667
1.13024880
1.13828 546
1.14665 369
1.15533 731

50
52
54
56
58

0.63363
0.63511
0.63657
0.63802
0.63945

947
150
639
636
343

0.73230
O. 73458
O. 73687
0.73913
0.74137

789
970
028
751
870

0.83431
0.83770
0.84110
0.84450
0.84788

247
010
344
468
483

0.94007
0.94493
0.94985
0.95479
0.95973

568
756
177
381
682

1.04997
1.05676
1.06367
1. 07067
1.01772

735
412
248
128
516

1.16431
1.17356
1.18305
1.19275
1.20261

637
652
833
650
907

60
62
64
66
68

0.64084
0.64220
0.64351
0.64476
0.64595

944
613
521
839
751

O. 74358
O. 74572
0.74781
0.74981
0.75172

071
998
266
471
208

0.85122
0.85450
0.85769
0.86077
0.86373

375
024
220
677
057

0.96465
0.96950
0.97426
0.97889
0.98336

156
647
713
946
406

1.-08479
1.09183
1.09879
1.10562
1.11226

434
436
601
535
392

1.21259
1. 22263
1.23265
1.24259
1.25236

661
139
660
576
238

70
72
74
76
78

0.64707
0.64811
0.64906
0.64991
0.65067

458
189
209
829
415

O. 75352
0.75519
0.75673
0.75813
O. 75936

078
716
800
076
376

0.86652
0.86915
0.87157
0.87376
0.87572

996
135
159
830
037

0.98762
0.99163
0.99536
0.99876
1.00180

253
507
166
287
067

1.11864
1.12471
1.13039
1.13561
1.14031

920
530
401
610
304

1.26185
1.27098
1.27961
1.28763
1.29492

988
218
482
696
436

80
82
84
86
88

0.65132
0.65186
0.65228
0.65259
0.65277

394
270
622
116
510

0.76042
O. 76130
0.76200
0.76250
O. 76280

640
931
457
582
846

0.81740
0.87881
0.87992
0.88072
0.88121

833
481
495
675
143

1.00443
1. 00664.
1.00839
1.00966
1.01042

942
678
470
028
658

1.14441
1.14787
1.15062
1.15261
1.15382

892
262
010
652
828

1.30135
1.30680
1.31117
1.31436
1.31630

321
495
166
170
510

90

0.65283 658

5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

[( -~)2]

0.61113
0.61325
0.61733
0.62308
0.62997
0.63730
0.64414
0.64950
0.65245

335
114
857
236
691
374
930
235
368

0.76290 965

[(-:)3]

0.69852
0.70162
O. 70764
0.71621
O. 72667
O. 73800
0.74882
0.75745
0.76227

295
198
702
617
222
634
464
364
978

0.88137 359

[( -:)4]
O. 78594
0.79025
0.79870
0.81088
0.82601
0.84280
0.85924
0.87269
0.88036

111
416
514
311
788
548
936
924
502

1.01068 319

[(-:)6]
0.87338
0.87915
0.89054
0.90718
0.92829
0.95232
0.97660
0.99710
1.00908

828
412
388
679
036
094
210
535
899

755
465
603
194
278

067
656
899
474
933

1.15423 455

1.31695 790

0.96086
0.96832
0.98317
1.00518
1.03371
1.06716
1.10223
1.13306
1.15171

1.04836
1.05774
1.07657
1.10489
1.14242
1.18788
1.23764
1.28370
1.31291

[(-,f):L]

405
014
128
803
296
268
077
645
457

[(-i)2]

715
229
042
545
906
407
210
993
870

615

ELljIPTIC INTEGRALS

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND F(I"\a)

F(.o\a) =
a\1"
0

65

70

J:
75

80

Table 17.5

(1-sin 2a sin2 8) -t do

85

90

0
2
4
6
8

1.13446
1.13469
1.13537
1.13652
1.13813

401
294
994
576
158

1. 22173
1. 22200
1. 22282
1.22420
1. 22612

048
477
810
180
810

1. 30899 694

l..30931
1. 31028
l..31190
l. 31417

959
822
491
314

1.39626
1.39663
1. 39775
1.39962
1.40225

340
672
763
909
598

1. 48352
1.48395
1.48523
1.48736
1.49036

986
543
342
769
470

1.57079
1.57127
1.57271
1. 57511
1.57848

633
495
244
361
658

10
12
14
16
18

1.14019
1.14273
1.14572
1.14919
1.15313

906
032
789
471
409

1.22861
1.23165
1.23525
1. 23943
1. 24418

010
180
808
470
827

1. 31709
1. 32068
1. 32494
1. 32988
1.33550

778
514
296
047
840

1.40564
1. 40980
1.41474
1.42048
1.42703

522
577
871
728
700

1.49423
1. 49898
1.50463
1.51120
1.51870

361
627
742
474
904

1.58284
1. 58819
1.59456
1.60197
1.61045

280
721
834
853
415

20
22
24
26
28

1.15754
1.16244
1.16782
1.17369
1.18005

967
535
525
362
472

1. 24952
1.25545
1. 26198
1.26913
1. 27690

627
700
957
385
045

1. 34183 901
1. 34888 616

1. 36519 359
1. 37448 981

1.35666 531

1.43441 578
1.44264 399
1. 45174 466
1.4~174 360
1. 4 266 958

1.52717
1.53662
1.54710
1.55863
1.57125

445
865
309
334
942

1. 62002
1.63072
1. 64260
1.65569
1.67005

590
910
414
693
943

30
32
34
36
38

1.18691
1.19427
1.20213
1.21050
1.21938

274
162
489
542
520

1. 28530 059
1. 29434 605
1. 30404 906

1.31442 210
1. 32547 772

].38457
].39547
1.40720
].41979
1. 43327

455
013
064
198
179

1. 48455
1149743
1.51134
1,52633
1.54244

455
384
644
523
734

1.58502
1.59998
1.61618
1.63370
1.65259

624
406
906
398
894

1.68575
1. 70283
1.72139
1.74149
1. 76325

035
594
083
923
618

40
42
44
46
48

1.22817
1.23867
1.24907
1.25998
1.27138

499
392
904
475
210

1.33722
1. 34968
1. 36286
1. 37676
1.39139

].44766
].46301
1. 47934
].49668
].51507

938
%5
287
437
416

1.55973
1.57825
1. 59806
1.61923
1.64184

441
301
493
762
453

1.67295
1. 69485
1.71839
1. 74369
1.77086

226
156
498
264
836

1.78676
1.81215
1.83956
1.86914
1.90108

913
985
672
755
303

50
52
54
56
58

1.28325
1.29559
1.30836
1.32154
1. 33507

798
414
604
149
910

1. 40676 855
1. 42287 717

].53454 619
1.55513 354
1.57686709
1. 59977 378
].62387 409

1.66596
1.69168
1. 71910
1.74830
1. 77941

542
665
125
880
482

1.80006
1.83143
1.86515
1.90143
1.94050

176
068
414
591
873

1.93558
1.97288
2.01326
2.05706
2.10465

110
227
657
232
766

60
62
64
66
68

1.34892
1.36301
1.37727
1.39159
1.40586

643
803
323
384
195

1. 49441 087
1. 51390 609
1. 53392 332

].64917
1.67568
I. 70336
1. 73216
1.76199

867
359
398
516
085

1.81252
1.84776
1.88523
1.92503
1. 96725

953
547
335
509
237

1.98263
2.02813
2.07735
2.13070
2.18865

957
570
219
052
839

2.15651
2.21319
2.27537
2.34390
2.41984

565
470
643
472
165

70
72
74
76
78

1.41993
1.43365
1.44684
1.45927
1.47073

796
925
001
266
163

1.59590
1. 61661
1. 63693
1.65651
1. 67495

624
644
134
218
873

1. 79268 736
1.85566 175
1.88713 308
1. 91779 814

2.01192
2.05903
2.10843
2.15978
2.21243

798
582
282
295
977

2.25117
2.32070
2.39615
2.47892
2.56980

995
416
610
739
281

2.50455
2.59981
2. 70806
2.83267
2.97856

008
973
762
258
895

80
82
84
86
88

1.48098
1.48977
1.49690
1.50215
1.50537

006
975
410
336
033

1.69181
1. 70658
1. 71876
1. 72786
1. 73350

489
456
033
543
464

1.94682
1. 97316
1.99562
2.01290
2.02384

2.26527
2.31643
2.36313
2.40153
2.42718

326
897
736
358
003

2.66935
2. 77736
2.89146
3.00370
3.09448

045
748
664
926
898

3.15338
3.36986
3.65185
4.05275
4.74271

525
803
597
817
727

90

1.50645 424

5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

1.13589
1.14740
1.17069
1.20625
1.25446
1.31490
1.38443
1.45316
1.49977

[C -:)3]

544
244
811
660
980
567
225
359
412

824
545
013
148
640

1.43971 560
1. 45726 935
1. 47551 372

1.55435 972

1. 57507 940

1. 82402 292

231
666
118
452
126

1.73541 516

2.02758 942

2.43624 605

3.13130 133

1.22344 604

1.31101
1.32732
1. 36083
1.41338
1.48788
1.58817
1. 71762
1.87145
2.00498

1.39859
1.41751
1. 45663
1.51870
1.60847
1.73347
1.90483
2.13389
2.38364

1.48619
1.50780
1.55273
1.62477
1.73081
1.88296
2.10348
2.43657
2.94868

[C-:)5]

1. 23727 471

1.26548
1. 30915
1.36971
1.44840
1.54409
1.64683
1.72372

460
104
948
433
676
711
395

[C 1V9]

537
612
467
702
472
233
935
396
776

[C1g)2]

928
762
012
347
673
444
674
514
709

[C -3)7]

317
533
384
858
713
142
169
614
876

00

1.57379
1.59814
1.64899
1. 73124
1.85407
2.03471
2.30878
2. 76806
3.83174

213
200
522
518
468
531
680
315
200

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

616
Table 17.6

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE SECOND KIND E(I"\a)

E(lO\a) =

ft" (1-sin

.0

a sin 2 8)} do

a\1"

0
2
4
6
8

0
0
0
0
0

0.08726
0.08726
0.08726
0.08726
0.08726

646
633
592
525
432

0.17453
0.17453
0.17452
0.17452
0.17451

293
185
864
330
587

0.26179
0.26179
0.26178
0.26176
0.26174

939
579
503
715
224

0.34906
0.34905
0.34903
0.34899
0.34893

585
742
218
025
181

0.43633
0.43631
0.43626
0.43618
0.43607

231
608
745
665
403

0.52359 878
0.52357 119
0.52348856
0.52335 123
0.52315 981

10
12
14
16
18

0
0
0
0
0

0.08726
0.08726
0.08725
0.08725
0.08725

313
168
999
806
590

0.17450
0.17449
0.17448
0.17446
0.17444

636
485
137
599
879

0.26171
0.26167
0.26162
0.26157
0.26151

041
182
664
510
743

0.34885
0.34876
0.34866
0.34853
0.34840

714
657
055
954
412

0.43593
0.43575
0.43555
0.43531
0.43505

011
552
106
765
633

0.52291
0.52261
0.52227
0.52187
0.52142

511
821
039
317
828

20
22
24
26
28

0
0
0
0
0

0.08725
0.08725
0.08724
0.08724
0.08724

352
094
816
521
208

0.17442
0.17440
0.17438
0.17436
0.17433

985
926
712
353
862

0.26145
0.26138
0.26131
0.26123
0.26114

391
485
056
141
778

0.34825
0.34809
0.34791
0.34713
0.34753

492
262
800
187
510

0.43476
0.43445
0.43411
0.43375
0.43337

831
488
749
767
709

0.52093
0.52040
0.51982
0.51921
0.51856

770
357
827
436
461

30
32
34
36
38

0
0
0
0
0

0.08723
0.08723
0.08723
0.08722
0.08722

881
540
187
824
453

0.17431
0.17428
0.17425
0.17422
0.17419

250
529
714
817
852

0.26106
0.26096
0.26087
0.26077
0.26067

005
867
405
666
697

0.34732
0.34711
0.34689
0.34666
0.34642

863
342
050
093
580

0.43297
0.43256
0.43212
0.43168
0.43122

749
075
880
368
748

0.51788 193
0.51716 944
0.51643 040
0.51566820
0.51488 638

40
42
44
46
48

0
0
0
0
0

0.08722
0.08721
0.08721
0.08720
0.08720

075
692
307
920
535

0.17416
0.17413
0.17410
0.17407
0.17404

835
779
700
613
531

0.26057
0.26047
0.26036
0.26026
0.26016

545
261
893
492
110

0.34618
0.34594
0.34569
0.34545
0.34520

625
343
850
266
710

0.43076
0.43029
0.42981
0.42933
0.42885

236
055
431
594
776

0.51408
0.51327
0.51246
0.51163
0.51081

862
866
037
767
454

50
52
54
56
58

0
0
0
0
0

0.08720
0.08719
0.08719
0.08719
0.08718

152
714
402
039
686

0.17401
0.17398
0.17395
0.17392
0.17389

472
449
477
571
745

0.26005
0.25995
0.25985
0.25975
0.25966

795
600
574
765
224

0.34496
0.34472
0.34448
0.34425
0.34402

302
162
409
159
529

0.42838
0.42791
0.42744
0.42699
0.42655

212
134
775
368
138

0.50999
0.50918
-0. 50838
0.50759
0.50683

501
310
287
831
341

60
62
64
66
68

0
0
0
0
0

0.08718
0.08718
0.08717
0.08117
0.08717

345
017
704
408
130

0.17387
0.17384
0.17381
0.17379
0.17377

013
388
883
511
283

0.25956
0.25948
0.25939
0.25931
0.25924

996
126
660
640
104

0.34380
0.34359
0.34339
0.34320
0.34302

631
575
465
404
487

0.42612
0.42571
0.42531
0.42494
0.42459

308
097
712
358
224

0.50609 207
0.50537 811
0.50469 523
0.50404700
0.50343 686

70
72
74
76
78

0
0
0
0
0

0.08716
0.08716
0.08716
0.08716
0.08716

871
633
416
223
053

0.17375
0.17373
0.17371
0.17370
0.17368

210
302
568
018
659

0.25917
0.25910
0.25904
0.25899
0.25894

090
634
767
519
917

0.34285
0.34270
0.34256
0.34243
0.34233

805
443
478
984
022

0.42426
0.42396
0.42368
0.42344
0.42322

495
339
913
363
817

0.50286
0.50234
0.50186
0.50143
0.50106

804
359
633
886
351

80
82
84
86
88

0
0
0
0
0

0.08715
0.08715
0.08715
0.08115
0.08715

909
789
695
628
588

0.17367
0.17366
0.17365
0.17365
0.17364

498
539
789
250
926

0.25890
0.25887
0.25885
0.25883
0.25882

983
737
195
370
271

0.34223
0.34215
0.34209
0.34205
0.34202

650
915
857
507
889

0.42304
0.42289
0.42277
0.42268
0.42263

389
175
258
700
547

0.50074
0.50047
0.50026
0.50011
0.50003

232
707
923
993
003

90

0.08715 574

5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

10

[(-:)4]

0.08726
0.08725
0.08724
0.08723
0.08721
0.08719
0.08717
0.08716
0.08715

562
905
671
006
113
220
554
317
659

20

15

0.17364 818

[(-P3]

0.17452 624
0.17447 391
0.17437 550
0.17424275
0.17409 157
0.17394 015
0.17380 680
0.17370 710
0.17365 493

0.25881 905

[(-1)9]

0.26177
0.26160
0.26127
0.26082
0.26031
0.25980
0.25935
0.25902
0.25884

698
165
157
567
693
639
592
064
192

0.34202 014

[(-:)2]
0.34901
0.34860
0.34782
0.34677
0.34557
0.34436
0.34329
0.34250
0.34207

30

25

329
188
632
648
562
714
797
043
467

0.42261 826

[(-:)4]

0.43623
0.43543
0.43394
0.43190
0.42957
0.42721
0.42512
0.42356
0.42272

105
791
028
776
525
938
769
271
556

0.50000 000

[(-~)7]
0.52342
0.52207
0.51952
0.51605
0.51204
0.50798
0.50436
0.50164
0.50018

670
785
597
197
932
838
656
622
720

See Example 14.

Compiled from K. Pearson, Tables of the complete and incomplete elliptic integrals, Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge, England,
(with permission). Known errors have been corrected.

1934

617

ELL,IPTIC INTEGRALS

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE SECOND KIND E(<P\a)

17 (<P\a) =
a\<P
0
2
4
6
8

35

40

.~

Table 17.6

(1-sin211'sin28)~dB

45

50

55

60

0.61086
0.61082
0.61069
0.61047
0.61018

524
230
365
983
171

0.69813
0.69806
0.69788
0.69756
0.69713

170
905
136
935
427

O. 78539
O. 78531
0.78505
O. 78461
0.78401

816
125
085
792
409

0.87266
0.87254
0.87220
0.87162
0.87081

463
883
183
487
998

0.95993
0.95978
0.95933
0.95859
0.95755

109
184
459
083
301

1.04719
1.04701
1.04644
1.04551
1.04421

755
051
996
764
646

10
12
14
16
18

0.60980
0.60933
0.60879
0.60817
0.60748

055
793
577
636
229

0.69657
0.69590
0.69511
0.69420
0.69318

784
226
023
492
999

0.78324
0.78230
J.78120
0.77994
J.77853

162
343
308
473
323

0.86979
0.86853
0.86707
0.86539
0.86350

001
863
031
034
481

0.95622
0.95461
0.95271
0.95054
0.94810

460
005
478
522
878

1.04255
1.04052
1.03814
1. 03542
1.03236

047
491
615
177
049

20
22
24
26
28

0.60671
0.60588
0.60498
0.60402
0.60300

652
229
319
308
616

0.69206954
0.69084814
0.68953 083
0,68812 308
0.68663 077

0.77697
0.77527
0.77343
0.77147
O. 76939

402
316
735
387
059

0.86142
0.85914
0.85668
0.85405
0.85126

062
545
781
695
295

0.94541
0.94246
0.93928
0.93587
0.93225

386
984
709
699
186

1.02897 221
1.02526804
1.02126 023
1.01696 224
1.01238 873

30
32
34
36
38

0.60193
0.60081
0.59966
0.59846
0.59723

687
994
035
332
431

0.68506
0.68341
0.68171
0.67994
0.67813

023
817
170
830
578

0.76719
0.76489
0.76250
C.76003
C.75749

599
908
947
726
309

0.84831
0.84522
0.84201
0.83868
0.83525

663
958
414
340
115

0.92842
0.92441
0,92022
0.91588
0.91140

504
083
452
234
150

1.00755
1.00247
0,99717
0.99167
0.98598

556
977
966
469
560

40
42
44
46
48

0.59597
0,59470
0.59341
0.59211
0,59081

897
312
278
406
324

0.67628
0,67439
0.67248
0.67056
0.66863

229
630
651
191
167

0.75488
O. 75223
O. 74954
O. 74682
0.74409

809
383
234
605
773

0.83173
0.82814
0.82449
0.82080
0.81709

189
080
369
700
775

0.90680
0.90209
0.89731
0.89246
0.88758

017
742
325
858
513

0.98013
0.97414
0.96803
0.96184
0.95558

430
397
899
497
873

50
52
54
56
58

0.58951
0.58823
0.58696
0.58571
0.58450

664
065
171
622
056

0,66670
0,66479
0.66290
0,66104
0.65922

515
183
130
317
707

0,74137 047
0.73865 766
0.73597286
0" 73332 979
0" 73074 229

0,81338
0.80968
0.80601
0.80239
0.79884

346
217
230
262
217

0,88268
0.87779
0.87293
0.86812
0.86340

551
305
184
660
261

0.94929
0.94300
0.93673
0.93051
0.92439

830
285
272
931
505

60
62
64
66
68

0.58332
0.58218
0.58109
0.58006
0.57908

103
382
497
032
549

0.65746
0.65575
0.65412
0.65257
0.65110

255
905
585
197
612

O. 72822
0.72578
0.72345
0.72122
0.71911

416
915
085
260
737

0.79538
0.79202
O. 78879
0.78571
O. 78279

015
582
839
685
987

0.85878
0.85430
0.84997
0.84583
0.84191

561
169
709
811
082

0.91839
0.91254
0.90689
0.90146
0.89630

329
821
460
778
323

70
72
74
76
78

0.57817
0.57733
0.57657
0.57588
0.57528

584
641
189
663
450

0.64973
0.64847
0.64731
0.64628
0.64537

667
154
812
328
322

0,71714
0.71532
0.71366
0.71216
0.71085

767
545
196
766
210

0.78006
0.77753
0.77521
0.71312
O. 77129

562
157
434
952
143

0.83822
0.83479
0.83165
0.82882
0.82631

090
335
223
031
879

0.89143
0.88690
0.88273
0.87896
0.87563

642
237
530
810
185

80
82
84
86
88

0.57476897
0.57434 302
0.57400 912
0.57376 921
0.57362 410

0.64459
0.64394
0.64344
0.64307
0.64286

347
879
316
973
075

O. 70972
0.70879
0.70805
0.70753
O. 70121

381
019
745
050
289

0.76971
O. 76840
0.76737
O. 76663
0.76619

298
544
830
912
339

0.82416
0.82238
0.82097
0.81996
0.81935

694
177
770
631
604

0.81275
0.87036
0.86847
0.86712
0.86629

520
381
970
068
990

90

0.57357 644

0.64278 761

[(-;)1]
5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0.61059
0.60849
0.60451
0.59906
0.59276
0.58633
0.58057
0.57621
0.57387

734
557
051
618
408
563
051
910
732

[(-:)2]

0.69774
0.69467
0.68883
0.68083
0.67152
0.66196
0.65333
0.64678
0.64324

083
152
790
664
549
758
844
548
351

0.70710 678

[(-;)3]
O. 78485
O. i'8059
O. j'7247
0.76128
0.74818
0.73464
0.72232
0.71289
O. 70776

586
337
109
304
650
525
215
304
799

O. 76604 444

0.81915 204

0.86602 540

0.87194
0.86625
0.85539
0.84036
0.82265
0.80419
0.78723
O. 77414
0.76697

0.95899
0.95166
0.93760
0.91807
0.89489
0.87052
0.84788
0.83019
0.82042

1.04603
1.03682
1.01914
0.99445
0.96495
0.93361
0.90415
0.88079
0.86773

[(-t)4]

199
642
342
234
424
500
820
195
232

[( -t)5]

964
385
971
186
714
066
276
625
232

[(-t)7]

012
664
662
152
146
692
063
972
361

618

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE SECOND KIND E(;o\a)

E(;o\a) = '1' (1-sin2 a sin2 e) j de

Table 17.6

0;\;0
0
2
4
6
8

.0

65

70

75

80

85

90

1.13446
1.13423
1.13354
1.13240
1.13081

401
517
929
837
573

1.22173
1.22145
1.22063
1.21926
1.21735

048
628
443
717
820

1. 30899 694

1.30867
1.30770
1.30609
1.30385

442
767
916
297

1.39626
1.39589
1.39477
1. 39291
1.39031

340
024
165
030
062

1.48352
1.48310
1.48182
1.47970
1.47674

986
448
929
717
288

1.57079
1.57031
1.56888
1.56649
1.56316

633
792
372
679
223

10
12
14
16
18

1.12877
1.12629
1.12338
1.12004
1.11628

602
522
066
099
624

1.21491
1.21193
1.20844
1.20443
1.19992

274
748
065
195
262

1.30097484
1.29747 215
1. 29335 393
1.28863 089
1.28331 541

1.38697
1.38292
1.37815
1.37268
1.36651

886
302
292
017
823

1.47294
1.46831
1.46287
1. 45662
1.44959

312
652
363
693
085

1.55888
1.55368
1.54755
1. 54052
1.53259

720
089
458
157
729

20
22
24
26
28

1.11212
1.10757
1.10265
1.09736
1.09173

778
834
204
439
228

1.19492
1.18945
1.18352
1.17715
1.17036

542
465
618
743
745

1.27742
1. 27096
1.26396
1.25643
1.24840

153
502
337
578
326

1.35968
1.35218
1.34405
1.33531
1.32596

233
961
903
146
967

1.44178
1.43321
1.42392
1.41391
1.40321

179
813
023
049
335

1.52379 921
1. 51414 692
1.50366214
1.49236 871
1.48029 266

30
32
34
36
38

1.08577
1.07950
1.07295
1.06614
1.05909

404
942
961
728
660

1.16317
1.15560
1.14768
1.13943
1.13087

686
796
469
273
946

1.23988
1.23091
1.22151
1.21170
1.20152

858
635
305
705
870

1.31605
1.30560
1.29463
1.28318
1.27128

841
436
629
499
343

1.39185
1.37986
1.36727
1. 35411
1.34041

532
503
328
306
965

1.46746
1.45390
1.43966
1.42476
1.40923

40
42
44
46
48

1.05183
1.04438
1.03677
1.02904
1.02122

322
435
875
677
034

1.12205
1.11298
1.10371
1.09426
1.08468

408
760
291
484
023

1.19101
1.18018
1.16909
1.15777
1.14625

036
648
366
077
899

1. 25896
1.24627
1.23324
1.21991
1.20633

675
240
019
241
398

1.32623
1.31158
1.29652
1.28110
1.26535

066
614
865
340
837

1.39314 025
1.37650433
1.35937 700
1.34180 606
1.32384 218

50
52
54
56
58

1.01333 305
1.00542 010
0.99751 835
0.98190 414

1.07499
1.06525
1.05550
1.04578
1. 03614

796
908
682
671
663

1.13460
1.12284
1.11104
1.09923
1.08748

200
604
010
604
883

1.19255
1.17861
1.16458
1.15051
1.13645

255
873
621
210
710

1.24934
1.23311
1.21672
1.20024
1.18373

449
580
971
724
339

1.30553
1.28695
1.26814
1.24918
1.23012

909
374
653
162
722

60
62
64
66
68

0.97427
0.96681
0.95958
0.95261
0.94595

354
780
158
084
256

1. 02663
1.01731
1.00822
0.99942
0.99099

689
023
192
966
354

1. 07585
1. 06440
1.05318
1.04228
1.03176

669
132
814
653
998

1.12248
1.10866
1.09507
1. 08178
1.06889

590
752
580
986
476

1.16725
1.15089
1.13472
1.11882
1.10330

747
364
145
658
172

1.21105
1.19204
1.17317
1.15454
1.13624

603
568
938
668
437

70
72
74
76
78

0.93965
0.93376
0.92833
0.92340
0.91901

447
462
088
024
802

0.98297
0.97544
0.96845
0.96208
0.95638

583
068
360
074
776

1.02171
1.01220
1.00333
0.99517
0.98783

634
781
091
606
670

1.05648
1.04465
1.03350
1.02317
1. 01376

221
133
951
331
904

1.08824
1.07377
1.06000
1.04707
1.03513

773
505
556
504
640

1.11837
1.10106
1.08442
1.06860
1.05377

774
217
522
953
692

80
82
84
86
88

0.91522
0.91206
0.90956
0.90776
0.90667

691
588
905
445
305

0.95143
0.94729
0.94400
0.94162
0.94017

847
297
544
171
677

0.98140
0.97598
0.97165
O. 96849.
0.96657

781
331
228
392
142

1.00543
0.99831
0.99255
0.98830
0.98568

295
000
019
025
915

1.02436
1.01495
1.00715
1.00123
0.99748

393
896
650
026
392

1.04011
1. 02784
1.01723
1. 00864
1.00258

440
362
692
796
409

90

0.90630 779

0.98966 il32

[(-:)9]
5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

1.13303
1.12176
1.10005
1.06958
1.03292
0.99358
0.95606
0.92579
0.90857

553
337
236
479
660
365
011
978
873

0.93969 262

[(-i)l]

1.22001
1. 20649
1.18039
1.14359
1.09900
1. 05063
1.00378
0.96518
0.94269

878
962
569
813
829
981
508
626
813

0.96592 583

[(-i)2]

1.30698
1.29106
1.26026
1.21665
1.16345
1.10513
1.04769
0.99915
0.96992

342
728
405
853
846
448
389
744
212

0.98480 775

[( -:)2]

1. 39393 358
1.37550 358
1.33976099
1. 28896 903
1.22661 050
1.15755 065
1.08838 943
1.02823 305
0.99022 779

0.99619 470

[(-:)3J

l. 48087
1.45984
1. 41900
1.36076
1.28885
1.20849
1.12673
1.05342
1.00394

384
990
286
208
906
656
373
632
027

221
780
215
031
972

1.00000 000

[(1~)4J
1.56780
1.54415
1.49811
1.43229
1.35064
1.25867
1.16382
1.07640
1.01266

907
050
493
097
388
963
796
511
351

619

EI.LIPTIC INTEGRALS

Table 17.7

JACOBIAN ZETA FUNCTION Z(<p\")

K (a)Z(<p\O:) = K (a)E(<p\a) -E(a)F(<p\a)
K(900)Z('I'\a)=K(900)Z(uI1)=K(900) tanh U=oo for alln

0:\'1'

0
2
4
6
8

0
0
0
0
0

0.000000
0.000083
0.000332
0.000748
0.001331

0.000000
0.000164
0.000655
0.001474
0.002621

15
0.000000
0.000239
0.000957
0.002155
0.003832

0.000000
0.000308
0.001231
0.002770
0.004928

0.000000
0.000367
0.001467
0.003302
0.005875

0.000000
0.000414
0.001658
0.003734
0.006644

10
12
14
16
18

0
0
0
0
0

0.002080
0.002997
0.004082
0.005337
0.006761

0.004098
0.005905
0.008043
0.010516
0.013324

0.005992
0.008635
0.011765
0.015384
0.019496

0.007706
0.011107
0.015136
0.019796
0.025094

0.009188
0.013246
0.018055
0.023621
0.029951

0.010393
0.014987
0.020433
0.026740
0.033919

20
22
24
26
28

0
0
0
0
0

0.008357
0.010125
0.012067
0.014186
0.016483

0.016470
0.019958
0.023791
0.027972
0.032508

0.024105
0.029216
0.034834
0.040968
0.047624

0.031035
0.037627
0.044878
0.052799
0.061401

0.037055
0.044942
0.053626
0.063119
0.073438

0.041981
0.050941
0.060814
0.071617
0.083373

30
32
34
36
38

0
0
0
0
0

0.018962
0.021625
0.024476
0.027520
0.030761

0.037403
0.042664
0.048298
0.054315
0.060725

0.054811
0.062540
0.070823
0.079674
0.089108

0.070696
0.080700
0.091430
0.102905
0.115148

0.084599
0.096624
0.109534
0.123356
0.138120

0.096103
0.109834
0.124596
0.140421
0.157347

40
42
44
46
48

0
0
0
0
0

0.034205
0.037860
0.041734
0.045835
0.050177

0.067540
0.074774
0.082444
0.090569
0.099172

0.099145
0.109807
0.121118
0.133109
O. 145813

O. 128185
0.142046
0.156765
0.172383
0.188947

0.153860
0.170614
0.188428
0.207353
0.227450

0.175418
0.194683
0.215197
0.237025
0.260240

50
52
54
56
58

0
0
0
0
0

0.054771
0.059634
0.064786
0.070249
0.076052

0.108280
0.117925
0.128146
0.138989
0.150510

0.159273
0.173536
0.188661
0.204716
0.221785

0.206513
0.225145
0.244921
0.265933
0.288294

0.248789
0.271452
0.295538
0.321161
0.348462

0.284929
0.311193
0.339150
0.368940
0.400731

60
62
64
66
68

0
0
0
0
0

0.082227
0.088818
0.095876
0.103468
0.111676

0.162776
0.175872
0.189901
0.204994
0.221320

0.239971
0.259398
0.280221
0.302637
0.326895

0.312138
0.337632
0.364981
0.394446
0.426356

0.371610
0.408811
0.442321
0.478462
0.517644

0.434726
0.471170
0.510371
0.552710
0.598675

70
72
74
76
78

0
0
0
0
0

0.120612
0.130420
0.141301
0.153537
0.167542

0.239097
0.258615
0.280272
0.304631
0.332519

0.353322
0.382351
0.414575
0.450832
0.492356

0.461145
0.499384
0.541857
0.589673
0.644462

0.560402
0.607444
0.659739
0.718657
0.786214

0.648900
O. 704225
0.835238
0.914934

80
82
84
86
88

0
0
0
0
0

0.183967
0.203902
0.229402
0.265091
0.325753

0.365230
0.404937
0.455734
0.526833
0.647691

0.541075
0.600229
0.675918
0.781873
0.962000

0.708771
0.786884
0.886859
1.026844
1. 264856

0.865556
0.961976
1.085434
1.258352
1.552420

1. 008608
1.122523
1.268462
1. 472953
1.820811

90

co

co

co

co

co

co

co

5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.000519
O. 004688
0.013105
0.025973
0.043755
0.067477
0.099601
0.147228
0.245478

0.001023
0.009238
0.025838
0.051258
0.086448
0.133487
0.197305
0.292070
0.487761

0.001496
0.0}3513
0.037836
0.075176
0.127026
0.196567
0.291216
0.432134
0.723644

0.001923
0.017387
0.048754
0.097073
0.164459
0.255266
0.379430
0.565011
0.949910

0.002292
0.020743
0.058271
0.116329
0.197748
0.308149
0.460039
0.688264
1.163313

0.002592
0.023479
0.066098
0.132373
0.225942
0.353807
0.531121
0.799407
1.360551

See Example 16.

10

20

30

25

0.7657~7

Compiled from P. F. Byrd and M.l? Friedman, Handb~ok of el.li~tic integrals for engmeers
and physicists, Springer-Verlag, Berhn, Germany, 1954 (WIth pernllsslOn).

620

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

JACOBIAN ZETA FUNCTION Z(<p\a)

Table 17.7

K (",)Z (1"\"') = K (",)E (1"\"') -E (",)F (1"\"')

K(900)Z(I"\",)=K(900)Z(ull)=K(900) tanh U=<r> for all U

"'\1"
0
2
4
6
8

35

40

45

50

55

60

0.000000
0.000450
0.001800
0.004052
0.007212

0.000000
0.000471
0.001886
0.004248
0.007561

0.000000
0.000479
0.001916
0.004314
0.007681

0.000000
0.000471
0.001887
0.004250
0.007567

0.000000
0.000450
0.001800
0.004056
0.007224

0.000000
0.000415
0.001659
0.003739
0.006660

10
12
14
16
18

0.011284
0.016276
0.022197
0.029060
0.036876

0.011833
0.017073
0.023293
0.030505
0.038728

0.012023
0.017353
0.023683
0.031029
0.039411

0.011849
0.017106
0.023354
0.030610
0.038897

0.011313
0.016337
0.022312
0.029257
0.037194

0.010433
0.015070
0.020588
0.027006
0.034347

20
22
24
26
28

0.045662
0.055435
0.066216
0.078026
0.090893

0.047979
0.058279
0.069655
0.082132
0.095744

0.048850
0.059372
0.071005
0.083783
0.097742

0.048238
0.058663
0.070203
0.082895
0.096782

0.046150
0.056156
0.067246
0.079461
0.092844

0.042639
0.051912
0.062203
0.073551
0.086003

30
32
34
36
38

0.104844
0.119914
0.136138
0.153557
0.172220

0.110525
0.126515
0.143758
0.162305
0.182211

0.112924
0.129375
0.147147
0.166300
0.186898

0.111909
0.128330
0.146103
0.165296
0.185983

0.107447
0.123327
0.140549
0.159186
0.179319

0.099613
0.114438
0.130548
0.148018
0.166934

40
42
44
46
48

0.192178
0.213492
0.236228
0.260466
0.286295

0.203541
0.226365
0.250764
0.276831
0.304671

0.209016
0.232738
0.258158
0.285383
0.314535

0.208248
0.232187
0.257907
0.285531
0.315196

0.201042
0.224459
0.249691
0.276871
0.306156

0.187395
0.209512
0.233413
0.259243
0.287169

50
52
54
56
58

0.313816
0.343151
0.374438
0.407844
0.443565

0.334405
0.366173
0.400138
0.436490
0.475457

0.345755
0.379203
0.415067
0.453565
0.494956

0.347064
0.381317
0.418166
0.457861
0.500691

0.337723
0.371776
0.408552
0.448328
0.491428

0.317383
0.350108
0.385601
0.424167
0.466161

60
62
64
66
68

0.481836
0.522947
0.567251
0.615191
0.667330

0.517310
0.562378
0.611064
0.663870
0.721434

0.539547
0.587709
0.639896
0.696670
0.758741

0.547003
0.597211
0.651822
0.711460
0.776910

0.538238
0.589220
0.644933
0.706068
0.773487

0.512007
0.562214
0.617399
0.678320
O. 745922

70
72
74
76
78

0.724397
O. 787359
0.857536
0.936789
1.027859

O. 784577
0.854390
0.932355
1.020563
1. 122089

0.827024
0.902728
0.987491
1.083621
1.194508

0.849178
0.929590
1. 019938
1.122735
1.241670

0.848294
0.931931
1.026343
1.134246
1.259612

0.821411
0.906356
1.002860
1.113848
1.243568

80
82
84
86
88

1. 135017
1. 265447
1.432669
1.661113
2.066078

1. 241721
1. 387516
1.574623
1. 837147
2.284127

1.325428
1. 485245
1.690632
1.979107
2.470622

1.382470
1.554749
1. 776579
2.088611
2.620801

1.408589

1.398577
1. 589820
1. 837791
2.188502
2. 788909

90

Q()

5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0.002813
0.025510
0.071991
0.144695
0.248154
0.390865
0.590735
0.895883
1.538234

Q()

0.002948
0.026774
0.075754
0.152865
0.263583
0.418002
0.636916
0.975016
1. 692810

Q()

0.002994
0.027228
0.077249
0.156547
0.271538
0.433972
0.667669
1. 033955
1. 820471

Q()

O. 002949
0.026855
0.076403
0.155518
0.271473
0.437641
0.680968
1. 069585
1.916972

1. 591484

1.827639
2.160541
2.729164
Q()

Q()

0.002815
0.025662
0.073210
0.149686
0.263028
0.428046
0.674774
1.078397
1.977347

0.002594
0.023683
0.067742
0.139108
0.246077
0.404479
0.647089
1.056317
1.995386

621

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

JACOBIAN ZETA FUNCTION Z(<p\a)

Table 17.7

K (a)Z ('\ a) = K (a) E (1"\ a) -E (a)F (1"\ a)

K(900)Z(I"\a)=K(900)Z(ull)=K(900) tanh u=,., for all u
a\1"
0
2
4
6
8

65
0.000000
0.000367
0.001468
0.003308
0.005893

70
o. 000000

75

80

85

90

0.000308
0.001232
0.002776
0.004946

o. 000000

0.000239
0.000958
0.002160
0.003849

O. 000000
0.000164
0.000656
0.001477
0.002633

0.000000
0.000083
0.000333
0.000750
0.001337

0
0
0
0

10
12
14
16
18

0.009233
0.013341
O. 018231
0.023922
0.030438

0.007751
0.011202
0.015312
0.020098
0.025581

0.006032
0.008718
0.011920
0.015649
O. 019924

0.004127
0.005966
0.008158
0.010713
0.013642

0.002096
0.003030
0.004143
0.005442
0.006930

0
0
0
0
0

20
22
24
26
28

0.037803
0.046047
0.055206
O. 065319
0.076431

0.031783
0.038732
0.046459
0.055000
0.064397

0.024763
0.030188
0.036225
0.042905
0.050260

0.016959
0.020680
0.024823
0.029411
0.034466

O. 008617
0.010509
0.012617
0.014952
0.017526

0
0
0
0
0

30
32
34
36
38

0.088594
0.101867
0.116315
0.132015
0.149053

0.074696
0.085951
0.098224
0.111585
0.126114

0.058332
0.067164
0.076808
0.087324
0.098719

0.040018
0.046099
0.052747
0.060004
0.067920

0.020354
0.023454
0.026845
0.030550
0.034595

0
0
0
0
0

40
42
44
46
48

0.167527
0.187551
0.209254
0.232785
0.258315

0.141905
0.159064
0.171713
0.197996
0.220078

0.111254
0.124839
0.139641
0.155784
0.173414

0.076554
0.085973
0.096255
0.107493
0.119798

0.039011
0.043833
0.049104
0.054874
0.061201

0
0
0
0
0

50
52
54
56
58

0.286045
0.316206
0.349070
0.384960
0.424255

0.244154
0.270454
0.299246
0.330854
0.365664

0.192704
0.213858
0.237121
0.262789
0.291220

0.133299
0.148154
0.164550
0.182720
0.202947

0.068157
0.075826
0.084312
0.093745
0.104281

0
0
0
0
0

60
62
64
66
68

0.467411
0.514976
0.567621
0.626169
0.691653

0.404143
0.446860
0.494517
0.547987
0.608372

0.322854
O. >58236
0.398048
0.443155
0.494668

0.225584
0.251076
0.279993
0.313069
0.351277

0.116121
0,129521
0.144812
0.162430
0.182965

0
0
0
0
0

70
72
74
76
78

0.765385
0.849072
0.944993
1.056298
1.187535

0.677086
0.755975
0.847508
0.955095
1. 083634

0.554038
0.623195
0.704762
0.802400
0.921408

0.395917
0.448779
0.512376
0.590350
0.688163

0.207230
0.236382
0.272114
0.317015
0.375226

0
0
0
0
0

80
82
84
86
88

1. 345674

1. 240571

1.542281
1. 798909
2.163806
2. 790834

1.438150
1.698985
2.073357
2.721008

1.069839
1.260828
1.518315
1.894760
2.555104

0.814374
0.983236
1.220780
1. 583040
2.241393

0.453784
0.565578
0.736684
1. 028059
1. 628299

0
0
0
0
0

90

co

co

co

co

co

co

5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0.002295
0.020975
0.060141
0.124003
0.220781
0.366615
0.596098
0.998480
1.962673

0.001926
0.017619
0.050625
0.104764
0.187640
0.314676
0.520463
0.899033
1.866624

0.001498
0.013718
0.039483
0.081953
0,14753,6
0.249634
0.419877
0.751288
1.686113

0.001025
0.009390
0.027060
0.056296
0.101748
0.173397
0.295957
0.549278
1.380465

0.000520
0.004769
0.013755
0.028657
0.051923
0.088901
0.153297
0.293208
0.860811

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

622

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Table 17.8

HEUMAN'S LAMBDA FUNCTION Ao(;<>\a)

a
Ao(;<>\") F(;<>\9r- ) +~ K(a)Z(;<>\900-a)~~ (K(a)E( ;<>\900-,,) - [K(a) - E(a)]P(;<>\90 0- a) I
K'0
w
w

30 0

a\'I'

00

0
2
4
6
8

0
0
0
0
0

0.087156
0.087129
0.087050
0.086917
0.086732

0.173648
0.173595
0.173437
0.173173
0.172804

0.258819
0.258740
0.258504
0.258111
0.257562

0.342020
0.341916
0.341604
0.341084
0.340359

0.422618
0.422490
0.422104
0.421462
0.420566

0.500000
0.499848
0.499391
0.498633
0.497574

10
12
14
16
18

0
0
0
0
0

0.086495
0.086206
0.085866
0.085476
0.085037

0.172332
0.171757
0.171080
0.170303
0.169429

0.256858
0.256001
0.254994
0.253838
0.252536

0.339430
0.338299
0.336969
0.335445
0.333729

0.419419
0.418024
0.416385
0.414506
0.412394

0.496219
0.494572
0.492638
0.490424
0.487937

20
22
24
26
28

0
0
0
0
0

0.084549
0.084013
0.083432
0.082806
0.082136

0.168458
0.167393
0.166236
0.164991
0.163661

0.251092
0.249509
0.247790
0.245941
0.243966

0.331827
O. 329743
0.327483
0.325052
O. 322458

0.410054
0.407492
0.404717
0.401736
0.398558

0.485184
0.482176
0.478920
0.475428
0.471710

30
32
34
36
38

0
0
0
0
0

0.081425
0.080674
0.079884
0.079058
0.078198

0.162247
0.160755
0.159187
0.157548
0.155842

0.241870
0.239657
0.237335
0.234908
0.232383

0.319707
0.316806
0.313764
0.310587
0.307286

0.395191
0.391645
0.387930
0.384057
0.380037

0.467777
0.463642
0.459316
0.454813
0.450147

40
42
44
46
48

0
0
0
0
0

0.077307
0.076385
0.075436
0.074463
0.073469

0.154073
0.152246
0.150367
0.148439
O. 146470

0.229767
0.227068
0.224292
0.221447
0.218543

0.303869
0.300346
0.296727
0.293022
0.289242

0.375880
0.371600
0.367209
0.362720
0.358145

0.445330
0.440378
0.435306
0.430127
0.424860

50
52
54
56
58

0
0
0
0
0

0.072455
0.071426
0.070385
0.069336
0.068281

0.144464
0.142428
0.140370
0.138295
0.136211

0.215587
0.212589
0.209558
0.206506
0.203443

0.285399
0.281505
0.277573
0.273616
0.269648

0.353500
0.348799
0.344057
0.339290
0.334516

0.419519
0.414121
0.408685
0.403228
0.397769

60
62
64
66
68

0
0
0
0
0

0.067226
0.066175
0.065131
0.064100
0.063088

0.134126
0.132049
0.129989
0.127955
O. 125958

0.200380
0.197331
0.194307
0.191324
0.188396

0.265684
0.261739
0.257832
0.253979
0.250200

0.329751
0.325015
0.320328
0.315710
0.311185

0.392328
0.386926
0.381586
0.376331
0.371186

70
72
74
76
78

0
0
0
0
0

0.062100
0.061143
0.060223
0.059348
0.058528

0.124009
0.122121
0.120307
0.118583
0.116967

0.185540
0.182774
0.180119
0.177596
0.175231

0.246517
0.242952
0.239531
0.236282
0.233238

0.306778
0.302515
0.298427
0.294547
0.290914

0.366180
0.361342
0.356706
0.352309
0.348194

80
82
84
86
88

0
0
0
0
0

0.051773
0.057095
0.056508
0.056034
0.055698

0.115479
0.114143
0.112988
0.112053
0.111392

0.173054
0.171099
0.169410
0.168043
0.167078

0.230436
0.227922
0.225750
0.223992
0.222751

0.287571
0.284573
0.281983
0.279887
0.278408

0.344410
0.341017
0.338088
0.335718
0.334046

90

0.055556

0.111111

5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

50

100

150

20 0

25 0

[( -:)5]

0.166667

0.222222

0.217778

[(-:)7]

[(-:)9]

[(-i)l]

0.333333

[( -:)2]
0.086990
0.085617
0.083124
0.079476
0.074953
0.069861
0.064614
0.059179
0.056256

0.173318
0.170704
0.165625
0.158377
0.149408
0.139334
0.128968
0.119433
0.112490

0.258327
0.254434
0.246882
0.236134
0.222878
0.208034
0.192809
0.178839
0.168682

0.341370
0.336231
0.326288
0.312192
0.294884
0.275597
0.255897
0.237883
0.224814

0.421815
0.415475
0.403252
0.386013
0.364976
0.341676
0.318009
0.296459
0.280867

0.499050
0.491565
0.477203
0.457086
0.432729
0.405958
0.378946
0.354475
0.336826

[(-i)l]

Compiled from C. Heuman, Tables of complete elliptic integrals, J. Math. Phys. 20, 127-206,
1941 (with permission).

623

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
Table 17.8
HEUMAN'S LAMBDA FUNCTION Ao(;o\a)
0 a
AO( \a) = F( ;o\90 - ) +~ K (a)Z( ;o\900-a)=~ IK(a)E( ;0\90 -a) - [K(a) - RCa) ]P(1"\900- a):
;0
K'(a)
1f
1f
a\<p
35
40
45
50
55
60
00
2
4
6
8

0.573576
0.573402
0.572878
0.572009
0.570795

0.642788
0.642592
0.642006
0.641032
0.639674

0.707107
O. 706891
0.706247
0.705177
O. 703687

0.766044
0.765811
O. 765113
O. 763956
O. 762347

0.819152
0.818903
0.818157
0.816922
0.815210

0.866025
0.865762
0.864975
0.863674
0.861876

10
12
14
16
18

0.569244
0.567360
0.565150
0.562623
0.559789

0.637940
0.635836
0.633373
0.630561
0.627412

0.701786
0.699484
0.696794
0.693729
0.690306

0.760298
0..757822
0.754937
O. 751660
O. 748011

0.813034
0..810416
0.807375
0..803935
0.800123

0.859602
0.856877
0.853731
0.8501'14
0.8462'17

20
22
24
26
28

0.556657
0.553238
0.549546
0.545591
0.541389

0.623939
0.620157
0.616080
0.611725
0.607107

0.686540
0.682450
0.678054
0.673372
0.668422

0.744012
O. 739683
O. 735049
0.730130
0.724951

0.795963
O. 791483
0.786709
0.781667
0.776384

0.842073
0.837553
0.832766
0.827743
0.822510

30
32
34
36
38

0.536953
0.532297
0.527437
0.522388
0.517165

0.602244
0.597153
0.591851
0.5.86356
0.580687

0.663225
0.657801
0.652170
0.646351
0.640365

0.719533
0.713900
0.708073
0.702074
0.695923

0.770883
0.765190
0.759326
O. 753314
0.747177

0.817093
0.811517
0.805804
0.799976
O. 794052

40
42
44
46
48

0.511786
0.506266
0.500622
0.494873
0.489034

0.574862
0.568898
0.562815
0.556632
0.550366

0.634231
0.627970
0.621600
0.615142
0.608615

0.689642
0.683251
0.676769
0.670217
0.663613

O. 740932
O. 734602
0.728203
0.721756
0.715277

0.788051
0.7819'12
0.775891
0.769764
O. 763627

50.
52
54
56
58

0.483125
0.477164
0.471170
0.465163
0.459163

0.544038
0.537668
0.531275
0.524879
0.518502

0.602038
0.595432
0.588817
0.582212
0.575640

0.656976
0.650326
0.643682
0.637064
0.630491

O. 708785
O. 702298
0.695832
0.689405
0.683037

O. 757496
0.75.1385
0.745310
0.739286
0.733329

60
62
64
66
68

0.453192
0.447272
0.441428
0.435683
0.430065

0.512167
0.505895
0.499711
0.493642
0.487715

0.569122
0.562680
0.556339
0.550124
0.544062

0.623985
0.617567
0.611258
0.605085
0.599072

0.676745
0.670549
0.664469
0.658528
0.652749

0.727455
0.721680
0.716024
0.710504
O. 705142

70
72
74
76
78

0.424604
0.419332
0.414284
0.409500
0.405026

0.481959
0.476408
0.471098
0.466070
0.461371

0.538183
0.532519
0.527106
0.521985
0.517202

0.593247
0.587641
0.582290
0.577231
0.572511

0.647159
0.641784
0.636659
0.631818
0.627303

0.699961
0.694985
0.690244
0.685770
0.681601

80
82
84
86
88

0.400915
0.397229
0.394049
0.391477
0.389662

0.457055
0.453189
0.449853
0.447157
0.445255

0.512813
0.508883
0.505494
0.502754
0.500823

0.568181
0.564307
0.560967
0.558268
0.556366

0.623166
0.619464
0.616276
0.613700
0.611884

0.677782
0.674368
0.671427
0.669053
0.667379

90

0.388889

0.444444

0.500000

0.555556

0.611111

0.666667

5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0.572487
0.563926
0.547600
0.524935
0.497760
0.468167
0.438541
0.411857
0.392679

0.641567
O. 6320J 0
0.613936
0.589127
0.559735
0.528076
0.496661
0.468546
0.448417

0.705765
0.695307
0.675748
0.649283
0.618381
0.585512
0.553214
1l.524506
1l.504034

0.764592
0.753346
0.732623
0.705094
0.673501
0.640369
0.608153
0.579721
0.559529

0.817600
0.805703
0.784220
0.756337
0.724985
0.692612
0.661480
0.634200
0.614903

0.864388
0.852010
0.830282
0.802903
0.772830
0.742291
0.713246
0.687972
0.670162

[C-i)l]

[C-i)l]

[C-i)l]

[C-i)l]

[C-i)l]

[C-i)l]

624

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Table 17.8

HEUMAN'S LAMBDA FUNCTION AO(;o\~)

Ao(;o\a) F(;oi(,~:)-a) +~ K(a)Z(;o\900- a)

2

~;

0I.\<p
0
2
4
6
8

65

IK(a)E(;o\900-a) - [K(a) - E(a) ]F(;o\900-a)1

70

75

80

85

90

0.906308
0.906032
0.905210
0.903857
0.901997

0.939693
0.939407
0.938559
0.937172
0.935282

0.965926
0.965633
0.964769
0.963376
0.961512

0.984808
0.984511
0.983652
0.982315
0.980599

0.996195
0.995903
0.995130
0.994063
0.992833

1
1
1
1
1

10
12
14
16
18

0.899660
0.896881
0.893699
0.890152
0.886280

0.932934
0.930177
0.927061
0.923634
0.919940

0.959244
0.956638
0.953755
0.95064b
0.947355

0.978597
0.976384
0.9740]6
0.971534
0.968969

0.991511
0.990135
0.988727
0.987299
0.985858

1
1
1
1
1

20
22
24
26
28

0.882119
0.877704
0.873068
0.868240
0.863249

0.916018
0.911904
0.907630
0.903221
0.898703

0.943918
0.940364
0.936718
0.933000
0.929226

0.966343
0.963671
0.960968
0.958241
0.955500

0.984410
0.982958
0.981506
0.980054
0.978604

1
1
1
1
1

30
32
34
36
38

0.858117
0.852869
0.847523
0.842100
0.836615

0.894095
0.889416
0.884681
0.879904
0.875099

0.925409
0.921563
0.917695
0.913817
0.909935

0.952751
0.949998
0.947247
0.944502
0.941766

0.977159
0.975719
0.974286
0.972861
0.971445

1
1
1
1
1

40
42
44
46
48

0.831085
0.825524
0.819946
0.814365
0.808792

0.870277
0.865449
0.860625
0.855814
0.851026

0.906056
0.902188
0.898337
0.894508
0.890708

0.939042
0.936335
0.933647
0.930981
0.928341

0.970039
0.968644
0.967262
0.965894
0.964540

1
1
1
1
1

50
52
54
56
58

0.803241
O. 797724
0.792252
O. 786839
0.781496

0.846269
0.841553
0.836887
0.832280
0.827742

0.886942
0.883216
0.879537
0.875911
0.872345

0.925731
0.923152
0.920610
0.918108
0.915649

0.963204
0.961885
0.960586
0.959309
0.958055

1
1
1
1
1

60
62
64
66
68

0.776237
0.771077
O. 766029
0.761110
0.756338

0.823283
0.818913
0.814645
0.810490
0.806464

0.868846
0.865421
0.862080
0.858831
0.855685

0.913240
0.910884
0.908588
0.906357
0.904198

0.956826
0.955626
0.954457
0.953321
0.952223

1
1
1
1
1

70
72
74
76
78

0.751731
0.747312
0.743104
0.739137
0.735442

0.802581
0.798860
0.795319
0.791983
0.788877

0.852654
0.849751
0.846990
0.844390
0.84]972

0.902119
0.900129
0.898237
0.896456
0.894800

0.951166
0.950154
0.949193
0.948288
0.947446

1
1
1
1
1

80
82
84
86
88

0.732059
0.729036
0.726434
0.724333
0.722852

O. 786036
0.783497
O. 781312
0.779549
0.778307

0.839759
0.837783
0.836083
0.834711
0.833745

0.893286
0.891933
0.890770
0.889831
0.889170

0.946677
0.945990
0.945400
0.944923
0.944587

1
1
1
1
1

90

0.722222

0.777778

0.833333

0.888889

0.944444

[(-t)1J

[C-:)9J

[C - :)7J

[C-:)5J

[(-:)2J

0.904599
0.891969
0.870676
0.844820
0.817155
0.789537
O. 763552
O. 741089
0.725315

0.937930
0.925384
0.905441
0.882297
0.858217
0.834576
0.812552
O. 793624
O. 780373

0.964135
0.952226
0.934867
0.915757
0.896419
0.877717
0.860443
0.845669
0.835352

0.983037
0.972787
0.959607
0.945873
0.932311
0.919353
0.907464
0.897332
0.890270

0.994624
0.988015
0.980779
0.973573
0.966576
0.959944
0.953885
0.948733
0.945145

5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

625

ELUPTIC INTEGRALS

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE THIUD KIND n (n; 1(1\ a)

lI(n;
n

a\~

0
0
0
0
0

~\a)= fo'" (l-n

Table 17.9

sin 2 1I)-l[l-sin2 a sin 2 II]-!dll

0
0

15
0.26180
0.26200
0.26254
0.26330
0.26406
0.26463
0.26484

30
0.52360
0.52513
O. 529'13
0.53562
O. 542~~3
0.547':',6
0.5493,1

45
O. 78540
O. 79025
0.80437
0.82602
0.85]22
0.87270
0.88137

60
1. 04720
1.05174
1. 08955
1. 14243
1. 21260
1.28371
1.31696

75
1. 30900
1.32733
1.38457
1. 48788
1. 64918
1. 87145
2.02759

90
1.57080
1.59814
1. 68575
1. 85407
2.15651
2. 76806

0.0
0.0

00
15
30
45
60
75
90

0.1
O. 1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
O. 1

15
30
45
60
75
90

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.26239
0.26259
0.26314
0.26390
0.26467
0.26524
0.26545

0.52820
0.52975
0.53412
0.54041
0.54712
0.55234
0.55431

0.80013
0.80514
0.81972
0.84210
0.86817
0.89040
0.89939

1. 07949
1. 09058
1. 12405
1. 17980
1.25393
1. 32926
1. 36454

1. 36560
1.38520
1. 44649
1. 55739
1. 73121
1. 97204
2.14201

1. 65576
1. 68536
1. 78030
1. 96326
2.29355
2.96601

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

0
15
30
45
60
75
90

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.26299
0.26319
0.26374
0.26450
0.26527
0.26585
0.26606

0.53294
O. 5345:2
0.53896
0.5453'5
0.55217
0.55747
0.55948

0.81586
0.82104
0.83612
0.85928
0.88629
0.90934
0.91867

1.11534
1. 12705
1. 16241
1.22139
1.30003
1. 38016
1.41777

1.43078
1.45187
1.51792
1. 63175
1.82643
2.08942
2.27604

1. 75620
1. 78850
1.89229
2.09296
2.45715
3.20448

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3

0
15
30
45
60
75
90

0
0
0
0
0
0

0.26359
0.26379
0.26434
0.26511
0.26588
0.26646
0.26667

0.53784
O. 5394~;
0.54396
0.55046
0.55739
0.5627B
0.56483,

0.83271
0.83808
0.85370
0.87771
0.90574
0.92969
0.93938

1. 15551
1.16791
1.20543
1.26812
1.35193
1. 43759
1. 47189

1.50701
1.52988
1.60161
1.73217
1.93879
2.22876
2.43581

1.81746
1.91309
2.02719
2.25038
2.65684
3.49853

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4

15
30
45
60
75
90

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.26420
0.26440
0.26495
0.26572
0.26650
0.26708
0.26729

0.54291
0.54454
0.54912
0.55573
0.56278
0.56827
0.57035

0.85084
0.85641
0.87262
0.89756
0.92670
0.95162
0.96171

1. 20098
1.21419
1.25419
1. 32117
1. 41098
1.50309
1. 54653

1.59794
1. 62298
1. 70165
1.84537
2.07413
2.39775
2. 63052

2.02789
2.06774
2.19629
2.44683
2.90761
3.87214

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0, 5
0.5
0.5

0
15
30
45
60
75
90

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.26481
0.26501
0.26557
0.26634
0.26712
0.26770
0.26792

0.54814
0.54980
0.55447
0.56119
0.56837
0.57394
0.57606

0.87042
0.87621
0.89307
0.91902
0.94939
0.97538
0.98591

1. 25310
1.26726
1. 31017
1.38218
1.47906
1.57881
1. 62599

1. 70919
1. 73695
1. 82433
1. 98464
2.24155
2.60846
2.87468

2.22144
2.26685
2.41367
2. 70129
3.23477
4.36620

0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6

0
15
30
45
60
75
90

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.26543
0.26563
0.26619
0.26696
0.26715
0.26833
0.26855
[( -45)5J

0.55357
0.55525
0.56000
0.56684
0.57414
0.57982
0.58198
[( -64)4J

0.89167
0.89770
0.91527
0.94235
0.97406
1. 00123
1. 01225
3)2J

1.31379
1.32907
1. 37544
1.45347
1. 55884
1.66780
1.71951
[( -:)7J

1.85002
1.88131
1.98005
2.162] 0
2.45623
2.88113
3.19278

2.48365
2.53677
2. 70905
3.04862
3.68509
5.05734

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

See Examples 15-20.

[( 7

co

co

co

co

co

co

co

626

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Table 17.9

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE THIRD KIND U(n; '1'\)

u(n; ~\a)= fo" (1-n sin2 1I)-1[1-sin2 a sin 2 II)-tdll

a\ tp

n
O. 7
O. 7
O. 7
0.7
0.7
O. 7
O. 7

0
15
30
45
60
75
90

0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

15
0.26605
0.26625
0.26681
0.26759
0.26838
0.26897
0.26918

30
0.55918
0.56090
0.56573
0.57270
0.58014
0.58592
0.58812

45
0.91487
0.92116
0.93952
0.96784
1.00104
1. 02954
1. 04110

60
1.38587
1. 40251
1. 45309
1.53846
1. 65425
1. 77459
1. 83192

75
2.03720
2.07333
2.18765
2.39973
2. 74586
3.25315
3.63042

90
2.86787
2.93263
3.14339
3.56210
4.35751
6.11030

0
15
30
45
60
75
90

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.26668
0.26688
0.26745
0.26823
0.26902
0.26961
0.26982

0.5650)
0.56676
0.57168
0.57877
0.58635
0.59225
0.59449

0.94034
0.94694
0.96618
0.99588
1. 03076
1. 06073
1.07290

1. 47370
1. 49205
1.54790
1.64250
1. 77145
1. 90629
1.97080

2.30538
2.34868
2.48618
2.74328
3.16844
3.80370
4.28518

3.51240
3.59733
3.87507
4.43274
5.51206
7.96669

0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9

0
15
30
45
60
75
90

0
0
0
0
0

0
0

0.26731
0.26752
0.26808
0.26887
0.26966
0.27025
0.27047

0.57106
0.57284
0.57785
0.58508
0.59281
0.59882
0.60110

0.96853
0.97547
0.99569
1.02695
1.06372
1. 09535
1. 10821

1. 58459
1. 60515
1.66788
1. 77453
1. 92081
2.07487
2.14899

2. 74439
2. 79990
2.97710
3.31210
3.87661
4. 74432
5.42125

4.96729
5.09958
5.53551
6.42557
8.20086
12.46407

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

0
15
30
45
60
75
90

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.26795
0.26816
0.26872
0.26951
0.27031
0.27090
0.27112
-45)5J

0.57735
0.57916
0.58428
0.59165
0.59953
0.60566
0.60799
[( -64)5J

1.00000
1. 00731
1. 02866
1. 06170
1.10060
1.13414
1.14779
[( -73)2J

1. 73205
1.75565
1. 82781
1. 95114
2.12160
2.30276
2.39053

3. 73205
3.81655
4.08864
4.61280
5.52554
7.00372
8.22356

[C

[< -l)1J

co

co

CO

co
00

co
00
00
00
00

18. Weierstrass Elliptic and Related

Functions
THOMAS

H.

SOUTHARD

Contents
Page

Mathematical Prollerties . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .

IS.I. Definitions, Symbolism, Restrictions and Conventions..
IS.2. Homogeneity Relations, Reduction Formulas and Processes.
IS.3. Special Values and Relations. . . .
IS.4. Addition and Multiplication Formulas .
IS.5. Series Expansions. . . . . . . . . . .
IS.6. Derivatives and Differential Equations .
IS.7. IntegralE, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IS.8. Conformal Mapping . . . . . . . . .
IS.9. RelationB with Complete Elliptic Integrals K and K' and
Their Parameter m and with Jacobi's Elliptic Functions .
IS.10. RelationB with Theta Functions. . . . . . . . . . .
IS.H. Expressing any Elliptic Function in Terms of {fJ and {fJ' .
IS.12. Case ..:1=0. . . . . . . . . . . .
IS.13. Equianhltrmonic Case (g2=0, g3=1).
18.14. Lemniscf,tic Case (g2= 1, g3=0). . .
IS. IS. Pseudo-Lemniscatic Case (g2= -1, g3=0)

629
629
631
633
635
635
640
641
642

Numerical MethodEI . . . . . . . . . . .
IS.16. Use and Extension of the Tables .

663
663

References

670

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

649
650
651
651
652
658
662

1 University of California, National Bureau of Standards, and California State College

at Hayward.

627

628

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 18.1. Table for Obtaining Periods for Invariants g2 and Ua

(ij2=g2ga -2/3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

673

Non-Negative Discriminant (3 ~g2 ~ ex> )

,

1/6

wg~/6, w fa

.J6

+ 12 In (g2-3); U2=3(.05)3.4, 7D

wg~/6, w'g~/6/i;
wg~/6U~/4,

U2=3.4(.1)5(.2)10, 7D
w'gl/6u~/4/i; gi l =.1(-.Ol)O, 7D

Non-Positive Discriminant (-ex> ~U2~3)

,
w2g1/6ju~I/4, w'2g1 /6 ju2jl 4/i; Uil=0(-.01)-.2, 7D
w2g1/6 , w~gl'6/i; Uil=-.2(-.05)-1, 7D
w2g1 /6 , W~2 gl/6+ -: In(3-U2); U2=-1(.2)3, 7D

Table 18.2. Table for Obtaining {fJ, {fJ' and t on Ox and Oy (Unit
Real Half-Period-Period Ratio a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Positive Discriminant

674

(O~x~1, O~y~a)

Z2 {fJ(z), z3 {fJ'(z), zt(z), a=1, 1.05, 1.1, 1.2,1.4,2,4

x=O(.05)1, y=0(.05) 1.1, 1.2 (.2) a, 6-8D

Negative Discriminant (0~x~1, 0~y~a/2)

z2 {fJ(z), z3 {fJ'(z), zt(z), a=1, 1.05, 1.15, 1.3, 1.5,2,4
x=0(.05)1, y=0(.05)1 (.l)b(b ~a/2), 7D
Table 18.3. Invariants and Values at Half-Periods
Real Half-Period). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a= 1(.02)1.6(.05)2.3(.1) 4, ex>, 6-8D
Non-Negative Discriminant

680

g2, ga, el = {fJ (1), ea= {fJ (w'), TI= rO), TI' /i= r(w')/i, 0'0), O'(w')/i, O'(W2)

Non-Positive Discriminant
U2, ga, eJ, Tl2=t(1), TI~/i=t(w~)/i, 0'(1), O'(w;)/i, O'(w')
The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance and encouragement of the personnel
of Numerical Analysis Research, UCLA (especially Dr. C. B. Tompkins for generating the
author's interest in the project, and Mrs. H. O. Rosay for programming and computing,
hand calculation and formula checking) and the personnel of the Computation Laboratory
(especially R. Capuano, E. Godefroy, D. Liepman, B. Walter and R. Zucker for the preparation and checking of the tables and maps).

629
18. Weierstrass Elliptic and Related Functions
Mathen:latical Properties
18.1. Definitions, SYlllholislll, Restrictions and
Conventions

An elliptic function is a single-valued doubly

periodic function of a single complex variable
which is analytic except at poles and whose only
singularities in the finite plane are poles. If wand
w' are a pair of (primitive) half-periods of such a
function J(z), then J(z+2Mw+2Nw')=J(z) , M
and N being integers. Thus the study of any
such function can be reduced to consideration of
its behavior in a Jurulamental period paraUelogram (FPP). An elliptic function has a flnite
number of poles (and the same number of zeros)
in a FPP; the number of such poles (zeros) (an
irreducible set) is the order of the function (poles
and zeros are counted according to their multiplicity). All other poles (zeros) are called congruent to the irreducible set. The simplest (nontrivial) elliptic functions are of order two. One
may choose as the standard function of order two
either a function with two simple poles (Jacobi's
choice) or one double pole (Weierstrass' choice)
in a FPP.
Weierstrass' [jJ -Function. Let w, w' denote a
pair of complex numbers with ..I' (w'/w) >0. Then
[jJ (z)= [jJ (zlw, w') is an elliptic function of order
two with periods 2w, 2w' and having a double pole
at z=O, whose principal part is Z-2; [jJ(Z)-Z2 is
analytic in a neighborhood of the origin and vanishes at z=O.
Weierstrass' r-Function r(z)=t(zlw, w') satisfies
the condition r' (z) = - [jJ (z); further, r(z) h:'l.S a
simple pole at z=o whose principal part is Z-I;
r(z)-z-I vanishes at z=o and is analytic in a
neighborhood of the origin. r(z) is NOT an
elliptic function, since it is not periodic. However,
it is quasi-periodic (see "period" relations):, so
reduction to FPP is possible.
Weierstrass' I1-Function I1(Z) = l1(zlw, w') sati:dies
the condition 11'(Z)/I1(Z)=t(z); further, I1(Z) in an
entire function which vanishes at the origin.
Like r, it is NOT an elliptic function, since it is
not periodic. However, it is quasi-periodic (see
"period" relations), so reduction to FPP is possible.

Invariants y, and Ya

Let W=2Mw+2Nw', M and N being integers.

Then

Ua=602;'W-' and Ua=1402;'W- 6

lS.1.1

are the INVARIANTS, summation being over all

pairs M, N except M=N=O.
Alternate SYJDbolism Emphasizing Invariants

IS. 1.2
IS.1.3
IS.I.4
IS.I.5

[jJ(z)=[jJ(z; g2, ga)

[jJ' (z) = [jJ' (z; g2, gs)
r(z)=r(z; g2, gs)
u(z)=u(z; ga, gs)

Fundamental Differential Equation, Discriminant and

Related Quantities

IS.I.6
lS.1.7
IS.1.S
.1=~-27!fa= 16(e2-ea)2(es-el)2(el-e2)2

lS.1.9

g2= -4(ele2+eleS+e2e3)=2(e~+~+~)
lS.1.10

ga=4ele2ea=t(ef+e~+e=)

lS.l.ll
IS.1.12

el +e2+ea=0

18.1.13

e1+4+e:=!fa/8
4e'-g2et-gs=0(i= 1, 2, 3)

Agreement about Values of Invariants (and Discriminant)

We shall consider, in this chapter, only real ga

and gs (this seems to cover most applications)hence .1 is real. We shall dichotomize most of
what follows (either .1>0 or .1<0). Homogeneity relations 18.2.1-18.2.15 enable a further
restriction to non-negative g3 (except for one case
when .1=0).
Note on SYJDbolism for Roots of Complex Numbers and
for Conjugate Complex Numbers

In this chapter, Zl' .. (n a positive integer) is used

to denote the principal nth root of z, as in chapter
3; is used to denote the complex conjugate of z.

630

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

FPP's, Symbols for Periods, etC.

A>O
2W'

A<O

2w 2

.J

Wi
2

W'

W +_2
2
2

R2
W'

R3

Wz

RI =

R4

J..FPP
4

2w

RECTANGLE

2W

FIGURE

18.1

RHOMBUS

"'1='"
""=",+,,,'

",~=",'-",

""=,,,1

"'2

'" REAL
",' PURE IMAG.

REAL
"'~ PURE IMAG.

1",'1 ~""

I"'~I ~"'2' since g3~0

since g3 ~O
Fundamental Rectangles

Study of all four functions UP ,[P', r, ".) can be reduced to consideration of their values in a Funda~
mental Rectangle including the origin (see 18.2 on homogeneity relations, reduction formulas and
processes).

Fundamental Rectangle is

~ FPP, which has ver~

tices 0, "', "'2 and ",'

Fundamental Rectangle has vertices 0,

,
2'
"'2

y
Wi

"'2, W2+ ~2,

~--------------~W2
FUNDAMENTAL
RECTANGLE

,
Wi

;:lL

t-------"+'-------1W +

(:...!-. FPP)

Wz

--- X

~~--------------~--~x
w2
FIGURE

18.2

There is a point on the right boundary of Fundamental Rectangle where [p =0.

Denote it by 2'0.

631

WEIERSTRASS ELI,IPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

The Case 88<0

18.2. HOIllogeneity Relations, Reduction

Formulas and Processes

Put t=i and obtain, e.g.,

Homogeneity Relations (Suppose t~O)

Note that Period Ratio is preserved.

18.2.2

9>'(tzltw, tw') =t-a!J>' (zlw, w')

9> (tzltw, tw') =t-2!J> (zlw, w')

18.2.3

r(tzltw, tw' ) =t-1r(zlw, w')

18.2.4

u(tzltw, tw') =tu(zlw, w')

18.2.5

U2(tW, tw') =t- 4g2(W, w')

18.2.6

gs(tw, tw') =t-OUa(w, w')

18.2.18

18.2.7

e,(tw, tw')=t- 2e,(w, w'), i=l, 2, 3

,1(tw, tw /) =t-12,1(w, w')

18.2.19

H,(tw, tw' )=t-2H j (w, w'), i=l, 2, 3

(See 18.3)

18.2.20

18.2.1

18.2.8
18.2.9
18.2.10

q(tw, tw ' ) =q(w, w')

Thus the case Ua<O can be reduced to one where

Ua>O.
"Period" Relatiol18 and Reduction to the FPP (M,N
integers)

18.2.17

m(tw, tw') =m(w, w')

(See 18.9)
18.2.12 9>'(tz; t- f U2, t- 6gS)=t-s!J>'(z; g2, gs)
18.2.13 9> (tz; t-f g2, t-Oga) =t-2f]J (z; g2, ga)
18.2.11

r(tz; t-fg!, t- 8ga) =t-1r(z; g2, gs)

18.2.15

u(tz; t-4g2, t- 8ga) =tu(z; U2, g3)

f]J (z+2Mw+2Nw') =

9> (z)

r(z+2Mw+2Nw') = r(z) + 2M,., + 2Nr,'

(See 18.10)

18.2.14

f]J , (z+2Mw+2Nw') ==== 9>'(z)

u(z+2Mw+2Nw')
=(_l)M+N+MNu(z) exp [(z+Mw+Nw')(2M,.,

+2N,.,')]
18.2.21

where ,.,=r(w), 1/'=r(w')

"Conjugate" Values

f(2) ](z), where f is anyone of the functions

9>, 9>', r,

fT.

Reduction to 1,4 FPP (See Figure 18.1)

(8 denotes conjugate of 8)
Point ., in R,

18.2.22
18.2.23
18.2.24

!J>' (z,) =

-lP (2w- z,)

9> (z,) =
r(zJ = -

!J>' (z,) =

-7P' (2~- zJ

f]J (Z,) = f]J (2~- ZJ

!J>(2w-z,)

r(Z,) = - f(2~ +2('7+"")

r(2w- zJ + 2'7

u(zJ=;(2~-z,) exp [2(,.,+,.,/)(Z,_~)]

Point -a in Ra

18.2.26

9>' (Za) = - 9>' (2~- Za)

18.2.27

!J> (Za) = f]J (2~- Za)

18.2.28

r(za) = -r(2Wa-Za) +2(,.,+,.,')

18.2.29

0"(za)=U{2~-Z3)

!J>' (Za) = -

9>' (2~- Za)

f]J (Za) = f]J (2~- Za)

r(Za) = - r(2~- Za) +2(11+,.,')

exp [2(,.,+,.,')(Z3-"':I)]

0"(Za)=u(2~-za) exp

Point -2 in R2

18.2.30

9>'(Zt)

9>'(Zt-2w')

18.2.31

{jJ (Zt) =7P (Zt-2w' )

18.2.32

r(Zt) r(Za-2w') +217'

[jJ' (Zt) = {jJ '~)

[jJ (Za) =

7Ji (z;)

r(Za)=r(~)
fTC Za) ";(i;)

[2(,.,+,.,')(Za- W2)]

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

632
y

Reduction from 1,4 FPP to Funda mental Rectangle in

Ca&e ~<O

We need only be concerned with the case when

z is in triangle .12 (therefore 2w' - z is in triangle
.11) .

W2

W~ 1---'-J~----tW2 + -2-

2"

18.2.34

[jJ (z) = [jJ (2w' - z)

18.2.35

[jJ'(z) = - [jJ '(2w' -z)

18.2.36

t(z) =2.,,' - t(2w' - z)

18.2.37

u(z)=u(2w'-z) exp [2.,,'(z-w')]

~~---------~--~~x
FIGURE

18.3
Reduction to Case where Real Half-Period is Unity

(preserving period ratio)

(W2=W+W')
18.2.38
18.2.39
18.2.40

[jJ'(zlw, w')=w- 3 [jJ'

(zw- 11 1, : )

[jJ(zlw, w')=w- 2 [jJ (zw-III,

:')

t(elw, ~')=w-Ir (zw-III, :')

[jJ'(zlw, W')=wi3[jJ'(ZW;11~' W')

W2 W2
.
[jJ(zlw, w')=wi 2[jJ (zw;ll:' : )
r(zlw,w')=w;lr (zw;II:' :)

18.2.41
18.2.42
18.2.43
18.2.44
(i=1,2,3)

(i=l, 2, 3)

18.2.45

NOTE: New real half-period is

w w' w+w'

-+-==--==1
~

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

18.3. Speeial Values and Relations

Values at Periods

[j), [j)' , and

are infinite, u is zero at 2=2w\, i= 1,2, 3 and at 2w;(A<O).

Half-Periods

18.3.1

( (wt)=ej(i=l, 2,3)

18.3.2

lj"(wj)=O(i=l, 2, 3)

18.3.3

71t= ~(wl)(i=l, 2,3)

18.3.4
18.3.5
18.3.6
e2 real and non-negative

18.3.7
e\>0~e2>ea

18.3.8

(equality when ga=O)

where o:~O,~>O
(equality when ga=O)
18.3.9

71>0

18.3.10 71 'r~'f
"'> 1
18.3.11

Iw'llw~1.91014 050 (approx.)

18.3.12 H\>O, Ha>O

18.3.13 H 2=i-V

.,,~/i~0 if Iw~l/w2~3.81915 447 (approx.)

H 2>0

1I'/4<arg(H3) 5:,11'/2 (equality if ga=O); H\=113

18.3.14 u(w)=e,., /2 /Hl/ 2

.' .,'/2

18.3.15 u(w')=ie''''''11Ij/2

u(w~)=ie

18.3.16 u2(w2)=e2"2/(-H2)

u2(w')=e'''' I( -H3)

71' w

11'

18.3.17 arg [U(W2) ]=T+2

2 2

Im /2

arg[u(w')]= 71i~2+~_~ arg(e2+H2-e~)

Quarter Periods

18.3.18 [jJ(w/2)=el+H1>el

[j) (w./2)=e.+H2>e2

18.3.19 [jJ'(w/2)=-2H1-v2Hl+3e\

[j)' (w./2)=-2H2 -V2H2+3el

18.3.20 t(wI2) = ![71+-V2H1+3el]

~(wJ2)=!['72+-v2H2+3e2]

633

634

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

e.,/8
21/4HT8(2Hl + 3e l)1/8

18.3.21

u( w/2)

18.3.22

[j) (w' /2) =ea- Hs<ea<o

U(W2/2)

e"2"2/8
21/4fflI8(2H2+3e2)1/8

[j) (~/2)=e2-H2=[j) (~+w~/2)<e2<O

18.3.23

[j) '(w' /2) = - 2Hai..J2Hs - 3es

[j) '(w~/2) = -2H2i..J2H2-3e2=lP'(w2+W~/2)

18.3.24

r(w' /2) =![1/' -i..J2Ha- 3ea]

r(w~/2) =![1/~-i..J2H2-3l:l]= -r(w2+~/2)+21/'

,,'.,'/8

18.3.25

21/4H~/8~(~Hs-3es)1/8

u( w' /2)

u( ~/2)

ie"2''''2'/8
21/4fflI8(2H2-3e2)1I8
=u(w2+~/2)

18.3.26

[j) (w2/2)=e2-H2

[j) (w'/2)=es-Hs

18.3.27

[j)' (~/2) = -2H2i(2H2-3e2)1

[j) '(w' /2) = -2iHs(2Hs-3es)t

18.3.28

r(~/2) =![712-i(2H2-3e2)t]

r(w' /2) =![71' -i(2Ha-3es)t]

18.3.29

u(w2/2)

e"2"'2/8eitr/4
[4ffl(2H2-3 e2)]1I8

u( w' /2)

e,,'.,'/8 eltr/4
[4ffl(2Hs- 3e s)]l/8

One-Third Period Relations

equivalently:
48[j)4_24g2[j)2_48gs[j)-~=O

18.3.30

d>O
18.3.31

t(2w/3) = 231/

d<O

+[ [j)(~W/3)J

t( 2W2/3) =

2;2

+[ [j) (~w2/3) J

18.3.32

t(2w'/3)=2~' _[ [j)(2;' /3)J

t(2w;/3)=2;~_[ [j)(~W~/3)J

18.3.33

t( 2W 2/3) =2;2+[ [j) (~W2/3)J

t(2w' /3) = 2f +[ [j) (2 w' /3)J

3

18.3.34

u(2w/3)

18.3.35
18.3.36

-exp [21/w/9]
V[j)' (2w/3)

u(2~/3)

-exp [2712W2/9]
~ [j)' (2W2/3)

u(2w' /3)

-exp [21/' w' /9]

[ [j) '(2w' /3) Jl/Se 2.. t/S

u(2w;J3)

-exp [21/;w~/9l
[[j) '(2w;/3) Jl/Se2 ..i/S

U(2W2/3)

-exp [21/2W2/9]
[[j)' (2 W2/3) Jl/S e2ri/ S

u(2w' /3)

-exp [21/' w' 19]

[ [j) , (2w' /3) ]I/S e2..1/3

Legendre's Relation

18.3.37

1/W' -71' w=7r'i/2

(also valid for d<O)

Relations AInong the Hi

18.3.38

ffl+ffl+IPa=3g2/4

18.3.39

fflffl+ H2:lPa+ IPaffl=O

exp [-1/' W2]

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

ll'fHfEPa= -l:lj16

18.3.40

16H~-1!!g2H:+.:1=O(i=1,

18.3.41

2, 3)

18.4. Addition and Multiplication Fonnulas

1 [[}I'(ZI)-OJ'(Z2)]2
g> (Zl +Z2) =4 [j~ (Zl)- OJ (Z2)
- OJ (Zl)- g> (Z2)

18.4.1

OJ (Zl+Z2)[g> '(~:l)- OJ '(Z2)]+ OJ (Zl) OJ '(Z2)- OJ '(z) OJ (Z2)

OJ (Z2) - OJ (Zl)

18.4.2
18.4.3

- )
() 19>'(Zl)-g>'(Z2)
~(Z)+Z2)=~(ZJ +~ Z2 +2 g> (Zl)-g> (Z2)

18.4.4

U(Zl+Z2)U(Zl-Z2):=-U 2(Zl)U 2(Z2)[g> (Zl)- OJ (Z2)]

Duplication and Triplication Formulas

OJII(Z)]2
OJ(2z)=-2OJ(z)+ [ 2g>'(z)

18.4.5
18.4.6

[P'(2z)

-4 OJ '4(Z)-t- 12OJ(z) OJ '2(Z) 0J"(Z)- OJ 113(Z)

4g>'3(Z)
~(2z) =2~(z)

18.4.7

+OJ "(z)/2 g> '(z)

u(2z) == - OJ '(z)u4 (z)

18.4.8

4g>'3(Z)

18.4.9

~(3z)=3~(z)+ g>'(z)[P'''(z)- [p"2('Z)

18.4.10

u(3z) = - g> "2(Z) u9(z) [[P (2z) - [p (z) 1

18.5. Series Expansions

lLaurent Series

18.5.1
18.5.2

where

and

18.5.3
18.5.4
18.5.5
18.5.6
2

Formulas for l' and

tr

are not true algebraic addition formulas.

635

636

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

where ao. 0 = 1 and

18.5.7
18.5.8

it being understood that am.n=O if either subscrip~ is negative.

(The radius of convergence of the above seTIes for [;_Z-2, [J>'+2z- a and
smallest of \2",\, \2",'\ and \2",2",'\; series for q converges for all z.)
Values of Coefficients 3

Ck

in Tel'me of C2 and

IS.5.9

c4=~/3

18.5.10

cs=3 c2ca/ ll

18.5.11

C6= [2c~+3c~1/39

18.5.12

c7=2~ca/33

lS.5.13

CS=5C2(11c~+36ci)/7293

18.5.14

cg=c3(29c~+ llci)/2717

IS.5.15

ClO= (Z42c~+ 1455cM)/240669

ell =

18.5.16

18.5.1S

C13= 10c~ca(297c~+530cn/11685817

equal to the

2c2(528770c~+7164675cM+2989602cn

18.5.19

C14

(306735) (215441)

4C3(62921815c~+ 179865450c~c~+ 14051367

18.5.20

CIS

en

(179685)(38920531)
c~(58957855c~+ 1086511320c~~+875341836c:)

IS.5.21
IS.5.22

CIS=

Cl6

(5909761)(5132565)

Cl7

c2ca(30171955cg+ 126138075cM+28151739c:)
(920205)( 6678671)

1541470 949003c~+30458088737 . 1155cgci+ 122378650673 378cM+2348703 887777cg

(1342211013)(4695105713)
2c~a(3365544215c~+42985243345cM+8527743477cn

18.5.24

Cl9

(91100295)(113537407)

NOTES:
were computed and checked independently
by D. Ii. Lehmer; these were double-checked by
substituting g2=20 C2, g3=28 Ca in values given in
[18.10].
2. ClrCl8 were derived from values in [18.10) by
the same substitution. These were checked (numerically) for particular values of U2, ga.
1.

.
IS

14c2ca(389c~+369ci) /3187041

C12= (1l4950cg+ 1080000cM+ 166617d)/891678645

Ca

lS.5.17

18.5.23

r-z-

Cl-C16

3. C19 is given incorrectly in [18.12] (factor 13 is

missing in denominator of third term of bracket);
this value was computed independently.
4. No factors of any of the above integers with more
than ten digits are known to the author. Tllis is not
necessarily true of smaller integers, which have, in
many instances, been arranged for convenient use
with a desk calculator.

Value 4 of Coefficients am. n

1 II

-23 559

107895773
1 10

111

-23 523

-23 559

25718049

107895773

& 11

-2357

257

.1811699

416047

.18049

2803

4922497

-235229

105
-23

-23 57

-23523

2292683

;-

235
5

n'no)
,,,
..uu

.,

~70423

nDOf)
'M~

23'59103

235
4

-2357
133741

31

aI'
23531

II

2323

"

2323

-23

-3

-23

4 10

S~l79

.,

-2357

1321

.14~1

1415535763

-235691

-23511.31

-2.3. 5723

83609

.313.190387

2634848953

.1752686144977

4 ,

4 10 ,

4.

-2357613

109

3911

156217

315989669

8311299551

17605225081

23537

-23517

.167

3037

13

23311

-3

323

\
1

-2357.11.29

319

-1

.1

-2.3.3l

3520807

3107

'),
",I

~.
J

/Y'

,1

'1

-2361151
653

.,

-235719

-235503

23553

-2.3583

23517

1/\

'10

-23 57

-235
6

.1

.7

-23

-23517-53

-235717

2357

2387260103

295741189

67 195651059

.35866647631901

-2311

-317

-23713

-3

-2357193

37

2609

1578257

2742587

248882935409

13679274973

89555603641079

, 6

3313503
IbOl ~t\\ vnl-51~1

372337

-37
.685973
7

3.1137

-372314387

257981

40763

-37-1123

1763011760639
9

-3071

10

37.24733

383 73918539

198922785511

11

12

Values of . In unfactored form for 4m+6n+l <35 are given In [18.251. p. 7; of (a . )3-' In (actored (orm In [18.151. Vol. 4. P. 89 (or 4m+6n+l:,>25. Additional values were computed and cheeked On

desk oalouiators; prlmallty of large factors was established with the aid of SW AC (National Bureau of Stendards Western Automatic Computer).

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

638

Reversed Series 6 for Large

I[P I

Reversed Series for Large \ [P '\

18.5.25

18.5.31
+113

(3a~+5aDul1+a~aUI6+ ~~ (12a~+7anu17

~~a (a~+7anUI9+~ (3a~+10anu21

18.5.32

A s=_a2 A~
5

18.5.33
18.5.34

A9=0

18.5.35
18.5.36

3 - - - (3+6
112
aa2 )
A 1_10AI
39

18.5.37

AIs=-9~a3/175

18.5.38

A 17- - --sr14a2A~ (1123+12a32)

( 3 6+ 20 a 2+ 4) al
+221aa
a.31 14 a2 2 a2aa 003 U
Reversed Series for Large \t \

18.5.40

Z=U+A5U5+A7U7+AgU9+ ...

18.5.41 where U= r- I

+2;.~7 (1105a~+16380aga~+10920a~a:

18.5.42

A 5 =-j)2/5

18.5.43

A 7 =-oa/7

18.5.44

A9=j)~/7

18.5.45

Au = 30 21h/11

18.5.46

AI3=1~~1 (-8o~+7on

18.5.47
18.5.48
18.5.49

18.5.27

aa=ga/8

18.5.28

u=( [P -I)l

5 In this and other series a choice of the value of the

root has been made so that z will be in the Fundamental
Rectangle (Figure 18.2). whenever the value of the given
function is appropriate.

A17=9:~3 (1349j)~-4116o~)

AI9=3~~23 (115431O~-22568j)~)

18.5.50 where 02=g2/12

18.5.51

639

WEIERSTRASS ELLPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

18.5.57

Other Series Involving [j)

Series near Zo

[[j)(zo)=Ol

Other Series Involving [j) ,

18.5.52

Series near Zo
10c~

114czca 10

[j)=[j)~u [ 1-3czu4-4CaU6+3u +-I-I- u

18.5.58

7(12c~-5c~) U12_ 488c~caU14]+u2 [-5C2-14CaU2

13

([j) ' - [j)

33

6 84c~-lOc~

+5c~u4+33czcau +

u -

[ - 1OC2u-56caua

1363c~cau10

33

"l

where u=(z-zo), [j)~ == [j) '(zo)=i..f!h

{)}~[v+av2+2a2v3+(g3~~2 +5a3) v4+~ (3[1)~4

+ 15ga[j) ~2+ 70aa)if+ 2a 2(2 [j) ~4+ 7 ga[j) ~2+21aa )v6

+(gdf~6 + {ta+20aa} [j)~4+15a2ga[j)~2+ 132a6)V7

18.5.59

(z-zo)=A-bA3- 3r: ~ A4+3(C2+b 2)A5

+ IOb[j) ~6-3[36ca-3[j) ~+4balA7
-3[j)

+ 14:a) vB+ 5;2 G[j)~8+15ga[j)~6

+~ (3 {28aa+ta}

+100~-279{)} ~2b+132b4)AU+ ...

+2002aa {1; aa+ta }

18.5.55

~2+ 19448

18.5.61

[j)~4

aU) vl0l+ ..

where V= f1J /([j) ~)2 and a=g2/4

where A= ({)}' - {)} ~)/( -lOC2)

18.5.62

and b=4ga/g2

Series near Wi

18.5.63
[j) '=2(3e~-5c2)a+4(10c2ei+21ca)aa+6(7a2e~

Series near WI

+21caei+5c~)a6+24(6c3e~+ lOc~el

18.5.56

+ 11czCa)a7 +10 (22~e~+92c2Caet+l05~

([j) -et)= (3e~-5c2)U+ (lOc2e,+21ca)u2+ (7C2d

2
110
- 10~)
3 aU +24 (364
UC2Caet+3~et

+21c3el+5cnu3+ (18c3e~+30c~ei
+ 33c2C3)U4 + ( 22cM + 92c2Cae

~(~5 Cz+21 b2)A8 +152 (285b 2c2

VU

[j)~8+11ga {98a a+ta} [j)~6

+ 16016 a 6ga[j)

where U= (z- zo)

18.5.60

[j)~4+ 33;ga [j)~2

+ {154a3+33ta} [j)~4+ 2002al3 [j)~2 +572a6)

U 545~ca 11
u- 11 u

+7(12cfa-5~)u12 24~~~ca u14]+ ...

18.5.54

+15a (ga!f~6+ {3f+6aa}

+ [j) { -15c2u4- 28cau6+ 30C~U8+ 114c2cau10

18.5.53

U=

(840cfa-l00~)

+3OC~U5 + 264c2GaU7

+ 70Cz(55~-2316cfa) u 1a]
143

5Cz(55C~-2316CnU12]~:.. ...

143

~) =

i+ 105cfa

607.,2
) _11
+42~et+U
"2 Ca a-

2
220
- 1O~)
3 u 5+ (728
TICzc3ei+3~e,+84cfal~i

171

681.,2

+70 (127
13 ~2et

9150 cl+ 5 4\ 1a
Cz a 13 C2) a

+13 cfaei +U "2Caei+ 143

855 cl 2
1214..2C
) 6+(635
i 13 aei
+U(;2
a U
13"2n3 e2+

+ ... ,

4)

3405
45750
25
7
+U~Caei+ 143 c2~+13C2 u + ... ,

18.5.64

where a= (Z-Wi).

640

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Other Series Involving

18.6. Derivatives and Differential Equations

Ordinary (C2=g2/20, Ca=ga/28)

Serie8 near Zo [[jJ (zo)=O)

18.5.65
10
2
6
C 8
_ m' _!..+C2U + aU <1u
t-to- (YO [
2
2
2
3

19czCau12
22

18.6.1

r' (z) =

18.6.2

u' (z)/u(z) = t(z)

- [jJ (z)

18.6.3

[j) '2(z)=4 [j)3(Z)- g2 [j) (z)- ga=4([j)3- oC2 [j)-7 c3)

18.6.4 [j)" (z)=6 [j)2(Z) - !g2=6 [j)2-10c2
18.6.5

[jJ '" (z) = 12 [jJ[jJ'

18.6.6

[j)(4)(z)=12([j)[j)" + [j)' [j)')

18.5.66

where

=5! [ [jJa- 3C2[jJ

U= (z- Zo),

_l!ca]

18.6.7

18.5.67

Serie8 near

[jJ (6) (2) = 12( [jJ[jJ '" +2 [jJ' [jJ"

w,

18.5.63
'"
)__
( )-'11,
--eta

(3e~-5c2)

ex: -

,+5 21ca)a6

(10c2e

(7 c2e~+21c3e,+5c~)a7

+ [jJ" [jJ ')

18.6.8

[jJ(6) (z)=12([jJ[jJ<4l +3[j)' [jJ"'+3[jJ" [jJ"

+ [jJ '" [jJ ')
18.6.9

=7![ [jJ4-4c2 [jJ2-4c3[jJ +5c~/7]

(6cae~+ 10c~ej+ 11 czCa)a9

18.6.10

[j) (7) (Z) =47! [jJ '[[jJ3-2c2[j) -Ca)

18.6.11

[j) (S)(z)=9![[j) 6-5c2rP S - 5Ca[j) 2

18.6.12

+(10c~[jJ

+11C2ca)/3]

[j) (9)(z)=59![jJ'[[j) 4-3c2[P '-2ca[P

+2~/3]

18.6.13

[j)

(10)

(z) = 11![ [jJ 6-6 c2[jJ 4- 6ca [jJ 3+7~ [jJ 2

18.6.14

[jJ Oil (Z) =6.111[p '[[P 6- 4c2[jJ a_ 3ca[jJ 2

18.5.69

18.6.15
Revened Series for Small JerJ

18.5.70

+19')-2'Ya
55

(J

11+3842-y=+861Ya la+
6006
u
... ,

+ (77~[jJ + 57czCa)/33]

(z) = 13![ [jJ 7 -7 C2 [jJ 6-7 C3[jJ 4+35~[jJ 3/3

+21OczC3[jJ2/11+(84~-35C:) [jJ /13-1363~s/4291
18.6.16

[jJ

(2)

[jJ

(3)

(z) = 7 . 131 [jJ '[ [jJ 6_ 5C2 [jJ 4 - 4ca[jJ 3

18.6.17

+5~[jJ 2+60C2CS[jJ /11+(1~-5C:)/13]

[jJ (14)(2)= 151 [[jJ 8-8c, [jJ 6-8ca[jJ 6+52~[jJ 4/3

+328c2C3[jJ 3/11 + (444C:-328~) {fJ '/39

18.5.71
18.5.72

+ (342c2CS[jJ +84C:-10c:)/33]

'Ya=ga/ 120

For reversion of Maclaurin series, see 3.6.25 and

[18.18].

18.6.18

-488~C3[jJ /33+~(55C:-2316~)/429]

[jJ C16l(z)=8151[jJ'[ [jJ7-6~[jJ6_5c3[jJ4+26~[jJ 1/3

+ 123~Ca [jJ2/1l+(1l1~-82C:) [jJ /39-61*,/33]

WEIERSTRASS ELll.IPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Partial Derivatives with Respect

to

Invariants

18.6.19
A

~fa = g>' (3g2r-~g3Z )+6g2{)}2-9g3!.P-g~

18.6.20
A ~~ ={)}' (

~~ gar+g!Z)-9g3{)}2+~ {)}+~ g2ga

y"= [a g> (z)+b]y (L8Jlle's equation)-see [18.8],

2.26
For other (more specialized) equation$ (of
orders 1-3) involving g> (z), see [18.8], nos_
1.49,2.28,2.72-3,2.439-440, 3.9-12.
For the use of {)} (z) in solving differential equations of the form y,m+A(z,y)=O, where A(a,y) is
a polynomial in y of degree 2m, with coefficients
which are analytic functions of z, see [18.7],
p_ 312ft

18.6.21
A

641

18.7. Integrals

~ia = -3r (g2 {)} +~ ga)

18.7.1

+~ z (9g3g> +~ g~)-~ g2 g>'

18.6.22
A

:;2=~ t (9ga{)} +~ g~)

-~ g2 Z

Gg2g>+~ ga)+~ i1ag>'

()u 3
, 9
+1 2 2 9
,
18.6.23 A ()U3 =2 g2 U ' +2 ga u 8 g2 Z u- 2 g2 Zu

18.6.24
()u
9
,, 1 2
3
2 +1 2
,
A ()g2=-4 g3 U -4 g2 u -16 g2g3 Z u 4 g2 2'(1

(formulas for higher powers may be derived by

integration of formulas for g> (21<) (z
For f g>"'(z)dz, n any positive integer, see
[18_15] vol. 4, pp. 108-9.

If g> , (a) ;CO

18.7.3
{)} '(a)

f {)} (Z)~{)}

(a)

~z)

=2zr(a)+ln u(z-a)-ln u(z+a)

Differential Equations

For fdz/[ {)} (z)- {)} (a)]", ({)} '(a) ;CO) n any positive integer, see [18.15], voL 4, pp. 109-110.

( here ' denotes

18.6.25

Equation

Definite

y'3=1I(y-a)2

18.6.26

IS.7.4
2

f"'

y a-3 {)} , (z; 0, ga)'

w=

IS.7.5
18.6.27

t28

Y"=T

y=6g>2(Z;

g2,

O)--b,

g2=-~ (a-b)

IS.7.6
IS.7.7

"'s(t)

.f'3 .vls(t)1
dt

w'='I,

(y+a)2(y+b)3

dt

J'1

_"'

where t is real and

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

642

18.8 Conformal Mapping

w=u+iv

~<O

w= [jJ (z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle

onto the half-plane v:S;O; if Iw'l=w(g3=0), the
isosceles triangle OWW2 is mapped onto u~O, vS;O.

W= [j) (z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle

onto the half-plane v:S;Oj if Iw~I=W2(g3=0), the
isosceles triangle OW2W' is mapped onto u~O,
v:S;O.

w=[jJ'(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle

W= [jJ , (z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle

onto most of the w-plane less quadrant III; if
Iw;I=W2, the triangle OW2W' is mapped onto v~O,

onto the w-plane less quadrant III; if Iw'l=w, the

triangle OWW2 is mapped onto v~O, v~u.

v~u.

(a=period ratio)

w= r(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto

the half-plane u~O. If a :S;1.9 (approx.), vS;O;
otherwise the image extends into quadrant r.
For very large a, the image has a large area in
quadrant I.

w=r(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto

the half-plane u~O. The image is mostly in
quadra~t IV for small a, entirely so for (approx.)
1.3:S;a :S;3.8. For very large a, the image has a
large area in quadrant r.

W= u(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto

1.9 (approx.), onto quadrants
quadrant I if a
I and II if 1.9 S;a<3.8 (approx.). For large

w=u(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto

quadrant I if a<3.8 (approx.), onto quadrants I
and II if 3.8 S;a< 7.6 (approx.). For large

<

a, arg[u(w2)]"" ~;; consequently the image winds

a, arg [ u ( W2 +~;)]

around the origin for large a.

winds around the origin for large a.

Other maps 'are described in [18.23] arts. 13.7

(square on circle), 13.11 (ring on plane with 2
slits in line) and in (18.24]' p. 35 (double half
equilateral triangle on half-plane).

Other maps are described in [18.23] arts. 13.8

(equilateral triangle on half-plane) and 13.9
(isosceles triangle On half-plane).

Obtaining [j) I from

Fundamental Rectangle

II ;;> 0

II
RECTANGLE

< 0

FUNDAMENTAL

RECTANGLE

'i
A

W~/2 =
A

iO/2

(.4,.4)
.41----'1

.4t-----,(.4, .4)

--~O~---.~4------~W-f~I--~X

--~O-----.~4----~W~:~I~~X

In region A

the image

[j) 12

Fundamental Rectangle

FUNDAMENTAL

~ ;:; consequently

FIGURE 18.4
In region A

3l([j)')~Oify~.4andx:S;.5;f([j)')~Oelsewhere

(1) If a~1.05, use criterion for region A for

~>O.

(2) If 1~a<1.05: fJI([jJ')~O if y~.4 and

x~.4, -7r/4<arg ([jJ')<37r/4 if .4<y~.5 and
.4<x~.5.
J([jJ') ~ 0 elsewhere

643

WEIERSTRASS ELL[PTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

In region B

In region B

Use the criterion for region B for A>O.

The sign (indeed, perhaps one or more signUicant

digits) of [J)' is obtainable from the first term,
-2ft, of the Laurent series for {/J'.

(Precisely similar criteria apply when the real half-period 1)

0

-4

,,

w=1

A>O

Map: {/J(z)=u+iv

+
Z

Near zero: {/J(z)=12

-I

-2
E1

-3

-4

-s

IE,I~. 2

.0'

IE215.003

w'=i

1,-O---.'!'s...L.JL1.J...J
I

-6

-3

-01

I
\

-I

-2

-u

,
\

-I

-2

1.4

-3
\

\
\

-4

1.0

.4

,I .

1.31

.5

I
I

-5 -

I
I
I

w' =1.4i

-3

-2

-I

.5

IE.15.02
0

-4

IE,I S.2

!v

-6 -

1.0

1 \,
-I

\
\
\

-2

,,

, , .5i
,,

"

- 1.5

-,
-<.

.4;

-~I

w'=2.oi

,
,,

tv

-I;

FIGURE

18.5

- -- - -.4

,
,,

.
~

1.0

,'.31

- - -,.

.5

IE, IS.2
IE Z ls.02
0

.5

1.0

644

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

A<O
Map: [fJ(z)=u+iv

-4
0

-\

1
1
1
\
\
\

'~

\
-2

.~

1.0'

-3

1(01 S.7
1(21 ~ .O~

-4

-~

-6

W2='t

o
-I

-2

-3

-4

.5

1.0

110115.2

-5

110215.06

-6

o
-\

-~:;,..-- ~Q"..,.,..,.-I""'r-T-ri-r-""""'..-.T,..,...,...r:.
;
~6i\ .7i, .8J\:::9i:::H"""~~_-I--f"~
.5i\
\

"
\

-2

tfr

-3

.5
-4

.4

.5

-5

110\1 ~ .07
11021
-6

FIGURE

18.6

.03

1.0

645

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Map: S-(z)=u+iv
Near

l~ero:

1
S-(Z)=-+El
Z

':~IM~t
o

w'=i

lEd

IE21

:5:

.5

1.0

1.0

.0 I
2 X 10- 5

-v

1.4

1.0

.5

.5

1.ls

.007

1215.0002

w'=l.4i

1.5 -

.3

1.0

mt~:I~-i--t+~

\2;

I~

.5
lE'I , S ,007

///.3i

112' S .0002

w'=2.0i

-3.0

FIGURE

18.7

1.0 x

646

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Map: r(z)=u+iv
Near zero: )1-( z)-!+El
- z
1 C i1+ E2
r(z)=z3
2

.5

1.0

1.5

ZoO

Z.5

3.0

3.5

.5

o
-.5

-2.0 _ - - \ /
(,/
'
"

-2.5

--_... -

-3.0

IE21~ .0002
"-,..._ _

/ 'I

.1

IE,I ~.04

.2

--.. .........

-3.5

\
\
\
\
\

lEd ~.007

IE21~.0009

w~=1.5i

IE,I ~.004
IE21s .0004

w~=2.0i
FIGURE

18.8

647

WEIERSTRASS ELLlPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

~>o

w=1

Map: u(z)=u+iv
v
1.5
.8

1.0

1.0 -

.5

.5 -

w'=i
.5

1.0

--

.5

1.0

1.0

v
y

1.4
1.0i
1.0

1.0 .8i

.5

0.5 -

w'=1.4i
.5

2.0i

.5

.y

LSi

2.0 -

- - r- -

- 1-. --I-.

-- -- ~-

1- -

-1-. -

-f-..

1.5

-~-

1-1- -

1.0i

~-I-

-1--If-. -l- - -- -- 1-. -I-. - -- - .- - ,--

1.0 -

.5

f-.--

"--- f-.+-

-I-- f- -

w'=2.oi

L...

1.0
FIGURE

18.9

__

-I-

--

-1-- -1-- -

.5

-I....

--

1.0

648

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

A<O

"':1=1

Map: u{z) =u+iv

y

.5i

o51tIHIJlIL

.6

.4

.2 -- -- -

.5

1.0

-- -- --

-- -_-.I __

o
v
.8

.2

.6

.4

1.0

1.2

1.0 75 i
.9.,,"'" .
.1_..:2 ,.:3 _.4 .5 .6 .7~ :8....... ....... .71

-- -- - --

--

.75

.5

.6i

.6 --

.5i

-- .4i

.4 --

.5

1.0

-- .3i
.2i

.2 --

-- -- -- -- -- .Ii
w~=1.5i

.2

.6

.4

.8

1.0

y
1.0 -

---

--

--

- -- .---

.8 --- - --- --

--

--

---- .8i

.5

--- --- .7i

--- --- --. . 6;

.6

.4 ------ -

.2 -- --- -w~=2.0i

.2

.4

.6

.8

FIGURE 18.10

1.0

.5

1.0 x

649

WEIERSTRASS ELLIlM'IC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

18.9. Relations with Complete Elliptic Integrals K and K' and Their Parameter m
and with Jacobi's Elliptic Functions (see chapter 16)

(Here K(m) and K'(m) =K(l-m) are complete elliptic integrals of the 1st kind; see chapter

4<0

4>0
18.9.1

el

18.9.2

e2

(2-m).l(2(m)
3w2

el

18.9.4

g2
4(m-2)(2m-l)(m+l)l(8(m)
27w6

18.9.6

18.9.7
18.9.8

T..... (

..n.- m

3~

e2

ea

ga=

3~

2( 1-2m ).l(2( m )

(2m-l).l(2(m) .

18.9.3

18.9.5

(2m-l)+6i.J~

(2m-l)-6i.Jm=ffli
3~

4(16m2-16m

. .l(2( m )

+1 )K4( m)

3~

g3

8(2m-l)(32m2-32m-l)J(6(m)
27W;

-256(m-m 2)Kl2(m)
W~2

, iK'(m)w
K(m)

, iK'(m)w2
K(m)

W2=

~=K(m)/m/2

w=K(m)/(el-ea)1/2

1 3e,
m=---

18.9.9

4H2

[O<m ~a, since ga~O]

18.9.10

+H

{JJ(z)=e

18.9.11

l+cn(z'lm)
l-cn(z'lm)

18.9.12

fP '(z) _4ffl /2sn (Z' Im)dn(z' 1m)

fP '(z)= -2(el-ea)3 /2. cn(z"'lm )dn(z*lm)/sn3(z*1 m)

[1-cn(z'lm)]2

where

18.9.13

where

'I/=t(w)=K~~) [3E(m)+(m-2)K(m)!
,~

18.9.14

'I/'=t(w')

'l/ W -~II.

[E(m) is a complete elliptic integral of the 2d kind (see chapter 17).]

17.)

650

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

18.10. Relations with Theta Functions (chapter 16)

The formal definitions of the four" functions are given by the series 16.27.1-16.27.4 which converge
for all complex z and all q defined below. (Some authors use1l"Z, instead of z, as the independent variable.)
These functions depend on z and on a parameter q, which is usually suppressed. Note that
"~(O) ="2(0)"3(0)"4(0),

18.10.1

where ",(0) =",(0, q).

T=W'/W

18.10.2
18.10.3
q is real and since g3~0(lw'l ~w), O<q~e-"

18.10.4
18.10.5

(v = 1I"z/2 w)

[jJ (z)=ej+ .r2 ["~(O)"1+1(V)J2

4w

"1+1 (0)"1 (v)

q is pure imaginary and since

O<lql ~e- ../2
. (v=1I"z/2C1Jl1)
rTl
.r ["~(0)"2(V)J2
v--(z)=e2+ 4w~ 17-2(0)17- 1(v)

j=1,2,3

18.1O. 6
18.10.7
18.10.8
18.10.9

rTl'( )=_~ 17-2 (v) 17-3 (v) 17-4(v) 17-;S(O)

z
4ws 17-2(0)17-S(0)17-4(0)17-1S(V)

v--

r(z)='1/Z
w

+1I"17-;(v)

2w17- 1(v)

2w
('I/Z2) 17-1(v)
u(z)=-;- exp 2w 17-~(0)
12w2el =r[17-~(0) +17-:(0)]

{fJ'(z)=-!!.... 17-2(v)17-S(v)17-.(v)17-?(0)
4w~ 17-2(0)17-3(0)17-4(0)17-13(V)

r(z)= 'I/2 Z 1I"17-;(v)

W2 2W217-1(V)
U

_ 2W2
('I/2Z~ 17- 1(v)
( z) ---;exp 2w~} 17-i(O)

12w~el=r[ 17-~(0) -17-HO)]

18.10.10

12w2e2=r[ 17-:(0) -17-:(0)]

12w~e2=r[ 17-~(0) +17-:(0)]

18.10.11

12w2ea= -r[17-:(0) +17-:(0)]

12w~es= -r[ 17-~(0) +17-:(0)]

18.10.12

(e2-ea)t= -i(e a-e2)t=;w17-~(0)

(e2- ea)t=i(ea- e2)t= ~~(O)

2W2

18.10.16

ga=4ele2eS

18.10.17

~t=:W317-;2(0)

18.10.18 'I/=r(w)

r17-;"(O)
12w17-i(0)

18.10.19 7J'=f(w')

'I/w'-p-i
w

r17-;"(O)
12C1Jl117-i (0)

g3~0(lw~I~CIJlI),

651

WEIERSTRASS E),LIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Series

tMO) =0

18.10.20

~2(0) =2qt[1 +ql.2+ q2.3+q3.4+

18.10.21

... +qn(n+lJ

+ ... ]

~3(0)=I+:~[q+q4+q9+ ... +qn 2 + ... ]

18.10.22

~4(0)=1+2[-q+q4-q9+

18.10.23

'"

+(_I)n qn2+ ... ]

Attainable Accuracy

A>O
Note:

Note: ~2(0)=AejO'/8, A>O;

~i(OO, j=2,3,4

&l~3(00; ~4(0)=~3(0)
~i(O):

2 terms give at least 58

2 terms give at least 38

j=2, 3, 4

3 terms give at least 118

3 terms give at least 58

4 terms give at least 218

4 terms give at least 108

18.11

Expressing any Elliptic Function in Terms of [fJ and [lJ'

If J(z) is any elliptic function and [fJ (;~) has same periods, write
J(z) =!ff(z) +J( -;~)]+![ {fez) -J( -z)} { [fJ '(z)} -I] [lJ'(z).

18.n.l

8ince both brackets represent even elliptic functions, we ask how to express an even elliptic function g(z) (of order 2k) in terms of [fJ (z). Because of the evenness, an irreducible set of zeros can be
denoted by aj (i=l, 2, . . . , k) and the sel, of points congruent to -aj (i=l, 2, . . . , k); correspondingly in connection with the poles we consider the points b j , i=l, 2, . . . , k. Then
g(z)=A fr.{/P(z)-[lJ(a t ) } ,
1-1
,(P(z)- [lJ(b t )

18.n.2

whereAis

a constant. If any aj or bj is congruent to the origin, the corresponding factor is omitted from the
product. Factors corresponding to multiple poles (zeros) are repeated according to the multiplicity.
18.12.

Case 4=O(c>0)

8ubcase I

18.12.9
18.12.10

q=l,

O'(w)=O

18.12.1 g2>0, ga<O: (el=e2=c, e3=-2c)

18.12.n
18.12.2

[fJ (z; 12c2,-8c3)=c+3c{sinh [(3C)tZJ}-2

18.12.4
r(z; 12c2,-8c3)=-cz+(3c)t coth [(3c)lzJ

18.12.5

18.12.8

2w' eO"/2.

0'(W2)=0

18.12.13

[lJ (w/2)=c

18.12.14

[lJ'(w/2)=O

18.12.15

r(w/2) = -

'1/' =

r(w') = -cw'

<X>

18.12.16

0'(w/2) =0

18.12.17

flJ (w' /2) =-00

18.12.18

[fJ'(w'/2)=2w~

18.12.19

r(w' /2)=!( -cw' +7r/w')

w=oo, w'=(12c)-tri
'I/=r(w)=-oo

1r

18.12.12

O'(z; 12c2,-8c3) = (3c)-t sinh [(3c)tz]e-c.2/li

18.12.7

O'(w')=

HI =H2=0' H3=3c

18.12.3

18.12.6

m=l

652

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

18.12.20

18.12.46

q(w' /2)

18.12.21

[JJ (W2/2)=C

18.12.22

[JJ' (W2/2)=0

18.12.23

r(W2/2)=- 0 0 -

18.12.47
18.12.48

cw'

18.12.24

Subcase III

g2=U, g3=0(el =e2=ea=0)

18.12.49

[JJ(z; 0,

18.12.50

Subcase II
18.12.25

O)=z-~

18.12.51

r(z; 0, O)=Z-l

18.12.52

q(z; 0,0)=;;

18.12.53

w=-iw'=oo

18.12.26
18.13. Equianharmonic Case (g2=0, ga=l)
18.12.27 [fJ (z; 12c2 , 81f)=-c+3c {sin [(3c)iz]}-2

18.12.28

r(z; 12c2, 8c3)=cz+(3c)t cot [(3c)iz]

18.12.29

q(z; 12c2, 8d1)= (3c)-i sin [(3c)iz]eCZ2/2

18.12.30

w=(12c)-i'll", w'=ioo

18.12.31

7/=r(w)=cw

18.12.32
18.12.33
18.12.34

7/' =

r(w') =ioo

q=O,

1 FPP; Reduction to Fundamental

Triangle

A1 =AOW2Zo is the Fundamental Triangle

Let

denote e' ../3 throughout 18.13.

WJ",,1.5299 54037 05719 28749 13194 17231 6

m=O
q(w)

2we ..2/24
'II"

18.12.35

q(w')=O

18.12.36

q(W2) =0

18.12.37

[JJ (w/2) =5c

18.12.38

[fJ'(w/2)= 2w3

18.12.39

r(w/2)=t(cw+'II"/w)

18.12.40

If g2 =0 and ga>O, homogeneity relations allow

us to reduce our considerations of {jJ to [JJ (z; 0, 1)
([JJ', rand q are handled similarly). Thus
[JJ(z;0,ga)=gl/3[JJ(zgi /8 ;0, I). The case g2=0,
g3=1 is called the EQUIANHARMONIC case.

Wi

-~

q(w/2)

e,,2/96w ,fj.
'II"

18.12.41

[JJ(w'/2)=-c

18.12.42

[JJ' (w' /2)=0

18.12.43

r(w' /2) = +ioo

18.12.44

q(w'/2) =0

18.12.45

[fJ (W2/2) =-c

~o~~------~~----------~x
"'2

FIGURE

18.11

6 This value was computed and checked by multiple

precision on a desk calculator and is believed correct to
308.

653

WEIERSTRASS ELL1PTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Special Values and Formulas

18.13.9 .
18.13.1

[j) (Z2) = E- 2[j) (Zl)

18.13.2

[j)' (Z~) = - [fJ' (Zl)

r(~)

18.13.3

H 2 ={3(4- 1/3 ),

18.13.5

[j) (Za)=E- 2 [j)(ZI)

18.13.6

[fJ , (Z3)= [fJ' (Zl)

18.13.7 r(Za)=-E- 1r(ZJ+271',

18.13.8

18.13.12

t12 (0) = Ae tr/8

t1 a(O) =Aetr/24

18.13.13

t1 4 (O) =Ae-tr/24

18.13.11

Reductionfor Za in As: ZI=E- I (2w'-Zs) is in AI

. -rVa/2
q='/,e

m=sin2 15o =2-{3,

18.13.10

= E-Ir(ZI)

U(Z2) = EU(ZI)

18.13.4

H I ={3(4- 1/3 )"E,

A=-27,

18.13.14
where A= (W2/7) 1/221/331/8 ~ 1.0086 67
71'=r(W')

18.13.15

U(Za)=EU(ZI) exp [(Zs-w')(271')]

r 3(1/3)

K(m)2 I13

W2

31/4

Valun~ at Half-periods

I .[j)'

!P

(f

--18.13.16
W="'1

el =4- 1I8E3

1/ = E7r /2W2-Va

clu(w,)

e2=4- 1/3

1/2=1/+1/' =7r/2W2-va

er/ ' "i( 21/8l

ea = 4-1/3 E-2

1/' = c l 7r/2w,-Va

e2=4-1/I

1/2'=-7r'i/2W2=1/'-1/

18.13.17
w,

3t

18.13.18
w'=~

EU(W3)

18.13.19

w,'

ie3r/' "8(2 118 )

3t

Values 7 along (0, (2)

[j)

/P'

~cos !sOo

~ cos 20 - ~ cos 40

- v'g[ ~cos 20 + ~ cos 40)

~cos 20 - ~,~os 40

1/(2113 -1)

- v'g (21 13 + 1)/(21f,1-1)

~CdS 40
~ cos 20 - ~ cos 80

- v'g[ ~cos 20 + ~ cos 80)

~ cos 20 - ~)oS 80

e2+H2

-33/4-V2+ v'g

(7r/4W2v'g) + (311f-V2+ v'g/2 4/3 )

- v'g

J(1/2) +3- 1/2

~cos 20
~ cos 40 + ~ cos 80

- v'lH ~-40 - .~ cos 80)

~ cos 40 + ~('Os 80

18.13.20
2W2/9

18.13.21
w2/3

1/2 v'g(:~213+2+2413)
3+
6

er/36V-;{j2113 -1
31/6
2113+ 1

18.13.22
4W2/9

18.13.23
W2/ 2

18.13.24
2W2/3

18.13.25
8w,/9

ValueS at 2"'2/9, 4w,/9 and 8w,/9 from [18.14).

er/16 V3(21 112)

31/'~b+-{:3
er19V'3/31/6

654

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Values along (0, Zo)

[j)
18.13.26
zo/2

18.13.27
3zo/4

3i

[~~+ 2-1/3J e-i~/6

t 2(e2-

i(3 ai')b-.j'a

[r_+ 31/4~2-~J

2'72 e-i~/6

H 2)

18.13. 30

[j)(z)[[j)3(z)+2]
4lp3(z)-1

r7'l(2)
Z

if

r7'l'(2)
if

2'13

e~/12 "3eir/6

311'
.

C r/6

e3r/16

vi( 21/U )ei~/6

31/4~b--{3
e~/3viei~/6

where tan rI>=[j)'(x), 0<X<2W2 and we must

choose rI> in intervals

(7T 37T) (37T 5?r)

( -2'7T 7T)
2' ' 2' 2" 2'"2 to get

2[j)6(z)-10[j)3(z)-1
[lP'(Z)]3

3 [j)2(Z)
r(2z)=2r(z)+ [j)'(z)

18.13.31

4"'2

{3

Duplication Form.ulas

18.13.29

CT

-21/3 t 2

18.13.28
Zo

[j)'

lP

G} G+2;2} G+4;2} respectively.

[j)

[j)

Complex Multiplication

18.13.32

u(2z)=- [j) '(z)u (z)

Trisection Formulas (x real)

18.13.33

[j)

(~)

3/

-v

rI>

COS

rI>-7T

cos-3

3/cOS rI>+7T

3--V

-3-

18.13.34

18.13.35

[fJ(EZ)=E- 2[j)(z)

18.13.36

[j)' (EZ) = - [j)' (z)

18.13.37

r(EZ) = E-1r(Z)

18.13.38

u( EZ) = EU(Z)

In the above, E denotes (as it does throughout

section 18.13), etr /3. The above equations are useful
as follows, e.g.:
If Z is real, EZ is on Ow' (Figure 18.11); if EZ
were purely imaginary, Z would be on OZo (Figure
18.11).

Conformal Maps
1.4

Equianharm.onic Case

Map: J(z)=u+iv
-.2
Zo

lP (z)

-.4

-.6

-.8

-1.0

1.5
IEII:s .04
IE21 :S .POOI

-1.2

655

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

.8

,
\
\
\

'.

~.9:.-_-!--_

,,

\.3;
\

I.O,_--+---_L

1.0

.5

1.5

IEII~ .2

IE21 ~

.001

[jJ '(z)
-2
Near zero: [j) '(Z)=7+E1

-2 z3
[j) '(z)=7+f+ E2

-.2

r(z)
1

-.4

Near zero: r(Z)=-+El

Z

.5

Z6

140

1.0

-.6

r(Z)=---+E2

lEI I

IEzl ~

-.8

.007
I XIO

1.0

1.6

1.4 --- -

.8

.8 ---

.6

.7---

u(z)

.4

.5

FIGURE 18.12

1.6

-z--o .9;

1.5

656

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Coefficients for Laurent Series for {jJ, [jJ' and t

(c.. =O for m3k)

EXACT Cn

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

APPROXIMATE Ca.

1/28
1/(13.281) = 1/10192
1/(13.19.288) = 1/5422144
3/(5132 .1928t ) = 234375/(7709611 X 108)
4/(5.132 .19.31.286 ) =78125/(16729 85587 X lOB)

(7.43)/(131.191.31.37.28')

(6.431) 1(5.131.191 .31.37.43.287)

(3 7 .313) 1(51.13t .191 31.37 .43.288)

(41201) 1(51.13t I9831374328G)

(223.41.1823) 1(5.13 6 .198.31 1 .37.43.61.2810 )

(3.79 733) 1(513 t .193 31 1 37 .43.61.67.2811 )

311531396329059
sa131.19t .31 13714361.67 73.2811
21.31.7.11.2647111
51136.19t311.372.6167. 73.79.2813

3.5714 28571
9.8116 16954
1. 8442 88901
3.0400 36650
4. 6697 95161
6.8662 18676
9. 7990 31742
1. 3685 06574
1. 8800 72610
2. 5497 66946
3.4222 48599

42857
47409
21693
35758
83961
79393
57961
79360
01329
68202
51463

... XIO-1
73312 40188X 10-6
55885 78983 X 10-7
61350 20301 X 10-10
00384 33643 X 10-11
36788 98X 10-11
41839 66XIO-u
13026 87X 10-11
79236 40XIO-u
63683 X 10-17
05316XI0-ao

4. 5541

38864 99184

30391 X 10-33

6.0171

15776

98241

99591 X 10-86

First 5 approximate values determined from exact values of

subsequent values determined by lIsing exact ratios

All approximate c's were checked with the
are believed correct to at least 218; Cao-CaG are believed correct to 208.
CSk;

Cak/Cak-a, using at least double precision arithmetic with a desk calculator.

use of the recursion relation; Ca-Cn

Ca
k
Cak<13k- 1 .28k-I ' =2,3,4, . . .

Other Series Involving [jJ

18.13.46

Reversed Series for Large I{jJ I

u=ei 1 [W_W2+'Ilf_~ w4+ w6

+f w8_16~~3

w7+O( wi)}

18.13.47 where w =( {jJ-~)/3e2

Other Series Involving {jJ'

18.13.40 where u={jJ-3/8 and z is in the Fundamental Triangle (Figure 18.11) if {jJ has an appro-

priate value.
Series near

18.13.41

.0

Revened Series for Large

Z=21/3( [jJ '1/3)-l et ../3

J [-!+-J

12

U8 3U +u4
{jJ =iu [ 1--+7 364

28

I {jJ' I

18.13.48

[1-~ ({jJ ')-2

21

+1~7

+O(U18 )

([jJ')-4+ 0 ([jJ'-8)}

z being in the Fundamental Triangle (Figure 18.11)

if {jJ' has an appropriate value.
Series near

18.13.43 where u=(z-zo)

Series near "'2

18.13.44
({jJ -e2)=3e~u

[1 +X+X2+~ X3
7)J,
+'75 X4+4'7 X6+ 285
637 X8+0( x

18.13.45 where u=(Z-W:!)2, x=ejU

.0

18.13.49
({jJ'-i)=x

3i
[-2-ix+~
x 2+
r+O(x4 )J
14
28

18.13.50 where x=(Z-zo)3

18.13.51 x=2a [1-ia-; ~+

13;as+O(a

18.13.52 where a=({jJ'-i)/(-4)

4)}

657

WEIERSTRASS EL:LIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

+ 27.35.5 2.31 25+28.38.5.9103 31

25!
Z
31!
Z

Serie8 near W2

18.13.53

212 .39 .5.229.2683

37!
z37
214.3 10 .5.23.257 18049
43!

4
+ 275 v4 + 27 if+ 285 VS +O(V7 ) }
91

18.13.54 where

43

15 12
2 .3 .5.59.107895773 49+,O( 65)
49!
Z
Z

v=~(Z-W2)2

18.13.55
18.13.66
0'7
410'13
13.3370'19
z=O'+ 23.3.5.7+ 27.32.52.11.13 +210.34.53.11.17 .i9
311010'25
1
+215 .35.5.11 2.17.23 +O(uB )

18.13.56 where w=!J> 12/9

18.13.57

Other Series Involving

Reversed Serie8 for Large

Irl

- -1[

z- t

_!+17'Y2_ 496Y O(
1 7 143 3553 + 'Y

Economized Polynomial8
6

18.13.67

4)J

18.13.59

.0

.[ u US 3U14 J [u UllJ I7
(t-to)=~ -2"+56-5096 + 8"-308 +O(U ),
2

18.13.60 where U= (z- 2.0)

Serie8 near W2

18.13.62

IE(x)I<2X10- 7
ao= (-1)9.99999 96

a4= - (-9)2.20892 47

al=(-2)3.5714320

a5=(-10)1.7491535

a2= (-5)9.80689 93

as= - (-12)4.46868 93

a3=(-7)2.00835 02
6

18.13.68 z3 !J>'(X)=~ a nx6n +E(X)

o
IE(x)I<4X10- 7
ao=-2.00000 00

a.= - (-9)2.12719 66

al=(-1)1,4285722

a5=(-10)6.53654 $7

a2= (-4)9.81018 03

ae=-(-11)1.7051@ 78

aa= (-6)3.00511 93

18.13.63
(Z- W2)= (t-'I/2) [l-W+ 12w _ 267uJ + 139w~
-e2
5
35
5

30192~+1634208 .3+0( 7)J

275
3575 '/if
w,
18.13.64

X2 !J>(x)= ~ anxsn+E(X)

18.13.58
Serie8 near

(O~x~1.53)

W=(t-'I/2)2/ e2
Serie8 Involving u

18.13.65
4.23
2.3 Z7_~33
O'=z-ZI3+ 26.3
__
Z19
7!
13!
191

18.13.69

xt(X) = ~ a nz6n+E(X)
o
IE(x)I<3XlO- 8

110=(-1)9.99999 98

a4= (-10)6.12486 14

al=-(-3)7.1428586

a5=(-1l)4.66919 $5

a2= - (-6)8.91165 65

ae= (-12) 1.25014 65

"3=-(-8)1.44381 84

658

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

tFPP; Reduction to Fundamental Triangle

18.14. Lemniscatic Case

(g2=1, ga=O)
If g2>0 and g3=0, homogeneity relations allow
us to reduce our consideration of!J> to !J> (z; 1, 0)
(!J>', rand u are handled similarly). Thus!J> (z;
g2, 0) =g2t !J>(Zg2i ; 1, 0). The case g2=1, ga=O
is called the LEMNISCATIC case.

Al = AOWW2 is the Fundamental Triangle

w::::<1.8540 74677 30137192 8
Reductionjor ~ in A2 : zl=iZ2 is in Al

18.14.1

!J> (~) = -!J> (ZI)

18.14.2

!J>' (Z2) =i!J>' (ZI)

18.14.3

r(~) = -it(zl)
U(Z2) =i'U(zl)

18.14.4

Special Values and Formulas

18.14.5
A=l, H I =Ha=2- t , H 2=i/2,

m=sin2 45=i, q=e- r

18.14.6 t7i0)="f(0)=(w~2/1I")t; "3(0)=(2w/1I")1

18.14.7 W=K(sin2 45 o

)=r\!!=
W where
4"V r
2

;;;::::<2.6220575542921198104648395 89891 11941

36827 54951 43162 IS the Lemniscate constant
[18~9]

W (= W,)

~~~~----------~------

FIGURE

___ x

8 This value w
and check d by double
precision methods on a desk calculator a d is believed
correct to 188.

18.13

Values at Half-periods

!J>

!J>'

18.14.8
WC:::I)J

61=1

"=7:/4w

6"18(2114)

18.14.9
w,=Zo

11,=0

,,+,,'

6"/1( ~2)6i"/l

68=-1

,,'=-7:i/4w

ie"/8(2I1f )

18.1UO
",'s::=wJ

Values along (0, W)

!J>'

!J>

18.14.11
w/4

~(-ra+211.)(1
+ 2111)
2

18.14.12
w/2

a/2

6,,182(21/18)

..!.+~

-a

8w

2~

a1

18.14.13
2w/3

h'l+sec 300

-va

18.14.14
3w/4

-~2-va+3

~(-ra21)(1 + 21)
2
a=I+~

2" +
3

-J !J>

(2w/3)
3

6"/18(3 1/8 )
(2+ ...;3)1/1'

659

WEIERSTRASS ELL]PTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Values along (0, Zo)

[JJ'

[JJ
18.14.15
%0/ 4
18.1U6

i
-V-2"(a+
2a)

a(,f&+ -v2)e ir/ 1

%0/ 2

-i/2

ei-r/'

eir /4 -\12,,3-3
-Va

2;2+[

er /64 (21/32)
ir/4
al/4(,f&+ -V2)1/4 e

:-V2+~}-r/4

er /i6(21/B)e ir /4

18.1U7
-vsec 300-I

-l

2zo/3

er/geir/4(31/6)

[JJ (2;0/3) T2

'Y'2-v3 -3

18.1U8

- i.2

3zo/4

(0/ -

e9r/64 (21/32)
eir /'
a l / 4(..;a - "2)1/4

a(..;a- -v2)e ir /'1

-fj;;)

a=l+ -V2

18.14.24

Duplication Formulas

[jJ (2z)

18.14.19

![JJ' G)=[JJ'(X)=f[2[jJ(x)+UJ [JJ(x)-!

=[ [JJ2(Z) +1]2/ {{P(z)[4 [JJ2(z)--I]}

-[2[JJ(x)-UJ [JJ(x)+!

18.14.20

_2[JJ3/2(X) (See [18.13].)

[JJ' (2z )=({~+ 1)(~2-6~+ 1)/[32[JJ '3(Z)], f1=4g)2(Z)

18.14.21

6!])2(z)-t
t(2z)=2t(z)+ 2[jJ '(z)

]8.14.22

u(2z)= - [JJ' (z )u4(z)

[Use - on

Complex Multiplication

Bisection Formulas (O<x<2w)

18.14.23

(p

G)

= [[JJ!(X)+ {[JJ (X)+! P] [[JJ!(x) {[JJ (x)_!}!]

[Use

+ on O<x:::=;w, -

0< x:::=; w, + on w:::=;x<2w]

18.14.25

(P(iz)=-[JJ(z)

18.14.26

[JJ' (iz )=i[JJ' (z)

18.14.27

t(iz)=-it(z)

18.14.28

u(iz)=iu(z)

The above equations could be used as follows,

e.g.: If z were real, iz would be purely imaginary.

on w~x<2w]

Conformal Maps
0.2
.6.6
1.0
r------'-r---;--;I
1'6~~%-_ -- r- ---,

Lemniscatic Case

1.7j--r"/: '

Map: !(z)=u+iv

1.6

-.2

1.4
1.3 \
1.21

Near zero: {P(Z)=2+EI

-.4

1 Z2
(P(z)=?+20+E2,

\ \ ,,',

1.5,'''''

(P(z)

N ear Zo:

if

Zo

- ... -

__ .Ii

',"

--

1.0
.5

1.11

Izl<l

-.6

IE3,

-(Z~ZO)2+ (Z~;o)6+E.

,,

Iz- zol<.J2
[jJ(z)

1.6

-(z-zoF

1.4

-_

m()

1.2

-6rr-,--T-+

1E31:!: ,I

7/1

IE21 ~ .0009

I
I

IE41:!:.01

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

660

v
3

[jJ'(z)

lEI I ~.I
IEzl ~ .004
IE31 ~.4
IE.I ~.I

L~~

-2
Near zero: [jJ'(Z)=-3 +El

~-+U

Near zo:{j)'(z)

-2

________-L________

-3

r7l' (z)=-+-+E2
if
Z3
10

1.0

.6

o rr-_....,.2.--_-.

t(z)

1
Near zero: t(Z)=-+El

-.2

1 Z3
t(z)=z-60-h2 ,lzl<1

Near Zo: t(z)=to+

(Z_ZO)3

12

+E3,

Iz- zol<.J2
t(z)=to+ (Z~;o)3 (z-;;;,~o)1 +E4

-.4

-.6

IEII ~ .02
IEzl~.oOOI
IE31~.02

-.8

I <:.1 ~ .002

2.0
1.9i

2.0

1.5
1.0

.5

u(z)
1.5

1.0

.5

.5

FIGURE

-1.0
18.14

u....Jl..I._L..::.:.....L____~__... u

1.5

2.0

2.5

1661

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

[jJ',

Coefficients for L.llurent Series for [jJ,

and

(c,.=O for m odd)

EXACTc2k

k
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

.05
.8333 . . . X 10- 3
.641025 641025 '"
.47134 23831 07088
.31422 82554 04725
.20142 83688 49183
.12502 45048 02941
.75927 19109 76468
.45338 43533 93461

1/20
1/(3.202) = 1/1200
2/(3.13.20 3) = 1/156000
5/(3.13.17.20 4) = 1/21216000
2/(3 2.13.17.205) = 1/(31824X 1Q5)
10/(33.132.17.206) = 1/(4964544X lOS)
4/(3.132.17.29.20 7) = 1/(7998432X 107)
2453/(34 .11.13 2 172 .292()8) =958203125/(1262002599X 1016 )
2.5.7.61/(33.133.17>.29.37.20 9) = 833984375/(18894643943X 1017 )
~

C2k:::;3k-1'

Reversed Series for Large

18.14.29

I [jJ

~~ z=({P-l)I/2[1+~+~+5;+~~~4

.1,.~
>rO\/lJ

C..tA~V~~
-,; to\t3

') \ b--i:.

tf-

X 10-5
98944X 10- 7
99296X 10-9
32882X 10-11
37651 X 10-13
59917X 10-16
06092 X 10-18

Other Series Involving [jJ'

(l

Sn r<\ {\~

fY

Reversed Series for Large

18.14.38
4

7v O(v
+5Vi -5T+
5 39

z=Au [ 1-V

3w6 231w6 429w7 195w8

+8+ 400 + 464 + 128
9
1o
+ 12155w + 46189w +O( 1I)J
4736
10496
w,

~ 18.14.30

W= {P-2/8, and z is in the Fundamental

Triangle (Figure 18.13) if {p has an appropriate
value.
Series near

C2k

k=l, 2, . . .

Other Series I nvol ving [jJ

APPROXIMATE

210

J
,

I {P , I

u=({P1I/3)-le i7r / 3,

18.14.39 A=2 1/3, v = Au4/6 , and z is in the

Fundamental Triangle (Figure 18.13) if [jJ' has
an appropriate value.
Series neal"

210

18.14.40

2
3
10w 35w
{P'=21 (z-zo) [ -1+3w--3-+~+O(w')
,
18.14.41

w=(z-zo)4/20

18.14.42

(z-zo)=2{P' [1+ 3: + 5;2 +

18.14.32

x=(z-zo)2/2
6

W 7w
llw7
18.14.33 X=- [ w+T+75+T95+
O(WI')

w=2{P

8~;3 +O(u4)

18.14.43
Series near w

18.14.44

6
12
8
10
{p' =x [1 + X2+~ X4+ 1~ x + 1~ x + 2~10 x +O(X )

Series near w

18.14.45

18.14.34

4
5
6
7
({p -e )=v+v2+ 4Vi 3v 32v +22v +64v + 0 (vB)
I
5
5
75
75 325
'

+ +

18.14.35

x=(z-w)

18.14.46
X= {p' _ [jJ,3+ 12 {p'6 _15 {P f7
5
2

+ 80{P'9 _ 819{P' ll+O( 0>113)

3
8

18.14.36

v=y [l-Y+ 6y2 _ 8'11

5
5

+172y4

Other Series Involving

75

'7)J

- 52if +1064y6+0(
15
195
11,
18.14.37

y=({P-el)

Irl
="_1[1_~+!_136Vi+1349V4+0(
Reversed Series for Large

18.14.47
18.14.48

5 7

1001

v=r- 4/12

9163

6)J

tP,

662

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Series near

Economized Polynomials (0 ~x ~1.86)

Zo

18.14.57
18.14.50
Series near w

18.14.51

;r/

X3

X5

20 70

X9

(r-1J)=------~---

18.14.52

240

ao=(-1)9.9999998

a4= (-8)4.81438 20

a1 = (-2)4.99999 62

a5= (-10)2.29729 21

a2= (-4)8.33352 77

a6=(-12)4.94511 45

a3= (-6)6.40412 86

X=(z-w)

18.14.58

18.14.53

W" 7uf' 13w7 929w9 194wll 942883w 13

x=w-"3+30-T3+ 4536 -~+ 3891888
+O(WI5)
18.14.54 w=-2(r-'7)

It(x)I<4XI0-7
ao=-2.00000 00

a4=(-7)6.58947 52

u1=(-1)1.00000 02

a5= (-9)5.59262 49

a2= (-3)4.99995 38

a6= (-11)5.54177 69

a3= (-5)6.41145 59

Series Involving u

18.14.55
Z5
32z 9 3.23z 13 3.107 z17 33.7.23.37 Z21
0-=Z-2.51-2 2.91+ 23.131 + 2417! +
25.21!
32313503z25 34 .7.685973z29 + ( 33)

26.251

27 .291

0 z

18.14.56
q5

17.1130- 13

0- 9

z=o-+ 24.3.5 + 29.3.7

18.14.59

+213.34.7 .)1.13

1220510-17
5.130- 21
25
+219.35.72.11.17+ 223 .3 2.11.19 +0(0- )

18.15. Pseudo-Lemniscatic Case

IE(x)I<3XlO-S
ao=(-1)9.9999999

u4=-(-9)2.5749262

a1=-(-2)1.6666674

a5=-(-11)5.6700800

a2=-(-4)1.1903670

a6=(-13)9.7001580

a3=-(-7)5.86451 63

(g2=-I, g3=0)

If g2<0 and g3=0, homogeneity relations allow

us to reduce our consideration of [JJ to !J> (z; -1,
0). Thus
18.15.1 [JJ(z; g2, 0) = Ig211/2[JJ (zlg21 1/4 ;-I, 0)

[[JJ', rand 0- are handled similarly]. Because of

its similarity to the lemniscatic case, we refer to
the case g2= -1, g3=0 as the pseudo-Iemniscatic
case. It plays the same role (period ratio unity)
for ~< 0 as does the lemniscatic case for ~>O.

W2=.J2X (real half-period for lemniscatic case)

=w (the Lemniscate Constant-see 18.14.7)

2W 2
~~--------+-------~~-.~x

2w

FIGURE 18.15

663

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Special Values and Relations

18.15.2

18.15.4

18.15.3
18.15.5

where

R=.J w2.J2/7r

Value!! at Half-Periods

fP
18.15.6
18.15.7
18.15.8
18.15.9

W=Wl

i/2

W2
W'=W3

L7J'

-i/2

W2'

0
0
0
0

H'12-'12')

e-iT/4eT/8(21/4)

'12=7r/ 2W2

e T / 4-{2
e iT /4eT/8(21 14)

H'12+'12')
'12' = -i'12

iU(W2)

Relations with Lernnlscatic Values

18.15.10 fP(z; -1, O)=ifP(ze i1f/4; 1, 0)

18.15.Il

fP' (z; -1, 0) =e3ri/4fP' (ze i1f /4; 1, 0)

18.15.12

r(z; -1, 0) =ei../4r(zeir/4; 1, 0)

18.15.13

o'(z; -1, 0)=e-ir/4O'(zei1f/4; 1, 0)

Numerical Methods
18.16. Use and Extension of the Tables
Example 1. Lemniscatic Case
(a) Given z=x+iy in the Fundamental Triangle, find fP (fP',r,o') more accurately than can be
done with the maps.
O'-Use Maclaurin series throughout the Fundamental Triangle. Five terms give at least six
significant figures, six terms at least ten. fP, r-Use Laurent's series directly "near" 0, (if Izl< 1, four
terms give at least eight significant figures for tP, nine for r; five terms at least ten significant figures for
[j), eleven for r). Use Taylor's series directly "near" zoo Elsewhere (unless approximately seven or
eight significant figures are insufficient) use economized polynomials to obtain fP (x), fP' (x) and/or rex)
as appropriate. To get fP(iy), fP'(iy) and/or r(iy) , use Laurent's series for "small" y, otherwise use
economized polynomials to compute fP (y), tP' (y) and/or r(y), then use complex multiplication to
obtain fP(iy), fP'(iy) and/or r(iy). Finally, use appropriate addition formula to get [j)(z) and/or r(z).
[j)'-Use Laurent's series directly "near" 0 (if Izl< 1, four terms give at least six significant figures,
five terms at least eight significant figures). Elsewhere, either use economized polynomials and addition
formula as for fP and r, or get fP'2=4fP3- fP and extract appropriate square root (afP '~ 0).
(b) Given fP(fP', r, 0') corresponding to a point in the Fundamental Triangle, compute z more
accurately than can be done with the maps. Only a few significant figures are obtainable from the use
of any of the given (truncated) reversed series, except in a small neighborhood of the center of the series
For greater accuracy, use inverse interpolation procedures.
Example 2. Equianharmonic Case
(a) Given z=x+iy in the Fundamental Triangle, find [j) (fP', r, 0') more accurately than can be
done with the maps.
u-Use Maclaurin series throughout the Fundamental Triangle. Four terms give at least eleven
significant figures, five terms at least twenty one.
[j) ,r-Use Laurent's series directly "near" 0 (if Izl< 1, four terms give at least lOS for fP, lIS for r;
five terms at least 13S for [j), 14S for r). Elsewhere (unless approximately seven or eight significant
figures are insufficient) use economized polynomials to obtain [j) (x), [j)' (x) and/or r(x), as appropriate.
To get [j) (iy) , [j) , (iy) and/or r(iy), use Laurent's series. Then use appropriate addition formula to get
[j)(z) and/or r(z).

664

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

[JJ '-Use Laurent's series directly "near" 0 (if Izi< 1, four terms give at least 8S, five terms at least
lIS). Elsewhere, either proceed as for [JJ and r, Or get [j) '2=4 [j)a_1 and extract appropriate square
root (f}[j)' ?:.O).
(b) Given [j)([j)'l,u) corresponding to a point in the Fundamental Triangle, compute z more
accurately than can be done with the maps. Only a few significant figures are obtainable from the use
of any of the given (truncated) reversed series, except in a small neighborhood of the center of the series.
For greater accuracy, use inverse interpolation procedures.
Example 3. Given period ratio a, find parameters m (of elliptic integrals and Jacobi's functions
of chapter 16) and q (of tJ functions).
m-In both the cases ~>O and ~<O, the period ratio is equal to K'(m)/K(m) (see 18.9). Knowing
K'/K, if 1<K'/K~3, use Table 17.3 to find m; if K'/K>3, use the method of Example 6 in chapter 17.
An alternative method is to use Table 18.3 to obtain the necessary entries, thence use
m=(e2-ea)/(el-ea) in case ~>O,
m=!-3e2/4H2 in case ~<O.

q-In both the cases ~>O and ~<O, the period ratio determines the exponent for q[q=e-..a if ~>O,
q=ie-..a / 2 if ~< 0]. Hence enter Table 4.16 [e-"x , x=O(.OI) 1] and multiply the results as appropriate
[e.g., e-4.72"=(e-..)4(e-72..)].
Determination of Values at Half-Periods, Invariants and Related Quantities from Given Periods (Table 18.3)

Given wand w', form w' /iw and enter Table 18.3.
Multiply the results obtained by the appropriate
power of w (see footnotes of Table 18.3) to obtain
value desired.
Example 4.

Given W2 and W2', form w2'/iw2 and enter Table

18.3. Multiply the results obtained by the appropriate power of W2 (see footnotes of Table 18.3)
to obtain value desired.
Example 4.

Given w=10, w'=l1i, find et, gi, and A.

Here w'/iw=1.1, so that direct reading of Table
18.3 gives

Here w;/iw2=1.1, so that direct reading of Table

18.3 gives

el(I)=1.6843 041

el(1)=-.2166 2576+3.0842 589i

e2(1)=-.2166 258 (=-el-ea)

e2(1)=.4332 5152=-2&i'(el)

ea(1) = -1.4676 783

ea(l)=el(l)

g2(1)=10.0757 7364

g2(1) = -37.4874 912

ga(1)=2.1420 1000.

ga(1) = 16.5668 099.

Multiplying by appropriate powers of w=lO we

obtain

Multiplying by appropriate powers of w2=10

we obtain

el =.01684 3041

el = - .00216 62576 + .03084 2589i

e2=-.00216 6258

e2=.00433 25152

ea= - .01467 6783

ea=el

g2=1.0075 77364 x lO- a

g2= -3.7487 4912 x 10- 3

ga=2.1420 1000

10- 6

whence
A=8.9902 3191 x 10- 10

ga= 1.6566 8099 x 10- 6

whence
A=-6.0092 019 x 10- 8

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Example 5. (d>O)
Given w=10, w'=55i, find 71, 'I', u(w), u(w')
and U(W2).
Forming w' /iw=5.5 and entering Table 18.3 we
obtain 71=.82246704, 0"(w)=.96045 40. Using
Legendre's relation we find 71'=71w'-7ri/2=2.9527
723i. Since interpolation for u( w') and u( w+ w')
is difficult, use is made of 18.3.15-18.3.17 together
with 18.3.4 and 18.3.6. Values of U2, Ua and el ean
be read directly to eight significant figures and ea
to about five significant figures giving U2=8.1 L74
243, Ua=4.4508 759, el=1.6449 341, and ea
=-.82247. Use of 18.3.6 yields Ha=.00174 69
and H 2=.00174 69i. Application of 18.3.1518.3.17 yields u(w')/i=.0071177 and U(W2)
=-.002016-.01055i. Multiplying the results
obtained by the appropriate powers of w we obtain 71=.08224 6704, 71'=.29527 723i, U(w) =9.6045
40, u(w')=.071177i and u(w2)=-.02016-.10Ii5i.

665

Example 5. (d<O)
Given w2=1000, w2'=1004i, find 712, 712" U(~2)'
U(W2') and u(w').
With W~/iW2= 1.004, four point interpolation in
Table 18.3 gives 712= 1.5626756,71;= -1.5726 6$4i,
u(w2)=1.1805 028, u(w~)=1.1901 52i and u(w')
=.475084+.476717i.
Multiplying the results obtained by the appropriate powers of W2 gives 712=.00156 26756, 71~
=-.00157 26664i,
U(W2) =1180.5028,
uGw;)
= 1190.152i and u(w') =475.084+476.717i.

Determination of Period!1 from Given Invariant8 (fable 18.1.)

d>O
Given U2>0 and ga>O such that d=~-27Ur>0
(if Ua=O, Iw'l= W; see lemniscatic case), compute
g2=U2g;2!3. From Table 18.1, determine w~'l'6
and w'Ua 1/6 , thence wand w'.

d<O
Given U2 and ga>O such that d=~-271a<0! (if
ga=O, IW2'I=w2; see pseudo-Iemniscatic case), cqmpute g2=U2U;2!3. From Table 18.1, determine
w2ul l6 and W2'Ua I/6 , thence W2 and W2'.

Example 6.
Given U2=10, Ua=2, find wand w'. With g2=
U2Ua- 2!3=6.2996 05249, from Table 18.1 wUa 1/6 =
1.1267 806 and w'Ul I6 =1.2324 295i whence (~=
1.003847 and w' = 1.097970i.

Example 6.
Given ~2= -10, Ua=2, find W2 and w~. With
g2=g2ga- 2 =-10/1.58740105=-6.2996053, from
Table 18.1 w2ga I/6 =1.5741 349 and w~UaI/6=1.n24
396i whence W2= 1.40239 48 and w~= 1.52561 02i.

Example 7.
Given U2=8, ga=4, find wand w'. With
g2=U2Ua- 2!3=3.1748 02104, from Table 18.1 wUa 1/6 =
1.2718310 and w'Ua I/6 =1.8702 425i
whence w= 1.009453 and w' = 1.484413i.

Example 7.
Given U2=7, 3=6, find W2 and ~.
With g2=g2Ua- 2 =7/3.3019 2725=2.119974, from
Table 18.1 w2ui I6 =1.3423 442 and w2'Ui I6 =3.14:41
141 i whencew2= .99579 976 and w~=2.33241 83~.

Computation of [P. [P'. or t for Given til and Arbitrary g2. ga

(or arbitrary periods from which U2 and Ua can be computedin any case, periods must be known, at least approximately)

First reduce the problem (if necessary) to computation for a point z in the Fundamental Rectangle
by use of appropriate results from 18.2.
~

>0
FIGURJil 18.16

666

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Method I (as accurate as desired)

If both x and yare "small," (point in double-cross hatched region) use Laurent's series in z directly.
If either x or y is "large," use Laurent's series on Ox, then on Oy and finally use an addition formula.
(For [j)' an alternative is to get [j), then compute the appropriate root of [j) '2=4 [j)a_ g2 [j) -g3; see 18.8.)

Method 2 (for [j) or [j)' only)

Compute et(i=I,2,3) (if only g2, Us are given
use Table 18.1 to get the periods, then get e t in
Table 18.3; if periods are also given, use Table 18.3
directly). In any case, obtain m(=(ez-eaJ!
(eI-eaD, thence Jacobi's functions sn(z*jm),
cn(z*lm), dn(z*lm), from 16.4 and 16.21 and
[j) or [p' from 18.9.11-18.9.12.

Method 2 (for !J> or !J>' only)

Compute e2 and H2 (if only g2,ga are given, use
Table 18.1 to get the periods, then get el in
Table 18.3; if periods are also given use Table 18.3
directly).
In any case, obtain m( = Ift-3e2!4H2)
thence Jacobi's functions sn(z'lm), cn(z'lm),
dn(z'lm), from 16.4 and 16.21 and [j) or [j)' from
18.9.11-18.9.12.

Method 3 (accuracy limited by Table 4.16 of

Method 3 (accuracy limited as in the case d>O).

Obtain periods, their ratio a, thence q2=e- ra / 2
from Table 4.16. Then proceed as in the case
~>O, using corresponding formulas.

e- 1tX and by the method of getting periods).

Obtain periods, their ratio a, then q=e- ra from
Table 4.16. Hence get t?-i(O) , i=2,3,4 from
truncated series 18.10.21-.23. Compute appropriate tJ functions for z=x and for z=iy, whence
get [P(x), [P'(x) and/or r(x) , [j)(iy), [j)'(iy)
and/or r(iy), then use an addition formula (if
either x or y is "small", it is probably easier to
use Laurent's ser-ies).
Exalllple 8. Given z=.07+.1i, g2=10, ga=2,
find [lJ.
Using Laurent's series directly with
c2=.5
ca=.0714285714
c4=.0833333333
cs=.00974 02597
z-2=-22.97193 820-63.06022 25i
+C2Z2= .00255 000+ .00700 OOi
+caz4= .00001 214- .00001 02i
+C4Z6=+ .00000024- .0000001i

Exalllple 8. Given z=.1+.03i, g2=-1O, U3=2,

find [j).
Using Laurent's series directly with
c2=-.5
ca=.07142 85714
c4=.8033333333
z-2=76.59287 938-50.50079 960i
C2Z2= - .00455 000- .00300 OOOi
caz4= +.00000334+ .00000 780i
C4Z6=-.00000 002+ .000000Ui

[p (z) =76.58833 270-50.50379 169i.

[lJ (z) = -22.97450010-63.05323 28i.

Exalllple 9. Given Z= 15+73i, g2=8, g3=4,

find [lJ. From Example 7, w=1.009453, w'=
1.484413i. From Table 18.3, eI = 1.61803 37,
ca=-.99999 96, whence m=.14589 79. From
18.2.18 with M=7 and N=24, [lJ(.867658+
1.748176i) =[lJ (15+73i). Since z lies in H2, by
18.2.31 [lJ (15 + 7 3i) = [lJ (.867658+ 1.22065i).
From 16.4 with z*=1.40390+1.97505i, sn(z*lm)
=2.46550+1.96527i. Using 18.9.11, [lJ(15+73i)
= - .57743 + .067797i.

Example 9. Given z=1.75+3.6i, g2=7, ga=6,

find [j). From Exalllple 7, w2=.99579 98, ~=
2.33241 83i. Using 18.2.18 with M=l, N=I,
[j) (1.75+3.6i) = [j) (- .24159 96-1.064836i) =
[j) (.24159 96+ 1.0648 36i). Withd<O from Table
18.3, eI = -.81674 362+.50120 90i, e2=1.63348 724,
ea=-.81674 362-.50120 90i whence m=.01014
3566, Ht=1.58144 50, so that z'=2zHt=.76415
29+3.367959i. From 16.4, cn(z'lm) =4.00543 66
-12.3246569i. Applying 18.9.11, [j) (1.75+3.6i)
= - .960894 - .383068i.

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

d>O
Example 10.
Given w= 10, w' =20i, find
r(9 + 19i) by use of theta functions, 18.10 and
addition formulas.
For the period ratio a=w' /wi=2 with the aid of
Table 4.16, q=e- 2"=.00186 74427.
Using the truncated approximations 18.10.2118.10.23 we compute the theta functions for
argument zero. Using 16.27.1-16.27.4 we eompute the theta functions for arguments v where
z=x and z=iy. Then, with 18.10.5-18 . 10.7
together with 18.10.9 and 18.10.18 we ohtain
r(9) =.09889 5484,
r(19i)=-.00120
OL55i,
9>(9)=.01706 9647, 9>'(9)=-.00125 8460,
9> (19i) = - .00861 2615, 9>'(19i) = -.00003 757i.
Using the addition formula 18.4.3, we obtain
r(9+19i)=.07439 49-.00046 88i.

667

d<O
Example 10.
Given w2=5, w~=7ifind
9>' (3+2i) by use of theta functions, 18.10 and
addition formulas.
With the use of Table 4.16 and 18.10.2, q=ie-' 7"
= .11090 12784i.
The theta functions are computed for argument
zero using 18.10.21-18.10.23 and the theta
functions for arguments VI and V2 corresponding
to Z=ZI+Z2 using 16.27.1-16.27.4. Using 1B.lJO.518.10.6 together with 18 10.10, we find 9> (3) =
.10576 946, 9> (2i) =-.24497 773, 9>'(8)=
-.07474140, 9>'(2i)=-.25576007i. The 8!ddition formula 18.4.1 yields 9> (3+2i) =.01763 210
-.07769 187i, and 18.4.2 yields 9>'(3+2i)=
- .00069 182 .04771 305i.

Use of Table 18.2 in Computing 9>, 9>', r for Special Period Ratios
If the problem is reduced to computing 9>,9>', r in the Fundamental Rectangle for the case when the
real half-period is unity and pure imaginary half-period is ia, for certain values of a Table 18.2 may be
used. Consider 9> as an example. If Izl is "small", then use Laurent's series directly for 9> (z) [invariants for use in the series are given in Table 18.3].
If x is "large" and y "small" use Table 18.2 to obtain x29> (x) and i" 9>' (x), thence 9> (x) and 9>' (x) ;
use Laurent's series to obtain 9> (iy) and 9>'(iy); finally, use addition formula 18.4.1.
For x "small" and y "large", reverse the procedure. For both x and y "large," use Table 18.2 to
obtain 9> (x), [fJ'(x), [fJ (iy) and [fJ'(iy), thence use addition formula 18.4.1.
Similar procedures apply to 9>' or r. ]lfor 9>', one can also first obtain 9>, then compute [fJ'2
=49>a_ g2 9>-ga and extract the appropriate square root (see 18.8 re choice of sign for 9>').

~>O

d<O

Example 11. Compute 9> (.8+i) when a==1.2.

Using Table 18.2 or Laurent's series 18.5.1-4 with
g2=9.15782 851 and
ga=3.23761 717 from Table 18.3,
8>(.8)=1.92442 11,
9>'(.8)=-2.7652205,
9> (i) = -1.40258 06 and
[fJ'(i)=-1.19575 58i. Using the addition formula 18.4.1
9> (.8+i)= -.381433-.149361 i.

Example 11. Compute [fJ (.9+.1 i) for a= L05.

Using Table 18.2 or Laurent's series 18.5.1-4 with
g2= -42.41653 54 and
ga=9.92766 62 from Table 18.3,
9> (.9) = .34080 33,
9> '(.9) = -2.164801,
[fJ (.1 i) = -99.97876,
9> ' (.1 i) = - 2000 .4255i. With the addition formula 18.4.1
[fJ (.9+.1 i) =.231859-.215149i.

Example 12. Compute r(.02+3i) for It=4.

Using Table 18.2 or Laurent's series 18.5.1-5 with
g2=8.1l742 426

Example 12. Compute [fJ'(.4+.9i) for a=2.

Using Table 18.2 or Laurent's series 18.5.1-4,
with

ga=4.45087 587

g2=4.54009 85,
ga=8.38537 94

from Table 18.3,

r(.02) =49.99999 89,
[fJ (.02) =2500.00016,
[fJ '(.02) = -249999.98376,
r(3i) = .89635 173i,
9> (3i) = - .82326 511,
{j)' (3i) = - .00249 829i.
Applying the addition formula 18.4.3,
r(.02+3i) = .016465+.89635i.

from Table 18.3,

[fJ(.4)=6.2940707,

[JJ' (.4) = -30.99041,

[JJ (.9i) = -1.225548,
9>.'(.9i)=-3.19127 03i.
Using the addition formulas 18.4.1-2,
[fJ'(.4+.9i)=1.10519 76-.56489 OOi.

668

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Computation of u for Given

and Arbitrary g2 and g3

(or periods from which U2 and Ua can be computed-in any case, periods must be known, at least
approximately)
First reduce the problem (if necessary) to computation for a point
(see 18.2). After final reduction let z denote the point obtained.

in the Fundamental Rectangle

A>O

~<O

If

If fJlz>w/2 or,

.fz>w' /2, use duplication formula

or
use duplication formula as in case
Otherwise, use Maclaurin series for u

fJi Z >W2/2
.fz>w~/4,

~>O.

directly.

u(z) = - [p' (zI2) u4 (z/2) ,

obtaining u(z/2) by use of Maclaurin series for u

and [p' (z/2) by method explained above. Otherwise, simply use Maclaurin series for u directly.
An alternate method is to use theta functions 18.10 first computing q and t1 t (O),

i=~,

a, 4.

A>O

~<O

Example 13. Compute u(.4+ 1.3i) for fh=8,

Ua=4. From Example 7, w= 1.009453 and w'
=1.484413i. Since .fz>w'/2, the Maclaurin series 18.5.6 is used to obtain u(z/2) = u(.2 + .65i)
=.1954386+.64947 28i, the Laurent series ]8.5.4
to obtain [P'(.2+.65i)=5.02253 80-3.56066 93i.
The duplication formula 18.4.8 gives u(.4+ 1.3i)
= .278080+ 1.272785i.

Example 13. Compute u(.8+.4i) for U2=7,

Ua=6. From Example 7, w2=.99579 976, w~
=2.33241 83i. Since fJlZ>W2/2, the Maclaurin
series 18.5.6 is used to obtain u(z/2)=u(.4+.2i)
=.40038 019+.19962017i, the Laurent series
18.5.4 to obtain [P'(.4+ .2i) = -3.70986 70
+22.218544i. The duplication formula 18.4.8
gives u(.8+.4i) =.81465 765+.38819 473i.

Given u([P, [jJ', r) corresponding to a point in the Fundamental Rectangle, as well as U2 and Us or
the equivalent, find z.
Only a few significant figures are obtainable from the use of any of the given (truncated) reversed
series, except in a small neighborhood of the center of the series. For greater accuracy, use inverse
interpolation procedures.
If the given function does not correspond to a value of z in the Fundamental Rectangle (see Conformal Maps) the problem can always be reduced to this case by the use of appropriate reduction formulas in 18.2. This process is relatively simple for [P(z), more difficult for the other functions (e.g. if
~>O and [p=a+ib, where b>O, simply consider [p a-ib and find Zl in RI [Figure 18.1); then compute Z2=ZI+2w', the point in R2 corresponding to the given [J.
~>O

A<O

Example 14. Given [p=1-i, g2=10, Ua=2,

find z. Using the first three terms of the reversed
series 18.5.25 Zl ~ .727 + .423i. The Laurent series
18.5.1 gives
'

Example 14. Given [p =1+i, U2=-10, Ua=2,

find z. From Example 6, W2= 1.40239 48 and
w; = 1.52561 02i. Since b>0, Z exists in R2 and z
is computed with [p, Using 18.5.25 with Cl2=1.25, Cla=.25, u=[([P)-I]1/2 and the coefficients Cn
from Example 8

and

[p (ZI) = [jJ (.727 +.423i)=.825- .895i

[p (Z2) = [p (.697 +.393i)=.938-1.038i.

Inverse interpolation gives

zll) =. '707 + .380i. Repeated applications of the

above procedure yield 2=.706231 +.379893i.

2u= 1.55377 3973 + .64359 42493i

C2U 5=

.08044 9281 - .19422 17466i

Cau7=-.01961 9359+.00812 66047i

~u9=_.10115

7160-.04190 06673i

669

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

~<O

Stopping with the term in u7 , Zl "'" .81 +.23i.

Assuming ~Z= - .03 - .01 i, using 18.5.1, [J> (.81 +
.23i) =.91410 95-.86824 37i, [J> (.78+.22i)=
1.0319160-.91795 22i; with inverse interpolation
zjll=.7725+.2404i. Repeated application~ -of
inverse interpolation yield Z=. 772247-.239258i.
Example 15.

Given t=10-15i, Y2=8, Ya=4,

find z. Using the reversed series 18.5.40 with
A 5 =-.13333333,

A 7 =-.0285714286,
U=

.03076923076+.04615 384615i

A5U5=

-.00000001402+.00000 006860i

A,u7 = - .00000 000004 - .00000 000003i

Z=

.03076921670+.04615 391472i.

Example 15. Given 0"=.4+.1i, g2=7, g~=6,

find z. Using the reversed series 18.5.70 with
1'2=.14583,1'3=.05

0"= + .40000 000+.10000 OOOi

5

'Y~ =+.00011 783+.00032 696i

7

'Y~ =-.00000208+.00001 432i

3~t =-.00000093+.00000 126i

19'Y~~30"1l =-.00000013+.00000 006i
z=.40011 469+.10034 260i

Methods of Computation of [J> ( [J> I, r or u) for Given

:I and Given 82, 83 (or the equivalent), with the- Use
of Automatic Digital Computing Machinery

(a) Integration of Differential Equation

and !J> may be generated for any z dose
enough to a "known point" z*([J> (z*) and[J> i(Z*)
being given) by integrating [J> II =6 [J>2_ y2 /2.
A program to do this on SWAC, via a modification of the Hammer-Hollingsworth method
(MTAC, July 1955, pp. 92-96) due to Dr. P.
Henrici, exists at Numerical Analysis Resef~rch,
UCLA (code number 00600, written by W. L.
Wilson, Jr.). The program has been tested
numerically in the equianharmonic case, using
integration steps of various sizes. For example,
if one starts with Z*=W2' using an "integrs,tion
step" (h,k) , where hand k are respectively the
horizontal and vertical components of a ntep,
with (h,k) having one of the six values (2/"o,0),
(ho,ko), ho=W2/2000, ko=lw~I/2000, one can
expect ahnost 8S in [J> and 7S in [J> I after 1000
steps, unless z is too near a pole.
(b) Use of Series
The process of reducing the computation problem to one in which z is in the Fundamental
Rectangle can obviously be mechanized. Inside
the Fundamental Rectangle the direct use of
Laurent's series is appropriate when the period

!J>

ratio a is not too large. However, if a ;?;.J3(~>0)

or a~2-v'3(~<0), the series will diverge at the
far corner of the Fundamental Rectangle, so that
use may be made of an appropriate duplication
formula. Alternatively, one may compute the
functions on Ox and Oy, then use an addition
formula. Even so, the series will diverg~ at
z=ia if a~2(~>0) and at z=ia/2 if a;?;4(~<0).
For great accuracy, multiple precision operations
might be necessary. Double precision floating
point mode has been used in a program, written
for SWAC, to compute [J>, [jJ I and
For computation of 0", use of the Maclaurin
series throughout the Fundamental Rectangle is
probably simplest (series converges for all z).
Mention should be made of the possible u$e of
the series defining the tJ functions. These series
converge for all complex v, and the comput~tion
of [J> , [J>', t and 0" by 18.10.5-18.10.8 could ea.sily
be mechanized. The series involved have the
advantage of converging very fast, even in case
~<O, where Iql~e- ../2(q~e-" if ~>O).

Use oj Maps
If the problem (of computing [J>, [J> I, t or 11 for
given z) is reduced to the case where the real halfperiod is unity and imaginary half-period is one
of those used in the maps in 18.8 inspection ot the

670

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

appropriate figure will give the value of [jJ (z)

[r(z) or u(z)] to 2-3S. If [jJ 1 is wanted instead,
get [jJ, use 18.6.3 to obtain [jJ 12 and select sign (8)
of [jJ 1 appropriately. (See Conformal Mapping
(18.8) for choice of sign of square root of [jJ 12).

approximation to Izol by Graeffe's process, we

may use the fact that Zo=w+iyo(~>O), ZO=W2
+iyo(~<O) to obtain an approximation to zoJ.
It is noted that yo/w is a monotonic decreasing
function of (period ratio) a ~ 1 for ~>O and
2
[1 ~yo/w>- arccosh ~(:o::: .7297)].

Computation oj Zo
Given g2, ga (or equivalent)

7r

YO!W2 is a monotonic increasing function of a for

~<O and

Since z20[jJ (Zo) =0, the Laurent's series gives

0= 1+C2u2+cau3+C4U4+ .

[0 ~ Yo/ W2

where u=z3. We may solve this equation [by

Graeffe's (root-squaring) process or otherwiseJ
for its absolutely smallest root [having found an

<-2 arccosh ~J
7r

Further data is available from Table 18.2 or from

Conformal Maps defined by /jJ (z).

References
Texts and Articles

[18.1] P. Appell and E. Lacour, Principes de la theorie des

fonctions elliptiques et applications (GauthierVillars, Paris, France, 1897).
[18.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 2, ch. 13 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1953).
[18.3] E. Graeser, Einfiihrung in die Theorie der elliptischen Funktionen und deren Anwendungen
(R. Oldenbourg, Munich, Germany, 1950).
[18.4] G. H. Halphen, Traite des fonctions elliptiques et
de leurs applications, 1 (Gauthier-Villars, Paris,
France, 1886).
[18.5] H. Hancock, Lectures on the theory of elliptic
fUnctions, vol. 1 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1910, reprinted, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1958).
[18.6] A. Hurwitz and R. Courant, Vorlesungen liber
allgemeine Funktionentheorie und elliptische
Funktionen, 3d ed. (Springer, Berlin, Germany,
1929) .
[18.7] E. L. Ince, Ordinary differential equations (Dover
Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1944).
[18.8] E. Kamke, Differentialgleichungen, Losungsmethoden und Losungen, vol. 1, 2d ed. (Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, Germany
1943).
'
[18.9] D. H. Lehmer, The lemniscate constant, Math.
Tables Aids Compo 3, 550-551 (1948-49).
[18.10] S. C. Mitra, On the expansion of the Weierstrassian
and Jacobian elliptic functions in powers of the
argument, Bull. Calcutta Math. Soc. 17, 159-172
(1926) .
[18.11] F. Oberhettinger and W. Magnus, Anwendung der
elliptischen Funktionen in Physik und Technik
(Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1949).
[18.12] G. Prasad, An introduction to the theory of elliptic
functions and higher transcendentals (Univ. of
Calcutta, India, 1928).
[18.13] U. Richard, Osservazioni sulla bisezione delle
funzioni eJlittiche di Weierstrass, Boll. Un. Mat.
Ital. 3, 4, 395-397 (1949).

[18.14] E. S. Selmer, A simple trisection formula for the

elliptic function of Weierstrass in the equianharmonic case, Norske Vid. Selsk. Forh. Trondheim 19, 29,116-119 (1947).
[18.15] J. Tannery and J. Molk, l!;lements de la theorie des
fonctions elliptiques, 4 vols. (Gauthier-Villars,
Paris, France, 1893-1902).
[18.16] F. Tricomi, Elliptische Funktionen (Akadem;sche
Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, Germany, 1948).
[18.17] F. Tricomi, Funzioni ellittiche, 2d ed. (Bologna,
Italy, J 951).
[18.18J C. E. Van Orstrand, Reversion of power series,
Phil. Mag. (6) 19, 366-376 (Jan.-June 1910).
[18.19] E. T. Wilittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, ch. 20, 4th ed. (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).

Guides, Collections of Formulas, etc.

[18.20] P. F. Byrd and M. D. Friedman, Handbook of

elliptic integrals for engineers and physicists,
Appendix, sec. 1030 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
Germany, 1954).
[18.21] A. Fletcher, Guide to tables of elliptic functions,
Math. Tables Aids Compo 3, 247-249 (1948-49).
[18.22] S. Flligge, Handbuch der Physik, vol. 1, pp. 120146 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1956).
[18.23J H. Kober, Dictionary of conformal representations
(Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1952).
[18.24] L. M. Milne-Thomson, Jacobian elliptic function
tables (Dover Publications, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1950).
[18.25) K. Weierstrass and H. A. Schwarz, Formeln und
Lehrsii.tze zum Gebrauche der plliptischen Functionen. Nach Vorlesungen unn. Aufzeichnungen
des Herm K. Weierstrass bearbeItet und
herausgegeben von H. A. Schwarz, 2d ed.
(Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1893).

WEIERSTRASS

EL1~IPTIC

Tables
[18.26] Chih-Bing Ling, Evaluation at half-periods of
Weierstrass' elliptic function with rectangular
primitive period-parallelogram, Math. Compo 14,
69,67-70 (19GO). Values of Ci (i=l, 2, 3) to 15D
for various period ratios in case A>O.
[18.27] E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th
ed., pp. 10D-106 (Dover Publications, Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1945). Equianharmonic caile, real

argument,[fJ (u), [fJ' (u), I( u), IT (u), u=O

4W2

3'

mostly 4D.

(1~~)

671

AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

[18.28] T. H. Southard, Approximation and table of the

Weierstrass [fJ function in the equianharmonic
case for real argument, Math. Tables Aids Compo
11, 58, 99-100 (Apr. 1957). f(u)= [fJ(u)-!2

to

7D. with modified

u=O(.l) .8(.05) 1.55.

central

differences,

[18.29] D. A. Stray horne, A study of an elliptic fl,lnction

(Thesis, Chicago, Ill., 1946). Air Doc1l1ments
Division T-2, AMC, Wr!Aht Field, Microfilm No. Rc-734F15000. !'p(z; 37, -42), 4D,
z = .04i(.04i) 1.36i.

673

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Tablt> 18.1
TABLE FOR OBTAINING PERIODS FOR INVARIANTS gz AND g3

Cg2 0gzgil 3)
2

Non-Negative Discriminant

Non-Positive Discriminant

, ! -

wgi wg31~ln(g_3)
3
i 12
Z

w~g3lgili

2.62205
2.62025
2.61693
2.61258
2.60737

76
54
53
87
43

2.62205 76
2.62384 98
2.62710 11
2.6312610
2.63611 20

gZ-1

w2 g 3 1gz1 4

-0.00
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04

3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20

1.28254
1.27944
1.27637
1.27333
1.27031

98
73
43
03
49

1.52168
1.51892
1.51685
1.51505
1.51342

3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40

1.26732
1.26436
1.26143
1.25853

80
90
77
38

1.51193 18
1.51053 84
1.50923 08
1.5079963

-0.05
-0.06
-0.07
-0.08
-0.09

2.60137
2.59464
2.58720
2.57909
2.57032

48
00
37
05
09

2.64151
2.64735
2.65355
2.66002
2.66669

wgili

-0.10
-0.11
-0.12
-0.13
-0.14

2.56091
2.55088
2.54025
2.52905
2.51729

33
61
86
23
09

2.6735025
2.68037 66
2.68725 88
2.69409 09
2.70081 77

-0.15
-0.16
-0.17
-0.18
-0.19
-0.20

2.50500
2.49221
2.47895
2.46527
2.45118
2.43675

11
23
70
01
90
29

2.70738
2.71375
2.71986
2.72568
2.73117
2.73630

-0.20
-0.25
-0.30
-0.35
-0.40

1.62955 49
1.66926 74
1.68880 94
1.69574 71
1.6952914

1.82987
1.94863
2.04569
2.12452
2.18836

88
05
84
34
87

-0.45
-0.50
-0.55
-0.60
-0.65

1.69080
1.68433
1.67705
1.66962
1.66240

53
20
44
98
65

2.24023
2.28267
2.31773
2.34701
2.37174

31
03
31
74
42

-0.70
-0.75
-0.80
-0.85
-0.90

1.65555
1.64914
1.64320
1.63771
1.63264

57
98
64
44
84

2.39284
2.41102
2.42683
2.44070
2.45294

34
56
68
05
88

-0.95
-1.00

1.62797 70
1.62366 67

gz

wg!3

83
22
48
45
84

3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1. 25853
1.25280
1.24718
1.24166
1.23624
1.23092

38
64
42
45
47
23

1. 69503 33
1.64719 87
1.60789 93
1.57451 65
1.5454831
1.51978 54

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.22569
1.22055
1.21551
1.21055
1.20568

47
95
44
69
50

1.49672
1.47581
1.45668
1.43905
1.42269

94
86
57
10
63

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.20089 62
1.1961886
1.19156 00
1.18700 83
1.18253 18

1.40744
1.39316
1.37973
1.36706
1.35506

84
72
79
51
88

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

1.17812 83
1.1695335
1.16120 96
1.1531434
1.14532 23

1.34368
1.32250
1.30316
1.28537
1.26889

10
70
60
08
69

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

1.13773
1.13036
1.12321
1.11626
1.10950

1.25356
1.23923
1.22577
1.21310
1.20113

57
29
98
78
41

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

1.10293 00
1.09653 11
~.09030 03
1.08423 04
1.07831 46

1.18978 83
1.17901 03
1.16874 82
1.15895 67
1.1495965

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.8

1.07254
1.06691
1.06142
1.05606
1.05083

63
95
83
74
15

1.14063
1.13203
1.12377
1.11583
1.10817

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0

1.04571
1.04071
1. d3562
1.03104
1.02636
1.02178

58
56
65
44
52
54

1.10079 87
1.0936740
1.08678 83
1.08012 69
1.07367 66
1.06742 51

8.6

gz -\

46
91
55
38
49

wg!g7
.~
Z

t.O

[52- 1

29
51
59
09
84

,17

wgIgo/i

<gz>

wzgl

w'

tr ~6

[5z

wzgl

-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2

1.62366
1.60646
1.58820
1.56918
1.54967

67
93
63
06
81

3.03954
3.05518
3.06892
3.08070
3.09053

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

1.52995
1.51022
1.49067
1.47143
1.45262

40
67
44
75
13

3.0984647
3.1045818
3.10899 55
3.11182 48
3.11318 95

85
40
24
50
50

10
11
13
14
17

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

1.43430
1.41652
1.39933
1.38273
1.36672

15
88
41
24
71

3.11320
3.11196
3.10955
3.10604
3.10147

22
36
78
84
38

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

1.84028
1.84412
1.84756
1.85050
1.85280
1.85407

47
45
35
78
73
47

1.86873
1.86447
1.86077
1.85769
1.85534
1.85407

53
02
37
72
90
47

20
25
33
50
100

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0

1.35131 24
1.33647 63
1.32220 24
1.3084711
1.2952610
1.28254 98

3.09584
3.08910
3.08116
3.07175
3.06025
3.04337

00
74
35
37
10
67

[( -1~3]

[(-N3]

~6~0.40824 829

7
6
6
6
5
5

<gZ>

2f:l16 1n (3-[5z)

01
06
56
68
40

4145

2.46384 40
2.47359 62

1.89818
1.89119
1.88476
1.87888
1.87354

19 ~O.20412

- 10
9
8
- 8
7

--

w;gt Ii

99
90
90
87
17

[(l~l]

- 20
- 17
- 14
-13
-11

70
03
26
31
52
70

1.81701
1.82207
1.82696
1.83165
1.83611

[(-1~1]

- 50
- 33
- 25

34
75
47
55
74

0.10
0.09
0,08
0.07
0.06

00

<gZ>
- ""
-100

t.=0

5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

674

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 18.2

TABLE FOR OBTAINING

[fJ, [fJ'

AND I ON Ox AND Oy

(Positive Discriminant--Unit Real Half-Period)

z2[fJ(z)
z~:r\1J

o. 00
o. as

1.00

1.05

0.10
0.15
0.20

00
37
91
91
57

1.00000
1. 00000
1.00005
1. 00027
1. 00086

00
34
41
41
77

1. 00000
1. 00000
1. 00005
1.00025
1. 00081

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.00230
1. 00479
1.00889
1. 01520
1. 02442

98
35
27
23
50

1. 00212
1. 00441
1. 00821
1. 01408
1. 02269

32
61
33
14
65

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.03738
1. 05504
1.07855
1. 10923
1.14872

54
92
23
99
15

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1. 00

1.19894
1.26229
1.34171
1. 44091
1.56460
1.71879

38
01
37
81
22
62

[(-:)4]
z

i~!!\(f

o. 00

1.00

00
32

as

59
12

00
29
59
31
02

1. 00000
1. 00000
1. 00004
1. 00021
1. 00068

00
26
22
46
25

1. 00000
1.00000
1. 00004
1. 00020
1. 00066

00
25
08
75
02

1. 00000
1. 00000
1. 00004
1. 00020
1. 00065

00
25
07
73
97

1. 00198 79
1.0041421
1. 00772 00
1. 01326 70
1. 02144 00

1. 00181
1.00379
1. 00709
1. 01224
1. 01985

79
79
99
31
94

1.00167
1.00351
1. 00659
1. 01140
1. 01857

98
80
56
98
24

1. 00162
1. 00340
1.00640
1. 01108
1.01807

64
97
03
69
36

1.00162
1. 00340
1. 00639
1. 01107
1.01806

51
71
57
93
19

1. 03486 08
1.05152 36
1.07381 21
1.1030722
1.14092 35

1. 03302
1.04895
1. 07036
1. 09857
1.13524

47
81
11
95
09

1.03071
1. 04572
1. 06601
1. 09291
1.12807

36
73
29
64
45

1. 02883
1. 04309
1. 06246
1.08829
1.12222

08
40
70
58
46

1.02810
1.04207
1.06109
1. 08650
1.11995

10
28
15
29
41

1.02808
1. 04204
1.06105
1. 08646
1.11990

38
87
91
07

1.18933
1.25071
1.32807
1.42515
1.54671
1.69885

1.18232
1.24227
1.31812
1.41364
1.53366
1.68430

81
98
18
80
04
41

1.17348
1.23162
1.30556
1.39912
1.51717
1.66592

94
95
03
31
65
77

1.16627
1.22292
1.29529
1.38725
1.50370
1.65090

18
96
60
23
31
68

1.16346
1.21955
1.29130
1.38264
1.49846
1.64507

98
14
97
14
94
17

1.16340 37
1.2194717
1.29121 57
1.38253 27
1.49834 59
1.64493 41

40
86
28
17
40
59

[(-:)4]

[(-:)4]
1.1

1.05

[(-:)4]

O. 05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00000
1. 00000
1.00005
1. 00027
1.00086

00
34
40
31
20

1. 00000
1. 00000
1. 00005
1. 00025
1. 00080

00
31
03
42
14

1. 00000
1.00000
1. 00004
1. 00023
1. 00072

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1. 00230
1. 00479
1.00889
1. 01520
1.02442

98
35
27
23
50

1. 00210
1. 00435
1. 00804
1.01371
1. 02194

14
08
86
37
93

1. 00195
1. 00403
1. 00743
1. 01263
1.02016

as

04
81
81
25

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.03738
1. 05504
1. 07855
1.10923
1.14872

54
92
23
99
15

1.03345
1.04901
1. 06955
1.09614
1.13001

04
44
87
60
89

1. 03061
1. 04466
1. 06309
1. 08675
1.11663

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

1.19894
1.26229
1.34171
1.44091
1.56460

38
01
37
81
22

1.17264 63
1.2257878
1.29157 86
1.37264 39
1.47224 79

1.15387
1.19980
1.25602
1.32443
1.40736

1. 00
1.05
1.10

1.71879 62

1.59449 89
1. 74462 36

1.50769 66
1.62902 39
1.77589 10

[(-:)3]

[(-~)3]

z"i~II\(f

2. a
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3. a
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4. a

1.00

1.05

1.71879 62

1.59449 89

[(-:)4]
1.4

1.2

00
37
91
91
57

1. a
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

4.0

2.0

1. 00000
1. 00000
1. 00004
1.00023
1.00074

1. 00000
1. 00000
1.00005
1. 00029
1.00094

[(-:)4]

1.4

1.2

1.1

1. 00000
1. 00000
1. 00005
1.00029
1.00094

00
29
57

[(-:)4]
2.0
1. 00000
1. 00000
1.00004
1.00020
1. 00063

00
25

54

00
26
19
13
38

1. 00176
1. 00362
1. 00667
1. 01129
1.01792

15
91
40
28
92

1. 00160
1. 00330
1.00605
1. 01020
1. 01612

81
38
50
38
33

34
92
37
16
04

1. 02707
1. 03925
1. 05504
1. 07507
1.10003

18
21
64
92
09

1. 02421
1. 03488
1. 04856
1. 06569
1. 08671

03
68
53
52
61

1.13065
1.16777
1.21233
1.26544
1.32835

03
18
97
15
02

1.11207
1.14221
1.17761
1.21873
1.26610

1.1
1.50769 66

1.40258 06

[(-~)1]
1.2
1.40258 06
1.85616 29

[(-:)4]
4.0

1.00000
1. 00000
1. 00004
1. 00021
1. 00066

as

as

as

39
99

1. 00000
1. 00000
1. 00004
1. 00020
1. 00063

00
25
04
37
94

1. 00154
1. 00317
1. 00581
1. 00978
1.01542

88
81
59
33
64

1. 00154
1. 00317
1. 00581
1. 00977
1. 01540

75
52
03
34
99

09
20
45
47
44

1. 02310
1. 03319
1. 04606
1.06208
1. 08160

77
83
96
70
18

1.02308
1. 03315
1. 04601
1. 06200
1.08148

17
85
09
18
16

03
52
18
89
10

1.10494 84
1.13243 76
1.16435 46
1.2009566
1.24247 14

1.10478
1.13220
1.16404
1.20053
1.24191

09
79
34
95
74

1.32024 17

1.28909 73

1.28836 81

[(-:)6]

[(-:)6]

[(-:)8]
1.4
1.32024 17
1.61789 95
2. 09401 44

2.0
1.28909
1.52970
1.86127
2.28676
2.80921

4.0
73
17
05
23
52

1.288368
1.527649
1.855916
2.273495
2.777516

3.43759 29

3.363868
4. 028426
4. 767658
5.578809
6.459856

If the real half-period ",1, see 18.2 Homogeneity Relations. Interpolation with
respect to (/ will, in general, be difficult because of the non-uniform subintervals
involved. Aitken's interpolation may be used in this case. As few as 3S may 7.409386
be obtained. For the computation of [fJ, [fJ' or I at z~./'+i!!, an addition formula 8.426442
9.510400
may be used (18.4 and Example. 11-(2).
10.660867

11.877621
13.160574

675

WEIERSTRASS ELI,IPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

TABLE .'OR OBTAINING {P, [jJ' AND I ON Ox AND OJ

Table 18.2

(Positive Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)

::l[jJ' (:)

z~J'\a

o. 00

2.0

4.0

-2. 00000 00
-1.9999932
-1.99989 17
-1.99945 07
-1.99825 79

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99989
-1.99948
-1.99836

00
37
89
63
70

-2. 00000 00
-1.9999943
-1.99990 80
-1.99953 10
-1.99850 41

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99956
-1.99861

00
47
53
73
55

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99958
-1.99865

00
49
81
14
86

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99958
-1.99865

00
49
82
17
97

-1.99572 57

-1.98332 00
-1.97121 06
-1.95319 16

-1.9959817
-1.99158 17
-1.98420 07
-1.97260 99
-1.95525 47

-1.99630 33
-1.99221 67
-1.98530 95
-1.9743735
-1.95785 77

-1.99656
-1.99273
-1.98621
-1.97581
-1.95998

50
38
31
22
33

-1.99666
-1.99293
-1.98656
-1.97637
-1.96080

63
42
35
02
82

-1.99666
-1.99293
-1.98657
-1.97638
-1.96082

88
89
17
34
78

01
83
99
53
43

-1.92730
-1.89106
-1.84127
-1.77376
-1.68307

50
43
27
97
45

-1.93016
-1.89480
-1.84594
-1.77931
-1.68934

21
97
09
45
72

-1.93377
-1.89954
-1.85184
-1. 78633
-1.69729

03
33
82
89
96

-1.93671
-1.90341
-1.85668
-1. 79209
-1.70382

95
73
71
80
60

-1.93786
-1.90492
-1.85856
-1. 79433
-1. 70636

53
32
93
95
76

-1.93789
-1.90495
-1.85861
-1.79439
-1.70642

23
86
37
25
75

74
65
20
81
87
00

-1.56189
-1.40041
-1.18536
-0.89858
-0.51505
O. 00000

13
70
53
18
33
00

-1.5686 L 96
-1.407B 15
-1.1916~ 25
-0.90364 00
-0.5180" 28
O. 0000') 00

-1.57715
-1.41579
-1.19959
-0.91006
-0.52188
O. 00000

61
29
24
69
70
00

-1.58416
-1.42286
-1.20613
-0.91535
-0.52503
0.00000

75
23
88
50
45
00

-1.58689
-1.42561
-1.20869
-0.91741
-0.52626
0.00000

93
79
13
70
26
00

-1.58696
-1.42568
-1.20875
-0.91746
-0.52629
O. 00000

39
30
17
57
14
00

O. 05
0.10
0.15
0.20

-2. 00000
-1.99999
-1. 99988
-1.99940
-1.99810

00
26
18
16
75

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

-1.99537
-1.99038
-1. 98210
-1.96928
-1.95036

33
23
95
90
13

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

-1.92339
-1.88593
-1.83488
-1.76619
-1.67451

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1. 00

-1.55271
-1.39118
-1.17683
-0.89169
-0.51095
0.00000

[( -i)2J
z /i~JI\a

1.4

1.2

1.1

1.05

1.00

1.00

-1. 99107 69

[( -i)2J
1.05

[(-i)2J

[(-i)2J
1.2

1.l

[(-g)2J
1.4

[(-i)2]
2.0

[(-i)2J
4.0

0.00
O. 05
0.10
0.15
0.20

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99988
-1.99940
-1.99810

00
26
18
16
75

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1. 99989
-1.99945
-1.99828

00
32
21
48
08

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99989
-1.99949
-1.99840

00
37
95
33
62

-2.00000 00
-1.99999 43
-1.99990 89
-1.9995415
-1.99856 33

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99958
-1.99869

00
48
65
07
07

-2. 00000 00
-1.9999949
-1.99991 94
-1.99959 59
-1.99873 99

-2. 00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99959
-1.99874

00
49
95
62
11

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

-1.99537
-1.99038
-1.98210
-1.96928
-1.95036

33
23
95
90
13

-1.99581
-1.99133
-1.98398
-1.97268
-1. 95619

31
82
06
69
80

-1.9961:1
-1.9920;'
-1.9853,1
-1.9751:>
-1.96039

14
89
03
44
48

-1.99652
-1.99289
-1.98701
-1.97818
-1.96561

94
25
63
68
82

-1.99685
-1.99359
-1.98837
-1.98065
-1.96982

19
12
91
01
60

-1.99697
-1.99386
-1.98890
-1.98159
-1.97144

66
12
48
94
57

-1.99697
-1.99386
-1.98891
-1.98162
-1.97148

95
76
71
18
38

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

-1.92339
-1.88593
-1.83488
-1.76619
-1.67451

01
83
99
53
43

-1.93299 84
-1.90123 75
-1.85861 50
-1.8022144
-1.72827 05

-1.93989
-1.912111
-1. 8755;,
-1.82780
-1. 76629

10
25
39
48
64

-1.94845
-1.92574
-1.89643
-1.85930
-1.81290

17
23
16
08
09

-1.95533
-1.93661
-1.91313
-1.88437
-1.84984

26
23
16
77
78

-1.95797
-1.94078
-1.91952
-1.89395
-1.86392

74
35
74
96
68

-1.95803
-1.94088
-1.91967
-1.89418
-1.86425

95
17
77
46
71

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

-1.55271
-1.39118
-1.17683
-0.89169
-0.51095

74
65
20
81
87

-1.63184 71
-1.50639 22
-1.34312 50
-1.13018 63
-0.8514523

-1.6875;
-1. 5869E
-1.45865
-1.29452
-1. 08387

62
80
26
95
84

-1. 75545
-1.68471
-1. 59780
-1.49093
-1.35912

41
79
32
18
08

-1.80902
-1.76134
-1.70615
-1.64263
-1.56972

61
96
96
75
20

-1.82937
-1.79034
-1.74698
-1. 69950
-1.64818

52
89
46
14
82

-1.82985
-1.79102
-1.74793
-1. 70082
-1.65001

21
80
96
95
75

O. 00000 00

-0.48485 79
0.00000 00

-0.81220 52
-0.45984 59
O. 00000 00

1.00
1.05
1.10

[(-i)2]

:/i~y\a

1. a
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2. a
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

3. a
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.

1.00

O. 00000 00

[(-i)l]
1.05
-0.48485 79

[(-i)l]
1.1

-0.81220 52

-1.19575 58

[(-:)4]
1.2
-1.19575 58
O. 00000 00

-1.48600 58

[(-t)lJ

1.4
-1.48600 58
-0.99449 51
O. 00000 00

-1.59338 85

[(-:)4]
2.0
-1.59338
-1.34717
-1.07521
-0. 78786
-0.46104

-1.59588 68

[(-:)6J
4.0

85
40
03
76
27

-1.59588
-1.35527
-1.09935
-0.85550
-0.64191

68
93
83
88
20

0.00000 00

-0.46669
-0.33022
-0.22828
-0.15467
-0.10296

27
92
89
43
79

-0.06745
-0. 04346
-0. 02734
-0.01629
-0.00795
O. 00000

48
22
75
07
66
00

676

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNm'IONR

TABLE FOR OBT AININ{;

Table 18.2

[jJ, [jJ'

AND r ON Ox AND Oy

(Positive Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)

1.00

:~J\a

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99990
0.99968

000
876
031
029
483

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.99923
0.99840
0.99704
0.99494
0.99189

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

0.98762
0.98183
0.97419
0.96430
0.95174

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

0.93598 819
0.91647208
0.89251 910
0.86334 108
0.82800 562
0.78539 822

z/;~y\(l

1.05
1.00000 000

:r(z)

1.1

0.99999 887
0.99998198
0.99990 871
0.99971 119

1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99991
0.99973

000
895
319
481
030

041
360
076
715
577

0.99929 399
0.99853 355
0.99727 741
0.99534298
0.99251 583

0.99934
0.99862
0.99744
0.99563
0.99296

541
783
386
782
028

0.98854 726
0.98315 105
0.97599 894
0.96671 478
0.95486674
0.93995
0.92140
0.89855
0.87059
0.83659
0.79543

[(-i)9]
1.00

1.2
1.00000 000

1.4 000

2.0

4.0

0.99999
0.99998
0.99992
0.99975

905
471
246
429

1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99992
0.99977

912
595
868
377

1.00000 000
0.99999 915
0.99998 643
0.99993109
0.99978 130

1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0.99978

000
915
644
115
148

010
782
912
028
602

0.99939
0.99874
0.99766
0.99599
0.99353

799
617
478
122
179

0.99944
0.99884
0.99784
0.99628
0.99399

501
235
008
469
196

0.99946321
0.99887 957
0.99790 793
0.99639 831
0.99417 016

0.99946
0.99888
0.99790
0.99640
0.99417

364
045
954
099
438

0.98921
0.98410
0.97731
0.96846
0.95714

683
521
096
489
079

0.99005
0.98530
0.97896
0.97066
0.96000

855
511
146
726
343

0.99074
0.98628
0.98030
0.97246
0.96233

340
174
531
106
582

0.99100
0.98666
0.98082
0.97315
0.96324

867
012
605
633
002

0.99101
0.98666
0.98083
0.97317
0.96326

490
904
833
272
132

720
960
136
177
307
267

0.94284
0.92500
0.90294
0.87587
0.84284
0.80274

503
321
299
177
790
283

0.94648 146
0.92952 973
0.90847617
0.88252 588
0.85073 222
0.81195 906

0.94944
0.93322
0.91298
0.88795
0.85716
0.81947

525
007
848
364
486
977

0.95059
0.93465
0.91473
0.89005
0.85966
0.82239

446
128
876
936
076
820

0.95062 155
0.93468503
0.91478 003
0.89010 902
0.85971 964
0.82246 703

0.99999
0.99998
0.99992
0.99975

905
476
299
725

1.00000 000
0.99999 912
0.99998601
0.99992 935
0.99977 752

0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0.99978

915
649
181
537

0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0.99978

[( -:)9]
1.05

[( -:)9]
1.1

[(-:)9]
1.2
1.00000 000

[(-:)9]
1.4

[(-:)9]
2.0
1.00000 000

[(-:)9]
4.0
1.00000 000

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99990
0.99968

000
876
031
029
483

1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99990
0.99971

000
887
200
891
234

1.00000 000
0.99999 895
0.99998322
0.99991 516
0.99973 226

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.99923
0.99840
0.99704
0.99494
0.99189

041
360
076
715
577

0.99929
0.99854
0.99731
0.99541
0.99266

836
660
033
639
485

0.99934
0.99865
0.99750
0.99575
0.99322

758
014
544
586
092

0.99940
0.99877
0.99774
0.99618
0.99391

928
991
989
100
695

0.99945
0.99888
0.99794
0.99652
0.99448

935
517
811
557
077

0.99947
0.99892
0.99802
0.99665
0.99469

871
586
472
871
855

0.99947 917
0.99892 682
0.99802 653
0.99666 184
0.99470368

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

0.98762 541
0.98183 783
0.97419386
0.96430 782
0.95174 028

0.98882
0.98364
0.97684
0.96808
0.95701

817
988
238
373
320

0.98969
0.98495
0.97875
0.97080
0.96080

725
820
291
464
810

0.99078 438
0.98659357
0.98113 896
0.97419 926
0.96553 710

0.99166
0.98791
0.98306
0.97694
0.96935

445
646
740
003
061

0.99200
0.98842
0.98381
0.97799
0.97081

425
700
123
651
949

0.99201
0.98843
0.98382
0.97802
0.97085

225
902
874
138
406

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

0.93598
0.91647
0.89251
0.86334
0.82800

0.94322
0.92626
0.90559
0.88063
0.85068

518
102
833
688
069

0.94842
0.93328
0.91496
0.89299
0.86683

600
385
295
175
386

0.95489
0.94200
0.92657
0.90827
0.88676

0.96010
0.94902
0.93589
0.92051
0.90268

986
381
412
815
849

0.96211
0.95172
0.93947
0.92521
0.90878

557
061
230
144
307

0.96216
0.95178
0.93955
0.92532
0.90892

276
405
644
176
628

1.00
1. 05
1.10

0.78539 822

zli=y\a
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0

819
208
910
108
562

[(-i)9J
1.00

0.78539 822

0.81491 420
0.77237 164

[(-:)8J
1.05

0.81491 420

0.83587 315
0.79939 419
0.75655 714

[(-i)8J
1.1

0.83587 315

807
908
574
878
908

0.86166 128

[(-i)4J
1.2
0.86166 128
0.71573 454

0.88219 209

[(-:)3J
1.4
0.88219 209
0.76897 769
0.59293 450

916
650
187
555

0.89003 731

0.89022 154

[(-t)3J
2.0
0.89003 731

[(-:)3J
4.0
0.89022 15

0.78909
0.64073
0.43846
+0. 17708

505
496
099
802

0.78956
0.64184
0.44095
+0.18250

60
73
77
43

-0.14800 012

-0.13652
-0.51809
-0.96348
-1.47349
-2.04858

01
61
97
03
16

-2.68905
-3.39508
-4.16677
-5.00417
-5.90734
-6.87630

52
38
17
86
21
32

[(-3)8]

[(1~)8J

677

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

TABLE FOR OBTAINING

[J), [JY

Table 18.2

AND r ON Ox AND Oy

(Negative Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)

=~il' (:)

1.00

Z=X\II

1.05

1.L5

1.3

1.5

2.0
1. 00000 00

0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00000
0.99998
0.99976
0.99880
0.99622

00
52
37
40
33

1.00000
0.99998
0.99978
0.99893
0.99663

00
68
83
08
32

1.00000
0.99998
0.99983
0.99918
0.99743

00
98
74
15
55

1.00000
0.99999
0.99990
0.99950
0.99845

00
38
10
43
77

1.00000
0.99999
0.99996
0.99980
0.99940

00
75
06
51
30

1.00000
1.00002
1.00011
1.00038

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.99079
0.98097
0.96495
0.94070
0.90617

63
82
11
57
03

0.99182
0.98317
0.96915
0.94811
0.91839

47
67
65
25
70

0.99381
0.98736
0.97703
0.96174
0.94051

16
11
14
61
05

0.99631 17
0.99255 06
0.9866420
0.97810 01
0.96656 45

0.99860
0.99725
0.99525
0.99255
0.98928

26
51
02
94
71

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

0.85939
0.79882
0.72356
0.63382
0.53123

83
11
52
07
69

0.87853
0.82744
0.76469
0.69080
0.60756

56
45
39
48
14

0.91254
0.87H4
0.835H
0.78n5
0.73495

55
80
63
05
90

0.95189
0.93426
0.91429
0.89316
0.87276

16
12
23
80
38

0.98573
0.98244
0.98031
0.98063
0.98521

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

0.41930
0.30366
0.19233
0.09574
0.02666
0.00000

23
33
10
08
27
00

0.51830
0.42820
0.34438
0.27605
0.23446
0.23286

84
16
12
07
42
11

0.68155
0.63143
0.59046
0.566:.1
0.567!i3
0.60563

50
16
32
51
12
48

0.85577
0.84585
0.84771
0.86731
0.91197
0.99060

68
35
96
78
25
83

0.99643
1.01739
1.05201
1.10523
1.18314
1.29335

0.00

o. as

[(-:)5]
zl;=1I\1I

[( -:)5]

1.15

1.05

1.00

[(-:f)5]

[(-:)4]
1.3

4.0

14
30
83
24

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00020
1.00065

00
25
07
71
92

1.00096
1.00205
1.00396
1. 00705
1.01183

01
83
14
13
11

1.00162
1.00340
1.00639
1.01107
1.01805

38
46
11
17
02

01
30
24
64
20

1.01895
1.02925
1.04381
1.06395
1.09136

42
89
01
05
32

1.02806
1.04202
1.06102
1.08641
1.11984

66
47
67
83
70

13
07
81
21
77
96

1.12815 05
1.17693 44
1.2409876
1.32440 72
1.43234 85
1.57134 70

1.16333
1.21939
1.29112
1.38242
1.49822
1.64479

76
20
16
38
24
64

[(-~)4]

[(-:)4]
2.0

1.5

[(-:)4]

4.0 00

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00000
0.99998
0.99976
0.99880
0.99622

00
52
37
40
33

1.00000
0.99998
0.99978
0.99892
0.99658

00
67
76
27
78

1.00000
0.99998
0.999B3
0.99916
0.997;,4

00
98
59
47
10

1.00000
0.99999
0.99989
0.99948
0.99834

00
37
93
51
96

1.00000
0.99999
0.99995
0.99978
0.99931

00
75
93
96
61

1.00000
1. 00000
1. 00002
1.00011
1.00034

00
14
24
15
41

1.00000
1. 00000
1.00004
1.00020
1.00063

32
04
35
88

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.99079
0.98097
0.96495
0.94070
0.90617

63
82
11
57
03

0.99165
0.98266
0.96786
0.94525
0.91264

20
22
42
04
56

O. 993~5
0.986.8
0.97433
0.955i6
0.92846

16
83
43
47
67

0.99589
0.99132
0.98354
0.97122
0.95268

95
10
71
41
27

0.99827
0.99626
0.99275
0.98701
0.97806

12
60
81
30
19

1.00081
1.00162
1.00285
1.00459
1.00684

39
14
94
41
49

1.00154
1.00317
1.00580
1.00976
1.01539

61
22
47
35
36

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

0.85939 83

0.89009 57
0.83817 66
0.77024 24

0.92592
0.88861
0.83812
0.77163

17
10
71
28

0.96465
0.94522
0.91784
0.88019
0.82955

71
83
50
00
45

1.00955
1.01258
1.01563
1.01827
1.01983

92
51
95
41
61

1.02305
1.03311
1.04595
1.06191
1.08136

58
90
22
71
14

0.76286 31

1.01942
1.01585
1. 00758
0.99269
0.96882
0.93312

61
25
28
39
29
29

1.10461
1.13197
1.16373
1.20012
1.24136
1.28763

36
83
23
24
39
91

0.86784 46
0.80881 13

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

[(-;)2]

[(-;)2]

[(-~)2]

[(-;)2]

[(-;)2]

[(-;)1]

z/i=Y\1I
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

If the real half-period >,1, see 18.2 Homogeneity Relations. Interpolation with
respect to " will, in general, be difllcult because of the non-uniform subintervals
involved. Aitken's interpolation may be used in this case. As few as 38 may
be obtained. For the computation of [P, [P' or , at z~.,.+iy, an addition formula
may be used (18.4 and Examples 11-12).

[(-t)6]
4.0

1.39585
1.52559
1.67719
1.85056
2.04521

80
80
97
87
26

2.26025
2.49441
2.74594
3.01245
3.29069

62
96
50
16
52

[(-;)3]

678

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

TABLE FOR OBTAINING

Table 18.2

[J), [p'

AND, ON Ox AND Oy

(Negative Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)

::![P' (:)

:=.1'\0

o. 00

1.00

1.05

1.5

1.3

1.15

2.0

4.0

0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

-2. 00000
-2.00002
-2.00047
-2. 00239
-2.00753

00
95
25
01
43

-2. 00000
-2.00002
-2.00042
-2.00212
-2. 00667

00
65
27
89
30

-2. 00000
-2.00002
-2. 00032
-2. 00161
-2.00502

00
04
37
92
56

-2. 00000
-2. 00001
-2. 00019
-2. 00097
-2. 00297

00
24
63
17
32

-2. 00000
-2. 00000
-2. 00007
-2. 00037
-2. 00110

00
50
74
44
66

-2. 00000
-1.99999
-1.99995
-1.99975
-1.99919

00
71
34
65
66

-2. 00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99958
-1.99866

00
49
83
21
07

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

-2. 01829
-2.03755
-2.06843
-2.11379
-2.17550

41
78
88
74
18

-2.01608
-2.03274
-2.05907
-2. 09713
-2.14789

73
55
94
03
87

-2.01196
-2.02397
-2. 04247
-2.06835
-2.10148

38
99
95
37
48

-2.00694
-2.01358
-2. 02334
-2.03614
-2.05106

49
73
71
78
10

-2. 00246
-2. 00448
-2.00696
-2. 00922
-2.00992

05
84
68
15
37

-1.9979323
-1.99544 16
-1.99095 74
-1.98338 63
-1.97120 64

-1.99667
-1.99294
-1. 98657
-1.97639
-1.96084

11
36
99
65
72

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

-2.25339
-2.34395
-2.43881
-2.52318
-2.57463

16
53
27
49
40

-2.21047
-2.28098
-2.35140
-2.40840
-2.43241

72
85
73
49
27

-2.14013
-2.18023
-2.21466
-2.23248
-2.21839

46
97
43
50
89

-2. 06592
-2. 07692
-2. 07815
-2. 06116
-2.01460

49
41
03
83
73

-2. 00685 64
-1.9966549
-1.97452 31
-1.93392 01
-1.86620 81

-1.95234
-1.92399
-1.88246
-1.82286
-1.73878

05
70
83
83
53

-1.93791
-1.90499
-1.85865
-1. 79444
-1.70648

93
42
81
54
76

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1. 00

-2.56240
-2.44770
-2.18496
-1.72414
-1. 01321
O. 00000

86
16
84
78
01
00

-2.39712
-2.26959
-2. 01105
-1.57813
-0.92423
O. 00000

18
69
50
99
16
00

-2.15233
-2.00933
-1.75959
-1. 36864
-0.79716
O. 00000

79
39
77
82
03
00

-1.92378
-1. 77031
-1.53168
-1.18057
-0.68374
O. 00000

08
11
32
88
39
00

-1. 76023
-1.60178
-1.37288
-1. 05066
-0.60580
O. 00000

25
75
13
42
78
00

-1.62181
-1.46089
-1.24141
-0.94387
-0.54202
O. 00000

13
21
08
76
52
00

-1.58702
-1. 42574
-1.20881
-0.91751
-0.52632
0.00000

84
81
20
44
04
00

[(1~)4]
zji=1I\a

1.00

[( -i)3]
1.05

[(-i)3]
1.15

[(-i)2]
1.3

[( -i)2]
1.5

[(-i)2]
2.0

[(-i)2]
4.0

o. 00

0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

-2.00000
-2.00002
-2.00047
-2.00239
-2.00753

00
95
25
01
43

-2.00000
-2.00002
-2.00042
-2. 00216
-2.00685

00
65
55
12
42

-2. 00000
-2.00002
-2.00032
-2.00168
-2.00540

00
05
97
65
32

-2. 00000
-2.00001
-2.00020
-2. 00104
-2.00340

00
25
30
87
55

-2. 00000
-2.00000
-2. 00008
-2.00043
-2.00145

00
50
28
62
41

-2. 00000
-1.99999
-1.99995
-1.99978
-1.99935

00
72
58
38
00

-2. 00000 00
-1.99999 49
-1. 99991 9~
-1. 99959 6~
-1.99874 22

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

-2.01829
-2.03755
-2.06843
-2.11379
-2.17550

41
78
88
74
18

-2.01677 67
-2.03479 40
-2.06420 40
-2.10841 06
-2.1703666

-2.01340
-2.02825
-2. 05319
-2.09200
-2.14879

12
59
59
85
02

-2. 00859
-2.01849
-2.03567
-2.06346
-2.10597

22
50
60
12
25

-2.00378
-2.00844
-2.01691
-2.03134
-2.05462

54
10
87
51
43

-1.99851
-1.99718
-1.99536
-1.99323
-1.99120

75
99
97
08
21

-1.9969824
-1.99387 40
-1.98892 95
-1.98164 41
-1.97152 19

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

-2.25339 16

-2.25173 01
-2.35170 68

-2.22747 67
-2.33108 42
-2.46061 76

-2.16805
-2.25504
-2.37230
-2.52442

61
79
39
19

-2.09057
-2.14403
-2.22089
-2.32798
-2.47283

56
61
13
29
02

-1.99006
-1.99107
-1.99605
-2.00760
-2.02919

63
16
96
83
12

-2.66308 69

-2. 06534
-2.12187
-2.20596
-2.32643
-2.49375
-2.72008

90
04
83
60
12
43

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1. 00

[(-:)2]
z/i=1I\"

[(-:)2]

[(-:)3]

[(-:)4]

[( -:)6]

[(-:)7]

-1.95810 18

-1. 94097 97
-1.91982 80
-1.89440 95
-1.86458 73
-1.83032
-1.79170
-1. 74889
-1.70215
-1.65184
-1.59838

90
68
39
68
57
35

[( -t)6]
4.0

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

-1.48398
-1.36337
-1.24144
-1.12345
-1.01509

95
47
17
13
75

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2. a

-0.92286
-0.85472
-0.82134
-0.83783
-0.92645

21
55
27
54
86

[(-:)9]

679

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Z=3\((

TABLE FOR OBTAINING [jJ, [jJ' AND 1 ON Ox AND Oy

(Negative Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)

:1(:)
1.5
1.05
1.3
2.0
1.15

1.00

Table 18.2

4.0

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00000
1.00000
1. 00007
1. 00039
1.00125

00
49
88
88
98

1.00000
1.00000
1.00007
1. 00035
1.00112

00
44
06
70
60

1.00000
1. 00000
1.00005
1. 00027
1.00086

00
34
43
40
16

1. 00000
1.00000
1. 00003
1. 00016
1.00052

00
21
31
65
15

1. 00000
1.00000
1. 00001
1. 00006
1. 00020

00
08
32
60
48

1. 00000
0.99999
0.99999
0.99996
0.99987

00
95
24
10
51

1. 00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0.99978

00
92
65
12
17

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.00307
1.00636
1.01176
1.01999
1.03186

33
38
23
45
18

1. 00274
1.00566
1. 01043
1.01767
1.02805

09
06
07
00
07

1. 00208
1.00429
1. 00787
1.01325
1.02090

94
54
32
74
50

1. 00125
1.00256
1.00467
1. 00779
1.01217

79
91
27
77
02

1. 00048
1.00098
1.00175
1.00285
1. 00433

81
15
16
61
47

0.99968
0.99934
0.99875
0.99781
0.99639

98
32
38
57
49

0.99946
0.99888
0.99791
0.99640
0.99417

41
13
11
37
86

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.04821
1.06990
1.09776
1.13248
1.17462

35
78
14
70
06

1.04227
1.06102
1.08493
1.11454
1. 15021

15
21
81
88
58

1.03127
1.04478
1.06180
1.08258
1.10724

19
39
26
64
76

1.01799
1.02543
1. 03459
1. 04547
1.05796

52
63
22
13
45

1.00619
1.00840
1.01087
1.01343
1. 01581

68
79
54
17
69

0.99432
0.99139
0.98734
0.98186
0.97457

31
16
37
55
57

0.99102
0.98667
0.98085
0.97318
0.96328

12
79
06
91
27

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

1.22444
1.28188
1.34648
1.41726
1.49272
1.57079

09
76
26
20
42
62

1.19206 86
1. 23993 78
1.29329 24
1.3511837
1.41220 03
1.47443 48

1.13570
1.16765
1.20:248
1.23929
1.27679
1.3B32

79
25
62
22
52
66

1.07181
1.08659
1.10165
1.11613
1.12887
1.13842

59
33
80
35
36
65

1.01765
1.01845
1.01754
1.01408
1. 00702
0.99506

94
50
41
58
73
76

0.96501
0.95262
0.93672
0.91653
0.89105
0.85912

30
09
94
15
46
29

0.95064
0.93471
0.91482
0.89015
0.85977
0.82253

87
88
13
86
85
59

[( -ill]

z/i=1I\a

[(-i)8]
1.05

1.00

[( '-:)5]

1.15

[( -:)4]

1.3

[(-64)6]

1.5

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1. 00000
1.00000
1.00007
1.00039
1.00125

00
49
88
88
98

1.00000
1. 00000
1.00007
1.00035
1. 00113

00
44
08
86
51

1. 001)00 00
1. 001)00 34
1.001l0546
1.001)27 73
1.001)88 05

1.00000
1. 00000
1. 00003
1.00017
1.00054

00
21
34
04
31

1.00000
1. 00000
1. 00001
1.00006
1. 00022

00
08
35
91
22

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1. 00307 33

1.00277
1. 00576
1.01069
1.01824
1.02921

55
38
02
62
31

1.00n6
1. 00'151
1.001341
1.01'145
1.02333

14
03
42
97
32

1.00134
1. 00281
1. 00529
1.00917
1.01496

04
53
28
72
03

1. 00055
1. 00117
1.00225
1. 00396
1.00658

1.03S81 72
1. 05;~77 97
1. 07S15 67

1.02322
1. 03466
1. 05006
1. 07029

84
71
29
97

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1. 00636
1. 01176
1.01999
1. 03186

38
23
45
18

1.04821 35

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

zji=y\a

[(-64)~

1. 04444 39
1. 06483 58

[(-:)6]

[(--:)1

[( -:)6]

[(-:)8]

2.0
1. 00000 00

[(-:)9]
4.0

0.99999
0.99999
0.99996
0.99988

95
25
24
28

1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0.99978

00
92
65
19
57

43
94
03
67
42

0.99971
0.99943
0.99897
0.99830
0.99739

90
06
41
68
10

0.99947
0.99892
0.99802
0.99666
0.99470

96
78
83
50
88

1. 01042 41
1.01588 39
1. 02344 73
1.0336945
1.04730 93

0.99619
0.99471
0.99295
0.99095
0.98878

89
80
77
58
64

0.99202
0.98845
0.98384
0.97804
0.97088

03
10
63
63
86

1. 06508 51

0.98656
0.98447
0.98273
0.98166
0.98165
0.98319

79
25
54
56
63
64

0.96221
0.95184
0.93964
0.92543
0.90906
0.89040

00
75
06
21
94
57

[(-64)5]

[(-:)2]

[(-t)3]
4.0

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

0.84561
0.79003
0.72274
0.64295
0.55003

98
67
36
89
38

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2. a

0.44345
0.32282
0.18790
+0.03858
-0.12508

14
70
92
90
40

[( -1)2]

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

680

INVARIANTS AND VALllES AT HALF.PERIODS

Table 18.3

(Non-Negative Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)

~=1(1)

~'/i=l(w')/i

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

11. 81704
11.37372
10.98419
10.64177
10.34065

500
384
107
347
794

fl:;
0.00000
0.55318
1.03485
1.45484
1.82151

000
992
699
521
890

1.71879
1.71005
1.70235
1.69556
1. 68958

64
96
77
79
18

":1 = !Jl(w')
-1.71879 64
-1.66138 15
-1.60783 69
-1.55787 59
-1.51123 63

0.78539
0.78979
0.79367
0.79708
0.80009

816
718
192
535
279

-0.78539
-0.76520
-0.74537
-0.72588
-0.70669

82
32
75
58
61

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

10.07577
9.84269
9.63754
9.45693
9.29789

364
185
049
072
413

2.14201
2.42241
2.66798
2.88320
3.07195

000
937
153
000
918

1.68430
1.67965
1.67554
1.67193
1.66874

41
08
80
04
05

-1.46767
-1.42698
-1.38894
-1.35338
-1.32011

83
19
48
12
96

0.80274
0.80507
0.80713
0.80895
0.81054

283
817
637
045
949

-0.68777
-0.66910
-0.65066
-0.63241
-0.61434

92
88
09
38
79

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

9.15782
9.03445
8.92575
8.82999
8.74560

851
117
843
055
138

3.23761
3.38308
3.51088
3.62320
3.72197

717
317
223
977
756

1.66592
1.66344
1.66126
1.65933
1.65763

77
74
03
17
09

-1.28900
-1.25988
-1.23262
-1.20710
-1.18320

20
23
55
65
95

0.81195
0.81320
0.81429
0.81526
0.81611

906
168
717
299
453

-0.59644
-0.57869
-0.56106
-0.54356
-0.52616

54
03
78
50
97

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

8.67123
8.60568
8.54791
8.49698
8.45209

169
628
374
890
746

3.80885
3.88529
3.95256
4.01178
4.06392

265
056
351
462
870

1.65613
1.65480
1.65364
1.65261
1.65170

11
86
22
37
67

-1.16082
-1.13985
-1.12021
-1.10180
-1.08454

70
91
33
31
85

0.81686
0.81752
0.81811
0.81862
0.81907

533
732
103
572
958

-0.50887
-0.49166
-0.47452
-0.45746
-0.44046

14
03
75
53
65

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

8.41252
8.37763
8.34687
8.31975
8.29583

263
305
283
228
997

4.10985
4.15029
4.18593
4.21732
4.24498

014
819
045
438
728

1.65090
1.65020
1.64957
1.64903
1.64854

68
13
92
06
68

-1.06837
-1.05321
-1.03899
-1.02566
-1.01316

47
20
58
55
45

0.81947
0.81983
0.82014
0.82041
0.82066

977
269
389
831
031

-0.42352
-0.40663
-0.38978
-0.37298
-0.35621

46
39
91
56
91

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

8.27475
8.25616
8.23977
8.22531
8.21257

580
484
191
684
036

4.26936
4.29084
4.30978
4.32647
4.34119

502
965
602
752
120

1.64812
1.64774
1.64741
1.64711
1.64686

02
39
20
94
13

-1.00144
-0.99044
-0.98012
-0.97045
-0.96137

04
37
84
19
37

0.82087
0.82106
0.82122
0.82137
0.82150

370
191
787
423
329

-0.33948
-0.32278
-0.30610
-0.28945
-0.27282

58
22

1.60
1.65
1. 70
1.75
1.80

8.20133
8.17870
8.16217
8.15011
8.14129

033
308
907
147
812

4.35416
4.38026
4.39931
4.41322
4.42337

210
291
441
294
818

1.64663
1.64617
1.64584
1.64559
1.64541

38
54
08
63
78

-0.95285 64
-0.93379 17
-0.91752 88
-0.90365 18
-0.89180' 8Z

0.82161
0.82184
0.82201
0.82213
0.82222

711
628
364
589
516

-0.25620
-0.21475
-0.17337
-0.13205
-0. 09079

90
00
32
85
10

1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05

8.13486
8.13016
8.12672
8.12421
8.12238

127
001
634
844
671

4.43079
4.43620
4.44016
4.44305
4.44516

368
896
375
205
152

1.64528
1.64519
1.64512
1.64507
1.64503

73
21
25
17
45

-0.88169 76
-0.87306 52
-0.8656937
-0.85939 82
-0.85402 10

0.82229
0.82233
0.82237
0.82239
0.82241

038
800
281
820
676

-0. 04955
-0.00835
+0. 03283
O. 07400
0.11515

91
41
07
01
80

2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30

a. 12104
8.12007
8.11935
8.11883
8.11845

883
164
791
660
583

4.44670
4.44782
4.44864
4.44924
4.44968

219
746
934
963
808

1.64500
1.64498
1.64497
1.64496
1.64495

74
76
32
26
49

-0.84942
-0.84550
-0.84215
-0.83928
-0.83684

78
41
20
80
11

0.82243
0.82244
0.82244
0.82245
0.82245

032
022
745
274
659

0.15630
0.19745
0.23858
0.27972
0.32085

73
01
81
23
38

2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

8.11797
8.11771
8.11758
8.11750
8.11746

459
785
087
782
884

4.45024
4.45053
4.45069
4.45077
4.45082

222
785
555
969
457

1.64494
1.64494
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493

51
00
71
57
49

-0.83296
-0.83013
-0.82806
-0.82655
-0.82545

37
28
54
58
33

0.82246
0.82246
0.82246
0.82246
0.82246

146
406
546
619
659

0.40311
0.48536
0.56761
0.64986
0.73211

12
38
39
24
01

2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3

8.11744
8.11743
8.11743
8.11742
8.11742

804
694
103
787
619

4.45084
4.45086
4.45086
4.45087
4.45087

852
130
811
174
368

1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493

45
43
42
41
41

-0.82464 81
-0.82406 01
-0.82363 06
-0.82331 68
-0.8230878

0.82246
0.82246
0.82246
0.82246
0.82246

680
691
698
701
702

0.81435
0.89660
0.97885
1. 06109
1.14334

74
44
13
81
48

3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

8.11742
8.11742
8.11742
8.11742
8.11742

529
481
455
441
434

4.45087
4.45087
4.45087
4.45087
4.45087

472
528
556
572
581

1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493

41
41
41
41
41

-0.82292
-0.82279
-0.82270
-0.82264
-0.82259

0.82246
0.82246
0.82246
0.82246
0.82246

703
703
703
704
704

1.22559
1.30783
1.39008
1.47233
1.55457

16
83
50
17
84

3.9
4.0

8.11742 430
8.11742 426

4.45087 585
4.45087 587

1.64493 41
1.64493 41

-0.82256 13
-0.82253 59

0.82246 704
0.82246 704

1.63682 51
1.71907 18

ao

8.11742 426

4.45087 590

1.64493 41

-0.82246 70

0.82246 704

[(-:)5]

n=w'li

.1=0

f/2

[(-;)7]

('1

[(-;)9]

= !Jl(1)

[(-:)1]

04
82
89
37
61

[(-t)5]

[(-:)7]

~4

5
11

ao

For a= 1: 172=..4, fl3=0, "1 =w2 /2, e:;= -w2 /2, ~='lI'/4, ~'/i= -7r/4.
For a= m: fl2~'lI'4/12, .'73 =7r fi /216, "1 =7r 2/6, ra = -7r~/12, ~ =7r2/12, ~'/ i= m.
(w= 1.85407 4677 is the real half-period in the Lemniscatic case 18.14.)
For 4<a< m, to obtain ~' use Legendre's relation ~'=~w' -'1ri/2.
To o~tain the corresponding values of tabulated quantities when the real half-period ","1,
multiply Y2 by .,-4, !13 by .,-G, ei by .,-2 and ~ by .,-1.

681

WEIERSTRASS EI,LIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

INVARIANT!, AND VALUES AT HALIo'PERIODS

<l=w'/i

(Non. Negative Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)

_(w')(i
fR-(W2)
-(I)

Table 18.3

1. no
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

0.94989
0.95114
0.95224
0.95321
0.95407

88
80
92
98
54

0.949899
0.967481
0.984884
1. 002097
1.019107

1.182951
1.170397
1.157316
1.143695
1.129522

g -(wz)
1.182951
1.218650
1.253864
1.288619
1.322935

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

0.9548297
0.95549 47
0.95608 10
0.95659 79
0.95705 36

1.035904
1. 052476
1. 068811
1.084899
1.100727

1.114782
1.099457
1.083531
1.066989
1.049814

1. 356827
1.390301
1.423362
1.456007
1.488231

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.95745
0.95780
0.95812
0.95839
0.95864

55
98
22
77
07

1.116285
1.131562
1.146546
1.161227
1.175594

1. 031991
1.013507
0.994349
0.974506
0.953970

1.520022
1.551369
1.582254
1.612657
1.642557

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.95885
0.95904
0.95921
0.95935
0.95948

49
38
04
73
68

1.189636
1.203344
1. 216707
1.229716
1.242361

0.932733
0.910790
0.888138
0.864776
0.840704

1.671930
1.700750
1.728989
1.756618
1.783607

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0.95960
0.95970
0.95979
0.95986
0.95993

10
18
06
89
80

1.254633
1.266522
1.278021
1.289120
1.299811

0.815927
0.790449
0.764278
0.737425
0.709900

1.809925
1.835542
1.860425
1.884541
1.907860

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

0.95999
0.96005
0.96010
0.96014
0.96017

90
27
01
19
87

1.310087
1.319941
1.329364
1.338351
1.346895

0.681719
0.652896
0.623452
0.593404
0.562777

1.930348
1.951974
1.972707
1.992515
2.011370

1.60
1.65
1. 70
1.75
1.80

0.96021
0.96027
0.96032
0.96035
0.96038

13
67
45
94
49

1.354990
1.373224
1. 388539
1.400869
1.410110

0.531593
0.451372
0.368286
0.282840
0.195588

2.029242
2.069439
2.102914
2.129313
2.148344

1. 85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05

0.96040
0.96041
0.96042
0.96043
0.96043

35
71
70
43
96

1.416408
1.419573
1.419665
1.416707
1. 410733

0.107125
+0.018074
-0.070918
-0.159199
-0.246114

2.159783
2.163478
2.159353
2.147412
2.127732

2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30

0.96044
0.96044
0.96044
0.96044
0.96045

35
63
84
99
10

1.401800
1.389977
1.375349
1. 358018
1.338098

-0.331019
-0.413290
-0.492330
-0.567579
-0.638522

2.100473
2.065864
2.024211
1.975882
1.921308

2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045

24
31
35
37
38

1.291016
1.235264
1.172151
1.103091
1.029557

-0.765682
-0.870782
-0.951807
-1.007808
-1.038896

1.795415
1.650936
1.492779
1.326086
1.155967

2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3

0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045

39
40
40
40
40

0.953025
0.874937
O. 796655
0.719428
0.644360

-1.046157
-1.031530
-0.997636
-0.947586
-0.884775

0.987255
0.824296
0.670787
0.529666
0.403050

3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

0.96045 40
0.96045 40
0.9604540
0.96045 40
0.96045 40

0.572395
0.504299
0.440663
0.381903
0.328268

-0.812687
-0.734720
-0.654024
-0.573398
-0.495196

0.292246
0.197780
0.119493
0.056643
+0.008033

3.9
4.0

0.96045 40
0.96045 40

0.279851
0.236623

-0.421291
-0.353075

-0.027857
-0.052740

ao

0.96045 40

0.000000

0.000000

0.000000

a=O

[( -f)2]

[(-t)9]

[( -1)3]

[( -1)2]

012=1+,,', e2=fJJ (1+ w')=-(e 1+e3;, ~2=\(1+"")=~+~',

For a=l: .(1)=e""/821/4/w, .(w')=i("(I), .(wz)=V-Zp lr/Vrr/4/""
Fora="': .(1)=2e""2/24;''Ir, .(01')=0, .("2)=0.
(01=1.85407 4677 is the real half-period in the Lemniscatic case 18,14.)
To obtain the corresponding valul!s of tabulated quantities when the real half-period
01;0<1, multiply. by 01,

682

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

INVARIANTS AND VALUES AT HALFPERIOD;.,
(Non-Positive Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)
lJe l =
[ReI =

Table 18.3

a=w2/ i

g:l

g2

[R[JJ

e e
W2)
2-"2

g[JJ

W2)
2-"2

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

-47.26818
-45.35272
-43.40071
-41.42954
-39.45420

00
19
30
84
53

0.00000
4.41906
8.23156
11.49257
14.25448

00
00
58
28
26

0.00000
-0.04867
-0. 09452
-0.13769
-0.17834

000
810
083
202
547

3.43759 29
3.36827 69
3.29802 68
3.22711 39
3.1557840

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

-37.48749
-35.54027
-33.62168
-31.73930
-29.89938

12
17
02
91
64

16.56680
18.47603
20.02550
21.25543
22.20294

99
08
17
82
45

-0. 21662
-0. 25266
-0. 28660
-0.31854
-0.34862

576
894
315
915
086

3.08425
3.01273
2.94140
2.87040
2.79990

89
84
17
90
29

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

-28.10693
-26. 36591
-24.67936
-23.04950
-21.47786

45
62
58
83
60

22.90208
23.38397
23.67693
23.80660
23.79610

34
82
85
45
09

-0. 37692
-0.40356
-0.42863
-0.45222
-0.47442

571
512
481
513
139

2.73000
2.66084
2.59249
2.52505
2.45859

1.30
1.32
1.34
1. 36
1.38

-19.96535
-18.51237
-17.11886
-15.78441
-14.50828

52
16
71
82
67

23.66620
23.43548
23.12052
22. 73602
22.29496

08
95
98
29
60

-0.49530
-0.51494
-0.53342
-0.55081
-0.56715

414
941
897
058
817

2.39318
2.32886
2.26569
2.20369
2.14291

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

-13.28947
-12.12676
-11.01876
- 9.96396
- 8.96012

27
19
70
40
32

21.80880
21.28756
20.74000
20.17372
19.59530

22
31
36
81
70

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

8.00733
7.10204
6.24304
5.42853
4.65668

71
36
63
20
53

19.01038
18.42378
17.83959
17.26123
16.69159

1.60
1. 65
1.70
1. 75
1.80

3.92570
2.26537
0.82241
0.42844
1.51045

12
64
58
48
44

1.85
1.90
1.95
2. 00
2.05

2.44471
3.25015
3.94365
4.54009
5.05259

2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30

~2=r(1)

63
63
30
87
01

-1.57079
-1.58005
-1.58905
-1.59772
-1.60600

63
81
67
52
53

1.38885 99
1.32766 96
1.29935 18
1.27247 81

-1.61384
-1.62120
-1.62804
-1.63434
-1.64006

68
68
93
46
85

96
07
39
44
58

1.24699
1.22283
1.19995
1.17830
1.15780

24
82
95
09
77

-1.64520
-1.64973
-1.65364
-1.65693
-1.65959

18
00
28
36
88

14
49
11
72
32

1.13842
1.12010
1.10279
1.08644
1.07100

65
52
31
09
10

-1.66163
-1.66305
-1.66384
-1.66403
-1.66361

82
38
99
31
13

-0. 58253 209

-0.59698 926
-0.61058339
-0.62336 513
-0.63538 226

2.08336 24
2.02506 27
1.96802 64
1.9122613
1.85777 09

1.05642
1.04267
1.02970
1.01747
1.00593

75
61
43
14
83

-1.66259 42
-1.66099 26
-1.65881 85
-1.6560844
-1.65280 40

59
52
12
98
27

-0. 64667
-0.65730
-0.66728
-0.67666
-0. 68548

980
023
357
751
761

1.80455
1.75261
1.70192
1. 65250
1.60432

0.99506 76
0.98482 36
0.9751721
0.96608 09
0.95751 90

-1.64899
-1.64466
-1.63982
-1.63450
-1.62871

16.13300
14.79653
13.56033
12.43388
11.41927

57
23
77
94
28

-0. 69377
-0.71238
-0. 72831
-0.74194
-0. 75360

734
375
198
441
961

1.55737 16
1.44527 36
1.34049 21
1.24271 21
1.1515940

0.94945
0.93130
0.91571
0.90232
0.89084

69
88
53
74
07

-1.62246 17
-1.60493 31
-1.58487 67
-1.56251 97
-1.5380794

18
81
25
85
79

10.51370
9.71138
9. 00473
8.38537
7.84470

92
2l
54
94
38

-0.76358
-0. 77212
-0. 77942
-0.78567
-0.79101

973
691
883
351
353

1.0667848
0.98792 73
0.91466 65
0.84665 46
O. 78355 46

0.88099
0.87254
0.86531
0.85912
0.85382

10
91
67
29
00

-1.51175
-1.48374
-1.45422
-1.42334
-1.39126

93
94
51
69
17

5.49261
5.87014
6.19388
6.47134
6.70905

57
76
05
49
42

7.37428
6.96611
6.61278
6.30752
6.04422

09
56
90
86
78

-0.79557 957
-0. 79948 352
-0. 80282 119
-0.80567458
-0. 80811 383

0.72504
0.67080
0.62056
0.57401
0.53092

25
91
06
95
40

0.84928
0.84539
0.84207
0.83923
0.83679

11
69
37
09
93

-1.35810
-1.32398
-1.28903
-1.25332
-1.21695

23
93
05
31
43

2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

7.08692
7.36377
7.56643
7.71470
7.82312

59
30
61
39
83

5.62231
5.31058
5.08099
4.91228
4.78851

14
54
59
49
39

-0.81198
-0. 81480
-0.81687
-0.81837
-0.81948

137
718
167
985
158

0.45410
0.38831
0.33200
0.28383
0.24262

32
56
75
23
75

0.83294
0.83012
0.82805
0.82655
0.82545

16
09
92
25
16

-1.14253
-1.06629
-0.98863
-0.90990
-0.83032

28
03
87
09
82

2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3

7.90239
7.96032
8.00265
8.03358
8.05618

07
11
32
32
01

4.69782
4.63142
4.58284
4.54731
4.52134

05
26
25
53
25

-0. 82028 636

-0.82087422
-0. 82130 361
-0.82161 725
-0.82184 634

0.20739
0.17726
0.15151
0.12949
0.11067

21
58
09
50
62

0.82464
0.82405
0.82363
0.82331
0.82308

72
96
03
67
77

-0.75011
-0.66941
-0.58833
-0.50697
-0.42540

58
39
87
92
32

3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

8.07268
8.08474
8.09355
8.09999
8.10469

80
69
57
01
00

4.50235
4.48848
4.47835
4.47094
4.46553

93
72
14
62
65

-0.82201
-0. 82213
-0. 82222
-0.82229
-0. 82233

0.09459
0.08084
0.06909
0.05904
0.05046

10
29
25
97
65

0.82292
0.82279
0.82270
0.82264
0.82259

04
82
89
37
61

-0.34366
-0.26179
-0.17984
-0.09781
-0.01572

33
91
06
10
75

3.9
4.0

8.10812 30
8.11063 05

4.46158 47
4.45869 80

-0. 82237 279

-0. 82239 820

0.04313 08
0.03686 13

0.82256 13
0.82253 59

00

8.11742 43

4.45087 59

-0. 82246 703

0.00000 00

0.82246 70

[(-:)3J

[(-:)8J

[(-l)IJ

[(-:)3]

a=O

368
590
517
038
800

[( -t)4J

50
00
94
41
26

1.57079
1.53091
1.49282
1.45647
1.42184

~2(i = r(w 2)(i

1. 35748 74

13
08
76
65
26

+0.06639 64
+0.14855 08
00

[(-:)3]

For a=l: g2= -4w4, 173=0, [ReI =0, gel =w2, ~2="'(2, ~2(i= - ...:2.
For a= 00: g2=11"4(12, g3=11"(216, [ReI = -11"2/12, gel =0, ~2=wll/12, ~2/i=00.
(w= 1.854074677 is the real half-period in the Lemniscatic case 18.14.)
For 4<a< 00, to obtain ~2 use Legendre's relation ~2=~~2-1I"i.
To obtain the corresponding values of tabulated quantities when the real half-period w2 .. 1,
6
2
l
mUltiply 172 by wz-\ 173 by wZ- , ei by wZ- and ~ by wZ-

683

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

INVARIANn; AND VALUES AT HALFPERIODS

,,=w2/ 1

(Non-Positive Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)

flI.u(w')
u(l)
uH)/'

Table 18.3

gu(w')

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1. 08

1. 18295
1.17091
1.15940
1.14841
1.13793

13
79
62
45
68

1.182951
1.219157
1.255842
1.292964
1. 330480

0.474949
0.475654
0.476433
0.477275
0.478169

0.474949
0.483826
0.492792
0.501851
0.511006

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1. 18

1. 12796
1. 11848
1.10948
1.10094
1. 09285

39
38
2.6
49
44

1.368342
1. 406502
1. 444910
1. 483513
1. 522257

O.479l07
0.480078
0.481014
0.482085
0.483104

0.520259
0.529611
0.539064
0.548616
0.558268

1. 20
1. 22
1.24
1.26
1.28

1.0851940
1.0779461
1.0710931
1. 06461 72
1. 05850 11

1.561089
1.599952
1.638790
1.677548
1.716167

0.484122
0.485132
0.486126
0.487098
0.488041

0.568019
0.577866
0.587809
0.597843
0.607%8

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

1.05272
1.04727
1.04214
1.03729
1.03272

1.754591

1. 830630
1.868133
1.905218

0.488949
0.489817
0.490639
0.491410
0.492126

0.618179
0.628474
0.638850
0.649302
0.659828

1. 40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

1.02842 64
1.0243726
1.02055 48
1. 01696 00
1.01357 57

1.941832
1.977922
2.013437
2.048327
2.082544

0.492183
0.493376
0.493902
0.494357
0.494739

0.670422
0.681082
0.69l804
0.702582
0.713414

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

1.01039
1.00739
1.00457
1.0019l
0.99942

05
28
23
88
27

2.116040
2.148771
2.180693
2.211766
2.241950

0.495045
0.495272
0.495418
0.495480
0.495458

0.724295
0.735221
0.746189
0.757192
O. 76a229

1.60
1.65
1.70
1.15
1.80

0.99707
0.99179
0.98727
0.98340
0.98008

51
98
79
36
56

2.271208
2.340071
2.402437
2.451895
2.506120

0.495348
0.494687
0.493456
0.491645
0.489246

0.779295
0.807059
0.834917
0.862.812.
0.890687

1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05

0.97724
0.91481
0.97273
0.97095
0.96943

49
36
30
31
05

2.546866
2.579972
2.605345
2.622973
2.632902

0.486255
0.482673
0.478503
0.473148
0.468417

0.9l8490
0.946170
0.973680
1.000975
1. 028011

2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30

0.96812
0.96701
0.96606
0.96524
0.96455

82
46
23
80
19

2.635245
2.630169
2.611892
2.598678
2.572828

0.462516
0.456054
0.449041
0.441488
0.433405

1.054750
1.081151
1.107179
1.132799
1.157918

2.4
2.5
2.6
2.1
2.8

0.96344
0.96264
0.96205
0.96162
0.96130

79
13
18
12
65

2.502604
2.410244
2.299090
2.172666
2.034544

0.415693
0.395997
0.374411
0.351055
0.326022

1.206881
1. 253647
1.298044
1.339858
1.378884

2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3

0.96107
0.96090
0.96078
0.96069
0.96063

67
89
62
67
12

1. 888235
1. 737097
1.584242
1.432486
1.284291

0.299435
0.271420
0.242114
0.211664
0.180224

1. 414929
1.447812
1.477367
1.503441
1.525899

3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

0.96058
0.96054
0.96052
0.96050
0.96049

34
86
31
44
08

1.141740
1.006520
0.879924
0.762869
0.655914

0.147962
0.115052
0.081678
O. 048028
+0.014297

1.544621
1.559512
1.570495
1.577518
1. 580552

3.9
4.0

0.96048 09
0.96047 37

0.559298
0.472982

-0.019318
-0.052618

1. 579595

00

0.96045 40

0.000000

0.000000

0.000000

l>~O

75
97
12
63
96

[(-:)9]

1. 792765

[<-:)3]

[( -44)2]

1.574671

[<-t)5]

1 w2 ";1 = [jJ 2+2W2) ~"I'

- "2=0.' (1) = -2fl1.e , "'~l 2+2
W2) =21 ("2+"2).
w,=2+2'
l
Fora=l: u(I)~e1l;4/w, u("'2)=,u(ll, u(w')=e7r1Se;7r/4/21/4w.
2
For 0= ~ : u(I)=2er /24 /1I", u(w2) =0, u(w') =0.
(w=1.85407 4677 is the real half-period in the Lemniscatic case 18.14.)
To obtain the corresponding values of tabulated quantities when the real half.period
w2;<1, mUltiply u by W2.

19. Itaraholic Cylinder Functions

J. C. P.

MILLER 1

Contents

. Page

Mathematical Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.1. The Parabolic Cylinder Functions, Introductory
d2y
The Equation dx 2- (ix 2+a)y=0

686
686

19.2 to 19.6. Power Series, Standard Solutions, Wronskian and

Other Helations, Integral Representations, Recurrence
Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.7 to 19.11. Asymptotic Expansions. . . . . .
19.12 to 19.15. Connections With Other Functions
d2y
The Equation dx 2 +(ix2 -a)y=0

686
689
' 691

19.16 to 19.19. Po~er Series, Standard Solutions, Wronskian and

Other Relations, Integral Representations
19.20 to 19.24. Asymptotic Expansions .
19.25. Connections With Other Functions .
19.26. Zeros . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.27. Bessel Functions of Order i, i as Parabolic Cylinder
Functions

692
693
695
696

. 697
; 697
. 697

Numerical Method" .
19.28. Use and Extension of the Tables
References

700

Table 19.1. U(a, x) and V(a, x)

a=0(.1)1(.5)tl; x=O(.1)5,

(OsxS5)

702

5S

Table 19.2. W(a, x)

(OSxS5).
a=O(.1)1(1)5; x=O(.1)5, 4-5D or S

712

Table 19.3. Auxiliary Functions

720

The author acknowledges permission from H.M. Stationery Office to draw freely ~rom
[19.111 the material in the introduction, and the tabular values of W(a, x) for a= -510)5,
x=O(.1)5. Other tables of W(a, x) and the tables of U(a, x) and Yea, x) were prepar~d on
EDSAC 2 at the University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge, England, using a prot ram
prepared by Miss Joan Walsh for solution of general second order linear homogeijeous
differential equations with quadratic polynomial coefficients. The auxiliary tables :were
prepared at the Computation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards.

1 The University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge, England.

contract with the National Bureau of Standards.)

(Prepared urder

685

19. Paraholic Cylinder Functions

Mathematical Properties
19.1. The Parabolic Cylinder Functions

19.2.1

Introductory

These are solutions of the differential equation

d2y
dx 2

19.1.1

+ (ax +bx+c)y=O
2

with two real and distinct standard forms

19.2.2

d y2 _ (.!x 2 +a)y=O
dx
4

19.1.2
19.1.3

The functions
19.].4
yea, x)

19.2.3
Y2=xe- iX2M(&a+t, !, tx2)

yea, -x)

y( -a, ix)

y(-a, -ix)

are all solutions either of 19.1.2 or of 19.1.3 if any

one is such a solution.
Replacement of a by -ia and x by xeli" converts
19.1.2 into 19.1.3. If yea, x) is a solution of 19.1.2,
then 19.1.3 has solutions:

=e- iX2 {x+(a+!)

~+(a+!)(a+t) ~+ .. .}

19.2.4

19.1.5 '
y( -ia, xe li .. )

y( -ia, -xeli,,)

y(ia, -xe-It?r)
Both variable x and the parameter a may take
on general complex values in this section and in
many subsequent sections. Practical applications
appear to be confined to real solutions of real equations; therefore attention is confined to such solutions, and, in general, formulas are given for the
two equations 19.1.2 and 19.1.3 independently.
The princi.pal computational consequence of the
remarks above is that reflection in the y-axis
produces an independent solution in almost all
cases (Hermite functions provide an exception),
so that tables may be confined either to positive
x or to a single solution of 19.1.2 or 19.1.3.

The Equation d2~_(! x2 +a) y=O

dx

these series being convergent for all values of x

(see chapter 13 for M(a, c, z)).
Alterna ti vely,
19.2.5

19.2.6

in which non-zero coefficients an of xn/n! are

connected by

19.2. Power Series in x

Even and odd solutions of 19.1.2 are given by

686

19.2.7

$87

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

19.3. Standard Solutions

19.4.4

These have been chosen to have the asymptotic

behavior exhibited in 19.8. The first is Whittaker's function [19.8, 19.9] in a more symmetrical
notation.
19.3.1

r(t-ta) cos 71'(t+ta)

, 21a-1
. .i7r
'I

4.-

Yl=2 S1ll7l'(t+ta)'Y1
=U(a, x)+U(a, +x)

19.4.5
r(li- 1a) sin 71'(1+1a)
4
2
-J1T2ta ~ 4 2 Y2= 2 cos 71' (3'4

U(a, x)=D_a-1(x)=cOs7l'(t+ta)'Y1

=U(a, x) -U(a, -:-x)

-sin7l'(t+ta)'Y2
19.4.6

19.3.2
V(a, x)

+2a Y

r(!~a)

.J2;U(-a, ix)=

{sin 71'(t+ta)'Y1
+cos 71'(t+ta)Yd

in which

r(l+a) {e-t,,(ia-ilU(a, x)+ei.-(!a-lJU(a, =Fix)}

19.4.7

-v 271'U(a,

x)=

19.5. Integral Representations

19.3.5

-{if

U'(a,O)=

A full treatment is given in [19.11] sectioili 4.

Representations are given here for U(a, z) ortIy;
others may be derived byuseof the relations giveh in
19.4.

21a- t r(t+!a)

19.3.6
V(a,O)

21a+l sin 71'(!-!a)

r(!-!a)

19.5.2

V'( 0)
a,

21a+l SI'n 71' (1_1)

a
4
2
r(i-!a)

In terms of the more familiar Dn(x) of Whittaker,

19.3.7

where a and fJ are the contours shown in Figqres

19.1 and 19.2.
I

When a+t is a positive integer these integtals

'
become indeterminate; in this case
1
1953 U(a z)=
e- tz2
. .
,
r(!+a)

19.3.8

fa>
0

e-z8-1828a~ld8'
I

V(a, x)=! r(l+a) {sin 71'a.D_ a _ t (x) +D_ a - t ( -;~)}

71'

19.4. Wronskian and Other Relations

S PLANE

PLAN
I

19.4.1

W{U,V}=-m;

19.4.2
71'V(a, x)=r(i+a) {sin7l'a.U(a, x)+U(a, -x)}

19.4.3
r(~+a)U(a, x) =71'

sec' 71'a{V(a, -x)

-sin 71'aV(a, x) }

FIGURE

19.1

FIGURE

19.2

688

P ARABQLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

19.5.9
U(a, z)

ir(t-ia)
a

19.5.5

2i +f7l'

e-(a-il .. eiz,

19.5.6
where
19.4.

..fiiri

E, E3

and

E4

eZS+!8' s-a-!ds

are shown in Figures 19.3 and

19.3

FIGURE

-i ..<arg 8<! ..

19.4

i ..<arg 8<i"
On'4 -;1I'<arg 8<-t.-

The contour ~I is such that (tz 2 +v) goes from

coe-t.. to coe l .. while v=tz2 is not encircled;
(lz2- v )-!a-1 has its principal value except possibly in the immediate neighborhood of the
branch-point when encirclement is being avoided.
Likewise 711 is such that (lz2_ V) goes from coe l "
to co e- l .. while encirclement of V= _!z2 is simi~
larly avoided. The contours (rl) and (711) may be
obtained from rl and 711 by use of the substitution
v=tz2t.
The expressions 19.5.7 and 19.5.8 become indeterminate when a=j-, t, Jj, ... ; for these values
19.5.11

On "

U(a, z)

19.5.7

U(a, z)

r(!-i~)
2iaH7I"1

lze-lzOt(l+t)-ia-i(l-t)ia-ldt

'4

S PLANE

FIGURE

J (~Il 2'

r
J

etz2t(1+t)ia-t(1-t)-la-tdt

(til

=-;-:,--;-...---;-

r(t+!a)

Ze- h2

fa> e-. s!a -1 (Z2 +2s) -!a -Ids

0

Again 19.5.9 and 19.5.10 become indeterminate

when a=t, i, }, ... ; for these values
19.5.12

19.5.8

Barnes-Type Integrals

-a-!fh! r(s)r(i+a-28) ( m2~)2'.J5 13 U(a, Z) =e-ix2

19.
271"i Z
-a>l
r(i+a)
'V~'" I.W5
where the contour separates the zeros of res) from those of r(a+!-2s).
h2
.

19.5.14 V(a, z)= ./~ e

'171" 211'~

Similarly

za-ifh r(8)r(i-a-28) (.J2Z)2' cos 811' d8

-a>t

rei-a)

19.6. Recurrence Relations

19.6.1 U' (a, x)+ixU(a, x)+(a+!)U(a+l,x)=O

19.6.2 U'(a,x)-ixU(a,x)+U(a-l,x)=O

(\arg

z\<i1l')

19.6.7

2V'(a, x)- V(a+l, x)-(a-i)V(a-l, x)=O

19.6.8

19.6.3 2U'(a,x)+U(a-l, x)+(a+i)U(a+l, x)=O

19.6.4 xU(a,x)-U(a-l, x)+(a+i)U(a+l, x)=O
These are also satisfied by r(t-a)V(a, x).

xV(a,x)- V(a+l, x)+(a-t)V(a-l,x)=O

These are also satisfied by U(a, x)/r(i-a)

19.6.5 V'(a, x)-ixV(a, x)- (a-i)V(a-l, x)=O

19.6.9 y;(a, x) +lX1I1 (a, x)= (a+i)Y2(a+l, x)

19.6.6 V'(a,x)+ixV(a,x)- V(a+l,x)=O

19.6.10 y;(a, X)-iXYl(a, x)= (a-!)Y2(a-l, x)

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

19.6.11

y;(a, x)

19.6.12

y~(a,

+!XY2(a, X) =YI (a+ 1, x)

1689

sense of Watson [19.6)' although valid for a tider

range of larg xl in Poincare's sensei the sepond
series is completely valid only for x real and positive.

X)-!xY2(a, x)=y,(a-I, x)

Asymptotic Expansions
19.7. Expressions in Terms of Airy Func1tions

19.9. Expansions for a Large With x Mod1rate

(i) a positive

When a is large and negative, write, for

o~x< co
19.7.1

When a> >x2, with p={a, then

19.9.1

U(a, x)

19.9.2

U(a,-x)

..J7r

2! aH r(i+!a) exp (-PX+VI)

r=-(!11 3)i

~-U.vI-~2 (~~ 1)

113=t.Cb-S2ds=t arccos

19.7.2
r=

112=t.r.vS2-Ids=t~.ve-I-t arccosh

Then for
19.7.3
U(a, x)

x~ 0, a--'>-

",2-

i -la p

VI,

V2'"

'H!x) 3

(!X)2

=F2]J- (2p)2=F

!x- ~(!X)5
(2)3

2 (tX)4 (!X)3_t(!x)1
+ (2p)4
(2p) 5

~ (.;~ 1)

+ ...

(a--'>+ co)
CX)

(t-ta) (e~

The upper sign gives the first function, and the

lower sign the second function.

I)i- Ai(t)

(ii) a negative

19.7.4

..J7r

2!aH r<i+!a) exp (PX+V2) .

where
19.9.3

+(!112)f

When

(t-a) V(a, x) ",2-i -!ar

(t-ta) (e~I)i-Bj(t)

-a> >X2, with p=..J-a, then

19.9.4
U(a, x) +ir (t-a) . V(a, x)

as a function of ~.
See [19.5] for further developments.

Table 19.3 gives

19.8. Expansions for x Large and a Moderate

When xlal
19.8.1
U(a, x) "'e-ix2x-a-!

where
19.9.5

{I

(a+t) (a+!)
2X2

+(a+t)(a+!)(a+i)(a+f)
4

... }

5
(.!x) 3 +2.!x+ 1.5 (.!x)
16 ('!X)3- 4 (.!x) 7
2
+'- 2
'r 2
_.
3
t'" -~
(2p)
(2p) 5
2

'3 2

(a--'> +-

24x

19.8.2
V(a x) '"

CX) )

Further expansions of a similar type willI be

found in [19.11].

{I +(a-i)2x(a-!)
-Vl~eix2xa-l
7r

19.10. Darwin's Expansions

+ (a-t)(a-!)(a-t)(a-f)
2 4x4

+ ... }

These expansions form the basis for the choice of

standard solutions in 19.3. The former is valid
for complex x, with larg xl<~, in the complete

(i) a positive, x2+4a large.

19.10.1

Write

X=.vx2+4a

fX
x+X
8=4al1 l (x/2{a)=t Jo Xdx=i-xX+a In 2-J7i

=~ .vx2+4a+a arcsin~ 2.ra

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

690
(see Table 19.3 for

111), then

19.10.11

(271') 1/4

V(a, x)=

-J

19.10.2

U(a, x)

19.10.3

U(a, -x)

exp {-8+v(a, x) }

ra+a)
-J

(211') 1/4
r(~+a)

exp

{8+v(a, -x)}

where

where
19.10.4
v(a, x)"'-tln

X+~
8=1

(-I)Sd 3s /X38

In each case the coefficients d3r are given by

and d3 is given by 19.10.13.
(ii) a negative, x2 +4a large and positive. Write

19.10.13

19.10.5

8=4IaI112(x/2-JraI)=t rx _

J2-v[a[

Xdx=txX +a In

x2~1
XI
-v a
x

=tx-Jx2-4Ial +a arccosh 2 r.;;

-vIal

(see Table 19.3 for 112 ), then

19.10.6 U(a, x)

-Jr(!-a)
(271')1/4

exp {-8+v(a, x)

See [19.11] for d15 ,

alternative form.

19.10.7

d24 , and [19.5] for an

V(a, x)

19.11. Modulus and Phase

where again

When a is negative and Ixl<2-JJ"iiI the functions U and V are oscillatory and it is sometimes
convenient to write

19.10.8
v(a, x) '" -t In X

+~ (-1)Sd 38/X3S
8=1

and d3s is given by 19.10.13.

(iii) a large and negative and x moderate. Write

19.11.1

U(a, x)+ir(!-a)V(a, x)=F(a, x)eiX(a,x)

19.11.2

U'(a, x)+ir(!-a)V'(a, x)=-G(a, x)ei.y(a,x)

Then, when a<O and

tal> >X2,

19.11.3
19.10.9

Y=-J4Ial-x 2

r(t-ta)
2iaH.J7T e

r,

8=4IaI114 (x/2-Jlal)
=t rx Y dx=txY +Ial arcsin 2-~~
Jo

19.10.10

-vIal

where vr , Vi are given by 19.9.5 and p=..j-a.

Alternatively, withp=-J[aI, and again -a> >X2,

691

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

19.12.2

19.11.5
tx6_~x2

(4p)6

..

19.12.3
U(a, x)

19.11.6

19.12.4
U(a, x)=2-i-!ae-iX2UC!a+i,!, !X2)

19.11.7

=2- t -!axe - i x2U(ta+l, t, !X2)

Again, when x +4a is large and negative, with

Y=-J4!a!-x 2, then

19.11.8

Expressions for V(a, x) may be obtained from

these by use of 19.4.2.

19.13. Connection With Hermite PolynOlpials

and Functions
When n is a non-negative integer

where 0, V and
19.10.12.
Another form is
T

Vt

are given by 19.10.9 and

19.13.2

19.11.9
F",2-J r (!-a)
(21l')i~Y

(1+~+5a+
4Y4

V(n+t, x) = -y'2/1retx2He:(x)=2-!netx2H~(xN2)

+ )
32Ys ...
621

(x 2 +4a---7- CX
19.11.10

G",

19.13.1

in which Hn(x) and Hen (x) are Hermite !polynomials (see chapter 22) while

19.13.3

{y -y'r(!-a) (
(211')i

5
7a 835
)
1- 4Y4-Y6-32YS- ...
(x 2

while if; and

+4a---7 -

CX) )

are connected by

This gives one elementary solution to 19.1.2 whenever 2a is an odd integer, positive or negative.

19.11.11
1

X (

if;-X"-'-"2"ll'-ys

He~(x)=e-!X2 :t;n e!x2 =(-i)nHe n(ix)

47 214a 14483
')
1+ 6P + 3P + 40YS + .. "

(x 2 +4a---7'- co )

Connections ~"ith Other Functions

19.14. Connection With Probability Integrals

and Dawson's Integral (see chapter 7)

If, as in [19.10]
19.14.1

19.12. Connection With Confluent Hypel'geometric Functions (see chapter 13)

19.14.2

19.12.1

Hhn(x) =

Ix'" Hh

n _ 1 (t)dt=(1/n!)

Ix'" (t-x)n e

-!

t2

dt

(n~O)

then

19.14.3

(n~,-I)

692

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

19.15.14

Correspondingly

V(-I,

x)=(!x)~(A+A)

19.14.4

19.15.15 V(-2, x)=H!x)!(2J1+3A-f{)

and

19.15.16
V( -3, x)=i Htx)'(5.A+9,A-5yt-fi )
19.15.17

U(-!, x)=.v2/7r(tx)K!

19.15.18

U(--i, x)=.J2i;(tx)22K!

19.15.19 U(-t, x)={2f;r(!x)3(5KI,-K~)

Here V( -t,
integral

x)

IS

closely related to Dawson's

IX e dt
t2

These relations give a second solution of 19.1.2

whenever 2a is an odd integer, and a second solution is unobtainable from U(a, x) by reflection in
the y-axis.

19.15.20

V(j, x)= (!x) (I! +1 _1)

19.15.21

V(-!, x)=(tx)2(2l!+2L!)

The Equation d y2
dx

+(!4 x-a) y=o

2

19.16. Power Series in x

19.15. Explicit ForInula in TerIns of Bessel
Functions When 2a Is an Integer

19.15.1

Even and odd solutions are given by 19.2.1 to

19.2.4 with -ia written for a and xe 1i .. for x;
the series involves complex quantities in which the
imaginary part of the sum vanishes identically.
Alternatively,

19.15.2

19.16.1

where the argument of all modified Bessel functions is lx2 Then

-1+ a ~+(
~+( a3_72 a) x6!
Yl2! a2_.1.)
2 4!

Write

U(1, x) = 27r-! (tx) l (-K1+K1)

19.15.3

19.15.4 U(2, x)=2. i7r- t (!x)!(2Kl -3K1+Kt )

10

+(a4 -11a 2+) ~+(a5-25a3+~) ~O!+ ...

19.16.2

19.15.5
U(3, x)=2.

i i'7I'.-t(!x)'(-5K1+9Kt -5Ki +Ki )

19.15.6

Vel, x)=H!x)'(J1-A)

19.15.7

V(2, x)=H!x)t(2A-3A+.A)

in which non-zero coefficients an of xn/n! are

connected by

19.15.8 V(3, x)=H!xF(5J1-9A+5A-Ji)

19.16.3
19.15.9

U(O, x)=7r-!(!x)!K1

19.15.10

U(-I, x)=7r-!(!x)"(K1+Kl)

19.15.11

19.17. Standard Solutions (see [1904])

19.17.1

19.15.12

19.17.2

W(a,x)

(cosh 7I"a)l
2-J7r

U ( - 2, x) =7r-! (!x)!(2K1+3Kt - K.t)

U( -3, x)=7r-!(!x)f(5Kt+9Ki-5Kt-K~)

where

V(O, x)=H!x)lJ1

19.17.3

19.15.13

=2-

3 4
/

G1=lrCl+!ia)1

In

(G 1Yl':f-V 2G 3Y2)

(~~: Yl':f~2~3 Y2)

693

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

19.20.1

At x=O,
1 Ir(l+tia) I!

19.17.4 W(a,O)=21

r=-(!~3)i

{(h

r(i+tia) =21 "V7h

19.17.5

W'(

)j! =-211 "V/GG

1I

r (!+t ia
)
a, 0 =-21 ra+tia)

19.20.2

r=+(!~2)j

Complex Solutions

19.17.6

f t1Z=tJI -Vs2 - 1ds =H-ve-l--i arccosh ~

E(a, x)=k-lW(a, x)+iklW(a, -x)

19.17.7 E*(a, x)=k-!W(a, x)-iklW(a, -x)

Then for x>O,

where

a~+

(~~ 1)

CX)

19.20.3

19.17.8 k=-v1+ez"a_e"a

W(a, x) ",.y;:( 4a) -le-, ..a (e~

1/1(=-V1+ez"a+e"a

In terms of U(a, x) of 19.3,

1)1 B i( -t~

19.20.4

with

19.17.10

Table 19.3 gives r as a function of

[19.5] for further developments.

P2=arg r(t+ia)

where the branch is defined by P2=O when a=O

and by continuity elsewhere.
Also

19.17.11

19.21. Expansions for

~.,

See

Large and a Moderate

When x> >Ial,

-V211U (ia, xe-tt.)=r(t-ia) {et"a-tt."U( -ia, xett.")

+e-j"a+li"U( -ia,-xe li ")}

19.21.1

19.18. Wronskian and Other Relatiom,

19.18.1
19.18.2
19.18.3
19.18.4

19.21.2

W{W(a,x), W(a,-x)} =1

W(a, x) = -V2k/x {8 1 (a, x) cos (lx 2-a In x+l'n+:tpz)

W{E(a, x), E*(a, x)} =-2i

-s2(a, x) sin (tx2-a In x+t1!'+W,)}

-V1+e2"aE(a, x)=e"aE*(a, x) +iE*(a,-x)

19.21.3

W(a,-x)=-v2/kx{81(a, x) sin (lx2-a In x+lll+tP2)

E*(a, x) =e-iC<I>,+l>rlE( -a, ix)

+s2(a, x) cos (lxZ-a In x+i1!'+~P2)}

19.18.5

where Pz is defined by 19.17.10 and

-vrG+ia)E*(a, x)=e-li"-vr(t-ia)E( -a, i.x)

19.19. Integral Representations

19.21.4

These are covered for 19.1.3 as well as for

19.1.2 in 19.5 (general complex argument).

19.21.5

Asymptotic Expansions

19.21.6

19.20. Expressions in Terms of Airy Functions

When a is large and positive, write, for

t=(4a)lr

~:2<

U2

V4

U6

Vg

8z(a, x) ""-1!2x2-2!22X4+3!23X6+ 4!24xS- . , .

CX)

with

(x~+

CX

694
19.21.7
or

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

(see Table 19.3 for 112), then

Ur+ivr=r(r+i+ia)jr(i+ia)
a>

19.21.8 sea, x) '" ~ (-~)'

19.23.2

r(2r+!+ia) 1
r(!+ia) 2rr!x2r

W(a, x) = {2ke or cos (t-n+8+vt)

19.23.3 W(a, -x) = Me or sin (t-n+8+vt)

19.22. Expansions for a Large With x Moderate

where

(i) a positive
19.23.4

When a> >X2, with p=../7i, then

19.22.1

W(a, x)= W(a, 0) exp (-PX+VI)

19.22.2

W(a,-x)= W(a, 0) exp (PX+V2)

vr"'-~-ln X- -*6+
ds dg dl5
vt"-'-xs+xg- X l 5

ti2- ...

and dsr is given by 19.23.12.

where W(a, 0) is given by 19.17.4, and

(ii) a positive, 4a-x2> >0

19.22.3

Write
19.23.5

Y=.J4a-x 2
=t

Y dx=txY +a arcsin

x
r:
2-ya

The upper sign gives the first function, and the

lower sign the second function.
(ii) a negative
When -ax2, withp=-v-a, then
19.22.4
W(a, x)+iW(a, -x)
=.J2W(a,O) exp {v r +i(px+l7r+v i )}

where W(a, 0) is given by

1~.17.4,

and

(~)S

19.23.8

ds Y6+Y
d6 d99 +
(
va,
x) "-'-21 In Y +ys

co )

Write

(~)5

19.23.9

19.23.1

8=4aI1 2 (x/2..ja) =t

where

(iii) a negative, x2 -4a> >0

co)

Further expansions of a similar type will be found

in [19.3].
19.23. Darwin's Expansions
(i) a positive, x2-4a> >0
Write

4a

W(a, -x)=exp{8+v(a, -x)}

+ ...
(a~-

X=.JX2

19.23.7

and dsr is again given by 19.23.12.

2(1XP tx+Htx) 5 (tX)s++(tx)1

~_w~

W(a, x) =exp { -8+v(a, x) }

(x2-4a~-

19.22.5

(tx) 2 2 (tx) 4 9(tX)2+ (tX)6

Vr'" - (2p) 2
(2p)4
(2p) 6

19.23.6

fX _Xdx

8=4Iall1 l (x/2.J[a[)=t

IX Xdx

x+x
=txX-a In 2-vra1
=tx.Jx2+4Ial- a arcsinh 2 ;
vial
(see Table 19.3 for 111) then
19.23.10 W(a, x) = .J2keOr cos (t?r+8+vt)

J2.ya
x+X
=txX-a In 2..ja

19.23.1l

=tx.Jx2-4a-a arccosh ~
2..ja

where Vr a.nd v, are again given by 19.23.4.

each case the coefficients dsr are given by

W(a, -x) = .J2/keOr sin

(t?r+ 9+ Vi)
In

1695

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

19.24.8

19.23.12

1 (
X2
tx4+8
F", -Jp 1-(4p)2+ (4p)4

19.24.9

',' .)
I

... ~
See [19.11] for d 15 ,
ternative form.

d24 , and [19.5] for an al, ..

19.24. Modulus and Phase

When a is positive, the function W(a,:1) is

oscillatory when x< -2.,fii and when x>2-Ja;
when a is negative, the function is oscillatory for
all x. In such cases it is sometimes convenient
to write

=.vX2+t /a \,

Again, when a<O, x2-4aO, with X

then
F",.y2e v ,

19.24.12

x=17l"+0+v i

where 0, Dr and Vi are given by 19.23.4 and 19.2~.9.

Another form also when a>O, x2-4a~CX) isl

19.24.1

k-iW(a, x) +ik!W(a,-x)=E(a, x)=Fe 1x

(x>o)

19.24.13
F",

19.24.2

I~ (1-~5a_ 621 1371a _

-V X
4X4 X +32X + 4X
6

k- i dW(a, x) +iki dW(a,-x)

dx
dx

E'(a, X)=-Gl!i>/l
(x>o)

Then, when X2> >/a/,

2

-3+30a -47a+
-VI~x (1+!+lOa
X2
4X4
4X
3

IO

.,

'J

19.24.14

IX

G"'-V-Z
while if; and

19.24.3
F",

(
X

5
7a 835 1729a
1+4X4+X6 -32X8 - 4Xlo+"

'Y

are connected by

'I

19.24.4
19.25. Connections With Other Functionr
Connection With Confluent Hypergeometric and B1ssel
Functions

19.24.5

(1-!6a -5 _14a -63a

-V 2
X2
4X4
4X

G", I~

..

.)

19.25.1
W(a, x)=2-! {

~2~3 xH ( -i-, ta, i-x~) }

19.24.6
2
3
if;",lx2-a In x+-w> _17l"+4a +5+4a +29a+
"4
2"4
8X2
8x4
...

where cf>2 is defined by 19.17.10.

When a<O, /a/> >X2
19.24.7

F",.y2W(a, O)e"r

where Vr is given by 19.22.5 with p=-J-a. Also

~~: H(-i' ta, i-x2)

where
19.25.2
I
H(m, n, x)=e- tz I F I (m+l-in; 2m+2; 2ix)!
19.25.3

=e- tz M(m+l-in, 2m+2, 2ix)

19.25.4
W(O, x)=2-h/7l"x{J_t(lx 2) Jt(tx2)}

696

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

19.25.5

W(O, x)=-2-tx.y'1i=X{Jt(lx2)J_i(!X2)}

integer for W(a, x) or its derivative, or an even

integer for W(a, -x) or its derivative, the zeros
e, e' have expansions

(x~O)

19.26. Zeros
Zeros of solutions V(a, x), V(a, x) of 19.1.2 occur
only for Ixl<2-J-a when a is negative. A single
exceptional zerO is possible, for any a, in the general solution; neither V(a, x) nor V(a, x) has such
a zero for x>O.
Approximations may be obtained by reverting
the series for if; (or X for zeros of derivatives) in
19.11, giving if; (or x) values that are multiples of
!11', odd multiples for V(a, x), even multiples for
V(a, x). Writing
a=(!r-la-t)lI'

as an approximation to a zero of the function, or

When x is large and a moderate, we may solve

inversely the series 19.24.4 or 19.24.6 with
a=! (rll'-!1I'-<t>2) , ~=! (rll'+!1I'-<t>2)' r odd or even
as above; the presence of the logarithm makes it
inconvenient to revert formally.
The expansions 19.26.4 and 19.26.5 fail when x
is in the neighborhood of 2~. When a is
positive, a zero c of W(a,-x) is obtained approximately by solving

~=(!r-!a+!)lI'

19.26.6
as an approximation to a zero of the derivative,
we obtain for the corresponding zero e or e', with
-a=p2 the expressions

(-an)!

j-

t12=!the-l-arccosh~} =~

e=2-Ja~

(a> >0)

with the aid of Table 19.3. For a zero of W(a, x)

we replace an by bn When a is negative we solve,
again with the aid of Table 19.3,
These expansions, however, are of little value
in the neighborhood of the turning point x=2-J-a.
Here first approximations may be obtained by
use of the formulas of 19.7. If an (negative) is a
zero of Ai(t), the corresponding zero e of U(a, x)
is obtained approximately by solving
19.26.3
".------;:2

t1a=Harccos ~-hl-e}=

(-

a )!

61al

e=2.yfa1~

(aO)

This may be done by inverse use of Table 19.3.

For a zero or V(a, x), an must be replaced by bn ,
a zero of Bi(t). For further developments see

19.26.7
t11=H~.ve+l+arcsinh ~}

(n-t)lI'

41al
e=2-vfal~

where n= 1, 2, 3, . . . for an approximate zero

of W(a, -x), and n=t, -j, i, ... for an approximat() zero of W(a, x). Further developments are
given in [19.5].
Any of the approximations to zeros obtained
above may readily be impi'oved as follows:
Let e be a zero of y, and e' a zero of y', where y
is a solution of
y"-ly=O

[19.5].

19.26.8

Zeros of solutions W(a, x), W(a, -x) of 19.1.3

occur for !xl>2.ya when a is positive; the general
solution may, however, have a single zero between
-2-Jo, and +2.ya. If a is negative, zeros are
unrestricted in range.
Approximations may be obtained by reverting
the series for if; (or x) in 19.24. With -a=p2,
a=(!r-i)lI', jS=(!r+i)lI', r~O being an odd

Here l=aix2 , 1'= !x, 1"= !; the method is

general and the following formulae may be used
whenever 1'''=0. Then if 'Y, 'Y' are approximations to the zeros e, e' and
19.26.9 U=Y('Y)/y' h)

v=y' ('Y') /J2y('Y')

with 1 =/('Y) or 1 =/('Y') respectively, then

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

19.26.10

e"''Y- u -tlu3+-hI'u4
-(-hI" +V2)U5 +H-II'u6 + .
19.26.11

y'(e) "'Y'('Y) {1-!Iu 2+ltl'u3

- (fiI" +tI2)u4 +';oII' u5 + . .. }
19.26.12

e' "''''I' - Iv-!II'v2+ (!I2 I" -!II'2-tl4 )v3

+(-hI2J'I" -!pJ1'3--hI4J')v4+

2t
19.27.1 J1(ix2) = .J1rX {W(O, -x) =r=W(O, x)}

-2
,
19.27.2 J!(ix2) = x.J1i"X {W(O, x) W(O, -x)}!

Functions of other orders may be obtaine~ by

use of the recurrence relation 10.1.22, which fere
becomes

19.27.3 ix 2J.+ 1(ix 2) -2vJ.({-X2) +ix2J._ 1(ix 2)1=0

Again

19.26.13

y(e') "'y('Y') {1-V3~--lJ3 I'v3

- (tJ3I'2-fiI4J" +tl6 )v4 +

19.27.4

... }

Ll(ix2)+ h(ix2)=Jx V (0, x)

19.27.5

~ Kt(ix 2 )=Ll(ix2 )-liCtx2 )=

The process can be repeated, if necessary, uBing

as many terms at any stage as seems convenient.
Note the relations, holding at zeros,

;2 U(O, x)

~~x

U' (a, c)= - -J2i;.(V(a, e)

19.26.14
19.26.15

V' (a, e') =.J2!;r/U(a, e')

19.27.7

19.26.16

W'(a, e)=-l/W(a, -e)

.J2 Kl(ix 2 ) =1 _!Cix 2 ) ~

19.26.17
W(a, e')=l/

{~W(a,
dx

-X)}

x-c'

=-l/W'(a, --e')

19.27. Bessel Functions of Order

1, !

as

Parabolic Cylinder Functions

Most applications of these functions refer to

cases where parabolic cylinder functions would be
more appropriate. We have

II (ix 2 )
4 d
=-x{iX dx U(~, x)

As before, Bessel functions of other orders ma~ be

obtained by use of the recurrence relation 10.21.23,
which here becomes

19.27.8 ix21'+1 (ix 2) +2vI.(ix2) -ix2 I'_I (tx 2) =~

19.27.9 ix 2K'+1(ix 2) -2vK.(ix2 ) -ix2K._ 1(ix 2) 1=

Numerical Methods
19.28. Use and Extension of the Tables
For U(a, x), V(a, x) and W(a, x), interpolation
x-wise may be carried out to 5-figure accuracy
almost everywhere by using 5-point or 6-point
Lagrangian interpolation. For la ~ 1, comparable accuracy a-wise may be obtained with 5- or
6-point interpolation.
For la I> 1, U(a, x) and V(a, x) may be obtained
by use of recurrence relations from two values,
possibly obtained by interpolation, with la :~ 1;
such a procedure is not available for W(a,. :J:x) ,
lal> 1.
In cases where straightforward use of the a-wise
recurrence relation results in loss of accuracy by
cancellation of leading digits, it may be worth
while to remark that greater accuracy is usu:!lJly
attainable by use of the recurrence relation in the
1

reverse direction, from arbitrary starting vjues

(often 1 and 0) for two values of a some hat
beyond the last value desired. This is because the
recurrence relation is a second order homogen~ous
linear difference equation, and has two i dependent solutions. Loss of accuracy by cane llation occurs when the solution desired is diminis ing
as a varies, while the companion solution isi increasing. By reversing the direction of prog ess
in a, the roles of the two solutions are in erchanged, and the contribution of the desired s lution now increases, while the unwanted solu ion
diminishes to the point of negligibility. By st rting sufficiently beyond the last value of a for w ich
the function is desired, we can ensure that the
unwanted solution is negligible hut, because the
starting values were arbitrary, we have an ~n-

698

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

known multiple of the solution desired. The computation is then carried back until a value of a
with la lSI is leached, whiln the precise multiple
that we have of the dasired solution may be determined and hence removed throughout. Compare
also 9.12, Example 1.

relations 19.6.1-2. If less accuracy is needed they

can be found by use of mean central differences of
U(a,:t), V(a, x) and also of W(a, x) with the formula

ExaInple 1. Evaluate U(a, 5) for a=5, 6, 7,

. , using 19.6.4.

using h=.l; this usually gives a 3- or 4-figure

value of du/dx .
If greater accuracy is needed for dW(a, x)/dx it
may be obtained by evaluating d2W/dx2 with the
help of the diffelential equation satisfied by W
and integrating this second derivative numerically.
This requires one accurate value of dW/dx to
start off the integration; we describe two methods
for obtaining this, both making use of the difference between two fairly widely separated values
of W, for example, separated by 5 or 10 tabular
intervals.

(a+!) U(a+ 1, x) +x U(a, x) - U(a-l, x) =0

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Forward
Recurrence
( -6)
5. 2847*
( -7)
9. 172*
( -7)
1. 5527
( -8)
2. 5609
(-9)
4. 1885
( -10) 6. 2220
( - 10) 1. 2676
("-11) -0. 1221
(-l1H 1. 2654
(-12) -5.6079
(-12H3.2555

Backward
Recurrence
(12)
(11)
(10)
(9)
(9)
(8)
(7)
(6)
(0)

1. 59035
2. 76028
4.67131
7.72041
1. 24785
1. 97488
3. 06369
4. 66352
697082
102444
14789
2111
292
42
5
1+
0+

Final Values

(-6)
(-7)
(-7)
( -8)
( -9)
(-10)
(-10)
( - 11)
(-12)
(-13)
(-14)
(-15)
(-16)

5. 2847**
9. 1724
1. 55227
2. 5655
4. 1466
6. 5625
1. 01806
1. 5497
2. 3164
3.404
4. 91
7.01
9.7

du =p.5u-'6p.5
1 3 + 1 ~5
hU ' = h dx
u iiiJl.u u- ...

(i) Write j" j~, j~' for W(a, xo+rh) and its
first two derivatives, then j~ may be found from

h2 n-l
(j,,-j -")-2- ~ (n-r)(j~/-j'.:.,)
n
n 1

1
hj~=-2

- ;: {-fi-rto 52+UlI80 54 -

*From tables.
+Starting values.
**This value was used to obtain the constant multiplier
d
(-6)5.2847
k* (12) 1.59035 (-18)3.32298 for converting the previous column into this one.

The second column shows forward recurrence

starting with values at a=3,4 from Table 19.1.
Backward recurrence starts with values and 1
at a=19 and 18, containing a multiple kU(a, 5)
and a subsequently negligible multiple of the other
solution r(!-a) V(a, 5). Rounding errors convert kU(a, x) into k*U(a, x) w1ihout affecting the
values in the last column. The value of l/k* is
identified from the known value of U(3,5), and
used to obtain the final column by multiplying
throughout by l/k*. The improvement in U(5, 5)
is evident by comparison with Table 19.1.
Derivatives. These are not tabulated here.
Since the functions U(a, x), V(a, x) and W(a, x)
satisfy differential equations, values of derivatives
are often required.
For all these functions the equation is second
order with first derivative absent, so that second
derivatives may be readily obtained from function
values by use of the differential equation.
First derivatives can be obtained for U(a, x) and
V(a, x) by applying the appropriate recurrence

... } (j~' -j'.:.,,)

-h2 {-hp.5-&p.5 3 +rtlhp.5 5 -

}j~'

(ii) Consider a solution y of the differential

equation for W(a, x), namely y"=(-lx2 +a)y.
If we are given values y and y' at a particular
X=Xo and write T,,=H"y(")/n!, T_ 1 =T_ 2 =0, then
we may compute n, Ta, T4 , in succession by
use of the recurrence relation obtained from the
differential equation,

H2

(n+ 1)(n+2) [( -t ro+a)T" -tHxoT,,-l

-lH2T,,_21
These are computed, to a fixed number of decimals
until they become negligible, thus giving
y(3:0H)=ToT1+T2 Ts+ . . .

This may be applied, with H =rh, h being the

tabular interval, and r a small integer, say r=5,
to the solutions y=Yll Y=Y2 having
Yl (:110) = W(a, :1'0)

Y; (xo) =

Y2(3:0) =0

y;(xo) =1

W*' (a, xo)

in which W*'(a, xo) is an approximation to

W'(a, xo), not necessarily a good one; it may be

699

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

obtained from differences, for example.

obtain YI(XOH) and Y2(XoH).
Now suppose

We thus

W'(a, xo)= W*'(a, xo)+X

Yl(1)=W(-3,1)=-.61113
to 5 decimfjls
y;(1)=-.745
to about 3 decimals

then, for all x

W(a, x) =Yl (x)

Thus W'(-3, 1)=-.74453. This might hav~ an

error up to about 1! units in the last figure bqt is,
in fact, COlTect to 5 decimals.
(ii) Using the second method, with

+XY2(X)

the following values result, with H=.5,

and in particular
W(a, xoH) =YI(XOH) +XY2(XOH)

Yl

The values of W(a, xoH) may be read from the

tables and two independent estimates of X obtained, whence
W'(a, xo)= W*'(a, xo)+X

Example 2. Evaluate W'(-3, 1) using r=5.

From Table 19.2

W(-3,1)=-.6111:3

W(-3,

1.5)=-.6~1502

(i) Using the first method

x

W(-3,x) W"(-3, x)

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

4 +0.07298 -0.22186
5 -.05857 +. 17937
6 -.18832
. 58191
7 -.31226
.97503
8 -.42646
1. 34761

82

,\

+131

-.52722

1. 68842

1.0

-.61113

1. 98617

1. 1

-.67522

2. 22991

1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

-.71706
-.73488
-.72761
-.69502
-.63774

2.40932
2. 51513
2. 53936
2.47601
2. 32137

29775

24374

- 1032

1095

17941

+ .24827 2
5680 9
1407 4

.0000
677
26

279 3
13 4

T5

Te

T7
Ts

5 4
5
y(1.5) - .695223
y(.5) - .058363

Example 3.
U( -3, x).

+
+

24
2

+.4323
-.4371

At x=1.5
x- .695223 + .4~23X
=-.69502
X= .000203/.43213
=.000470
So W'(-3, 1)
=-.745+X
=-.744530
At x=.5
-.058363-.4371X
=-.05857
X= .000207/.43~1
=.000474
So W/( -3, 1)
=-.745 +X
=-.744526
cOlTec~

to

Evaluate the positive zerO' of

We use 19.7.3 to obtain a first approximat~on,

see 19.26.3. The appropriate zero of Ai(t) is ~t

t= (4Ial)lr = -2.338
whence
-9129

The fifth decimal in W"( -3, x) is only a guard

figure which is hardly needed. Only the diJferences needed have been computed.
Then
-hW'(-3, 1)
1

=-h(-.69502+.05857)-1000 (10.38874)

-10~0 {

.0000
+.5000

Thus W'(-3, 1)=-.74453 which is

5 decimals.

34081
O. 9

T2
T4

to a suitable accuracy.

W(-3, .5)=-.05857

.61113
.37250

Ta

W(-3, X)=Yl+}.Y2

Y2

To
Tl

r= -

(2.338) X (12)-1= -.4461

Hence, from Table 19.3, ~= .3990 and the apprbximate zero is x=2~raT~=1.382.
We improve this by using 19.26.10, but takej for
convenience, X= 1.4 as an approximation, so that
the value of U can be read directly from the taBles.
U/ can be obtained as in the section follo~ng
Example 1.

We find

-h (2.29664)-2!0 (-.09260) }

-1~0 {2~ (.54149)-1!!0 (-.02127) }

= - .0636450- .0103887 - .0001918- .00022j'2
=-.0744527

U(-3, 1.4)=.02627

U'(-3, 1.4)=2.06317

Then 19.26.9 gives

U= U/U'=.012730

1=-2.51
1'=.7

and

1"!;= .5

700

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

y' (c) =2.0637(1 + .000203) =2.0641

c= 1.4-.012730+.000002= 1.38727
which is correct to 5 decimals, while 19.26.11 gives

I compared with the correct value 2.06416.

References
Texts

[19.1] H. Buchholz, Die konfluente hypergeometrische

Funktion (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany,
1953).
[19.2] C. G. Darwin, On Weber's function, Quart. J.
Mech. Appl. Math. 2, 311-320 (1949).
[19.3] A. Erdelyi et aI., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1953).
[19.4] J. C. P. Miller, On the choice of standard solutionR
to Weber's equation, Proc. Cambridge Philos.
Soc. 48, 428-435 (1952).
[19.5] F. W. J. Olver, Uniform asymptotic expansions for
Weber parabolic cylinder funcj;ions of large
order, J. Research NBS 63B, 2, 131-169 (1959),
RP63B2-14.
[19.6] G. N. Watson, A theory of asymptotic series, Philos.
Trans. Roy. Soc. London, A 211,279-313 (1911).
[19.7] H. F. Weber, Ueber die Integration der partieUen
Differential-gleichung: 02U/OX2+ Q2U/oy2+ k2u=0,
Math. Ann. 1, 1-36 (1869).
[19.8] E. T. Whittaker, On the functions associated with
the parabolic cylinder in harmonic analysis, Proc.
London Math. Soc. 35, 417-427 (1903).

[19.91 E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of

modern analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).
Tables

[19.10] British Association for the Advancement of Science,

Mathematical Tables, vol. I, Circular and hyperbolic functions, exponential, sine and cosine
integrals, factorial (gamma) and derived functions, integrals of probability integral, 1st ed.
(British Association, London, England, 1931;
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
2d ed., 1946, 3d ed., 1951).
[19.11] National Physical Laboratory, Tables of Weber
parabolic cylinder functions. Computed by
Scientific Computing Service Ltd. Mathematical Introduction by J. C. P. Miller. (Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England,
1955).
[19.12] National Physical Laboratory Mathematical
Tables, vol. 4, Tables of Weber parabolic cylinder functions and other functions for large
arguments, by L. Fox (Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, London, England, 1960).

702

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.1
U(-5.0, x)

U(-4.5, x)

U(-4.0,x)

U(-3.5, :r)

U(-3.0, :1')

0.0000
(-ll-2.9825
(-1 -5.8611
(-1 -8.5358
( 0) -1.0915

0) -0.8721
01-1.0103
o -1.1183
o -1.1930
o -1.2322

l-I.2917
o -1.4477
o -1.5544
0) -1.6088
0) -1.6097

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

o
o
o
o
o

3.0522
3.6547
4.0753
4.2934
4.2988

Ool 3.0000
O 2.9328
2.7341
00) 2.4132
) 1.9846

( 0) 1.5204
( 011.1869
( -1 8.0608
(-1 +3.9325
(-1 -0.3518

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

00)
)
0)
00)
)

4.0918
3.6836
3.0953
2.3566
1.5042

( 0) 1.4678
(-11 8.8615
-1 +2.6550
-1 -3.6676
1-1 -9.8321

-1) -4.6224
-1)-8.7118
0) -1.2462
1 0) -1.5731
( 0) -1.8397

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

O~ +0.5799
o -0.3719
o -1.3064
0) -2.1806
0) -2.9554

0) -1.5576
0) -2.0661
l-2.4882
o -2.8077
o -3.0131

l-2.0368
o -2.1578
o -2.1992
0) -2.1608
0) -2.0454

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0) -3.5976
0) -4.0808
O~ -4.3868
o -4.5059
o -4.4368

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0) -4.1866
0) -3.7694
0~-3.2057
o -2.5208
o -1.7434

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0) -3.0982
01-3.0617
o -2.9073
o -2.6435
o -2.2824
-1.8394
-1.3321
-7.7961
-2.0142
+3.8325

-1) -1.8226
-1) +2.1890
-l 6.1381
-1 9.9170
o l 1.3432

0) -0.9039
0) -0.0332
o~ +0.8387
o 1.6842
o 2.4789

9.5635
1.5015
2.0048
2.4545
2.8422

0) 1.6604
0) 1.9373
O~l 2.1696
2.3548
2.4921

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

3.2021
3.8377
4.3739
4.8038
5.1246

3.1620
3.4108
3.5883
3.6963
3.7388

0)
0)
00)
)
0)

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

5.3376
5.4473
5.4614
5.3895
5.2427

3.7212
3.6501
3.5331
3.3781
3.1929

0:12.4320
2.3134
2.1771
2.0282
0) 1.8714

( 0 2.9854
O~l 4.7733
5.0332 ( 0 2.7630

0) 1.7108
0) 1.5502

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

4.4753
00) 4.1508
) 3.8106

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

o
o
o
o
o

5.0

0) 1.8800

3.4641
3.1197
2.7843
2.4632
2.1608

( 0
( 0
!-1
-1
-1

! 0) -1.8583
0l-1.6076
0 -1.3029
(-1 -9.5564
(-1) -5.7791

0
o
o
o
(-1

-1.5576
-1.4550
-1.3061
-1.1162
-8.9198

r-1l-6.4101
-1 -3.7121
-1 -0.9080
(-1)+1.9218
(-1) 4.7004

~ =H
~ gl

I=ilf:~~~f

-1) -7.0456
-1) -5.8492
-1~ -4.5120
-1 -3.0677
-1 -1.5517

-1)-7.4764
-1)-5.7190
-1) -3.8076
-1) -1.7956
-1}+0.2627
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.3147
4.3106
6.2053
7.9592
9.5394

o
o
o
o
o

1.0920
1.2083
1.3017
1.3719
1.4191

(00) 1.4443
( ) 1.4487

Igo~ i:gb~~ ~ go~ i:~6~~

) 1.9164

-1~ -6.0814
-1 -5.1516
-1 -4.1190
-1)-3.0046
-1) -1.8308

-1.0000
-9.8753
-9.5045
-8.8975
-8.0706

0) -1.2351
0) -1.2018
l-I.1336
o -1.0329
-1 -9.0285

7.3576
9.8317
1.2071
1.4035
1.5694

( 0) 1.7031
0) 1.8039

U(-1.5, x)

o
-1
-1
-1
-1

) 1.3567

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

4.6971
5.4836
6.1929
6.8172
7.3502

0.0000
1.5518
3.0698
4.5223
5.8812

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.1567
6.1146
6.9691
7.7095
8.3285

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.7880
8.1287
8.3721
8.5203
8.5768

117.1223
=1 8.2258
-1 9.1766
-1 9.9648
0) 1.0585

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.8221
9.1890
9.4313
9.5532
9.5616

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.5467
8.4367
8.2541
8.0074
7.7055

o
o
o

1.1036
1.1323
1.1451
1.1431
1.1278

(-1
(-1
~ -1
-1
-1

9.4652
9.2742
9.0001
8.6549
8.2510

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.3576
6.9728
6.5603
6.1288
5.6863

o
o
o
-1
-1

1.1005
1.0628
1.0166
9.6347
9.0514

1-_11)
)
-ll
-1
(-1

7.8009
7.3167
6.8097
6.2905
5.7687

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.2403
4.7975
4.3638
3.9440
3.5424

8.4319
7.7913
7.1430
6.4987
5.8688

-1)
-1)
-l
-1
-1 l

5.2527
4.7497
4.2658
3.8056
3.3729

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.1620
2.8052
2.4738
2.1684
1.8896

5.2617
4.6840
4.1408
3.6358
3.1709

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.9700
2.5987
2.2595
1.9525
1.6768

-1
-1
-1
-1
-2

1.6370
1.4099
1.2073
1.0280
8.7028

-1) 1.4313
-1) 1.2144
-lll.0242
-2 8.5874
-2 7.1578

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

7.3263
6.1328
5.1052
4.2261
3.4791

1.2185
1.0164
8.4272
6.9451
5.6894

(-_2215.9314
(
4.8867
~ -2 4.0029
-2 3.2603
-2) 2.6403

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

2.8484
2.3192
1.8780
1.5125
1.2116

(-2) 4.6331

(-2) 2.1262

I~!I
o

0)
0)
0)
0)
0)

1.5142
1.4043
1.2906
1.1760
1.0626

-1)
-1)
Il
=1
-1

9.5241
8.4694
7.4740
6.5463
5.6918

( -1) 5.1716
( -1) 4.5215
3.9256
3.3849
2.8991

-1) 2.7473
-1) 2.3649
Il2.0226
=1 1.7190
-1 1.4517

gl00ll.4322
Uj~~ =BIl 7.2277
~:~~~~ (-1
~ =il ~:nii
3.5852

2.4665
( -1
-11 2.0848
-1 1.7507
-1 1.4608
-1) 1.2112

-1
-1
-2
-2
-2

o
o
o

0~ll.3927
1.2408

2.5323
2.2992
2.0689

1.2466
1.0766

(-1) 9.2276

For interpolation, see 19.28.

=1
(-1

1.0967

1.2985
1.2306
1.1553
1.0749
9.9150
Il
=1
-1
-1)
-1)

9.0701
8.2306
7.4107
6.6219
5.8733

~ =~l

6.1969
5.2750

(-1 3.0311
(-1) 2.5455

(-1) 4.4586

(-1) 2.1235

(-2) 9.9802

=i ~ :~:~~6~

-1 2.9333
-1 3.8432

-1) 1.8107
-1) 2.9871
-1) 4.1087

1.8972
1.8543
1.7910
1.7109
1.6175

~ ~l

U(-2.0, x)

o
o
o
o

~ gl

2.5823
2.6273
2.6304
2.5957
2.5279

U(-2.5,x)

-1
-1
-1
-1
,-1

(-3) 9.6523

',703

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Tahl~

l'

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

V(-5.0, x)

V(-4.5, ,r)

rr'"' !~ll
(-2) -5.8311

-2 -2.7299
-2 -0.9344
-2 +0.9074

( -2

0.0000
2.6397
5.1612
7.4519
9.4102

f=H

~ =~}

V(-3.5,x)
~ -1

1.3071
1.5417
1.7149
1.8199
1.8527

t -1

2.6596

2.6132
~-1
-1 2.4757
-1

2.2520
1.9503

V(-3.0,oc)
-1~ 2.6240
-1 2.1296
-I} 1.5714
-2 9.6646
-2 +3.3275

V(-2.5, x)

V(-2.0, x)

V (-li.5, J;)

0.0000

-1!-4.5748
-1 -5.1829
-ll-5.6877
-1 -6.0796
-1 -6.3515

-1 - .9191
-1 - .7409
-1~- .4476
-1 - .0444

(~TO.7946

~ -1 -1.5693
-1 -2.3051
-1 -2.9840

-l
-1
-1

1.0950
1.2007
1.2536
~1~ 1.2518
-1 1.1958

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.8125
1.7011
1.5234
1.2869
1.0010

,; -1) 1.5812
'> -1) 1.1580
'-2 6.9534
: -2 +2.0926
I, -2 -2.8383

-2
-2
-1
-1
-1

8.2767
8.3429
8.0189
-2l
( -2 7.3241
( -2 6.2954

-1
-2
-2
-2
-2

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

6.7728
+3.2819
-0.3303
-3.9309
-7.3916

-1 -1.2266
f('~'r'67b2
-1 -1.6465

-1) -3.0472
-1) -3.3933
-1~ -3.6481
-1 -3.8069
-1 -3.8677

~ -1~ -1.0594
-1 -1.3434
~ -ll-1.5824
-1 -1.7697
-1 -1.9008

I, -ll-2.5583
1 -1 -2.7203
I, -ll-2.8047
I -1 -2.8113
1-1)-2.7426

-ll-1.9731
-1 -1.9864
-ll-1.9423
-1 -1.8442
-1 -1.6967

I-l~ -2.6027
(-1 -2.3979
( -1~ -2.1357
(-1 -1.8247
(-1) -1.4739

-1
-1
-1
-2
-2

( -1) -1.0927

-2 +2.2080
-2 7.7266
-1 1.3145
-1 1.8411
-1 2.3486

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.5667
3.2030
3.8134
4.3982
4.9594

r'

-2
-2
-2

~ :~~

4.9836
~ -2
-2 3.4514
' -2 1.7690
~ -2 +0.0110
-2 -1.7477

1.0887
9.3549
7.4311
5.2005
2.7584

~ -2 +0.2057

-2 -2.3553
-4.8261
~ -2
-2 -7.1155
-2 -9.1435

~ -2 -3.4354 ~ -ll-1.0844
-4.9863
-6.3439
-7.4620
-8.3067

-1 -1.2166
-ll-1.3076
~ -1 -1.3558
-1 -1.3610

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-8.8568
-9.1035
-9.0496
-8.7090
-8.1043

-ll-1.3246
-1 -1.2495
-ll-1.1392
-2 -9.9858
-2 -8.3257

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-7.2651
-6.2264
-5.0260
-3.7030
-2.2954

~ -2 -6.4659
-4.4605

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-2 -0.8391
-2 +0.6339
-2 2.0962
-2 3.5259
-2 4.9072

f-

~llT7B8

T385
I

2.7045
4.3687
5.8194
6.9875
7.8188

-2
2
-2
(-2

I,

-1 -2.0148
I' -1 -2.3214

I'

-3.1080
-9.4527
-1.5523
-2.1149
-2.6176

1-1~T3.8317
-3.7025
~ -1 -3.4861
-1 -3.1904
-1) -2.8250

-2.4003
-1.9277
-1.4184
-8.8371
-3.3411

-ll-3.5896
-1 -4.1079
-1 -4.5275
-1~ -4.8397
-1 -5.0388
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-5.1225
-5.0912
-4.9482
-4.6995
-4.3533

~ -ll-3.9197
-1 -3.4103
~ -ll-2.8375
-1 -2.2142
-1 -1.5535

p~O'8679
-1 -0.1692
-1 +0.5320
-ll1.2264
-1 1.9066

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

~l

-6.4991
-6.5210
-6.4186
-6.1959
-5.8594

-1
-1
-1
-1

r r'
l5.

4177

-1 -4.8813
-1 -4.2621
-ll-3.5731
-1 -2.8278

.9387
.2553
.4995
.6835

(~Tr97
-1 ~l
-0 9984
9206

-1~-0 0648
-1 +0 8696

7953

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-2.0397
-1.2222
-0.3880
+0.4512
1.2852

~ =B

-1
-1
-1
-1

2.1053
2.9044
3.6777
4.4221
5.1367

~:B

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.8227
6.4834
7.1242
7.7525
8.3779

9.0120
9.6689
1.0365
1.1119
1.1954

0
0
0
0
0

13588
14582
15708
1 7001
1 8502

27043
3.5902
-1)
-1) 44484
-1) 5f2761

~ =tl

60723
68384
75775
82948
89975

-1.5059
-1.2784
-1.0214
-7.4214
-4.4770

-2 +1.4424
(-2) 5.6176

-2l-1.4470
-2 +1.6090
-2 4.6402
-2! 7.6054
-1 1.0474

-2! 9.7155
-1 1.3693
1.7522
-1 2.1187
-1 2.4688

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.8352
3.3007
3.7466
4.1761
4.5942

-1
-1
-1
;.1
-1

5.5010
6.0291
6.5514
7.0778
7.6202

f=H

~ll

-1
-1
-1
0
0

8.1924
8.8110
9.4951
1.0267
1.1153

~l
~l

1.2896
1.3975
1.5228
1.6699
0) 1.8439

0
0
0
0
0

20262
22339
24806
27751
31285

~l

~}

2.0513
2.2999
2.5993
2.9616
3.4019

0
0
0
0
0

3l554I
410690
4j6942
54567
6j3903

g}
~l

3.9393
4.5978
5.4083
6.4102
7.6545

~i

7 5384
89563
10715
12908
15653

-1
-1
-1
-2
-2

t2}
-6.9034
-2 -2.7540

-1 96950
0 1 0399
0 11122
0 11882
0 1,2697
I

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

I~tl

6.2301
7.4913
8.6933
9.8444
1.0959

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.2056
1.3161
1.4305
1.5525
1.6863

5.0

V(-4.0, ;r)

19.1

( -1) 1.8370

-2
( -2 -2.3612
( -2 -0.2157
( -2 +1.9344

-Ii

-2
-2
-2
-1
-1

4.0539
6.1158
8.1014
1.0000
1.1811

f=H

1.3540
1.5202
1.6819
1.8422
2.0048

-I! 2.5382
-1 2.7664
3.0002
-1~
-1 3.2465
-1 3.5131

2.1743
2.3561
2.5567
2.7834
3.0454

~ -1) 3.8093

~ =~~

-Ii

-1

-1~
-1
-1

( -1) 3.3533

-1

-I}
-1
-1

1.3228
1.5859
1.8370
2.0775
2.3101

-1) 4.1462
4.5368
4.9967
-1) 5.5449

~:B

( -1) 6.2047

-Ii

-1
-1
-1
-1)

2.8040
3.1270
3.4421
3.7545
4.0712

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.0074
5.4239
5.8535
6.3080
6.8012

-1
-1
-1
-1

4.4004
4.7517
5.1365
5.5683
6.0629

f=B

~ =~}

7.3492
7.9710
8.6890
9.5300
1.0526

0 1.2186
0 1.3401
0 1.4846
0 1.6575
0 1.8657

6.6389
7.3192
8.1309
9.1078
1.0291

0
0
0
0
0

1.1717
1.3150
1.4885
1.6998
1.9582

0
0
0
0
0

'r
~ll

-1
-1
-1
0)

0) 1.1734

0) 2.2757

2.1178
2.4244
2.7989
3.2584
3.8246

0) 4.5254

~ ~}

0) 9.2067

tl

( 1) 1.19107

704

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.1
x

U( -l.D,x)

UC -D.9,x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
3.3
0.4

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.B137
6.3918
6.9062
7.3523
7.7267

-1
-1
-1
-1

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.0270
8.2522
8.4023
8.4788
8.4842

-1
-1
-1
-1

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.4220
B.2967
8.1136
7.8786
7.5982

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.B
1.9

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.2789
6.9279
6.5519
6.1577
5.7517

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

;-'

5.3401
4.9285
4.5219
4.1247
3.7407

2.5
2.6
2. 7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

-1
-1
-1
-1

rr'
rr
r

_'1"'7.2692
8058
7.6673
7.9973
8.2572

-'r

4462

8.5646
8.6136
8.5958
8.5144-

U( -D.8,x)

rr

724
'

-1 8.0677
-1 8.3471
-1 8.5606
-1) 8.7077

-1 8.8049
!T']886
-1 8.7586
-1 8.6531
-1 8.4923
-1) 8.2808

U( -D.7,x)

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

B.5642
8.7853
8.9453
9.0436
9.0807

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

9.0580
B.9776
8.8425
8.6563
8.4235
8.1488
7.B374
7.4949
7.1269
6.7392

-1
-1
-1
-1

8.3737
8.1787
7.9348
7.6480
7.3248

0238
-1 7.7269
-1 7.3960
-1 7.0371

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

6.9716
6.5948
6.2008
5.7958
5.3855

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1

n4.9754
-1 4.5701
-1 4.1741
-1 3.7910
(-1 3.4238

-1
-1
-1
-1

3.3732
3.0246
2.6968
2.3911
2.1084

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1

1.6124
1.3985
1.2064
1.0351

'.8488

-1
-1
-1
-1

-'r

6.6565
6.2600
5.8535
5.4424
5.0319

-1j""3m
5.9266

7.5689
7.1372
6.6986
6.2573
5.8173

4.4486
4.0555

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.3826
4.9566
4.5424
4.1429
3.7603

3.6788
3.3204
2.9820
2.6647
2.3693

-'r-

rr-r'

-1
-2
-2
-2

1.0115
8.7182
7.4318
6.3032

1.3234
1.1432
9.8240
8.3989
7.1436

-2 4.4411

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

7.7900
6.5939
5.5521
4.6503
3.8747

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

6.8646
5.7946
4.8660
4.0651
3.3784

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

6.0447
5.0887
4.2619
3.5512
2.9439

3.6903
3.0502
2.5079
2.0512
1.6688

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

3.2115
2.6480
2.1720
1.7723
1.4386

-2
-2
-2
-2

2.2975
1.8800
1.5305
1.2396

-2
-2
-2
-2

2.4280
1.9923
1.6265
1.3211
1.0676

(-1) 2.5453

n2.2566
-1 1.9903

rr r

'2
3507 _21'
9881 -3-'(5831
-2 1.0875
"
'
6
'
8
-3 9.3333
-3 8.0067
6.8657
-3 8.7099
-3 7.4594
-3 6.3856
-3 5.4641
( -3) 3.6919

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1 1.7462
-1 1.5241
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2

(-3) 4.3375

9.1382
8.7781
8.3937
7.9892

-1 6.9768
-1 6.5541
-1 6.1263

-3 5.0667
-3 3.9996

-3 4.3266
-3 3.4085

(-3) 3.1412

(-3) 2.6716

rt'8'6

-1
-1
-1
-1

4700

-1
-1
-1
-1

-1) 2.0961

1.4B09
1.2832
1.1061
9.4842
8.0899

rr

9.1393
8.8471
8.5214
8.1669

2.3112
2.0418
1.7945
1.5691
1.3651

-1
-1
-1
-2
-2

-'r

-1 6.8451
-1) 6.4345

-1
-1
-1
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1 2.8559

1.6555
1.4391
1.2443
1.0701
-2 9.1545

-3 5.9310
-3 4.6914

9.2584
9.0874
8.8702
8.6107
8.3133

-1 9.7698

rr rr

394
'
788O
n7.9828
-1 7.6245
-1 7.3897
-1 7.2435
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.7995
2.4912
2.2049
1.9412
1.7000

-3 6.9398
-3 5.5007

o 1.0594
o 1.0448
o 1.0261
o 1.0035

9.9750
9.9005
9.7775
9.6079

3.9779
3.6054
3.2511
2.9165
2.6029

4.2938
3.9086
-'-1-11'3.8466
.3.4788
230' ;-'-1-1-1 3.5391
3.1876

79

9.4483
9.3796

oooo

-1
-1
-1
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.5123
5.0993
4.6918

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-2
-2
-2
-2

9.4211
9.3233
9.4626

U( -DA,x)

6.0168
5.596B
5.1791
4.7676
4.3662

3.0751
2.7467
2.4399
2.1556
1.8942

8
-2 7.4981
-2 6.3306
'35
-2 5.3165

-1
-1
-1
-1

U( -D.5,x)

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1) 4.6264

-1 3.1292

r' Ir
U( -D.6,x)

5.6978
5.2729
4.8554

3965

-1 3.0532
-1 2.7312
-1 2.4313
-! 2.1538

-1 1.6162
-1 1.4086
-1 1.2215

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.8987
1.6657
1.4541
1.2632
1.0920

-1
-2
-2
-2
-2

-2
-2
-2
-2

8.0408
6.8492
5.8055
4.8961

-'1'8452

1.0540
9.0491
7.7305
6.5710
5.5576

3934

rr
0 -2_2r3.9164
6771 -2 3.4324
-2 4.4657
-2 3.73Q4
3.2631 rr'098
-2 2.8525
rr
319 -2-2 2.7052
-2 3.1004
-2 2.3589
-2 2.5638

-2 2.2315

-2 1.9411

-2
-2
-2
-2
-3

-2
-2
-2
-3
-3

-2
-2
-2
-3
-3

2.1094
1.7268
1.4064
1.1397
9.1898

rr

3725

1.8316
1.4958
1.2155
9.8282
7.9071

5.8847
4.6736
3.6931
2.9036

rr'297

(-3) 2.2714

(-3) 1.9305

-3
-3
-3
-3

-3
-3
-3
-3

5.0418
3.9958
3.1511
2.4726

1.5895
1.2951
1.0500
8.4709
6.8002

rr
-3
-3
-3
-3

4320

4.3177
3.4150
2.6876
2.1047

(-3) 1.6401

rlO5

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Tahle 119.1
x

V( -1.0,x)

V( -O.9,x)

V( -O.8,x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

~ -1
-1

-6.5600
-5.8422
-1 -5.0662
~-1 -4.2400
-1 -3.3725

~ -1
-1~ -5.5730
-4.7818
-1 -3.9477
~ -1~ -3.0785
-1 -2.1823

~ -1 ~ -4.3 8~j2
-1 -3.54B7
~ -1
~ -2.6839
-1 -1.79BO
-1 -0.89BO

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

~ -1 -2.4725

~-1~-1.2674

~ -1)+0.00~18

-'I

-1 -0.3418
(-1 +0.5867
~ -1 ~ 1.5106
-1 2.4234

(-1
( -1
( -1

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

2.2004
3.1139
4.0057
( -1~ 4.8721
( -1 5.7105

{=t~

3.3194
4.1939
5.0435
( -1) 5.8660
( -1) 6.6605

~ =t~

~=B
( -1)

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

~=B

( -1
~ -1
-1

~~ -1=i~

8.2931
8.9974
9.6875
1.0370

1.10~>4

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

{=~i
~~
~~

~~

1.0211
1.0918
1.1637
1.2380
1.3163

~~

1.4005
1.4925
1.5949
1.7104
1.8424

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

g~

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0) 1.9948
2.1722
2.3801
2.6253
2.9159

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

~~

~~

3.2618
3.6752
4.1712
4.7686
5.4910

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0
0
0
1
1

6.3680
7.4368
8.7448
1.0352
1.2337

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1
1
1
1
1

1.4797
1.7862
2.1698
2.6520
3.2611

5.0

~-6

~~
g~

( 1) 4.0344

7.4279
8.1704
8.8917
9.5974
1.0295

-3.0307
-2.1784
-1 -1.3109
~ -1 -0.4343
-1 +0.4451

-,-1 ST99
5. 729

~=B

-1 5.3763
~ -1~ 6.0797
-1 6.7626

-1 6. 182
-1 7. 457
-1 7. 563

-1~ 7.4254

[-')8r

~ -1) 9.1046

( -1~ 9.8533
1.0492
1.1134
( 0 1.1791
( 0) 1.2472

o 1.0532
o 1.1148
o 1.1778
o 1.2436
o 1.3132

~ ~~

~ g~

1.3881
oO~ 1.4699
o 1.5607
O~ 1.6625
o 1.7781

-1~ 8.
-1 9.
~ -1) 9.
0) 1.

353
101
812
555

rr
rr
rr
o 1.
o 1.
o 1.

739
369
038
0) 1. 762

~~

1.3191
1.3964
1.4806
1.5740
1.6787

~~

1.7975
1.9338
2.0911
2.2741
2.4881

2.5258
2.7864
3.0945
3.4604
3.8966

~ ~}

2.7396
3.0365
3.3882
3.8066
4.3061

o 2.0631
oO~ 2.2404
2.4474
o 2.6902
o 2.9763
o 3.3147
o 3.7163
o 4.1947
o 4.7667

~
(

~ ~~

4.4183
5.0449
5.8001
6.7138
7.8238

4.9045
5.6242
6.4930
7.5458
8.8266

oO~ 5.4531
6.2797
o 7.2790
O~ 8.4920
o 9.9703

1 1. 276

8.1H9
9.5470
1.1305
1.3474
1.6160

0
1
1
1
1

9.1775
1.0835
1.2875
1.5394
1.8520

1.0391
1.2311
1.4676
1. 7604
2.1243

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

2. 082
2. 017

1.9502
2.3680
2.89l:a
3.5549

1
1
1
1
1

2.2417
2.7297
3.3437
4.1199
5.1058

2.5787
3.1489
3.8676
4.7777
5.9359

1~ 2.9687
1 3.6350
1 4.4765
1~ 5.5441
1 6.9051

1
1
1
1

4.
5.
6.
8.

1) 7.4168

1) 8.6484

1.17L~9

1.4936
1.5939
1. 7068
0) 1.8355
0) 1.9837

~}

~I

1.5902
1. 7005

~~

0
0
0
0
0

2.33l:1
2.5609
2.8310
3.1511
3.5319

~~

~~

2.1558
2.3571
2.5940
2.8740
3.2066

{ ~~
~ ~~

3.6032
4.0781
4.6487
5.3371
6.1706

3.9868

~ ~~

~~

7.1841
8.4212
9.9377
1.1805
1.4113

0
0
1
1
1

1.6981
2.0559
2.5044
3.0694
3.7844

1
1
1
1
1

1) 4.6937

~ =t~

-1 8.0697
-1~ 8.6982
-1 9.3147
-1 9.9240

1.2482
1.3222
1.4015
1.4879
1.5837

012
232'
334
296

~ -1
-1~ 4.6526
3.9099

6.4993
7.2065
7.8924
8.5594
9.2113

{ ~~

2.
3.
3.
4.

2.6347
3.4471
4.2420
5.0167
5.7694

( -1~
(-1
( -1
~ -1)
-1)

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

-1 3.1502

5.4920
6.2606
7.0044
~ -1) 7.7246
-1) 8.4234

1.0437
1.1102
1.1780

-1
-1
-1
-1

-1 1.5905
(1""'
971
-1 2.3760

~ =i~
( -1

-1~ 9.7734

-, 'r

V( --OJ4,x)

0.0000

4.4245
5.2498
6.0492

1.0992
1.1701
1.2434
0) 1.3205
0) 1.4032

r'

-1.5522
-1 -0.7135
-1 +0.1294
-1 0.9716
( -1 1.8082

V( -O.5,x)

~ =B

( -1~
( -1 7.5693

1.2468
1.32~15

1.4037
1.49~12

1.82~,9

1.9700
0) 2.1371

{ ~~
~ g~

1.3217
2.1900
3.0449
3.8823
4.6988

V( -O.6,x)

2.70l.0
3.571.9

6.82~~0

~~

~ -1
-1

0.9L,6 ~=q
( -1
1.8Ei9

-1 -1.5494
( -1 -0.6122
( -1 +0.3305
( -1 1.2704

6.5198
7.3008
8.0557
8.7883
9.5044

V( -O.7,x)

4.53~:3

5.1887
5.9818
6.94;,7

4.39~A

( 1) 5.46;,9

~ ~~

~~

~~

1.6912
1.8134
1.9535
0) 2.1157
0) 2.3045

~}

( 1) 6.3641

~~

~ ~~

0
0
0
0
0

~~
l~

0~1.9104

1.1779
1.4002
1.6747
2.0149
2.4386

~
~

o 1.
o 1.
O~ 1.
o 1.

435
424
546
830

o 2.
o 2.
o 2.

029
032
378
0) 2. 136

3f'

o 3.
o 4.
o 4.
o 5.

249
834
305
855

O~
o 6'f26
7. 220
o 8. 716

O~ 9.~693

942
, 1.'1."1'127
67

,3r
991
846
372
370

( 2) l.q090

706

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.1
X

0.0 '
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

U( -O.3,x)

1.1105
1.0843
1.0548
1.0223
9.8697

U( -O.2,x)

ol,1535
1.1161

O~ 1.0764

o 1.0347

-1 9.9120

U( -O.l,x)

1.1887
1.1406
1.0914
1.0412
9.9016

-1 8.6684
-1 8.2324
-1 7.7849

9.4609
8.9968
8.5228
8.0421
7.5583

-1~ 9.3856
-1 8.8661
-1~ 8.3458
-1 7.8273
-1 7.3135

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.3298
6.8710
6.4124
5.9576
5.5101

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.0747
6.5946
6.1212
5.6576
5.2066

-lr

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.0730
4.6492
4.2412
3.8510
3.4805

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.1309
2.8032
2.4980
2.2155
1.9556

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

_1)'"4906
-1 9.0890

-'1'"7179
-1 1.5020
-1 1.3069
-1 1.1317
-2) 9.7528

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-2~ 3.6089
-2 3.0063
-2 2.4921
-2~ 2.0558
-2 1.6876

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

8.3643
7.1389
6.0636
5.1253
4.3112

-21'"3786
-2 1.1207
-3 9.0656
-3 7.2976
-3 5.8457

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

5.0

( -3) 1.3929

(-3) 4.6596

6961

-3 2.9173
-3r-3 2.2914
-3 1.7909

-lr

7706

-1 4.3519
-1 3.9524
-1 3.5734
-1) 3.2162

aOn

-1 6.3111
-1 5.8278
-1 5.3596
-1) 4.9087

n4.4769
-1 4.0657
-1 3.6765
-1 3.3102
(-1) 2.9673

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.8816
2.5700
2.2816
2.0162
1.7734

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.6482
2.3529
2.0812
1.8326
1.6064

-1
-1
-1
-1
-2

1.5526
1.3529
1.1734
1.0129
8.7027

-1
-1
-1
-2
-2

1.4017
1.2174
1.0525
9.0579
7.7589

( -2 7.4416
6.3330
~ -2
-2 5.3640
-2 4.5215
( -2 3.7932
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

3.1669
2.6314
2.1759
1.7906
1.4664

-2
-3
-3
-3
-3

1.1951
9.6928
7.8234
6.2839
5.0228

-3) 3.9954

-3r

,626

-3 2.4912
-3 1.9528
-3 1.5233

(-3) 1.1825

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2)6.6151

2.7772
-2 2.3018
(2
-2 1.8986
-2 1.5587
(-2 1.2735

~ -2 1.0355
-3
~ -3
-3
(-3

8.3792
6.7481
5.4085
4.3139

-3
-3
-3
(-3

2.7050
2.1265
1.6637
1.2952

rr

4243

( -3) 1.0035

U(O.2,x)

o 1.2366
o 1.1691
o 1.1029
o 1.0379

o 1.2500
o 1.1740
o 1.1004
o 1.0291

-1 9.7411

9.2695
8.7018
8.1419
7.5920
7.0542

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

9.1173
8.5082
7.9153
7.3400
6.7838

5307

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

6.2482
5.7343
5.2436
4.7769
4.3352

-lr

-1 6.0235
-1 5.5346
-1 5.0655
-1) 4.6178

r-''t

) 4.'927

79'2

-1 3.4139
-1 3.0613
(-1 2.7334

t't

9l9'

-1 3.5288
-1 3.1647
(-1 2.8266
( -1) 2.5142

-1 9.6004

4.9566
4.4953
4.0619

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.6753
5.1597
4.6753
4.2217
3.7986

3.6565
3.2790
2.9290
2.6060
2.3093

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.4055
3.0417
2.7065
2.3990
2.1181

-1
-1
-1
( -1

5.9622
5.4457

-1
-1
-1
( -1

-lr

03a1

-1 1.7913
-1 1.5678
-1 1.3665
-1) 1.1859

( -'1'.2640

-1
-2
-2
-2
-2

1.1387
9.8278
8.4445
7.2235
6.1513

-1
-2
-2
-2
-2

1.0248
8.8173
7.5534
6.4422
5.4703

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

4.6244
3.8918
3.2606
2.7194
2.2577

-2 3.5114
-2 2.9303

2.4340

-2 2.0122

-2 1.6558
-2 1.3560
( -2 1.1053

-3j'"9669
-3 7.2400
-3 5.8179
-3 4.6529
-3)3.7034

r2
-2 5.2146
4.4006
-2 3.6967
-2 3.0912
-2 2.5730
-2
-2
-2
-2
-3

2.1318
1.7580
1.4431
1.1791
9.5887

2526

-3) 7.7613

-3r

-3 5.0135
-3 4.0011
-3 3.1779

(-3)2.9336

( -3) 2.5122

-T3127
-3 1.8145

~ -3
-3~ 1.9765
1.5477

-3 1.4168
(-3 1.1009

-3 1.2061
(-4) 9.3540

(-4) 8.5136

(-4) 7.2201

-1 9.4255

8.7218
8.0498
7.4093
6.8000
6.2220

2.2270
1.9643
1.7252
1.5086
1.3136

2
)5'8757
-2j'"9721
-2 4.1881

o 1.2570
o 1.0930
o 1.0161

o 1.1732

-1
-1
-1
-1

8.2895
7.6699
7.0750
6.5055

( -1
~ -1
-1
~ -1
-1

~ -1 1.0944
-2 9.4322
-2 8.0925
(-2) 6.9114

U(O.3,x)

rrr' r
9333

-1
-1
-1
-1

-T4302

-1 2.1513
-1 1.8960
-1 1.6637
-1) 1.4534

r r
-2~ 5.6137
-2 4.7415
-2 3.9860
( -2) 3.3351

U(O.l,x)

1.2163
1.1581
1.1000
1.0421
9.8431

U U

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

U(O,x)

(2
-2 1.8659
1.5351
-2 1.2571
-2 1.0247
-3 8.3139

3 6.7143

-3
-3
-3
-3

5.3973
4.3184
3.4390
2.7259

-3
-3
-3
-3
-4

2.1504
1.6885
1.3195
1.0263
7.9449

(-4) 6.1210

rr

a627

-1
-1
-1
-1

1.6315
1.4232
1.2363
1.0695

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

9.2134
7.9031
6.7502
5.7406
4.8608

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

4.0978
3.4393
2.8739
2.3907
1.9799

-2
-2
-2
-3
-3

1.6322
1.3396
1.0944
8.9001
7.2048

a057
-3 4.6568
-31"

-3 3.7179
-3 2.9546
-3 2.3371

4419

-3) 1.8400

-3t

-3 1.1246
-4 8.7305
-4 6.7457

(-4) 5.1875

707

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table
x

V( -0.3,x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-1) 3.0993

-1 4.9991
-1 5.6064

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1(7442
-1
4.37BO

V( -0.2,x)

V( -0.1, r)

4.5280
5.0724
5.6069
6.1307
6.6436

-1) 5.7994

-1
-I
-1
-1
( -1

6.1992
6.7773
7.3412
7.8922
8.4321

-1) 7.1460
-1~ 7.6386
-1 8.1229
-1 8.6009
-1) 9.0756

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

o
rl~:m:
o

-1) 9.5505

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

o 1.1668
o 1.2267
o 1.2908
o 1.3603
o 1.4368
o 1.5220
o 1.6178
o 1.7267
o 1.8513
1 o 1.9950

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

o 2.3551
o 2.5818
o 2.8478
o 3.1612

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.0019
1.0553
o 1.1100

0030
o
1.0521
0ro 1.1028

o 1.1559
o 1.2125
o 1.2734
o 1.3400
o 1.4136
o 1.4958
5886

o23 ';8
-lr6.6661
-1
-1 7.0905
-1 7.5093

V(O,x)

rr'
-1
-1
-1
-1

6.8621
7.1901
7.5184
7.8474
8.1782

!-1)70":" (-1)'"8512408519
-1~ 8.33.>3
-1 8.7460
-1 9.15138
( -1) 9.5171

-1 9.1994
-1 9.5583
-1) 9.9325

o 1.0005
o 1.0449
o 1.09:.3
o 1.1406
o 1.19:~6

251
o 1.3147
1'
0
o 1.38!i33
o 1.4645

1 o 1.5542
o 1.6563
o 1.7734
o 1.9083
o 2.0645
1 o 2.24!i9

o 1.0327
o 1.0747
o 1.1200
o 1.1693
o 1.2236
o 1.2839
o 1.3515
o 1.4277
o 1.5142
o 1.6130
o 1.7265
o 1.B572
o 2.0085
o 2.1841
o 2.3887

t 45 I
T1614
9OBO
r
"6 0r!
!
!
0\,"5318
o

o 3.9715
o 4.4950
o 5.1205
1 o 5.8704
o 6.7730
o 7.8635
o 9.1860

1 1.0797
1 1.2766

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1
1
1
1
1

1.5185
1.8169
2.1864
2.6464
3.2213

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1
1
1
1
1

3.9432
4.8541
6.0085
7.4787
9.3598

5.0

2) 1.1718

o 1.6941
o 1.8149
o 1.9541
o 2.1153
o 2.3028
o 2.5218
o 2.7785
o 3.0803
o 3.4366
o 3.858t'!
o 4.3596
o 4.9572
o 5.6722
o 6.5308

18.463.
o 9.90n
1 1.16S3

1 1.2196
1 1.4470

I I

't
!'r

726

2.0725
2.5016
3.0366
3.7065

o 3.2376
o 3.6263
o 4.0864
o 4.6326
o 5.2835
o 6.0617
o 6.9957
o 8.1210

T04.,.
1.1134

1 1.3793
1 1.6419

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1.96~i6

2.3663
2.8646
3.4870
4.2680

1 5.6148
1 6.9677
1 8.6937
2) 1.0906

1 5.25~14
1 6.4990
1 8.08l~9
2 1.0112
2 1.2715

2) 1.3756

2) 1.6073

5494

0) 2.6278

o 2.70!i3
o 2.9961
o 3.3387
o 3.7435
o 4.22%
o 4. 79l~8
o 5.4768
o 6.2941
o 7.2nO

t5658
o 8.8182
1 1.0340
1
1
1
1

-1\'
6731
-1 "7.9000
-1 8.1349
-1 8.3788
-1) 8.6331
-1
-1
-1
-1

V(0.2,x)

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

B.200B
8.3406
8.4971
8.6720
8.8660

8.8994
9.1803
9.4787
9.7982
o 1.0143

(-1) 9.0813
~ -1
-1~ 9.3205
9.5867
-1 9.8840
( 0) 1.0217

0) 1.0519
O~ 1.0932
o 1.1389
O~ 1.1898
o 1.2470

0\,00591
o 1.1013

o 1.3115
o 1.3848
o 1.4683
o 1.5639
1 o 1.6738
o 1.8005
o 1.9470
o 2.1171
o 2.3149
o 2.5457
o 2.8159
o 3.1330
o 3.5064
o 3.9474
o 4.4700
o 5.0914
o 5.8328
o 6.7208
o 7.7882
o 9.0763

0) 1.3353

V(0.3,x)

rl
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.50
8.59
8.72
8.87

2
3
0
0

-119006r
-1 9.28 3

-1~ 9.53 6

-1 9.82 3
0) 1.01b6

o loOSf
1.10 5
o 1.15 0
o 1.21 0
o 1.27 9

o 1.1490
o 1.2032

0) 1.2649

0 6
oo 11.44
35!"
1.54 9

'o1'01.5085
4160

!'1'08799 ! 10961'
o 1.6150
o 1.7379
o 2.0446
o 2.2360
o 2.4589
o 2.7195

o 1.66 2
o 1.80 0

o
o 2.15

o 2.36
o 2.61
1 o 2.91

0) 3.0247

7
2
5
4

0
o 3.8063
1'
3834
o 4.3064

oo 3025f
3.66 7
4.14 5

o 4.8998

o 4.70
o 5.38

T06065
o 6.4510

0 2
7.14
oo 68.30
1'1'9

o 7.4640
o 8.6838

4
0

o 9.69 9
1 1.13 5

1) 1.0158

11 1034!"
1.59 5

1.3149
1.5616
1.8649

1
1
1
1
1

1.0637
1.2535
1.4854
1.7699
2.1203

1 1.6799
1 2.0080
1 2.4130

1 1.90 9
1 2.28 4
1 2.74 6

2.2395
2.7041
3.2829
4.0073
4.9179

1
1
1
1
1

2.5539
3.0927
3.7653
4.6086
5.6708

1
1
1
1
1

2.9150
3.5401
4.3219
5.3040
6.5433

11 30331'
4.05 4

1
1
2
2
2

7.0147
8.7230
1.0904
1.3703
1.7309

1
2
2
2
2

8.1143
1.0115
1.2674
1.5964
2.0211

12 9039f
1.17 6

2) 2.5720

( 2) 3.0H2

6O
1 7.5270
'r0

1 9.3866

V(O.l,x)

l~.l

2 1.1768
2 1.4831

( 2) 1.8791

2) 2.1979

1) 1.1948

'1'"4130

1 4.96 4
1 6.10 5
1 7.55 0

2 1.47 0
2 1.86 8
2 2.36 1

708

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.1

U(OA,x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

( 0)1.2579
( 0)1.1672
0) 1.0811
-1) 9.9946
-1) 9.2205

( 0 1.2533
( 0 1.1564
0 1.0652
-1 9.7955
-1 8.9898

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

(-1 8.4870
(-1 7.7928
-1 7.1368
-1 6.5181
-1 5.9358

( -1) 8.2327
( -1}7.5219
-1~ 6.8555
-1 6.2318
-1 5.6493

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

( -1) 5.3894
-1) 4.8780
-1) 4.4008
-1) 3.9571
( -1) 3.5459

-1) 5.1064
-1)4.6019
-1) 4.1343
( -1) 3.7022
( -1) 3.3042

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

( -113.1663
-1 2.8171
-1 2.4972
-1 2.2054
( -1) 1.9402

( -1) 2.9390

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

( -1) 1.7003
-111.4842
-1 1.2904
-1 1.1174
(-2 9.6358

-1) 1.5501
-1~ 1.3486
-1 1.1687
-1 1.0088
-2) 8.6728

-1
-1
-1
-2
-2

1.4115
1.2240
1.0574
9.0985
7.7984

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

(-2) 7.4258
-2~ 6.3320
-2 5.3770
-2 4.5470
-2) 3.8288

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

6.6573
5.6603
4.7930
4.0418
3.3942

-2) 5.9630
-215.0555
-2 4.2689
-2 3.5900
-2 3.006B

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

(.,.2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

2.8384
2.3636
1.9598
1.6181
1.3301

=~l ~:6~~g
-2 1.7228

3.2104
2.6803
2.2281
1.8441
1.5196

1.4189
1( -2
-2) 1.1636

(-2
-2
-3
-3
-3

1.2468
1.0184
8.2810
6.7038
5.4026

-2
-3
-3
-3
-3

1.0887
8.8715
7.1975
5.8136
4.6749

-3) 9.5009
-3) 7.7243
-3) 6.2525
-3) 5.0391
-3) 4.0432

(-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

4.3344
3.4617
2.7521
2.1781
1.7158

~ =~l ~:~~~~
(-3 2.3663

-2) 8.2754
7 0773
-21 6.0272

-2
(-2 5.1111
(-2 4.3157

=~l
~:~~~~
-2 2.5313

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.1004
1( -2
-2) 1. 7351

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-2) 1.4270
-2) 1.1683
-3~ 9.5224
-3 7.7263
-3 6.2406

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

(-3)5.0176
-3) 4.0160
-3) 3.1995
-3) 2.5373
-3) 2.0029

U(O.5,x)

~
~

~~ -1=ili:~~6~
2.0246
(-1 1.7749

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-311.5738
-3 1.2308
-4 9.5815
-4 7.4240
-4)5.7255

-3)1.3455
-3) 1.0503
-4~ 8.1601
-4 6.3107
-4 4.8579

5.0

(-4) 4.3948

(-4) 3.7221

U(O.6,x)

U(O.9,x)

U(1.0,x)

U(O.7,x)

U(O.8,x)

0) 1.2292
011.1223
o 1.0233
-1 9.3162
-1 8.4665

0) 1.2106
0) 1.1000
-1~ 9.9813
-1 9.0440
-1 8.1811

( 0~1.1883
( 0 1.0746
-1 9.7063
-1) 8.7549
-1) 7.8843

0) 1.1627
0)1.0467
-1) 9.4122
-1) 8.4523
-1}7.5790

7.6795
6.9511
6.2776
5.6558
5.0826

-1}7.3870
-1) 6.6567
-1~5.9857
-1 5.3699
-1 4.8057

(-1
(-1
-1
-1
-1

7.0879
6.3597
5.6945
5.0877
4.5347

-1) 6.7845
-1) 6.0622
-1~ 5.4060
-1 4.8105
-1 4.2709

( -1) 4.8280
( -114.3327
(-1 3.8765
(-1 3.4575
(-1 3.0739

-1j4.5553
-1 4.0713
-1 3.6282
-1 3.2235
-1) 2.8550

-1) 4.2896
-1) 3.8187
-1) 3.3898
-1) 3.0003
-1)2.6475

(-1
-1
-1
-1
(-1

4.0318
3.5753
3.1618
2.7881
2.4514

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

(-1) 2.7238
-1~ 2.4053
-1 2.1167
-1 1.8561
( -1) 1.6216

(-1) 2.5204
-1~ 2.2177
-1 1.9447
-1 1.6994
( -1) 1.4798

( -1) 2.3288
-1) 2.0419
-1)1.7844
-1) 1.5540
( -1) 1.3487

-1
-1
-2
-2
(-2

( -lj1.1664
-1 1. 0050
-2 8.6280
-2 7.3793
( -2) 6.2874

0) 1.2436
0) 1.1413
0)1.0458
( -1) 9.5680
(-1) 8.7372
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.9624
7.2403
6.5683
5.9437
5.3643

(-1
(-1
-1
-1
-1

~
~

-1) 2.1487
-1)1.8774
-1) 1.6351
-1) 1.4193
( -1) 1.2278

3.7826
3.3417
2.9443
2.5870
2.2665

-1)1.9797
-1~ 1.7240
-1 1.4965
-1 1.2948
(-1) 1.1165

-1
-2
-2
-2
-2

1.0585
9.0923
7.7820
6.6361
5.6377

-2) 9.5952
-2j8.2173
-2 7.0122
-2 5.9622
-2 5.0508

5.3363
4.5115
3.7990
3.1863
2.6615

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

4.7714
4.0227
3.3782
2.8258
2.3543

( -214.2627
-2 3.5839
-2 3.0017
-2 2.5042
-2) 2.0810

=~ji:~~!~
-2 1.5134
-2 1.2434
-2) 1.0172

-2
-2
-2
-2
-3

1.9535
1.6144
1.3287
1.0890
8.8881

-2
-2
-2
-3
-3

-318.2868
-3 6.7217
-3 5.4288
-3 4.3655
-3 3.4952

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

7.2238
5.8462
4.7111
3.7801
3.0200

-3) 6.2937
-315.0820
-3 4.0863
-3 3.2716
-3 2.6082

(-3 1.8689
(-3 1.4693

-3) 3.2298
-3) 2.5686
-3~ 2.0336
-3 1.6029
-3 1.2577

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

-3
-3
-3
-3
-4

2.4023
1.9025
1.5001
1.1776
9.2036

-3
-3
-3
-3
-4

2.0704
1.6363
1.2876
1.0088
7.8686

(-3
(-4
-4
-4
{ -4

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

9.8235
7.6382
5.9121
4.5551
3.4935

-4~ 8.3889
-4 6.5103
-4 5.0295
-4) 3.8680
-4) 2.9611

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

7.1610
5.5468

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

6.1105
4.7242
3.6361
2.7861
2.1252

(-4) 2.6671

(-4) 2.2566

1.1499
8.9583
6.9470
5.3625
4.1203

( -4) 3.1512

1.2838
1.1097
9.5563
8.1979
7.0055

2.7861
2.2111
1.7470
1.3742
1.0761

4~2772

3.2833
2.5090

(-4) 1.9086

1.7224
1.4199
1.1658
9.5318
7.7615

(-4) 1.6138

:709

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 1+.1
x

V(O.4,x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-1 8.3485
-1 8.3808
-1 8.4468
-1 8.5475
-1) 8.6844

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

r'

r'

o 1.2151
1o 1.2908
( 0) 1.3779

T047B4
o 1.5943

o 1.7281
1o 1.8829
o 2.0622
o 2.2705
o 2.5130
o 2.7961
( o 3.1275
o 3.5166
o 3.9749
o 4.5165
o 5.1589
o 5.9235

)7097BB
-1\'
9988
-1 "8.0590

7.3474
-1 7.38~i1
-1 7.46~'5
-1 7.59~i4
( -1 7.7707
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-'1""730'

-1 9.0186
-1 9.3633
-1 9.7698

7.99~i8

8.2739
8.6092
9.0068
9.4730

( 0) 1.0245
( O~ 1.0797
o 1.1436
o 1.2174
0) 1.3024

0) 1.0015
O~ 1.0643
o 1.1367
o 1.2200
0) 1.31~i8

0) 1.4003

.0) 1.4260

55
o 1.6989
0r"B
o 1.8675

O~ 1.5132

o 1.6433
o 1.7936

o 2.06.'5

0) 1.9674

0) 2.1689

0)'
"'886
o 2.5514

o0\,"4030
2.6757

o 2.8578
o 3.2160

o 2.9943
o 3.3676
o 3.8065
o 4.3241
o 4.9368
o 5.6644
o 6.5320

B36B
o 7.9320
0ro 9.2504

Or
o 8.8172
57 01
1 1.0321

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1
1
1
1
1

1.5132
1.8014
2.1555
2.5923
3.1336

1 2.0373
1 2.4452
1 2.9495
1) 3.5756

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1
1
1
1
1

3.8072
4.6493
5.7065
7.0397
8.7286

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

2~ 1.0878
2 1.3624
2 1.7151
2~ 2.1701
2 2.7596

2
2
2
2
2

5.0

2) 3.5270

2) 4.1331

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1-'

-1) 8.4934

BoB595

011.0926
o 1.1495

V(O.6,x)

-1 8.1604
-1 8.3045

-1 9.0757
-1 9.3364
-1 9.6460
o 1.0010

( 0) 1.0434

V(O.5,x)

1 1.0844
1) 1.2777

0) 3.6%3

o 4.1310
o 4. 71~i3
o 5.4079
o 6.23~~0
o 7.2162
o 8.3962
o 9.8164

1 1.2142
1 1.4357

1 1.15;13
1 1.3615
1 1.61~i1

'1'07060

1~ 1.92~,3
1 2.3064
1 2.7765

1~ 4.3563
1 5.3341
1~ 6.5642
1 8.1183
2 1.0091

1.2605
1.5826
1.9968
2.5321
3.2270

1~ 3.35~18

1 4.08J3
1~ 4.9884
1 6.12L,2
1~ 7.55~,9
1 9.3682
2 1.1673

V(O.7,x)

V(O.9,x)

(-yt
'1
V(l.O,~)

(')403932
r'1-16049B8
r'15049"
6.5836
-l 5.6492
306 01
-'1'"4.9394
6453 ('-1 4.0368
-1 5.8526
-1
-11607147
-1 6.8936
-1 6.1035
-1 5.2785
-1) 4.4742

-1 7.1224

-1) 6.4046

(-1 5.6664

-'-11'07.7419
4039

1-'-1\')"607596
1730

n601076
-1 6.6077

-1 8.1412
-1 8.6076
-1) 9.1481

-1 7.6504
-1 8.1984
(-1 8.8253

(-lr

(~ -1\'0 "1.0488
7713 1a ' 054OB
0357
o 1.1309
o 1.1287
o 1.2251

( O~ 1.4569

o 1.5992
O~ 1. 7629
o 1.9518

0) 2.1703

o 2.4236
o 2.7182
o 3.0620
o 3.4644
o 3.9371
o 4.4944
o 5.1536
o 5.9365
o 6.8696
o 7.9862
o 9.3274
1
1
1
1

1.0945
1.2903
1.5284
1.8190

1~ 2.1752
1 2.6137
1~ 3.1556
1 3.8282
1 4.6667

1
1
1
2
2

5.7165
7.0364
8.7031
1.0817
1.3511

-1 7.1733
-1 7.8124
( -1) 8.5344

0) 1.3561

(-1) 9.3507
~ 0) 1.0275
oO~ 1.1323
1.2514
( 0 1.3870

4949

( o~ 1.5420

o 1.2348

( 0) 1.3330

! !
~

V(O.8,x)

o 1.6542
0ro 1.8373
o 2.0484

0) 2.2926

O~ 2.5760

-1~
(1

50

-1 6.08 8
6.7457
-1) 7.48 4
(-1) 8.30 0

"r

10
(~ -1oO~ 91.0265
1.1437
0) 1.2765
( 0) 1.42 6

0) 1.59~9
o~ 1.79 3

o 1.7196
oO~ 1.9238
2.1592
o 2.4317

o0) 2.28
2.02~3
2
0) 2.58 6

rl

o 2.9058
O~ 3.2911
o 3.7428

0)2.7481
69
o 3.5483
o 4.0548
o 4.6517

t"

o 3.35
o 3.83
o 4.40

0)4.9015

o 5.3578
o 6.1963
o 7.1959
o 8.3921
o 9.8292

o 6.81 6
orB'i'
7.94 0
o 9.29 5

0) 4.2741

0\,"6451
o 6.5297

-1) 4.9575

o 7.5862
o 8.8529

1
1
1
1
1

1.0378
1.2220
1.4455
1.7178
2.0509

1
1
1
1
1

2.4601
2.9646
3.5896
4.3669
5.3377

1
1
2
2
2

6.5556
8.0899
1.0031
1.2498
1.5647

~
~

1
1
1
1
1

1.1563
1.3662
1.6214
1.9329
2.3148

1~ 2.7849
1 3.3658
1 4.0868

2
8
4
0) 5.07 7

1) 1.09 9

1
1
1
1

'T

1.52
1.82
2.17
2.61

11

3
7
3
3

11 30151'
3.82 6

1 6.1098

1 4.65 6
1 5.69 6
1 6.99 6

1~ 7.5232
1 9.3073
2 1.1569
2~ 1.4449
2 1.8131

2
2
2
2

1~4.9853

2 1.4616
2 1.8392
2 2.3259
2 2.95~19
2 3.77~i2

2~ 1.6957
2 2.1387
7106
2r
2 3.4524
2 4.4187

2~ 1.9684
2 2.4882
2 3.1606
2~ 4.0341
2 5.1742

2
2
2
2
2

2) 4.84~,6

( 2) 5.6833

2) 6.6688

2) 7.8285

2.2861
2.8963
3.6870
4.7161
6.0616

1.07
11.33
BoT15
1.67 4
2.10 2

3.37 1
'22 4.30
'06'1'
2

2 5.51 0
2 7.10 3

( 2) 9.19~8

710

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.1
x

U(1.5,x)

U(2.0,x)

o 1.0000

~lrlO85
-1 7.0232

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-1
-1
-1
-1

8.8187
7.7700
6.8389
6.0120

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.2778
4.6262
4.0482
3.5360
3.0825

1.0
1.1
1.2

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.6816
2.3276
2.0157
1.7412
1.5003

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

~ -1
-1
-2
~ -2
-2

1.2893
1.1049
9.4412
8.0438
6.8324

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

5.7853
4.8830
4.1080
3.4444
2.8782

1.3
1.4

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

U(2.5,x)

U(3.0,x)

-1 6.0787
-1 5.2566
-1 4.5410

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

6.2666
5.3409
4.5492
3.8719
3.2925

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.9182
3.3763
2.9051
2.4957
2.1403

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.7969
2.3731
2.0109
1.7015
1.4375

-1
-1
-1
-2

-1
-1
-1
-2

1.8321
1.5651
1.3343
1.1350
9.6317

-1
-1
-2
-2
-2

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

8.1541
6.8857
5.7994
4.8712
4.0801

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.3333
2.7615
2.2867
1.8924
1.5650

-1 1.8950
~T3167
-1 1.5494

1.6146
1.3490
1.1256
9.3785

~lt""

-1
-1
-2
-2
-2

1.2931
1.0674
8.8019
7.2491
5.9624

1.2124
1.0208
8.5773
7.1928
6.0190

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

7.8022
6.4802
5.3727
4.4461
3.6721

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

4.8971
4.0160
3.2880
2.6872
2.1922

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

5.0255
4.1862
3.4786
2.8833
2.3837

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

3.0265
2.4890
2.0423
1.6718
1.3652

-2
-2
-2
-3
-3

1.7849
1.4503
1.1759
9.5127
7.6780

3.4076
2.8375
2.3556
1.9495
1.6082

-2
-2
-2
-2
-3

1.9653
1.6159
1.3248
1.0829
8.8260

-2
-3
-3
-3
-3

1.1120
9.0339
7.3193
5.9138
4.7646

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

-2
-3
-3
-3

1.3223
1.0837
8.8509
7.2040
5.8431

-3 5.8081
-3 4.6891
-3 3.7734
-3)3.0264

~T17lO

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

3.8275
3.0655
2.4478
1.9484
1.5460

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

4.7224
3.8030
3.0513
2.4392
1.9426

-3
-3
-3
-3
-4

2.4191
1.9270
1.5296
1.2099
9.5361

-3
-4
-4
-4

1.2228
9.6394
7.5735
5.9301
-4 4.6274

7.4887
5.8592
4.5672
3.5468
2.7439

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

'r

1.9886
1.6441
1.3544
1.1116

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

9.0885
7.4028
6.0067
4.8549
3.9086

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

3.1342
2.5032
1.9912
1.5775
1.2446

-3
-3
-4
-4
-4

1.5412
1.2181
9.5895
7.5202
5.8741

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

rTn88

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

4.5702
3.5414
2.7331
2.1007
1.6081

-4
-4
-5
-5

1.6233
-5 7.3727
~Tll46
~T6911
1.2413
-5 5.5875
9.4547
7.1727

-5 4.2185
-5 3.1726

1.2259
9.3061
7.0352
5.2961
3.9701

-5
-5
-5
-5
-5

5.4198
4.0787
3.0571
2.2819
1.6964

-5
-5
-5
-6
-6

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

-4
-4
-4
-4

7.6513
5.9616
4.6255
3.5736

-4
-4
-4
-4
-5

2.7491
2.1058
1.6061
1.2197
9.2216

(-5) 6.9418

U(4.0,x)

4.6509
3.9060
3.2786
2.7501
2.3050

-2
-2
-2
-2

rT""

U(3. 5, x)

-4j

-5
-5
-5
-5

(-5)2.9634

(-5) 1.2558

3.5982
2.7880
2.1526
1.6559
1.2692

2.3767
1.7736
1.3183
9.7593
7.1961

(-6) 5.2847

U(4.5, x)

-1 1.2662
-1 1.0340

-1
-1
-1
-2
-2

1.5666
1.2662
1.0230
8.2604
6.6663

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

8.4374
6.8788
5.6025
4.5579
3.7035

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

5.3758
4.3316
3.4869
2.8040
2.2523

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

3.0053
2.4351
1.9701
1.5913
1.2831

-2
-2
-3
-3

-3
-3
-3
-3

8.2953
1.0327
6.6500
5.3198
4.2463

6.1823
4.9656
3.9782
3.1787
2.5331

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

3.3818
2.6869
2.1296
1.6837
1.3277

-3
-3
-3
-4
-4

2.0129
1.5951
1.2603
9.9277
7.7967

-3
-4
-4
-4
-4

1.0442
8.1895
6.4052
4.9954
3.8845

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

6.1042
4.7641
3.7062
2.8738
2.2210

-4
-4
-4
-4

-4
-4
-5
-5

1.3131
1.7107

-5
-5
-5
-5
-5

4.4015
3.3191
2.4937
1.8667
1.3920

1.0045
7.6567
5.8157

0342
7.6538
5.6428
4.1440
3.0315

rr-6
-6
-6
-6

(-6) 2.2089

1.3778
1.0550

rTOS14

rr"18

1.8068
1.4475
1.1579
9.2486
7.3749

-2
-3
-3
-3
-3

1.0660
8.4479
6.6856
5.2831
4.1683

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

5.8705
4.6645
3.6991
2.9276
2.3122

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

3.2833
2.5816
2.0262
1.5873
1.2409

-3
-3
-4
-4

8222
1.4328
1.1240
8.7960
6.8665

-4 7.5364
-4 5.8538
-4 4.5364
-4) 3.5071

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

5.3467
4.1523
3.2161
2.4841
1.9134

-4
-4
-4
-4
-5

2.7047
2.0806
1.5964
1.2216
9.3228

-4
-5
-5
-5

1.4695
1.1253
8.5914
6.5394
4.9621

-5
-5
-5
'-5
-5

7.0950
5.3843
4.0742
3.0738
2.3121

-5
-5
-5
-5

2.8300
3.7534
2.1269
1.5932
1.1894

-5
-6
-6
-6

1.7338
1.2961
9.6590
7.1749
5.3123

rr

rr'

6.1244
4.6430
3.5080
2.6413

-5
-5
-5
-6
-6

1.9818
1.4817
1.1039
8.1946
6.0609

-6
-6
-6
-6
-6

8.8495
6.5617
4.8485
3.5701
2.6194

4663
-6 3.2790
-6 2.3983
-6 1.7475
-6) 1.2685

-6
-6
-6
-7
-7

1.9150
1.3949
1.0124
7.3205
5.2737

(-7) 9.1724

1.0335
8.2588
6.5971
5.2673
4.2032
2.6707
2.1262
1.6910
1.3434

-5
-5
-5
-5

rr

-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

r
r'
2.3279
~TOll7
1.7938

U(5.0,x)

(-7) 3.7849

~T68lO

2.8834
~T92OJ
2.1136

-6
-6
-6
-6

1.5440
1.1240

-7
-7
-7
-7
-7

8.1539
5.8942
4.2455
3.0469
2.1788

( -7)1.5523

711

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.1
x

V(1.5,x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

rT

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.0000

0
-1 1.6118
7999
-1 2.4481
-1 3.3218

V(2.0,x)

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.4311
3.9591
4.5665
5.2660
6.0721

4.2467
5.2381
6.3130
7.4906
8.7928

-1 7.0024
-1 8.0774
-1 9.3217
o 1.0764
o 1.2440

o 1.0245
o 1.1877
o 1.3724
o 1.5826
o 1.8234
o 2.1005
o 2.4211
o 2.7936
o 3.2284
o 3.7380
o 4.3378
o 5.0463
o 5.8865
o 6.8869
o 8.0823
o 9.5162

o 1.4390
o 1.6665
o 1.9325
o 2.2442
o 2.6104
o 3.0418
o 3.5514
o 4.1551
o 4.8722
o 5.7267

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1
1
1
1

1.1243
1.3329
1.5860
1.8943

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1
1
1
1
1

2.2710
2.7333
3.3028
4.0070
4.8812

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

V(2.5,x)

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.97811
8.0788
8.38111
8.8948
9.633<~

V(3.0,x)

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

4.9200
5.8561
6.9684
8.2911
9.8651

rr

04016

-1 4.8999
-1 7.5647
o 1.0497

o 0.8578
o 1.0483
o 1.2810
o 1.5652
o 1.9126
o 2.3376
o 2.8579
o 3.4955
o 4.2777
o 5.2386
o 6.4206
o 7.8765
o 9.6727

V(4.5,x)

l2.3937
o 2.4477
6124
or
2.8954
o 3.3098

V(5.0,x)

o 1.7220
o 2.1945
o 2.6952
o 3.3115
o 4.2178

0) 3.8551

o 4.5511
o 5.386~1
o 6.392~,
o 7.604,'
o 9.069;'

( l6.9626
o 8.3782
Il1.0100
1 1.2199
1) 1.4765

Ill.1028
1 1.3461
6454
1lr
2.0145
1 2.4708

Ill.8048
1 2.2284
ll2.7558
1 3.4139
1 4.2370

1) 3.0195
1) 3.7699
ll4.715O
1 5.9076
1 7.4155

( 1) 5.1442
( 1) 6.4978
Il8.2198
2 1.0415
2) 1.3218

1)3.0364
1) 3.7393
1l4.6150
1 5.7092
1)7.0801

1) 5.2689
1) 6.5656
Il8.1989
2 1.0262
2) 1.2873

1) 9.3262

( 2) 1.68106
2) 2.1408
2~ 2.73125
2 3.49148
( 2) 4.47'94

'221'"1.4841
1753
1.8781 ~
2 2.3822

1) 8.8025

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

01
o '0049('
2.386.

o 2. 790~
o 3.27411

To

084<
1 1.300(1
1 1.5626
1 1.883~
1) 2.276~,

1)1.7910
1) 2.1774
ll2.6535
1 3.2418
1) 3.9709

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
2

2.759,'
3.355~

4.092f,
5.007 1.
6.1466

4.8771
6.0069
7.4199
9.1925
1.1423

T
0

1'1'01018
5.0049
1 6.1295
1 7.5350
1) 9.2982

1 7.5701
1 9.3551
2 1.1601
2 1.443i
2)1.8032

ll5.9708
1 7.3343
0472
2lr
1.1208
2 1.3945

2
2
2
2
2

1.1519
1.4325
1.7887
2.2424
2.8227

2) 2.260~
2l2.8441
2 3.592C
2 4.554C
2) 5. 796C

2) 4.5048
2) 5.7308
2l7.3166
2 9.3755
3 1.2058

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

2
2
2
2
2

1.7425
2.1870
2.7569
3.4909
4.4399

2
2
2
2
2

3.5678
4.5283
5.7716
7.3873
9.4956

2
2
3
3
3

7.405i
9.5001
1.223E
1.5823

3
3
3
3
3

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

2
2
2
3
3

5.6724
7.2797
9.3849
1.2154
1.5812

3
3
3
3
3

1.2258
1.5893
2.0695
2.7065
3.5553

3
3
3
3
3

5.0

3) 2.0666

3) 4.6909

0.0000

V(4.0,x)

o 1.1740
o 1.3975
o 1.6644
o 1.9833
o 2.3652
o 2.8230
o 3.3729
o 4.0346
o 4.8322
o 5.7959

o 1.061~'
o 1.187;,
o 1.34311
o 1.5356
o 1.768;,

0)6.7480
9725
or
9.4452
1 1.1222
1) 1.3374
1.5987
1.9172
2.3068
2.7849
3.3738

V(3.5,x)

o 1.3802
o 1.7600
o 2.2033
o 2.7266
o 3.3501
o 4.0980
o 5.0002
o 6.0933
o 7.4224
o 9.0439

2'1'00973
1.3716
2 1.7193
2 2.1614
2
2
2
2
2

2.7252
3.4467
4.3729
5.5657
7.1071

o 3.8751
o 4.6180
o 5.5736
o 6.7880
o 8.3200

0) 5.2778
0) 6.60160
l8.27121
1 1.03164
1 1.2993

1 1.1892
1 1.4640

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1.6189
2.0411
2.5801
3.2701
4.1562

2) 5.2976

1.0245
1.2659
1.5683
1.9473
2.4227

3.0285
3.8596
4.9310
6.3162
8.1119

1.63101
2.0~69

2.5728
3.2373
4.07'82

( 2
2
2
3
3

5.75144
7.40193
9.51'131
1.2374
1.60151

( 3
3
3
3
3

2.08177
2.72!27
3.56106
4.66197
6.14122

3 1.1167
3 1.4407

3) 1.0447
3l1.3491
3 1.7474
3 2.2698
3)2.9574

3 1.9547
3 2.5393

3) 1.8646
3l2.4212
3 3.1543
3) 4.1233
3) 5.4084

3l3.8650
3 5.0672
3l6.6645
3 8.7939
4) 1.1642

3) 8.10129
4r 07'22
4 1.42'32
4 1.89150
4) 2.53:}}

1.5567
2.0173
2.6243
3.4272
4.4934

3
3
3
3
3

3.3108
4.3324
5.6903
7.5019
9.9277

3
3
4
4
4

7.1188
9.4032
1.2465
1.6584
2.2145

4l1.5465
4 2.0613
757O
4r
4 3.7005
4 4.9845

4
4
4
4
5

2.678E
3.506g
4.6106
6.0871
8.070E

3~ 5.9146

3 7.8166
4 1.0372
4l1.3819
4 1.8487

4
4
4
4
4

1.3188
1.7588
2.3547
3.1649
4.2708

4l2.9680
4 3.9929
4l5.3922
4 7.3096
4 9.9472

4l6.7384
4 9.1425
5l1.2450
5 1.7018
5) 2.3348

5) 1.5426
5) 2.1103
5) 2.89173
5l3.9923
5 5.5212

4)1.074E

4) 2.4833

4)5.7864

5) 1.3589

( 5) 3.2156

5)7.6639

2.054~

2 1.7809
4240
2 2.2345
2 2.8131
2) 3.5537

2) 9.1055

'31'01.5100
1705

'21'08.6829
7721

3.39124
4.56i14
6.15':38
8.33106
I.B16

712

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.2
x

W(-5.0,x)

W(-4.0,x)

W(-3.0,x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.47348
0.35697
0.22267
+0.07727
-0.07200

0.50102
0.39190
0.26715
+0.13172
-0.00899

0.53933
0.43901
0.32555
0.20231
+0.07298

0.60027
0.51126
0.41203
0.30453
0.19088

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.21764
-0.35231
-0.46911
-0.56198
-0.62597

-0.14933
-0.28362
-0.40634
-0.51236
-0.59713

-0.05857
-0.18832
-0.31226
-0.42646
-0.52722

+0.07334
-0.04569
-0.16377
-0.27838
-0.38697

0.63099
0.56583
0.47199
0.35408
0.21799

0.68972
0.64485
0.57370
0.47898
0.36441

0.75622
0.73285
0.68690
0.61955
0.53268

0.83798
0.83665
0.81785
0.78173
0.72875

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

-0.65752
-0.65470
-0.61732
-0.54700
-0.44716

-0.65688
-0.68881
-0.69121
-0.66357
-0.60670

-0.61113
-0.67522
-0.71706
-0.73488
-0.72761

-0.48704
-0.57617
-0.65204
-0.71255
-0.75583

+0.07061
-0.08044
-0.22724
-0.36189
-0.47700

0.23458
+0.09483
-0.04897
-0.19063
-0.32388

0.42880
0.31103
0.18303
+0.04890
-0.08688

0.65975
0.57594
0.47890
0.37059
0.25333

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

-0.32290
-0.18077
-0.02851
+0.12535
0.27194

-0.52270
-0.41495
-0.28803
-0.14758
-0.00009

-0.69502
-0.63774
-0.55733
-0.45625
-0.33785

-0.78031
-0.78484
-0.76869
-0.73166
-0.67412

-0.56602
-0.62369
-0.64634
-0.63218
-0.58147

-0.44262
-0.54122
-0.61480
-0.65945
-0.67250

-0.21962
-0.34454
-0.45694
-0.55237
-0.62680

0.12978
+0.00294
-0.12397
-0.24749
-0.36405

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.40253
0.50907
0.58468
0.62416
0.62438

+0.14739
0.28751
0.41299
0.51702
0.59364

-0.20633
-0.06661
+0.07581
0.21503
0.34495

-0.59707
-0.50217
-0.39174
-0.26879
-0.13696

-0.49661
-0.38212
-0.24445
-0.09171
+0.06678

-0.65271
-0.60042
-0.51764
-0.40802
-0.27680

-0.67684
-0.69989
-0.69432
-0.65962
-0.59652

-0.47006
-0.56198
-0.63649
-0.69061
-0.72184

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.58460
0.50668
0.39507
0.25669
+0.10057

0.63810
0.64722
0.61968
0.55625
0.45985

0.45960
0.55333
0.62119
0.65920
0.66463

-0.00046
+0.13603
0.26749
0.38872
0.49459

0.22095
0.36067
0.47637
0.55973
0.60434

-0.13062
+0.02276
0.17482
0.31672
0.43980

-0.50704
-0.39454
-0.26363
-0.12008
+0.02936

-0.72830
-0.70889
-0.66340
-0.59265
-0.49853

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.06260
-0.22123
-0.36354
-0.47850
-0.55672

0.33555
0.19042
+0.03320
-0.12614
-0.27701

0.63631
0.57472
0.48225
0.36312
0.22333

0.58021
0.64123
0.67411
0.67637
0.64681

0.60627
0.56451
0.48124
0.36184
0.21471

0.53615
0.59915
0.62397
0.60808
0.55155

0.17727
0.31588
0.43747
0.53481
0.60167

-0.38404
-0.25332
-0.11153
+0.03530
0.18042

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.59128
-0.57849
-0.51836
-0.41490
-0.27601

-0.40886
-0.51196
-0.57820
-0.60177
-0.57982

+0.07050
-0.08654
-0.23816
-0.37452
-0.48622

0.58576
0.49519
0.37883
0.24205
+0.09180

+0.05079
-0.11714
-0.27544
-0.41066
-0.51073

0.45725
0.33088
0.18074
+0.01731
-0.14737

0.63325
0.62663
0.58111
0.49849
0.38313

0.31672
0.43701
0.53447
0.60305
0.63793

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.11306
+0.05995
0.22741
0.37359
0.48406

-0.51295
-0.40534
-0.26474
-0.10210
+0.06923

-0.56500
-0.60443
-0.60059
-0.55252
-0.46263

-0.06370
-0.21535
-0.35365
-0.46937
-0.55413

-0.56615
-0.57098
-0.52367
-0.42750
-0.29056

-0.30058
-0.42985
-0.52406
-0.57448
-0.57571

0.24189
+0.08387
-0.08010
-0.23812
-0.37804

0.63597
0.59605
0.51937
0.40960
0.27290

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.54726
0.55583
0.50770
0.40664
0.26226

0.23443
0.37847
0.48758
0.55059
0.56028

-0.33674
-0.18393
-0.01604
+0.15314
0.30893

-0.60118
-0.60601
-0.56693
-0.48549
-0.36666

-0.12531
+0.05237
0.22465
0.37342
0.48233

-0.52643
-0.42982
-0.29363
-0.12977
+0.04660

-0.48847
-0.55975
-0.58492
-0.';6059
-0.48753

+0.11769
-0.04573
-0.20576
-0.35036
-0.46788

5.0

0.08936
[C -1)7J

0.51440
[C-1)7J

0.43707

-0.21874

0.53861

-0.54818

[C-1)5J

[C -1)7J

0.21827
[( -1)6J

-0.37095

[C-1)6J

[(-1)6J

[(-1)5J

W(-2.0,x)

W(-5.0,-x) W( -4.0,-x) W(-3.0,-x)

0.47348
0.50102
0.53933
0.56641
0.59017
0.62350
0.63113
0.65576
0.68900
0.66435
0.69515
0.73381
0.66434
0.70666
0.75649

WC-2.0,-x)

0.60027
0.67730
0.74078
0.78939
0.82206

Values of W (a, x), for integral values of a are from National Physical Laboratory, Tables of Weber parabolic cylinder functions. Computed by Scientific Computing Service Ltd. Mathematical Introduction by J. C. P. Miller. Her Majesty's
Stationery Office, London, England, 1955 (with permission).

'713

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.~
i

W(2.0,x)

W(3.0,x)

W(4.0,x)

W(2.0,-x)

W(5.0,x)

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

6.0027
5.2271
4.5561
3.9758
3.4744

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.3933
4.5427
3.8285
3.2292
2.7262

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.0102
4.1061
3.'3667
2.7621
2.2677

( -1
( -1
/ -1
(' -1
( -1

4.7348
3.7888
3.0330
2.4291
1.9466

-1
-1
-1
-1
0

6.0027
6.8986
7.9324
9.1243
1.0497

-1
-1
-1
-1

3.0411
2.6668
2.3436
2.0644
1.8233

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.3041
1.9499
1.6525
1.4028
1.1931

-1
-1
-1
-1
-2

1.8634
1.5327
1.2621
1.0407
8.5930

-1
-1
-1
-2
-2

1.5611
1.2530
1.0067
8.0964
6.5197

0
0
0
0
0

1.2075
1.3888
1.5967
1.8345
2.1061

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.6151
1.4351
1.2795
1.1450
1.0286

-1
-2
-2
-2
-2

1.0168
8.6859
7.4385
6.3880
5.5025

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

7.1069
5.8882
4.8880
4.0663
3.3906

-2~ 5.2572
-2 4.2455
-2 3.4340
-2~ 2.7825
-2 2.2590

g~

2.4156
2.7674
3.1662
3.6169
4.1247

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

9.2770
8.4018
7.6411
6.9782
6.3984

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

4.7556
4.1248
3.5917
3.1406
2.7584

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

2.8343
2.3757
1.9973
1.6845
1.4256

_2)'"8371
-2 1.4984

~~

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

5.8890
5.4386
5.0372
4.6755
4.3456

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

2.4342
2.1588
1.9245
1.7247
1.5540

-2
-2
-3
-3
-3

1.2111
1.0330
8.8491
7.6160
6.5875

6.7954
f-3
-3 5.6183

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-2~
-2

4.0402
3.7524
-2 3.4763
-2~ 3.2064
-2 2.9379

-2
-2
-2
-2
-3

1.4075
1.2813
1.1719
1.0764
9.9205

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-2l 2.6664
-2 2.3883
-2~ 2.1007
-2
1.8013
-2 1.4891

{-3
-3
-3
~ -3
-3

9.1665
8.4815
7.8473
7.2477
6.6685

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.1637
-2l
-3 8.2597
-3 4.7816
-3~ +1.2365
-3 -2.3273

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

6.0967
5.5212
4.9326
4.3233
3.6879

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

i-T5.8480
-3 -9.2508
-2 -1.2449

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

~ -2 -1.5347

-2) -1. 7842

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-1.9831
-2.1213
-2.1898
-2.1815
-2.0914

( -2) -1. 9179

'.0231

-TO."
-3
-3
-3
-3

-1.4043
79
-2.1182
-2.7786
-3.3622

(-3) -3.8449

For interpolation, see 19.28.

W(4.0,-x)

-1
-1
-1
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1

5.3933
6.4061
7.6114
9.0448
1.0748

o
o 1.2770
o 1.5168
o 1.8008
o 2.1368
o 2.5335

'1'.001'

o 3.5517
o 4.1980

o 4.9554
0) 5.8406

~~

4.6948
5.3324
6.0424
6.8296
7.6980

o 6.8726
o 8.0723
o 9.4626

-3 3.2443

0
0
1
1
1

2.7236
2.2968
1.9464
1.6580
1.4202

3.1099
2.8032
2.5414
2.3163
2.1209

1.2237
1.0610
-4 9.2596
8.1356
~-4
-4 7.1975

1.9491
-3~ 1.7956
-3
-3 1.6558
1.5256
-3~
-3 1.4014

~ -4
-4l6.4117
5.7506

ml

5.7281
5.0088
4.4055
3.8984
3.4711

nr
-3 2.3283
-3 1.6058
-3 0.8609
-3 +0.1023

~~

W(3.0,-x)

-3
-3
-4
-4

1.2800
1.1586
1.0349
9.0706
7.7357

( -4

6.3364

r'

-2 1.2246
-2 1.0035
-3) 8.2455

-3 4.6610

~ -3 3.8810

!-,

-3
-3
-3
(-3

~ -3
-3

-4 5.1910

(-4~ 4.7135

(-4 4.3017

1-

O~ 1.3583

o 1.6574
o 2.0215

0) 2.4643
0) 3.0019

o 3.6538
o 4.4431
o 5.3970
o 6.5479
o 7.9336
o 9.5984

(-1
-1 4.734j
5.918
-1 7.'99

-1 9.250
o 1.156

445

o 1.805
o 1.
2.255
o 2.815
o 3.512

01

4 78

o 5.452
.'
o 6.784

O~ 8.431
1 1.046

."'1

1 '1.606
11 1.984
'Il2.448

1 1.1069
1 1.2917

1
1
1
1

1.1594
1.3979
1.6824
2.0206

8.6507
9.6899
1.0816
1.2027
1.3319

1
1
1
1
1

1.5037
1.7457
2.0209
2.3322
2.6827

1
1
1
1
1

2.4216
2.8952
3.4529
4.1069
4.8711

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1.4686
1.6117
1.7597
1.9108
2.0626

1 3.5113
't0749
1 3.9937
1 4.5230
1 5.0992

1
1
1
1
2

5.7600
6.7894
7.9756
9.:1355
1.0886

2l1.004
2 1.216
2) 1.468
2l1.767
2 2.119

1
1
1
1
1

2.2123
2.3564
2.4910
2.6116
2.7132

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

1.2643
1.4620
1.6831
1.9284
2.1983

1
1
1
1
1

2.7908
2.8386
2.8513
2.8234
2.7502

2 1.0099
2 1.0833
2 1.1520
2) 1.2137

2 3.5057
2 3.8760

2l9.0802
3 1.041

2.6275
2.4523
2.2234
1. 9410
1.6079

2
2
2
2
2

1.2657
1.3050
1.3286
1.3334
1.3167

2
2
2
2
2

4.2539
4.6317
4.9999
5.3475
5.6617

3,
3
3
3

~ -4
-4

3.9416
3.6211
-4 3.3295
4 3.0577
-4 2.7975

5.0102
6.1154
7.4658
9.1150
1.1128

W(5.0,-xj

111
( 1

5.7210
6.3856
7.0882
7.8218
8.5768

1 3.015

3.706
4.545
5.562
6.790
8.268

22 3.017
2.534j
2 3.580
2 4.229
2 4.975 ,

'1'.3410 2)2.4925
826!
'21'.3.1488
8101 '22l'"6.790
7.8732

187
,.
1.3446

1.5128
1.6899
1.87331

1
0

-4 4.8704
3.3422
-4 1.7637
-4 +0.1548

-4~ 2.5418
-4 2.2847
-4 2.0210
-4~ 1. 7 468
-4 1.4595

1.2294
8.1345
o +3.7101
o 0.8430
o -5.3626

2l1.2758
2 1.2086
2 1.1138
ll9.9105
1 8.4104

2
2
2
2
2

5.9283
6.1317
6.2561
6.2853
6.2040

3l2.0596
3 2.2445
3) 2.4229
3~ 2.5885
3 2.73441

(-4) -1.4564

(-4) 1.1577

0) -9.6664

1) 6.6590

2) 5.9987

3) 2.85281

714

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.2

W( -1.0,X)

W( -O.9,x)

W( -O.8,x)

W( -O.7,x)

W( -O.6,x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.73148
0.65958
0.58108
0.49671
0.40726

0.75416
0.68457
0.60881
0.52750
0.44133

0.77982
0.71267
0.63980
0.56175
0.47908

0.80879
0.74421
0.67441
0.59981
0.52089

0.84130
0.77940
0.71281
0.64187
0.56693

0.87718
0.81803
0.75471
0.68766
0.61696

0.91553
0.85912
0.79925
0.73610
0.66984

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.31359
0.21659
0.11723
+0.01657
-0.08429

0.35102
0.25734
0.16111
+0.06324
-0.03529

0.39240
0.30233
0.20958
0.11490
+0.01912

0.43811
0.35200
0.26311
0.17206
+0.07954

0.48837
0.40658
0.32198
0.23506
0.14637

0.54293
0.46584
0.38601
0.30379
0.21956

0.60064
0.52866
0.45409
0.37715
0.29811

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

-0.18412
-0.28164
-0.37549
-0.46422
-0.54635

-0.13342
-0.23002
-0.32384
-0.41357
-0.49783

-0.07684
-0.17198
-0.26523
-0.35538
-0.44119

-0.01369
-0.10679
-0.19880
-0.28870
-0.37536

+0.05650
-0.03384
-0.12386
-0.21269
-0.29933

0.13380
+0.04704
-0.04009
-0.12687
-0.21246

0.21727
0.13503
+0.05185
-0.03172
-0.11502

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

-0.62034
-0.68464
-0.73771
-0.77808
-0.80439

-0.57517
-0.64409
-0.70310
-0.75070
-0.78547

-0.52130
-0.59431
-0.65875
-0.71317
-0.75611

-0.45753
-0.53393
-0.60317
-0.66382
-0.71446

-0.38270
-0.46162
-0.53480
-0.60091
-0.65854

-0.29594
-0.37627
-0.45231
-0.52280
-0.58645

-0.19728
-0.27764
-0.35510
-0.42857
-0.49684

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

-0.81541
-0.81014
-0.78787
-0.74822
-0.69124

-0.80610
-0.81144
-0.80054
-0.77279
-0.72790

-0.78618
-0.80212
-0.80282
-0.78741
-0.75531

-0.75365
-0.78003
-0.79238
-0.78960
-0.77089

-0.70628
-0.74273
-0.76654
-0.77649
-0.77153

-0.64186
-0.68765
-0.72243
-0.74486
-0.75373

-0.55864
-0.61261
-0.65738
-0.69156
-0.71385

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.61743
-0.52785
-0.42412
-0.30847
-0.18374

-0.66601
-0.58777
-0.49436
-0.38753
-0.26968

-0.70633
-0.64071
-0.55918
-0.46303
-0.35416

-0.13570
-0.68391
-0.61582
-0.53224
-0.43455

-0.75086
-0.71398
-0.66079
-0.59164
-0.50739

-0.74799
-0.72686
-0.68984
-0.63684
-0.56821

-0.72301
-0.71801
-0.69802
-0.66256
-0.61149

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.05335
+0.07873
0.20811
0.33006
0.43974

-0.14378
-0.01339
+0.11741
0.24412
0.36198

-0.23506
-0.10884
+0.02083
0.14977
0.27340

-0.32474
-0.20540
-0.07973
+0.04850
0.17504

-0.40948
-0.29995
-0.18146
-0.05729
+0.06875

-0.48485
-0.38820
-0.28034
-0.16395
-0.04232

-0.54517
-0.46444
-0.37075
-0.26614
-0.15327

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.53233
0.60334
0.64885
0.66575
0.65207

0.46613
0.55184
0.61476
0.65118
0.65834

0.38695
0.48557
0.56460
0.61986
0.64786

0.29527
0.40440
0.49761
0.57035
0.61858

0.19236
0.30891
0.41360
0.50168
0.56868

+0.08071
0.20083
0.31342
0.41373
0.49706

-0.03541
+0.08365
0.19963
0.30797
0.40397

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.60721
0.53214
0.42952
0.30382
0.16115

0.63466
0.58002
0.49593
0.38565
0.25422

0.64616
0.61356
0.55042
0.45874
0.34234

0.63904
0.62958
0.58939
0.51923
0.42158

0.61072
0.62476
0.60892
0.56270
0.48725

0.55906
0.59598
0.60496
0.58437
0.53398

0.48303
0.54088
0.57391
0.57944
0.55599

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

+0.00918
-0.14329
-0.28674
-0.41153
-0.50861

+0.10831
-0.04397
-0.19348
-0.33057
-0.44572

0.20677
+0.05918
-0.09193
-0.23720
-0.36694

0.30072
0.16266
+0.01497
-0.133.60
-0.27352

0.38544
0.26194
+0.12315
-0.02310
-0.16782

0.45522
0.35129
0.22716
+0.08947
-0.05374

0.50355
0.42375
0.31998
0.19740
+0.06277

5.0

-0.57025

-0.53023

-0.47182

-0.39516

-0.30146

-0.19341

-0.07580

[( -53)4J

[( -53)4J

[( -:)4J

[( -53)4J

[( -53)4J

W( -O.5,x)

[( -:)4J

W( -OA,x)

[( -:)4J

715

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.2
x

W( -l.O,-x)

W( -O.9,-x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.73148
0.79607
0.85267
0.90067
0.93946

0.7541'6
0.81697
0.87241
0.91990
0.95892

0.77982
0.84073
0.89490
0.94182
0.98099

0.80879
0.86771
0.92053
0.96682
1.00612

0.84130
0.89814
0.94958
0.99522
1.03467

0.87718
0.93193
0.98201
1.02707
1.06677

0.91553
0.96827
1.01711
1.06178
1.10197

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.96849
0.98722
0.99521
0.99202
0.97734

0.98892
1.00940
1.01990
1.01997
1.00923

1.01192
1.03413
1.04713
1.05048
1.04374

1.03797
1.06191
1.07745
1.08414
1.08151

1.06749
1.09323
1.11143
1.12160
1.12325

1.10070
1.12843
1.14951
1.16343
1.16966

1.13729
1.16736
1.19170
1.20981
1.22114

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.95092
0.91262
0.86244
0.80055
0.72729

0.98738
0.95418
0.90952
0.85341
0.78603

1.02655
0.99859
0.95962
0.90954
0.84835

1.06912
1.04657
1.01355
0.96978
0.91515

1.11589
1.09904
1.07228
1.03523
0.98760

1.16769
1.15695
1.13693
1.10714
1.06714

1.22511
1.22112
1.20855
1.18680
1.15529

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.64322
0.54911
0.44603
0.33528
0.21849

0.70774
0.61912
0.52099
0.41443
0.30081

0.77623
0.69355
0.60091
0.49914
0.38936

0.84963
0.77341
0.68684
0.59053
0.48532

0.92923
0.86006
0.78025
0.69014
0.59032

1.01659
0.95525
0.88304
0.80004
0.70659

1.11351
1.06102
0.99750
0.92281
0.83697

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

+0.09757
-0.02528
-0.14758
-0.26660
-0.37941

0.18179
+0.05934
-0.06427
-0.18651
-0.30459

0.27298
0.15171
+0.02758
-0.09709
-0.21967

0.37236
0.25309
0.12930
+0.00305
-0.12323

0.48166
0.36531
0.24278
+0.11588
-0.01322

0.60326
0.49090
0.37070
0.24419
+0.11327

0.74025
0.63319
0.51665
0.39182
0.26028

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.48297
-0.57415
-0.64990
-0.70733
-0.74387

-0.41552
-0.51623
-0.60356
-0.67449
-0.72615

-0.33731
-0.44698
-0.54551
-0.62975
-0.69663

-0.24685
-0.36487
-0.47416
-0.57149
-0.65363

-0.14203
-0.26774
-0.38730
-0.49748
-0.59492

-0.01983
-0.15248
-0.28178
-0.40451
-0.51729

+0.12398
-0.01472
-0.15309
-0.28802
-0.41615

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.75737
-0.74633
-0.70996
-0.64841
-0.56281

-0.75605
-0.76219
-0.74323
-0.69863
-0.62881

-0.74331
-0.76738
-0.76692
-0.74077
-0.68862

-0.71748
-0.76019
-0.77937
-0.77320
-0.74065

-0.67629
-0.73841
-0.77841
-0.79386
-0.78300

-0.61660
-0.69897
-0.76108
-0.79994
-0.81309

-0.53384
-0.63739
-0.72310
-0.78743
-0.82721

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.45542
-0.32961
-0.18992
-0.04191
+0.10799

-0.53525
-0.42059
-0.28860
-0.14423
+0.00657

-0.61114
-0.51016
-0.38867
-0.25086
-0.10208

-0.68160
-0.59701
-0.48899
-0.36092
-0.21739

-0.74490
-0.67961
-0.58833
-0.47349
-0.33883

-0.79874
-0.75603
-0.68515
-0.58750
-0.46582

-0.83985
-0.82349
-0.77725
-0.70141
-0.59756

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.25266
0.38471
0.49679
0.58208
0.63477

0.15702
0.29976
0.42722
0.53205
0.60759

+0.05134
0.20225
0.34303
0.46597
0.56372

-0.06416
+0.09203
0.24366
0.38285
0.50171

-0.18934
-0.03124
+0.12831
0.28140
0.41981

-0.32421
-0.16811
-0.00420
+0.15987
0.31572

-0.46872
-0.31938
-0.15545
+0.01587
0.18634

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.65055
0.62708
0.56440
0.46513
0.33464

0.64841
0.65075
0.61301
0.53614
0.42379

0.62979
0.65910
0.64846
0.59705
0.50672

0.59285
0.64997
0.66833
0.64531
0.58085

0.53543
0.62083
0.66982
0.67800
0.64328

0.45473
0.56851
0.64950
0.69154
0.69050

0.34702
0.48877
0.60280
0.68125
0.71794

5.0

0.18091

0.28240

0.38215

0.47771

0.56635

0.64481

0.70889

[( -;)5J

W( -O.8,-x) W(-O.7,-x) W( -O.6,-x) W( -O.5,-x) W( -O.4,-x)

[( -;)5J [( -;)5J [( -;)5J

[( -;)5J [( -:)6J [(-:)6]

716

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.2
x

W( -O.3,x)

W( -O.2,x)

W( -O.I,x)

W(O,x)

W(O.I,x)

W(O.2,x)

W(O.3,x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.95411
0.90030
0.84377
0.78461
0.72293

0.98880
0.93725
0.88381
0.82851
0.77137

1.01364
0.96381
0.91299
0.86116
0.80828

1.02277
0.97388
0.92496
0.87595
0.82673

1.01364
0.96480
0.91691
0.86984
0.82344

0.98880
0.93920
0.89145
0.84540
0.80084

0.95411
0.90311
0.85480
0.80896
0.76536

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.65878
0.59225
0.52341
0.45236
0.37924

0.71237
0.65150
0.58875
0.52410
0.45756

0.75426
0.69902
0.64245
0.58445
0.52493

0.77719
0.72716
0.67647
0.62496
0.57244

0.77753
0.73192
0.68637
0.64067
0.59459

0.75757
0.71533
0.67388
0.63296
0.59228

0.72375
0.68386
0.64540
0.60809
0.57163

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.30421
0.22751
0.14946
+0.07042
-0.00912

0.38918
0.31906
0.24734
0.17425
0.10007

0.46383
0.40111
0.33677
0.27090
0.20361

0.51877
0.46381
0.40744
0.34961
0.29032

0.54790
0.50038
0.45186
0.40217
0.35118

0.55160
0.51063
0.46915
0.42691
0.38374

0.53573
0.50010
0.46446
0.42854
0.39209

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

-0.08857
-0.16725
-0.24435
-0.31894
-0.38999

+0.02522
-0.04982
-0.12443
-0.19788
-0.26933

0.13514
+0.06577
-0.00407
-0.07387
-0.14299

0.22960
0.16760
0.10454
+0.04073
-0.02340

0.29883
0.24510
0.19006
0.13384
0.07667

0.33945
0.29393
0.24713
0.19904
0.14975

0.35491
0.31679
0.27761
0.23725
0.19569

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

-0.45633
-0.51674
-0.56989
-0.61444
-0.64903

-0.33779
-0.40219
-0.46135
-0.51400
-0.55882

-0.21066
-0.27600
-0.33802
-0.39560
-0.44755

-0.08731
-0.15034
-0.21170
-0.27048
-0.32569

+0.01891
-0.03902
-0.09655
-0.15300
-0.20756

0.09941
+0.04828
-0.00327
-0.05478
-0.10567

0.15296
0.10917
0.06450
+0.01926
-0.02617

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.67233
-0.68311
-0.68033
-0.66313
-0.63097

-0.59448
-0.61966
-0.63315
-0.63385
-0.62088

-0.49261
-0.52947
-0.55686
-0.57356
-0.57846

-0.37619
-0.42082
-0.45833
-0.48749
-0.50710

-0.25934
-0.30731
-0.35040
-0.38745
-0.41729

-0.15523
-0.20267
-0.24709
-0.28749
-0.32283

-0.07129
-0.11551
-0.15811
-0.19829
-0.23518

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.58369
-0.52157
-0.44541
-0.35655
-0.25697

-0.59365
-0.55190
-0.49584
-0.42613
-0.34402

-0.57063
-0.54943
-0.51451
-0.46594
-0.40427

-0.51607
-0.51344
-0.49851
-0.47084
-0.43039

-0.43878
-0.45085
-0.45256
-0.44315
-0.42215

-0.35203
-0.37401
-0.38777
-0.39239
-0.38713

-0.26783
-0.29526
-0.31648
-0.33055
-0.33663

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.14924
-0.03654
+0.07742
0.18846
0.29213

-0.25134
-0.15050
-0.04453
+0.06302
0.16814

-0.33055
-0.24643
-0.15413
-0.05645
+0.04330

-0.37754
-0.31318
-0.23871
-0.15612
-0.06794

-0.38941
-0.34517
-0.29013
-0.22549
-0.15299

-0.37148
-0.34523
-0.30852
-0.26190
-0.20639

-0.33401
-0.32218
-0.30091
-0.27027
-0.23072

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.38382
0.45904
0.51364
0.54413
0.54793

0.26651
0.35370
0.42535
0.47744
0.50658

0.14132
0.23354
0.31572
0.38368
0.43357

+0.02278
0.11257
0.19762
0.27395
0.33764

-0.07486
+0.00615
0.08689
0.16386
0.23342

-0.14349
-0.07518
-0.00389
+0.06754
0.13597

-0.18313
-0.12880
-0.06948
-0.00733
+0.05511

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.52370
0.47151
0.39312
0.29197
0.17327

0.51029
0.48726
0.43762
0.36308
0.26703

0.46212
0.46690
0.44663
0.40138
0.33274

0.38503
0.41300
0.41921
0.40237
0.36248

0.29194
0.33601
0.36270
0.36981
0.35608

0.19809
0.25059
0.29037
0.31476
0.32171

0.11504
0.16948
0.21549
0.25027
0.27144

5.0

0.04376

[( -l)4J

0.15455

[( -:)3]

0.24393

[( -;)3J

0.30095

3)3J

[( -5

0.32145

[< -;)3]

0.31009

[( -;)2]

0.27719

[( -:)2]

1717

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.2
W( -0.3,-x)

W(-0.2,-x)

W(-O.I,-x)

W(O,-x)

W(O.I,-x)

W(0.2,-x)

W(0.3,-x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.95411
1.00506
1.05296
1.09759
1.13868

0.98880
1.03835
1.08581
1.13097
1.17362

1.01364
1.06245
1.11016
1.15665
1.20172

1.02277
1.07165
1.12050
1.16924
1.21771

1.01364
1.06348
1.11435
1.16622
1.21899

0.98880
1.04037
1.09399
1.14968
1.20741

0.95411
1.00797
1.06483
1.12477
1.18782

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.17589
1.20884
1.23706
1.26006
1.27725

1.21344
1.25007
1.28307
1.31193
1.33606

1.24510
1.28645
1.32534
1.36129
1.39368

1.26568
1.31285
1.35884
1.40315
1.44521

1.27248
1.32644
1.38053
1.43429
1.48719

1.26706
1.32845
1.39129
1.45520
1.51968

1.25396
1.32307
1.39494
1.46928
1.54567

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.28802
1.29171
1.28761
1.27501
1.25320

1.35480
1.36744
1.37321
1.37129
1.36083

1.42185
1.44504
1.46241
1.47304
1.47598

1.48433
1:51974
1.55054
1.57575
1.59429

1.53855
1.58760
1.63341
1.67498
1. 71113

1.58412
1.64775
1.70967
1. 76885
1.82408

1.62356
1.70224
1.78087
1.85841
1.93366

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1.22150
1.17926
1.12596
1.06115
0.98458

1.34098
1.31091
1.26983
1.21705
1.15200

1.47020
1.45469
1.42841
1.39039
1.33973

1.60502
1.60672
1.59813
1.57800
1.54509

1.74059
1.76201
1.77390
1.77474
1.76299

1.87401
1.91713
1.95181
1.97628
1.98870

2.00522
2.07150
2.13072
2.18093
2.22000

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.89620
0.79618
0.68503
0.56357
0.43300

1.07426
0.98365
0.88026
0.76448
0.63710

1.27565
1.19757
1.10510
0.99819
0.87711

1.49825
1.43644
1.35882
1.26478
1.15405

1. 73709
1.69557
1.63706
1.56041
1.46471

1.98714
1.96968
1.93446
1.87972
1.80390

2.24569
2.25565
2.24752
2.21894
2.16770

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.29492
0.15140
+0.00489
-0.14168
-0.28503

0.49932
0.35277
0.19959
+0.04242
-0.11563

0.74256
0.59571
0.43825
0.27241
+0.10100

1.02673
0.88342
0.72523
0.55388
0.37173

1.34942
1.21444
1.06021
0.88776
0.69887

1.70575
1.58440
1.43949
1.27129
1.08078

2.09177
1.98946
1.85956
1.70140
1.51507

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.42150
-0.54722
-0.65815
-0.75027
-0.81974

-0.27098
-0.41967
-0.55742
-0.67978
-0.78229

-0.07258
-0.24442
-0.41011
-0.56487
-0.70368

+0.18182
-0.01213
-0.20574
-0.39404
-0.57158

0.49606
0.28264
+0.06279
-0.15855
-0.37567

0.86979
0.64105
0.39827
+0.14618
-0.10952

1.30151
1.06267
0.80159
0.52249
+0.23083

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.86311
-0.87754
-0.86098
-0.81248
-0.73233

-0.86067
-0.91101
-0.93010
-0.91559
-0.86631

-0.82147
-0.91331
-0.97470
-1.00185
-0.99193

-0.73259
-0.87118
-0.98158
-1.05844
-1.09719

-0.58228
-0.77162
-0.93674
-1.07077
-1.16728

-0.36221
-0.60449
-0.82836
-1.02554
-1.18779

-0.06670
-0.36232
-0.64721
-0.91187
-1.14634

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.62227
-0.48559
-0.32717
-0.15346
+0.02771

-0.78249
-0.66595
-0.52024
-0.35070
-0.16437

-0.94343
-0.85640
-0.73270
-0.57611
-0.39249

-1.09434
-1.04786
-0.95753
-0.82515
-0.65483

-1.22069
-1.22662
-1.18240
-1.08743
-0.94350

-1.30732
-1.37730
-1.39231
-1.34891
-1.24610

-1.34070
-1.48554
-1.57256
-1.59514
-1.54901

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.20739
0.37594
0.52351
0.64069
0.71919

+0.03014
0.22299
0.40359
0.56113
0.68534

-0.18962
+0.02291
0.23414
0.43218
0.60494

-0.45301
-0.22843
+0.00810
0.24408
0.46598

-0.75508
-0.52942
-0.27649
-0.00874
+0.25940

-1.08573
-0.87285
-0.61582
-0.32626
-0.01876

-1.43285
-1.24877
-1.00271
-0.70462
-0.36835

5.0

0.75259
-53)6J

0.76721
-53)5J

0.74090

0.65996
[( -53)5J

0.51219
-53)6J

+0.28970

-0.01132

[C

[C

[C-53)5J

[C

[C -:)7J

[C-:)9J

718

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.2

W(O.4,X)

W(O.5,x)

W(O.6,x)

W(O.7,x)

W(O.8,x)

W(O.9,x)

W(l.O,x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.91553
0.86271
0.81331
0.76709
0.72376

0.87718
0.82232
0.77155
0.72456
0.68104

0.84130
0.78433
0.73205
0.68408
0.64007

0.80879
0.74973
0.69590
0.64687
0.60222

0.77982
0.71874
0.66339
0.61328
0.56794

0.75416
0.69116
0.63436
0.58321
0.53718

0.73148
0.66667
0.60852
0.55639
0.50970

0.5
0.6
'J.7
0.8
0.9

0.68304
0.64462
0.60820
0.57347
0.54011

0.64064
0.60305
0.56793
0.53495
0.50380

0.59964
0.56244
0.52810
0.49629
0.46666

0.56155
0.52446
0.49058
0.45952
0.43095

0.52692
0.48979
0.45614
0.42558
0.39774

0.49578
0.45853
0.42499
0.39476
0.36745

0.46791
0.43051
0.39703
0.36704
0.34013

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.50782
0.47630
0.44523
0.41435
0.38338

0.47414
0.44567
0.41808
0.39108
0.36438

0.43889
0.41266
0.38765
0.36358
0.34015

0.40452
0.37992
0.35682
0.33494
0.31399

0.37228
0.34888
0.32720
0.30697
0.28790

0.34271
0.32020
0.29960
0.28063
0.26299

0.31594
0.29412
0.27435
0.25634
0.23981

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.35206
0.32018
0.28752
0.25395
0.21934

0.33771
0.31084
0.28354
0.25561
0.22689

0.31709
0.29416
0.27111
0.24773
0.22384

0.29370
0.27382
0.25410
0.23433
0.21430

0.26973
0.25219
0.23506
0.21812
0.20115

0.24643
0.23071
0.21559
0.20085
0.18629

0.22451
0.21019
0.19662
0.18361
0.17094

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.18363
0.14682
0.10899
0.07029
+0.03094

0.19726
0.16665
0.13504
0.10248
0.06908

0.19927
0.17390
0.14767
0.12054
0.09255

0.19384
0.17280
0.15107
0.12857
0.10528

0.18398
0.16644
0.14841
0.12976
0.11045

0.17173
0.15700
0.14195
0.12647
0.11045

0.15845
0.14595
0.13331
0.12038
0.10707

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.00872
-0.04827
-0.08719
-0.12486
-0.16058

0.03504
+0.00063
-0.03378
-0.06773
-0.10069

0.06378
0.03440
+0.00466
-0.02513
-0.05457

0.08121
0.05645
0.03113
+0.00547
-0.02025

0.09043
0.06972
0.04840
0.02659
+0.00447

0.09385
0.07662
0.05879
0.04042
0.02163

0.09330
0.07900
0.06416
0.04879
0.03296

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.19356
-0.22295
-0.24788
-0.26746
-0.28083

-0.13202
-0.16105
-0.18700
-0.20910
-0.22656

-0.08319
-0.11043
-0.13568
-0.15826
-0.17749

-0.04569
-0.07041
-0.09392
-0.11569
-0.13511

-0.01769
-0.03960
-0.06087
-0.08106
-0.09969

+0.00259
-0.01649
-0.03531
-0.05355
-0.07080

0.01677
+0.00038
-0.01602
-0.03216
-0.04774

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.28722
-0.2a598
-0.27664
-0.25895
-0.23299

-0.23861
-0.24455
-0.24381
-0.23596
-0.22079

-0.19265
-0.20307
-0.20814
-0.20735
-0.20033

-0.15158
-0.16446
-0.17317
-0.17718
-0.17604

-0.11623
-0.13014
-0.14088
-0.14793
-0.15084

-0.08664
-0.10061
-0.11222
-0.12101
-0.12652

-0.06242
-0.07581
-0.08750
-0.09707
-0.10411

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.19913
-0.15813
-0.11115
-0.05975
-0.00585

-0.19835
-0.16901
-0.13343
-0.09266
-0.04811

-0.18692
-0.16717
-0.14143
-0.11032
-0.07481

-0.16946
-0.15730
-0.13965
-0.11684
-0.08947

-0.14922
-0.14284
-0.13162
-0.11566
- 0.09531

-0.12836
-0.12624
-0.11996
-0.10948
-0.09494

-0.10824
-0.10912
-0.10653
-0.10030
-0.09046

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

+0.04828
0.10016
0.14714
0.18659
0.21607

-0.00149
+0.04518
0.08968
0.12967
0.16286

-0.03614
+0.00411
0.04416
0.08203
0.11567

-0.05843
-0.02485
+0.00985
0.04406
0.07604

-0.07112
-0.04392
-0.01477
+0.01506
0.04414

-0.07669
-0.05525
-0.03141
-0.00614
+0.01943

-0.07716
-0.06075
-0.04174
-0.02086
+0.00100

5.0

0.23350

0.18712

0.14307

0.10399

0.07092

0.04399

0.02281

[( -~)2J

[( -53)1J

[( -t)8J

[( -44)7J

[( -44)7J

[( -44)8J

[( -l)8J

V19

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.2

WCOA, -x)

WCO.5,-x)

WCO.6,-:c)

WCO.7,-x)

WCO.8,-x)

WCO.9,-x)

W(l.O, -x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.91553
0.97201
1.03235
1.096 71
1.16520

0.87718
0.93642
1.00031
1.06911
1.14300

0.84130
0.90331
0.97072
1.04386
1.12302

0.80879
0.87352
0.94433
1.02166
1.10591

0.77982
0.84714
0.92122
1.00258
1.09173

0.75416
0.82396
0.90115
0.98636
1.08022

0.73148
0.80361
0.88375
0.97265
1.07106

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.23789
1.31475
1.39567
1.48046
1.56879

1.22215
1.30664
1.39648
1.49158
1.59174

1.20846
1.30040
1.39896
1.50419
1.61602

1.19746
1.29663
1.40371
1.51888
1.64225

1.18917
1.29538
1.41079
1.53574
1.67051

1.18338
1.29644
1.42000
1.55459
1.70068

1.17975
1.29949
1.43106
1.57519
1.73254

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.6602
1. 7541
1.8497
1.9460
2.0418

1.6966
1.8057
1.9184
2.0337
2.1506

1.7343
1.8586
1.9884
2.1230
2.2613

1. 7738
1.9133
2.0603
2.2144
2.3746

1.8153
1.9700
2.1345
2.3083
2.4909

1.8586
2.0286
2.2107
2.4048
2.6102

1.9037
2.0891
2.2891
2.5037
2.7327

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

2.1358
2.2263
2.3115
2.3891
2.4570

2.2677
2.3833
2.4956
2.6023
2.7009

2.4020
2.5437
2.6843
2.8216
2.9529

2.5397
2.7083
2.8785
3.0480
3.2141

2.6811
2.8777
3.0788
3.2823
3.4854

2.8264
3.0520
3.2856
3.5249
3.7674

2.9756
3.2316
3.4991
3.7762
4.0605

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

2.5125
2.5529
2.5754
2.5770
2.5548

2.7886
2.8623
2.9188
2.9546
2.9660

3.0752
3.1853
3.2793
3.3532
3.4030

3.3737
3.5231
3.6583
3.7748
3.8678

3.6849
3.8770
4.0573
4.2209
4.3624

4.0097
4.2479
4.4775
4.6931
4.8889

4.3487
4.6368
4.9201
5.1930
5.4490

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.5061
2.4283
2.3192
2.1772
2.0013

2.9496
2.9018
2.8196
2.7001
2.5413

3.4241
3.4124
3.3634
3.2734
3.1389

3.9321
3.9626
3.9538
3.9007
3.7984

4.4760
4.5555
4.5944
4.5863
4.5251

5.0582
5.1940
5.2887
5.3346
5.3240

5.6811
5.8811
6.0405
6.1502
6.2008

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.7914
1.5484
1.2746
0.9733
0.6496

2.3419
2.1015
1.8213
1.5038
1.1529

2.9573
2.7270
2.4478
2.1206
1.7487

3.6430
3.4312
3.1612
2.8324
2.4466

4.4050
4.2211
3.9697
3.6486
3.2576

5.2495
5.1041
4.8822
4.5794
4.1934

6.1832
6.0883
5.9081
5.6359
5.2669

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

+0.3098
-0.0381
-0.3848
-0.7198
-1.0317

0.7746
+0.3767
-0.0314
-0.4385
-0.8319

1.3369
0.8923
+0.4244
-0.0553
-0.5332

2.0074
1.5210
0.9962
+0.4445
-0.1199

2.7987
2.2767
1.6994
1.0779
+0.4263

3.7241
3.1746
2.5511
1.8636
1.1259

4.7985
4.2315
3.5700
2.8225
2.0016

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-1.3084
-1.5382
-1.7095
-1.8124
-1.8391

-1.1977
-1.5216
-1.7893
-1.9871
-2.1032

-0.9940
-1.4209
-1.7966
-2.1039
-2.3268

-0.6804
-1.2184
-1.7136
-2.1453
-2.4930

-0.2378
-0.8941
-1.5199
-2.0907
-2.5817

+0.3558
-0.4249
-1.1915
-1. 9160
-2.5692

1.1251
+0.2152
-0.7013
-1.5936
-2.4280

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-1.7844
-1.6469
-1.4292
-1.1387
-0.7876

-2.1283
-2.0567
-1.8870
-1.6231
-1.2742

-2.4513
-2.4668
-2.36 70
-2.1513
-1.8252

-2.7376
-2.8632
-2.8579
-2.7153
-2.4359

-2.9685
-3.2291
-3.3452
-3.3040
-3.0995

-3.1213
-3.5437
-3.8110
-3.9027
-3.8054

-3.1692
-3.7818
-4.2326
-4.4924
-4.5392

5.0

-0.3927

-0.8557

[C -52)1J

-2.7346

-3.5149
-5

-4.3599

[C -:)1J

[C -:)1J

-1.4010

-2.0281

[C -l)2J

[C -l)2J

[C 2)2J

[C -l)3]

720

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Tahle 19.3

AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS

The functions "1' "2, "3 of 19.10 and 19.23 are needed in Darwin's expansion and also
the function T of 19.7 and 19.20.
~

"1

"1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00000
0.05008
0.10066
0.15222
0.20521

"3
0.39270
0.34278
0.29337
0.24498
0.19817

-0.70270
-0.64181
-0.57855
-0. 51304
-0.44540

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

6.9519
7.2093
7.4716
7.7388
8.0109

"2
5.5506
5.7981
6.0507
6.3084
6.5712

4.1079
4.2291
4.3511
4.4738
4.5972

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.26006
0.31713
0.37678
0.43929
0.50492

0.15355
0.11182
0.07387
0.04088
0.01468

-0.37574
-0.30415
-0.23071
-0.15549
-0.07857

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

8.2880
8.5700
8.8569
9.1487
9.4454

6.8391
7.1120
7.3901
7.6732
7.9614

4.7213
4.8461
4.9716
5.0977
5.2246

"1

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

"2

"1

"2

0.57390
0.64640
0.72261
0.80265
0.88666

0.00000
0.01513
0.04341
0.08086
0.12617

0.00000
0.08015
0.16185
0.24502
0.32964

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

9. 7471
10.0537
10.3652
10.6817
11.0031

8.2546
8.5530
8.8564
9.1649
9.4784

5.3521
5.4803
5.6092
5. 7387
5.8688

0.97473

0.41566
0.50304
0.59175
0.68175
0.77300

6.5
6.6
6. 7
6.8
6.9

11.3295
11.6608
11.9970
12.3382
12.6843

9. 7970
10.1207
10.4494
10.7832
11.1220

5.9996
6.1310
6.2631
6.3958
6.5290

1.5
1.6
1. 7
1.8
1.9

1. 16344
1.26422
1.36937

0.17866
0.23786
0.30347
0.37527
0.45309

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.47894
1.59299
1. 71155
1. 83466
1.96236

0.53679
0.62626
0.72l42
0.82220
0.92853

0.86549
0.95917
1.05403
1. 15004
1. 24716

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

13.0354
13.3914
13. 7524
14.1183
14.4892

11.4659
11.8148
12.1688
12.5278
12.8919

6.6629
6. 7974
6.9325
7.0682
7.2045

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.09467
2.23163
2.37325
2.51956
2.67058

1. 04036
1.15764
1.28034
1. 40843
1.54187

1. 34539

1.44470
1. 54506
1. 64646
1. 74888

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

14.8651
15.2459
15.6316
16.0223
16.4180

13.2610
13.6352
14.0144
14.3987
14.7880

7.3414
7.4789
7.6169
7.7555
7.8947

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.82632
2.98681
3.15205
3.32207
3.49688

1.68063
1.82470
1.97406
2.12867
2.28853

1. 85229
1.95669
2.06206
2.16837
2.27562

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

16.8186
17.2242
17.6348
18.0503
18.4708

15.1823
15.5817
15.9861
16.3956
16.8101

8.0344
8.1747
8.3155
8.4569
8.5989

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

3.67648
3.86089
4.05011
4.24416
4.44305

2.45363
2.62394
2. 79946
2.98017
3.16606

2.38378
2.49285
2.60281
2.71365
2.82536

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

18.8962
19.3266
19.7620
20.2024
20.6417

17.2296
17.6542
18.0838
18.5184
18.9581

8.7413
8.8844
9.0279
9.1720
9.3166

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

4.64678
4.85537
5.06880
5.28711
5.51028

3.35712
3.55335
3.75474
3.96127
4.17295

2.93791
3.05131
3.16554
3.28058
3.39643

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

21. 0980
21. 5532
22.0135
22.4787
22.9488

19.4028
19.8525
20.3073
20.7671
21.2319

9.4617
9.6074
9. 7535
9.9002
10.0474

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

5. 73833
5.97126
6.20908
6.45178
6.69938

4.38976
4.61169
4.83875
5.07093
5.30822

3. 51308
3.63051
3.74872
3.86770
3.98743

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

23.4240
23.9041
24.3892
24.8792
25.3742

21. 7017
22.1766
22.6565
23.1414
23.6314

10.1951
10.3433
10.4920
10.6411
10.7908

5.0

6.95188

5.55062

4.10792

10.0

24.1264

[(-t)l]

1. 06696

[( -t)6] [(-:)2]

[( -34)3]

25.8742

[(-t)6]

[( -34)7]

10.9410

When interpolating for "2 and "3 for ~ near unity, it is better to interpolate for r and then
use
2
2
"2 = :F3/2 or "3 = :3 (_r)3/2.

20. Mathieu Functions

GERTRUDE BLANCH 1

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties . . . . . . . . .

Mathieu's Equation . . . . . .
Determination of Characteristic Values
Floquet's Theorem and Its Consequences
Other Solutions of Mathieu's Equation .
Properties of Orthogonality and Normalization.
Solutions of Mathieu's Modified Equation for Integral II
Representations by Integrals and Some Integral Equations.
Other Properties . . . . .
Asymptotic Representations
Comparative Notations .

20.1.
20.2.
20.3.
20.4.
20.5.
20.6.
20.7.
20.S.
20.9.
20.10.

722
722
722
727
730
732
732
735
738
740
744

References

745

Table 20.1. Characteristic Values, Joining Factors, Some Critical

Values (05q5 co )

748

Even Solutions

aT, ceT(O, q), ceT(~, q}

ce~ (~, q}

(4q)i g., T(q), (4q)'.h T(q)

Odd Solutions

bT, se;(O, q),

seT(~' q} se~ (~, q),

q=0(5)25,

(4q)i gO. T(q) , (4f/)'jO.T(q)

8D or S

aT+2q-(4r+2).Jq", bT+2q-(4r-2).Jq"
q-t=.16( -.04)0, 8D
r=O, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15
Table 20.2. Coefficients Am and Bm. . . . . . . .

q=5, 25; r=O, 1,2,5,10,15,

750
9D

Aeronautical Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

721

20. Mathieu Functions

Mathematical Properties
d2g 1 (k2-C) 2
a=---2 -+------p cos 2v
dv g
2

20.1. Mathieu's Equation

Canonical Fonn of the Differential 'Equation

d2
d~+(a-2q COs 2v)y=0

20.1.1

Mathieu's Modified Differential Equation

d2j
du 2 -(a-2q cosh 2u)j=0

20.1.2

(v=iu,y=j)

Relation Between Mathieu's Equation and the Wave

Equation for the Elliptic Cylinder

The wave equation in Cartesian coordinates is

()2W +()2W +()2W +k2W=0
()X2
()y2
()Z2

20.1.3

A solution W is obtainable by separation of variables in elliptical coordinates. Thus, let

X= p cosh u cos v; y= p sinh u sin v; Z= z;
p

a positive constant; 20.1.3 becomes

20.1.4

"

* ()2W+
OZ2

where a is a constant. The above are equivalent

to 20.1.1 and 20.1.2. The constants c and a are
often referred to as separation constants, due to the
role they play in 20.1.5 and 20.1.6.
For some physically important solutions, the
function g must be periodic, of period 11' or 211'.
It can be shown that there exists a countably
infinite set of characteristic values ar(q) which yield
even periodic solutions of 20.1.1; there is another
countably infinite sequence of characteristic values
br(q) which yield odd periodic solutions of 20.1.1.
It is known that there exist pel ',odic solutions of
period hr, where k is any positive integer. In
what follows, however, the term characteristic
value will be reserved for a value associated with
solutions of period 11' or 211' only. These characteristic values are of basic importance to the general
theory of the differential equation for arbitrary
parameters a and q.

p2

(cosh 2u-cos 2v)

(02W2 +02W2 )+k 2W=O

ou

An Algebraic Form of Mathieu's Equation

ov

Assuming a solution of the form

(cos v=t)

W=!p(z)j(u)g(v)

Relation to Spheroidal Wave Equation

and substituting the above into 20.1.4 one obtains,

after dividing through by W,

d !p +0=0
rp dz 2

*
Thus, Mathieu's equation is a special case of
20.1.8, with b=-!, c=a+2q.
20.2. Determination of Characteristic Values

Since z, u, v are independent variables, it follows

that
20.1.5

where c is a constant.
Again, from the fact that O=c and that u, v
are independent variables, one sets
20.1.6
d2J 1 (k 2'-c)
* a=p2 cosh 2u
du 2 -+--j
2
722

A solution of 20.1.1 with v replaced by z, having

period 11' or 211' is of the form
(II

20.2.1

y=~

m-O

(Am cos mz+Bm sin mz)

where Bo ('an be taken as zero. If the above is

substItuted into 20.1.1 one obtains
20.2.2
(II

~
m--2

[(a-m 2)Am-q(Am_2+Am+2) cos mz

+m--l [(a-m2)Bm-q(Bm_2+Bm+2) sin mz=O

A-m, B_m=O
'See page D.

m>O

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

Equation 20.2.2 can be reduced to one of four

simpler types, given in 20.2.3 nnd 20.2.4 below
Q)

20.2.3 Yo= L: A 2m +v cos (2m+p)z,

p=O or 1

m=O
Q)

20.2.4

p=O or 1

Yl=2:: B 2m+v sin (2m+p)z,

20.2.18 V 2 =G0 4 , for odd solutions of perio~

along with 20.2.15

'If,

These three-term reCurrence relations amon~ the

coefficients indicate that every Gm can be devel ped
into two types of continued fractions.
hus
20.2.15 is equivalent to
.

m=O

If p = 0, the solution is of period

solution is of period 2 'If.

'If;

if p = 1, the

20.2.19

Gm

V m-Gm+2 V m - V m+2 - V m+4 _ ... (ml~3)

1

Recurrence Relations Among the Coefficients

Even solutions of period

20.2.20
11':

20.2.5

aAo-qA2=O

20.2.6

(a-4)A 2-q(2A o+ A4) =0

(m~3)
(m2:3)

where
\Ol=d=O; \00=2, if Gm+2=A28/A2.-2

Even solutions of period 211':

IPI=d=lPo=O, if Gm+2=B2,/B2B-2

20.2.8 '

1PI=-1; 1P0=d=1, if Gm+2=A28+dA2,-1 :

along with 20.2.7 for m2:3.

Odd solutions of period

11':

(a-4)B 2 -qB4 =0

20.2.9

IPI=d=f/>o=l, if Gm+2=B2.+dB2.-1

20.2.10 (a-m2)Bm-q(Bm_2+Bm+2)=0

(m2:3)

Odd solutions of period 211':

a=a T , associated with even periodic sOlutioqs

20.2.11

along with 20.2.10 for

a=

m~3.

Let
20.2.12

The four choices of the parameters IPI, IPt d

correspond to the four types of solutions 20. .320.2.4. Hereafter, it will be convenient to eparate the characteristic values a into two m jor
subsets:

Gem=Am/Am-2' Go m=B m /B m- 2 ;

Gm=Ge m or GO m when the same operations apply

to both, and no ambiguity is likely to arise.
Further let

bT , associated with odd periodic SOlution}'

If 20.2.19 is suitably combined with 20.2.13-20 18

there result four types of continued fractions, the
roots of which yield the required character' tic
v~~

I
211

20.2.21 VO-V- -V V- ... =0

2-

!-

&-

Roots:iI ~T

20.2.22

20.2.13

Equations 20.2.5-20.2.7 are equivalent to

20.2.14
(m~3),

for even solutions of period

Similarly

111

11'.

20.2.16 V1-l = Ge3; for even solutions of period

211', along with 20.2.15
20.2.17
211',

VI

+1= Go 3,

along with 20.2.15

'See page D.

20.2.24

V 1 +I- -V - V ... =0
V 3- 6- 7-

Roots: b~T+l
1

If a is a root of 20.2.21-20.2.24, then the cotresponding solution exists and is an entire func~ion
of z, for general complex values of q.
If q is real, then the Sturmian theory of secqnd
order linear differential equations yields ~he
!

for odd solutions of period

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

724

following:
(a) For a fixed real q, characteristic values aT and
bT are real and distinct, if q~O; ao<b1<al
<b2<a2< . . . , q>O and aT(q), bT(q) approach r2 as q approaches zero.
(b) A solution of 20.1.1 associated with aT or bT
has r zeros in the interval 0::; z<1I", (q real).
(c) The form of 20.2.21 and 20.2.23 shows that if
a2T is a root of 20.2.21 and q is different from
zero, then a2r cannot be a root of 20.2.23;
similarly, no root of 20.2.22 can be a root of
20.2.24 if q~O. It may be shown from other
considerations that for a given point (a, q)
there can be at most one periodic solution of
period 11" or 211" if q ~O. This no longer holds
for solutions of period 811", 8 ~ 3; for these all
solutions are periodic, if one is.

Power Series for Characteristic Values

20.2.25

289 q6
79626240
21391q8

+458647142400 +

...

_
5q2 763q4 1002401t
a2(q) -4+12-13824 + 79626240
1669068401 q8
- 458647142400 + ...

0,

b,

32

28

1961 q6
609q7
-23592960+104857600+ ...

24

20

161-----

----------- -----

q2 433qi
a4(q)=16+30+864000

5701 q6
2721600000+

12

--- - -- -----~---...;;;-.::.:--:......~
37 q6
+891813888+ ...

~;.:-'-..L..-_-'--_"""",,"=---..L.-_---'-_---'_q

q2

187q4

5861633 q6

b8 (q)=36+ 70 + 43904000 92935987200000+

For r~7, and Iql not too large, aT is approximately equal to bT, and the following approximation may be used
20.2.26
ar } _
q2
(5r+ 7) q4
br -r+ 2 (r-1) +32(r2 -1)3(r2-4)
-24
FIGURE

20.1.

Characteristic Values aT, bT

1=0,1(1)5

(9r 4+58r+29) t
+ 64(r-1)5(r-4) (r-9)

+ ...

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

The above expansion is not limited to integral

values of r, and it is a very good approximation
for r of the form n+! where n is an integer. In
case of integral values of r=n, the series holds
only up to terms not involving r2-n 2 in the
denominator. Subsequent terms must be derived
specially (as shown by Mathieu). Mulholland
and Goldstein [20.38] have computed characteristic values for purely imaginary q and found that
ao and a2 have a common real value for jql in the
neighborhood of 1.468; Bouwkamp [20.5] has
computed this number as qo= i 1.46876852 to 8
decimals. For values of -iq>-iqo, ao and a2
are conjugate complex numbers. From equation
20.2.25 it follows that the radius of convergence
for the series defining ao is no greater than Iqol.
It is shown in [20.36], section 2.25 that the radius
of convergence for a2n(q), n~2 is greater than 3.
Furthermore

se2(Z, q)=sin2z_qsin4Z+q2(sin 6z _ Sin2Z)-H'

12

384

288

...

20.2.28
cer(z, q)
se, ( z, q)

=cos (rz-p(7r/2-q

{cos[(r+2)Z-~~J
2
I

4(r+ 1)

_ cos [(r-2)Z-p(1r/2)]}
4(r-1)

{cos [(r+4) z-p(1r/2)] +cos [(r-4) z-p(1r~)]

32(r+ 1)(r+2)

32(r-1)(r-2)
_ cos (rz-p(1r/2)] [2(r 2+ 1)J}
32
(r2-1)2

+ ...

with p=O for cer(z, q), p= 1 for ser(z, q) r ~ 3.

1

ce,

Power Series in q Cor the Periodic Functions (Cor

sufficiently small Iq I)

1.2

20.2.27

q
(COS4z- 1)
ceo(z q)=2- i [ 1-,
2 cos 2Z+q2 -32
16
_,,3 (cos 6z 11 cos 2Z)+ J
~
1152
128
...
cel(Z, q)=cos Z-~ cos 3z

[COS 5z_ COS 3z_ COS z]

192
64
128

_,,3 [cos 7 Z_ cos 5z _ cos 3z+cos z]

~ 9216 1152
3072 512 + ...
sel(Z, q)=sin z-~ sin 3z

+q2 [sin 5z + sin 3z _ sin z]

192
64
128
_,,3[ffin7z+sin5z_sin3z_sinzJ
~ 9216 1152 3072 512 + ...
_

(COS4Z 1)

FIGURE

2(COS6Z 19COS2Z)
384
288
+ ...

ce2(Z, q)-cos 2z-q ~-4 +q

20.2.

Even Periodic Mathieu Functions, Ordersl0-5

q=1.
'

726

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS
se,

se,

'6
1.2

,-------,
"
I , I/\. \ / ,/'/ .",
I
0/')..........

/;' /

.8

//" /

\/ '\

// \

'\

'\

se

.4

/ I'

/" /

II /

"

/, I

.
\

II

1\',

1.0

\',/

\
se \

.8

"

3\\

se4 \ \

of

,\!

\,
\

1.2

.6

",

'1/ /
, / .\ .

se,

1.4

se,

,~-y--....

1.0

.6

'-"

.~/
\
\
~'~~__~~~~~~~~\~~L-~--'~___ Z
60\

Y
/
. \ ,I

1\ \

'\.
FIGURE

/
\ j'
'
/\

\ ..../

20.3.

'0

-1.0

\\

\
'.4

7.

'.\ \ l\ /'j

\j
'\

./
'---../

'.2

'.4

....

Odd Periodic l\fathieu Functions, Orders 1-5

q=1.

c6

'.8

'

\.,.

I .\,
.'

/\ /\
'J

'....

-1.0

FIGURE
C r

1.6

20.5.

Odd Periodic Mathieu Functions, Orders 1-5

q=lO.

For coefficients associated with above functions

1.4

20.2.29

A8(O)=2-!; A~(O)=B~(O)=l, r>O

Ag.=[C-l)sq'/8!S!22'-I) A8+ . . . , S>O

AB~+2'=[(-I)'r!

O~+

q'/4'(r+s)! s!]

r+2,

.. .

r8>O, C~=A~ or B~
A~-2' or B~-2.

(r-s-I)!q' T
s!(r-I)! 4' OT+'"

Asymptotic Expansion for Characteristic Values,

Let w=2r+ I, q=w4tp,

where
,1.0
FIGURE

20.4.

Even Periodic l'vlathieu Functions, Orders 0-5

q=IO.

tp

real.

Then

q 1

~27

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

proportional to F.(-z); the second, indepen4ent

solution of 20.3.1 then has the form
CD.

20.3.6 Y2=zce r(z, q)+~ d2kH sm (2k+p)z,

k=O

20.2.31

bT+l-ar"'24rH-{if;rrpr+ie-4..fijr!,

q-:HD

I
i

associated with ce r (*, q)

CD

20.3.7 Y2=zse r(z, q)+~J2kH cos (2k+p)z, .

k=O

(given in (20.36] without proof.)

associated with ser(t, q)

20.3. Floquet's Theorem and Its Consequences

are periodic functions of z, it follows from the

known theory relating to such equations that
there exists a solution of the form

The coefficients d2k+p and J2kH depend on the forresponding coefficients Am and B m, respectiv;ely,
of 20.2, as well as on a and q. See [20.301, SeCtiOn
(7.50)-(7.51) and [20.58], section V, for det ils.
If v is not an integer, then the Floquet solut ons
F.(z) and F.( - z) are linearly independent.: It
is clear that 20.3.2 can be written in the form

20.3.2

20.3.8

Since the coefficients of Mathieu's equation

20.3.1

Y"

+ (a-2q cos 2z)y=0

where v depends on a and q, and P(z) is a periodic

function, of the same period as that of the
coefficients in 20.3.1, namely 7r. (Floquet's
theorem; see [20.16] or [20.22] for its more general
form.) The constant v is called the characteristic
exponent. Similarly
20.3.3

k=-CD

From 20.3.8 it follows that if v is a proper fraciion

mdm2' then every solution of 20.3.1 is periliC,
and of period at most 21!"1n2. This agrees ith
results already noted in 20.2; i.e., both indepen ent
solutions are periodic, if one is, provided the pe iod
is different from 7r and 27r.

Method of Generating the Characteristic Expone1t

satisfies 20.3.1 whenever 20.3.2 does.

and F.( -z) have the property

Both F.(z)

Define two linearly independent solutionsi of

20.3.1, for fixed a, q by

20.3.4

Yl(O)=l; y~(O)=O.

y(z+hr) = C"y(z) , y=F.(z) or F.t-z),

C=e i r for F.(z), C=e- tvr for F.( -z)

Solutions having the property 20.3.4 will hereafLer

be termed Floquet solutions. Whenever F.(z)
and F.( -z) are linearly independent, the general
solution of 20.3.1 can be put into the form
20.3.5

F.(z)= ~ C2keH.+2k)Z.

y=AF.(z)

+BF.( -

z)

If AB~O, the above solution will not be a Floquet

solution. It will be seen later, from the method
for determining v when a and q are given, that
there is some ambiguity in the definition of v;
namely, v can be replaced by v+2k, where k is an
arbitrary integer. This is as it should be, since
the addition of the factor exp (2ikz) in 20.3.2 still
leaves a periodic funetion of period 7r for the
coefficient of exp il/z.
It turns out that when a belongs to the set of
characteristic values ar and br of 20.2, then v is
zero or an integer. It is convenient to associate
v=r with ar(q), and v= -r with br(q); see [20.36].
In the special case when v is an integer, F.(z) is

20.3.9

Y2(0)=0; y~(O)=1.

Then it can be shown that

20.3.10
20.3.11

cos 7rV-Yl(7r)=0
cos 7rv-1-2y;

(~) Y2 (~)=o

Thus v may be obtained from a knowledge I of

Yl(7r) or from a knowledge of bothy; (~)and Yz(i)

For numerical purposes 20.3.11 may be ~ore
desirable because of the shorter range of inte~ra
tion, and hence the lesser accumulation of rourdoff errors. Either v, -v, or v+2k (k an arbitrary integer) can be taken as the solutio?l of
20.3.11. Once v has been fixed, the coefficlepts
of 20.3.8 can be determined, except for an arbitrrry
multiplier which is independent of z.
The characteristic exponent can also be c~m
puted from a continued fraction, in a man er
a.nalogous to developments in 20.2, if a sufficie tly
close first approxima.tion to v is available.
or
I

728

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

systematic tabulation, this method is considerably

faster than the method of numerical integration.
Thus, when 20.3.8 is substituted into 20.3.1,
there result the following recurrence relations:

4.0
2.0

--- .------ .........

_,.!.Z--. ..-- .........

20.3.12

where
20.3.13 V 211 =[a-(2n+v)2]/q,
When v is complex, the coefficients V 211 may also
be complex. As in 20.2, it is possible to generate
the ratios

-oo<n<oo.

Gm=Cm/C m-2 and H-m=C-m-2/C-m

from the continued fractions

I.S

20.3.14
m~O

H_ m V- m - 2 -

.S

V- m - 4 -

m~O.

From the form of 20.3.13 and the known properties

of continued fractions it is assured that for
sufficiently large values of 1m) both IGml and
IH-ml converge. Once values of Gm and H_ m are
available for some sufficiently large value of m,
then the finite number of ratios Gm- 2, Gm- 4 , , Go
can be computed in turn, if they exist. Similarly
for H-mH' ... , Ho. It is easy to show that v is
the correct characteristic exponent, appropriate
for the point (a, q), if and only if HoGo= 1. An
iteration technique can be used to improve the
value of v, by the method suggested in [20.3].
One coefficient Cj can be assigned arbitrarily; the
rest are then completely determined. After all
the Cj become available, a multiplier (depending
on q but not on z) can be found to satisfy a
prescribed normalization.
It" is well known that continued fractions can
be converted to determinantal form. Equation
20.3.14 can in fact be written as a determinant
with an infinite number of rows-a special case of
Hill's determinant. See [20.19], [20.36], [20.15],
or [20.30] for details. Although the determinant
has actually been used in computations where
high-speed computers were available, the direct
use of the continued fraction seems much less
laborious.
Special Cases (0, q Real)

Corresponding to q=O, Yl = cos .yaz, Y2=sin .yaz;

the Floquet solutions are exp(iaz) and exp(-iaz).
As a, q vary continuously in the q-a plane,
v describes curves; v is real when (q, a), q~O
lies in the region between a,(q) and b'+l(q) and

-.S

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

20.6. Characteri8tic Exponent-Fir8t Two Stable

Region8 y=ei'zp(x) where P(x) i8 a periodic Junction oj
period '11'.
Definition oj II;
In fir8t 8table region, 0 ~II ~ 1,
In 8econd 8table region, 1 ~II ~2.

FIGURE

(Constructed from tabular values supplied by T. Tamlr, Brooklyn

PolytechniC Institute)

-I

-I

-2

-2

-3

-3

-4

-4

-5

-5

20.7. Characteristic Exponent in Fir8t Unstable

Region. Differential equation: y" + (a-2q cos 2x)y=0.
The Floquet 80lution y=ei,zP(x), where P(x) i8 a periodic
function of period '11'. In the fir8t unstable region, II=ip.;
p. is given for a ~ - 5. (Constructed at NBS.)

FIGURE

729

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS
.0

1.1

1.2

.3

1,4

15

1.6

1.4

_ 2q

FIGURpj

20.8

1.8

H-t-+-I~\-\t,.--\f"-rr-+-t--+-+--+---+-'+.---+-+--+---f--------1------+--+-++!tIJ.!I~J..<.1

1.4

1.2 I--- H----+~_+

_2q

FIGURE 120.9

1.8

1.9

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.8

2.9

Charts of the Characteristic Exponent.

(From S. J. ZlIroodny, An elementary review of the Mathieu-Hill equation of real variable based On numerical solu
tlons, Ballistic Research Laboratory Memo. Rept. 878, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1955, with permission.)

- - s=ei~"=constant; in unstable regions

- - - - "= constant; in stable regions
-. -. - Lines of constant values of -q.

730

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS
Expansions for Small q ([20.36) chapter 2)

2.0 r--,...-'"3,;,-.I--r~~;.'.2=---'_~'"T.3-.....,_-;
~.4-"--r--"""3F5~

If II, q are fixed:

20.3.15
_

q2

(5112+7)q4

a-II +2(112-1) +32(11 2-1)3(112-4)

(911 4+58112+29) t
+64(11 2 -1)5(11 2 -4)(11 2-9)+'"

(1I"e1,2,3).

For the coefficients C2j of 20.3.8

20.3.16
128(11+1)3(11+2)(11-1)+ ...
(1I~1,

2)

C4/cO=q2/32(1I+1)(1I+2)+ ...
C28/CO= (-1)8 q8r(II+1) /2 2'slr(lI+s+ 0+ ...
20.3.17

,L

:'

I
!

e;(v+2)z

I~,u

1-C/~5

F.(z)=co

ei(v-2)z } ]

eivZ_q { 4(11+1)

4(11-1)

+ ...

(II not an integer)

3.0

3.1

For small values of a

20.3.18

FIGURE

20.10.

Chart of the Characteristic Exponent.

(From S. J. Zaroodny, An elementar~ review of the Mathieu-Hill equation

of real variable b!l.'led on numerical solutions, Ball1stlc Research Laboratory
Memo. Rept. 878, Aberdeen PrOving Ground, Md" 1955, with permission)

aT a211"4

cos 1111"= ( 1- 2 +24'+'"

- - s=e""=constant; in unstable regions

- - - - p=constant; in stable regions
-. -. - Lines of constant values of -q.

20.4. Other Solutions of Mathieu's Equation

aU solutions of 20.1.1 for real z are therefore
bounded ~stable); II is complex in regions between
b, and a,; in these regions every solution becomes
infinite at least once; hence these regions are
termed "unstable regions". The characteristic
curves aT, bT separate the regions of stability.
For negative q, the stable regions are between
b2r +1 and b2T +2 , a2r and a2r+I ; the unstable regions are
between a2r+I and b2T +1, a2T and b2T
In some problems solutions are required for real
values of z only. In such cases a knowledge of
the characteristic exponent II and the periodic
function P(z) is sufficient for the evaluation of
the required functions. For complex values of z,
however, the series defining P(z) converges slowly.
Other solutions will be determined in the next
section; they all have the remarkable property
that they depend on the same coefficients Cm
developed in connection with Floquet's theorem
(except for an arbitrary normalization factor).

Following Erdelyi [20.14], [20.15], define

20.4.1

<Pk(z)=[e i .. cos (z-b)/cos (z+b)]lkJk(j)

where
20.4.2

j=2[q cos (z-b) cos

(z+b)]~,

and Jk(j) is the Bessel function.of order k; b is a

fixed, arbitrary complex number. By using the
recurrence relations for Bessel functions the following may be verified:
20.4.3

~;k -2q(cos 2 z) <Pk +q(<Pk-2+<Pk+2) +k2<Pk=O.

It follows that a formal solution of 20.1.1 is given
by
co

20.4.4

y= ~

n=-CD

C211CJ'2n+.

731

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

where the coefficients C2n are those associated with

Floquet's solution. In the above, I' may be
complex. Except for the special case when I' IS
an integer, the following holds:

rt'2n+.-2 rt'-2n+.
-4n2
fl'2n+. '" rt'-2n+.+2 '" q [cos (z- b) j2

If

I'

(n~oo )

and n are integers, J- 2n +.(f)=(-I)'J2n -,.(f).

[rt'2n+./rt'2n+v-2] '" - [cos (z-b )2q/4n2

[rt'-2n+./rt'-2n+v+2] "" -4n2/q [cos (z-b)2

where j satisfies 20.4.2. An examination of I the

ratios Y;2n+'/Y;2n+v- 2 shows that
.,

y=

2:

11.=-0)

C2ny;J~+v

will be a solution provided

Icos (z-b)/>1; Icos (z+b)/>1.
i

The above two conditions are necessary $en

when I' is an integer. Once b is fixed, the reg ons
in which the solutions converge can be rea ily
established.
Following [20.361 let
!

On the other hand

(n-,> 00 )

20.4.7
Jp(X)=Z~!)(X);

It follows that 20.4.4 converges absolutely and

uniformly in every closed region where

There are two such disjoint regions:

20.4.8

(/cos (z-b)/>d1>I)

(II) f(z-b)< -dz<O;

(Icos (z-b)l>d1>I)

If I' is an integer 20.4.4 converges for all values of

z. Various representations are found by special~

If b=O, y=e irv /2

.,

2:

n=-co

C2n(-I)nJ2n +.(2{q cos z)

(Icos z/>1, /arg 2{q cos z/ ~11")

.,

2:

n=-co

C2n(-1)"ZM,\.(2{qcosh z)
(Icosh z/:1>1)

20.4.9

y~J)(z)=

n=-Q)

C2nZ~~+.(2{q sinh z)
(Isinh zl>1, j=1, 2,

izing b.
20.4.5

H~2)(X)=z~Hx)

If z is replaced by -iz in 20.4.5 and 2Q.4.6

solutions of 20.1.2 are obtained. Thus
yfJ)(z)=

(I) f(z-bd 2>O;

Yp(X)=Z~2)(X);

H~!)(X)=Z~3)(X);

3, 4)

The relation between yfJ) (z) and y~j) (z) caq be

determined from the asymptotic properties of Ithe
Bessel functions for large values of argument.; It
can b~ shown that
20.4.10
I

20.4.6

Yfj)(z)/y~j)(z)= [Fv(O)/Fv(~)let'''/2

If b=~, Y=nt.., c2 nJ 2n+v(2i{q sin z)

(Isin z/>1, /arg 2{q sin zl~1I")
If b~oo i, y reduces to a multiple of the solution
20.3.8. The fact that 20.3.8, 20.4.5, and 20.4.6
are special cases of 20.4.4 explains why it is that
these apparently dissimilar expansions involve
the same set of coefficients C2n.
Since 20.4.4 results from the recurrence properties of Bessel functions, Jk(j) can be replaced by
H';P(j), j=1, 2, where Hlj) is the Hankel function,
at least formally. Thus let

(&iztO).

When I' is not an integer, the above solut~ons

do not vanish identically. See 20.6 for intefral
values of 1'.
Solutions Involving Products of Bessel Functi0ri,s

20.4.11
1 .,
y1 J) (z) = C28 n~., C2n( -1) nZ:/+ v+s(.yqe tz ) In_s(.yqe-ltZ)

(j=1, 2,~, 4)
satisfies 20.1.1, where Z:/)(u) is defined in 20.'t.7,
the coefficients C2n belong to the Floquet llolut on,
and 8 is an arbitrary integer, C2'~ o. The solu ion
o.
converges over the entire complex z-plane if
Written with z replaced by -iz, one obt~ins
solutions of 20.1.2.

qf

732

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

20.4.12

20.5.4

Mt(z, q)=~
c2n(-1)"Z~J~'+8(-{qeZ)Jn_8(-{qe-Z)
C28 n=-a>

2A~+A~+

It can be verified from 20.4.8 and 20.4.12 that

20.5.5

20.4.13

y\il(Z)
MJ(
) F.(O) ,
J z, q

provided C2. ~O. H cz 8=0, the coefficient of 1/c28

in 20.4.11 vanishes identically. For details see
[20.43], [20.151, [20.36].
If s is chosen so that /C28/ is the largest coefficient
of the set /C2J/, then rapid convergence of 20.4.12
is obtained, when ~z>O. Even then one must
be on guard against the possible loss of significant
figures in the process of summing the series,
especially so when q is large, and /z/ small. (If
j ~1, then the phase of the logarithmic terms
occurring in 20.4.12 must be defined, to make the
functions single-valued.)
20.5. Properties of Orthogonality and
Normalization

If a(v+2p, q), a(v+2s, q) are simple roots of

20.3.10 then
20.5.1

1!'

11

B~=-

1!'

11:

ce2.(Z, q)dz; A~=-

1!'

2
..

2
..

ceT(z, q) cos nzdz

n~O

seT(z, q) sin nzdz

For integral values of v, the functions ceT(z, q)

and seT(z, q) form a complete orthogonal set for
the interval 0 ~ 2 ~ 21!'. Each of the four systems
ce2T(Z), ce2T+l(Z), se2T(z), 8e2T+l(Z) is complete in the
smaller interval 0 ~ z ~ !1!', and each of the systems
ce,(z), seT(z) is complete in O~Z~1!'.
If q is not real, there exist multiple roots of
20.3.10; for such special values of a(q), the integrals
in 20.5.3 vanish, and the normalization is therefore
impossible. In applications, the particular normalization adopted is of little importance, except
possibly for obtaining quantitative relations between solutions of various types. For this reason
the normalization of F.(z), for arbitrary complex
values of a, q, will not be specified here. It is
worth noting, however, that solutions
(JseT(z, q)

aceT(z, q),
defined so that

ce.(z, q)=2 [F.(z)+F.(-z)];

se.(z,

q)=-i~ [F.(z)-F.(-z)]

ce.(z, q), se.(z, q) are thus even and odd functions

of z, respectively, for all v (when not identically
zero).
If v is an integer, then ce.(z, q), 8e.(z, q) are
either Floquet solutions or identically zero.
The solutions ceT(z, q) are associated with aT;
seT(z, q) are associated with bT; r an integer.
Normalization for Integral Values of v and Real q

20.5.3

2
..

Ag =-2

So" F.+ 2Az)F.+2.(-z)dz=0, ifp~s.

Define
20.5.2

11:

... =A~+A~+ .. .
=Bf+m+ ... =B+B:+ ... =1.

f2..
f2..
Jo [ce,(z, q))2dz= Jo [se,(z, q)]2dz=1!'

For integral values of v the summation in

20.3.8 reduces to the simpler forms 20.2.3-20.2.4;
on account of 20.5.3, the coefficients Am and Bm
(for all orders r) have the property

aceT(O, q)=l;

d (JseT(z, q)]
[d z

z=o

=1

are always possible. This normalization has in

fact been used in [20.59], and also in {20.58],
where the most extensive tabular material is
available. The tabulated entries in [20.58] supply the conversion factors A= l/a, B= 1/{J, along
with the coefficients. Thus conversion from one
normalization to another is rather easy.
In a similar vein, no general normalization will
be imposed on the functions defined in 20.4.8.
20.6. Solutions of Mathieu's Modified Equation
20.1.2 for Integral JI (Radial Solutions)

Solutions of the first kind

20.6.1

a>

=:E
A~~t:(q)
k-O

cosh (2k+p)z
associated with a,

733

MATffiEU FUNCTIONS
CD

20.6.2

Se2r+p(Z, q)=-i8e2T+p(iz, q)

=2: mr::~(q) sinh (2k+p)z, associated with

k=O

writing

20.6.3

A~H=(q)=A2k+P

n
(
)
ve2TZ,q=

bT

for brevity; similarly for B 2Hp ;P=0, 1,

(7r

ce2r -,
2 q) " " (
T (2J;:;
AgT
f;;6 -1 )kA2kV2k
-vqcosh)
Z
CD

ce~r+l (~,
20.6.4

q)

.JqA2r+l
q

ce~A~~~)
q

(0

ce2TAgr,q ~
T ( 2 J;:; . h )
~ A 2kV2k
-Vqslll Z

CD

L:
(-I)k+lA2k+lJ2Hl (2.yq cosh z)
k=O

(2k+ I)A2Hl J 2H1 (2.yq sinh z)

coth Z

k=O

20.6.5

20.6.6

8e~r+l(O,q)~B
J;:;'
JjJB2T+i 4....J 2k+l J.2k+l (2 -vq
sInh)
z
-vq 1
k=O

See [20.30] for still other forms.

Solutions of the second kind, as well as solutions of the third and fourth kind (analogous to Hqnkel
functions) are obtainable from 20.4.12.
.
CD

Mci~) (z,

20.6.7

q) =

2: (-I)'+kA~r(q)[Jk_8(Ut)Z1J+'8(u2) +JH.(Ul)Zj/2.(U2)]/E.A~~
k=O

where Eo=2, E.=I, for 8=1, 2, . . . ; 8 arbitrary, associated with au

CD

20.6.8

McH~l(Z, q) =

2: (_I)rHA~Hl(q)[Jk-S(Ul) Z1J+..+ 1 (U2) +JHS+l(Ul)Z1J28(U2)/A~~tl

k=O
associated with ja2r+l

CD

20.6.9

M8J~)(Z,

q)=L: (_1)HTB~k(q)[Jk_,(ul)Z1J~.(u2)-JH,(Ul)Z1f2.(u2)1/B~:, associated with b2r

k=l

20.6.10

associated with Ib 2T+l

where
See 20.4.7 for definition of Z;;)(x).
Solutions 20.6.7-20.6.10 converge for all values of z, when q~O. If j=2, 3, 4 the logarithmic trms
entering into the Bessel functions Y m (U2) must be defined, to make the functions single-valued. This
can be accomplished as follows:
Define (as in [20.58])
20.6.11

In (V"qe')=ln (V"q)+z

See [20.15) and [20.36), section 2.75 for derivation.

734

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS
Other Expressions for the Radial Functions (VaIid Over More Limited Regions)

.,

McW(z, q)=[ce2r(O, q)]-1

20.6.12

~ (-I)k+rA~Hq)Z4V(2.yq

cosh z)

k=O

Ms4{'>(z, q)=[se;r(O, q)t 1 tanh z

20.6.13

.,
~
/:=1

(-I)k+r2kmk(q)ZH)(2.yq cosh z)
.,

Ms4{)+1 (z, q) =[se;r+l (0, q) ]-1 tanh z ~ (-I)k+r(2k+ l)mktl<q)ZW+I (2.yq cosh z)
k=O

Valid for !lz>O, Icosh zl>l; if j=l, valid for all z. They agree with 20.6.7-20.6.10 if the Bessel
functions Ym(2qi cosh z) are made single-valued in a suitable way. For example, let

Ym(U)=~7r (In u)Jm(u)+CP(u)

where cp(u) is single-valued for all finite values of u.

With u=2qt cosh z, define

-~<arg
!.(I+e-2Z)<~.
2 2
-2

20.6.14

(If q is not positive, the phase of In 2qi must also be specified, although this specification will not
affect continuity with respect to z. If Ym(u) is defined from some other expression, the definition
must be compatible with 20.6.14.)
rtI (2)
V 2: Ms, IZ,q)

q=.25

-1.2
-1.6
FIGURE

FIGURE

20.11.

Radial Mathieu Function of the First Kind.

(From J. C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Values of the Mathieu functions, The

Johns Hopkins Unlv. Radiation Laboratory Tech. Rept. AF-53, 1958,
with permission)
I7r d

J"2 dz

(I)

Me o

20.13. Radial Mathieu Function of the Second Kind.

(From J. C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Values of the Mathieu functions, The

Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory Tech. Rept. AF-53, 1958,
with permission)

III (3)
I "2 MS 2 Iz ,-q)

1z, q)

-)

I :

:\

-2

\J

: \\ j'\'15
\J

-3

q'2.25
FIGURE

20.12.

Derivative of the Radial Mathieu Function

of the First Kind.

(From J. C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Derivatives, zeros, and other data pertaining to Mathieu functions, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory Tech. Rept. AF-57, 1958, with permission)

o
FIGURE

.2

20.14.

.46

.8

10

1.2

1.4

16

18

2.0

Radial Mathieu Function of the Third Kind.

(From J. C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Values of the Mathieu functions, The

Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory Tech. Rept. AF-53, 1958,
with permission)

735

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

If j=l, McW+p and MsW+p,p=O, 1 are solutions

of the first kind, proportional to Ce2r+p and Se2r+p.
respectively.
Thus

20.6.19
MC~2)(_Z, q)=_MC~2)(Z,

q)-2i. TMd 1)(z,

20.6.20
MS~2)(_Z, q)=MS~2)(Z, q)-2io.rMs~I)(z,

20.6.15

ce2r

(~,q) ce2r(0,

C e2T(Z, q)

MC2~1)(Z, q)

20.6.21

i . T= _MC~2) (0, q)/Mc~l) (0, q)

ce~T+l (~,q )

ce2r+!(0, q)
(-I) T+ I-vqAr+ I
Md~)+I(Z, q)

C e2T+!(Z, q)

se~r (0, q)se~T (~,

q)

se;T+! (0, q) se2T+l

(~, q)

(-I)rqB~r

Se2T(z, q)

Ms~~(z, q)

(-l)'.vqm r + l

Ms4;)+l(z, q)

20.6.16
M~3)(Z, q)=M~l)(Z, q)+iM~2)(Z,

q)

i\;1~4)(z, q)=M~I)(Z, q)-iM~2)(Z,

q)

MS~2) (z, q)/ dd Ms~l) (z, q)]

z

q)

=(-1)np[M4~+p(z, q)+2niMJ~+p(z,

G(U)=P K(u, t)V(t)dt

c

or Ms~J).

20.6.17

be defined for u in a domain U and let the co~tour

C belong to the region T of the complex t-~lane,
with t='Yo as the starting point of the co*tour
and t='Y1 as its end-point. The kernel K~, t)
and the function Vet) satisfy 20.7.3 andl the
hypotheses in 20.7.2.
K(u, t) and its first two partial deriv~tives
with respect to u and t are continuous for t pn C

q)]

20.7.2

2nM~~)+p(z,

q)]

and u in U; V and

=(-l)np[M~~\p(z, q)+2nM~;)+p(z,

q)]

MJ~)+p(z+inll',

q)

=(-l)"P[Mi~)+p(z,

q)-

.-0

See [20.58].
In particular the above equations can be us~d to
extend solutions of 20.6.12-20.6.13 when ?l~<0.
For although the latter converge for ?l~<0,
provided only /cosh z/>l, they do not reprrsent
the same functions as 20.6.9-20.6.10.

20.7.1

From 20.6.7-20.6.11 and the known properties

of Bessel functions one obtains
M~~\.p(z+in?r,

fo. r=[dd

20.7. Representations by Integrals and Sqme

Integral Equations
'
Let

The Mathieu-Hankel functions are

M~j)=Mc~J)

a)

where

q)

(-I)rMT

k)

MW+p(z+inll', q)

where M=Mc or Ms throughout any of the above

equations.
Other Properties of Characteristic Functions, q Real
(Associated With ar and b r )

Consider

20.7.3
()K
dV
[ ~ V-dt K

are continuouR in t.

'Yl
d2V
'
'Yo=O; dt2 +(a-2q cos 2t)V~0.

If K satisfies

20.7.4

20.6.18

Xl =Mc~2) (Z, q) +MC~2) ( - Z, q) ;

X 2=Ms?)(z, q)_MS~2)(_Z, q)

Since Xl is an even solution it must be proportional

to Mc~l) (z, q); for 20.1.2 admits of only one even
solution (aside from an arbitrary constant factor).
Similarly, X 2 is proportional to MS~I)(Z, q). The
proportionality factors can be found by considering
values of the functions at z=O. Define, therefore,

then G(u) is a solution of Mathieu's

equation 20.1.2.
If K(u, t) satisfies

mo~ified

then G(u) is a solution of Mathieu's

20.1.1, with u replacing v.

equ~tion

736

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS
Kernels KI(~' t) and K2(~' t)

20.7.6

KI(z,

t)=Z~J)(u)[M(z,

t)]-/2,

(fJlz>O)

where
20.7.7

u="2q(cosh 2z+cos 2t)

20.7.8

M(z, t) =cosh (z+it)/cosh (z-it)

To make M-l' single-valued, define

20.7.9

where F.(t) is the Floquet solution 20.3.8. The

path C is chosen so that G(z, t, a) exists, and
20.7.2, 20.7.3 are satisfied. Then it may be
verified that Ks(z, t, a), considered as a function
of z and t, satisfies 20.7.4; also, considered as a
function of a and t, K3 satisfies 20.7.5. Consequently G(z, q, a) = Y(z, q)y(a, q), where Y and y
satisfy 20.1.2 and 20.1.1, respectively.
Choice oj Path C. Three paths will be defined:
20.7.16

cosh (z+i1l")=e t.. cosh z

cosh (z-i1l") =e- t.. cosh z

-d1 <arg [.Jq{ cosh (z+ia) 1 }]<1I"-d1

M(z, 0)=1
[M(z, 1I")]-1'=e- t'''M(z, 0)

Let
20.7.10 G(z, q)=-1
11"

i"
0

KI(u, t)F.(t)dt,

-d2 <arg [.Jq{cosh (z-ia)I}]<1I"-d2

20.7.17

Path C4 : from d2 -ia> to 211"+ia> -d1

where F.(t) is defined in 20.3.8. It may be verified

that KIF. satisfies 20.7.3, K satisfies 20.7.2 and
20.7.4. Hence G is a solution of 20.1.2 (with z
replacing u). It can be shown that Kl may be replaced by the more general function
20.7.11

(same dt, d2 as in 20.7.16)

20.7.18
I

11"

K 2(z, t)=Z(~) +21(U) [M(z, t)]-l..-t,

See 20.4.7 for definition of

i Pc

e- '
F.(a)M~(z, q)=--

any integer.
where

M~(z,

e2/../qwF,(t)dt

j=3,4

0;

q) is also given by 20.4.12.

Z(~\2.(U).

From the known expansions for Z(~) +2.(U) when

fJlz is large and positive it may be verified that

20.7.19

Path 0.1 : from -d1 +ia> to 211"-d1 +ia>

20.7.12

where M~j) (z, q) is given by 20.4.12, 8=0, 1, . . . ,

C2,0, and F.(t) is the Floquet solution, 20.3.8.
Kernel

20.7.13

Ks(z, t,

K3(~'

t, a)

a)=e 2i {iw

Let r=2s+p, p=O or 1

where
20.7.14 w=cosh z cos a cos t+sinh z sin a sin t
20.7.15

See [20.36], section 2.68.

If II is an integer the paths can be simplified;
for in that case F,(t) is periodic and the integrals
exist when the path is taken from 0 to 211". Still
further simplifications are possible, if z is also real.
The following are among the more important
integral representations for the periodic functions
cer(z, q), 8er(z, q) and for the associated radial
solutions.

G(z, q, a)=! rh
1I"Yc

eU,fi '"F.(t)dt

20.7.20
f"/2
(
11")
cer(z, q)=PrJo cos 2.Jq cos z cos t- P2 c~r(t, g)dt

737

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

20.7.21

fl"/2

ce,(z, q)=<T'Jo

f
se,(z, q)=P'Jo

20.7.22
20.7.23

cosh (2{q sin z sin t)[(I-p)+p cos z cos tjce,(t, q)dt

f
se,(z, q)=<T'Jo

r
/

sin ( 2jq cos z cos t+p 11")

2" sin z sin t se,(t, q)dt

r/2

sinh (2{q sin z sin t)[(I-p) cos z cos t+p]se,(t, q)dt

where
20.7.24

p,=~ce2' (~, q) j~'(q) j p=Op,= -;~ ce;.+l (~, q) j{qA~S+l(q)

p,= -;4 se;.

G,

q) j{qH#:(q) j p,=~ se2.+1

<T,=~11" ce2.(0, q)j~8(q) if p=O;

(~, q) jIJt8+1(q), for functions se,(z, q)

<Tr=i ceZ'+1 (0,

11"

if p=l, for functions ce,(z, q)

q)jA~'+l(q), if p= 1; associated with functions ce,~z, q)

<T,=~11" se~'+1(O, q)j{qIJt+l(q) , ifp=lj associated with se,(z, q)

Integrals Involving Bessel Function Kernels

Let
20.7.25

u= .J2q(cosh 2z+cos 2t), (.?lcosh 2z>lj if j=l, valid also when z=O)

20.7.26
r

1:i
r

(-1)'8-vq cosh z
2,+1
11"A I

71f (J)
fiZ(J)()
(
)
M C2,(j)( Z, q)_(-1)'2
0
u ce2, (t ,q)dt,1V.L C2,+1
Z, q

1I"Ag' Jo

ZIJ)(u) cos t
(t )dt
u
Ce2'+1, q
I

(-1)r+18q sinh 2z fi ZiJ)(u) sin 2t sez,(t, q)dt

1I"B~'
Jo
u2

20.7.27

Ii
I"

(-1)'8.Jq sinh z
B2 +1

ZfJ)(u) sin t Se2r+1(t, q)dt

u
In the above the j-convention of 20.4.7 applies and the functions Mc, Ms are defined in 2~.5.120.5.4. (These solutions are normalized so that they approach the corresponding Bessel-H,,-nkel
functions as ~Z-:HD.)
MsH)+1(z, q)

t'

11"

Other Integrals for

Mc~l)(z,

q) and

Ms~l)(z,

q)

20.7.28

Mc~l)(z, q) 1I"~~M:!) i~ cos (2jq cosh z cos t-p~) ce,(t, q)dt

20.7.29

Mc~l)(z, q)=Tri~ [(I-p)+p cosh z cos t] cos (2jq sinh z sin t)cer(t, q)dt
r=2s+p, p=O, 1 j

20.7.30

Tr=~ (-I)'jce2. (~, q). if p=Oj T'=~ (-I)+12jqjce~.+1 (~, q)

M.lV.. (z, q) ~~

(~

() ri ,in
seZ r +1 2"' q Jo

(2~ sinh z sin t) se~ .. (t, q)dt

20.7.31
20.7.32

Ms~~)(z, q)=- (q
11"

20.7.33

MsW(z,

(_1)'H

'(0)
se2r, q

1:

sin (2jq cosh z cos t) [sinh z sin t se2, (t, q)]dt

q)~! (-t~) Jorf'in (2~ sinh z sin t)[cosh z cos t ",,(t, q)jdt
Bel, 2"' q
11"

,11"

738

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

Further with w=cosh z cos a cos t+sinh z sin a sin t

20.7.34

cer(a, q)Mc~l)(z, q)=

20.7.35

se r (a, q)MSr(1)( Z, q)

(-l)B(i) -P f2r 2i
211"
Jo e ..jq:Wce r(t, q)dt

(-l);;-i)P Jof02"e2iliwser(t, q)dt.

The above can be differentiated with respect to a, and we obtain

(-l)B(i)-P+l.yq f 2"e2i.,lqw

20.7.36

7r

Jo

()w cer(t
()a'

q)dt

20.7.37
Integrals With Infinite Limits

In 20.7.38-20.7.41 below, z and q are positive.

Mc~1) (z,

20.7.38

20.7.39

MS~l) (z, q) ='Yr

l'"

MC~2}(Z,

20.7.40

MS~2) (z,

20.7.41

q) ='Yr

q) ='Yr

i'"

sin (2

.yq cosh z cosh t+p~) Mc~1) (t,

sinh z sinh t [cos (2.yq cosh z cosh t-p

q)='Yr

l'"

l'"

cos (2.yq cosh z cosh

sin (2.yq cosh z cosh t+p

Additional forms in [20.30], [20.36], [20.15].

20.8. Other Properties
Relations Between Solutions for Parameters q and -q

Replacing z by
20.8.1

y"

h- z in

20.1.1 one obtains

+(a+2q cos 2z)y=0

Hence if u(z) is a solution of 20.1.1 then u(h-z)

satisfies 20.8.1. It can be shown that

q)dt

~)] Ms~l)(t, q)dt

t-p~) Mc~l)(t, q)dt

i) sinh z sinh t Ms~l) (t, q)dt

20.8.2
a( -P, q)=a(p, -q)=a(p, q), p not an integer

C2m{-q)=p(_l)mc2m (q), ,, not an integer

(C2m defined in 20.3.8) and
normalization;

depending on the

739

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

..

20.8.3

K02r+1(z, q)= ~ A 2k+1 [Ik -.(Ul)Kk+.+1(U2)

k=O

a2r( - q) =a2r(q) ; b2r ( - q) = b2r (q), for integral "

+IHr+1 (ul)K

a2r+1 (-q) =b2r+1 (q), b2r+1(- q) =a2r+1 (q)

k _.

(U2)

]fA

2'+1

where Im(x) , Km(x) are the modified Bessel runctions, UI, U2 are defined below 20.6.10. S~per
scripts are omitted, E.=2, if s=O, E.=l if s'lo.
Then for functions of first kind:

20.8.4
ce2r(Z, -q)=(_1)rce2r (h-z, q)
ce2r+I(Z, -q)=(-1)rse2r+I(!1I"-Z, q)
se2r+I(Z, -q)=(-1)rce2r+l(!1I"-Z, q)

20.8.10

se2r(Z, -q)=(-1),-l se2r (h-z, q)

For the coefficients associated with the above

solutions for integral,,:

McJ~)(z,

-q)=(-1),Ie2r(z, q)

MsJ~) (z,

-q) = (_1)r Io 2r (z, q)

MCJ~\I(Z, -q)=(-lYi1e2r+1(Z, q)

20.8.5
A~:;.( -q) = (-l)m-rA~:;'(q);

MSJ;\l (z, -q) = (-1)'ilo 2r +! (z, q)

m:;.( -q) = (_1)m- rm:;.(q)

For the Mathieu-Hankel function of first kind:

A~:;."tH -q)= (-l)m-rm:;."t\(q);

m:;."t11 (-q) = (_l)m-rA~:;."tll (q).

20.8.11

For the corresponding modified equation

20.8.6

y" -(a+2q cosh 2z)y=0

20.8.7

M~J) (z,

-q) =M~j) (z:+-i~' q).

M~j) (z,

q) defined in 20.4.12.

M8J~)+! (z, -q) = (_1)r+1 ~ Ko 2r+!(z, q)

For integral values of " let

20.8.8

11"

~or M~j)(z,

.,

I e2r(z, q)= ~ (-1)H'A u [Ik_.(ul)IH.(u2)

k-O

...

+IH.(ul)Ik_.(u2)]/A28

k-l

- I H'(Ul) I k_.(U2)]/ B 2

Ie2r+1(z, q)=~ (-1)k+rB2Hl[Ik_.(ul)Ik+S+l(~)

k-O

+ I H.+l(Ul)Ik-.(U2) ]/B2r+l

...

I02r+1(z, q)=~ (-l)k-"A2k+1[lk_,(ul)Ik+'+l(~)

k-O

20.8.9

j=2, 4, one may use the

- I H8+1 (Ul) I k-.(u2) ]jA2'+1

also

M~4)(Z, -q)=2M~1)(z, _q)_M~3)(Z, -q~

M=Mc Or Ms; for real

z, q,

M~j) (z, -q)1

are in general complex if j =2, 4 .

Zeros of the Functions .for Real Values of

q.j

See [20.36]' section 2.8 for further re+ults.

Zeros of ce.(z, q) and se.(z, q), Mc;l)(z, q), Ms;I)Qz, q)

...

Ke2r(Z, q)= ~ A n [I k -.(ul)Kk+s(u2)

k-O

+ I H.(Ul)Kk_,(U2)]/A 28E,

...

'" Ko2r(z, q)= ~ B 2k [I.t-.(ul)K k +B(u2)

k-O

'"

In 0 ~Z<-7T, cer(z, q) and ser(z, q) have ~ real '"

zeros.
There are complex zerOs if q>O .
If zo=xo+iyo is any zero of cer(z, q), ser(z,lq) in

-h+B(uI)Kk_.(U2)]/B2a
CD

Ke2r+l(Z, q)= ~ B2Hl[Ik-,(Ul)KH'+1(~)

k-O

See page n.

d~fini-

Io 2r (z, q)=L (-1)H'B u [Ik_.(ul)IH ,(u2)

.,

-q),

twns

- Ik+S+1(ul)Kk_,(~)]jB2'+1

are also zeros, k an integer.

740

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

In the strip -~<xo<~, the imaginary zeros of

cer(z, q), ser(z, q) are the real zerOs of Cer(z, q),
Ser(z, q), hence also the real zeros of MC~l) (z, q)
and MS~l) (z, q), respectively.
For small q, the large zeros of Cer(z, q), Ser(z, q)
approach the zeros of J r (2/(j cosh z).
Tabulation of Zeros

Ince [20.56] tabulates the first "non-trivial"

zero (i.e. different from 0,

~, '11')

for cer(z), ser(z),

r=2(1)5 and for se6(z) to within 10-\ for q=O(I)

10(2)40. He also gives the "turning" points
(zeros of the derivative) and also expansions for
them for small q. Wiltse and King [20.61,2] tabulate
the first two (non-trivial) zeros of 1\1c~1) (z, q) and
MS~l) (z, q) and of their derivatives r=O, 1, 2 for
6 or 7 values of q between .25 and 10. The graphs
reproduced here indicate their location.
Between two real zeros of MC~l)(Z, q), MS~l)(Z, q)
there is a zero of MC~2)(Z, q), MS~2)(Z, q), respectively. No tabulation of such zeros exists yet.
Available tables are described in the References.
The most comprehensive tabulation of the characteristic values ar, br (in a somewhat different
notation) and of the coefficients proportional to
Am and Bm as defined in 20.5.4 and 20.5.5 can be
found in [20.58]. In addition, the table contains
certain important "joining factors", with the aid
of which it is possible to obtain values of
Mc~j)(z, q) and Ms~j)(z, q).as well as their derivatives, at x=O. Values of the functions cer(x, q)
and ser(x, q) for orders up to five or six can be
found in [20.56]. Tabulations of less extensive
character, but important in some aspects, are outlined in the other references cited. In this
chapter only representative values of the various
functions are given, along with several graphs.
Special Values for Arguments 0 and ~

20.8.12

d: [MS~2) (Z, q)1=0=~fo. r(q)/go,,(q)

MS~2)(Z, q)=-go.r(q) ~
The functions fo." go." fe. T, ge. T are tabulated in
[20.58] for q$;25.

20.9. Asymptotic Representations

The representations given below are applicable

to the characteristic solutions, for real values of q,
unless otherwise noted. The Floquet exponent II
is defined below, as in [20.36] to be as follows:
In solutions associated with aT: lI=r
In solutions associated with b 11= -r.
T:

For the functions defined in 20.6.7-20.6.10:

20.9.1
MC~3)(Z, q)
(-1)' MS;3) (z, q)

'"
ej (2.,fa cosb z-~-~)
2
4
L:
. Dm
'" '11'lql/4(cos h Z-o")' m=O [-4~-Jq(cosh z-o)]m
where D_ 1=D_ 2=0; Do=l, and the coefficients
Dm are obtainable from the following recurrence
formula:
20.9.2

(m+l)D m+I+[( m+~y-( m+i)8i~ 0'

+2q-a] Dm+( m-~)

[16q(I-O'2)-8i~ O'm]Dm_

+4q(2m-3) (2m-l),(I- O'2)Dm_2=0

20.9.3
MC~4)(Z,

q)

(-I)'Ms(~(z,

q)

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

741

20.9.9

20.9.4
(m+l)dm+l+[( m+~y+( m+i)8i~u

Fo(z) '" 1+ _ _w_ _

!
8..jq cosh 2 Z

2+105 w +22w 57J

1 [W +86W
cosh z
cosh

+2q-aJdm+( m-D [16q(l-u 2 )+8i.vq um]dm- l

+4q(2m-3)(2m-l) (l-u 2)dm _ 2 =0.

In the above
-21r<arg

Icosh z-ul>lull, [1lz>O,

but u is otherwise arbitrary. If u2 = 1, 20.9.2 and
20.9.4 become three-term recurrence relations.
Formulas 20.9.1 and 20.9.3 are valid for arbitrary a, q, provided II is also known; they give
multiples of 20.4.12, normalized so as to approach
the corresponding Hankel functions H;l) (.vqe
H;2) (.vqe') , as Z~<Xl. See [20.36], section 2.63.
The formula is especially useful if Icosh zlis large
and q is not too large; thus if u= -1, the absolute
ratio of two successive terms in the expansion is
essen tially
Z

1] +

the real and imaginary

similarly for the comIf the parameters are

20.9.10
2

F (z) '" sinh z [w +3 +_1_ (w3+3W+ 4WS44W)

I
cosh2 z 32.vq 512q
cO h2 z

+163~4q% {

5w +34w +9

(w6 -47w4 +667w2+2835)

12 cosh 2 z

) ,

q) are MC~l) (z, q) and

1
[-(W 5 +14W3+33W)
cosh2 z
+ 16384if/2
(2w 5 +124w3+1122w) 3W5 +290W3+1627
cosh 4 z
cosh 6 Z

.vq cosh z<1r

If a, q, z, II are real,
components of Md3) (z,
MC~2) (z, q), respectively;
ponents of MS~3) (z, q).
complex

+2048q

+ (w +505w +12139w+l0395)
12 cosh 4 z

}n+
...
W

See [20.18] for details and an added ierm in

q- 5/ 2 ; a correction to the latter is noted in ,[20.58].
The expansions 20.9.7 are especially use~l when
q is large and z is bounded away from zer. The
order of magnitude of Mc~(O, q) cannot be btained
from the expansion. The expansion can; also be
used, with some success, for z=ix, when q lis large,
if Icos xl> >0; they fail at x=~ 1r. Thus, if q, x are
real, one obtains
20.9.11
ce,(x, q)'"

Replacing c by 8 in the above will yield corresponding relations among M8~j)(Z, q).
Formulas in which the parameter a does not
enter explicitly:
Goldstein's Expansions

20.9.7
MC~3) (z, q) "'iMs~3~1 (z, q)
~ [Fo(z) -iFl (z) lei./1rlql(cosh z)t

where

tfJ=2..jq sinh

z-~ (2r+1) arctan sinh

z,

?lz>O, qI, w=2r+l

+TV [P (x) -It-P (x)]}

2

~~U

.
se,+!(x, q)"'se~+l(O, q)T,+! {TVl[Po(x)-PI(~)l
I
-W2[PO(x) ft- PI (x)]} .

In the above, Po(x) and P1(x) are o~tainable

from Fo(z) , FI(x) in 20.9.9-20.9.10 by Ireplacing
cosh z with cos x and sinh z with sin IX. Thus
Po(x) = Fo(ix) ; P1(x) = -iFl(ix):
20.9.13

20.9.8

Cer(O, q)2'-t
Fo(O)
{TVI[Po(x)-Pl(x)]

742

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

20.9.14

Tr+I'"

20.9.20

2r-i/[2~r;; 1
(2w2+3)
-vq-,w- 64{q

(7w+47w)
1024q

'"

Sr"'C~)~ q'nj(r!)'A [1- 2;~1

See 20.9.23-20.9.24 for expressions relating to

cer(O, q) and se;(O, q). When Icos xl>.J4r+2jql,
20.9.11-20.9.12 are useful. The approximations
become poorer as r increases.
Expansions in Terms of Parabolic Cylinder Functions

(Good for angles close to !11', for large values of

q, especially when Icos xl<2 l jql.) Due to Sips
[20.44-20.46].
20.9.15

r4+2r'l-121r2-122r-84+ 12 +
2048q
16384q* ...

]-'A

12=2r6+5r' -416r'l- 629r2-1162r-476

It should be noted that 20.9.15 is also valid as an

approximation for ser+l(x, q), but 20.9.16 may give
slightly better results. See [20.4.]
Explicit Expansions for Orders 0, 1, to Terms in
(q Large)

q-3/a

For r=O:

20.9.21

20.9.16

ser+!(x, q)",Sr[Zo(a)-ZI(a)] sin x,

2'

d"

a=2t} cosx.
2

Let D.t=D,,(a) = (-I)"e la da" e- ia .

20.9.17

ZI -

D;;,+~ G) Dr-4]

Zo(a) ",Dr+ 4~ [ 1 [Dr+8

+16q

512

(r+2)DrH+~ ( -1) (r) D

2 r

16

16~+ l~q ( - 9~2 +~)

1 ( 61D2 25Ds 5D1o )
+ 64q3/2 -32+ 256 -10240 + ...

'-4

20.9.22

For r=l:

315 (r)
+4
8 D r _ 8] + ...
20.9.18

1[1
r(r-l)
-4 D +2--4D

ZI (a) '" 4qi

r- 2

_1_ [DrH+ (r2-25r-36) D

+ 16q

64

64

r+2

10) D _ 45 (r) D + ]
64
r-2 4 6
+r(r-l)( -r2-27r+
r-S

Formulas Involving ce,(O,,t,) and se,(O, q)

20.9.19

20.9.23

Or"'(;)~ q'nj(r!)'A [1+ 2;~1

r l +2r'l+263r2+262r+ 108
11
2048q
+16384q*+' ..

11 = 6r6+ 15r4+ 1280r'l+ 1905r2+ 1778r+572

See page n.

]-'A

ceo(O, q) -2-./2 e- 2 {i (1+_1_+_9_+ . , .)

ceo(!?r, q)
16{q 256q
ce2(0, q) --32 '2 e- 2 {i (1 __1_+~+
)
ce2(h, q)
q-v"
16..;q 128q ...

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

ce3(0, q) '" 64 '2 e- 2 .[i (1 __3_+~+

)
3 q"l/~
16-Jq 128q ...

ce~(!7r, q)

20.9.24

')

se;(O,q) ",,4 ~e-2.[i(1 __3__ ~+

selCh, q)
q
16v'q 256q ...

For higher orders, these ratios are increasi~gly

more difficult to obtain. One method of esti~at
ing values at the origin is to evaluate both 20~9.11
and 20.9.15 for sOme x where both expansion~ are
satisfactory, and so to use 20.9.11 as a means to
solve for cereD, q); similarly for se;(O, q).
Other asymptotic expansions, valid over va*ous
regions of the complex z-plane, for real valu~s of
a, q, have been given by Langer [20.25]. It i~ not
always easy, however, to determine the lirear
combinations of Langer's solutions which coinlcide
with those defined here.

20.10. Comparative Notations

Parameters in ZO.I.1. ___ __

[20.59)
StrattonMorse, etc.

[20.118)
NBS

ThllVolume

).

.-49

e-2v'f

AI

Go

be.-o.+29

b.-o.+29

Go

b.

bo.-b.+29

b:-b.+29

b.

b-o+29

Per10dic Solutions, of ZO.I.1.

Even _____________________ e (z, .)

A'/S"("z)

Odd........... ___________ It.(z, .)

8< 8o.(.,z)

.... & I!) (~, con)

A' Sol!) (e, cosz)

[20.36)
Melmer and 8cb1llb
0

II

Go

0.

b.

b.

ee.(z. AI)
u.(z, AI)

[20.15)
Bateman ManUllCl'IPt

Me

/I

e (z, .)

ct.(z, ')

.e.(z, .)

It.(z, /I)

Coelllc1enta in Periodic Solu

tlons:
Even ..... ________________ A:' (f)

AD.:.(,)

ArD!a.

A:'

A:'

A:'

Odd _ ________________ B:'(q)

8<Do:,(.)

BrF~

B:'

B:'

B:'

r.'

1/' liz, 1/ Is the Standard

1 Solution
of ZO.I.I.

(A')-' or (8<)-1

Floquet's Solutions ZO.3.8 ____ F.(,)

Characteristic Exponent_ .....
Normalizations of Floquet's Unspeclfted
Solutions.
Solutions of Modified Equa
tlon ZO.I.2.

fIIII.(Z, /II)

,.-1.

Ct'(', q)

A/I . ,(.)Je,(., 9)

A/I ,(.)Je,(e, cosh z)

,<;,,(z, .)

BII... (.)Jo.,(., q)

M',m(z,g)

Jo,(., z)

Me~2)(z, 9)

.J~ N.,(., z)

M.~2)(z, q)

.v!NO,(., z)

Jo1D1Dg Factors.. ____________ V2/.,Mc,(1) (0, 9)

Ct,(z, q)

e.,(z, /I)

B/I ,t.)Jo,(e, cosh z)

&,(z,q)

&,(z,q)

&,(z, ')

.v~ J.,(e, cosh .)

Me!l)(z,lI)

-V;

Jo,(e, cosh z)

M,,(1)(z, II)

-V~ Se,(z, q)IBII ,(q)

Ne.(e, cosh z)

MeS2J (z, lI)

.v~ FIII,(z, 9)/A/I ,(9)

No.,(e, cosh z)

M.S2)(z, lI)

12 alll,(Z, q)/BII . ,(q) .v~ alll.(Z, )IB/I(g)

'1/;

.v!
.v~
.v!

(me.(z, AI)me-.(z, AI)-1

e.,(., g)/A/I ,(q)

/1 ,(.)

y'2; ).!'l

v'2/.,Mei') (0, II)

(-l)'P,.J!,A

V2""'fz[M'~') (z, , ...

/I ,(.)

V2-;).~OI

V2""fz[M.!,) (z,II)] ...

(-l)',,.J!,B

_Mc!f) (0, q)/Me,ll) (0, q)

f . (.)

-Me!f) (O,II)/Me!l) (0,11)

[~M.I:) (z, q) ]
dz M. I~ (z, q)

'See page n_

Ce.(z, q)

If

Je,(., z)

.-0

f . ,()

8eeNote 1.

,,-b

.v!
.v!

.;(z)

8eeNotel.

,,-I.

Me~') (z, 9)

NOTE:

(A')-Ior (&)-1

2K.

-;K,

2K.

;K.

Comments

.v!
.v! &~(z,
.v!

ee,(z, ')/AII ,(f)

')IBII ,{f)

FIII,(z, )/A/I ,(q)

Same as [20. 30)

8ee Note 2.

- FIII.(O, g)
ee.(O, q)

Same as [20.30)

8ee Note 3.

[~ a'I/,(z, q) ]

Same as [20.30)

Same as this volume

1. The conversion factors Ar and Br are tabulated in [20.58] along with the coefficients.
2. The multipliers p, and 8, are defined in [20.30], Appendix 1, section 3, equations 3, 4, 5, 6.
3. See [20.59), sections (5.3) and (5.5). In eq. (316) of (5.5), the first term should have a minus sign.

if"z &,(z, q)

_0

MATmEU FUNCTIONS

745

References
Texts

[20.1] W. G. Bickley, The tabulation of Mathieu functions, Math. Tables Aids Compo 1, 409-419
(1945) .
[20.2] W. G. Bickley and N. W. McLachlan, Mathieu
functions of integral order and their tabulation,
Math. Tables Aids Compo 2, 1-11 (1946).
{20.3] G. Blanch, On the computation of Mathieu functions, J. Math. Phys. 25, 1-20 (1946).
[20.4] G. Blanch, The asymptotic expansions for the odd
periodic Mathieu functions, Trans. Amer. Math.
Soc. 97, 2, 357-366 (1960).
[20.5] C. J. Bouwkamp, A note on Mathieu functions,
Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Proc. 51, 891-893
(1948).
[20.6] C. J. Bouwkamp, On spheroidal wave functions of
order zero. J. Math. Phys. 26, 79-92 (1947).
[20.7] M. R. Campbell, Sur les solutions de periode 2 81f'
de l'equation de Mathieu associee, C.R. Acad.
ScL, Paris, 223, 123-125 (1946).
[20.8] M. R. Campbell, Sur une categorie remarquable de
solutions de l'equation de Mathieu associee,
C.R. Acad. ScL, Paris, 226, 2114-2116 (1948).
[20.9] T. M. Cherry, Uniform asymptotic formulae fOr
functions with transition points, Trans. Amer.
Math. Soc. 68, 224-257 (1950).
[20.10] S. C. Dhar, Mathieu functions (Calcutta Univ.
Press, Calcutta, India, 1928).
[20.11] J. Dougall, The solution of Mathieu's differential
equation, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 34, 176196 (1916).
[20.12) J. Dougall, On the solutions of Mathieu's differential equation, and their asymptotic expansions,
Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 41, 26-48 (1923).
[20.13] A. Erdelyi, Uber die Integration der Mathieuschen
Differentialgleichung durch Laplacesche Integrale, Math. Z. 41, 653-664 (1936).
[20.14] A. Erdelyi, On certain expansions of the solutions
of Mathieu's differential equation, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 38, 28-33 (1942).
[20.15] A. Erdelyi et aI., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 3 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1955).
(20.16] G. Floquet, Sur les equations differentielles
lineaires a coefficients periodiques, Ann. Ecole
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[20.17] S. Goldstein, The second solution of Mathieu's
differential equation, Proc. Cambridge Philos.
Soc. 24, 223-230 (1928).
[20.18] S. Goldstein, Mathieu functions, Trans. Cambridge
Philos. Soc. 23, 303-336 (1927).
[20.19] G. W. Hill, On the path of motion of the lUnar
perigee, Acta Math. 8, 1 (1886).
[20.20] E. Hille, On the zeros of the Mathieu functions,
Proc. London Math. Soc. 23, 185-237 (1924).
[20.21] E. L. Ince, A proof of the impossibility of the coexistence of two Mathieu functions, Proc.
Cambridge Philos. Soc. 21,117-120 (1922).

[20.22] E. L. Ince, Ordinary differential equations (Longmans, Green & Co., 1927, reprinted by Dover
Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1944).
[20.23] H. Jeffreys, On the modified Mathieu's equation,
Proc. London Math. Soc. 23, 449--454 (1924).
[20.24] V. D. Kupradze, Fundamental problems in the
mathematical theory of diffraction (1935).
Translated from the Russian by Curtis D.
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[20.25] R. E. Langer, The solutions of the Mathieu equation with a complex variable and at least one
parameter large, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 36,
637-695 (1934).
[20.26] S. Lubkin and J. J. Stoker, Stability of columns and
strings under periodically varying forces, Quart.
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.,
[20.27] E. Mathieu, Memoire sur Ie mouvement vlbratOlre
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[20.28] N. W. McLachlan, Mathieu functions and their
classification, J. Math. Phys. 25, 209--240 (1946).
[20.29] N. W. McLachIan,IMathieu functions of fractional
order, J. Math. Phys. 26, 29-41 (1947).
[20.301 N. W. McLachlan, Theory and application of
Mathieu functions (Clarendon Press, Oxford,
England, 1947).
[20.31] N. W. McLachlan, Application of Mathieu's
equation to stability of non-linear oscillator,
Math. Gaz. 35, 105-107 (1951).
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Funktionen, die durch Reihen nach Zyhnderfunktionen dargestellt werden konnen, Math.
Nachr. 3, 9--13, Reihenentwicklungen von
Produkten zweier Mathieuschen Funktionen
nach Produkten von Zylinder und Exponentialfunktionen, 14-19 (1949).
[20.33] J. Meixner,
Integralbeziehungen
zwischen
Mathieuschen Funktionen, Math. Nachr. 5,
371-378 (1951).
[20.34] J. Meixner, Reihenentwicklungen vom Siegerschen
Typus fUr die Spharoid Funktionen, Arch. Math.
Oberwolfach I, 432-440 (1949).
[20.35] J. Meixner, Asymptotische Entwicklung der
Eigenwerte und Eigenfunktionen der Differentialgleichungen der Spharoidfunktionen und der
Mathieuschen Funktionen, Z. Angew. Math.
Mech. 28, 304-310 (1948).
[20.36] J. Meixner and F. W. Schafke, Mathieusche
Funktionen und Sphitroidfunktionen (SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Germany, 1954).
[20.37] P. M. Morse and P. J. Rubinstein, The diffraction
of waves by ribbons and by slits, Phys. Rev. 54,
895-898 (1938).
[20.38] H. P. Mulholland and S. Goldstein, The characteristic numbers of the Mathieu equation with
purely imaginary parameters, Phil. Mag. 8,
834-840 (1929).
[20.39] L. Onsager, Solutions of the Mathieu equation of
period 41r and certain related functions (Yale
Univ. Dissertation, New Haven, Conn., 1935).

746

MATmEU FUNCTIONS

[20.40] F. W. Schii!ke, Uber die Stabilitatskarte der.

Mathieuschen
Differentialgleichung,
Math.
Nachr. 4,175-183 (1950).
[20.41] F. W. Schii!ke, Das Additions theorem der
Mathieuschen FUD,ktionen, Math. Z. 58, 436-447
(1953).
[20.42] F. W. SchiiIke, Eine Methode zur Berechnung des
charakteristischen Exponenten einer Hillschen
Differentialgleichung, Z. Angew. Math. Mech.
33, 279-280 (1953).
[20.43] B. Sieger, Die Beugung einer ebenen elektrischen
Welle an einem Schirm von elliptischem
Querschnitt, Ann. Physik. 4, 27, 626-664 (1908)
[20.44] R. Sips, Representation asymptotique des fonctions
de Mathieu et des fonctions d'onde spheroidales,
Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 66, 93-134 (1949).
[20.45] R. Sips, Representation asymptotique des fonctions
de Mathieu et des fonctions spberoidales II,
Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 90, 2, 340-368 (1959).
[20.46] R. Sips, Recherches sur les fonctions de Mathieu,
Bull. Soc. Roy. Sci. LiElge 22, 341-355, 374-387,
444-455, 530-540 (1953); 23, 37-47, 90-103
(1954).
[20.47] M. J. O. Strutt, Die Hillsche Differentialgleichung
1m komplexen Gebiet, Nieuw. Arch. Wisk. 18
31-55 (1935).
[20.48] M. J. O. Strutt, Lamesche, Mathieusche und
verwandte Funktionen in Physik und Technik,
Ergeb. Math. Grenzgeb. I, 199-323 (1932).
[20.49] M. J. O. Strutt, On Hill's problems with complex
parameters and a real periodic function, Proc.
Roy. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. A 62, 278-296 (1948).
[20.50] E. T. Whittaker, On functions associated with
elliptic cylinders in harmonic analysis, Proc.
IntI. Congr. Math. Cambro 1, 366 (1912).
[20.51] E. T. Whittaker, On the general solution 0 f
Mathieu's equation, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc.
32, 75-80 (1914).
[20.52] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1952).
Tables

[20.53] G. Blanch and I. Rhodes, Table of characteristic

values of Mathieu's equation for large values of
the parameter, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 45, 6,
166-196 (1955). Ber(t) =a r(q)+2q-2(2r+ 1).Jf,
Bor(t) =b r(q)+2q-2(2r-l) ..;q;t= 1/2.;q; r=O(I)
15, O~t~.I, with 82, 84*; 8D (about); interpolable.
[20.54] J. G. Brainerd, H. J. Gray, and R. Merwin, Solu
tion of the Mathieu equation, Am. Inst. Elec.
Engrs. 67 (1948). Characteristic exponent over
a wide range. ~,M for E=I(I)IO; k=.I(.I)I,
5D; get), h(t) for t=0(.1)3.1, r, 5D; E=I(I)10,
k=.I(.I)I, where g(t) , h(t) are solutions of
y"+E(l+k cos t)y=O, with g(Of=h'(O) =1,
g'(O)=h(O) =0, cos 2r~=2g(r)h'(r)-I, M=
[-g(r)g' (r)/h(r)h' (r)]1/2.
[20.55] J. G. Brainerd and C. N. Weygandt, Solutions of
Mathieu's equation, Phil. Mag. 30, 458-477
(1940).

[20.56] E. L. Ince, Tables of the elliptic cylinder func"tions,

Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 52, 355-423; Zeros
and turning points, 52, 424-433 (1932). Characteristic values 10, ai, . . ., as, bl , b2 , ., be,
and coefficients for 11=0(1)10(2)20(4)40; 7D.
Also cer(x, II), 8e r(X, II), 11=0(1)10, x=00(1)900;
5D, corresponding to characteristic values in
the tables. a r=be r-2q; br=bo r -2q; lI=q.
[20.57] E. T. Kirkpatrick, Tables of values of the modified
Mathieu function, Math. Compo 14, 70 (1960).
Cer(u, q),
r=0(1)5,
Ser(u, q),
r=I(I)6;
u=.I(.I)I; q=I(I)20.
[20.58] National Bureau of Standards, Tables relating to
Mathieu functions (Columbia Univ. Press, New
York, N.Y., 1951). Characteristic values be r (8),
bO r (8) for 0 ~8 ~100, along with 82*, interpolable
to 8D; coefficients Dei(8), DO i (8) and conversion
factors for cer(q), 8e r(q) , same range, without
differences but interpolable to 9D with Lagrangian formulas of order 7. "Joining factors"
8i rg. r, 8irg . r, 8rl., r, 8rl., r along with 82 *; interpolable to 8S.
[20.59] J. A. Stratton, P. M. Morse, L. J. Chu and R. A,
Hutner, Elliptic cylinder and spheroidal wave
functions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y" 1941). Theory and tables for bo, bl , b2,
ba, b" b;, ~, ~, b~, and COefficients for Se r(8, x)
and SOr(8, x) for c=0(.2)4.4 and .5(1)4.5; mostly
5S; c=2qi, br=a r+2q, b;=b r+2q.
[20,60] T. Tamir, Characteristic exponents of Mathieu *
equations, Math. Compo 16, 77 (1962). The
Floquet exponent "r of the first three stable
regions; namely r=O, I, 2; q=.I(.1)2.5; a=r
(.I)r+ 1, 5D.
[20,61] J. C, Wiltse and M. J. King, Values of the Mathieu
.
functions, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation
Laboratory Technical Report AF-53, Baltimore,
Md. (1958). (Notation of [20.58] used:
ce,.(v, q)/A, 8e,.(V, q)/B for 12 values of q between
.25 and 10 and from 8 to 14 values of v; ";r/2
Mc(u, q), ";r/2 Ms!(u, q), j= 1, 2 for 6 to 8
values of q between .25 an~O and about 20
values of u, r=O, I, 2; ";r/2 Mc~)( -lui, q),
";r/2 M8~8)( -lui, q), r=O, 1,2 for about 9 values
of u and q, 2 to 4 D in all.
[20.62] J. C. Wiltse and M, J. King, Derivatives, zeros,
and other data pertaining to Mathieu functions,
The Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory
Technical Report AF-57, Baltimore, Md.
(1958).
[20.63] S. J. Zaroodny, An elementary review of the
Mathieu-Hill equation of real variable based on
numerical solutions, Ballistic Research Laboratory Memorandum Report 878, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Md. (1955). Chart of the
characteristic exponent.
See also [20.18]. It contains, among other
tabulations, values of a r , b. and coefficients for
cer(x, q), 86.(X, q), q=40(20) 100(50)200; 5D,
r~2.

See page

II.

748

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS
CHARACTERISTIC VALVES, JOINING FACTORS, SOME CRITICAL VALVES

Table 20.1

EVEN SOLUTIONS
q

ar

0
5
10
15
20
25

0.00000
5.80004
13.93697
22.51303
31.31339
40.25677

000
602
996
776
007
955

~ -1)7.07106 781

-2) 4.48001
(-3) 7.62651
(-3) 1.93250
~ -4) 6.03743
-4) 2.15863

cer(O, q)
817
757
832
829
018

( -1) 7.07106
1.33484
1.46866
1.55010
1.60989
1.65751

78
87
05
82
09
03

0
5
10
15
20
25

4.00000
7.44910
7.71736
5.07798
+ 1.15428
- 3.52216

000
974
985
320
288
473

1.00000
(-lr.35294
(-1 2.45888
(-2 7.87928
( -2) 2.86489
(-2) 1.15128

000
308
349
278
431
663

-1.00000
(-ll-7.24488
(-1 -9.26759
-1.01996
-1.07529
-1.11627

00
15
26
62
32
90

10

0
5
10
15
20
25

100.00000
100.12636
100.50677
101.14520
102.04891
103.23020

000
922
002
345
602
480

1.00000
1.02599
1.05381
1.08410
1.11778
1.15623

000
503
599
631
863
992

-1.00000
-1) -9.75347
-1) -9.51645
-1) -9.28548
-ll-9.05710
-1 -8.82691

00
49
32
06
78
92

l'

0
5
10
15
20
25

ar
1.00000
1.85818
2.39914
8.10110
14.49130
21.31489

000
754
240
513
142
969

1.00000
(-1) 2.56542
(-2l5.35987
(-2 1.50400
("'-3l5.05181
(-3 1.91105

000
879
478
665
376
151

-1.00000
-3.46904
-4.85043
-5.76420
-6.49056
-7.10674
-5.00000
-5.39248
-5.32127
-5.11914
-5.77867
-7.05988

(4q)!rge, r(q)

cer(!7r, q)

l'

0
5
10
15
20
25

25.00000
25.54997
27.70376
31.95782
36.64498
40.05019

000
175
873
125
973
099

1.00000
1.12480
1.25801
1.19343
(-1) 9.36575
(-1) 6.10694

000
725
994
223
531
310

15

0
5
10
15
20
25

225.00000
225.05581
225.22335
225.50295
225.89515
226.40072

000
248
698
624
341
004

1.00000
1.01129
1.02287
1.03479
1.04708
1.05980

000
373
828
365
434
044

B
~

1.50000
1.51636
1) 1.53198
1) 1.54687
1.56102
( 1 1.57444

( II

56
00
95
53
25
91

111.27661
1 2.63509
1 7.22275
2 1.32067
~ 2l1. 98201
2 2.69191

00

~ - 3~ 1.86132 97
5 5.54257
6l3.59660
7 3.53093
8) 4.53098

96
89
01
68

53
89
58
71
14
26

lr.14873
2 1.68665
1 6.89192
1 1.73770
4.29953
1.11858

31
79
56
48
32
69

~12 1.51800 43

2312.30433
23 2.31909
23 2.36418
23 2.44213
23l2.55760
23 2.71854

72
77
54
04
55
15

~-

12 1.48332 54

11 1.45530 39

12 1.43299 34
12 1.41537 24
12) 1.40118 52

ce~(!7r, q)

cer(O, q)

(4qYfe, r(q)

(-1)7.97884
1.97009
2.40237
2.68433
2.90011
3.07743

(4q)V ge , r(q)

(4q)'fe, r(q)

00
21
83
64
58
15

1.59576
7.26039
1) 1.35943
1) 1.91348
ll2.42144
1 2.89856

91
84
49
51
01
94

2.54647
1.02263
2~ 9.72660
2 1.19739
3 1.84066
4) 3.33747

91
46
12
95
20
55

00
61
65
99
52
45

4
4
4
4
4
5

4.90220
4.43075
4.19827
5.25017
8.96243
1.71582

27
22
66
04
97
55

8~ 4.80631
8 5.11270
8 6.83327
9~ 1.18373
9 1.85341
9 2.09679

83
71
77
72
57
12

~ 20l5.60156
20 5.54349
2015.49405
~ 20 5.45287
20 5.41964
20 5.39407

72
84
67
72
26
68

00
57
84
43
79
72

~-

~-

40
40
40
40
40
40

2.09183
2.09575
2.10754
2.12738
2.15556
2.19249

70
00
45
84
69
18

Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables relating to Mathieu functions, Columbia Univ.
Press, New York, N.Y., 1951 (with permission).
q-~\T

0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.00

0
-0.25532
-0.25393
-0.25257
-0.25126
-0.25000

(lr +2q- (41'+2)[ri

5
2

1
994
098
851
918
000

-1.30027
-1.28658
-1.27371
-1.26154
-1.25000

212
972
191
161
000

-3.45639
-3.39777
-3.34441
-3.29538
-3.25000

483
782
938
745
000

-17.84809
-16.92019
-16.25305
-15.70968
-15.25000

551
225
645
373
000

10
-76.04295
-76.84607
-63.58155
-58.63500
-55.25000

15
314
855
264
546
000

- 80.93485
-141.64507
-162.30500
-132.08298
-120.25000

<q>
048
841
052
271
000

39
69
156
625
00

For fle, r and fe, r see 20.8.12.

<q> = nearest integer to q.

Compiled from G. Blanch and I. Rhodes, Table of characteristic values of Mathieu's equation for large
values of the parameter, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 45, 6, 1955 (with permission).

749

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

CHARACTERISTIC VALUES, JOINING FACTORS, SOME CRITICAL VALUES

Table 20.1

ODD SOLUTIONS
se~(O,

I'

br

q)

(4q)!rgo, r(q)

0
5
10
15
20
25

4.00000
+ 2.09946
- 2.38215
- 8.09934
- 14.49106
- 21.31486

000
045
824
680
325
062

2.00000
(-1) 7.33166
~ -1) 2.48822
-2)9.18197
( -2) 3.70277
( -2) 1.60562

00
22
84
14
78
17

-2.00000
-3.64051
-4.86342
-5.76557
-6.49075
-7.10677

00
79
21
38
22
19

6.38307
1) 1.24474
1) 1.86133
1) 2.42888
1) 2.95502
1) 3.44997

65
88
36
57
89
83

1) 8.14873
1) 2.24948
3.91049
(- 1)7.18762
(- 1) 1.47260
(- 2) 3.33750

31
08
85
28
95
27

10

0
5
10
15
20
25

100.00000
100.12636
100.50676
101.14517
102.04839
103.22568

000
922
946
229
286
004

1) 1.00000
9.73417
9.44040
9.11575
8.75554
8.35267

00
32
54
13
51
84

1) -1. 00000
1~ -1.02396
1 -1.04539
1) -1.06429
ll-1.08057
1 -1.09413

00
46
48
00
24
54

(11) 1.51800
11) 1.56344
11) 1.62453
( 11) 1.70421
i11l1.80695
11 1.93959

43
50
03
18
19
86

23) 2.30433
23) 2.31909
23 2.36418
23 2.44211
23 2.55740
23 2.71681

72
77
52
78
30
11

q
0
5
10
15
20
25

se~(O,

br
+

se~a1r,

q)

(4q)!rgo, r(g)

Sr(!1r, g)

q)

1.00000
5.79008
13.93655
22.51300
31.31338
40.25677

000
060
248
350
617
898

1.00000
(-1~1.74675
1-2 4.40225
-2 1.39251
(-3) 5.07788
(-3) 2.04435

00
40
66
35
49
94

1.00000
1. 33743
1.46875
1.55011
1.60989
1.65751

00
39
57
51
16
04

1.59576
2.27041
2.63262
2.88561
3.08411
3.24945

0
5
10
15
20
25

25.00000
25.51081
26.76642
27.96788
28.46822
28.06276

000
605
636
060
133
590

5.00000
4.33957
3.40722
2.41166
1.56889
(-1) 9.64071

00
00
68
65
69
62

1.00000
9.06077
8.46038
-1) 8.37949
~ -1) 8.63543
-1) 8.99268

00
93
43
34
12
33

3) 9.80440 55
4~1.14793 21
4 1.52179 77
4) 2.20680 20
4l3.27551 12
4 4.76476 62

0
5
10
15
20
25

225.00000
225.05581
225.22335
225.50295
225.89515
226.40072

000
248
698
624
341
004

1~ 1.50000
1 1.48287
1~ 1.46498
1 1.44630
1 1.42679
1) 1.40643

00
89
60
01
46
73

15

~=B

(-T"

-1.00000 00

'89"
(-1 -9.78142
~ -1 -9.67513
-1 -9.57045
(-1)-9.46708

70
35
70
25
70

(4q)'jo, r('/)

P9)3.73437
19)3.78055
(19~ 3.83604
(19 3.90140
~ 19 3.977 32
19) 4.06462

91
76
99
87
21
50

(4q)rfo, r(q)
2.54647 91

~ - 2) 3.74062 82

(((-

3) 2.21737
4) 2.15798
4~ 2.82474
6 4.53098

88
83
71
74

8~ 4.80631 83

8 5.05257
8)5.46799
8) 5.27524
8)4.26215
8) 2.94147

20
57
17
66
89

40~ 2. 09183 70

81
49
43
52
29
83

40 2.09575 00

40~ 2.10754 45

40 2.12738 84
40 2.15556 69
40)2.19249 18

br+2q- (4r-2)-V q
q-t\r
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.00

1
-0.25532
-0.25393
-0.25257
-0.25] 26
-0.25000

994
098
851
9lB
000

-1.30027
-1.28658
-1.27371
-1.26154
-1.25000

164
971
191
161
000

-11.53046
-11.12574
-10.78895
-10.50135
-10.25000

15

10
855
983
146
74B
000

-51.32546
-56.10964
-51.15347
-47.72149
-45.25000

For go, rand fo, r see 20.8.12.

<q> = nearest integer to q.

875
961
975
533
000

- 55.93485
-108.31442
-132.59692
-114.76358
-105.25000

<q>
112
060
424
461
000

39
69
156
625
00

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

750

COEFFICIENTS Am AND Bm

Table 20.2

Am
,]=5
111\1'

6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22

+0,54061
-0,62711
+0,14792
-0,01784
+0,00128

+0.43873
+0,65364
-0,42657
+0,07588
-0,00674
+0,00036
-0,00001
+0,00000
-0,00000

2446
5414
7090
8061
2863
-~00006 0723
+0,00000 2028
-0,00000 0050
+0,00000 0001

10
7166
0260
8935
5673
1769
4942
3376
0355
0007

+0.00000
+0,00003
+0,00064
+0,01078
+0,13767
+0,98395
-0,11280
+0,00589
-0,00018
+0,00000
-0,00000
+0.00000

m\r
1679
3619
2987
4807
5121
5640
6780
2962
9166
4226
0071
0001

15

1 +0,76246 3686
3 -0.63159 6319
5 +0,13968 4806
7 -0,01491 5596
9 +0,00094 4842
11 -0,00003 9702
13 +0,00000 1189
15 -0,00000 0027
17 +0,00000 0001
19
21
23
25

+0,07768
+0,30375
+0,92772
-0,20170
+0,01827
-0,00095
+0,00003
-0;00000
+0,00000

5798
1030
8396
6148
4579
9038
3457
0839
0016

0,00000
+0,00000
+0,00000
+0,00000
+0,00014
+0,00428
+0,08895
+0,99297
-0,07786
+0,00286
-0,00006
+0,00000
-0,00000

0398
8820
8625
4067
2810
1866
3933
1335
9214
6552
1661
0085
0004

+0,00000
+0,00003
+0,00032
+0,00254
+0,01770
+0,10045
+0,40582
+0,83133
-0,35924
+0,06821
-0,00802
+0,00066
-0,00004
+0,00000
-0,00000
+0,00000

0000
0002
0106
4227
8749
1393
2014
4092
7946
6409
6394
1092
0014

'1=25
rn\r

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
?4
26
28

0
+0,42974
-0,69199
+0,36554
-0,13057
+0,03274
-0,00598
+0,00082
-0,00008
+0,00000
-0,00000
+0,00000
-0,00000

1038
9610
4890
5523
5863
3606
3792
7961
7466
0514
0029
0001

2
+0,33086
-0,04661
-0,64770
+0,55239
-0,22557
+0,05685
-0,00984
+0,00124
-0,00012
+0,00000
-0,00000
+0,00000
-0,00000

10
5777
4551
5862
9372
4897
2843
6277
8919
1205
9296
0578
0030
0001

+0,00502
+0,02075
+0,07232
+0,23161
+0,55052
+0,63227
-0,46882
+0,13228
-0,02206
+0,00252
-0,00021
+0,00001
-0,00000
+0,00000
-0,00000

m\r
6361
4891
7761
1726
4391
5658
9197
7155
0893
2374
3672
4078
0746
0032
0001

1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31

+0,39125
-0,74048
+0,50665
-0,19814
+0,05064
-0,00910
+0,00121
-0,00012
+0,00001
-0,00000
+0,00000
-0,00000

5
2265
2467
3803
2336
0536
8920
2864
4121
0053
0660
0036
0002

+0,65659
+0,36900
-0,19827
-0,48837
+0,37311
-0,12278
+0,02445
-0,00335
+0,00033
-0,00002
+0,00000
-0,00000
+0,00000

15
4658
7337
0026
0806
9603
8755
7402
2650
8831
6074
4550
6432
1930
2090
0085
0003

Bm

,]=5
111\1'

2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22

2
+0,93342
-0,35480
+0,05296
-0,00429
+0,00021
-0,00000
+'0,00000
-0,00000

10
9442
3915
3730
5885
9797
7752
0200
0004

+0,00003
+0,00064
+0,01078
+0,13767
+0,98395
-0,11280
+0,00589
-0,00018
+0.00000
-0,00000
+0.00000

m\r
3444
2976
4807
5120
5640
6780
2962
9166
4227
0070
0001

1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25

+0.94001
-0,33654
+0,05547
-0.00508
+0,00029
-0,00001
+0.00000
-0.00000

15

5
9024
1963
7529
9553
3879
1602
0332
0007

+0,05038
+0,29736
+0,93156
-0,20219
+0,01830
-0,00096
+0,00003
-0,00000
+0.00000

3846
0219
0813
2972
0886
5765
7422
6336
2009
0126
0007

+0,30117
+0,62719
+0.17707
-0,60550
+0,33003
-0,09333
+0,01694
-0.00217
+0.00021
-O,OIJOOl
+0.00000
-0.00000
+0.00000

2462
5513
6997
3638
5721
0277
3493
0842
0017

0,00000
+0,00000
+0,00000
+0,00000
+0,00014
+0,00428
+0,08895
+0.99297
-0,07786
+0.00286
-0.00006
+0.00000
-0.00000

4196
8468
1306
5349
2984
5984
2545
7430
0135
5851
0962
0048
0002

+0.00000
+0.00003
+0.00032
+0,00254
+0,01710
+0,10045
+0,40582
+0.83133
-0,35924
+ O. 0 6821
-0.00802
+0.00066
-0,00004
+0.00000
-0.00000
+0.00000

0000
0002
0106
4227
8749
1392
2014
4092
7946
6409
6394
1093
0013

'1=25
111\1'

2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26

m\r

10

2
+0,65743
-0,66571
+0,33621
-0,10507
+0,02236
-0.00344
+0.00040
-0.00003
+0.00000
-0,00000
+0,00000

9912
9990
0033
3258
2380
2304
0182
6315
2640
0157
0008

+0,01800
+0,07145
+0,23131
+0.55054
+0.63250
-0,46893
+0.13230
-0.02206
+0,00252
-0,00021
+0,00001
-0.00000
+0,00000

3596
6762
0990
4783
8750
3949
9765
3990
2676
3694
4079
0746
0033

For Am and Jim see 20.2.3-20.2.11

1
3
5
7
9

11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31

1
+0.81398
-0.52931
+0,22890
-0.06818
+0,01453
-0.00229
+0.00027
-0.00002
+0,00000
-0.00000
+0,00000

15
3717
7227
0013
0804
9603
8755
7403
2650
8830
6074
4551
6432
1930
2090
0086
0003

Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables relating to Mathieu functions, Columbia Univ.
Press, New York, N.Y., 1951 (with permission).

21. Spheroidal Wave Functions

ARNOLD

N.

LOWAN 1

Contents
Page

MatheJllatical Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Definition of Elliptical Coordinates . . . .

Definition of Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates
Definition of Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates.
Laplacian in Spheroidal Coordinates . . . .
Wa ve Equation in Prolate and Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates
Differential Equations for Radial and Angular Spheroidal
Wave Functions. . . .
21.7.
Prolate Angular Functions . . . .
21.8.
Oblate Angular Functions . . . .
21.9.
Radial Spheroidal Wave Functions
21.10. Joining Factors for Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions
21.11. Notation. . . . . . .

21.1.
21.2.
21.3.
21.4.
21.5.
21.6.

752
752
752
752
752
752
753
753
756
756
757
758

References

759

Table 21.1. Eigenvalues-Prolate and Oblate

m=0(1)2, n=m(1)m+4
c2 =0(1)16, c- 1 =.25( -.01)0, 4-6D

760

Table 21.2. Angular Functions-Prolate and Oblate

m=0(1)2, n=m(1)3, 71=0(.1)1
8=0(10)90, c=I(I)5, 2-4D

766

Table 21.3. Prolate Radial Functions-First and Second Kinds

m=0(1)2, n=m(I)3
~=1.005, 1.02, 1.044, 1.077, c=I(I)5, 4S

768

Table 21.4. Oblate Radial Functions-First and Second Kinds.

m=O, 1, n=m(l)m+2; m, n=2
~=O, .75, c=.2, .5, .8, 1(.5)2.5, 5S

769

Table 21.5. Prolate Joining Factors-First Kind

m=O, 1, n=m(l)m+2; m, n=2
c=I(I)5 , 4S

769

1 Yeshiva
University.
Standards.) (Deceased.)

(Prepared under contract with the National Bureau of

751

21. Spheroidal Wave Functions

Mathematical Properties
21.1. Definition of Elliptical Coordinates

21.3.1

21.1.1

z=r cos q,; x=r sin q,;

rl and r2 are the distances to the foci of a family

of confocal ellipses and hyperbolas; 21 is the distance between foci.
a=1~, b J.Je

21.1.2

where

Equation of Fam.ily of Confocal Ellipses

1/ and

q, are oblate spheroidal coordinates.

Relations Between Cartesian ~nd Oblate Spheroidal

Coordinates

21.3.2
X

a=semi-major axis; b=semi-minor axis; e=eccentricity.

~,

O~ q,5,27r

Jh sin q,; y J .J(e-1)(1-1/2); z=1h cos rp

21.4. Laplacian in Spheroidal Coordinates

21.4.1

21.1.3
Equation of Family of Confocal Hyperbolas

21.1.4
Relations Between Cartesian and Elliptical Coordinates

21.1.5

x=1h; y J.J(e-l)(l-1/2)

21.2. Definition of Prolate Spheroidal

Coordinates
If the system of confocal ellipses and hyberbolas
referred to in 21.1.3 and 21.1.4 revolves around

the major axis, then

h!=(~:y +(~y +(~:)'

h!=(~y +(~)' +(~y
Metric Coefficients for Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates

21.4.2

h~=f~~:-;2; h,,=1~f :22; h.=1.J(e-1)(1-1/2) *

21.2.1
Metric Coefficients for Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates

y=r cos q,; z=r sin q,; 0 ~q, ~27r

21.4.3

where ~, 1/ and q, are prolate spheroidal coordinates.

Relations Between Cartesian and Prolate Spheroidal
Coordinates

21.2.2
X

J~'I/; y-J.J(e-1)(1-1/2) C9s q,;

*
21.5. Wave Equation in Prolate and Oblate
Spheroidal Coordinates
Wave Equation in Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates

z J .J....
(~-;-2-1---)--:-(1-1/-=2) sin q,
21.3. Definition of Oblate Spheroidal
Coordinates
If the system of confocal ellipses and hyperbolas
referred to in 21.1.3 and 21.1.4 revolves around
the minor axis, then

752

See page

II.

753

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

Wave Equation in Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates

(21.6.3 may be obtained from 21.6.1 by the

transformations ~~i~, c~=fic; 21.6.4 may be
obtainedfrom21.6.2bythetransformationc~=fic.)

21.7. Prolate Angular Functions

21.7.1
CD

S:':!(c, "') =

21.5.2 may be obtained from 21.5.1 by the

transformations
~~~, c~=fic.

L:' d~" (c)P:::+r (7])

r=O,1

=Prolate angular function of the first kind

21.7.2
CD

21.6. Differential Equations for Radial and

Angular Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions

SJ:Hc,,,,)=~' d~"(c)Q:+r(7])
r .. -co

=Prolate angular function of the second kind

If in 21.5.1 we put
~=R", .. (c,~)S"... (c,

cos
"') . me/>
sm

then the "radial solution" R",.. (c,~) and the

"angular solution" S", .. (c, "') satisfy the differential
equations

Recurrence Relations Between the Coefficients

21.6.1

~ [(e-1) ~R",.. (c,()]

- (~.. _C2~2+ ~;"21) R",.. (c,~) =0

21.6.2

%'" [(1-",2)

(P';(",) and Q::'(",) are associated Legendre

functions of the first and second kinds respectively.
However, for -1~z~1, P:(z)=(1-z2 )m!2d"'P .. (z)/
dz'" (see 8.6.6). The summation is extended over
even values or odd values of r.)

d: S".. (c, "') ]

+(~. -C2",2_1 m:2) S",.. (c, ",)=0

where the separation constants (or eigenvalues)

}."... are to be determined so that R",.. (c, ~) and
S", .. (c, "') are finite at ~= 1 and "'= 1
respectively.
(21.6.1 and 21.6.2 are identical. Radial and
angular prolate spheroidal functions satisfy the
same differential equation over different ranges of
the variable.)

21.7.3
a.t<iH 2+ ({JI:- }."... )dk +y.t<iI:-2=0

(2m+k+2) (2m+k+1)c 2
aA; (2m+2k+3) (2m+2k+5)
(JA;= (m+k) (m+k+1)

+2(m+k)(m+k+1)-2m 2 -1 2
(2m+2k-1)(2m+2k+3) c
k(k-1)c 2
1'1: (2m+2k-3)(2m+2k-1)
Transcendental Equation for Xm ..

21.7.4
U(}."... ) =U1 (}."'..) +U2 (Xm,,) =0

r: ~ -

U 1 (~n) ='Y~-~.. 1''''r-2

Differential Equations for Radial and Angular Oblate

Spheroidal Functions

21.6.3

[(e+ 1)

t Rm"(C,~)]

-(~ .. -c2e-e~1) R",.. (c,~)=O

21.6.4

fJ':

1''''

~~mft _

r-.

rr,+2

rr,H

~+2-A"... -

'Y~H-A"... -

...

k(k-1) (2m+k) (2m+k-l)c 4

(2m+2k-l)2(2m+2k+l)(2m+2k-3)
(k~2)

1':= (m+k)(m+k+ 1)

~ [(1_",2) ~ S",,,(c, "') ]

+(~,,+c'''''-1 m:2) S .... (c, ",)=0

+1{

4m2-1

(2m+2k-1) (2m+2k+3)

(The choice of r in 21.7.4 is arbitrary.)

(k~O)

754

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

Power Series EIpansion for

~"'.

21.7.5

lo=n(n+1)
l

=1

[1

(2m-1)(2m+1)]
(2n-1)(2n+3)

-(n-m+1)(n-m+2)(n+m+1)(n+m+2) + (n-m-1)(n-m)(n+m-1)(n+m)
2 (2n+ 1) (2n+3)3(2n+5)
2(2n-3) (2n-1)3(2n+ 1)

2_

l6- (4m

1)

[(n-m+1)(n-m+2)(n+m+1)(n+m+2)
(2n-1)(2n+ 1)(2n+ 3) 5(2n+5)(2n+7)

(n-m-1)(n-m)(n+m-l)(n+m) ]
(2n-5)(2n-3)(2n-l)6(2n+ 1)(2n+3)

l8=2(4m2-1)2A+1~ B+~ o+~ D

A

(n-m-1)(n-m)(n+m-1)(n+m)
(2n-5)2(2n-3) (2n-l)1 (270+ 1) (270+3)2

(n-m-3)(n-m-2)(n-m-l)(n-m)(n+m-3)(n+m-2)(n+m-1)(n+m)
(2n-7) (2n-5)2(2n-3)3(2n-l)4(2n+l)

(n-m+1)(n-m+2)(n+m+1)(n+m+2)
(2n-l)2(2n+ 1) (2n+ 3)7(2n+ 5) (2n+7)2

(n-m+l)(n-m+2) (n-m+3}(n-m+4)(n+m+1)(n+m+2)(n+m+3)(n+m+4 )
(2n+ 1) (2n+3)4(2n+5)3(2n+7)2(2n+9)

(n-m+l)2(n-m+2)2(n+m+1)2(n+m+2)2
(2n+ 1)2(2n+3) 7 (2n+5)2

(n-m-1)(n-m)(n-m+1)(n-m+2)(n+m-1)(n+m)(n+m+1)(n+m+2)
(2n-3) (2n-1)4(2n+ 1)2(2n+3)4(2n+5)

(n-m-1)2(n-m)2(n+m-1)2(n+m)2
(2n-3)2(2n-l) 7 (2n+ 1)2

ASYDlptotiC Expansion for ~ ....

RefineDlent of ApproJdm.ate Values

21.7.6
x",.. (c)=cq+m2-~

of~"

If ~~ is an approximation to x",11 obtained either

from 21.7.5 or 21.7.6 then

(q2+5)-~ (q2+11-32m 2)

-10~4c2 [5(q4+26q2+21)-384m 2(q2+1)]

21.7.7

-~ [li8 2 (33q5+1594q3+5621q)
4

m (37q3+167q)+g
m q]
-128

-~ [2;6
-

(63t+4940q4+43327 q2+22470)

5~; (115q4+ 1310q2+735) +

-~ [10;4

3;

11
1=

(q2+ 1) ]

A2

+(N,:)
tr:' + tr:'tr:'-2 + tr:'tr:'-afl':'-4 +
(N,:N':_2) (N':N~_tN':_4)2 ...
2

(N':H) 2+ (N':+tN':H) 2 (N':+tN~.N':H)2

tr:'H
fl':'+2tr:'H
rr,+2rr,+JJ':'H

+ ...

(527q1+61529q5+ 1043961 q3
(2m+r) (2m+r-l)c

m2

+2241599q) 32. 1024 (573~t+127550q3

6 ] +O(c-6)
+298951q)+~2 (355q3+1505q)- ~6q

q=2(n-m)+1

d,

N'; (2m+2r-1)(2m+2r+l) d,-2

{3~

(r~2)

r(r-1)(2m+r)(2m+r-1)c'
(2m+2r-1)2(2m.+2r+1) (2m+2r-3)
(r~2)

755

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

Evaluation of Coefficients

Step 1.

21.7.15
n-m
(-1)-2 (n+m)!

i:'

Calculate N'J"s from

(-l)'12(r+2m)! dmn
,=0 2' (~)!(r+;m)!'

21.7.8

2n_m(n-;m)!(n~m)!
(n-m) even

21.7.16
'"

,-I

(-1)-2 (r+2m+l)!

~'2,(r-l),
,.
, 1
2 (r+2m+l)
2

'Y~= (m+r)(m+r+ 1)

dmn
'

n-m-I
(-I)-2-(n+m+l)!

Calculate ratios ddo and ,1 d

Step 2.

2,

from

'-"21'+1

(The normalization scheme 21.7.13 and 21.7.14 is

also used in [21.10].)

21.7.9
21.7.10

AsYDlptotiC Expansions for S .. ,,(c, ,,)

and the formula for N'J' in 21.7.7.

The coefficients d'J'n are determined to within
the arbitrary factor do for r even and dl for r odd.
The choice of these factors depends on the normalization scheme adopted.
Meixner-SchUlke ScheDle

I
-I

21.7.17
Smn(C, ",)=(1-",2)tUmn (C, "')
'"
Umn(x)= ~ MD/+,(x)

,_-co

(c~CX

l=n-m

where the D,(x)'s are the parabolic cylinder functions (see chapter 19).

Normalization of Angular Functions

21.7.11

(n-m) odd

2
_
2 (n+m)!
[Smn(C, "')] d"'-2n+l (n-m)!

D,(x)=(-ly~14 d~2 e-z212=2-rI2e-z214H, (~)

Stratton-l\forse-Chu-Little-Corbat6 ScheDle

21.7.12

~' (r+2m)! d

r!

r=O,1

'

and the H,(x) are the Hermite polynomials (see

chapter 22). (For tables of h~,/h~ see [21.4].)

(n+m)!
(n-m)!

(This normalization has the effect that Smn(C,

P:(",) as

"')~

",~1.)

Expansion of S.,,(c, ,,) in Powers of"

21.7.18

FlaDlDler ScheDle [21.4]

'"
Smn(C, "')= (1_",2) rnI2 ~' p'J'n(c)",'

21.7.13

r-O,l

II-m

Smn(C,O)=P:(O)

2n

(-1)-2 (n+m)!
(
) (
n 2m ! n 2 m !

+ )

(n-m) even

21.7.14

n-m-I
(-1) -2-(n+m+l)!

(r+ 1) (r+2)p'J'!2(C) -[r(r+2m+ l)+m(m+ 1)

- A...n(c)]p'J'n(c) -C 2p'J'!!2(C) =0

(The derivation of the transcendental equation

for A...n is similar to the derivation of 21.7.4 from
21.7.3.)

2n (n-~-l)!(n+~+l)!
Expansion of S .. ,,(c, ,,) in Powers of (1-,,2)

(n-m) odd

The above lead to the following conditions for

d~n

737-972 0-64--49

21.7.19
Smn(C, "')= (1_",2)mI2

f:
cr~n(1-",2)t
t=O

(n-m) even

756

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

fl'3"= -2-9q[33q'+ 114q2+37 -2m2(23q2+25)

21.7.20

+13m']

(n-m) odd

1 (2m+2r)! (
1) mn
C2k-2fflk!(m+k)!?; (2r)! (-r)k m+r+ 2 kd2r
mn_

fJ4f1= -2- 1O [63 q6+340t+239 q2+ 14

-lOm 2(10q4+23 q2+3) +m'(39q2-18) -2m6 ]

(n-m) even

ff:fI=,,(,,+m)ak"+ (,,+ 1) (,,+m+ 1)0:'

q=n+l for (n-m) even; q=n for (n-m) odd

(For the definition of

at r see 21.8.3.)

Asymptotic Expansion for Oblate Angular Functions

21.8.3
.,

(ah=a(a+ 1) (a+2) ... (a+k+ 1)

Smn(-ic, 1'})"-'(I-1'}2)mI2

~ A:,n{e-C(!-~)L~~~[2c(1-1'})1

(The dr;n's are the coefficients in 21.7.1.)

Prolate Angular Functions-Second Kind

where the L~m) (x) are Laguerre polynomials (see

chapter 22) and

Expansion 21.7.2 ultimately leads to

21.7.21
<II

S~k(c, ,,)=

~'

r--2m, -2m+l

d~nQ':.+r(")

(Expressions of

a/~r

are given in [21.4].)

21.9. Radial Spheroidal Wave Functions

(The coefficients d~n are the same as in 21.7.1;
the coefficients d':J~ are tabulated in [21.4].)
21.8. Oblate Angular Functions

21.9.1

R::J(C,~)={

r=O, I

.,

~ffln=

.i:' i +

Power Series Expansion for Eigenvalues

21.8.1

t,,(r2m.t r)! d~n}-l (e-;l)mI2

r=O,

m-

n (2m+r)! d,;nZ;:~r(c~) *
r!

L:( -1)k~kc2k
k=O

(p=l)

where the lk'S are the same as in 21.7.5.

(p=2)

Asymptotic Expansion for Eigenvalues [21.4)

21.8.2
Xmn= -c 2 +2c(2,,+m+ 1) -2,,(,,+m+ 1)
-(m+l)+A mn
1

"=2" (n-m) for (n-m) even;

,,=~ (n-m-l) for
<II

Amn= L:ff:nc- k

(JfI+1(Z) and YfI+i(Z) are Bessel functions, order

of the first and second kind respectively
(see chapter 10).)

n+l,

21.9.2
(lI-m) odd

R~k(c, t) =R:1k(c,~) +iR~k(c, 0

21.9.3
Asymptotic Behavior of R:1k(c,~) and R~k(c,~)

k=l

21.9.4

See page

1
R:1k(c, ~)- - cos [c~-t(n+l)1I']
~-t<ll c~

II.

757

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

21.10. Joining Factors for Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions

21.10.1

co

co

(2m+l)(n+m)!

2:' d';'''(2m+r)!/r!

(2m+3)(n+m+l)!

r-O

2,,+mdW"(c)cmm! (n-; m)! (n~m) !

2:' d';'''(2m+r)!/r!
r=1

2,,+mdmn
( ) m+1 m.,(n-m-l),
1 C C
2
. (n+m+l)
2
.,

(n-m) even

(n-m) odd

21.10.2

K:;k(c)

)' (n-m)
.Jm" ( )
2,,-m(2 m.
-2- ,. (n+m)
-2- ,. U:::2m
C
(2m-l)m!(n+m)!cm 1

co,

(2m+r)! d "
m
r!
T (c)

(n-m) even

" m(2 )' (n-m-l), (n+m+l) , dm" ()

__ 2 m.
2
.
2
. -2m+! C co, (2m+r)! d " C
m
(2m-3)(2m-l)m!(n+m+l)!cm 2
~
r!
T ()

(The expression for joining factors appropriate to

the oblate case may be obtained from the above
formulas by the transformation c~-ic.)

(n-m) odd

21.11. Notation
Notation for Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions

Ang.
coord.

Rad. coord.

rndependent
variable

Stratton, Morse,
Chu, Little and
Corbat6

1/

Flammer and this

chapter

1/

Chu and Stratton

1/

Meixner and
Schafke

1/

"'(

Morse and Feshbach

1/=cos"

~=cosh

Page

,..

1/

Ang. wave
function

Rad. wave
function

Eigenvalue

Normalization of angular
functions

je ... l(h, ~)
ne ... l(h, t)
heml(h, ~)

A ... I (h)

S ..... (e, 1/)

R;':~(e, ~)

>'mn(e)

Sm .. (e, 0) = P:(O)
S;"'(e, 0) = P:' (0)

S~(e, 1/)

R~l(e, ~)

Ami

S:':l(e, 0) = P:::+1(0)

S ... I(h,1/)

...

PS:(1/,

"'(2)

Sml(h,1/)

UlmW

S ... I(h,l)=Pr(l)

Remarks

I=Flammer's n
A ... I=>. .....

S::(j)(~, "'(2)

).'::(",(2)

jem,(h, ~)
ne ... l(h, t)
heml(h, ~)

A",I

V 1m (1/)

a I ...

S~{(e,

0)=P:::+1(0)

S:1 [PS:'.'(1/,

(n-m) even
(n-rn) 'odd
(l even)
(I odd)

)2d1/
2
(n+m) !
=
2n+l (n-m)!

1= Flammer's n-m
A ml = - Am, "-"1

A::("'(2) = >'m .. (e) - c2

"'(2)

[(1-~)-m/2Sml(h,

1/))... 1

=[(1_~)-mI2Pr(1/)]._1

[(1_~)-mI2U ImW]=

1
t=1

PI... (1/)
QI",(1/)

I=Flammer's n
Aml=>'mn

I=Flammer's n
al m=A m.. -c2

Notatzon for Oblate Sphercndal ltave Functlons

je ... l(ig, -i~)

Stratton, Morse,
Chu, Little and
Corbat6

1/

Flammer and this

chapter

1/

S ..... ( -ie, 1/)

R~~( -ie, i~)

Am .. ( -ie)

S ... n( - ie,O) = P:(O)

(n-m) even
S~,. ( - ie, 0) = P:' (0)
(n-m)odd

Chu and Stratton

1/

S~(-ie, 1/)

R~l( -ie, i~)

B".I

S~( -ie,
S~'( -ie,

Meixner and
Schafke

1/

"'(

PS:(1/,-r)

S:<j) ( -

>.:'.'( _",(2)

fl

Morse and Feshbach

1/=cos"

~=sinh

Sml(ig, 1/)

jeml(ig, -it)
nemdig, -i~)
heml(ig, -i~)

Ami

[(I_1/2)-m/2S ml (ig, 1/)].,..1

LeItner and
Spence

1/

aim

[(I_~)-mI2U 1... (1/)].,..1

S",I(ig, 1/)

Ami

S",I(ig, 1) =Pr(l)

I=Flammer's n
Aml=>'m..

i~,

i"'(2)

,..

0) =1':+1(0)
0) =1':+1(0)

(I even) I=Flammer's n-m

(I odd) BI... =-A .... ,..-on

[pS:'.'(1/, _"'(2)2d1/
- 2 (n+m)!
-2n+l (n-m)!
=[(I_~)-mI2Pi(1/)J.,..1

>.::( _",(2) =>'m,,( -ie) +c2.

1= Flammer's n
Aml=>'mn

(1)

The notatIOn

III

III"'(~)

U I... (1/)

thIS chapter closely follows the notation

=1

1= Flammer's n
al

III

[21.4].

m=A ... n +c2

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

759

References
[21.1] M. Abramowitz, Asymptotic expansion of spheroidal wave functions, J. Math. Phys. 28, 195-199
(1949).
[21.21 G. Blanch, On the computation of Mathieu functions, J. Math. Phys. 25, 1-20 (1946).
[21.3] C. J. Bouwkamp, Theoretische en numerieke
behandeling van de buiging door en ronde
opening, Diss. Groningen, Groningen-Batavia,
(1941) .
[21.4] C. Flammer, Spheroidal wave functions (Stanford
Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 1957).
[21.5] A. Leitner and R. D. Spence, The oblate spheroidal
wave functions, J. Franklin Inst. 249, 299-321
(1950).
[21.6] J, Meixner and F. W. Schafke, Mathieusche
Funktionen und Sphii.roidfunktionen (SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Gottingen, Heidelberg, Germany,
1954).

[21.7] P. M. Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods of

theoretical physics (McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc., New York, N.Y., 1953).
[21.8] L. Page, The electrical oscillations of a prolate
spheroid, Phys. Rev. 65, 98-117 (1944).
[21.9] J. A. Stratton, P. M. Morse, L. J. Chu and R. A.
Hutner, Elliptic cylinder and spheroidal wave
functions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1941).
[21.10] J. A. Stratton, P. M. Morse, L. J. Chu, J. D. C.
Little, and F. J. Corbat6, Spheroidal wave
functions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1956).

760

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

EIGENVALUES-PROLATE AND OBLATE

Table 21.1

PROLATE

Xm .. (C) -m(m+ 1)

>.on (c)
c2\n

2
3
4

0.000000
0.319000
0.611314
0.879933
1.127734

1
2.000000
2.593084
3.172127
3.736869
4.287128

6.000000
6.533471
7.084258
7.649317
8.225713

3
12.000000
12.514462
13.035830
13.564354
14.100203

20.000000
20.508274
21.020137
21.535636
22.054829

5
6
7
8
9

1.357356
1.571155
1.771183
1.959206
2.136732

4.822809
5.343903
5.850492
6.342739
6.820888

8.810735
9.401958
9.997251
10.594773
11.192938

14.643458
15.194110
15.752059
16.317122
16.889030

22.577779
23.104553
23.635223
24.169860
24.708534

10
11
12
13
14

2.305040
2.465217
2.618185
2.764731
2.905523

7.285254
7.736212
8.174189
8.599648
9.013085

11.790394
12.385986
12.978730
13.567791
14.152458

17.467444
18.051962
18.642128
19.237446
19.837389

25.251312
25.798254
26.349411
26.904827
27.464530

15
16

3.041137
3.172067

9.415010
9.805943

14.732130
15.306299

20.441413
21.048960

28.028539
28.596854

[( -;)3J

[( -:)2J

[( -;)2J

[< -54)9J

[( -54)5J

c-1[>.on(c)
c-1\n

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

0.793016
0.802442
0.811763
0.820971
0.830059

1
2.451485
2.477117
2.503218
2.529593
2.556036

3.826574
3.858771
3.895890
3.937869
3.984499

3
5.26224
5.25133
5.25040
5.26046
5.28251

7.14921
7.05054
6.96237
6.88638
6.82460

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

0.839025
0.847869
0.856592
0.865200
0.873698

2.582340
2.608310
2.633778
2.658616
2.682743

4.035382
4.089903
4.147207
4.206229
4.265772

5.31747
5.36610
5.42883
5.50551
5.59516

6.77941
6.75360
6.75030
6.77286
6.82451

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.882095
0.890399
0.898617
0.906758
0.914827

2.706127
2.728784
2.750762
2.772133
2.792971

4.324653
4.381878
4.436798
4.489168
4.539096

5.69566
5.80359
5.91452
6.02383
6.12806

6.90779
7.02356
7.16962
7.33916
7.52035

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

0.922830
0.930712
0.938657
0.946487
0.954267

2.813346
2.833316
2.852927
2.872213
2.891203

4.586895
4.632927
4.677506
4.720863
4.763160

6.22577
6.31730
6.40385
6.48655
6.56618

7.69932
7.86638
8.01951
8.16148
8.29538

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

0.961998
0.969683
0.971324
0.984923
0.992481
1.000000

2.909920
2.928382
2.946608
2.964611
2.982404
3.000000

4.804519
4.845033
4.884719
4.923820
4.962212
5.000000

6.64326
6.71812
6.79104
6.86221
6.93182
7.00000

8.42315
8.54594
8.66452
8.77945
8.89116
9.00000

See page

[( -t)2J

II.

[( -:)9J

[(-:)6J

[(-;)2J

[( -;)4J

761

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

EIGENVALUES-PROLATE AND OBLATE

Table 21.1

OBLATE

x"' .. (-ic) -m(m+ 1)

>'On( -ic)

c2\n

0
1
2
3
4

0.000000
-0.348602
-0.729391
-1.144328
-1.594493

2.000000
1.393206
0.773097
+0.140119
-0.505243

6.000000
5.486800
4.996484
4.531027
4.091509

12.000000
11.492120
10.990438
10.494512
10.003863

20.000000
19.495276
18.994079
18.496395
18.002228

5
6
7
8
9

-2.079934
-2.599668
-3.151841
-3.733981
-4.343292

-1.162477
-1.831050
-2.510421
-3.200049
-3.899400

3.677958
3.289357
2.923796
2.578730
2.251269

9.517982
9.036338
8.558395
8.083615
7.611465

17.511597
17.024540
16.541110
16.061382
15.585448

10
11
12
13
14

-4.976895
-5.632021
-6.306116
-6.996903
-7.702385

-4.607952
-5.325200
-6.050659
-6.783867
-7.524384

1.938419
1.637277
1.345136
1.059541
0.778305

7.141427
6.673001
6.205705
5.739084
5.272706

15.113424
14.645441
14.181652
13.722230
13.267364

15
16

-8.420841
-9.150793

-8.271795
-9.025710

0.499495
0.221407

4.806165
4.339082

12.817261
12.372144

[( -l)4J

[< -;)2J

[< -l)3J

[< -54)8J

[< -54)1

C- 2[>'On( -ic)]

c-l\n

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

-0.571924
-0.585248
-0.599067
-0.613349
-0.628058

-0.564106
-0.579552
-0.595037
-0.610591
-0.626242

+0.013837
-0.009136
-0.031481
-0.053417
-0.075480

0.271192
0.213225
0.157464
0.103825
0.052196

0.17325
0.67822
0.58772
0.50191
0.42099

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

-0.643161
-0.658625
-0.674418
-0.690515
-0.706891

-0.642016
-0.657938
-0.674031
-0.690310
-0.706792

-0.097943
-0.121428
-0.146603
-0.174201
-0.204894

+0.002437
-0.045635
-0.092251
-0.137692
-0.182301

0.34521
0.27490
0.21043
0.15215
0.10020

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

-0.723530
-0.740416
-0.757541
-0.774896
-0.792476

-0.723486
-0.740399
-0.757535
-0.774894
-0.792476

-0.239109
-0.276886
-0.317881
-0.361548
-0.407352

-0.226469
-0.270627
-0.315206
-0.360594
-0.407081

0.05428
+0.01332
-0.02476
-0.06337
-0.10723

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

-0.810279
-0.828301
-0.846539
-0.864992
-0.883657

-0.810279
-0.828301
-0.846539
-0.864992
-0.883657

-0.454896
-0.503937
-0.554337
-0.606021
-0.658931

-0.454839
-0.503928
-0.554337
-0.606021
-0.658931

-0.16065
-0.22419
-0.29513
-0.37117
-0.45125

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

-0.902532
-0.921616
-0.940906
-0.960402
-0.980100
-1.000000

-0.902532
-0.921616
-0.940906
-0.960402
-0.980100
-1.000000

-0.713025
-0.768262
-0.824608
-0.882031
-0.940503
-1.000000

-0.713025
-0.768262
-0.824608
-0.882031
-0.940503
-1.000000

-0.53495
-0.62200
-0.71218
-0.80533
-0.90131
-1.00000

See page

[< -45)6J

II.

[( -45)3J

[( -74)4J

[(-:)3J

[( -:)1J

762

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

EIGENVALUES-PROLATE AND OBLATE

Table 21.1

PROLATE

X.... (c) -m(m+ 1)

X1 .. (C) -2

c2\n

0
1
2
3
4

1
0.000000
0.195548
0.382655
0.561975
0.734111

4.000000
4.424699
4.841718
5.251162
5.653149

10.000000
10.467915
10.937881
11.409266
11.881493

18.000000
18.481696
18.965685
19.451871
19.940143

28.000000
28.488065
28.917891
29.469456
29.962738

5
6
7
8
9

0.899615
1.058995
1.212711
1.361183
1.504795

6.047807
6.435272
6.815691
7.189213
7.555998

12.354034
12.826413
13.298196
13.768997
14.238466

20.430382
20.922458
21.416235
21.911569
22.408312

30.451716
30.954363
31.452653
31.952557
32.454044

10
11
12
13
14

1.643895
1.178798
1.909792
2.037141
2.161081

7.916206
8.270004
8.617558
8.959038
9.294612

14.706292
15.172199
15.635940
16.097297
16.556018

22.906311
23.405410
23.905451
24.406217
24.901729

32.957080
33.461629
33.967652
34.475109
34.983956

15
16

2.281832
2.399593

9.624450
9.948719

17.012115
17.465260

25.409649
25.911881

35.494147
36.005634

[( -:)IJ

[( -:)IJ

[( -:)4J

[( -44)3J

[( -44)2J

C- 1[XIR(C)

c- 1\n

-2]

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

0.599898
0.613295
0.627023
0.641073
0.655431

2.487179
2.491544
2.497852
2.506130
2.516383

4.366315
4.338520
4.315609
4.297923
4.285792

6.41797
6.38296
6.29522
6.21556
6.14494

9.00140
8.80891
8.62445
8.44916
8.28436

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

0.670084
0.685014
0.700204
0.715632
0.731281

2.528591
2.542705
2.558644
2.576296
2.595516

4.279522
4.279366
4.285495
4.297965
4.316672

6.08438
6.03498
5.99788
5.97420
5.96496

8.13163
7.99282
7.87010
7.76598
7.68328

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.747129
0.763159
0.779353
0.795696
0.812174

2.616135
2.637968
2.660829
2.684536
2.708934

4.341320
4.371397
4.406191
4.444844
4.486445

5.97090
5.99230
6.02874
6.07889
6.14051

7.62508
7.59446
7.59407
7.62539
7.68713

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

0.828176
0.845493
0.862316
0.879237
0.896251

2.733891
2.759305
2.785099
2.811212
2.837600

4.530151
4.575277
4.621329
4.667984
4.715031

6.21063
6.28624
6.36482
6.44473
6.52505

7.71728
7.88714
8.00897
8.13579
8.26355

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

0.913352
0.930535
0.941796
0.965129
0.982531
1.000000

2.864224
2.891056
2.918069
2.945243
2.972558
3.000000

4.762333
4.809790
4.857332
4.904906
4.952472
5.000000

8.39048
8.51592
8.63963
8.76153
8.88164
9.00000

[( -45)4J

[( -l)2J

[( -64)8J

6.60532
6.68528
6.76480
6.84378
6.92219
7.00000

'See page u.

[( -l)2J

[( -73)4J

763

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

EIGENVALUES-PROLATE AND OBLATE

Table 21.1

OBLATE
A..... (-ic)-rn(m+l)

A1 .. ( -ic)-2

0
1
2
3
4

1
0.000000
-0.204695
-0.419293
-0.644596
-0.881446

2
4.000000
3.567527
3.127202
2.678958
2.222747

3
10.000000
9.534818
9.073104
8.615640
8.163245

18.000000
17.520683
17.043817
16.569461
16.097655

5
28.000000
27.513713
27.029223
26.546548
26.065706

5
6
7
8
9

-1.130712
-1.393280
-1.670028
-1.961809
-2.269420

1.758534
1.286300
0.806045
+0.317782
-0.178458

7.716768
7.217072
6.845015
6.42l425
6.007074

15.628426
15.161786
14.697727
14.236229
13.777252

25.586715
25.109592
24.634357
24.161031
23.689634

10
11
12
13
14

-2.593517
-2.934882
-3.293803
-3.670646
-4.065548

-0.682630
-1.194673
-1.714511
-2.242055
-2.777205

5.602649
5.208724
4.825732
4.453947
4.093464

13.320743
12.866634
12.414840
11.965266
11.517803

23.220190
22.752726
22.287271
21.823856
21.362516

15
16

-4.478470
-4.909200
[( -;)2J

-3.319848
-3.869861
[( -53)1J

3.744202
3.405903
[( -;)1J

11.072331
10.628718
[( -54)3J

20.903290
20.446222

c2 \n

c- 2[Aln( -ic) -2]

[( -l)3]

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

1
-0.306825
-0.318148
-0.330984
-0.345469
-0.361702

2
-0.241866
-0.266693
-0.291340
-0.315894
-0.340450

3
0.21286
0.17062
0.13125
0.09476
0.06107

4
0.66429
0.51759
0.49460
0.41533
0.33974

5
1.2778
1.1420
1.0120
0.8879
0.7697

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

-0.379735
-0.399564
-0.421125
-0.444308
-0.468974

-0.365113
-0.389998
-0.415222
-0.440907
-0.467166

0.03001
+0.00127
-0.02563
-0.05142
-0.07710

0.26779
0.19942
0.13449
0.07282
+0.01411

0.6575
0.5515
0.4520
0.3591
0.2735

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

-0.494976
-0.522180
-0.550474
-0.579775
-0.610027

-0.494104
-0.521805
-0.550335
-0.579732
-0.610016

-0.10406
-0.13412
-0.16924
-0.21076
-0.25868

-0.04205
-0.09625
-0.14929
-0.20210
-0.25572

0.1958
0.1271
0.0680
+0.0183
-0.0250

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

-0.641193
-0.673251
-0.706186
-0.739985
-0.774638

-0.641191
-0.673251
-0.706186
-0.739985
-0.774638

-0.31185
-0.36901
-0.42934
-0.49242
-0.55807

-0.31111
-0.36888
-0.42932
-0.49242
-0.55807

-0.0685
-0.1219
-0.1907
-0.2714
-0.3598

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

-0.810135
-0.846468
-0.883628
-0.921608
-0.960401
-1.000000
[( -54)2J

-0.810135
-0.846468
-0.883628
-0.921608
-0.960401
-1.000000
[( -54)1J

-0.62616
-0.69657
-0.76923
-0.84406
-0.92100
-1.00000
[( -64)8J

-0.62616
-0.69657
-0.76923
-0.84406
-0.92100
-1.00000
[( -54)5J

-0.4542
-0.5540
-0.6588
-0.7682
-0.8820
-1.0000

c-I\n

See page

II.

[( -l)2]

764

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

Table 21.1

EIGENVALUES-PROLATE AND OBLATE

PROLATE

A.. n(C) -m(m+ 1)

A2n(C) - 6

0
1
2
3
4

2
0.000000
0.140948
0.278219
0.412006
0.542495

6.000000
6.331101
6.651791
6.980147
7.298250

4
14.000000
14.402353
14.804100
15.205071
15.605133

5
24.000000
24.436145
24.872744
25.309731
25.747043

6
36.000000
36.454889
36.910449
37.366657
37.823486

5
6
7
8
9

0.669857
0.794252
0.915832
1.034738
1.151100

7.612179
7.922016
8.227840
8.529734
8.827718

16.004126
16.401931
16.798429
17.193516
17.587093

26.184612
26.622373
27.060261
27.498208
27.936151

38.280913
38.738910
39.197451
39.656510
40.116059

10
11
12
13
14

1.265042
1.376681
1.486122
1.593469
1.698816

9.122052
9.412636
9.699610
9.983052
10.263039

17.979073
18.369317
18.757932
19.144675
19.529549

28.374023
28.811761
29.249302
29.686584
30.123544

40.576070
41.036514
41.497364
41.958589
42.420160

15
16

1,802252
1,903860
[( -4 )5J

10.539650
10.812958

19.912501
20.293486

30.560125
30.996267

42,882048
43.344222
5

c-i\n
0.25
0,24
0.23
0.22
0.21

2
0,475965
0,489447
0.503526
0,518220
0,533551

3
2.703239
2.683149
2,665356
2.650003
2,637236

5.073371
4.994116
4,919290
4,849313
4.784640

5
7.74906
7.58138
7.41971
7.26479
7.11743

10.8360
10.5536
10.2781
10,0103
9.7512

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

0.549534
0.566185
0,583513
0.601526
0,620224

2.627196
2.620017
2.615819
2.614701
2.616735

4,725757
4.673117
4.627427
4.589031
4.558480

6.97858
6.84931
6,73081
6.62442
6,53155

9.5023
9.2649
9,0409
8.8323
8.6417

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.639604
0.659659
0,680376
0.701737
0.723722

2.621954
2.630349
2.641862
2.656384
2.673764

4.536196
4.522485
4.517479
4.521086
4.532956

6.45371
6.39236
6.34878
6.32389
6.31794

8.4718
8.3260
8.2078
8.1208
8.0678

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

0.746308
0.769471
0.793186
0.817429
0.842175

2.693817
2.716339
2.741120
2.767960
2.796673

4.552484
4.578871
4.611219
4.648642
4.690346

6.33030
6.35935
6.40263
6.45738
6.52096

8.0507
8.0688
8.1184
8.1932
8.2864

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

0.867402
0.893087
0.919209
0.945747
0.972684
1.000000
5

2.827089
2.859059
2.892449
2.927138
2.963019
3.000000

4.735658
4.784022
4.834980
4.888160
4.943252
5.000000
3

6.59127
6.66670
6.74607
6.82849
6.91330
7.00000
3)2J

8.3919
8.5057
8.6249
8.7417
8.8730
9.0000

c2\n

[C -l)6J

[( -44)2J

[( -l)6J

[( -4 )8J

C-1[A, .. (C) -6)

See page

[C -4 )9J

II.

[C -l)4J

[C -6 )1J

[C -6

[( -3)4-1
5
J

765

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

EIGENVALUES-PROLATE AND OBLATE

Tablt' 21.1

OBLATE
Amn( -ic) -m(m+ 1)

A'n(-ic)-6
c2\n

0
1
2
3
4

2
0.000000
-0.144837
-0.293786
-0.447086
-0.604989

3
6.000000
5,664409
5.324253
4,979458
4.629951

4
14.000000
13.597220
13,194206
12.791168
12.388328

5
24.000000
23.564371
23.129322
22.694912
22.261201

6
36,000000
35.545806
35.092330
34.639597
34.187627

5
6
7
8
9

-0.767764
-0.935698
-1.109090
-1,288259
-1.473539

4.275662
3.916525
3.552475
3.183450
2.809393

11,985928
11.584224
11.183489
10,784014
10.386106

21,828245
21.396098
20,964812
20.534436
20.105013

33.736444
33.286069
32.836522
32.387826
31.940000

10
11
12

-1,665278
-1.863838
-2.069595
-2.282933
-2.504245

2.430250
2.045970
1.656508
1.261822
0.861875

9,990084
9.596286
9.205059
8.816762
8.431761

19.676587
19.249195
18.822869
18,397640
17.973532

31.493066
31.047043
30.601952
30,157814
29.714648

-2.733927
-2.972375
[( -43)lJ

0.456635
0.046076
[( -44)7J

8,050424
7.673121
[( -44)5J

17.550565
17.128753
[( -l)lJ

29.272476
28,831317
[( -l)lJ

13

14
15
16

C- 2[A2n( -ic)

\n

-61

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

2
-C.185773
-0.190754
-0.196680
-0.203790
-0.212386

3
+0.002879
-0.030028
-0.062228
-0.093813
-0.124893

4
0,47957
0.41280
0,34933
0.28933
0.23297

5
1,07054
0,95365
0.84167
0.73461
0.63251

6
1.8019
1.6261
1.4577
1.2965
1.1428

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

-0.222841
-0.235596
-0.251126
-0.269873
-0.292149

-0.155607
-0.186120
-0.216631
-0.247375
-0.278624

0,18049
0.13215
0.08816
0.04864
+0,01342

0.53537
0.44322
0.35607
0,27389
0.19662

0.9964
0,8574
0.7260
0.6022
0.4863

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

-0.318047
-0.347414
-0.379928
-0.415213
-0.452947

-0.310677
-0.343847
-0.378432
-0.414688
-0.452800

-0.01813
-0.04727
-0.07609
-0.10778
-0.14643

0,12409
+0.05600
-0,00822
-0.06954
-0.12937

0,3785
0.2795
0,1901
0.1120
+0.0470

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

-0,492902
-0.534942
-0.578991
-0.625006
-0.672956

-0.492871
-0.534937
-0.578991
-0.625006
-0.672956

-0.19508
-0,25333
-0.31876
-0,38955
-0.46494

-0,18959
-0.25217
-0.31861
-0.38955
-0.46494

-0.0051
-0.0517
-0,1076
-0.1844
-0.2768

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

-0.722813
-0.774556
-0.828164
-0.883618
-0.940902
-1.000000
[( -64)5J

-0.722813
-0.774556
-0.828164
-0.883618
-0.940902
-:1.000000
[( -54)2J

-0.54456
-0.62821
-0.71571
-0.80691
-0.90171
-1.00000
[( -83)lJ

-0.54456
-0.62821
-0.71571
-0.80691
-0.90171
-1.00000
-64)6J

-0,3791
-0.4895
-0.6073
-0.7319
-0.8629
-1.0000
[( -g3)3J

c- 1

See page

II.

[<

766

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

Table 21.2

ANGULAR FUNCTIONS-PROLATE AND OBLATE

PROLATE

Smn(c,

10

COS

0)

m
0

n
0

c\8

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1
2
3
4
5

0.8481
0.5315
0.2675
0.1194
0.0502

0.8525
0.5431
0.2815
0.1312
0.0585

0.8651
0.5772
0.3242
0.1689
0.0861

0.8847
0.6320
0.3967
0.2379
0.1419

0.9091
0.7032
0.4980
0.3442
0.2380

0.9354
0.7842
0.6226
0.4885
0.3839

0.9606
0.8654
0.7571
0.6589
0.5742

0.9815
0.9355
0.8805
0.8271
0.7776

0.9952
0.9831
0.9682
0.9530
0.9383

1
2
3
4
5

0.9046
0.6681
0.4034
0.2042
0.0916

0.8936
0.6665
0.4099
0.2138
0.1001

0.8602
0.6598
0.4273
0.2415
0.1262

0.8035
0.6429
0.4489
0.2833
0.1703

0.7225
0.6081
0.4630
0.3294
0.2279

0.6169
0.5472
0.4543
0.3618
0.2840

0.4878
0.4540
0.4068
0.3566
0.3104

0.3381
0.3270
0.3110
0.2929
0.2752

0.1731
0.1717
0.1695
0.1669
0.1643

1
2
3
4
5

1.022
1.064
1.041
0.8730
0.6018

0.9795
1.030
1.023
0.8768
0.6233

0.8553
0.9271
0.9640
0.6792

0.6621
0.7579
0.8497
0.8513
0.7407

0.4198
0.5296
0.6660
0.7549
0.7537

0.1556
0.2602
0.4104
0.5553
0.6494

-0.0988
-0.0192
+0.1061
0.2512
0.3844

-0.3105
-0.2668
-0.1938
-0.0998
+0.0008

-0.4509
-0.4385
-0.4171
-0.3879
-0.3542

0~8787

90
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0
0
0
0
0
-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000

1
2
3
4
5

0.9892
0.9590
0.9090
0.8197
0.6650

0.9042
0.8864
0.8546
0.7877
0.6560

0.6692
0.6816
0.6957
0.6868
0.6183

0.3400
0.3840
0.4485
0.5087
0.5245

-0.0045
+0.0560
0.1501
0.2591
0.3482

-0.2816
-0.2261
-0.1364
-0.0215
+0.0971

-0.4259
-0.3907
-0.3319
-0.2514
-0.1575

-0.4085
-0.3949
-0.3714
-0.3376
-0.2952

-0.2467
-0.2447
-0.2412
-0.2361
-0.2293

1
2
3
4
5

0
0
0
0
0

0.1578
0.1194
0.0776
0.0449
0.0239

0.3134
0.2437
0.1654
0.1018
0.0588

0.4643
0.3757
0.2724
0.1832
0.1179

0.6067
0.5149
0.4030
0.2994
0.2162

0.7355
0.6562
0.5546
0.4537
0.3650

0.8450
0.7892
0.7144
0.6353
0.5602

0.9290
0.9000
0.8597
0.8150
0.7698

0.9819
0.9740
0.9627
0.9497
0.9361

1
2
3
4
5

0
0
0
0
0

0.4788
0.3896
0.2780
0.1762
0.1011

0.9054
0.7509
0.5538
0.3683
0.2254

1.232
1.052
0.8148
0.5813
0.3896

1.417
1.253
1.030
0.7968
0.5906

1.435
1.316
1.149
0.9643
0.7879

1.276
1.212
1.118
1.008
0.8957

0.9562
0.9335
0.8992
0.8575
0.8127

0.5119
0.5088
0.5039
0.4979
0.4911

1
2
3
4
5

0
0
0
0
0

0.9928
0.9559
0.8745
0.7393
0.5662

1.745
1.710
1.611
1.418
1.146

2.075
2.092
2.063
1.934
1.691

1.903
1.998
2.097
2.128
2.047

1.280
1.432
1.640
1.841
1.975

0.3775
0.5298
0.7606
1.032
1.299

-0.5521
-0.4541
-0.2972
-0.0951
+0.1319

-1.244
-1.214
-1.174
-1.097
-1.017

-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500

1
2
3
4
5

0
0
0
0
0

0.0844
0.0690
0.0500
0.0328
0.0198

0.3295
0.2744
0.2051
0.1405
0.0898

0.7111
0.6092
0.4773
0.3487
0.2414

1.189
1.054
0.8738
0.6876
0.5212

1.710
1.572
1.380
1.171
0.9701

2.211
2.101
1.944
1.764
1.580

2.627
2.566
2.475
2.367
2.251

2.903
2.886
2.859
2.827
2.791

3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000

1
2
3
4
5

0
0
0
0
0

0.4222
0.3597
0.2765
0.1934
0.1244

1.570
1.358
1.070
0.7758
0.5226

3.116
2.755
2.255
1.723
1.243

4.596
4.175
3.576
2.909
2.269

5.530
5.170
4.641
4.025
3.395

5.548
5.327
4.994
4.588
4.150

4.501
4.417
4.286
4.122
3.936

2.522
2.510
2.491
2.466
2.437

0
0
0
0
0
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

From C. Flammer, Spheroidal wave functions. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 1957 (with
permission).

767

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

ANGULAR FUNCTIONS-PROLATE AND OBLATE

Table 21.2

OBLATE
Smn( -ie,

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

1.002
1.008
1.022
1.047
1.083

1.007
1.032
1.089
1.191
1.341

1.016
1.073
1.205
1.449
1.835

1.028
1.132
1.377
1.854
2.648

1.044
1.210
1.617
2.452
3.952

1.064
1.310
1.940
3.319
6.000

1.088
1.434
2.366
4.557
9.211

1.115
1.585
2.923
6.323
14.23

1.147
1.767
3.648
8.837
22.11

1.183
1.986
4.589
12.42
34.48

0.1001
0.1004
0.1011
0.1016
0.1032

0.2009
0.2034
0.2079
0.2150
0.2252

0.3027
0.3114
0.3273
0.3526
0.3884

Q.4065
0.4274
0.4664
0.5298
0.6252

0.5128
0.5542
0.6338
0.7681
0.9804

0.6222
0.6952
0.8398
1.096
1.525

0.7353
0.8539
1.098
1.552
2.369

0.8530
1.035
1.425
2.195
3.684

0.9760
1.243
1.842
3.105
5.741

1.105
1.484
2.378
4.396
8.970

-0.4863
-0.4897
-0.4943
-0.4994
-0.5061

-0.4450
-0.4585
-0.4766
-0.4966
-0.5234

-0.3757
-0.4052
-0.4448
-0.4891
-0.5495

-0.2779
-0.3277
-0.3952
-0.4716
-0.5780

-0.1507
-0.2231
-0.3223
-0.4356
-0.5977

+0.0070
-0.0872
-0.2183
-0.3681
-0.5869

0.1965
+0.0849
-0.0721
-0.2485
-0.5067

0.4197
0.2999
+0.1311
-0.0458
-0.2880

0.6784
0.5660
0.3845
0.2868
0.1892

0.9749
0.8930
0.7958
0.8201
1.132

-0.1477
-0.1480
-0.1486
-0.1495
-0.1504

-0.2810
-0.2839
-0.2885
-0.2949
-0.3033

-0.3855
-0.3947
-0.4097
-0.4306
-0.4589

-0.4466
-0.4668
-0.4998
-0.5415
-0.6123

-0.4491
-0.4839
-0.5421
-0.6270
-0.7489

-0.3768
-0.4275
-0.5140
-0.6432
-0.8356

-0.2130
-0.2757
-0.3841
-0.5540
-0.8080

+0.0600
-0.0015
-0.1091
-0.2765
-0.5447

0.4613
0.4274
0.3711
0.2912
0.1715

1.011
1.051
1.138
1.327
1.723

0.9961
0.9994
1.006
1.020
1.041

0.9838
0.9973
1.025
1.079
1.174

0.9628
0.9923
1.055
1.178
1.406

0.9316
0.9827
1.093
1.319
1.776

0.8884
0.9652
1.135
1.498
2.242

0.8299
0.9340
1.172
1.708
2.878

0.7506
0.8802
l.l88
1.920
3.642

0.6402
0.7864
1.149
2.067
4.400

0.4731
0.6118
0.9724
1.950
4.651

0
0
0
0
0

0.2987
0.2985
0.3005
0.3022
0.2990

0.5897
0.5950
0.6043
0.6213
0.6400

0.8643
0.8815
0.9140
0.9640
1.040

1.113
1.153
1.228
1.349
1.537

1.322
1.398
1.541
1:.780
2.165

1.478
1.600
1.837
2.250
2.947

1.554
1.730
2.082
2.723
3.868

1.508
1.734
2.200
3.092
4.786

1.247
1.487
2.000
3.033
5.138

0
0
0
0
0

-1.189
-1.228
-1.289
-1.364
-1.442

-0.8136
-0.8941
-1.024
-1.184
-1.353

-0.3165
-0.4427
-0.6502
-0.9148
-1.198

0.2710
+0.1060
-0.1738
-0.5415
-0.9435

0.9015
0.7174
+0.3916
-0.0538
-0.5506

1.501
1.329
1.006
0.5403
0.0161

1.946
1.826
1.572
1.177
0.7471

1.988
1.951
1.834.
l.619
1.439

0
0
0
0
0

2.972
2.979
2.992
3.013
3.052

2.889
2.915
2.965
3.052
3.211

2.748
2.805
2.915
3.111
3.469

2.549
2.644
2.830
3.170
3.813

2.291
2.425
2.693
3.200
4.202

1.970
2.138
2.481
3.157
4.564

1.585
1.770
2.161
2.966
4.746

1.131
1.305
1.687
2.512
4.460

0.6041
0.7234
0.9944
1.615
3.188

0
0
0
0
0

1.486
1.488
1.494
1.498
1.509

2.886
2.906
2.943
2.996
3.073

4.115
4.180
4.295
4.4"(5
4.738

5.086
5.226
5.482
5.891
6.515

5.704
5.954
6.413
7.166
8.347

5.877
6.251
6.951
8.132
10.07

5.503
5.982
6.904
8.515
11.28

4.477
4.99G
6.008
7.857
11.21

2.683
3.077
3.879
5.408
8.354

0
0
0
0
0

m n
0 0

c\~

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5

0
0
0
0
0

1
2
4
5

-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500

-1.421
-1.431
-1.447
-1.467
-1.486

3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000

1
2
3
4
5

:3

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5

~)

0
0
0
0
0
-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000
0
0
0
0
0
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

0
0
0
0
0

768

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

PROLATE RADIAL FUNCTIONS-FIRST AND SECOND KINDS

Table 21.3

R~~(c, ~)

R~~(c, ~)
1U

n
0

9.468
8.257
7.02&
6.054
5.313

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

9.419
8.077
&.&&2
5.471
4.488

-1
-1
-1
-1

9.339
7.789
6.091
4.585
3.287

1
2
3
4
5

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.153
5.289
6.0&4
5.892
5.381

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.190
5.298
5.960
5.&12
4.888

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

3.249
5.308
5.78&
5.162
4.125

1
2
3
4
5

-2
-1
-1
-1
-1

4.470
1.&9&
3.295
4.507
4.952

-2
-1
-1
-1
-1

4.655
1.749
3.34&
4.417
4.763

-1
-1
-1
-1

1.833
3.421
4.413
4.444

1
2
3
4
5

-3
-2
-2
-1
-1

3.912
3.085
9.956
2.107
3.298

-3
-2
-1
-1
-1

4.249
3.317
1.054
2.183
3.329

-3
-2
-1
-1
-1

4.814
3.700
1.147
2.298
3.3&0

-2
-2
-2
-1
-1

3.270
&.187
8.59&
1.053
1.211

-1
-1
-1
-1

1.227
1.&77
2.007
2.235

'.544

-1
-1
-1
-1

9.716
1.793
2.38&
2.744
2.894

-2
-2
-2
-2

'.503
2.378
4.&58
6.975
9.035

-2
-2
-2
-1
-1

1.322
4.802
9.29&
l.367
1.739

-2
-2
-1
-1
-1

2.012
7.227
1.372
l.960
2.376

-4
-3
-2
-2
-2

7.58&
5.725
1.737
3.516
5.&04

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5

1.044

1.020

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.005

c\t
1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5

r'

r'

4.954

1.077

r
r

1.020

1.044

1.077

o -2.096

o -1.666

o -1.356

-1
-1
-1
-1

-1 -7.104
-1 -4.508
-1 -3.052

-1
-1
-1
-1

3.328
5.311
5.529
4.542
3.137

-&.912
-2.189
-1.133
-&.741
-1 -4.293

-2
-1
-1
-1
-1

5.373
1.947
3.509
4.293
3.976

-2
-1
-1
-1

5.638
4.249
1.275
2.443
3.3&2

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.287
2.323
2.973
3.221
3.118

-2
-2
-1
-1
-1

2.754
9.738
1.798
2.4&0
2.803

jJ

59

-5.241'
1oO~1-3.
-2.031

o -1.095
-1) -7.388

-1
0
0
0

-3.288
-2.194
-5.020
-2.043
-1.149

1 -1.506

o -4.079
o -2.019
o -1.273

!
!'r

014
1 -4.027
o -9.025
o -3.449
o -1.692

5.898
2.249
4.&98
7.587
1.058

-2
-2
-2
-1
-1

1.044
3.920
7.974
1.239
1.639

2 -3.750
1 -4.852
1 -1.515
o -&.821
o -3.755

845
2.896
8.889
1.862
3.150

-2
-2
-2
-1

1.59&
1.178
3.492
6.946
1.09&

3
2
1
1
.0

-3
-2
~ -2
-2

&.525
1.974
4.048
&.&57

o -1.007

-1 -4.783
-1 -2.&30

-1.659
-1.223
-2.966
-1.293
-7.422

o -2.077
o -1.075

T''94

1 -1.056
o -1.807
-1 -7.694
-1 -3.115
-1 -1.340

oo
o -7.705
o -1.985,

-1 -9.141
-1 -5.182

1 -6.91&
o -5.123
o -1.408
-1 -&.749
-1 -3.&12

o -4.734
o -1.417

o -3.432
o -1.071

1 -1.275
o -2.038
-1 -8.473
-1 -4.718
-1 -2.651

-3
-2
-2
-2
-1

tj'"136

Tl.4
..
o -2.403

l -1.939
o -2.932
o -1.15&
-1 -&.533
-1 -4.170

2.659
1.025
2.181
3.&16
5.223

-3
-3
-2
-2

-2.185
-3.358
-1.3&4
-7.053
-1 -4.417

'fl.'"

-1 -9.21&
-1 -3.207
-3 -4.9
-1) 1.594

-3.2&9
-4.717
-1.751
-9.597
-1 -6.3&2

-2
-2
-1
-1

415
7.128
2.208
4.683
8.0&0

-1 -4.987
-1 -1.534
-2 3.87

1 -7.295
1 -1.014
o -3.552
o -1.842
o -1.778

1.845
5.453
1.063
1.608

-4
-3
-3
-3

-1 -7.365
-1 -3.528
-1 -1.390

-1 -9.101

-2
-2
-1
-1

5.520
9.302
1.372

o -3.669
o -1.177

-1 -5.480
-1 -2.924
-1 -1.248

1.183
1.511
3.553
7.089
1.108

-3
-2
-2
-2
-2

o -4.801
o -1.540

-1 -3.333
-2 3.51
-1 1.952
-1 2.291

-1 -7.453
-1 -4.585
-1 -2.874

-2
-2
-2
-1

-3
-3
-3
-2

-1 -5.341
-1 -1.281
-2 6.61
-1 1.537

-1 -6.911
-1 -4.885

3.556
2.607
7.529
1.418
2.048

'.483

-8.020
-3.422
-1.287
-1.02

-1
-1
-1
-2

r' r' u !r

r
r
rrr
r
rr -r r
46.612
2.566

1.005

o -2.838
o -1.244

9.228
7.392
5.330
3.463
1.869

-2.&09
-1.728
-3.745
-1.334
-&.274

!-!

ur,m U

lO.121
o
o

-2.491
-1.707
-3.994
-1.629
-8.600

-1.354
-9.553
-2.354
-1.032
-5.214

-5.934
-1.552
-1 -7.288
-1 -3.006

1 -1.203
o -3.889
o -1.843
o -1.081

1 -3.973
o -5.417
o -1.852
-1 -9.431
-1 -5.907

1 -2.156
o -3.077
o -1.12&
-1 -&.132
-1 -3.910

1 -'.0"
-4.095
o -9.098
o -3.370
o -1.&71

2 -2.517
1 -1.727
o -3.994
o -1.573
-1 -8.409

2 -1.279
o -9.031
o -2.208
-1 -9.397
-1 -5.379

!'

From C. Flammer, Spheroidal wave functions. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 1957 (with permission).

769

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

Table 21.4

OBLATE RADIAL FUNCTIONS-FIRST AND SECOND KINDS

R(l) (

.
mn -te,

rn

c\~

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

.)
~~

mn

9.9557
9.7265
9.3168
8.9565
7.8320
6.5571
5.3430
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

.
.)
-~c, ~~

0.75

0.75

0
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

R(2) (

o -7.7864
o -2.9707
o -1. 7002
o -1.2524

o -4.5290
o -1.5906

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

9.9183
9.4976
8.7520
8.1032
6.1209
3.9526
1.9680

-1 -6.2189
-1 -3.0356
-1 -1.3758

-1 -7.5527
-1 -4.4277
-2 +1.2204
-1 2.2634
-1 3.0225

-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

4.9808
1.2202
1.8802
2.2696
3.0132
3.3765
3.3530

1 -7.5120
1 -1.2120
o -4.8077
o -3.1202
o -1.4537
-1 -8. 7035
-1 -6.0006

1 -2.3239
o -4.0338
o -1.7744
o -1.2314
-1 -6.3156
-1 -3.4641
-1 -1.5694

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

-4
-3
-2
-2
-2
-2
-1

8.8992
5.5964
1.4489
2.2868
5.3150
9.7914
1. 5649

-3
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
-1

2.3840
1.4744
3.6993
5.6728
1.1932
1.9147
2.5730

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

6.6454
1.6336
2.5333
3.0762
4.1708
4.8229
5.0170

-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.2880
2.0133
3.0524
3.6283
4.5492
4.6553
4.0221

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

-3
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
-1

2.4923
1.5314
3. 7974
5.7617
1.1699
1.7976
2.3200

3
2
1
1

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

-5
-4
-4
-3
-3
-2
-2

1.5236
2.3850
9.7909
1.9166
6.5244
1.5669
3.1147

-5
-3
-3
-3
-2
-2
-1

7.2462
1.1206
4.4965
8.6200
2. 7259
5.8920
1.0193

4
3
2
2
1
1

-9.6745
-2.4841
-3.8151
-1.5721
-3.1742
-1.0386
o -4.4705

-8.1316
-2.1259
-3.3786
-1.4390
o -3.2838
o -1.2924
-1 -6.9734

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

-3
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
-1

2.6602
1.6413
4.1024
6.2694
1.3055
2.0801
2.8190

-3
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
-1

4.1496
2.5393
6.2453
9.4031
1.8562
2.7317
3.3111

3 -1.1093
1 -7.2682
1 -1.8724
o -9.9297
o -3.4267
o -1.7581
o -1.0954

2 -2.6888
i-l.8121
o -4.9121
o -2. 7508
o -1.0939
-1 -6.0206
-1 -3.3594

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3
2
1
1

-2.2106
-1.4205
-3.5130
-1.8068
o -5.5629
o -2.5149
o -1.4263

2 -3.4260
1 -2.2700
o -5.9376
o -3.2496
o -1.2084
-1 -6.5653
-1 -3.9702

1 -5.9560
1 -1.0060
o -4.2765
o -2.9165
o -1.4980
-1 -9.1106
-1 -5. 7028

1 -2.1507
o -3.8583
o -1.7483
o -1.2196
-1 -5.8081
-1 -2.3210
-3 +3. 168

-1.8781
-1.2123
-3.0070
-1.5622
o -4.8667
0-2.1999
o -1.2282

2 -3.2287
1 -2.1474
o -5.6543
o -3.1109
o -1.1709
-1 -6.4134
-1 -3.9677
3
2
1
1

PROLATE JOINING FACTORS-FIRST KIND K~~ (c)

c
1
2
3
4
5

(1)

(1)

rr'" rr'"
"00

-1
-1
-1
-2

6.391
3.742
1.909
8.97

"01

o 1.586
o 1.829
o 1.795
o 1.665

(1)
"02

1 1.268

'1"'"

o 6.352
o 3.867
o 2.401

(1)
K11

0) 2. 770
1 095
-101 5.011

-1 2.294
-1 1.023

Table 21.5

(1)
"12

1 4.319
o 9.527
o 3.417
o 1.413
-1 6.067

(1)
"13

2
2
1
1

7.919
1.002
2.982
1.222
o 5.725

(1)
"22

4.234
8.838
2.935
1.118
4.455

From C. Flammer, Spheroidal wave functions. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif.,
1957 (with permission).

22. Orthogonal Polynomials

URS

W.

HOCHSTRASSER

Contents
Mathematical Properties. . . . . . . . .
22.1. Definition of Orthogonal Polynomials
22.2. Orthogonality Relations
22.3. Explicit Expressions
22.4. Special Values. . . .
22.5. Interrelations. . . .
22.6. Differential Equations
22.7. Recurrence Relations
22.S. Differential Relations
22.9. Generating Functions
22.10. Integral Representations
22.1l. Rodrigues' Formula. . .
22.12. Sum Formulas . . . . .
22.13. Integrals Involving Orthogonal Polynomials
22.14. Inequalities . .
22.15. Limit Relations . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.16. Zeros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.17. Orthogonal Polynomials of a Discrete Variable.
Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . .
22.18. Use and Extension of the Tables
22.19. Least Square Approximations
22.20. Economization of Series. . . .
References

. . . . .

Table 22.1. Coefficients for the Jacobi Polynomials p~a,{J)(x)

Page

773
773
774
775
777
777

781
782
783
783
784
785
785
785
786
787

787
788
788
788
790
791
792
793

n=0(1)6

Table 22.2. Coefficients for the Ultraspherical Polynomials G~a) (x) and
for x" in Terms of G~a)(x). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

794

n=O(1)6

Table 22.3. Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials T,,(x) and for
x" in Terms of T",(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

795

n=O(1)12

Table 22.4. Values of the Chebyshev Polynomials T,,(x) .

n=O(1)12, x=.2(.2)1, 10D
Table 22.5. Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials U,,(x) and for
x" in Terms of U",(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n=O(1)12

795

796

Table 22.6. Values of the Chebyshev Polynomials U,,(x)

n=O(1)12, x=.2(.2)1, 10D

796

I Guest Worker, National Bureau of Standards, from The American University. (Presently, Atomic Energy Commission, Switzerland.)
771

772

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

Page

Table 22.7. Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials O,,(x) and for
x" in Terms of O",(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

797

n=0(1)12

Table 22.S. Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials 8,,(x) and for
x" in Terms of 8 m (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

797

n=0(1)12

Table 22.9. Coefficients for the Legendre Polynomials P ,,(x) and for x"
in Terms of P m(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

798

n=0(1)12

Table 22.10. Coefficients for the Laguerre Polynomials L,,(x) and for x"
in Terms of Lm(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

799

n=0(1)12

Table 22.11. Values of the Laguerre Polynomials L,,(x)

n=0(1)12, x=.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, Exact or IOn
Table 22.12. Coefficients for the Hermite Polynomials H,,(x) and for x"
in Terms of Hm(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

800

801

n=0(1)12

Table 22.13. Values of the Hermite Polynomials H,,(x)

n=0(1)12, x=.5, 1,3, 5, 10, Exact or 118

802

22. Orthogonal Polynomials

Mathematical Properties
22.1.

Definition of Orthogonal Polynomials

A system of polynomialsj,,(x) , degree [j,,(x)1=n,

is called orthogonal on the interval a 5: x 5: b,
with respect to the weight function w(x), if

where g(x) is a polynomial in x independent of n.

The system

{1x" } consists again of orthogonal

polynomials.

22.1.1

W(x)jn(x)jm(x)dx=O

(nm;n, m=O, 1,2, ... )

The weight function w(x)[w(x) ;;:::01 determines
the system j,,(x) up to a constant factor in each
polynomial. The specification of these factors is
referred to as standardization. For suitably
standardized orthogonal polynomials we set
22.1.2

i w(x)j:'(x)dx=h",j"(x)=k,,x"+k~x"-l+
b

...
~

(1.5,-.5)
5

(n=O, 1,2, ... )

These polynomials satisfy a number of relationships of the same general form. The most
important ones are:
Differential Equation

22.1.3

where U2(X), gl(X) are independent of n and a" a

constant depending only on n.
Recurrence Relation

22.1.4

j,,+1 = (a" +xb")j,, -C,.],.-1

where
22.1.5
k"+lk"-lh,,
k"+l
k~+l k~)
bn=k;'
b (k"+l-k,,
a"=,,
' C"
k!h n - 1
-I

Rodrigues' Formula

22.1.6

1
d"
j,,= e"w(x) dx" {w(x)[g(x) 1"}

FIGURE

22.1. Jacobi Polynomials p~a,{J)(x),

a=1.5, {3=-.5, n=1(1)5.
773

22.2. Orthogonality Relations

I,,(x)

22.2.1

p~.,~) (x)

22.2.2
22.2.3

Name of Polynomial

w(x)

Standardization

p~. B)(1) =(n~a)

Remarks

h"
2"+Hl

r(n+a+ l)r(n+p+ 1)
nlr(n+a+p+ 1)

Jacobi

-1

(1-x)(1

Gn(p, q, x)

Jacobi

(I -x) P-.x.-1

k,,=1

nlr(n+q)r(n+p)r(n+p-q+ 1)
(2n+p)r Z(2n+p)

C~)(x)

Ultraspherical
(Gegenbauer)

-1

(1-xl )-1

C~)(l)

,..21- ta r(n+ 2a)

n!(n+a}lr(a)J2

+x)~

=e+~a-l)

2n+a+tJ+ 1

aO

a>-I, tJ>-1
p-q>-I, q>O

a>-l

(aO)

C<OJ(l)=_.2
"

n
C~O)(1) = 1

22.2.4

T,,(x)

Chebyshev of the
first kind

-1

(l-xl )-l

T,,(1)=l

22.2.5

U,,(x)

Chebyshev of the
second kind

-1

(l-xl )t

U,,(I)=n+ 1

22.2.6

C,,(x)

Chebyshev of the
first kind

-2

( 1- 4XI)-t

C,,(2)=2

22.2.7

8,,(x)

Chebyshev of the
second kind

-2

(l-~y

S,,(2)=n+ 1

22.2.8

T!(x)

Shifted Chebyshev
of the first kind

(x-xl)-t

T:(l)

22.2.9

U!(x)

Shifted Chebyshev
of the second
kind

22.2.10

P,,(x)

Legendre
(Spherical)

22.2.11

P:(x)

Shifted Legendre

See page

II.

=1

(x-xl)l

U!(l)=n+ 1

-1

P,,(I)=1

2,..

nZ

1:

a=O

nO
n=O

CD

{4,..
8,..

nO
n=O

,..

l:
~

2
2n+l
1
2n+l

nO
n=O

22.2. Orthogonality Relations-Continued

r(a+n+ 1)
n!

( -1)"

22.2.12

L!.")(x)

Generalized
LaJ!;uerre

00

e-Z;C

k=-"
n!

22.2.13

L,,(x)

J.oaJ!;uerre

00

e- Z

k"=nr

22.2.14

II ,,(x)

Hermite

00

00

e- zl

e.=(-l)"

";;2"n!

22.2.15

He" (x)

Hermite

00

(X)

-,z,

e.=(-l)"

";2rn!

Sep page n.

( -1)"

a>-l

22.3. Explicit Expressions

N

f"(x)=d,,.L; c..g",(x)
m-O

f,,(x)

d.

k.

g.. (x)

c..

.J..

2"

.!..

Remarks

22.3.1

p~~)(x)

'2"

e!a) (:~!)

(x-I) "-"(x+ I)'"

22.3.2

P~"'~)(x)

r(a+n+ 1)
n!l'(a+tJ+n+ 1)

(n) l'(a+tJ+n+m+l)
m . 2"'I'(a+m+I)

(x-I)"

22.3.3

G.(p, q, x)

I'(q+n)
l'(p+2n)

(-I) .. (n) r(p+2n-m)

x"-'"

p-q>-I, q>O

22.3.4

c::z ) (x)

[~]

1
rea)

(-1) .. r(a+n-m)

(2x) "-I ..

2" I'(a+n)
n!rw

I
0<>-2' O<~o

22.3.5

C~O)

(x)

[~]

(-I)"

(n-m-I)!
m!(n-2m)!

(2x) ,,-1 ..

-2"

22.3.6

T,,(x)

[~J

"2

( -I)'"

(n-m-I)!
m!(n-2m)!

(2x) ,,-I ..

2,,-1

22.3.7

U,,(x)

[~]

(-1)"

(n-m)!
m!(n-2m)!

~ (2x),,-t..

22.3.8

P,,(x)

[~]

27

(-1) ..

22.3.9

L~)(x)

1
( -1) .. (n+a)
n-m ,/If

22.3.10

H,,(x)

[i]

n!

22.3.11

He" (x)

[i]

n!

(-1)"

I'(q+n-m)

m!(n-2m)!

-1 ..

C) c
n

-:

2m

m!(n-2m)!
1

m!2 m (n-2111)!

X"-2,,,

2"

a tJ
+ )
n

a>-l, tJ>-l

a
+ + tJ )
n

a>-l,tJ>-1

n~O

n~O. C~O)(I)

2"
(2n)!
2"(n!)1
( -I)"

X"

7il

a>-l

(2x) "-0",

2"

sec 22.11

I x ..-

..

=I

776

ORTHOGONAL

POLYNO~S

Explicit Expressions Involving Trigonometric Functions

n

/ .. (008 II)=~ a.. cos (n-2m)1I

r.5

m-O

/.(eos 11)

a ..

22.3.12

C~)(COB 11)

r(o:+m)r(a+n-m)

22.3.13

p .. (cos 11)

.!
4" em)
m

m!(n-m)![r(a)]2

o~O) (cos 9) =-n2 cos n9

22.3.15

T,,(cos 9) = cos n9
U,,(cos 9)

a;o!O

n 2m
e n-m
)

22.3.14

22.3.16

Remarks

sin (n+l)9
sin 9

-1.5

FIGURE

22.2. Jacobi Polvrwminl8 P~CI'~)(X),

a= 1(.2)2, fJ= - .5, n=5.

FIGURE

22.3.

Jacobi Polynominl8 P~CI~)(X),

a=1.5, fJ=-.8(.2)O, n=5.

FIGURE

22.4.

Gegenba'Ue1' (Ultraspherical) Polyno-

mial8

O~CI)(X),

a=.5, n=2(1)5.

777

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

22.4. Special Values

I,,(-x)

I,,(x)

1,,(0)

1..(1)

22.U

p~6l(z)

(-I)"P:!) (x)

e!a)

22.4.2

C~)(z)

(-1) "C~) (x)

(n+2;-I)

22.4.3

a;o'O

C!O)(z)

,,/1

I)

r(a+n/2) _
r(a)(n/2)!' n-2m

2
-, n;o'O
n

-m'
r-I)'

{(-I)"', n=2m

22.4.4

T,,(x)

(-I)"T,,(x)

22.4.5

U,,(x)

t-l)"U .. (x)

n+l

22.4.6

P,,(z)

(-I)"P .. (x)

hex)

"2 [a-,3+ (a+,3+2)z]

2ax

2x

2x

-x+a+1

2x

n~2m+1

( - I) "C!O) (x)

fo(x)

n=2m;o'O

0, n=2m+l

0, n=2m+l

r-1)., n=2m
0, n=2m+l
1
-4m)'

,nm'
(2m)
-2
m

0, n=2m+1

22.4.7

L~) (x)

22.4.8

H,,(x)

(n!a)

(-I)"H .. (z)

{( _I)' (2m!',

n~2m

m.

0, n=2m+1
'"

22.5. Interrelations
Interrelationa Between Orthogonal Polynomial8 of the
Same Family

1.5

Jacobi Polynomial8

22.5.1

p~a.#)(x)

r(2n+a+p+l) G (a+P+l P+l X+l)

n!r(n+a+p+l) ..
I
I
2

22.5.2

PCP-U-1J(2x-l)
G.. (P, q, X) n!r(n+p)
r(2n+p) II
(see [22.21]).

22.5.3
F. (p q x)=(-I)"n '
..

r(q) PCP-U-I)(2x-l)
r(q+n)
..

(see [22.13]).
Ultr88pherical Polynomiala

22.5.4
Chebymev Polynomial8

-1.5

FIGURE

22.5.

mials
'See page U.

Gegenbauer (Ultrasph,erUJal) PolynoO~a)(z), a=.2(.2)1 , n=5.

22.5.5

T .. (x) =!O.. (2x) =T! C~X)

22.5.6

T .. (x)=U .. (x)-xU .. - 1 (x)

778

ORTHOGONAL

22.5.7

T .. (x)=xU,,-I (X) -U.. -2(X)

22.5.8

T .. (x)=! [U .. (X)-U .. _2(X)]

22.5.9

X
)

U .. (x) =8.. (2x) =U:

et

1
22.5.10 U .. -,(x)=l_r [xT.. (x)-T"+1(x)]

POLYNO~S

22.5.23

p~-I.-i)(X)= ~" (~) T .. (x)

22.5.24

p~o.O)(x)=p.. (x)

Ultraspherical Polynomials

22.5.25

04:) (x)

2
r(a+n)n!2 .. p(a-l.-h (2 2-1)
r(a)(2n)!"
X

(aO)
22.5.11

0 .. (x) = 2T.. (;)=2T: (X!2)

22.5.12

.O.. (x)=8 .. (x}-8 .. _2 (x)

22.5.13

8 .. (x)=U .. (~)=U:(X!2)

22.5.14

T:(x)=T.. (2x-l)=! 0,,(4x-2)

22.5.26

r(a+n+l)n!2 2"+1 xJ>(a-l.i)(2 2_1)

r(a)(2n+l)!
..
X
(aO)
22.5.27

(aO)

22.5.28
(see [22.22]).

22.5.15

U:(x)=8.. (4x-2)=U.. (2x-l)

2
(n-l)1 0 (0) (x)=-T
(x)=2'rP<-1. -1) (X)
..
n"
r(n+t)"V"
Chebyshev Polynomials

(see [22.22]).

T 2,,+1(x)

22.5.30

U2fI(x)

22.5.31

T .. (x)

nl...;:i pH. -1) ( )

r(n+!)"
X

22.5.32

U .. (x)

(n+l)!...;:i P(t.l) ( )
2r(n+!) "
X

Generalized Laguerre Polynomials

L~O)(x)=L.. (x)

22.5.16
22.5.17

L~m)(x)=(-I)m

d'"
ckm[L .. +m(x)]

Hermite Polynomials

n!...;:i xJ>H.h(2 2-1)

r(n+!)"
X

22.5.29

n!...;:i P(i. -i) (2x2-1)

r(n+!) "

Tn(xl

22.5.18
(see [22.20]).

H,,(x) = 2,,/2He .. (x.J2)

22.5.19

(see [22.13], [22.20]).

Interrelations Between Orthogonal Polynomials of
Different Families
Jacobi Polynomials

22.5.20

r(2a)r(a+n+!) o(a)( )
r(2a+n)r(a+!) " X
22.5.21

22.5.22

p<a. -l)(x)
n

(J).. O<a+ll (-JX+l)

(a+!).. 2n
2

FIGURE

22.6.

OhebY8hev Polynomials TII(x),

n=1(1)5.

See page

II.

ORTHOGONAL
unix'

779

POLYNO~S

Legendre Polynomials

Us

u.
u3

22.5.35

P,,(X)=P~O.O'(z)

22.5.36

P,,(Z)=O~1/2'(Z)

liz
U,

22.5.37

d:: [P,,(z)]=1.3 ...

(2m-l)O~~~1)(x)

(m~n)

Generalized Laguerre Polynomials

-3

FIGURE

22.7.

Chebyshev Polynomials Un(z) ,

22.5.38

L<-1/2'(Z)=(-I)" H (Ix)
"
n!22"
2" -V'"

22.5.39

(-1)" II
(~~)
LII<I/2,()
X n!2 2,,+1-y'X 2,,+1 "X

n=I(I)5.
Hermite Polynomials

T,,(z) =2 O~O'(z)

22.5.33

22.5.40
U,,(z)=o~l)(z)

22.5.34

Orthogonal Polynomials as Hypergeometric Functions (see cha.pter 15)

j,,(z)=dF(a, b; c,' g(z

For each of the listed polynomials there are numerous other representations in terms of hypergeometric functions.
f ft(x)

22.5.42

p::.al (x)

e!a)

-n

22.5.43

P~,P)(x)

Cn+:+tI)e;l)"

22.5.44

p~. (J1

(x)

22.5.45

g(x)

b
"

I-x

n+a+tI+l

a+I

-n

-n-a

-2n-a-ti

e!a)C~Xr

-n

-n-ti

a+1

p~. P)(x)

e!tI)e~l)"

-n

-n-a

tI+1

X=1

22.5.46

C~)(x)

r(n+2a)
n!r(2a)

-n

n+2a

a+l

-2-

22.5.47

Tft(x)

-n

-2-

22.5.48

U .. (x)

n+1

-n

n+2

-2-

22.5.49

Pft(x)

-n

n+1

-2-

22.5.50

Pft(x)

c:)e~lr

-n

-n

-2n

I-x

22.5.51

p.(x)

(~n)G)"

--n2

I-n
-2-

l-n

XI

22.5.52

P 2.. (x)

(-1)

-n

n+l

X2

22.5.53

P 2n +!(x)

(-1) .. (2n+ 1) !x

-n

n+!

X2

See page

II.

.. (2n)!

21ft (n!)1

21n (nl)1

-22

I-x
x-I

x+1
x+1
I-x
I-x

I-x

I-x
2

780

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

Orthogonal Pofynomials as Confluent Hypergeometric

Functions (see chapter 13)

22.5.53
H,,(x)=2,,/2ex2/2Dn({2x)=2,./2ex2/2U ( -n-~, {2x)

Orthogonal Polynomials as Parabolic Cylinder

Functions (see chapter 19)

22.5.55

H n(x)=2 nU

Orthogonal Polynomials as Legendre Functions

G-~n,~, X2)

(see chapter 8)

22.5.60
22.5.56 H 2m (x) = (_l)m (2;)! M (

-m,~,

X2)

O~)(x)=

r(a+!)f(2a+n)
n!r(2a)

22.5.57

* H 2m + l (x)=(-1)m

(2:~1)!2xM( - m,~, X2)

[!4 ( 1)]t-i pel-a)

2_

(aO)
Ln(X)

FIGURE

FIGURE

See page D.

22.8.

Legendre Polynomials Pn(x),

n=2(1)5.

()

n+-t X

22.9.

F IGURE 22.1.
O

Laguerre Polynomials L,.(x),

n=2(1)5.

TT

P
l ' l Hn(x)
nermite
o.ynomm.~ --a-'

n=2(1)5.

781

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

22.6. Differential Equations

--

I g,(x)

g,(x)

go(x)

22.6.1

p~. 8)(x)

I-x'

/3-a- (a+/3+2)x

n(n+a+/3+ I)

22.6.2

(l-x)a(l +x)8p~. 8)(x)

I-x'

a-/3+ (a+/3-2)x

(n+ I)(n+a+ f3)

a+1

1 1 - a'
1 1 - {3'
(I-x)'+ 4: (I +x)'

.8+1

22.6.3

(l-x)2(1 +x)2p~.8)ex)

22.6.4

( ~in x)"+l(
2
cos xr+!
2
p (:.8 ) (cos x)

4:

+~n.0_+a+/3+ 1)+ (a..+

:!(I -x')

IL0..!.

I - 4a'
1 - 4/3'
--+---

lli cos' ::

16 sin'::

+(n+a+~+I)
22.6.5

C~)(x)

I-x'

- (2a+ I)x

n(n+2a)

22.6.6

(I-x)a-jc~)(x)

I-x'

(2a- 3)x

(n+ l)(n+2a-l)

22.6.7

(I-x)i+' c~)(x)

(n+a)2
I-x'

22.6.8

(sin x)aC~) (cos x)

(n+a)'+ a(~ -a)

sm' x

22.6.9

Tn(x)

I-x'

-x

n'

22.6.10

T n(COS x)

n'

22.6.11

I
T N eX);U,,-leX)
..}I-x'

I-x'

-3x

n'-1

22.6.12

Unix)

I-x'

-3x

n(n+2)

22.6.13

P,,(x)

I-x'

-2;t

n(n+l)

22.6.14

..}1-x'P,,(x)

n(n+l)
I-x'

22.6.15

L~)(x)

a+l-x

22.6.16

e-%XaI2L~a) (X)

x+1

a
a'
n+ Z+l-43:

22.6.17

e- zl 'x(a+I)13 L~) (x)

2n+a+ 1+ I-a'_!
2x
4,x'
4

22.6.18

r'/'x+jL~) (x')

4n+2a+2-x2+~

22.6.19

H,,(x)

-2x

2n

22.6.20

e-ZH,,(x)

2n+ I-x'

22.6.21

He,,(x)

-x

See page

.'

II.

2 + 4a- 4a'+x'
4(1 -x'),

_I_ _

+(I-x')'

1- 4a'

782

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

22.7. Recurrence Relations

Recurrence Relations With Respect

al n

in

22.7.1

p~a,p)(x)

the Degree n

a2n

2(n+ 1)(n+a+IH 1)

(2n+ a + ~+ 1) (a 2-

(2n+a+~)

to

a4n

a3n
~2)

(2n+a+ma

2(n+ a)(n+~)

(2n+p-2)1
(2n+p-1)

n(n+q-l)(n+p-l)
(n+p-q)(2n+p+ 1)

t2n+a+~+2)

22.7.2

Gn(p, q, x)

(2n+ p- 2M2n+ p-l)

-[2n(n+p)+q(p-l)
(2n+p-,--2)3

22.7.3

C!a) (X)

n+l

2(n+a)

n+2a-l

22.7.4

Tn(x)

22.7.5

U n(x)

22.7.6

Sn(x)

22.7.7

Cn(x)

22.7.8

T:(x)

-2

22.7.9

U:(x)

-2

22.7.10

p .. (x)

11+1

2n+1

22.7.11

P:(x)

n+1

-2n-1

4n+2

22.7.12

L!a) (x)

n+1

2n+a+1

-1

n+a

22.7.13

H .. (x)

2n

22.7.14

Hen(x)

Miscellaneous Recurrence Relations

Jacobi Polynomials

22.7.15

Ultraspherical Polynomials

22.7.21
2a(1-r)c~~tl) (x)= (2a+n-1)C~~\ (x)_nxC~a) (x)

(n+~+~+ 1) (l-x)p~a+I./J) (x)

= (n+a+1)p,,(a,/J) (x)-(n+1)P<:.tI) (x)

22.7.22
=

(n+2a)xc~a) (x)

-(n+1)c~aMx)

22.7.16

(n+~+~+ 1)

(1 +x)p~a,fJ+ll (x)

22.7.23

=(n+~+op~a,/J)(x)+(n+1)P~"+~)(x)

22.7.17

Chebyshev Polynomials

22.7.24
2Tm(x)T.. (x) = T ..+m(x)

(1_x)p~a+I./J) (x)+

(1 +x)p~a,/J+Il (x)=2p~a,/J) (x)

22.7.18

+T .._m(x)

(n~m)

-(n+~)p~~f)(x)

(2n+a+{3)p~a,/J-I) (x)= (n+a+~)p~a,/J)(x)

+(n+a)P~~f)(x)
p~a,/J-l) (x)_p~a-I,/J) (x)=P~~f> (x)

(n~m)

22.7.26
2Tm(X)Un-I (x) =Un+m-I (x) +U,,-m-I (x)

22.7.19

22.7.25
2(r-l)Um_I(X)U,,_1(X)= Tn+m(x)- T,,_m(x)

(2n+a+{3)p~a-l,fJ) (x) = (n+a+{3)p~a,/l) (x)

22.7 .20

(n+ a)C~+-l) (x) = (a-1 )[C~~I (x) - C~~\(x)l

(n>m)

22.7.27
2T.. (x)U m-t(X) =U.. +m- I (x)-U .. -m-t(x)

22.7.28
See page

2 Tn (x) U .. -1 (x) =U2n - 1(X)

II,

(n>m)

783

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

Generalized Laguerre Polynomials

22.7.31

L~a+I)(X)=~ [(n+a+l)L~a)(x)- (n+l)L~'"-t!l(x)l

22.7.29

22.7.32
L~a -I) (x)

22.7.30

= L~a) (x) -

L~a-l)(x)= n~a [(n+l)L~a~l(x)-(n+l-x)L::)(x)l

L~a':l (X)

22.8. Differential Relations

d
g.(x) dx I .. (x) = g,(x)/.. (x)

I ..

+go(x)/..-, (x)

g.

g,

go

P!""~) (x)

(2n+a+p> (1_X')

n[a- Q- (2n+a+ ,8)x]

2(n

22.8.2

C!"') (x)

I-x'

-nx

n+2a-l

22.8.3

T .. (x)

I-x'

-nx

22.8.4

U .. (x)

I-x'

-fU;

n+l

22.8.5

P .. (x)

I_Xl

-nx

22.8.6

L!"') (x)

- (n+a)

22.8.7

H,,(x)

2n

22.8.8

He" (x)

+a) (n+ (3)

22.8.1

22.9. Generating Functions

g(x,z) = ~ a,J,,(x)z"

R= v'1-2:z:z+z2

.. -0

J..(x)

g(x,z)

a ..

Remarks

22.9.1

p~o6)(x)

2-"'-/1

R-l(1- z+ R)-"'(1+ r+ R)-II

Izl<1

22.9.2

C!O) (x)

2t -r(a+i+n)r(2a)
r(a+l)r(2a+n)

R-l(l-xz+R)i- a

Izl<l,a;eO

22.9.3

C!O) (x)

R-Ia

Izl<l,a;eO

22.9.4

C!O) (x)

-In R'

Izl<1

22.9.5

C!o'(x)

r(2a)
r(a+ l)r(2a+n)

e' roo

12.9.6

T,,(x)

C-Z

22.9.7

T,,(x)

22.9.8

T,,(x)

(~sin (J)

i-a

J.- i (z sin (J)

1
n

x=cos (J

"RI+ 1)

~~cn)

4"

-1<x<1

Izl<1

R-l(l-xz+R)I12

-1< <1
Izl<1

I-lIn RI

0'0= 1

-1<x<1

Izl<1

l-xz

22.9.9

T"lx)

/is

-1<%<1
Iz l<1

22.9.10

U,,(x)

R-I

- l<x<1

Izl<1
22.9.11

U,,(x)

'See page U.

~2 Cn+2)

4,,-+1

n+l

(l-x:+ R) -III

-1<x<1

Izl<1

784

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

22.9. Generating Functions-Continued

CD

g(x, z) = ~ aJ.(x)Z"

,,-0

f .. (x)

a,.

g(x, I)

/'\

Remarks

'" I\R~

22.9.12

p .. (x)

.9.13

p .. (x)

1
nl

.9.14

8 .. (z)

(l-xI+ 11)-1

.9.15

L~')(x)

(I-Z)--1 exp (

12.9.16

ti,"J (z)

1
r(lI+a+l)

22.9.17

H,,(z)

1
nl

22.9.18

HI.. (z)

22.9.19

H 2 ..+\(z)

e'

co.

-1<z<1
Izl<1

'Jo(1 sin

z=cos

(J)

(J

-2<x<2
111<1

~)
z-1

Izl<1

(XI) -laeJ a[2(xz )1/2)

es-.t

(-1)"

eZ cos (2xYz)

(2n)!

(-1)"
(2n+ I)!

..

,-'('e'sin (2xYz)

..

22.10. Integral Representations

f,,(x)=g~c:1

J.

Contour Integral Representations

[gl(Z, X)"g2(1, z)dz where C is a closed contour taken around z=a in the positive sense

f .. (x)

Remarks

(/0 (x)

zl-l

+
I (1- z)4(1
z-x

z)~

22.10.1

P!d) (x)

1
(l-x)-(1 +x)~

2(.II-x)

22.10.2

C!-)(z)

l/z

(1-2%;+ZI)-Z-1

1-z1
z(l-2%Z+Z')

1 outside C

Both zeros of
1-2%z+ IloutBide C,

Both zeros of
1 - 2%z + Zl outside C

Both zeros of
1-2zz+ Zl outside C
Both zeros of
1- 2zz + Zl outside C

a>O

22.10.3

T,,(z)

1/2

l/z

22.10.4

U,,(x)

l/z

22.10.5

P,,(x)

l/z

-1 (1- 2zz+ ZI)-1/2

z

22.10.6

p .. (x)

,1-1
-z-x

1
-z-z

22.10.7

L!4) (x)

eZz-'

z
z-z

e-'
z-x

Zero outside C

22.10.8

L!a) (x)

1+~

e-' (1 +~r l/z

z= -x outside C

22.10.9

H,,(x)

n!

lIz

2ft

z(l-2zz+ Zl)

i"

..

e1z .-. J

Miscellaneous Integral Representations

r(n+2a)
[x-f"x 2 1 cos cf>]"(sin cf2a-Idcf>
n![r(a)]2
0
1a
22.10.11 o~a)(cos 9) 2 - r(n+2a) (sin 9)1-2a f8
cos (n+a)cf> dcf>
n![r(a)]2
Jo (cos cf>-cos 9)1 a

22.10.10 o~a)(x)

'See page D.

Cl 2aJ
-

785

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

22.10.12 P,,(cos 8)=!

11'

22.10.13 P (cos 8) =
..

Joftr (cos 8+i sin 8 cos q,)"dq,

fr

-Vi
sin (n+!)q,dq,
1 1 ' , (cos 8-cos q,)i
22.11. Rodrigues' Formula
1
a"
f,,(x)= a"p(x) dx" {p(x)(g(x"}

The polynomials given in the following table are the only orthogonal polynomials which satisfy
this formula.
/,.(x)
p~a.~)

(x)

(l-x)~(l +.T)~

l-x2

(l-cxl)a-i

I-X'

T,.(x)

(l-x,)-i

l-x2

U,.(x)

(-1)"2"+1

(1-z2)i

l-x 2

l-x2
x

qa)(x)

22.11.3
22.11.4

P,,(x)
(x)
H .. (x)
He,,(x)

L~a)

r(n+i)
(n+ I).J;

(-1) "2 ft n!

nl

e-ZX'"

( -I)"
( -I)"

e- z2/2

22.12. Sum Formulas

Christoffel-Darboux Formula

22.12.1

e- z2

I
1

22.13. Integrals Involving Orthogonal Polynomials

22.13.1

~ fm(x)fm(Y)=~ j"+I(x)f,,(y)-f.. (x)f"+I(Y)

m-O hm
k"+Ih"
x-v

MillCellaneous Surn Formulas (Only a Lirnited Selection

Is Given Here.)

2n.C (l-y)a(l+y)~p~a'~)(y)dy
=P~~tl.ll+l) (0)- (l-x)a+l(l +X)Hlp~,~tl./l+l)(X)

22.U.2

22.12.2

n(2a+n)

.. -I

1::
T2mH (x) = 1U2,,-1 (x)
m-O

22.12.3
22.12.4

rx (1_y2)a-io~a) (y)dy

2a Jo

22.13.3

22.12.5

22.13.4

22.13.5

fl

-I

22.13.6
22.12.8
H,,(x+Y)=2!/2
II.

to (~)Hk(.J2x)H"-k(./2y)

T,,(y)dy
(y-x)-V1-y2

1I'U

_
l

(x)

11 VI- y2Un _ l (y)dy

J-J

-I

See page

g(x)

(-I)"2"nl
(-I)"2"n' r(2a)r(a+n+l)
. r(a+ l t(n+2a)
(-1)"2" r(:,t!
*

22.11.1
22.11.2

22.11.5
22.11.6
22.11.7
22.11.8

p(x)

a ..

(y-x)
23/2
(1-x )-1/2P.. (x)dx=-2n+l

11' (2n)2
Jof" P n(cos O)dO=16"
n
2

786

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMITALS

22.14. Inequalities

22.13.8
(-1)nr

(n-~) r G+~)

2r ( -~) r (n+~+~)

22.14.1

(~>-1)

Ip~cr'~)(x)1 ~

x'

(n~q}:;::'n~, if q=max

~)~-1/2

(a,

(01)-1, ~>-1)

Ip~cr'~)(x')1 ",,~~, if q<-~

maximum point nearest to a!~~1

22.13.10

1
(n+!)-v 1+ x [Tn(X)+Tn+l(X)]

x Pn(t)dt
-VX t

-1

22.13.11
1
f.xl Pn(t)dt
-vt x (n+!).J!=X [Tn(x)-Tn+l(x)]
22.13.12 f.'" e- L~cr) (t)dt=e- x [L~cr) (x) - L~~l (x)]

x'=o if n=2m; x'=maximum point nearest zero

ifn=;2m+1

22.14.3

22.13.13

r(a+~+n+l)

.r

22.14.4

ITn(x)I~1

22.14.5

IdTn(x) <n2
dx -

22.14.6

IUn(x)l~n+1

22.14.7

IPn(x)l~l

(x-t)~-ltcrL~cr)(t)dt
= r(a+n+ 1) r(~)xa+~L~cr+~) (x)

(-l~x~l)

(-1~x~I)

(gfa>-l, gf~>O)

22.13.14
lX L".(t)Ln(x-t)dt
=

22.13.15
22.13.16

.r

.r

(-l~x~l)

(-1~x~1)

Lm+n(t)dt=Lm+n(x)-Lm+n+l(x)

22.14.8

IdP;;x)I~~n(n+l)

e-12Hn(t)dt=Hn_l(0)-e-X2Hn_l(X)

rX

Jo Hn(t)dt

2(n+l) [Hn+l(x)-Hn+l(O)]

22.14.10
22.13.17

f-"'", e- 12H

2m

(tx)dt=...fi

(2:::1' (x2-1)m

2n+1
P"(x)-Pn- 1 (X) P n+l(x)<3n(n+1)

22.14.11

22.13.18

f-"'", e-12tH2m+l(tx)dt=...fi (2:~1)1 x(x2-1)m

P!(X)-Pn-l(X)Pn+l(X)~ (2~-=-~~~~1)
(-l~x~l)

22.13.19

22.14.12

f-"'", e-t2tnHn(xt)dt=-./iinlPn(x)

22.14.13

22.13.20

J:'" e-

t2

[Hn(t)]2 cos (xt)dt=...fi2n-ln!e-lz2Ln

(~)

IL~cr)(x)1 ~ rn~~1::N eXl2

(a~O, x~O)

22.14.14

IL(cr)(x)I<[2
n
-

f(a+n+l)]exI2
n!f(a+1)

(-1<01<0 x>O)
, -

787

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

(x~O)

k<::: 1.086435

22.15. Limit Relations

22.15.2

~~ [~a L~a) (~)J=x-a/2Ja(2{X)

22.15.3

~~ [(~~~rn H (2~)J=~ cOs x

22.15.4

~~ [(;~t H

2n

2n +I

(2~)J= ~ sin x

22.15.5

22.15.1
lim
n-)<D

[la
p~a.
n

~)J

(cos

(J)

22.15.6

a-)<Da

(X2)
(2)a Ja(X)
2n

!/2 c~a) (.~)=~,

Hn(x)
va
n.

For asymptotic expansions, see [22.5] and

[22.17].

1
=lim _p(a.(J)
1 - -2 = a
n~<D

lim

22.16. Zeros

For tables of the zeros and associated weight factors necessary for the Gaussian-type quadrature
formulas see chapter 25. All the zeros of the orthogonal polynomials are real, simple and located
in the interior of the interval of orthogonality.
Explicit and Asymptotic Formulas and Inequalities

Notations:
x~n)mth

zero

ofjn(x)(x~n)<x~ll)<

9~")=arccos X~~m+1(O<9~")<9J")<

...

...

<x~n

ja.m, mth positive zero of the Bessel function Ja(X)

<9~")<7r)

Relation

j,,(x)

22.16.1

P ~.P) (COB (J)

lim n(J~)=j".m

(a>-I, (3)-1)

n-)<D

=1-

!-!.. [1_2a+ O

22.16.2

C~) (x)

22.16.3

C~) (COB (J)

(m+a-l)'II' </f.') < m'll'

n+a
.. -n+a

22.16.4

T .. (x)

x:)=cos~

22.16.5

U,,(x)

22.16.6

P,,(cos (J)

22.16.7

P,,(x)

Xl,,)

2n2

til

(!)]
n2
(O<_a_<l)

2m-l
'II'

.,

xc.) ...
.. 4k"

22.16.8

x:)<Z~
x:)=j!m

4k..

For error estimates see [22.6].

(2k m +.y4k!+i-a2)

(1 + 2(a2- 1Hj!.m) +O(n- 5)

48k!

a+l
k,=r+-2

788

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

.L:W*(Xi) is finite.

22.17. Orthogonal Polynomials of a Discrete

Variable

The constant factor which is

In this section some polynomialsjn(x) are listed

which are orthogonal with respect to the scalar
product

still free in each polynomial when only the orthogonality condition is given is defined here by the
explicit representation (which corresponds to the
Rodrigues' formula)

22.17.1

22.17.2

The Xi are the integers in the interval a ~ Xi~ b

and W*(Xi) is a positive function such that

where g(x, n)=g(x)g(x-1) . . . g(x-n+l) and

g(x) is a polynomial in x independent of n.

Name

w*(x)

:( ) A"[W*(X)g(X, n)]
r"w x

Remarks

g(x, n)

rIO

lin!

G)e~)

(-l)nn!

qnx!
(x-n)!

p,q>Oj
p+q=l

(-l)nv'a nn!

x!
(x-n)!

a>O

csr(b+x)
r(b)x!

cn

x!
(x-n)!

b>O,O<c<l

r(b)r(c+x)r(d+x)
x!r(b+x)r(c)r(d)

n!

x!r(b+x)
(x- n) !r(b+x-n)

Chebyshev

N-1

Krawtchouk

p'qN-.

Charlier

ex>

Xl

Meixner

ex>

Hahn

ex>

(~

e-aa%

For a more complete list of the properties of these polynomials see [22.5] and [22.17].

Numerical Methods
22.18. Use and Extension of the Tables

Evaluation oj an orthogonal polynomial jor which the coe.fficients are given numerically.
Example 1. Evaluate L6(1.5) and its first and second derivative using Table 22.10 and the
Horner scheme.
1
x=1.5
1
1.5

-36

1.5

-2400

5400

-4320

720

1.5

-51. 75

597. 375

-2703.9375

4044. 09375

-413.859375

-34.5

398. 25

-1802.625

2696.0625

-275.90625

306. 140625

1.5

450

-49.5

523. 125

... 33.0

348. 75

-1279.500

1.5

-47.25

452.250

-1919.25

776. 8125

1165.21875

L8

306. 140625
720
=.42519 53

L~

889.3125
720
1.23515625

889. 3125

-1240.875

-31. 5

301. 50

-827. 250

-464.0625

L" =2 [ - 464. 0625]

6

720
= =-1.28906 25

789

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

Evaluation oj an orthogonal polynomial using the explicit representation when the coefficients are not
given numerically.
If an isolated value of the orthogonal polynomial jn(x) is to be computed, use the proper explicit
expression rewritten in the form

and generate ao(x) recursively, where

am-l (x) = 1- bmj(x)am(x)

(m=n, n-1, . . . , 2,1, a n (x)=l).

Cm

The dn(x), bm, cm,j(x) for the polynomials of this chapter are listed in the following table:
d,,(x)

I,,(x)

pCa,p)

bm

eta)

"

I(x)

Cm

(n-m+l)(a+fHn+m)

2m(a+m)

I-x

cCa)
2,.

(-I)" (a)"

2(n-m+ 1)(a+n+m-l)

m(2m-l)

X2

C~~+1

(-I)" (a) ..+I 2x

2(n-m+ 1) (a+n+ m)

m(2m+ 1)

X2

T 2"

( -1)"

2(n-m+l)(n+m-l)

m(2m-l)

Xl

T 2..+1

(-1) "(2n+ l)x

2(n-m+l)(n+m)

m(2m+l)

Xl

U2 ..

(-1)"

2(n-m+ 1)(n+m)

m(2m-l)

X2

U 2n+ 1

(-I)"2(n+l)x

2(n-m+ l)(n+m+ 1)

m(2m+l)

X2

(-I)" en)

(n-m+ 1)(2n+ 2m-I)

m(2m-l)

X2

(-I)" e n + 1) (n+1)x

(n-m+ 1)(2n+2m+ 1)

m(2m+ 1)

X2

(n!a)

n-m+l

m(a+m)

2(n-m+1)

m(2m-1)

X2

2(n-m+l)

m(2m+l)

X2

n!

n!

P2"

4"

P2n+l

4"

Va)

"

H 2n

(-1)" (2n)1

H 2,,+1

(-I)" (2n+l)l 2x

nl
n!

am
b..
Coo

P~1/2, 3/2) (2).

Compute

Example 2.
8

7
1
18
136

5
Here dS=CS8 )=3.3384 7, j (2) =-1.

1. 132353

34
105

3. 008392
70
36

6. 849651
78
21

26. 44156
84
10

223.1091
88
3

1. 366667

48
78

1. 841026

60
55

P~I/2,3/2)(2)=dsao(2)=(3.33847)(6545.533)=21852.07

Evaluation oj orthogonal polynomials by means oj their recurrence relations

Example 3. Compute O~1)(2.5)for n=2,3,4,5,6.
From Table 22.2 ql) = 1, O~l) = 1.25 and from 22.7 the recurrence relation is

O~1~1(2.5)= [5(n+l)O~p (2.5) n

C~1)(2.5)

2
3, 65625

3
13. 08594

(n-! )O~lll (2.5)] n~ l'

4
50. 87648

Check: Compute O~1)(2.5) by the method of Example 2.

5
207. 0649

6
867.7516

0
6545, 533
90
0

790

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS
Change of Interval of Orthogonality

In some applications it is more convenient to use polynomials orthogonal on the interval [0, 1].
One eRn obtain the new polynomials from the ones given in this chapter by the substitution x=2x-1.
The coefficients of the new polynomial can be computed from the old by the following recursive scheme,
provided the standardization is not changed. If

then the a!, are given recursively by the am through the relations
a:.f>~2a:.f-I)-aU~I;

m=n-l, n-2, . . . , j; j=O, 1,2, ... , n

m=O, 1,2, . . . , n
a:!>=2 Ja ll ,j=0, 1,2, ... , n and a~m>=a:'; m=O, 1,2, . . . , n.
a~-I)=am/2,

Given T 5 (x)=5x-20x 3 +16x5 , find Tt(x).

Example 4.

""

8=a~-\)

-10=a~-1)

2.5=a[-1)

-1

16
32
64
128
256
512=a:

0
1
2
3
4
5

-16
-64
-192
-512
-1280=a:

-4
56
304
1120= a;

4
-48
-400=a;

D a Continuous Interval

22.19. Least Square Approximations

Problem: Given a function j(x) (analytically or

in form of a table) in a domain D (which may be
a continuous interval or a set of discrete points).2
Approximate j(x) by a polynomial F,.(x) of given
degree n such that a weighted sum of the squares
of the errors in D is least.
Solution: Let w(x) ~O be the weight function
chosen according to the relative importance of
the errors in different parts of D. Let jm(x) be
orthogonal polynomials in D relative to w(x), i.e.
(jm,j,.)=O for mn, where

fD w(x)j(x)g(x)dx
if D is a. set of N discrete points x m.

Theil

am=(j,j".)/(jm, jm).
f(x) has to be square integrable, see e.g. [22.17).
See page

Find a least square polynomial of

degree 5 for j(x)=I!X' in the interval 2:S;x:S;5,

using the weight function
w(x)

.J(x-2) (5-x)

which stresses the importance of the errors at the

ends of the interval.
Reduction to interval [-1, IJ, t=2x 7
3
2 1
w(x(t=- - 3.Jl t2

From 22.2, jm(t) = Tm(t) and

4 fill
am =3, - t+3 Tm(t)dt
7r -1'V 1- t2

where
2

Example 5.

if D is a. continuous ir.terval

(j,g)=

II.

-1=a~

1
50=a;

a O=37r

II

-I

1
dt
.Jl-t2 t+3

(m ,eO)

ORTHOGONAL

791

POLYNO~S

Evaluating the integrals numerically we get

1 ",.235703-.080880Tl (2X-7)
l+x
-3- +.013876T2 (2X-7)
-3- -.002380Ta(2X-7)
-3-

+.000408T, ( 2X-7)
-3- -.00007oTs (2X-7)
-3D a Set of Discrete Points

If x",=m(m=O, 1, 2, ... , N) and w(x)=I, use the Chebyshev polynomials in the discrete
range 22.17. It is convenient to introduce here a slightly different standardization such that
f,.(x) =

(-I)'" (n) (n+m) x!(N-m)!

m=O

(x-m)!N!

(N+n+l)!(N-n)!
(2n+1)(N!)2

(j,.,,.
j)

Recurrence relation: fo(x) =1 ,Jl(x)=I- ~

(n+ 1) (N-n)j"+l(x) = (2n+ 1) (N-2x)j,.(x)-n(N +n+ l)j,._I(X)
Example 6. Approximate in the least square sense the function f(x) given in the following table
by a third degree polynomial.
:r;-10
1:=-2-

I(x)

10
12
14
16
18

.3162
.2887
.2673
.2500
.2357

10 (x)
1
1
1
1
1

0
1
2
3
4

12 (x)

h(x)
1
1/2
0
-1/2
-1

/3(x)

1
-1/2
-1
-1/2
1

1
-2
0
2
-1

foCi)

jl(X)

f2(X)

ja(x)

2.5

3.5

10

(I,., f,.) =

'"E
.fl.CX)
x-o
4

(j, f,.)='"Ej,.(x)f(2x+l0)
x=O

1. 3579

a = (f,f,.)

,.

.271580

(j,.,j,.)

.09985

.01525

.0031

.039940

.0043571

.000310

f(x) ",.27158+.03994(3.5- .25x) + .0043571 (23.5-3.5x+ .125r) +.00031(266-59.8333X

+4.375x2 - .10417z3)
f(x) '" .59447 - .043658x+ .0019009r- .OO0032292z3
22.20. Economization of Series

,.
'"E a".x'"

in the interval

Find f(x) =

'"E b".x'" with N

Problem: Given j(x) =

-1

$x $1 and R>O.

m-O
_

m=O

Then, since IT .. (x) 1$1 (-1 $x $1)

_

.t(x)='"E b",T",(x)
m=O

within the desired accuracy if

as small as possible, such that If(x)-f(x)I<R.

Solution: Express j(x) in terms of Chebyshev
polynomials using Table 22.3,
n

f(x)='"E b",T",(x)
m-O

f(x) is evaluated most conveniently by using the

recurrence relation (see 22.7).

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMITALS

792
Example 7.

Economize /(x) = 1 +x/2+r/3

sO

+z3/4+z4/5+z5/6 with R=.05.

From Table 22.3
1
f(z) =120 [149To(z) +32T2 (z) +3T.(x) 1
1

+ 96 [76Tt (x) + 11 Ta(x) + T 5(x) 1

1 1
If(x)-:f(x)I~40+96 <.05

since

References
Texts

[22.1] Bibliography on orthogonal polynomials, Bull. of

the National Research Council No. 103, Washington, D.C. (1940).
[22.2] P. L. Chebyshev, Sur l'interpolation. Oeuvres,
vol. 2, pp. 59-68.
[22.31 R. Courant and D. Hilbert, Methods of mathematical physics, vol. 1, ch. 7 (Interscience
Publishers, New York, N.Y., 1953).
[22.41 G. Doetsch, Die in der Statistik seltener Ereignisse
auftretenden Charlierschen Polynome und
eine damit zusammenhangende Differentialdifferenzengleichung, Math. Ann. 109, 257-266
(1934).
[22.51 A. Erd~lyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 2, ch. 10 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1953).
[22.61 L. Gatteschi, Limitazione degli errori nelle formule
asintotiche per Ie funzioni speciali, Rend. Sem.
Mat. Univ. Torina 16, 83-94 (1956--57).
[22.71 T. L. Geronimus, Teoria ortogonalnikh mnogochlenov (Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1950).
[22.81 W. Hahn, "Ober Orthogonalpolynome, die qDifferenzengleichungen gen1l.gen, Math. Nachr.
2,4-34 (1949).
[22.91 St. Kaczmarz and H. Steinhaus, Theorie der
Orthogonalreihen, ch. 4 (Chelsea Publishing Co.,
New York, N.Y., 1951).
[22.101 M. Krawtchouk, Sur une g~n~ralisation des polynomes d'Hermite, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 187,
620-622 (1929).
[22.111 C. Lanczos, Trigonometric interpolation of empirical and analytical functions, J. Math. Phys.
17, 123-199 (1938).
[22.121 C. Lanczos, Applied analysis (Prentice-Hall,
Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1956).
[22.131 W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger, Formeln und
Siitze ffir die speziellen Funktionen der mathematischen Physik, ch. 5, 2d ed. (SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Germany, 1948).

[22.141 J.

[22.151

[22.161

[22.171
[22.181

Meixner, Orthogonale Polynomsysteme mit

einer besonderen Gestalt der erzeugenden Funktion, J. London Math. Soc. 9, 6--13 (1934).
G. Sansone, Orthogonal functions, Pure and
Applied Mathematics, vol. IX (Interscience
Publishers, New York, N.Y., 1959).
J. Shohat, Thoorie g~n~rale des polynomes orthogonaux de Tchebichef, M~m. Soc. Math. 66
(Gauthier-Villars, Paris, France, 1934).
G. Szego, Orthogonal polynomials, Amer. Math.
Soc. Colloquium Publications 23, rev. ed. (1959).
F. G. Tricomi, Vorlesungen fiber Orthogonalreihen,
cha. 4, 5, 6 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany,
1955).
Tables

[22.19] British Association for the Advancement of Science,

Legendre Polynomials, Mathematical Tables,
Part vol. A (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England, 1946). Pn(x), z=0(.01)6, n=I(I)12,
7-8D.
[22.20] N. R. Jorgensen, Undersogelser over frekvensflader og korrelation (Busck, Copenhagen, Denmark, '1916). He" (x) , z=0(.01)4, n=I(I)6,
exact.
[22.21] L. N. Karmazina, Tablitsy polinomov Jacobi
(Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R.,
1954).
Gn(p, q, x), x=O(.OI)I,
p=1.1(.1)3, n=I(I)5, 7D.

q=.I(.I)I,

[22.22] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Chebyshev polynomials S,,(x) and C,,(x) , Applied
Math. Series 9 (U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1952). x=0(.001)2,
n=2(1)12, 12D; Coefficients for T,,(x) , U,,(x) ,
Cn(x), Sn(x) for n=O(I) 12.
[22.23] J. B. Russel, A table of Hermite functions,
J. Math. Phys. 12, 291-297 (1933). e-.. 2 /2H" (x) ,
x=0(.04)1(.1)4(.2)7(.5)8, n=O(I)l1, 5D.
[22.24] N. Wiener, Extrapolation, interpolation and
smoothing of stationary time series (John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1949). L,,(x),
n=0(1)5, x= 0(.01).1 (.1) 18(.2)20(.5)21(1)26(2)30,
3-5D.

Coefficients for the Jacobi Polynomials

n
p~a'~)(x)=a;l ~

cm(x-l)m

Table 22.1

m=O

(z-I)O

a.

(x-l)1

(X-l)1

(x-l)3

(z-I)4

(z-I)5

(z-I)8
0

l:I:1

p~",tJ>

Pj",tJ>

2(a+l)

p~.,

fIJ

4(a+l).

4(a+~+3)(a+2)

p~",

tJ>

48

8(a+l).

12(a+~+4)(a+2h

6(a+~+4h(a+3)

P~'" (J)

384

16(a+l)4

32(a+~+5)(a+2h

24(a+~+5h(a+3h

8(a+~+5h(a+4)

..

3840

32(a+l}.

80(a+~+6)(a+2)4

80(a+~+6Ma+3)a

40(a+~+6h(a+4h

p~ ,(J)

P~",fIJ

46080 64(a+l),

il1

a+~+2

192(a+~+7)(a+2)s

C:l

(a+~+3h

240(a+~+7)2(a+3)4

i!-

(a+~+4h

160(a+ 1I+7)3(a+ 4)s

t'"

(a+~+5)4
10(a+~+6Ma+5)

60(a+~+7)4(a+5h

"d

12(a+II+7)&(a+6)

(m).=m(m+l)(m+2) . . . (m+n-l)
Pil,ll(Z) =3~0 [(8Mz-l)l+ 1O(8M6)(z-I)4+40(8h(5h(z-I)3+ 80(8),(4)a(x-l)2+80(8) (3).(z- 1) + 32 (2hl
Pil.l)(z) =

3~0 [95040(z-I)'+475200(z-I)4+ 864000(z-I)I+ 691200(z-I)I+ 230400(z-l) + 230401

t'"

(a+~+6h

(a+II+7),

~
.....

i!t'"

00

Coefficients for the UItraspherical Polynomials O~G)(x) and for x" in terms of O~)(x)

Table 22.2

" c..x" and X"= b;' ~

" d",C!:)(x)
C<:) (x) = a;' ~
m-O

..
--CJo)

---

b.
a"
1

C~o)

C1)

C~o)

Clo)

C~o)

15

CJo)

90

-----

m-O

xD

Xl

X2

x;3

x;3

x;3

2a

2(ah

4(ah

4(a).

8(a}a

8(a).

1
2a

3(a+ 1)

-a

2(ah 1
-6(ah

15a(a+ 4)(a+ 5)

6(a+2)

-12(a)a

45(a+2) (a+5)

15(a}a

-20(a).

-15(a)a

x;3

8 (a).
x5

x;3

(a).=a(a+l)(a+2) . . . (a+n-l)

C~)(z)

=4

[4(2)a:t'- 6(2hz]

cr)(x) =.! [96x3- 3&]

:.;1= 4(;), [3(3) C\') (x)

:.;I =

;6

[9Cl")(x)

+3C~)(x)]

+3C,')(z)]

clo)
C1)

30

-60(a)a

90(a).
Xl

90(a+4)
4(a)6

C4)
C~o)

30(a+3)
4(a).

CJo)
clo)

15(a+l)(a+4)

4(ah 3

3(ah

xD

3a(a+3)

90

xD

CJ"')

795

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

Table 22.3
Coefficients for the Chebyshev PolynOlnials T,.(x) and for x" in terms of Tm(x)
n
X"=b;;-l~dmT... (x)

fI

T.. (x) = ~ c.x"

m=O

m=O

zO

Xl

X2

x;3

- -- -- - - - - 4
1
1
2
8
b..
- - -- - - -To- 1 1
3
1
--TI-- --1 -3
1
- - - -- - - - - 4
-1
2 1
T2
- - - -- -- -- -3
4 1
Ta
- -- -- -T.-- -8
1
8 1
--Ta- - - - -20
5
- - - -- -- - - -48
-1
18
Te
- - - -- -- -- -7
56
T7
- -- -- -Ts-- -32
1
160
-Tg-- -- ---120
9
- - - -- -- -- 50
-400
Tlo -1
-Tu- - - --11-- --220
- - - -- - - - - -72
1
840
TI2
- -- -- -- -- zO

Xl

x'

x;3

x6

16

x7
64

32

128

256

35

10
10

126

-112

1
128

-576
-1280
2816

x8

Te(x) =3~-48z4+ 18x2-1

512

-6144

6912

x7

x9

xB

12
1024

xlO

0.2

0.4

Tlo
Tu

Tn

X12

0.6

Table 22.4
0.8

1.0

0
1
2
3
4
5

+ 1.00000
+ 0.20000
-0.92000
-0.56800
+0.69280
+0.84512

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

+ 1.00000
+0.40000
-0.68000
-0.94400
-0.07520
+0.88384

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

+ 1.00000
+0.60000
-0.28000
-0.93600
-0.84320
-0.07584

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

+ 1.00000
+0.80000
+0.28000
-0.35200
-0.84320
-0.99712

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

6
7
8
9
10
11

-0.35475
-0.98702
-0.04005
+0.97099
+0.42845
-0.79961

20000
08000
63200
82720
56288
60205

+0.78227
-0.25802
-0.98868
-0.53292
+0.56234
+0.98280

20000
24000
99200
95360
62912
65690

+0.75219
+0.97847
+0.42197
-0.47210
-0.98849
-0.71409

20000
04000
24800
34240
65888
24826

-0.75219
-0.20638
+0.42197
+0.88154
+ 0.98849
+0.70005

20000
72000
24800
31680
65888
13741

1
1
1
1

12

-0.74830 20370

+0.13158 56097

+0.22389 89640

Ts

~=32 [lOTo+15T2 +6T.+Te]

Chebyshev Polynomials T .. (x)

n\x

1
2048

Xli

T6

Tg

11

-2816

-3584

66

T7

10
256

1120

55

T.
Ts

220

-256

-1232

495

45

T2

Ta

165

8
64

432

330

36

To
TI

792

120

7
1

2048

462

84
28

1024

210

21
6

X l2

462

56

32

512

Xli

126

35
15

16

xlO

x9

XS

+0.13158 56097

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

796

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

Table 22.5
Coefficients for.the Chebyshev Polynomials U,.(x) and for x,. in terms of U",(x)
n

X"=b;1 ~ d",U",(x)

U .. (x) = ~c..x"

m=O

m=O

:Jfl

z3

z!

Xl

x6

z3

X7

z3

x9

xlO

XII

XII

256

512

1024

2048

4096

- - - -- -- - - b..

16

64

32

- -- -- -- -- Uo 1 1
2
1
- - - - - -- -- 5
VI
2 1
.2
-- -U---1- - -3
4 1
2
- -- - - -- -- 4
Va
-4
8 1
- - - - - - - -- U4
-12
1
16 1
- - - -- -- -- -32
32 1
Us
6
- - - -- -- -- -- -1
24
Us
-80
-- - - -U- - - --8
-192
80
7
- -- -- -- -- 1
-40
240
Us
- - - - - -- - - U,
-160
672
10
- - - - - -- - - U IO -1
60
-560
- - - - - -- -- U II
-12
280
-1792
- - - - - -- - - U 12

-84

- - - -- -- -- XO

Xl

x!

Xl

90

75

27

-448

8
256

1792

U7

11

-5120

x8

2048
-11264

x9

XII

XiI

1
:Jfl=64 [5Uo+9U2+5U4 + Us]

Chebyshev Polynomials U,.(x)

n\x

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0
1
2
3
4
5

+ 1.00000
+0.40000
-0.84000
-0.73600
+0.54560
+0.95424

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

+ 1.00000
+0.80000
-0.36000
-1.08800
-0.51040
+0.67968

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

+ 1.00000
+ 1.20000
+0.44000
-0.67200
-1.24640
-0.82368

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

+ 1.00000
+ 1. 60000
+ 1.56000
+0.89600
-0.12640
- 1.09824

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

1
2
3
4
5
6

6
7
8
9
10
11

-0.16390
-1.01980
-0.24401
+0.92219
+0.61289
-0.67703

40000
16000
66400
49440
46176
70970

+ 1.05414
+0.16363
-0.92323
-0.90222
+0.20145
+ 1.06338

40000
52000
58400
38720
67424
92659

+0.25798
+ 1.13326
+ 1.10192
+0.18905
-0.87506
-1.23913

40000
08000
89600
39520
42176
10131

-1.63078
-1.51101
-0.78683
+0.25207
+ 1.19015
+1.65217

40000
44000
90400
19360
41376
46842

7
8
9
10
11
12

12

-0.88370 94564

+ 1.45332 53571

13

+0.64925 46703

-0.61189 29981

UIO
U II

4096

xlO

Us

Uu

10
1024

11520
x7

Us

54

-2304

-5376

154

-U6
--

9
512

4608

U4

44

-1024

275

35

U2
Ua

110

7
128

x6

165

20

Uo
UI

297

48

z3

132

28
14

64

132

42

Us(x) =64z3-8~+24z!-1

Table 22.6

42

14
14

1120
~

128

U 12

797

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

Table 22.7
Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials G,,(x) and for x" in terms of Gm(x)
n

C,,(x) = 2.:c".xm

x"=b;;-'

m=O

XO

Xl

x2

x3

2.: d.. c..(x)

m=O

x6

x7

XS

- - -- - - -- - - 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
b"
- -- 35
2 1
3
10
1
Co
-- -- 35
1 1
3
10
CI
- -- 56
-2
1 1
4
15
C2
- -- -- 21
1 1
5
Ca
-3
- -- - 28
2
-4
1 1
6
C.
._-- - - - -- - - -1 1
7
5
-5
G., *
- - - ' . - - - - - -- --2
1 1
8
C6
9
-6
- -- -14
C7
-7
-7
1 1
- -- 2
-16
20
1 1
Cs
-8
- - - - - --- - -- - - - -- ----- - - - -30
27
9
-9
Co
-- --2
- - - - 25
-10
-50
35
CIO
-- - - - - -* C - --11
55
-77
44
l1
- -- -- - - 2
-112
54
-36
105
CI'
---- - - - - - - - - - - 8
XO

See page

Xl

x3

x6

x lO

XU

X l2

x"
1

126

1
462

462

126

CI

792

210
330

84
120

220

10
1

66

11

-11

XU

12
1

CIO

Gil

-12

x lO

X l2

x"

Cs
Co

C6

C7

55

C.
Cs

165
45

C2
Ca

495

36

Co

11.

Cu

Table 22.8

Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials S,,(x) and for x" in terms of Sm(x)
n

8 .. (x) =
XO

Xl

x2

x3

2.: c".x"
m=O
x5

X"=

2.: d",8 .. (x)

m=o

x6

See page D.

Xl

x3

X4

XS

x7

- - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80
1 1
2
1
5
- -- ----- SI
1 1
2
5
14
- -- -- - - 82
-1
1 1
3
9
- -- -- -- -- ----- S3
-2
1 1
4
14
- -- -- -- 84
1
-3
1 1
5
- -- -- -- S5
3
1 1
-4
6
- -- -- -- 8e
-1
6
-5
1 1
- -- -- -- Sf
-4
10
-6
1 1
- -- - - - - - - L 88
1
-10
15
-7
- - - -- - - So
5
-20
21
-8
--- - - - -1
SIO
15
-35
28
- -- -- -- 8 11
-6
35
-56
36
- -- -- -- 8 12
1
-21
70
-84
---- -- -- -- -- O
2
x

x lO

XU

42

14
42

132
132

28

75
27

275

35

154

-9

-11

45

11

XU

x lO

810
811

1
1 .1

x"

88
80

10

-10

54

86
87

44

84
86

110

82
8a

165

20

80
SI

297

90
48

xl!

X"

XII

8 12

Coefficients for the Legendre Polynomials P,,(x) and for x" in terms of Pm (x)

Table 22.9

X"=b;l2: d.. P .. (x)

m=o

P,,(x)=a;l2: c..x"
m=O

xfJ

X2

Xl

:z;3

:z;4

x5

x7

x6

:z;3

XII

x lO

XU

XU

--

1 1 1
- ----PI
1
1 1

an b ..

- -- -- - --Po

-P2

2
Pa
.--- P.
8

P6

16

16

Pg

128

PIO

256 -63

Pu

256

- --P 12 1024

-70

315
-1260

-18018
Xl

X2

-90090

:z;3

:z;4

:z;3

Ps(x) = 16 [231:z;6-315z4+ 105xL

For values of P .. (x), see chapter 8.

50048

Xs

10752

256
88179

-1939938
XU

x lO

:z;6= 231 [a3Po+ 110P2 + 72P. + 16P.1

256

PIO
Pu

676039
XII

Ps

Pg

2432
46189

Ps
P7

2176

2078505
x7

51

10080

-230945

218790

:z;6

133952

12155 128

P.
P5

7904

-109395

-1021020

225225

23408

128

-25740
90090

-30030
15015

-693

xfJ

18Q18

220248

960

P2
Pa

15504

16
6435

Po

31654

832
429

52003

208012

2992

16

b ..

PI

16150

2160

-12012

6930

3465

231

231

676039

20349

4760

88

-693

-4620

315

182

-315

-35

3315

72
63

88179

4199

2600

28
35 &

105

-5

143
110

5 2

46189

12155

715

27
20

15

6435

429

33

-30

231

63

-3

- ----Ps
128
35
- -- -

35

3 2

-1

- ----P5
8
- -- -- -

-P7-

Xl2

1024

PIt

Coefficients for the Laguerre Polynomials L,,(x) and for x" in terms of Lm(x)
n

L .. (x)=a;;-I

2: c",x'"

X"=

m-O

a.

zO

z'

Zl

z'

Zl

2: d".L".(x)

m-O

zt

Table 22.10

Z7

ZIO

ZU

Z"

24

120

720

5040

40320

362880

3628800

39916800

470001600

L.

-I

-4

-18

-96

-600

-4320

-35280

-322560

-3265920

-36288000

-439084800

-5748019200

L,

18

144

1200

10800

10li840

1128960

13063680

163296000

219M24000

31614105600

La

-6

-96

-1200

-14400

-176400

-2257920

-30481920

-435456000

-6586272000

-105380352000

L.

24

600

10800

176400

2822400

45722880

762048000

13172544000

237105792000

L.

-120

-4320

-105840

-2257920

-45722880

-914457600

-18441561600

.-379369267200

L.

720

35280

1128960

30481920

762048000

18441561600

442597478400

La

-882

49

-1 -5040

-322560

-13063680

-435456000

-13172544000

-379369267200

14

117600

-18816

1568

40320

3269520

163296000

6586272000

237105792000

La

-5080320

1005120

-381024

42336

-2592

81 -1-362880

-36288000

- 2195424000

-105380352000

Lt

81648000

-72576000

31752000

-7620480

1058400

-86400

4050

-100

3628800

439084800

31614105600

L"

-439084800

1097712000

-1097712000

648856000

-153679680

25613280

-2613600

163350

-6050

121 -1 -39916800

-5748019200

Lu

470001600

-5748019200

15807052800

-17563392000

9879408000

-3161410560

614718720

-75271680

5880600

-200400

470001600

L"

zO

z'

Zl

zI

z'

L.

L,

La

-4

La

-18

L.

24

24

-96

72

-16"

L.

120

120

-600

600

-200

La

720

720

-4320

MOO

-2400

450

-36

14

5040

5040

-35280

52920

-29400

7350

La

40320

40320

-322560

564480

-376320

Lo

362880

362880

-3265920

6631840

LIO

3628800

3628800

-36288000

Lu

39916800

39916800

L"

470001600

a.

1
-1

-1

25' - I

1
Lo(x) =720 [zO-3&6+45()x4-2400w+5400w-4320x+7201

-64 1

x7

x'

-144

8712

x,o

XII

x"

800

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

Laguerre Polynonrlals L,.(x)

Table 22.11
n\x

0.5

1.0

5.0

3.0

10.0

0
1
2
3
4
5

+ 1.00000
+ 0.50000
+0.12500
-0.14583
-0.33072
-0.44557

00000
00000
00000
33333
91667
29167

+ 1.00000.00000
0.00000 00000
-0.50000 00000
-0.66666 66667
-0.62500 00000
-0.46666 66667

+ 1.00000
- 2.00000
-0.50000
+ 1.00000
+ 1.37500
+ 0.85000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

+ 1.00000
- 4.00000
+ 3.50000
+ 2.66666
-1.29166
-3.16666

00000
00000
00000
66667
66667
66667

+ 1.00000
-9.00000
+31.00000
-45.66666
+ 11.00000
+ 34.33333

00000
00000
00000
66667
00000
33333

6
7
8
9
10
11

-0.50414
-0.51833
-0.49836
-0.45291
-0.38937
-0.31390

49653
92237
29984
95204
44141
72988

-0.25694
-0.04047
+0.15399
+0.30974
+ 0.41894
+0.48013

-0.01250
-0.74642
-1.10870
-1.06116
-0.70002
-0.18079

00000
85714
53571
07143
23214
95130

-2.09027
+0.32539
+2.23573
+2.69174
+ 1.7 5627
+0.10754

77778
68254
90873
38272
61795
36909

-3.44444
-30.90476
-16.30158
+ 14.79188
+ 27.98412
+ 14.53695

44444
19048
73016
71252
69841
68703

12

-0.23164 96389

44444
'H905
30556
42681
59325
41791

+0.49621 22235

+0.34035 46063

-1.44860 42948

-9.90374 64593

Table 22.12

Coefficients for the Hermite Polynomials H,.(x) and for x" in terms of H".(x)
H .. (x) =

11

11

2: c",X"

X"=b;;1

111=0
Xl

7!1

b ..

x3

x'

111=0

x5

:x'

X6

16

2: d.. H .. ex)

32

Xl

64

XS

x~

256

1281

XIO

512

Xl2

XU

1024

2048

4096

b ..

665280

Ho

Ho

HI
H2

H3

-12
1:t.

120

He

-1680
1680

-30240

Hll
HI2

-665280
665280
7!1

xl

-9216

-1774080

X4

H,(x) = 64;r;1- 48Qx4

-23040

x6

xl

+720z2 -

Xl

110
1024

xl

132
2048

-135168
;xl

x lO

H 10
Hll

4096
XII

H8
He

-56320
1520640

-7096320

5940

H6
H7

90
512

506880

110880
3960

H4
H5

55440

72
256

831600

2520

161280

13305600
xl

128

48384

2217600

56

-3584

-403200

-7983360
Xl

25200
1512

-1344

-80640

840

H2
H3

277200

10080

42
64

13440

302400

420

-480

-13440

1995840

75600

3360

HI

332640

15120

30 I
32

3360

30240

He
Hlo

720

180

-160

-120

H7

20
16

840

-48

H5
HI

12
8

60

* 30240

1680

120

-2

H4

12

1 1

HI2

Xl2

8('(' page

120

II.

802

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

HerDlite PolynODlials H,,(x)

Table 22.13
n\x

10.0

5.0

3.0

0.5

1.0

0
1
2
3
4
5

+1.00000
+1.00000
-1.00000
-5.00000
+1.00000
(1) +4.10000

+1.00000
+2.00000
+2.00000
-4.00000
(1) -2.00000
(0) - 8.00000

+1.00000
+6.00000
(1) +3.40000
(2) + 1.80000
(2) +8.76000
(3)+3.81600

00
00
00
00
00
00

1.00000
(1) 1.00000
(1)9.80000
(2)9.40000
(3)8.81200
(4)8.06000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

1.00000
(1)2.00000
(2)3.98000
(3)7.88000
(5) 1.55212
(6)3.04120

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

6
7
8
9
10
11

(1)+3.10000
(2)-4.61000
(2) -8.95000
(3) +6.48100
(4) +2.25910
(5) -1.07029

(2)+ 1.84000
(2) +4.64000
(3) -1.64800
(4) -1.07200
(3) +8.22400
(5)+2.30848

(4)+ 1.41360
(4) +3.90240
(4) +3.62400
(5) -4.06944
(6)-3.09398
(7) -1.04250

00
00
00
00
40
24

(5)7.17880
(6)6.21160
(7) 5.20656
(8)4.21271
(9)3.27552
(10)2.43298

00000
00000
80000
20000
97600
73600

(7)5.92718
(9) 1.14894
(10)2.21490
(11)4.24598
(12)8.09327
(14) 1.53373

80000
32000
57680
06240
82098
60295

12

(5) -6.04031

(5) +2.80768

(6)+5.51750 40

(11) 1. 71237 08128

(15)2.88941 99383

23. Bernoulli and Euler PolynomialsRiemann Zeta Function

EMILIE

V.

HA YNSWORTH

AND KARL GOLDBERG ~

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

804

23.1. Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials and the Euler-Maclaurin

Formula . . . . . . .

.............

804

23.2. Riemann Zeta Function and Other Sums of Reciprocal

Powers .

807

References

808

Table 23.1. Coefficients of the Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials

B,,(x) and E,,(x), n=0(1)15

809

Table 23.2. Bernoulli and Euler Numbers. . . . .

B" and E", n=O, 1, 2(2)60, Exact and Bn to lOS

810

Table 23.3. Sums of Reciprocal Powers

811

CD

ten) = ~ k'"
CD

7](n)=L:
k=l

20D

(_I)k-l
k" '
1

00

X(n)=~ (2k+l)'"
00

20D
20D

(-I)k

t3(n)=~ (2k+l)'"

18D

n=I(1)42
Table 23.4. Sums of Positive Powers

813

k-1

k", n=I(I)10, m-:-l(l)lOO

Table 23.5. x"/n!, x=2(1)9, n= 1(1)50,

lOS. . . . . . . . . . . .

818

The authors acknowledge the assistance of Ruth E. Capuano in the preparation and
checking of the tables.

'National Bureau of Standards.

Bureau of Standards.

(Presently, Auburn University.)

2 National

803

23. Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials-Riemann Zeta

Function
Mathematical Properties
23.1. Bernoulli and Euler Polynonlials and the Euler-Maclaurin Formula
Generating Functions

text.,

t"

-t-l=L: Bn(X) ,
en=O
n.

23.1.1

t l<271'

2ext
t"
t+l=L:
En (X) n.
,
e
n=o

It I<71'

GO

Bernoulli and Euler NUUlbers

n=O, 1, ...

En=2"E"

G)= integer

n=O, 1, ...

Eo=l, E 2=-I, E 4=5

(For occurrence of Bn and En in series expansions of circular functions, see chapter 4.)
SUUlS of Powers

m, n=l, 2, ...

m, n=l, 2, ...

Derivatives and Di1Jerences

23.1.5

B~(x) =nBn_1 (x)

n=l, 2, . ..

23.1.6

Bn(x+ 1) - Bn(x) =nx,,-l

n=O, 1, . . .

E~(x)=nE"_I(x)

n=l, 2, ...

E n(x+l) +En (x) =2x"

n=O, 1, ...

Expansions

23.1.7

Bn(X+h)=to (~) BIc(x)h,,-k

n=O, 1, ...
n

(n) "
Ek ( x- 1)"-k
2

En(X)=~ k

n=O, 1, ...

SYUlUletry

23.1.8

Bn(1-x)=(-I)"Bn(x)

23.1.9

(-1)" Bn( -x)= BnCx) +nx,,-l

n=O, 1, ...
n=O, 1,...

E,,(1-x)=(-I)"E,,(x)

n=O, 1, ...

(-l)"+IE n(-x)=E,,(x)-2x"

n=O, 1, ...

Multiplication TheoreDl

23.1.10

Bn(mx)=m,,-l

k)

L: B" ( x+-

m-l
k=O

n=O, 1, .. .

En(mx)=m n m-l
L: (-I)kE"
k=O

(k)
x+m

m=l, 2, .. .
En(mx)=- +2 1
n

rti,,,

~
k=O

(-I)kBn+1

n=O, 1, .. .
m=I,3, .. .

(x+~)
m
n=O, 1, .. .
m=2,4, .. .

804

805

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

Integrals

23. III
.

f.X B n(t)dt

BnH(x)-Bn+l(a)
n+1

m,n=1, 2, ...
m,n=O, 1, ...
(The polynomials are orthogonal for m+n odd.)
Inequalities

23.1.13

IB2n l>IB2n (x)1

n=1, 2,.

1>x>O

0'

4-nIE2nl>(-l)nE2n(XO

23.1.14

n=1,2, ..

0,

!>x>O

1)

4(2n-1)! (
n
7I"2n
1+ 22n _ 2 >(-1) E zn - 1(xO
n=1, 2, ... , !>x>O
23.1.15

2(2n)! (
(2'11-)2"

1-21- 2"

4"+1(2n)!

1),,+IB >2(2n)!
2n (271")2"

7I"2n+1

n=1,2,

n
4"+1(2n)! (
1
)
>(-1) E zn > 7I"2n+1
1+3 1 2n
n=O,I, ...

000

Fourier Expansions

23.1.16

B,,(x)=-2 ~
(271")"

cos (271"kx-!7I"n)
k"

E ( )=4 ~
n X
71",,+1

k=l

-.0 sin 2k+1)7I"x-hn)

f='o
(2k+l)n+1

n>1,1~x~O

n>O, 1~x~O

n=1,1>x>O

n=O,1>x>O

23.1.17

(-1)"2(2n-1)! -.0 sin2k7l"x

(271") 2" 1
f;i k2" 1
n>1, 1~i~O

(-1)"4(2n-1)!
71"2"

-.0 cos (2k+1)7I"x

fu

(2k+1)2"
n=1,2,
0

n=1,1>x>O

0'

1~x~O

23.1.18

B (x)
2n

(-1)"-12(2n)!
(271")2"

-.0 cos 2k7l"x

f;i

(-1)"4(2n)!

k 2"
n=1,2,

71"2,,+1
0 0',

-.0 sin (2k+1)7I"x

f='o (2k+ 1)2HI
n>O, 1~x~O

1~x~O

n=O,1>x>O
Special Values

23.1.19

B 2nH =O

23.1.20

B,,(O) = (-1)" Bn(l)

n=1,2,. o.

=B"
23.1.21

B"(!)=-(1-2 1-")B,,
L_

E 2nH =O

n=O,1, ..

E n(O)=-E n(1)
n=O,1, ...
n=O,1, ...

=-2(n+ 1)-1(2n+l-l)BnH
E n(!)=2-"E n

n=I,2, ..

n=O,1, ...

806

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

23.1.22

E 2"-I(I)=-E2n - 1(i)

B,,(l)=(-1)"B,,(i)

=-(2n)-1(1-3 1- 2,,) (22n-1)B2n

=-2-"(1-2 -")B,,-n4-"En'_ 1

n=1,2, . . .
23.1.23

B 2n(!)=B 2n(t)
=-2-1(1-31-2")B2n

23.1.24

n=I,2, ...

B 2,,(t)=B2n (.i)
=2- 1(1-2 1 -

2 ,,)

n=O,I, ...

(1-3 1- 2")B2"
n=O,I, ...
Symbolic Operations

23.1.25

p(B(x) + 1) -p(B(x =p' (x)

23.1.26

B,,(x+h) = (B(x) +11,)"

n=O, 1, ..

p(E(x) + 1) + p(E(x =2p(x)

En(x+h) = (E(x) +11,)"

n=O, 1,

Here p(x) denotes a polynomial in x and after expanding we set {B(x) }"=B,,(x) and {E(x) }"=E,,(x).
Relations Between the Polynomials

Equivalent to this is

23.1.27

En-l(X)=~ {B" CXtl)-Bn (~)}

23.1.31

=~{ B n(x)-2 nB n G)}

n=I,2, . ..

.C

F(t)dt=~ {F(x+h)+F(x)}

23.1.28

n=2,3, ...

11,2"
- (2n)! B 2nF(2")(x+Oh)

23.1.29
B n(x)=2-"

k)

(n B,,-,;Ek(2x)

k=O

n=O,I, ...

Euler-Maclaurin Formulas

Let F(x) have its first 2n derivatives continuous

on an interval (a, b). Divide the interval into
m equal parts and let 11,= (b -a) 1m. Then for
some 0, 1>0>0, depending on F(2")(x) on (a, b),
we have

Let ~,,(x)=B,,(x-[x]).
Formula is

The Euler Summation

23.1.32

~1 F(a+kh+wh) =_11,1
k=O

Jb F(t)dt
a

23.1.30

f: F(a+ kh} =_11,1 f.b F(t)dt+-21'{F(b)+F(a)}

k=O

+~ h(2k)! B 2k {FC2k-l> (b) 1

2k

k=1

FC2k-l) (a)

}
.

h2n
m-l
+(2 )' B 2n 2: FC2")(a+kh+Oh)
n .

k-O

_h~ fl ~p(w_t){~l FCP)(a+kh+th)}dt

p. Jo
k=O
p5;2n,

l~w~O

807

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

23.2. Riemann Zeta Function and Other

of Reciprocal Powers

SUDlS

23-.2.1~

(0)=-1 In 2'/1"

23.2.14

r(-2n)=0

CD

23.2.1

r(s)=~
k~l

k-'

n=I,2, .. ,

23.2.15

f(1-2n)=_B 2n
2n

n=I,2,., .

23.2.16

(211')2"
r(211)=2(2n)! IB2~1

n=1,2, ...

23.2.2

(product over all primes p).

23.2.3

=_1_+!+
s-1

k-l

23.2.17

B2t (S+2k-2)
2k
2k-1

_(S+2n) fCD B 2"+I(z-[z]) d

2n+1 JI
Z.+2,,+I x
sF1, n=l, 2, ' '"

n=I,2, ...

/J/s>-2n
SUDlS

r(I-S) i(-z).-I
211'~'
c e-1 dz

* 23.2.4
23.2.5

1
s-1

CD

=-+~

'1.0

of Reciprocal Powers

The sums referred to are

(-1)"

23.2.18

-n.
, - ')',,(s-1)"

n=2,3,., .

23.2.19

where
,),,,=

.
I1m

m-+CD

{(;tm On k)n
-1

(In m)"+l}
n+ 1

n=I,2, ...
23.2.20

...

23.2.6

X(n)=f.,i (2k+I)-n=(1-2- n)f(n)

23.2.7

23.2.21
~(n)

n=2,3,., .

...

= ~ (-1 )k(2k+ 1)-n

n=I,2, ...

23.2.8
23.2.9

n=1, 2, ... , fJls>O

23.2.10

exp (In 211'-1-h)s

2(s-l)r(!s+1)

n (l-~) ei
p

product over all zeros p of res) with fJlp>O.

The contour C in the fourth formula starts at
infinity on the positive real axis, circles the origin
once in the positive direction excluding the points
2ni'/l" for n=l, 2, ... , and returns to the
starting point. ThereforA res) is regular for all
values of s except for a simple pole at s=1 with
residue 1.
Speeial Values

23.2.11

r(O)=-i

23.2.12

r(1)=a>

These sums can be calculated from the Bernoulli

and Euler polynomia1s by means of the last two
formulas for special values of the zeta function
(note that ,,(1)=In 2), and
23.2.22

(11'/2)2,,+1
2 (2n) ! IE2nl

~(2n+ 1)

n=O, 1, ...

23.2.23

~(2n)

(-l)"r"
4(2n-I)!

fl

J0

E 2n - 1 (x) sec(1I'x)dx
n=l, 2, .. ,

fJ(2) is known as Catalan's constant.

other special values are

23.2.24

23.2.25

Some

808

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

23.2.26

23.2.29

23.2.27

23.2.30

23.2.28

23.2.31

1111"

Ml)=l-3"+S- ... =4

Tl
32

References
Texts

Tables

[23.1] G. Boole, The calculus of finite differences, 3d ed.

(Hafner Publishing Co., New York, N.Y., 1932).
[23.2] W. E. Briggs and S. Chowla, The power series coefficients of res), Amer. Math. Monthly 62,
323-325 (1955).
[23.3] T. Fort, Finite differences (Clarendon Press,
Oxford, England, 1948).
[23.4] C. Jordan, Calculus of finite differences, 2d ed.
(Chelsea Publishing Co., New York, N.Y.,
1960).
[23.51 K. Knopp, Theory and application of infinite
series (Blackie and Son, Ltd., London, England,
1951).
[23.61 L. M. Milne-Thomson, Calculus of finite differences
(Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London, England,
1951).
[23.7] N. E. Norlund, Vorlesungen tiber Differenzenrechnung (Edwards Bros., Ann Arbor, Mich.,
1945).
[23.8] C. H. Richardson, An introduction to the calculus
of finite differences (D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1954).
[23.9] J. F. Steffensen, Interpolation (Chelsea Publishing
Co., New York, N.Y., 1950).
[23.101 E. C. Titchmarsh, The zeta-function of Riemann
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1930).
[23.11] A. D. Wheelon, A short table of summable series,
Report No. SM-14642, Douglas Aircraft Co.,
Ino., Santa Monica, Calif. (1953).

[23.12] G. Blanch and R. Siegel, Table of modified

Bernoulli polynomials, J. Research NBS 44,
103-107 (1950) RP2060.
[23.13] H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical
functions, vol. II (Principia Press, Bloomington,
Ind., 1935).
[23.14] R. Hensman, Tables of the generalized Riemann
Zeta function, Report No. T2111, Telecommunications Research Establishment, Ministry of
Supply, Great Mal vern, W orcestershire, England (1948). res, a), s= -10(.1)0, a=0(.1)2,
5D; (s-l)r(s, a), s=O(.I)I, a=0(.1)2, 5D.
[23.151 D. H. Lehmer, On the maxima and minima of
Bernoulli polynomials, Amer. Math. Monthly
47, 533-538 (1940).
[23.16] E. O. Powell, A table of the generalized Riemann
Zeta function in a particular case, Quart. J.
Mech. Appl. Math. 5, 116-123 (1952).
a),
a= 1 (.01)2(.02)5(.05) 10, IOD.

ret,

809

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

COEFFICIENTS

bk

OF THE BERNOULLI POLYNOMIALS Bn (x)~

n\k

..l.

Table 23.1
11

12

13

14

15

t3M (O)

-2

""!"

-2

...l...

10

~.::::

- 1
1

3
30

"3

_A

42

7
8

~
66

10

.1..

-4

_...2.

1~

.ll.

-7

_ ....2...
2

.l5.

- 5

-11

11

-~

-~

.Ri
3

_
..22_

15

- 4

..22.
6

- Ml..

..li.

210

14

me
0

f
-~

691

13

- 3

-11

.J..

11

30

11
J.

-4

-b"

12

2: bkXk

k~O

6j~

.ill.

.ill..

.ill.

-~

11

..ill.
.ill...

_22

22

_..il.

13

9~ -7

o _ il.

..ill

.ll
2

0 - .lQQ!
30

.lU
_ .2.

-6

22_-12.
2

COEFFICIENTS ek OF THE EULER POLYNOMIALS En (x)~ ~ ekxk

k~O

n\k

11

12

13

14

2
0

-1
3

-2

-2

-3

-ll

31

-2

10

-155

691

153
-2-

14

15

929569
16

- 28

14

-63

255

26~49

- 38227

o - -573405
-2-

-126

_.12

62881

- 31031

-943215
-4-

-5

30

1~5

_J.l
2

- 396

55

-I1

1287
- -2-

7293

-1001

1683
22165
2

-4

- 231

- 3410

-~
2

21

1705

2073

_ .2.lli.

-3

2i

--r

12

-~
2

2~

17

13

10

_..1-

11

0 - -155155
-2-

109395
--8-

-6
~

0 _

_..ll
2

91

3003
2

0 -7
~

-ll
2

15

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

810

BERNOULLI AND EULER NUMBERS

Table 23.2

Bn=NID

1
2
4
6
8

-1
1
-1
1
-1

2
30
42
30

10
12
14
16
18

5
-691
7
-3617
43867

2730
6
510
798

74611
54513
64091
53103
61029

330
138
2730
6
870

58412
93210
76878
30534
39138

76005
41217
58367
77373
41559

14322
510
6
19 19190
6

20
22
24
26
28

-1
8
-2363
85
-2 37494

30
32
34
36
38

861
- 770
257
-26315 27155
2 92999

40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60

Bn

61082
20097
33269
51111
68997

71849
64391
57930
59391
81768

64491
80708
10242
21632
62491

22051
02691
35023
77961
27547

13530
1806
690
282
46410

49
80116
14996
39292
61334

05241
35489
84862
26753
41862

07964
95734
42141
68541
04677

82124
79249
81238
57396
59940

77525
91853
12691
63229
36021

66
1590
798
870
354

-121 52331 40483 75557 20403 04994 07982 02460 41491

567 86730

50572
57181
36348
93132
88800

1
1
2
2
2

/r'

-5.0000
1. 6666
-3.3333
2.3809
-3.3333

00000 U
66667 \
33333 'l..
52381.?c
33333 '(

- 1
0
0
1

7.5757
-2.5311
1.1666
-7.0921
5. 4971

57576
35531 r,
66667 "1
56863 r,c
17794 -'

2
3
4
6
7

-5. 2912
6.1921
-8. 6580
1.4255
-2.7298

42424 .,
23188 \
25311
17167
23107

10
11
13
14

-1.5116
4. 2961
-1.3711
4.8833

(,

-2
15
-278
5964
-560 94033
. 29
-2479
84483

0) 1.0000 00000

'!

31577
~0158 OS'"
46431

'T" ""
24
26
28
30
32

7.5008 66746
-5.0387 78101
3.652877648
-2.8498 76930
2.3865 42750

34)-2.1399 94926

E"
1
-1
51)
-611

4
6
8

1385 '2.

10
12
14
16
18

- 50521.'
21. 02765 ,I
- 1993 60981 <;
1 93915:12145 L
- 240 48796 i 75441 1

20
22
24
26
28

37037-i188237525
- 69 (34887 43931 37901
15514j3416 35570 86905
- 40 87072 0929 31238 92361
125~~, 596~: 0362 98654 68285

46
48

50
52
54
56
58
60

'"
q

,-.
(
';:..

- 44f15438 93249 02310 45536 82821 :;..

30
32
34
36
38

44

65521 :
23190 '(

17 8.4169 30476-(
5"34 Ii
19 -4.0338 07185 c
21 2.1150 74864;'
23 -1.2086 62652 t~

40
42

~~~~~\~~~~~ ~~~~: ~:~:~ ~~:~X ~~~~i'-~

-80
41222 06033195177 02122 3470796712 59045"
- 234 89580 52704,31082 52017 82857 61989 47741'1
---~----

1
-1036
7 94757
-6667 53751
60 96278 64556

,8511
50718 11498 00178 77156 78140 58266 84425('
6227 33519 61211 93979 57304 74518 li9763 10201 'l
4225 97592 70360 80405 10088 07061 95192 73805.~
6855 44977 43502 84747 73748 19752 41076 84661 r.
,5421 58691 68574 28768 43153 97653 90444 35185 (

~'~0532 852'4'8"18862-18963
650 61624 86684 60884 77158
-7 54665 99390 08739 09806 14325
9420 32189 64202 41204 20228 62376
-126 22019 25180 62187 19903 40923 72874

14383
70634
65889
90583
89255

78511
08082
73674
22720
48234

16490
29834
42122
93888
10611

88103
83644
40024
52599
91825

49822
23676
71169
64600
59406

51468
53855
98586
93949
99649

15121,'
76565"
45581
05945
20041

181089 11496 57923 04965 45807 74165 21586 88733 48734 92363 14106 00809 54542 31325

From H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, vol. II. Principia Press, Bloomington,
Ind., 1935 (with permission).

811

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

SUMS OF RECIPROCAL POWERS

ex>

co

r(n)= L:k- n

71(n)=

k=l

1:1(..

1
(- 2
3

I{.{o 6----

48226
59594
11138
43369
84449

43647
28540 fL1 0.90154 26773 69695
19152
0.94703 28294 97245
92633
0.97211 97704 46909
13971
0.98555 10912 97435

91758.:
30594
10410

1.00834
1.00407
1.00200
1.00099
1.00049
1.00024

92773
73561
83928
45751
41886
60865

8192Z
97944
26082
27818
04119
53308

82684
33938
21442
08534
46456
04830

0.99259
0.99623
0.99809
0.99903
0.99951
0.99975

38199
30018
42975
95075
71434
76851

22830
52647
41605
98271
98060
43858

28267
89923
33077
56564
75414
19085

13

14
15
16
17
18

1.00012
1.00006
1.00003
1.00001
1.00000
1.00000

27133
12481
05882
52822
76371
38172

47578
35058
36307
59408
97637
93264

48915
70483
02049
65187
89976
99984

0.99987
0.99993
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999
0.99999

85427
91703
95512
47642
23782
61878

63265
45979
13099
14906
92041
69610

11549
71817
23808
10644
01198
11348

19
20
21
22
23
24

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

19082
09539
04769
02384
01192
00596

12716
62033
32986
50502
19925
08189

55394
87280
78781
72773
96531
05126

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

80935
90466
95232
97616
98808
99403

08171
11581
58215
13230
01318
98892

67511
52212
54282
82255
43950
39463

25
26
27
28
29
30

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00298
00149
00074
00037
00018
00009

03503
01554
50711
25334
62659
31327

51465
82837
78984
02479
72351
43242

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99701
99850
99925
99962
99981
99990

98856
99231
49550
74753
37369
68682

96283
99657
48496
40011
41811
28145

31
32
33
34
35
36

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00004
00002
00001
00000
00000
00000

65662
32831
16415
58207
29103
14551

90650
18337
50173
72088
85044
92189

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99995
99997
99998
99999
99999
99999

34340
67169
83584
41792
70896
85448

33145
89595
85805
39905
18953
09143

37
38
39
40
41
42

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

07275
03637
01818
00909
00454
00227

95984
97955
98965
49478
74738
37368

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

92724
96362
98181
99090
99545
99772

04461
02193
01084
50538
25268
62633

7~

10
11

12

0.69314 71805 59945 30942 ~ ~~/,~

) 0.82246 70334 24113 21824 ~

00

40668
69031
32337
77551
30619

7ft~( ~ 6

Il

~ (-I)k- 1k- n
k=l

1.64493
1.20205
1.08232
1.03692
1.01734

rr/qo (- :

--r

Table 23.3

71405

For n>42, f(n+l)=Hl+f(n)]

71(n+l)=Hl+71(n)]
. From H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, vol. II.
Principia Press, Bloomington, Ind., 1935 (with permission).

~)

nD

812

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

SUMS OF RECIPROCAL POWERS

Table 23.3

co

x(n) =

(2k+1)-n

k=O

</~
Ijryq~

1
e:--2
3
&- 4
5
6

K1;

co

1~~~

1. 23370 05501 36169 82735 ....

~,rJ

~(n)- f;(-1)k(2k+1)-'
1f!1,1

O. 7853:=:1633
.91596 55941
0.96894 61462
0.98894 45517
0.99615 78280
0.99868 52222

97448
77219
59369
41105
77088
18438

310 _
015 -0
380 --7
336
064
135

1.05179
1.01467
1.00452
1.00144

97902
80316
37627
70766

64644 99972 '

04192 05455 ~~~~
95139 61613~/~~
40942 12191

1.00047
1.00015
1.00005
1.00001
1.00000
1.00000

15486
51790
13451
70413
56660
18858

52376
25296
83843
63044
51090
48583

55476. - ~ ~~i'i
11930 \~~
77259
82549
10935
11958

0.99955
0.99984
0.99994
0.99998
0.99999
0.99999

45078
99902
96841
31640
43749
81223

90539
46829
87220
26196
73823
50587

909
657
090
877
699
882

18

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

06280
02092
00697
00232
00077
00025

55421
40519
24703
37157
44839
81437

80232
21150
12929
37916
45587
55666

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

93735
97910
99303
99767
99922
99974

83771
87248
40842
75950
57782
19086

841
735
624
903
104
745

19
20
21
22
23
24

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00008
00002
00000
00000
00000
00000

60444
86807
95601
31866
10622
03540

11452
69746
16531
77514
20241
72294

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99991
99997
99999
99999
99999
99999

39660
13213
04403
68134
89377
96459

745
274
029
064
965
311

25
26
27
28
29
30

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

01180
00393
00131
00043
00014
00004

23874
41247
13740
71245
57081
85694

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

98819
99606
99868
99956
99985
99995

768
589
863
288
429
143

31
32
33
34
35
36

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00001
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

61898
53966
17989
05996
01999
00666

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99998
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

381
460
820
940
980
993

37
38
39
40
41
42

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00222
00074
00025
00008
00003
00001

0.99999 99999 99999 998

0.99999 99999 99999 999

7
8
9
10
11

12
13

14
15
16
17

1\\ f, '_

1i~ t
:

813

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

SUMS OF POSITIVE POWERS

i: kn

Table 23.4

k~l

m\n

1
3
6
10
15

2
3
4
5

21
28

2
1
5
14
30
55

1
9
36
100
225

1
17
98
354
979

1
33
276
1300
4425

1
65
794
4890
20515

441
784
1296
2025
3025

2275
4676
8772
15333
25333

12201
29008
61776
1 20825
2 20825

6
7
8
9
10

45
55

140
204
285
385

11
12
13
14
15

66
78
91
105
120

506
650
819
1015
1240

4356
6084
8281
11025
14400

39974
60710
89271
1 27687
1 78312

16
17
18
19
20

136
153
171
190
210

1496
1785
2109
2470
2870

18496
23409
29241
36100
44100

2
3
4
5
7

21
22
23
24
25

231
253
276
300
325

3311
3795
4324
4900
5525

53361
64009
76176
90000
1 05625

26
27
28
29
30

351
378
406
435
465

6201
6930
7714
8555
9455

1
1
1
1
2

31
32
33
34
35

496
528
561
595
630

10416
11440
12529
13685
14910

36
37
38
39
40

666
703
741
780
820

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

36

91

1
4
9
19

67171
84820
46964
78405
78405

3
6
10
15
22

81876
30708
02001
39825
99200

37
67
115
190
304

49966
35950
62759
92295
82920

43848
27369
32345
62666
22666

33
47
66
91
123

47776
67633
57201
33300
33300

472
713
1054
1524
2164

60136
97705
09929
55810
55810

9
11
14
17
21

17147
51403
31244
63020
53645

164
215
280
359
457

17401
71033
07376
70000
35625

3022
4156
5636
7547
9988

21931
01835
37724
40700
81325

23201
42884
64836
89225
16225

26
31
37
44
52

10621
42062
56718
63999
73999

576
719
891
1096
1339

17001
65908
76276
87425
87425

13077
16952
21771
27719
35009

97101
17590
07894
31215
31215

2
2
3
3
3

46016
78784
14721
54025
96900

61
72
84
97
112

97520
46096
32017
68353
68978

1626
1961
2353
2807
3332

16576
71008
06401
41825
63700

43884
54621
67536
82984
1 01367

34896
76720
44689
49105
14730

16206
17575
19019
20540
22140

4
4
5
6
6

43556
94209
49081
08400
72400

129
148
169
192
217

48594
22755
07891
21332
81332

3937
4630
5423
6325
7349

29876
73833
09001
33200
33200

1
1
1
2
2

23134
48792
78901
14089
55049

97066
23475
59859
03620
03620

861
903
946
990
1035

23821
25585
27434
29370
31395

7
8
8
9
10

41321
15409
94916
80100
71225

246
277
311
348
389

07093
18789
37590
85686
86311

8507
9814
11284
12934
14779

89401
80633
89076
05300
33425

3
3
4
4
5

02550
57440
20654
93217
76254

07861
39605
02654
16510
82135

1081
1128
1176
1225
1275

33511
35720
38024
40425
42925

11
12
13
15
16

68561
72384
82976
00625
25625

434
483
536
594
656

63767
43448
51864
16665
66665

16838
19132
21680
24505
27630

96401
41408
45376
20625
20625

6
7
9
10
11

70997
78789
01095
39508
95758

79031
94360
84824
72025
72025

From H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, vol. II. Principia Press, Bloomington,
Ind., 1935 (with permission).

814

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

Table 23.4

SUMS OF POSITIVE POWERS

i2 k..

k=l

m\n
51
52
53
54
55

1326
1378
1431
1485
1540

45526
48230
51039
53955
56980

17
18
20
22
23

58276
98884
47761
05225
71600

724
797
876
961
1052

31866
43482
33963
37019
87644

31080
34882
39064
43656
48688

45876
49908
45401
10425
94800

13
15
17
20
23

71721
69427
91071
39020
15826

59826
69490
30619
41915
82540

56
57
58
59
60

1596
1653
1711
1770
1830

60116
63365
66729
70210
73810

25
27
29
31
33

47216
32409
27521
32900
48900

1151
1256
1369
1491
1620

22140
78141
94637
11998
71998

54196
60213
66776
73925
81701

26576
18633
75401
99700
99700

26
29
33
37
42

24236
67201
47888
69693
36253

61996
09245
01789
35430
35430

61
62
63
64
65

1891
1953
2016
2080
2145

77531
81375
85344
89440
93665

35
38
40
43
46

75881
14209
64256
26400
01025

1759
1906
2064
2232
2410

17839
94175
47136
24352
74977

90147
99309
1 09233
1 19971
1 31573

96001
28833
65376
07200
97825

47
53
59
66
73

51457
19459
44694
31889
86078

09791
45375
47584
24320
14945

66
67
68
69
70

2211
2278
2346
2415
2485

1
1
1
1

98021
02510
07134
11895
16795

48
51
55
58
61

88521
89284
03716
32225
75225

2600
2802
3015
3242
3482

49713
00834
82210
49331
59331

1
1
1
1
2

44097
57598
72137
87778
04585

30401
55508
89076
20425
20425

82
91
101
III
123

12617
17201
05876
85057
61547

64961
47130
29754
92835
92835

71
73
74
75

2556
2628
2701
2775
2850

1
1
1
1
1

21836
27020
32349
37825
43450

65
69
72
77
81

33136
06384
95401
00625
22500

3736
4005
4289
4589
4905

71012
44868
43109
29685
70310

2
2
2
2
3

22627
41976
62707
84897
08627

49776
67408
39001
45625
92500

136
150
165
181
199

42550
35691
49033
91098
70883

76756
46260
72549
62725
78350

76
77
78
79
80

2926
3003
3081
3160
3240

1
1
1
1
1

49226
55155
61239
67480
73880

85
90
94
99
104

61476
18009
92561
85600
97600

5239
5590
5961
6350
6760

32486
85527
00583
50664
10664

3
3
3
4
4

33983
61051
89922
20693
53461

17876
02033
76401
32800
32800

218
239
262
286
312

97883
82106
34102
64977
86417

06926
87015
87719
43240
43240

81
82
83
84
85

3321
3403
3486
3570
3655

1
1
1
2
2

80441
87165
94054
01110
08335

110
115
121
127
133

29041
80409
52196
44900
59025

7190
7642
8117
8615
9137

57385
69561
27882
15018
15643

4
5
5
6
6

88329
25403
64793
06614
50985

17201
15633
56276
75700
28825

341
371
404
439
477

10712
50779
20183
33163
04658

79721
51145
24514
56130
71755

86
87
88
89
90

3741
3828
3916
4005
4095

2
2
2
2
2

15731
23300
31044
38965
47065

139
146
153
160
167

95081
53584
35056
40025
69025

9684
10257
10856
11484
12140

16459
06220
75756
17997
27997

6
7
8
8
9

98027
47870
00643
56483
15532

99001
08208
27376
86825
86825

517
560
607
657
710

50331
86593
30633
00446
14856

06891
07900
94684
85645
85645

91
92
93
94
95

4186
4278
4371
4465
4560

2
2
2
2
2

55346
63810
72459
81295
90320

175
183
191
199
207

22596
01284
05641
36225
93600

12826
13542
14290
15071
15885

02958
42254
47455
22351
72976

9
10
11
11
12

77936
43844
13413
86803
64181

08276
23508
07201
47425
56800

766
827
892
961
1034

93549
57099
27001
25699
76617

37686
39030
22479
03535
94160

96
97
98
99
100

4656
4753
4851
4950
5050

2
3
3
3
3

99536
08945
18549
28350
38350

216
225
235
245
255

78336
91009
32201
02500
02500

16735
17620
18542
19503
20503

07632
36913
73729
33330
33330

13
14
15
16
17

45718
31592
21984
17083
17083

83776
24033
32001
32500
32500

1113
1196
1284
1379
1479

04195
33915
92339
07141
07141

83856
88785
69649
19050
19050

72

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

SUMS OF POSITIVE POWERS

m\n
1
2
3
4
5

: kn

815
Table 23.4

k~l

1
129
2316
18700
96825

1
257
6818
72354
4 62979

1
513
20196
2 82340
22 35465

6
7
8
9
10

3
12
32
80
180

76761
00304
97456
80425
80425

21
79
246
677
1677

42595
07396
84612
31333
31333

123
526
1868
5743
15743

13161
66768
84496
04985
04985

11
12
13
14
15

375
733
1361
2415
4124

67596
99404
47921
61425
20800

3820
8120
16278
31035
56664

90214
71910
02631
91687
82312

39322
90920
1 96965
4 03575
7 88009

52676
33028
32401
79185
38560

16
17
18
19
20

6808
10911
17034
25972
38772

56256
94929
14961
86700
86700

1
2
4
7

99614
69372
79571
49407
05407

49608
07049
67625
30666
30666

14
26
46
78
129

75204
61082
44675
71552
91552

15296
91793
82161
79940
79940

21
22
23
24
25

56783
81727
1 15775
1 61640
2 22675

75241
33129
58576
30000
45625

10
16
24
35
50

83635
32394
15504
16257
42136

90027
63563
48844
63020
53645

209
330
510
774
1155

34353
07045
18572
36647
83620

26521
44313
05776
46000
11625

26
27
28
29
30

3
4
5
7
9

02993
07597
42526
15025
33725

55801
09004
37516
13825
13825

71
99
137
187
252

30407
54702
32722
35186
96186

18221
54702
53038
65999
65999

1698
2461
3519
4969
6938

78656
34631
19191
90651
20651

90601
75588
28996
04865
04865

31
32
33
34
35

12
15
19
25
31

08851
52448
78633
03866
47259

27936
66304
09281
59425
56300

338
448
588
767
992

25097
20213
84299
42238
60992

03440
31216
49457
54353
44978

9582
13100
17741
23813
31695

16872
60593
75437
45365
01751

65536
54368
56321
22785
94660

36
37
38
39
40

39
48
60
73
90

30901
80219
24375
96685
35085

20396
97529
80121
86800
86800

1274
1625
2060
2595
3251

72091
96886
74807
94900
30900

52434
06355
44851
05332
05332

41851
54847
71368
92241
1 18456

01318
18716
79729
63340
03340

63076
58153
21001
79760
79760

41
42
43
44
45

109
132
160
191
229

82628
88021
06208
98986
35680

60681
93929
05036
14700
67825

4049
5018
6186
7591
9273

80152
06672
88675
70911
22165

34453
30869
08470
33686
24311

1
1
2
3
3

51194
91861
42120
03932
79600

22684
36523
62642
81037
87463

73721
23193
60036
69540
47665

46
47
48
49
50

272
323
382
450
528

93857
60088
30771
13002
25502

25041
45504
87776
60625
60625

11277
13659
16477
19800
23706

98287
11154
03958
33264
58264

56247
18008
47064
16665
16665

4
5
7
8
10

71819
83732
18993
81834
77147

89090
93821
48427
84406
34406

16721
19488
14176
24625
24625

816

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

SUMS OF POSITIvE POWERS

Table 23.4

i:, kn

k=l

m\n
51
52
53
54
55

617
720
838
972
1124

99609
80326
27437
16689
41042

38476
41004
80841
90825
25200

28283
33629
39855
47085
55458

37709
34995
31899
51512
90891

87066
18522
29883
69019
59644

13
15
19
23
27

10563
88554
18530
08961
69498

86137
44973
80891
40014
05854

15076
50788
52921
66265
50640

56
57
58
59
60

1297
1492
1713
1962
2242

11990
60965
40807
27322
20922

74736
67929
35481
20300
20300

65130
76273
89079
1 03762
1 20559

64007
55578
86395
90771
06771

33660
45661
63677
67998
67998

33
39
46
55
65

11115
46261
89027
55326
63096

00335
19889
07286
65472
25472

95536
79593
24521
79460
79460

61
62
63
64
65

2556
2908
3302
3742
4232

48350
64496
54303
34768
57047

56321
62529
01696
12800
03425

1
1
1
2
2

39729
61563
86379
14526
46391

79901
80957
38760
88527
36656

65279
50175
17696
28352
18977

77
90
106
124
145

32510
86219
49600
51040
22232

86401
51863
93432
78527
06906

13601
77153
30976
12960
03585

66
67
68
69
70

4778
5384
6056
6801
7624

08654
15770
45658
09190
63490

04481
09804
28236
80825
80825

2
3
3
4
4

82395
23002
68718
20098
77746

42718
19494
51890
35635
36635

88673
45314
98690
27331
27331

168
196
227
262
303

98500
19153
27863
73072
08433

07044
51006
53971
32327
02327

03521
98468
28036
04265
04265

71
72
73
74
75

8534
9537
10641
11857
13191

14692
20822
94807
07610
91497

39216
43504
62601
35625
07500

5
6
6
7
8

42321
14542
95188
85107
85220

71947
13310
14229
61631
53135

73092
81828
75909
79685
70310

348
400
459
526
601

93283
93152
80311
34352
42821

09511
87653
54736
62487
25280

53296
82288
50201
29625
26500

76
77
78
79
80

14656
16261
18017
19938
22035

43442
28675
84364
23453
38653

79276
46129
01041
87200
87200

9
11
12
14
15

96524
20097
57109
08819
76592

01010
63925
07632
95731
11731

25286
72967
56103
62664
62664

686
781
888
1007
1142

01885
17055
03947
89106
10879

63746
08237
17370
77196
57196

04676
76113
60721
79040
79040

81
82
83
84
85

24323
26815
29529
32480
35686

06578
92048
52558
42905
19993

42161
98929
88556
44300
72425

17
19
21
24
27

61894
66308
91537
39413
11903

13620
22206
44528
33638
86142

14505
69481
08522
91018
81643

1292
1459
1646
1854
2086

20343
82298
76323
97898
59593

10166
14263
66939
52248
15080

78161
86193
26596
56260
59385

86
87
88
89
90

39165
42938
47024
51447
56230

47815
02610
78207
91556
88456

94121
81904
18896
14425
14425

30
33
36
40
45

11121
39333
98967
92626
23094

78853
46007
98488
86545
07545

47499
84620
39916
41997
41997

2343
2629
2945
3296
3683

92334
46750
94588
30228
72277

88197
30627
48916
85991
75991

23001
52528
18576
03785
03785

91
92
93
94
95

61398
66976
72993
79478
86462

49475
96076
96947
74541
11837

50156
73804
34561
53825
63200

49
55
60
66
73

93346
06565
66147
75716
39136

60306
47620
28587
22441
65570

93518
69134
19535
30351
20976

4111
4583
5104
5677
6307

65257
81394
22502
21982
46923

77288
10154
40039
62325
59571

92196
48868
36161
52865
62240

93976
02056
10737
20058
30058

59315
42160
67693
33041
33041

74016
52129
76801
67500
67500

80
88
96
106
116

60526
44269
95032
17777
17777

23468
59412
61670
31113
31113

59312
36273
54129
33330
33330

7000
7760
8593
9507
10507

00323
23429
98205
49930
49930

17816
04362
25663
00499
00499

42496
07713
57601
98500
98500

96

97
98
99
100

1
1
1
1

817

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

m

SUMS OF POSITIVE POWERS 2: kn

Table 23.4

k=l

m\nl
1
2
3
4
5

10
1
1025
60074
11 08650
108 74275

6
7
8
9
10

713
3538
14275
49143
1 49143

m\n
51
52
53
54
55

613
757
932
1143
1396

10
38941 75112
94452 34603
83199 38258
66451 30907
95967 52098

62626
19650
32699
53275
93900

40451
15700
57524
41925
41925

56
57
58
59
60

1700
2062
2493
3004
3608

26516
29849
10270
21945
88121

43060
57628
26623
59629
59629

08076
99325
05149
46550
46550

11
12
13
14
15

4
10
24
52
110

08517
27691
06276
98822
65326

66526
30750
22599
77575
68200

61
62
63
64
65

4322
5161
6146
7299
8645

22412
52349
45378
37528
64962

76258
34941
53759
99828
44456

29151
69375
60224
07200
97825

16
17
18
19
20

220
422
779
1392
2416

60442
20381
25054
35716
35716

95976
96425
23049
80850
80850

66
67
68
69
70

10213
12036
14150
16596
19421

98650
82430
74713
94119
69368

53564
99082
00654
07202
07202

93601
55050
65674
25475
25475

21
22
23
24
25

4084
6740
10882
17223
26760

34526
33754
98866
32676
06992

59051
50475
64124
29500
70125

71
72
73

74
75

22676
26420
30718
35642
41273

93723
84347
46930
45970
81117

17301
43545
40581
14140
23612

06676
94100
51749
29125
94750

26
27
28
29
30

40876
61465
91085
1 33156
1 92205

77949
89270
56937
29270
29270

23501
18150
13574
13775
13775

76
77
78
79
80

47702
55029
63365
72833
83570

70010
38057
15640
43249
85073

47012
72874
85236
11504
11504

36126
36775
36199
83400
83400

31
32
33
34
35

2
3
5
7
10

74168
86758
39916
46353
22208

12139
11208
01061
78601
52136

94576
37200
01649
61425
77050

81
82
83
84
85

1
1
1
1

95728
09473
24989
42479
62166

51619
31932
36051
48338
92382

02074
38034
10093
76074
16796

12201
70825
24274
16050
81675

36
37
38
39
40

13
18
24
33
43

87824
68682
96503
10544
59120

36537
80261
98741
59593
59~93

40026
57875
46099
37700
37700

86
87
88
89
90

1
2
2
2
3

84297
09139
36989
68171
03039

08171
42312
52073
24066
08467

04827
96263
05665
05327
05327

52651
21500
33724
17325
17325

41
42
43
44
45

57
74
95
122
156

01386
09406
70554
90290
95353

52694
33911
57044
66428
55588

90101
67925
52174
70350
85975

91
92
93
94
95

3
3
4
4
5

41980
85419
33817
87679
47552

69648
54190
77262
28403
97795

23434
47066
26359
21259
59638

62726
76550
94799
64975
55600

46
47
48
49
50

199
251
316
396
494

37428
97341
89847
69074
34699

30416
52774
73860
36836
36836

62551
92600
37624
49625
49625

96

97
98
99
100

6
6
7
8
9

14036
87778
69485
59924
59924

24155
65424
93493
14243
14243

51139
46067
33614
42419
42419

60176
86225
75249
24250
24250

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

818.

xnjn!

Table 23.5

n\x

1
2
3
4
5

~~

o 2.0000
o 2.0000

00000
00000
0 1.3333 33333
- 1 6.6666 66667
- 1 2.6666 66667

6
7
8
9
10

11
]2
13
14
15

~-

16

- 9
-10
-11
-12
( -13

2~8.8888 88889
2 2.5396 82540
3~6.3492 06349
3 1.4109 34744
4 2.8218 69489

o 3. 0000
o 4.5000
o 4.5000
o 3.3750
o 2. 0250
o 1. 0125

1
1
2
2

4. 3392
1. 6272
5.4241
1. 6272

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

0) 4. 0000
0) 8. 0000
1~ 1. 0666
1 1. 0666
o 8.5333

00000
85714
32143
07143
32143

o 5.6888
o 3.2507
o 1. 6253

~- 3~4.4379 05844

5)5.1306
6) 8.5511
6~1.3155
7 1. 8793
8 2.5058

71797
19662
56871
66959
22612

~-

3. 1322
3.6850
4.0944
4.3099
4.3099

78265
33252
81392
80412
80412

21
22
23
24
25

~-14)4.1047

43250

~-16 3.2448 56324

-11 2.7919
-12~ 3.6416
-13 4.5520
-14 5.4624

26
27
28
29
30

(-"!'.6640 28884

-15) 6. 3028 01010

17

18
19
20

~-

-IT.7315 84172

-17 2.7040 46937

-18 2.1632 37549

~-20

00000
00000
66667
66667
33333

88889
93651
96825
- 1 7.2239 85891
- 1 2.8895 94356
0507
~ -- 12 1.
3.5025
0777
~ - 2 1.
3.0791

O~ 5.0000 00000
1 1. 2500 00000
1~2.0833 33333
1 2.6041 66667
1 2.6041 66667

~
~

1 2.1701 38889
1 1.5500 99206
o 9.6881 20040
o 5. 3822 88911
o 2. 6911 44455

61584
38614
04189
54825
- 3
(- 4 8.2110 79534

0~1.2232 47480
1 5.0968 64499
1~1.9603 32500
2 7.0011 87499
2 2.3337 29166

4~2.0527 69883
5 4.8300 46785
5~1.0733 43730
6 2.2596 71010
7 4.5193 42021

3
3
4
4
5

3 1. 1094
4~2.5603
5 5.4864
5 1. 0972

76461
30295
22060
84412

6
7
8
9
9

2.0574
3.6307
6.0512
9.5545
1. 4331

08273
20481
00802
27581
79137

-10~2.0473

98767
07410
18361
22951
27542

- 8~8.6082
- 8 1. 5651
- 9~ 2. 7219
-10 4.5366
-11)7.2586

70516
40094
82772
37953
20725

1-" l ,.,167 10881

86490

-12\'
" 6543
-13 2.3634 09271

7.2929
2.1449
5.9582
1.5679
3.9199

03644
71660
54611
61740
04350

(- 6 9.3331
6 2. 1211
- 7 4. 6112
- 8 9.6067
- 8 1. 9213

05594
60362
18179
04540
40908

1- , 3.6'48 86361
-10
-10
-11
( -12

6.8423
1.2218
2.1066
3.5110

82151
53955
44751
74585

-13
-14
-14
-15
-16

5.6630
8.8484
1. 3406
1. 9715
2.8165

23524
74256
77918
85173
50247

13988
85630
90090
93393

-16\7.0031 12233

08641
55400
56972
92337
95621

-20
-21
-22
-23
-24

7.5116
7.0422
6.4020
5.6488
4.8418

36 ( -31 1. 8473 30901

37
9.9855 72435
38
5.2555 64440
-34
39 (3
-35 2.6951 61251
40
-36 1. 3475 80626

-26
-27
-28
( -29

3.2715
2.5827
1. 9867
1. 4900

19788
78780
52907
64681

64027
68584
38876
03984
90659

-30
-32
-33
-34
-35

1. 0902
7.7877
5.4333
3. 7045
2.4697

91230
94498
44998
53408
02272

1_25l'.4455 42017

-26 1.3767 06683

-27 1.2806 57379
~-28 1.1642 33981
-29 1.0348 74650

-21
-22
-23
-24
-25

1. 3593
1. 6183
1. 8817
2. 1383
2.3759

81180
10928
56893
60106
55673

1. 2788 22026

-36
-37
-39
-40
-41

1. 6106 75395
1. 0280 90678

-31~ 8. 9989 09998

-32 7.6586 46807
-33 6.3822 05673
-34~5.2099 63814
-35 4.1679 71052

-26
-27
-28
-29
-30

2.5825
2. 7474
2.8618
2.9202
2.9202

60514
04802
80003
85717
85717

31
32
33
34
35

1.2326
-22 8.8043
-23 6. 0719
(-24)4.0479

-25
-26
-28
-29
-30

2.6116
1. 6322
9.8924
5.8190
3.3251

41
42
43
44
45

-38)6.5735
-39 3.1302
-40 1. 4559
-42 6. 6179
-43 2.9412

46
47
48
49
50

-44
-46
-47
-49
-50

5.4417
2.2674
9.2547
3.7019

95855
14939
54855
01942

For x = 1, see Table 6.3.

-17 7.5033 34535

-18 7.7620 70209
-19 7.7620 70209
80847
00794
00722
24167
49286

25 4.0348 74405

6.4255 66735
3.9340 20450
2.3604 12270

-14 3.2598 74857

(-15 4.3464 99809
-16)5.6083 86851

-1'1'.0104 83563

-18 8.4975 55835

-19 9.9971 24511
-19 1. 1425 28516

1-20l 1.26'476128

-21~1.3724 06625
-22 1.4446 38553
-23 1.4816 80567
(-24)1.4816 80567

1-17 l 3.',1875343
-181'.2863 18031

-19 6.9556 81620

-20 8.9175 40538
(-20 1.1146 92567

819

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

xnjn!

6
0) 6. 0000 00000
1) 1. 8000 00000
1~ 3.6000 00000
1 5.4000 00000
1 6. 4800 00000

n\x

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

1
1
1
1
1

6.4800
5.5542
4.1&57
2. 7771
1. 6662

00000
85714
14286
42857
85714

o 9.0888 31169

4.5444
2.0974
8.9889
- 1 3. 5955

15584
22577
53903
81561

Table 23.5

(
(
(
(
(

0)7.0000
1)2.4500
I} 5. 7166
2 1. 0004
2 1. 4005

00000
00000
66667
16667
83333

8
0) 8.0000 00000
1~ 3. 2000 00000
1 8.5333 33333
2~ 1. 7066 66667
2 2. 7306 66667

2
2
2
2
1

1. 6340
1. 6340
1. 4297
1. 1120
7. 7842

13889
13889
62153
37230
60610

2
2
2
2
2

1)4.9536
8896
1 1. 5559
o 7.7797
o 3.6305

20388
11893
44865
24327
38019

2
2
1
1
1

o 1. 5883

~
~

T.

3.6408
4.1610
4.1610
3.6986
2.9589

9
0~9.0000 00000
1 4.0500 00000
2) 1. 2150 00000
2~2.7337 50000
2 4.9207 50000

88889
15873
15873
80776
44621

2
2
3
3
2

7.3811
9.4900
1. 0676
1. 0676
9.6086

25000
17857
27009
27009
43080

2.1519 59724

2
2
2
2
2

7.8616
5.8962
4.0819
2. 6241
1. 5744

17066
12799
93476
38663
83198

1
1
1
1

8.8564
4.6887
2.3443
1. 1104
4.9971

67989
18347
59174
85924
86659

1. 4346 39816
8.8285 52715
5. 0448 87266
2.6906 06542

1
2
2
3
3

1. 3483
4. 7588
1. 5862
5.0093
1. 5027

43085
57949
85983
24157
97247

1
1
2
2

6.5403
2.5434
9.3706
3.2797

60383
07461
52902
15953
15584

1 1. 3453
o 6.3308
o 2. 8137
o 1. 1847
- 1 4. 7388

4
4
5
6
6

4.2937
1.1710
3.0548
7.6370
1. 8328

06420
10842
10892
27229
86535

2
3
3
4
5

1. 0932
3.4784
1. 0586
3. 0877
8.6458

38528
86225
69721
86685
02719

1
2
2
3
3

1. 8052 85173
6.5646
2.2833
7.6112
2.4355

73356
64645
15485
88955

26
27
28
29
30

4.2297 38158
~ -- 87 9.3994
18128
2. 0141 61027
~ -- 89 4. 1672
29712
-10 8. 3344 59424

5
6
6
7
8

2.3277
6.0348
1. 5087
3.6417
8.4973

16117
19562
04890
01460
03406

4
4
5
5
6

7.4941
2.2204
6. 3442
1. 7501
4.6670

19862
79959
28455
31987
18633

31
32
33
34
35

(-10 1.6131
3. 0246
-12 5.4992
-13 9. 7046
-13 1.6636

21179
02210
76746
06022
46746

- 8
- 9
-10
-10
-11

1.9187 45930
4.1972 56723
8.903271836
1. 8330 26554
3.6660 53109

6
7
8
8
9

1.2043
3.0109
7.2993
1. 7174
3.9256

91905
79763
44881
92913
98087

r'

( -14 2. 7727
4.4963
-16 7. 0994
-16 1. 0922
-17 1. 6383

445J8

42559
88251
28962
43442

-12
-12
-13
-14
-15

7.1284
1. 3486
2.4843
4.4590
7.8032

36600
23141
05785
10384
68172

-10
-10
-11
-12
-12

8. 7237
1. 8862
3.9709
8. 1456
1. 6291

73527
21303
92217
25061
25012

- 8
- 8
- 9
-10
-10

6. 0561
1. 4731
3.4889
8.0514
1. 8115

30022
12708
51151
25733
70790

-13
-14
-14
-15
-16

3.1787
6. 0548
1. 1264
2.0481
3. 6411

80512
20022
78144
42079
41474

-11
-12
-12
-13
-14

3.9766
8.5213
1. 7835
3. 6481
7.2962

18807
26015
33352
36402
72802

-14
-15
-16
-17
-17

1. 4275
2. 7335
5.1254
9.4140
1. 6945

31635
71217
46032
84548
35219

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

!""

36
37
38
39
40

('

41
42
43
44
45

-18
-19
-20
-21
-22

2. 3975
3.4251
4. 7792
6.5171
8. 6894

75769
08242
20803
19277
92369

-15
-16
-17
-18
-19

1. 3322
2.2204
3. 6146
5. 7506
8.9454

65298
42163
73288
16595
03592

46
47
48
49
50

-22
-23
-24
-25
-26

1. 1334 12048
1. 4469 08998
1. 8086 36247

-19
-20
-21
-22
-23

1. 3612
2.0274
2.9566
4.2237
5.9132

57068
04144
31044
58634
62088

2.2146 56629
2.6575 87955

03271
38922
06187
18395
73579

19956
g 1.6.3324
0778 58716

-18 1. 7964 31193

-19 2.9329 48887
-20 4.6927 18219

o 2.1416 51425

1
1
1
2
3
3
4
4

8. 7613
3.4283
1. 2856
4.6282

01286
35286
25732
52636

1. 6020 87451
5.3402
1. 7165
5. 3271
1. 5981

91503
22269
38076
41423

1-- '14.6397
5 1. 3049 6'4'1
34025
- 6 3.5589 10976
- 7 9.4206 46701
(- 7)2.4224 52009

24. Comhinatorial Analysis

K.

GOLDBERG/

M.

NEWMAN,2

E.

HAYNSWORTH

Contents
Page

822
822
822
823
824
824
825
825
825
826
826
826
827
827
827

Mathematical Properties. . .

24.1. Basic Numbers . . .

24.1.1 Binomial Coefficients
24.1.2 Multinomial Coefficients
24.1.3 Stirling Numbers of the First Kind
24,.1.4 Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind
24.2. Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.2.1 Unrestricted Partitions. . . .
24.2.2 Partitions Into Distinct Parts.
24.3. Number Theoretic Functions
24.3.1 The Mobius Function
24.3.2 The Euler Function
24.3.3 Divisor Functions
24.3.4 Primitive Roots .
References

Table 24.1. Binomial Coefficients

(~)

828

n=:S;50, m=:S;25

831

Table 24.2. Multinomials (Including a List of Partitions)

n=:S;1O

Table 24.3. Stirling Numbers of the First Kind

S~m)

...

"

833

835

n=:S;25

Table 24.4. Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind

~~m)

n=:S;25

Table 24.5. Number of Partitions and Partitions Into Distinct Parts.

836

p(n), q(n), n=:S;500

Table 24.6. Arithmetic Functions

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'

840

rp(n), (To(n), (Tl(n), n=:S; 1000

Table 24.7. Factorizations.

844

n<10000

Table 24.8. Primitive Roots, Factorization of p-l

864

n<10000

Table 24.9. Primes

870

p=:S; 10 5
National Bureau of Standards.
National Bureau of Standards. (Presently, Auburn University.)

1,2
3

821

24. Combinatorial Analysis

Mathematical Properties
In each sub-section of this chnptrr we use
a iixrd fOl'lllat which rmphnsizrs t hr usr and
methods of rxtrllding the Hc('olllpnll.\'illg' tablrs.
Thr forllla t follows this fOI'III:
I. Ddinitions

A. ('ombinatorinl
B. Genrratin~ functions
C. Closed form

11 specil1l and easily recognizable symbol, and

yrt that symbol must hr rHS." to writr. Wr have
srttlrd Oil a script capital f5 without nnycertainty
that wr have settled this questioll (>rrlllanentiy.
We feel that t he subscript-superscript notat.ion
rmphasizes thr grnrrating fUllctiolls (which are
powers of mutually inverse functions) from which
most of the important relations flow.

II. Relations

24.1. Basic Numbers

A. Recurrences
B. Checks in computin~
C. Basic use in numerical analysis

24.1.1

Binomial Coefficients
I. Definitions

111. Asymptotic and Special Values

In general the notations usrd are standard.

This includes the diffrrence operator t1 defined on
functions of x hy t1j(x)=j(x+l)-j(x), t1n+~f(;r)
= t1(tJ."j(x)) , the Kroneckrr delta 0;1> the Riemann
zeta function
and the greatest common
divisor symbol (m, n). The range of the summands
for a summntion sign without limits is explained
to thr right of the formula.
The notntions which are not standard nre those
for the multinomials which are arbitrary shorthand for use in this chapter, and those for the
Stirling numbers which have never been standardi7.ed. A short table of various notations for
these numbers follows:

res)

A.

(~)

is the number of ways of choosing m

ohjects from a collection of n diRtinrt objects

without I'rg-nrd to order.
B. Generating- fUllctions
n=O, 1, ...

C. Closed form

n!

(~) m!(n-m)! (n~m)

Reference
This chapter
[24.2] Fort
[24.7] Jordan
[24.1 0] Moser and Wyman
[24.9]

~Iilnc- Thomson

[24.15J Riordan
[24.1] Carlitz}
[24.3] Gould

Miksa
(Unpublished
tables)
[24.17] Gupta

First Kind

..

~~

S(rrt)

f/~")

'1
So::
m

'

(n-l)
B'o)
m-l
o-m
s(n, m)

@;::'
u::'

II. Relations

(~) B~~':.)
""(n, m)

(_l)n-mS I (n-l,n-m)

S2(m, n-m)

S(n-m+l, n)

",SA

A. Recurrences

(n~l)=(~)+(m~l)

n~m~l

=(~)+(~~11)+ ... +c~m)

n~m

B. Checks
u(n, m)

We feel that a capital S is natural for Stirling

numbers of the first kind; it is infrequendy used
for other notation in this context. But once it
is used we have difficulty finding a suitable
symbol for Stirling numbers of the second kind.
The numbers are sufficiently important to warrant
822

m!

Second Kind

S~")
,

n~m

n(n-l) .,. (n-m+l)

Notations for the Stirling Numbers

n (r) (
8 )
C+S)
~o
m n-m
n'

=
t ( l)"-m (r)_C-l)
m n

r+s~n

r~n+l

",=0

(n)
m == (no)C'I)
mo In! . . .

I
\lIlodp)

]I It

prime

823

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

~O (-l)m(:)f(x-m)

where

= t (_1)S-k(n-k-1) !::,.kf(x-s)

s-k

k=O

C. Numerical analysis

III. Special Values

(~)=(~)=1

!::,.nf(x)=i;o (_l)n-m (:)f(x+m)

= (r)k !::,.nHf(x-r)
k=O

2n)=2 n(2n-1)(2n-3) ... 31

( n
n!

MultinoDlial Coefficients

24.1.2

I. Definitions

A. (n; nl, .n2, . . . , n m) is the number of ways of putting n=nl +n2+ ... +nm different objects
into m different boxes with nk in the k-th box, k= 1, 2, . . . , m.
(n; aI, a2, . . . , an) * is the number of permutations of n=al +2a2+ ... +na n symbols composed
of ak cycles of length k for k=l, 2, . . . , n.
(n; aI, a2, . . . , an)' is the number of ways of partitioning a set of n=al+2a2+ . .. +na n different objects into ak subsets containing k objects for k=l, 2, . . . , n.
B. Generating functions

summed over al+2a2+ ... +nan=n

and al+a2+ ... +an=m

C. Closed forms
(n; nl, n2, . . . , n m) =n!jnl!n2! . . . n m !
(n;al,a2, .. .,an)*=n!j141al!242~!

nl+n2+ . . . +nm=n

. . . n4na n!

al+2a2+ .. . +nan=n

(n;al, a2, ... , a,,)'=n!j(1!)alal!(2!)a2a2! ... (n!)Gnan!

II. Relations

A. Recurrence

C. Numerical analysis (Faa di Bruno's formula)

See page

II.

al+2a2+ ... +nan=n

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

824

PI

P2

PI

Pa

P2

PI

=2:(-I)"-%at(n;

. .. , a,,)*PfIP~2 ... P:"

a,,~,

0
n-l

Pn

PI

P n - I Pn - 2

summed over al+2a2+ ... +nan=n; e.g. if Pk=2:i-Jx1 for k=l, 2, ... , n then the determinant and
sum equal n!2:xlx2 ... x"' the latter sum denoting the n-th elementary symmetric function of XI, X2, ... , xT.
24.1.3

III. Asymptotics and Special Values

Stirling Numbers of the First Kind

I. Definitions

A.

for m=o(ln n)

(_l)n-ms~m)

is the number of permutations

of n symbols which have exactly m cycles.
B. Generating functions
n

x(x-l) ... (x-n+l)= ~

S~m)xm

S~~\

hm s(m)=-l
n~co n n

m=O

/x/<l
C. Closed form (see closed form for

S~I)=( -l)"-I(n-l)!

55~m

S~"-l)=-(~)

s~m)=~ (_I)k(n-l+kX 2n-m ) 55~"::m+k

n-m+k

k=O

n-m-:k

II. Relations

A. Recurrences

24.1.4

Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind

I. Definitions

SCm)= ~ (n) SCT) SCm-T)

( m)
r
n
k=m-T k
,,-k k

A. 55~m)is the number of ways of partitioning a

set of n elements into m non-empty subsets.
B. Generating functions

B. Checks
n
xn=~

55~m)x(x-l)

m-O

~ (_l)"-mS~m)=n!
maO

'" SCk+ll
k-m_SCm)
n+1 n
n

k.J
k"'m

C. Numerical analysis
dm
., SCm)
.J..",j(x)=m!
~ -"-, /l"j(x)
lW'-'
n-m n.
if convergent.

C. Closed form

... (x-m+l)

825

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
II. Relations

A. Recurrences

(m)
r

;;~m)=

}3

k .. m-r

(n)k

cr: (T)

""''II-~

C. Closed form

cr:(m-r)

sinh{~~~~}

,.,,,

'C:(n) =_1 {kA/c(n) d

t:

B. Checks
'II

2:

(-l),,-mm!

.s~m)=l

cr:'(m)='11~(_1)t (n-l+k) ( 2n-m )

~
n-m+k n-m-k

(!<o.l'"

n mH

k-m

24

x=x-[x]-j if x is not an integer

=0
if x is an integer

fI

" ""''11 -

8(h,k)=~i ((~))

S(".]

"'S(m) cr:(~)-"'S(~) cr:(m)_~

~
~
"..,/C
-am'll

k-m

In-~

dn

where

m-O

fI

7r..fi k=l

"

II. Relations

A. Recurrence

C. Numerical analysis

if convergent

2:
t

p(n)=

(_l)k-lp (n_

1<3k k <'II

'II

=- 2:

3k2
k)
2

p(O)=l

(J1(k)p(n-k)

nk=l

B. Check
III. Asymptotics and Special Values

lim m-" ~~m)=m!-l

III. Asymptotics

11-+111

a::(m)
""''II+m

m2

"
"' __

2"nl

pen) '" 4n.v3 e

cr:(m)

24.2.2 Partitions Into Distinct Parts

lim~=m
'II-+CD

rNa..fii

forn=o(mi)

~~m)

I. Definitions

~~l)

= ~~") = 1

A. q(n) is the number of decompositions of n

into distinct integer summands without regard to
order. E.g., 5=1+4=2+3 so that q(5)=3.
B. Generating function

24.2. Partitions
24.2.1

Unrestricted Partitions
'I. Definitions

A. pen) is the number of decompositions of n

into integer summands without regard to order.
E.g., 5=1+4=2+3=1+1+3=1+2+2=1+1+
1+2=1+1+1+1+1 so thatp(5)=7.

CD

CD

CD

n=O

n=l

n==l

2: q(n)x'll= II (1+x")= II

(l-x2n -

)-1

C. Closed form

-t q(n)=~t;t A

2k - l

(n) tn J o

(2;~1 ~~n+2~)

where Jo(x) is the Bessel function of order 0 and

A 2k - l (n) was defined in part I.C. of the previous
subsection.

826

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

II. Relations

g(x) = L: j(nx) for all x >0 if and only if

11=1

A. Recurrences

j(x) = L: #l(n)g(nx) for all x>o

(-1)A:q (n-

3klk

O~-2- ~II

3k2
k)=(-1Y ifn=3rr
2
q(O)= 1

'II-I

..

..

co

and ifL: L: Ij(mnx)I=2: uo(n)lj(nx)/ converges.

m-ll1=1

=0 otherwise

q(n)=~~ {

u1(k)-2u1

(~) }q(n-k)

11=1

The cyclotomic polynomial of order n is

II (ztl-1),,(,,/tlJ
dill

B. Check

III. Asymptotics

:t #l(n)n =0

r-r

L:

O~3kl::l::k~1I

(-I)A:q(n-(3k2k=I ifn=-2-

11=1

=0 otherwise.

:t #len)n

III. Asymptotics

24.3. NUDlber Theoretic Functions

24.3.1

24.3.2 The Euler Totient Function

The Mobius Function

I. Definitions

if n=1

A. #l(n)=1

= (-I)A: if n is the product of k distinct

lnn=-1

11=1

I. Definitions

A. rp(n) is the number of integers not exceeding

and relatively prime to n.
B. Generating functions

primes
if n is divisible by a square> 1.

=0

B. Generating functions

.
L: #l(n)n-'=1/r(s)

Db

~
co

1I~1

C. Closed form

.. #l (n)x"
L:--=x

I-x"

'II-I

rp(n) x" _
x
:::. -- ,Au
1-x"-(1-X)2 21Vv~ Ix/<1
I

rp(n)=nII

II. Relations

A. Recurrenoe

pi'll

(1-!)
P

Over distinct primes p dividing n.

#l(mn)=#l(m)#l(n) if (m, n)=1

if (m, n1

=0

B. Check

II. Relations

A. Recurrence
rp(mn)=rp(m)rp(n)

"); #l(el) =5"1

di7i
C. Numerical analysis
g(n) = "); j(el) for all n if and only if
din'
j(n) =

W#l(el)g(n/d) for all n

g(n) =II j(el) for all n if and only if

dill
j(n) =II g(n/d),,(tl) for all n
g(x) =

11-1

B. Checks
"); rp(el) =n

di7i

rp(n)=~ #l (~) d
a<p(")=1(mod n)

dill

j(x/n) for all x>O if and only if

[xl

j(x) =22 #l(n)g(x/n) for all x>O

11-1

(m, n)=l

III. Asymptotics

(a, n)=1

827

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

24.3.3 Divisor Functions

I. Definitions

A. O'k(n) is the sum of the k-th powers of the

divisors of n. Often O'o(n) is denoted by den); and
O't(n) by O'(n).
B. Generating functions

O'k(n)n-s=t(s)t(s-k)

'/1=1

'"
'" nkx"
~ O'k(n)x"= ~ Ixn

~s>k+1

Ixl<l

C. Closed form
, pf<at+ 1J -1
'" 1

O'k(n) = ~ dl= II
dl~

i=1

24.3.4 PriInitive Roots

J. Definitions

The integers not exceeding and relatively prime

to a fixed integer n form a group; the group is
cyclic if and only if n=2, 4 or n is of the form pk or
2pl: where p is an odd prime. Then g is a primitive
root of n if it generates that group; i.e., if g, g2, ... ,
g'P<nJ are distinct modulo n. There are cp(cp(n
primitive roots of n.
II. Relations

Pt-

II. Relations

A. Recurrences
O'k(mn) = O'I:(m)O'I:(n)

(m, n)= 1

O'k(np) = O'",(n)O'",(p) -pkO'",(n/p)

p prIme

III. Asymptotics

1 "
- ~ O'o(m)=lnn+2'Y- 1 +O(n- t )
n m=1

('Y=Euler's constant)

A. Recurrences. If g is a primitive root of a

prime p and gP-t t= 1(mod p2) then g is a primitive
root of pI: for all k. If gP-l:=;l(mod p2) then g+p
is a primitive root of p'" for all k.
If g is a primitive root of pk then either g or
g+pk, whichever is odd, is a primitive root of 2p"'.
B. Checks. If g is a primitive root of n then gk
is a primitive root of n if and only if (k, cp(n) = 1,
and each primitive root of n is of this form.

References
Tests

[24.1] L. Carlitz, Note on Norlunds polynomial B~'>'

Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 11,452-455 (1960).
[24.2] T. Fort, Finite differences (Clarendon Press,
Oxford, England, 1948).
[24.3] H. W. Gould, Stirling number representation
problems, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 11, 447-451
(1960).
[24.4] G. H. Hardy, Ramanujan (Chelsea Publishing Co.,
New York, N.Y., 1959).
[24.5] G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An introduction
to the theory of numbers, 4th ed. (Clarendon
Press, Oxford, England, 1960).
[24.6] L. K. HUa, On the number of partitions of a number into unequal parts, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.
51, 194-201 (1942).
(24.7] C. Jordan, Calculus of finite differences, 2d ed.
(Chelsea Publishing Co., New York, N.Y.,
1960).
[24.8] K. Knopp, Theory and application of infinite
series (Blackie and Son, Ltd., London, England,
1951).
[24.9] L. M. Milne-Thomson, The calculus of finite
differences (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London,
England, 1951).
[24.10] L. Moser and M. Wyman, Stirling numbers of the
second kind, Duke Math. J. 25, 29-43 (1958).
[24.11] L. Moser and M. Wyman, Asymptotic development of the Stirling numbers of the first kind,
J. London Math. Soc. 33, 133-146 (1958).
[24.12] H. H. Ostmann, Additive Zahlentheorie, vol. I
(Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1956).

[24.13] H. Rademacher, On the partition function, Proc.

London Math. Soc. 43, 241-254 (1937).
[24.14] H. Rademacher and A. Whiteman, Theorems on
Dedekind sums, Amer. J. Math. 63, 377-407
(1941).
[24.15] J. Riordan, An introduction to combinatorial
analysis (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1958).
(24.16] J. V. Uspensky and M. A. Heaslet, Elementary
number theory (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1939).
Tables

[24.17] British Association for the Ad vancement of Science,

Mathematical Tables, vol. VIII, Number-divisor
tables (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England, 1940). n~lO.
[24.18] H. Gupta, Tables of distributions, Res. Bull. East
Panjab Univ. 13-44 (1950); 750 (1951).
[24.19] H. Gupta, A table of partitions, Proc. London
Math. Soc. 39, 142-149 (1935) and II. 42,
546-549 (1937). pen), n=I(I)300; pen), n=301
(1)600.
[24.20] G. Kavan, Factor tables (Macmillan and Co., Ltd.,
London, England, 1937). n:S;256,OOO.
[24.21] D. N. Lehmer, List of prime numbers from 1 to
10,006,721, Carnegie Institution of Washington,
Publication No. 165, Washington, D.C. (1914).
[24.22] Royal Society Mathematical Tables, vol. 3, Table
of binomial coefficients (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1954). mJor r~!n900.
[24.23] G. N. Watson, Two tables of partitions, Proc.
London Math. Soc. 42, 550-556 (1937).

828

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS (.:)

Table 24.1
n\m 0

1
2
3
4
5

1
1
1
1
1

6
7
8
9
10

1
1
1
1
1

6
([)
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15

1
1
1
1
1

11
12
13
14,
15

105

16
17
18
19
20

1
1
1
1
1

16
17
18
19
20

120
136
153
171
190

21
22
23
24
25

1
1
1
1
1

26
27
28
29
30

4
5

1-

~
36
45

55

~'

t-

V\.

1
4.....

tW

l'
165
220
286
364
455
560
680

!~

1
5'

't,

1't

l 0

1
6
21'
56.-

15-

1
7
28
84
210-

~
~
1287

1001
1365

~0

21
22
23
24
25

210
1330
231
1540
253 ' 1771
276
2024
300 ' 2300

5985
7315
885'5
10626
(12650'

20349
26334
33649
42504
53130

1
1
1
1
1

26
27
28
29
30

325
351
378
406
435

2600
2925
3276
3654
4060

1495'0
17550
20475
23751
27405

65780
80730
98280
1 18755
1 42506

31
32
33
34
35

1
1
1
1
1

31
32
33
34
35

465
496
528
561
595

4495
4960
5456
5984
6545

31465
35960
40920
46376
52360

1
2
2
2
3

36
37
38
39
40

1
1
1
1
1

36
37
38
39
40

630
666
703
741
780

7140
7770
8436
9139
9880

58905
66045
73815
82251
91390

41
42
43
44
45

1
1
1
1
1

41
42
43
44
45

820
861
903
946
990

10660
11480
12341
13244
14190

46
47
48
49
50

1
1
1
1
1

46
47
48
49
50

1035
1081
1128
1176
1225

15180
16215
17296
18424
19600

330
792-

165
495
1287
300)-

11440
19448
31824
50388
77520

(I1lli,+,)

54264
74613
1 00947
1 34596
1 77100

1
9
45

4
~
6435

8008
12376

m3T.
38760

36
120

3003
5005

~
4368
6188
8568
11628
15504

2002

1820
2380
3060
3876
4845

64~5

qm~

4i6i8~:)
0544
2 45157
3 46104
4 80700

43758
75582
1 25970
2
3
4
7
10

03490
19770
90314
35471
81575

2
2
3
4
5

30230
96010
76740
75020
93775

6
8
11
15
20

57800
88030
84040
60780
35800

15
22
31
42
58

62275
20075
08105
92145
52925

69911
01376
37336
78256
24632

7
9
11
13
16

36281
06192
07568
44904
23160

26
33
42
53
67

29575
65856
72048
79616
24520

78
105
138
181
235

88725
18300
84156
56204
35820

3
4
5
5
6

76992
35897
01942
75757
58008

19
23
27
32
38

47792
24784
60681
62623
38380

83
102
126
153
186

47680
95472
20256
80937
43560

302
386
489
615
769

60340
08020
03492
23748
04685

101270
111930
123410
135751
148995

7
8
9
10
12

49398
50668
62598
86008
21759

44
52
60
70
81

96388
45786
96454
59052
45060

224
269
322
383
453

81940
78328
24114
20568
79620

955
1180
1450
1772
2155

48245
30185
08513
32627
53195

163185
178365
194580
211876
230300

13
15
17
19
21

70754
33939
12304
06884
18760

93
107
122
139
158

66819
37573
71512
83816
90700

535
628
736
859
998

24680
91499
29072
00584
84400

2609
3144
3773
4509
5368

32815
57495
48994
78066
78650

From Royal Society Mathematical Tables, vol. 3, Table of binomial coefficients.

Press, Cambridge, England, 1!154 (with permission).

Cambridge Univ.

829

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
n\m

10

,,""

(~)

Table 24.1
12

13

1
13
91
455

1
14
105

1820
6188
18564
50388
1 25970

560
2380
8568
27132
77520

11

tip

9
10

1
10

11
12
13
14
15

55
220
715
2002
5005

11
66
286
1001
3003

16
17
18
19
20

1144!J';
24310
48620
92378
1 61960

. 8608
19448
4375892378
1 84756

1
12
78
364
1365

.....

4368
12376
31824
75582
1 6??60 -

21
22
23
24
25

2
4
8
13
, 20

93930
97420
17190
07504
42975

3
6
11
19
32

52716
46646
44066
61256
68760

3
7
13
24
44

52716
05432
52078
96144
57400

2
6
13
27
52

26
27
28
29
30

31
46
69
100
143

24550
86825
06900
15005
07150

53
84
131
200
300

11735
36285
23110
30010
45015

77
130
214
345
546

26160
37895
74180
97290
27300

96
173
304
518
864

57700
83860
21755
95935
93225

31
32
33
34
35

201
280
385
524
706

60075
48800
67100
51256
07460

443
645
925
1311
1835

52165
12240
61040
28140
79396

846
1290
1935
2860
4172

72315
24480
36720
97760
25900

1411
2257
3548
5483
8344

20525
92840
17320
54040
51800

2062
3473
5731
9279
14763

53075
73600
66440
83760
37800

36
37
38
39
40

941
1244
1630
2119
2734

43280
03620
11640
15132
38880

2541
3483
4727
6357
8476

86856
30136
33756
45396
60528

6008
8549
12033
16760
23118

05296
92152
22288
56044
01440

12516
18524
27074
39107
55868

77700
82996
75148
97436
53480

23107
35624
54149
81224
1 20332

89600
67300
50296
25444
22880

41
42
43
44
45

3503
4458
5639
7089
8861

43565
91810
21995
30508
63135

11210
14714
19173
24812
31901

99408
42973
34783
56778
87286

31594
42805
57520
76693
1 01505

61968
61376
04349
39132
95910

1
1
2
2

78986
10581
53386
10906
87600

54920
16888
78264
82613
21745

1
2
3
5
7

76200
55187
65768
19155
30062

76360
31280
48168
26432
09045

46
47
48
49
50

11017
13626
16771
20544
25054

16330
49145
06640
55634
33700

40763
51780
65407
82178
1 02722

50421
66751
15896
22536
78170

1
1
2
2
3

83196
33617
00368
16264
38800

3
5
6
9
12

89106
22514
96685
22637
13996

17655
00851
34468
34836
51100

10
14
19
26
35

17662
06768
29282
25967
48605

30790
48445
49296
83764
18600

33407
74171
25952
91359
73537

93930
4664652078
04156
00300

2
4
11
24
52

03490
97420
44066
9614400300

104 00600
200' 58300
374 42160
678 63915
1197 59850

830

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS (~)

Table 24.1

n\m

14
1
15

15

16

17

18

19

14
15
16
17
18
19
20

120
680
3060
11628
38760

16
136
816
3876
15504

1
17
153
969
4845

1
18
171
1140

1
19
190

1
20

54264
70544
90314
07504
68760

20349
74613
2 45157
7 35471
20 42975

5985
26334
1 00947
3 46104
10 815-75

1330
7315
33649
1 34596
4 80700

210
1540
8855
42504
1 77100

21
22
23
24
25

1
3
8
19
44

16280
19770
17190
61256
57400

26
27
28
29
30

96
200
401
775
1454

31
32
33
34
35

2651
4714
8188
13919
23199

82525
35600
09200
75640
59400

3005
5657
10371
18559
32479

40195
22720
58320
67520
43160

36
37
38
39
40

37962
61070
96695
1 50845
2 32069

97200
86800
54100
04396
29840

55679
93641
1 54712
2 51408
4 02253

02560
99760
86560
40660
45056

1
4
13
32
77
173
374
775
1551

5770058300
16600
58760
22675

26160
83860
42160_
58760
17520

53
130
304
678
1454

11735
37895
21755
63915
22675_

3005
6010
11668
22039
40599

40195
80390
03110
61430
28950

1
2
3
6

73078
28757
22399
77112
28521

72110
74670
74430
60990
01650

31 24550
84 36285
214 743.80

15
46
131
345
864

518 95'J35

1197 590850
2651
5657
11668
23336
45375

82525
2272003110
06220
67650

1
2
5
8

85974
59053
87811
10211
87323

96600
68710
43380
17810
78800

62275
86825
23110
97290
93225

6
22
69
200
546

57800
20075
06900
30010
27300

1411
3473
8188
18559
40599

20525
73600
09200
67520
28950

. 2062
4714
10371
22039
45375

53075
33600
59320
6143067650

1
3
6
11

90751
76726
35780
23591
33802

35300
31900
00610
43990
61800

1
3
6
13

85974
76726
53452
89232
12824

9660031900
63800
64410
08400

41
42
43
44
45

3
5
7
11
16

52401
28602
83789
49558
68713

52720
29080
60360
08528
34960

6
9
15
22
34

34322
86724
15326
99116
48674

74896
27616
56696
17056
25584

10
16
26
41
64

30774
65097
51821
67148
66264

46706
21602
49218
05914
22970

15
25
42
68
110

15844
46619
11716
63537
30686

80450
27156
48758
97976
03890

20
35
60
102
171

21126
36971
83590
95306
58844

40600
21050
48206
96964
94940

24
44
80
140
243

46626
67753
04724
88314
83621

70200
10800
31850
80056
17020

46
47
48
49
50

23
34
48
67
93

98775
16437
23206
52488
78456

44005
74795
23240
72536
56300

51
75
109
157
225

17387
16163
32600
55807
08295

60544
04549
79344
02584
75120

99
150
225
334
492

14938
32326
48489
81089
36896

48554
09098
13647
92991
95575

174
274
424
649
984

96950
11888
44214
92703
73793

26860
75414
84512
98159
91150

281
456
730
1155
1805

89530
86481
98370
42584
35288

98830
25690
01104
85616
83775

415
697
1154
1885
3040

42466
31997
18478
16848
59433

71960
70790
96480
97584
83200

n\m

\~

20

20

21
22
23
24
25

21
231
1771
10626
53130

22

23

~O

{\

24

~.

1
22
253
2024
12650

1
23
276
2300

1
24
300

1
25

14950
80730
3 76740
15 60780
58 52925

2600
17550
98280
4 75020
20 35800

325
2925
20475
1 18755
5 93775

26
27
28
29
30

2
8
31
100
300

30230
88030
08105
15005
45015

2
11
42
143

65780
96010
84040
92145
07150

31
32
33
34
35

846
2257
5TH
13919
32479

72315
92840
66440
75640
43160

443
1290
3548
9279
23199

52165
24480
17320
83760
59400

1
2
6
13

55679
28757
87811
23591
12824

02560
74670
43380
43990
08400-

25

26
351
3276
23751
1 42506

201
645
1935
5483
14763

60075
12240
36720
54040
37800

78
280
925
2860
8344

88725
48800
61040
91760
51800

26
105
385
1311
4172

29575
18300
67100
28140
25900

7
33
138
524
1835

36281
65856
84156
51256
79396

37962
93641
2 22399
5 10211
11 33802

97200
99760
74430
17810
61800

23107
61070
1 54712
3 77112
8 87323

89600
86800
86560
60990
78800

12516
35624
96695
2 51408
6 28521

17700
67300
54100
40660
01650

6008
18524
54149
1 50845
4 02253

05296
82996
50296
04396
45056

36
37
38
39
40

1
3
6
13

73078
59053
35780
89232
78465

72110
68710
0061064410
28820

41
42
43
44
45

26
51
96
176
316

91289
37916
05669
10393
98708

37220
07420
18220
50070
30126

26
53
105
201
377

91289
82578
20494
26164
36557

37220
74440
81860
00080
50150

24
51
105
210
411

46
47
48
49
'50

560
976
1673
2827
4712

82330
24796
56794
75273
92122

07146
79106
49896
46376
43960

694
1255
2231
3904
6732

35265
17595
42392
99187
74460

80276
87422
66528
16424
62800

789
1483
2738
4969
8874

46626
37916
20494
40989
67153

70200
0742081860
63720
63800

03711 13950
38976 94226
~6572 81648
98965 48176
98152 64600

20
44
96
201
411

21126
67753
05669
26164
67153

40600
10800
18220
00080-63800

823
1612
3095
5834
10804

34307
38018
76995
33568
32533

27600
41550
35776
17424
6i600

15
35
80
176
377

15844
36971
04724
10393
36557

80450
21050
31850
50070
50150

10
25
60
140
316

30774
46619
83590
88314
98708

46706
27156
48206
80056
30126

789
1612
3224
6320
12154

03711
38018
76036
53032
86600

13950- 694
41550 1483
83100 3095
18876 6320
36300 12641

35265
38976
76995
53032
06064

80276
94226
35776>
18876
37752

831

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

Table 24.2

Multinomials and Partitions

71"=

la" 2a2,

0, na", n=a,+2a2+

M,=(nj n,,~,
M2=(n; a,,~,

Ma= (n;

alJ~,

M,

"

0,

0,

an) *=n!/1 a'a,!2a2~!

M2

1
2

2
12

1
2

1
1

1
1

1
2
3

3
1,2
13

1
3
6

2
3
1

1
3
1

1
2

4
1,3
22
12,2

1
4
6
12
24

6
8
3
6
1

1
4
3
6
1

1~

1
5
10
20
30
60
120

24
30
20
20
15
10
1

1
5
10
10
15
10
1

6
1,5
2,4
32
12,4
1,2,3
23
13,3
12, 22
1\ 2
16

1.

6
15
20
30
60
90
120
180
360
720

120
144
90
40
90
120
15
40
45
15
1

1
6
15
10
15
60
15
20
45
15
1

7
1,6
2,5
3,4
12,5
1,2,4
1,32
22,3
13 ,4
12,2,3
1, 23
1\ 3
13, 22
16,2
17

1
7
21
35
42
105
140
210
210
420
630
840
1260
2520
5040

720
840
504
420
504
630
280
210
210
420
105
70
105
21
1

1
7
21
35
21
105
70
105
35
210
105
35
105
21
1

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
2
3

4
5
6
7

l'

5
1,4
2,3
12,3
1, 22
13,2

+nan m=a,+~+

M3

+an

nanan !

1
2

5
6

00

(n!)a n

an)'=n!/(I!)4ia,!(2!)~~!

3
4

n m)=n!/(1!)a'(2!)a2

7r

7
8
1
2

6
7
8
9

(n!)4na,.!
7r

8
1, 7
2,6
3, 5
42
i2,6
1,2,5
1,3,4
22,4
2,3 2
13,5
12,2,4
12,3 2
1,22,3
24
14,4
13 ,2,3
12 , 23
1~, 3
1\ 22
Ie, 2
IB
9
1,8
2,7
3,6
4,5
12, 7
1,2,6
1,3,5
1,4 2
22 ,5
2,3,4
33
13, 6
P, 2, 5
12,3,4
1,22 ,4
1,2,32
23 ,3
14, 5
13,2,4
13, 32
12 ,2 2 ,3
1, 24
15,4
1\ 2, 3
13,23
16,3
15,2 2
17,2
19

M,

M2

M3

1
8
28
56
70
56
168
280
420
560
336
840
1120
1680
2520
1680
3360
5040
6720
10080
20160
40320
1
9
36
84
126
72
252
504
630
756
1260
1680
504
1512
2520
3780
5040
7560
3024
7560
10080
15120
22680
15120
30240
45360
60480
90720
181440
362880

5040
5760
3360
2688
1260
3360
4032
3360
1260
1120
1344
2520
1120
1680
105
420
1120
420
112
210
28
1
40320
45360
25920
20160
18144
25920
30240
24192
11340
9072
15120
2240
10080
18144
15120
11340
10080
2520
3024
7560
3360
7560
945
756
2520
1260
168
378
36
1

1
8
28
56
35
28
168
280
210
280
56
420
280
840
105
70
560
420
56
210
28
1
1
9
36
84
126
36
252
504
315
378
1260
280
84
756
1260
1890
2520
1260
126
1260
840
3780
945
126
1260
1260
84
378
36
1

832

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

MultinoDlials and Partitions

Table 24.2

n
10

m
1
2

See page n.

7r

10
1,9
2, 8
3,7
4,6
52
12, 8
1,2,7
1,3.6
1,4,5
22,6
2,3,5
2,4 2
32,4
13, 7
12,2,6
12,3,5
12,4 2
1,22,5
1,2,3,4
1, 33

MI

1
10
45
120
210
25290
360
840
1260
1260
2520
3150
4200
720
2520
5040
6300
7560
12600
16800

M2

M3

362880
403200
226800
172800
151200
72576
226800
259200
201600
181440
75600
*120960
56700
50400
86400
151200
120960
56700
90720
151200
22400

1
10
45
120
210
126
45
360
840
1260
630
2520
1575
2100
120
1260
2520
1575
3780
12600
2800

n
10

m
5

7
8
9
10

7r
MI
3
2 ,4
18900
25200
22,3 2
5040
1\ 6
13 ,2,5
15120
13,3,4
25200
F, 22,4 *37800
50400
F, 2, 32
1,23,3
75600
25
113400
15,5
30240
1\ 2,4
75600
14, 32
100800
13,2 2,3 151200
12, 24
226800
151200
16 ,4
302400
15 ,2,3
453600
1\ 23
F,3
604800
16 , 22
9072JO
18 ,2
1814400
110
3628800

M2

M3

18900
3150
25200
6300
25200
210
60480
2520
4200
50400
*56700 9450
50400 12600
25200 12600
945
945
252
6048
18900
3150
2100
8400
25200 12600
4725
4725
210
1260
2520
5040
3150
3150
240
120
630
630
45
45
1
1

833

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
STIRLING NUMBERS OF THE FIRST KIND S(m)
n

n\m

1
1

1
2
3
4
5

Table 24.3

-1
2

I,'

-3
H
-50

-6
24

1
-1)

35

)-;2. __

-120
720
-5040
40320
-3 62660

6
7
8

10

36
-399
4790
- 62270
6 71762

11
12
13
14
15

-130
2092
- 35566
6 40237
-121 64510

16
17
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

11
-258
6204

2432
51090
24000
52016
48401

90200
94217
72777
73886
73323

28600
16600
01600
20800
91200

76743
27696
74260
37057
04086

68000
86000
96000
28000
32000

81766
17094
76076
49766
94393

40000
40000
80000
40000
60000

~ S\.\)'" ~ .. \

N'v

W\.::'\

-e

n\m

274
-1764
13068
-1 09564
10 26576
-106
1205
- 14864
1 98027
-28 34656
433
-7073
1 22340
-22 37698
431 56514
1
-41
965
-23427

-8752
86244
48476
38966
87216

94803
81078
77933
65249
39871

28640
43840
42880
59040
47;360

91630
42823
55905
80585
68176

01600
93600
79200
21600
36400

67616
01702
54547
30662
85664

00000
40000
20000
40000
00000

l'~

4
5

1
-10

6
7
8
9
10

85
-735,
6769
- 67284
7 23680

16
17
16
19
20
21
22
2
23
-65
24
1573
25 -39365

505
-8707
1 58331
-30 32125
610 11607
12870
84093
48684
75898
61409

93124
31590
85270
28594
13866

03824
75904
27488
19424
91776

51509
18114
30686
15107
31181

88800
68800
97600
32800
31200

-2
67
-1595
39254

l.

34
-459
6572
- 99577
15 97216
-270
4836
- 90929
17 95071
-371 38478
-1
42
-1050
26775

8037
81664
80722
05310
03356

13803
98631
56146
39850
95373

75975
90286
67377
27606
27809

58176
22446
24446
95938
03411

14720
37120
24640
22720
53280

36407
32163
09306
68605
77192

04000
84000
88000
44000
96000

-15
175
-1960
22449
-2 69325

( .)I I

J .

09500
58076
14888
53096
60400

69957
77488
39757
40077
57404

-616
10299
-1 82160
34 01224
-666 60973

53576
17976
59552
17056
97824

Y-n<J(
5

-84
1052
- 14140
2 03137
-31 09892

127
-1509
19315
-2 65967
39 21567

Ls;:)~o) 1~011.61043

11
12
13
14
15

-225
1624
- 13132
1 18124
-11 72700

81182
97952
86535
75591
42796

16930
95730
06836
03756
05660

68133
60092
99056
22809
73452

45600
33424
44112
21504
28000

26450
06970
71471
74529
03823

51776
76096
42912
-20
84576
507
62624 -13237

From unpublished tables of Francis L. Miksa, with permission.

-21
322
-4536
63273
-9
133
-2060
33361
-5 66633
100
-1886
36901
-7 55152
161 42973
-3599
83637
21687
79532
14091

97951
38169
37691
53430
57918

02055
39535
70150
18786
66760

96721
15670
26492
75920
65301

07080
58880
34384
63024
18960

79476
95448
06827
28501
58577

07200
02976
41568
98976
60000

834

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
STIRLIN(; NUMBERS (W THE FIRST KIND

Table 2'l.3

n\m
7
8
9
10
1
-26
449
-7909
1 44093

11

12
13
14
15

-27
537
- 11022
2 35312
-52 26090

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

7
-185
4969

1206
28939
20308
88776
10165

64780
58339
21644
35505
05554

1
-28
546
-9450

1
-36
870

1
-45

10680
77960
84200
49984
12720

37803
73354
09246
19497
96448

73360
47760
53696
76576
36800

5
-114
2487
- 55792
12 95363
-311
7744
-1 99321
53 04713
-1459 01905

33364
65431
97822
71552
52766

18150
57423
26634
36473
53775

46311
69012
18452
16815
69899

29553
83528
97936
47048
43896

31613
01695
10661
54458
26492

90640
76800
37360
12976
88000

11

-55
1925
- 55770
14 74473
-373 12275

12
13

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
-10
276
-7707
2 20984
-65 08376

21
22
23
24
25

-2
57
-1471
38192

9280
30571
79248
07534
20555

95740
59840
94833
08923
02195

14229
01910
40110
45497
17966

98655
92750
12973
94337
81468

11450
35346
61068
17396
50000

n\m
13

14
15
-2
83
-2996
1 02469
-34 22525

16
17
18
19
20
12
-413
13990

n\m
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
13
24 -640
25 29088

1131
37310
36304
35671
94520

02769
09998
58470
43013
02391

17
1
-153
13566
-9 20550
533
27921
67173
05903
66798

1
-37
1103
- 33081
10 14945

40395
59745
49736
04996
37300

1
-105

18400
94022
50806
37272
11900
95381
02531
86207
14056
06865

-3
138
-5497
2 06929
-75
2718
- 97125
34 70180
-1246 20006

61111
86118
04609
64487
90102

18

19

1
-171
16815

1
-190

-12 56850
27946
-16
797 21796
67686
1168
- 45460 47198
57942
24 12764 43496 - 72346
36096
67135 -1219 12249 80000 41 49085

50105
50868
11859
85742
52146

6580
23680
96582
89282
33630
84500
69881
39913
04206
15000

28000
77553
01929
32658
67550

20992
72465
95944
17376
71489

94896
83456
12832
32496
92880

1
-78
3731
-1 43325

30753
60053
23088
71136
52782

14

03081
98069
22964
26016
95940

82076
59531
81053
77407
87554

1
-66
2717
- 91091
27 49747
58480
31420
93980
86473
51910

1
-91
5005

63
-1634
43714
-12 04749
342 18695

1320
32670
49463
69653
11615

12

-785
21850
-6 02026
166 15733
-4628 06477

13

18
-430
10241
-2 50385

7
-166
3684

II

J()

10

21
22
23
24
25

3
-69
1350
- 26814

57773
37558
90231
43153
22928

28032
45234
84661
50405
33625

n\m

sCm)
n

4
-159
6238
-2 40604
92 44691

20615
89765
-22
96626
1684
69596
-1
12768
13800

48
-1569
48532
-14 75607
446 52267
4
-129
4070
-1 30770

13558
15482
00665
38405
92873

51828
38514
98183
70075
67558

99622
52432
22764
03732
57381
99530
30525
31295
69521
73500

15

16

-120
8500
-4 68180
223 23822
-9739 41900

1
-136
10812
-6 62796
349 16946

01717
97183
24164
60386
13761

20

71630
88730
21941
44556
73550

21

7
-325
13727
-5 70058

22

16722
52896
60911
25118
63218

23

80820
68850
03430
00831
64500

24

25

1
-210
25025
40315
23871 -29
42500 2388

1
-231
1
-253
1
30107
1
-276
35926
32776
10495 -37 95000 42550 -300

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

,s:;'1l

STIHLlM; Mi\IBEItS 0 ... TilE SECOND KIND

~/

/"

/J

;~

1
3
7
15

1
6

25

10

6
7
8
9
10

31
63
127
255
511

90
301
966
3025
9330

65
350
1701
7770
34105

11
12
13
14
15

1023
2047
4095
8191
16383

28501
86526
2 61625
7 88970
23 75101

16
17
18
19
20

32767
65535
1 31071
2 62143
5 24287

11\ III

21
22
23
24
25

10
20
41
83
167

71
214
644
1934
5806

48575
97151
94303
88607
77215

41686
57825
39010
48101
06446

17423 43625
52280 79450
1 56863 35501
4 70632 00806
14 11979 91025

1
6
25
103
423

45750
11501
32530
91745
55950

1717
6943
27988
12596
52321

98901
37290
06985
66950
15901

7
8
9
10

15
140
1050
6951
42525
2
13
75
400
2107

21
266
2646
22827

46730
79400
08501
75035
66920

1
13
93
634
4206

10961 90550
56527 51651
2 89580 95545
14 75892 84710
74 92060 90500

18 15090 70050
72 77786 23825
291 63425 74750
1168 10566 34501
4677 12897 38810

379
1913
9641
48500
2 43668

12625
78219
68881
07834
49741

68401
12055
84100
95250
10751

79487
23652
21312
36373
93273

27349 26558
1 75057 49898

11 06872 51039
69 30816 01779
430 60788 95384
2658
16330
99896
6 09023
37 02641

56794
53393
98579
60360
70000

,,\ nl

Table 21.1

62804
45225
83405
84530
02430
]()

28
462
5880

11
12
13
14
15

6
57
493
4087

63987
27396
15424
29280
41333

16
17
18
19
20

2
19
149
1114

32818
57081
74624
29246
35540

82604
04786
83400
34839
45652

21
22
23
24
25

8231
60276
4 38264
31 '67746
227 83248

09572
23799
19991
38518
29987

14948
67440
17305
04540
16310

45

1
18
209
2166

11880
59027
99612
12320
27840

1155
22275
3 59502
51 35130
671 28490

55
1705
39325
7 52752
126 62650

2
18
170
1517

21417
04159
90360
97510
09326

64053
95028
65010
03480
62679

8207 84250
95288 22303
10 61753 95755
114 46146 26805
1201 12826 44725

1937 54990
27583 34150
3 71121 63803
47 72970 33785
591 75849 64655

13251
14239
74195
31828
22372

10153
90799
50199
21583
11183

47084
91620
00400
20505
68580

1
12
120
1167

12327
24196
32006
62257
9214i

24764
33035
88117
43260
10929

65204
33920
96900
9
72500 108
73005 1203

7118
83514
59340
25408
16339

71322
37993
12973
17849
21753

91275
77954
13460
31500
87500

]]

]2

]3

] I

1
66
24)1
66066
14 79478

1
78
3367
06470

1
91
4550

1
105

11\ 1/1

11
12
13
14
15

1
9
82
690

36
750

16
17
18
19
20

289
5120
83910
12 94132
190 08424

21
22
23
24
25

2682 68516 89001

36628 25008 70286
4 86425 13089 51100
63 10016 56957 75560
802 35590 44384 62660

36908
60978
04908
17791
29486

27
620
12563
2 34669
41 10166

57118
22324
28866
51300
33391

683 30420 30178

10882 33560 51137
1 67216 27734 83930
24 93020 45907 58260
362 26262 07848 74680

1
49
1258
28924
6 10686
120
2249
40128
6 88883
114 48507

49092
68618
25603
60579
33437

65620
10178
54638
39160
60380
18331
68481
41390
22000
44260

14
329
6862
1 36209
25 95811

2
84
2435
63025

6020
49900
08778
77530
24580

93040
51652
91758
10216
03608

04500
81331
07115
41000
96000

1.')

16

17

H~

19

120
7820
3 67200
139 16778
4523 29200

1
136
9996
5 27136
223.50954

1
153
12597
7 41285

1
171
15675

1
190

8099 44464
2 60465 74004
76 23611 27264
2067 71824 65555
52665 51616 95960

349 52799
14041 42047
4 99169 88803
161 09499 36915
4806 33313 93110

" If'

15

16
17
18
19
20
21

22
23
24
25

"

1
34
847
19582
4 29939

30874
56159
94044
02422
46553

62580
43200
29331
47080
47200

211

21

22

210
23485
18 59550
1169 72779
62201 94750

1
231
28336
24 54606
1685 19505

I
253
33902
32 00450

'II

10
533
23648
9 24849
327 56785

23435
74629
85369
25445
94925

13
797
38807
16 62189

20
21
22
23
24
25

1
276
40250

From unpublished tables of Francis L. Miksa, with permission.

See page

II.

I
300

19285
89850
81779
39170
69675

836

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
Nl'MBER OF PARTITIONS AND PARTITIOI'iS II'iTO U1STlN(;T PARTS

Tabl. 21.5

1
2
3
5

'/(,,)
1
1
1
2
2

50
51
52
53
54

2
2
2
3
3

1'(1/)
04226
39943
81589
29931
86155

'/(" )
3658
4097
4582
5120
5718

100
101
102
103
104

I{n)
1905 69292
2144 81126
2412 65379
2712 48950
3048 01365

4
4
5
5
6

'/(" )
44793
83330
25016
70078
18784

150
151
152
153
154

4
4
4
5
6

1'(1/)
08532 35313
50606 24582
96862 88421
47703 36324
03566 73280

194
207
222
2;'8
255

06016
92120
72512
53318
40982

7
11
15
22
30

3
4
5
6
8

55
56
57
58
59

4
5
6
7
8

51276
26823
14154
15220
31820

6378
7108
7917
8808
9792

105
106
107
108
109

3423
3842
4311
4835
5419

25709
76336
49389
02844
46240

6
7
7
8
9

71418
28260
89640
55906
27406

155
156
157
158
159

6
7
8
8
9

64931
32322
06309
87517
76627

82097
43759
64769
78802
28555

273
292
313
335
358

42421
64960
16314
04746
39008

42
56
71
101
135

10
12
15
18
22

60
61
62
63
64

9
11
13
15
17

66467
21505
00156
05499
41630

10880
12076
13394
14848
16444

110
III
ll2
113
114

6071
6799
7610
8513
9520

63746
03203
02156
76628
50665

10
10
11
12
13

04544
87144
77438
74118
78304

160
161
162
163
164

10
II
12
14
15

74381
81590
99139
27989
69194

59466
68427
04637
95930
75295

383
409
438
468
500

28320
82540
12110
28032
42056

176
231
297
385
4YO

27
32
38
46
54

65
66
67
68
69

20
23
26
30
35

12558
23520
79689
87735
54345

18200
20132
22250
24576
27130

115
116
117
118
119

10641
11889
13271
14820
16536

44451
08248
10076
74143
68665

14
16
17
18
20

90528
ll388
41521
81578
32290

165
166
167
168
169

17
18
20
22
25

23898
93348
78904
82047
04389

00255
22579
20102
32751
25115

534
571
610
651
695

66624
14844
00704
39008
45358

627
792
1002
1255
1575

64
76
89
104
122

70
71
72
73
74

40
46
53
61
70

87968
97205
92783
85689
89500

29927
32992
36352
40026
44046

120
121
122
123
124

18443
20561
22913
25523
28419

49560
48051
20912
38241
40500"

21
23
25
27
29

94432
68800
56284
57826
74400

170
171
172
173
174

27
30
33
36
39

47686
13848
04954
23268
71250

17130
02048
99613
59895
74750

742
792
845
901
962

36384
29676
43782
98446
14550

28
29

1958
2436
3010
3718
4565

142
165
192
222
256

75
76
77
78
79

81
92
106
121
138

18264
89091
19863
32164
48650

48446
53250
58499
64234
70488

125
126
127
128
129

31631
35192
39138
43510
48352

27352
22692
64295
78600
71870

32
34
37
40
43

07086
57027
25410
13544
22816

175
176
177
178
179

43
47
52
57
62

51576
67158
21158
17016
58467

97830
57290
31195
05655
53120

1026
1094
1166
1243
1325

14114
20549
58616
54422
35702

30
31
32
33
34

5604
6842
8349
10143
12310

296
340
390
448
512

80
81
82
83
84

157
180
205
233
265

96476
04327
06255
38469
43660

77312
84756
92864
101698
111322

130
131
132
133
134

53713
59645
66208
73466
81490

15400
39504
30889
29512
40695

46
50
53
58
62

54670
10688
92550
02008
40974

180
181
182
183
184

68
74
81
89
98

49573
94744
98769
66848
04628

90936 1412 31780

11781 1504 73568
08323 1602 93888
17527 1707 27424
80430 1818 10744

35
36
37
38
39

14883
17977
21637
26015
31185

585
668
760
864
982

85
86
87
88
89

301
342
388
441
499

67357 121792
62962 133184
87673 145578
08109 159046
95925 173682

90358 36076
135
136 1 00155 81680
137 1 10976 45016
138 1 22923 41831
139 1 36109 49895

67
72
77
83
89

11480
15644
55176
34326
53856

185
186
187
188
189

107
11 7
128
139
152

18237
14326
00110
83417
72735

74337 1935 82642

92373 2060 84096
42268 2193 58315
45571 2334 51098
99625 2484 10816

40
41
42
43
44

37338
44583
53174
63261
75175

1113
1260
1426
1610
1816

90
91
92
93
94

566
641
725
820
926

34173 189586
12359 206848
33807 225585
10177 245920
69720 267968

140 1 50658 78135

141 1 66706 89208
142 1 84402 93320
143 2 03909 82757
144 2 25406 54445

96
103
110
118
127

17150
27156
86968
99934
69602

190 166 17274 04093

191 182 07011 00652
192 198 72768 56363
193 216 86271 05469
194 236 60227 41845

2642
2811
2990
3179
3381

88462
38048
16608
84256
04630

45
89134
46 105558
47 124754
48 147273
49 173525

2048
2304
2590
2910
3264

95
96
97
98
99

1046
1181
1332
1501
1692

58009 136 99699

52599 146 94244
71978 157 57502
19497 168 93952
55200 181 08418

195 258 08402 12973

196 281 45709 87591
197 306 88298 78530
198 334 53659 83698
199 364 60724 32125

3594
3820
4060
4315
4584

44904
75868
72422
13602
82688

50

3658

200

4870 67746

Ii(" )

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
II
12
13

14
15
16
17

18
19
20
21

22
23
24
25
26

27

204226

"

1/

49088
75170
03886
35494
70273

51419
14304
30930
98136
29875

291874
317788
345856
376256
409174

145
146
147
148
149

2
2
3
3
3

100 1905 69292

444793

150

4 08532 35313

194 06016

"

397 29990 29388

'/(1/ )

Values of 1'(1/) from H. Gupta, A table of partitions, Proc. London Math. Soc. 39, 142-149, 1935 and II. 42, 546-549, 1937
(with permission).

J)g.

wb~1O

~2!~j
KI~l
...i!!-

-:;:;.

f:: Q.~

...:.

o (flqs815~12.

f2; 1.:~? '680:3 t S-

e::..

IDh~154

837

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

Table 24.5

NUMBER OF PARTITIONS AND PARTITIONS INTO DISTINCT PARTS

q(n)

p(n)

q(lI)

p(/l)

200
201
202
203
204

397
432
471
513
559

29990
83636
45668
42052
00883

29388
58647
86083
87973
17495

4870
5173
5494
5834
6195

67746
61670
62336
73184
03296

250
251
252
253
254

23079
24929
26923
29072
31389

35543
14511
27012
69579
19913

64681
68559
52579
16112
06665

85192
89949
94961
1 00243
1 05807

80128
26602
58208
00890
47264

205
206
2.07
208
209

608
662
720
784
852

52538
29877
68417
06562
85813

59260
08040
06490
26137
02375

6576
6980
7408
7862
8341

67584
87424
90786
12446
94700

255
256
257
258
259

33885
36574
39472
42593
45954

42642
95668
367&6
30844
57504

48680
70782
55357
09356
48675

1
1
1
1
1

11669
17844
24348
31199
38413

59338
71548
95064
20928
23582

210
211
212
213
214

927
1008
1096
1191
1295

51025
50658
37072
66812
00959

75355
85767
05259
36278
25895

8849
9387
9956
10558
11195

87529
48852
45336
52590
55488

260
261
262
263
264

49574
53471
57667
62183
67044

19347
50629
26749
74165
81230

60846
08609
47168
09615
60170

1
1
1
1
1

46009
54008
62428
71293
80624

65705
01856
82560
59744
90974

215
216
217
218
219

1407
1528
1660
1802
1957

05456
51512
15981
81825
38561

99287
48481
07914
16671
61145

11869
12582
13336
14133
14977

49056
38720
40710
83026
05768

265
266
267
268
269

72276
77905
83961
90476
97483

09536
06295
17303
01083
43699

90372
62167
66814
16360
44625

1
2
2
2
2

90446
00783
11660
23106
35150

44146
03620
75136
91192
17984

220
221
222
223
224

2124
2306
2502
2715
2945

82790
18711
58737
24089
45499

09367
73849
60111
25615
41750

15868
16811
17807
18860
19973

61606
16852
51883
61684
57056

270
271
272
273
274

1
1
1
1
1

05019
13123
21837
31205
41274

74899
85039
43498
18008
95651

31117
38606
44333
16215
73450

2
2
2
2
3

47820
61149
75170
89917
05427

61070
71540
53882
72486
58738

225
226
227
228
229

3194
3464
3756
4071
4413

63906
31263
11335
80636
29348

96157
22519
82570
27362
84255

21149
22392
23705
25091
26556

65120
29960
13986
98528
84608

275
276
277
278
279

1
1
1
1
2

52098
63729
76227
89656
04082

04928
39693
84330
41035
58525

51175
37171
57269
91584
75075

3
3
3
3
3

21738
38889
56923
75883
95815

19904
46600
20960
26642
57440

230
231
232
233
234

4782
5182
5613
6080
6585

62397
00518
81486
61354
15859

45920
38712
70947
38329
70275

28103
29737
31462
33284
35207

94454
72212
84870
23936
06304

280
281
282
283
284

2
2
2
2
2

19578
36221
54095
73287
93892

63116
91453
25900
31835
97939

82516
37711
45698
47535
29555

4
4
4
4
5

16768
38791
61938
86265
11828

26624
78240
97032
19094
44672

235
236
237
238
239

7130
7719
8356
9043
9786

41855
58926
11039
68396
29337

14919
63512
25871
68817
03585

37236
39379
41639
44025
46543

75326
02688
89458
67324
00706

285
286
287
288
289

3
3
3
3
4

16013
39758
65243
92592
21938

78671
40119
08360
21614
85285

48997
86773
71053
89422
87095

5
5
5
6
6

38689
66911
96562
27710
60430

49522
97084
52987
98024
42088

240
241
242
243
244

10588
11454
12388
13397
14486

22467
08845
84430
82593
76924

22733
53038
77259
44888
96445

49198
52000
54955
58073
61360

87992
62976
97248
01632
27874

290
291
292
293
294

4
4
5
5
6

53425
87203
23437
62299
03976

31269
80564
10697
26919
38820

00886
72084
53672
50605
95515

6
7
7
8
8

94797
30892
68798
08604
50401

40554
09120
39744
19136
45750

245
246
247
248
249

15661
16929
18297
19772
21363

84125
67223
38898
65166
69198

27946
91554
54026
81672
20625

64826
68481
72335
76397
80679

71322
72604
19619
50522
55712

295
296
297
298
299

6
6
7
8
8

48667
96585
47956
03024
62049

41270
01441
50785
83849
62754

79088
95831
10584
43040
65025

8
9
9
10
10

94286
40360
88727
39499
92791

47940
04868
65938
71456
76298

250

23079 35543 64681

85192 80128

300

9 25308 29367 23602

11 48724 72064

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

838
Table 24.5

NUMBER OF PARTITIONS AND PARTITIONS INTO DISTINCT PARTS

q(n)

300
301
302
303
304

9
9
10
11
12

25308
93097
65733
43554
26921

pen)
29367
23924
12325
20778
80192

23602
03501
48839
22104
29465

11
12
12
13
14

q(lI)
48724 72064
07425 10607
69025 30816
33663 83848
01485 59930

350
351
352
353
354

279
298
318
340
363

pen)
36332 84837
33006 30627
55597 37883
12281 00485
11751 20481

02152
58076
29084
77428
10005

126
132
139
145
152

91829
93477
22769
80938
69267

24648
19190
71520
18816
15868

305
306
307
308
309

13
14
15
16
17

16221
11866
14295
23978
41418

78950
26652
27388
65358
01331

57704
80005
57194
29663
47295

14
15
16
17
17

72642
47292
25601
07743
93899

18618
17536
42890
43642
64242

355
356
357
358
359

387
413
441
471
502

63253
76618
62298
31406
95756

29190
09333
19293
42683
65060

29223
42362
58437
98780
00020

159
167
175
183
192

89096
41824
28907
51867
12289

56578
09148
55072
38752
32216

310
311
312
313
314

18
20
21
23
24

67148
01742
45809
00000
65010

82996
67625
60373
66554
61508

00364
76945
52891
87337
30490

18
19
20
21
22

84259
79022
78394
82593
91846

79304
32212
72390
94656
82870

360
361
362
363
364

536
572
610
651
695

67907
61205
89840
68887
14371

03106
88980
37518
99972
34589

91121
37559
84101
06959
46040

201
210
220
230
241

11827
52205
35221
62751
36750

04478
02772
50410
50210
01278

315
316
317
318
319

26
28
30
32
34

41580
30502
32618
48829
80095

76335
03409
19898
33514
48694

66326
96003
42964
66654
40830

24
25
26
27
29

06390
26472
52353
84302
22603

52286
94208
25352
35904
40224

365
366
367
368
369

741
790
843
899
958

43315
73811
25078
17534
72869

98840
96494
85625
83960
79123

81684
11319
28427
88349
38045

252
264
276
289
302

59255
32392
58376
39517
78222

33946
51488
86784
78822
57408

320
321
322
323
324

37
39
42
45
49

27440
91956
74807
77235
00564

57767
55269
80359
85435
36352

48077
99991
54696
78028
37875

30
32
33
35
37

67552
19458
78644
45449
20225

32574
41664
88192
47722
12608

370
371
372
373
374

1022
1089
1161
1238
1319

14122
65764
53783
05779
51059

83673
44243
48499
41191
97274

45362
99782
62850
25085
73500

316
331
346
362
379

17000
38466
65347
60483
26834

44480
77248
41118
21048
76992

325
326
327
328
329

52
56
60
64
68

46204
15660
10534
32537
83488

42288
21128
98396
46091
59460

28641
74289
66544
14550
73850

39
40
42
45
47

03340
95181
96149
06665
27168

57172
08690
17632
31450
74732

375
376
377
378
379

1406
1498
1596
1701
1812

20744
47874
67527
16942
35649

65614
35905
44907
79758
97394

84054
81081
56791
13525
72950

396
414
433
453
474

67487
85655
84690
68080
39464

30794
73659
00206
55808
06976

330
331
332
333
334

73
78
84
90
96

65328
80125
30081
17543
45011

78618
53026
56362
49805
01922

50339
66615
25119
49623
02760

49
51
54
57
59

58118
99993
53293
18543
96286

28759
15040
85792
13990
87918

380
381
382
383
384

1930
2056
2190
2332
2484

65607
51347
40133
82119
30529

23504
53366
24237
85438
42654

65812
33805
65131
92336
18180

496
518
542
566
592

02629
61523
20259
83119
54565

40968
80864
26436
27092
72864

335
336
337
338
339

103
110
117
126
134

15146
30786
94949
10851
81918

63217
04252
15461
78337
06233

35325
92772
13972
96355
01520

62
65
69
72
75

87095
91563
10312
43991
93279

13216
14788
43770
92576
10200

385
386
387
388
389

2645
2816
2998
3192
3398

41834
75950
96444
70751
70404

06887
32179
77364
84335
13581

63701
42792
52194
32826
60275

619
647
676
707
739

39246
42001
67872
22110
10183

14094
16480
37064
32064
03854

340
341
342
343
344

144
154
164
175
188

11793
04359
63747
94355
00864

65278
73795
91657
98104
70522

73832
76030
61044
22753
92980

79
83
87
91
95

58881
41536
42016
61123
99699

23110
64940
06890
94270
92704

390
391
392
393
.394

3617
3850
4098
4361
4640

71276
53843
03453
10617
71312

38676
46674
56265
07622
46996

04423
29186
94791
84114
23515

772
807
843
881
920

37784
10844
35537
18291
65799

71936
79444
42947
29614
74150

345
346
347
348
349

200
214
229
244
261

88255
61829
27228
90453
57890

62876
97432
68712
74553
73511

83159
86299
17150
82406
44125

100
105
110
115
121

58620
38799
41192
66794
16645

35461
77632
60918
79970
56454

395
396
397
398
399

4937
5253
5589
5945
6324

87309
66512
23320
79011
62148

67881
44169
25954
47078
25042

91655
75163
04488
74597
94325

961
1004
1049
1096
1145

85031
83241
67982
47115
28826

43424
32444
04736
85280
89344

350

279 36332 84837 02152

126 91829 24648

400

6727 09005 17410 41926

11

'II

1196 21634 00706

839

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

NUMBER OF PARTITIONS AND PARTITIONS INTO DISTINCT PARTS

Table 24.5

1)(1/ )
09005 17410
64022 26539
80284 33398
20027 64844
55175 93486

41926
42321
79269
65581
55060

1196
1249
1304
1362
1422

q(n)
21634
34404
76365
57124
86674

00706
08000
81998
07808
81438

n
450
451
452
453
454

1
1
1
1
1

34508
42573
51112
60152
69723

pen)
18800 15729
13615 53474
26207 19173
90524 45537
95104 64580

23840
04229
13678
15585
40965

9893
10307
10739
11188
11656

q(n)
14440
93957
65687
96810
57102

61528
13070
10144
43072
54336

9147
9725
10339
10990
11682

67906
51251
09726
60006
31627

88591
37420
71239
37759
71923

17602
21729
47241
26994
17780

1485
1551
1619
1691
1765

75420
34186
74236
07292
45549

52794
29884
54282
29128
15430

455
456
457
458
459

1
1
2
2
2

79855
90581
01933
13948
26665

91645
04044
37928
90703
62143

39582
26519
51146
27330
58313

67598
31034
88629
69132
45565

12143
12649
13176
13724
14295

19032
57862
51755
81881
32530

12544
22432
08648
00782
93376

410
411
412
413
414

12416
13196
14023
14902
15834

67740
25896
78888
15629
42088

31511
69254
35188
03099
44881

90382 1843 01696 07104

35702 1923 88934 65516
47344 2008 20999 30208
48968 2096 12178 16576
87770 2187 77334 80960

460
461
462
463
. 464

2
2
2
2
3

40123
54365
69435
85381
02253

65561
39575
60521
55524
16287

39251
85741
29549
19619
25766

92081
99975
94471
86287
36605

14888
15506
16148
16817
17512

91233
48874
99826
42073
77348

20640
75476
46592
15550
45952

415
416
417
418
419

16823
17873
18987
20170
21424

82278
79296
96426
18301
52136

71392
96898
73316
88059
02556

35544
76004
64557
33659
36320

2283 31930 70;488

2382 92048.69148
2486 74411 20078
2594- 9'6435 42056
2:707 76199 52640

465
466
467
468
469

3
3
3
3
4

20103
38987
58963
80095
02447

13615
12724
89376
46876
33986

29932
95254
81628
31205
17114

90544
32549
76613
98477
75160

18236
18988
19771
20585
21431

11274
53505
17881
22576
90268

38194
94524
29024
95744
83034

420
421
422
423
424

22755
24167
25664
27253
28938

29021
05302
64021
16454
03725

65800
14413
38377
62304
70847

25259 2825 32529 77152

63961 2947 84998 62528
14846 3075 53960 09352
21739 3208 60580 00384
98150 3347 26867 45954

470
471
472
473
474

4
4
4
5
5

26088
51092
77535
05499
35069

63801
33635
45970
30531
67535

56524
50960
81641
42046
16072

13417
99864
15593
29558
62125

22312
23228
24180
25171
26201

48299
28849
69117
11509
03821

10884
04960
98586
01902
12696

425
426
427
428
429

30724
32620
34629
36760
39020

98514
06861
70071
66724
14800

70950
74102
39035
18315
02372

51099 3491 75707 60097

32189 3642 30895 45254
75934 3799 17171 07136
27309 3962 60256 14146
59665 4132 86891 79000

475
476
477
478
479

5
5
6
6
7

66337
99397
34350
71304
10369

12186
20478
76365
20389
79823

58055
23018
37870
67318
66282

99675 27271 99448 23232

52926 28385 57585 65430
28583 29543 43443 69603
07232 30747 28468 94368
38005 31998 90573 73738

430
431
432
433
434

41415
43955
46647
49501
52527

73920
47717
86328
89040
07072

71023
05181
42292
94051
91082

58378
16534
67991
50715
40605

480
481
482
483
484

7
7
8
8
9

51666
95317
41457
90222
41761

00419
79841
02874
78495
78911

49931
47582
28236
19280
49976

25591 33300 14373 57056

32180 34652 91433 03468
49455 36059 20520 80640
88294 37521 07873 43946
98055 39040 67468 62530

435
436
437
438
439

55733
59131
62733
66549
70593

46514
71430
07137
43656
39364

46362
91696
60430
69662
65621

86656 5314 37439 57460

18645 5540 91949 44512
79215 5776 85678 02880
97367 6022 56498 45546
35510 6278 43769 39520

9 96228 80660 85734

485
486 10 53787 07886 24553
487 11 14608 77893 64264
488 11 78875 49115 57358
489 12 46778 71600 12729

11012
46513
84248
02646
19665

40620
42261
43968
45741
47585

21308
99712
41621
94910
16717

45496
45764
12802
51264
64998

440
441
442
443
444

74878
79418
84227
89322
94720

24841
06934
73040
95632
37025

94708
64434
77294
13536
78934

86233 6544 88391 85792

02240 6822 32867 92200
99781 7111 21361 67457
45667 7411 99762 56080
71820 7725 15750 89318

490
491
492
493
494

33223
16939
53132
06173
38760

49500
51491
53560
55709
57943

73777
42772
10694
75216
45082

62304
84172
36938
10170
47040

00437
06493
12906
19698
26891

54417
05190
52519
71278
54269

17528
52391
91961
27202
09814

47604
18581
03354
05954
18000

495 17 42678 27774 77609 81187

496 18 42351 03350 31598 91466
497 19 47619 31798 76580 64007
498 20 58791 47204 28849 01563
499 21 76192 51543 92874 61625

60264
62675
65181
67784
70489

40509
93600
48774
63214
07325

50309
10788
31176
30326
21792

1/
400
401
402
403
404

6727
7154
7608
8091
8603

405
406
407
408
409

445
446
447
448
449

1
1
1
1
1

450

1 34508 18800 15729 23840

4310
4495
4687
4888
5096

8051
8390
8743
9111
9494

24877
03113
51640
01685
85706

18865
60575
94352
75744
62459

85006
72460
62334
40672
20480

81728
94564
40798
62854
05984

9893 14440 61528

500

13
13
14
15
16

18520
94313
74382
58964
48308

40161
50322
57204
37499
54706

22702
44478
03639
49778
61724

23 00165 03257 43239 95027 73298 65212 45024

840

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS

Table 2,1.6

1
2
3
4
5

.,(n)
1
1
2
2
4

6
7
8
9
10
II

0"0

0"1

2
8
6
8
4

152
300
234
288
192

n .,(n) 0"0
201 132 4
202 100 4
203 168 4
204
64 12
205 160 4

272
306
240
504
252

156 48 12
157 156
2
158
78
4
159 104 4
160 64 12

392
158
240
216
378

206
207
208
209
210

102
132
96
180
48

4
6
10
4
16

312
312
434
240
576

152
248
114
240
144

161 132
162
54
163 162
164
80
165
80

4
10
2
6
8

192
363
164
294
288

211
212
213
214
215

210
104
140
106
168

2
6
4
4
4

212
378
288
324
264

210
182
180
144
360

166
82
4
167 166 2
168 48 16
169 156 3
8
170 64

252
168
480
183
324

216
72 16
217 180 4
218 108
4
219 144
4
220
80 12

600
256
330
296
504

3
4
4
6
4

133
186
168
224
156

171 108
84
172
173 172
174
56
175 120

6
6
2
8
6

260
308
174
360
248

221
222
223
224
225

192
72
222
96
120

4
8
2
12
9

252
456
224
504
403

126 36 12
127 126 2
128
8
64
129 84 4
130
48
8

312
128
255
176
252

176
80 10
177 116 4
178
88 4
179 178
2
180 48 18

372
240
270
180
546

226 112
227 226
228
72
229 228
230
88

4
2
12
2
8

342
228
560
230
432

121
126
84
224
108

131 130
132 40
133 108
134
66
135
72

2
12
4
4
8

132
336
160
204
240

181 180
182
72
183 120
88
184
185 144

182
336
248
360
228

231
232
233
234
235

120
8
8
112
2
232
72 12
184 4

384
450
234
546
288

4
4
8
2
12

132
120
180
90
234

8
136 64
137 136 2
8
138 44
139 138
2
48 12
140

270
138
288
140
336

186 60
187 160
188 92
189 108
190 72

8 384
216
6 336
8 320
8 360

236
237
238
239
240

116
156
96
238
64

6
4
8
2
20

420
320
432
240
744

72

4
6
4
4
4

112
168
128
144
120

141
92
142
70
143 120
144 48
145 112

4
4
4
15
4

192
216
168
403
180

191 190
2 192
192
64 14 508
2 194
193 192
96
4 294
194
8 336
195
96

241
242
243
244
245

240
110
162
120
168

2
6
6
6
6

242
399
364
434
342

96 32
97 96
98 42
99 60
100 40

12
2
6
6
9

252
98
171
156
217

146 72
147
84
148 72
149 148
40
150

4
6
6
2
12

222
228
266
150
372

84
9
196
197 196
2
198 60 12
199 198
2
80 12
200

246
80
247 216
248 120
249 164
250 100

8
4
8
4
8

504
280
480
336
468

.,(n)
32
24
52
18
40

n
.,(n)
101 100
102
32
103 102
104 48
105
48

<1()

0"1

1
2
2
3
2

1
3
4
7
6

51
52
53
54
55

2
6
4
6
4

4
2
4
3
4

12
8
15
13
18

56 24
8 120
80
57 36 4
58 28 4 90
59 58
2 60
60 16 12 168

10
4
12
6
8

2
6
2
4
4

12
28
14
24
24

61
62
63
64
65

60
30
36
32
48

2 62
4
96
6 104
127
7
4 84

72

112
113
114
115

4
48 10
112
2
8
36
88
4

8
16
18
6
19 18
8
20

5
2
6
2
6

31
18
39
20
42

66
67
68
69
70

20
66
32
44
24

8 144
2 68
6 126
4
96
8 144

116
117
118
119
120

6
6
58 4
96 4
32 16

21 12
22 10
~ 23 22
"- 24
8
25 20

4
4
2
8
3

32
36
24
60
31

71

70
24
36
40

2 72
12 195
2 74
4 114
6 124

121
122
123
124
125

26 12
27 18
28 12
29 28
8
30

4
4
6
2
8

42
40
56
30
72

76
78
79
80

36
60
24
78
32

6 140
4 96
8 168
2 80
10 186

31
32
33
34
35

30
16
20
16
24

2
6
4
4
4

32
63
48
54
48

81
82
83
84
85

54
40
82
24
64

5
4
2
12
4

36
37
38
39
40

12
36
18
24
16

9
2
4
4
8

91
38
60
56
90

86 42
87 56
88 40
89 88
90 24

41
42
43
44
45

40
12
42
20
24

2
8
2
6
6

42
96
44
84
78

91
92
93
94
95

46
47
48
49
50

22
4 72
46
2 48
16 10 124
42
3 57
20
6 93

12
13
14
15
16
17

72

73
74
75
77

72

<111

0"1

4 72
6 98
2 54
8 120
4 72

72
44
60
46

0"0

2
8
2
8
8

0"1

102
216
104
210
192

106
4 162
52
107 106
2 108
108
36 12 280
109 108 2 110
8 216
110 40
III

56

72

110
60
80
60
100

n
.,(n)
151 150
152
72
96
153
154
60
155 120

2
8
4
8
4
4

399
198
468
200
465

<1\

From British Association for the Advancement of Science, Mathematical Tables, vol. VIII, Number-divisor
tables. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1940 (with permission).

2cf\il

1ft"-)

- Sf!-

1~6

J;Q

~~~
(

/f6L

841

COMBINATQRIAL ANALYSIS

ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS

Table 24.6

n ..( n) uo U\
251 250
2 252
252
72 18 728
253 220 4 288
254 126 4 384
8 432
255 128

n ..(n) uo
301 252 4
302 150 4
303 200 4
304 144 10
305 240
4

352
456
408
620
372

n .. (n)
uo
351 216
8
352 160 12
2
353 352
8
354 116
355 280 4

256
257
258
259
260

128 9
256
2
84
8
216 4
96 12

511
258
528
304
588

96 12
306
2
307 306
308 120 12
309 204 4
8
310 120

702
308
672
416
576

356 176
357 192
358 178
359 358
360
96

6 630
8 576
4 540
2 360
24 1170

406
407
408
409
410

168
360
128
408
160

261
262
263
264
265

168 6
130 4
262
2
80 16
208 4

390
396
264
720
324

2
311 310
96 16
312
2
313 312
314 156 4
315 144 12

312
840
314
474
624

361
362
363
364
365

342
180
220
144
288

3
4
6
12
4

381
546
532
784
444

411
412
413
414
415

272
4
204
6
348 4
132 12
328 4

266
267
268
269
270

108 8
176 4
132
6
268
2
72 16

480
360
476
270
720

316
317
318
319
320

156 6
316 2
104
8
280 4
128 14

560
318
648
360
762

366 120
367 366
368 176
369 240
370 144

8
2
10
6
8

2
10
8
4
6

272
558
448
414
372

321 212
4
322 132
8
323 288 4
324 108 15
325 240
6

432
576
360
847
434

371
372
373
374
375

88 12
276
2
138 4
180
6
96 16

672
278
420
416
720

326 162
327 216
328 160
329 276
80
330

492
440
630
384
864

2
8
2
6
8

282
576
284
504
480

331 330
332 164
333 216
334 166
335 264

2 332
6 588
6 494
4 504
4 408

120
8
240
4
96 18
272
3
8
112

504
336
819
307
540

96 20
336
2
337 336
338 156 6
339 224 4
340 128 12

992
338
549
456
756

291 192 4
292 144 6
293 292
2
84 12
294
295 232
4

392
578
294
684
360

341 300
342 108
343 294
344 168
345 176

4
12
4
8
8

296 144
8
297 180
8
298 148 4
299 264
4
80 18
300

570
480
450
336
868

346
347
348
349
350

172 4
346 2
112 12
348
2
120 12

271 270
272 128
273 144
274 136
275 200
276
277
278
279
280

281 280
282
92
283 282
284 140
285 144
286
287
288
289
290

4
4
8
4
16

U\

U\

560
756
354
720
432

n ..( n) uo
401 400
2
402 132
8
403 360
4
404 200
6
405 216 10

U\

402
816
448
714
726

uo
4
6
4
4
8

U\

504
798
608
684
672

456
457
458
459
460

144 16 1200
456
2 458
228 4 690
288
8 720
176 12 1008

552
728
480
936
504

461
462
463
464
465

460
120
462
224
240

2 462
16 1152
2 464
10 930
8 768

744
368
744
546
684

416 192 12
882
417 276
560
4
418 180
8 720
419 418
2 420
420 96 24 1344

466
467
468
469
470

232
466
144
396
184

4 702
2 468
18 1274
4 544
8 864

312
4
120 12
2
372
160
8
200
8

432
896
374
648
624

421
422
423
424
425

420
210
276
208
320

2
4
6
8
6

422
636
624
810
558

471
472
473
474
475

312
232
420
156
360

376
377
378
379
380

184
336
108
378
144

720
420
960
380
840

426
427
428
429
430

140
360
212
240
168

8
4
6
8
8

864
496
756
672
J92

476
477
478
479
480

192 12 1008
312
6 702
238
4 720
478
2 480
128 24 1512

381
382
383
384
385

252
4 512
190 4 576
2 384
382
128 16 1020
240
8 576

431
432
433
434
435

430
144
432
180
224

2 432
20 1240
2 434
8 768
8 720

481
482
483
484
485

432
240
264
220
384

386 192
4 582
387 252
6 572
388 192
6 686
389 388
2 390
390
96 16 ,1008

436 216
437 396
438 144
439 438
440 160

6 770
4 480
8 888
2 440
16 1080

486
487
488
489
490

162 12 1092
486
2 488
240
8 930
324 4 656
168 12 1026

384
780
400
660
576

391 352
392 168
393 260
394 196
395 312

432
855
528
594
480

441
442
443
444
445

252
192
442
144
352

9 741
8 756
2 444
12 1064
4 540

491 490
2 492
492 160 12 1176
493 448
4 540
494 216
8 840
495 240 12
936

522
348
840
350
744

396 120 18 1092

397 396
2 398
398 198 4 600
399 216
8 640
400 160 15 961

446
447
448
449
450

222 4 672
296 4 600
192 14 1016
448 2 450
120 18 1209

8
4
16
2
12

4
12
4
4
4

8 720
4 456
16 1080
2 410
8 756

n ..( n)
451 400
452 224
453 300
454 226
455 288

496
497
498
499
500

4
8
4
8
6

4
4
8
9
4

632
900
528
960
620

532
726
768
931
588

240 10
992
420 4 576
164
8 1008
498
2 500
200 12 1092

842

COMBINATORIAL, ANALYSIS

Table 24.6
n

501
502
503
504
505

ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS

"'(n) ao al
332
4 672
250
4 756
502
2 504
144 24 1560
400 4
612

506 220
8 864
507 312
6 732
508 252
6 896
509 508
2 510
510 128 16 1296

n
"'(n) aO al
551 504
4 600
552 176 16 1440
553 468
4 640
554 276
4
834
555 288
8 912

",(n)
600
252
396
300
440

ao

601
602
603
604
605

2 602
8 1056
6 884
6 1064
6 798

651
652
653
654
655

",(n)
360
324
652
216
520

556 276
557 556
558 180
559 504
560 192

6 980
2 558
12 1248
4 616
20 1488

606
607
608
609
610

200
606
288
336
240

8 1224
2 608
12 1260
8 960
8 1116

656
657
658
659
660

al

aO

al

"'(n) an al
700
2 702
216 16 1680
648
4 760
320 14 1524
368
8 1152

8 1024
6 1148
2 654
8 1320
4 792

701
702
703
704
705

320
432
276
658
160

10 1302
6 962
8 1152
2 660
24 2016

706
707
708
709
710

352
600
232
708
280

4 1062
4 816
12 1680
2 710
8 1296

432
256
324
256
408

4 592
10 1023
8 800
4 774
4 624

561 320
562 280
563 562
564 184
565 448

8 864
4
846
2 564
12 1344
4 684

611
612
613
614
615

552
192
612
306
320

4 672
18 1638
2 614
4 924
8 1008

661
662
663
664
665

660
330
384
328
432

2 662
4 996
8 1008
8 1260
8 960

711
712
713
714
715

468
352
660
192
480

6
8
4
16
8

516 168
517 460
518 216
519 344
520 192

12 1232
4 576
8 912
4 696
16 1260

566
567
568
569
570

282
324
280
568
144

4
852
10
968
8 1080
2 570
16 1440

616
617
618
619
620

240
616
204
618
240

16 1440
2 618
8 1248
2 620
12 1344

666
667
668
669
670

216
616
332
444
264

12 1482
4 720
6 1176
4
896
8 1224

716
717
718
719
720

356
476
358
718
192

6 1260
4 960
4 1080
2 720
30 2418

521 520
2 522
522 168 12 1170
523 522
2 524
524 260
6 924
525 240 12
992

571
572
573
574
575

570
240
380
240
440

2 572
12 1176
4 768
8 1008
6 744

621
622
623
624
625

396
310
528
192
500

8 960
4 936
4
720
20 1736
5 781

671
672
673
674
675

600
192
672
336
360

4 744
24 2016
2 674
4 1014
12 1240

721
722
723
724
725

612
342
480
360
560

4
832
6 1143
4 968
6 1274
6 930

526
527
528
529
530

262
4 792
480
4 576
160 20 1488
506
3 553
208
8 972

576 192
577 576
578 272
579 384
580 224

21 1651
2
578
6 921
4 776
12 1260

626
627
628
629
630

312
360
312
576
144

4 942
8
960
6 1106
4
684
24 1872

676
677
678
679
680

312
676
224
576
256

9 1281
2 678
8 1368
4
784
16 1620

726
727
728
729
730

220
726
288
486
288

531
532
533
534
535

348
6 780
216 12 1120
480
4 588
176
8 1080
424
4 648

581 492
582 192
583 520
584 288
585 288

4 672
8 1176
4 648
8 1110
12 1092

631
632
633
634
635

630
312
420
316
504

2 632
8 1200
4
848
4 954
4
768

681
682
683
684
685

452
912
4
300
8 1152
682
2
684
216 18 1820
544
828
4

731
732
733
734
735

672
4 792
240 12 1736
2 734
732
366 4 1104
336 12 1368

536
537
538
539
540

264
8 1020
356 4 720
268 4
810
420
6 684
144 24 1680

586 292
587 586
588 168
589 540
590 232

4
882
2 588
18 1596
4 640
8 1080

636
637
638
639
640

208
504
280
420
256

12 1512
6 798
8 1080
6 936
16 1530

686
687
688
689
690

294
8 1200
456
920
4
336 10 1364
624
4
756
176 16 1728

736
737
738
739
740

352
660
240
738
288

12 1512
816
4
12 1638
2 740
12 1596

541
542
543
544
545

540
2 542
270 4 816
360 4
728
256 12 1134
432 4
660

591
592
593
594
595

392
288
592
180
384

4
792
10 1178
2
594
16 1440
8 864

641
642
643
644
645

640
212
642
264
336

2
642
8 1296
2 644
12 1344
8 1056

691
692
693
694
695

690
344
360
346
552

2 692
6 1218
12 1248
4 1044
840
4

741
742
743
744
745

432
312
742
240
592

8 1120
8 1296
2 744
16 1920
900
4

596 296
597 396
598 264
599 598
600 160

6 1050
4
800
8 1008
2 600
24 1860

646
647
648
649
650

288
646
216
580
240

8 1080
2 648
20 1815
4 720
12 1302

696
697
698
699
700

224
640
348
464
240

16 1800
4 756
4 1050
4
936
18 1736

746
747
748
749
750

372
492
320
636
200

4 1122
6 1092
12 1512
864
4
16 1872

511
512
513
514
515

546 144
547 546
548 272
549 360
550 200

16 1344
2
548
6 966
6 806
12 1116

12
2
16
7
8

1040
1350
768
1728
1008

1596
728
1680
1093
1332

1o()t~1tCOMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

843

"ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS

Table 24.6

n !p(n) ao al
2 752
751 750
752 368 10 1488
4 1008
753 500
8 1260
754 336
912
4
755 600

n "'(n) ao
801 528
6
4
802 400
4
803 720
804 264 12
805 528
8

1170
1206
888
1904
1152

n "'(n) au al
851 792
912
4
852 280 12 2016
853 852
2
854
854 360
8 1488
855 432 12 1560

n !p(n)
901 832
902 400
903 504
904 448
905 720

al

ao

al

4
8
8
8
4

972
1512
1408
1710
1092

n ",(n) aO
951 632
4
952 384 16
953 952
2
954 312 12
955 760
4

al

1272
2160
954
2106
1152

756
757
758
759
760

216
756
378
440
288

2240
758
1140
1152
1800

806
807
808
809
810

360
536
400
808
216

8
4
8
2
20

1344
1080
1530
810
2178

856
857
858
859
860

424
856
240
858
336

8 1620
2 858
16 2016
2
860
12 1848

906
907
908
909
910

300
906
452
600
288

8
2
6
6
16

1824
908
1596
1326
2016

956
957
958
959
960

476
560
478
816
256

761
762
763
764
765

2 762
760
8 1536
252
648
4 880
6 1344
380
384 12 1404

811
812
813
814
815

810
336
540
360
648

2
812
12 1680
4 1088
8 1368
984
4

861
862
863
864
865

480
430
862
288
688

8
4
2
24
4

1344
1296
864
2520
1044

911
912
913
914
915

910
288
820
456
480

2
20
4
4
8

912
2480
1008
1374
1488

961
962
963
964
965

930
432
636
480
768

3
8
6
6
4

993
1596
1404
1694
1164

766
767
768
769
770

382
696
256
768
240

4 1152
840
4
18 2044
2 770
16 1728

816 256 20 2232

817 756
880
4
818 408
4 1230
819 432 12 1456
820 320 12 1764

866
867
868
869
870

432
544
360
780
224

4 1302
6 1228
12 1792
4 960
16 2160

916
917
918
919
920

456
780
288
918
352

6 1610
4 1056
16 2160
2 920
16 2160

966
967
968
969
970

264
966
440
576
384

16
2
12
8
8

2304
968
1995
1440
1764

771
772
773
774
775

512
384
772
252
600

4 1032
6 1358
2 774
12 1716
6 992

821
822
823
824
825

820
272
822
408
400

822
2
8 1656
824
2
8 1560
12 1488

871
872
873
874
875

792
432
576
396
600

952
1650
1274
1440
1248

921
922
923
924
925

612
460
840
240
720

4 1232
4 1386
4 1008
24 2688
6 1178

971
972
973
974
975

970
324
828
486
480

2
972
18 2548
4 1120
4 1464
12 1736

8
8
4
4
24

1470
1216
1170
840
2352

826
827
828
829
830

348
826
264
828
328

8 1440
828
2
18 2184
2 830
8 1512

876 288
877 876
878 438
879 584
880 320

12 2072
2 878
4 1320
4 1176
20 2232

926
927
928
929
930

462
612
448
928
240

4
6
12
2
16

1392
1352
1890
930
2304

976
977
978
979
980

480 10
976
2
8
324
880
4
336 18

1922
978
1968
1080
2394

781
782
783
784
785

700
864
4
8 1296
352
504
8 1200
336 15 1767
4 948
624

831
832
833
834
835

552
384
672
276
664

4
14
6
8
4

1112
1778
1026
1680
1008

881
882
883
884
885

880
252
882
384
464

2 882
18 2223
2 884
12 1764
8 1440

931
932
933
934
935

756
464
620
466
640

6
6
4
4
8

1140
1638
1248
14G4
1296

981
982
983
984
985

648
490
982
320
784

6
4
2
16
4

1430
1476
984
2520
1188

786
787
788
789
790

260
786
392
524
312

836 360
837 540
838 418
839 838
840 192

12 1680
8 1280
4 1260
840
2
32 2880

886
887
888
889
890

442
886
288
756
352

4
2
16
4
8

1332
888
2280
1024
1620

936
937
938
939
940

288
936
396
624
368

24 2730
2 938
8 1632
4 1256
12 2016

986
987
988
989
990

448
552
432
924
240

8
8
12
4
24

1620
1536
1960
1056
2808

791
792
793
794
795

672
240
720
396
416

4 912
24 2340
4
868
4 1194
8 1296

841
842
843
844
845

812
420
560
420
624

3
4
4
6
6

871
1266
1128
1484
1098

891
892
893
894
895

540
444
828
296
712

10
6
4
8
4

1452
1568
960
1800
1080

941
942
943
944
945

940
312
880
464
432

2
8
4
10
16

942
1896
1008
1860
1920

991
992
993
994
995

990
480
660
420
792

2
12
4
8
4

992
2016
1328
1728
1200

796
797
798
799
800

396
6 1400
796
2 798
216 16 1920
4
864
736
320 18 1953

846
847
848
849
850

276
660
416
564
320

12
6
10
4
12

1872
1064
1674
1136
1674

896
897
898
899
900

384
528
448
840
240

16 2040
8 1344
4 1350
4
960
27 2~21

946
947
948
949
950

420
946
312
864
360

8
2
12
4
12

1584
948
2240
1036
1860

996
997
998
999
1000

328
996
498
648
400

12
2
4
8
16

2352
998
1500
1520
2340

776 384
777 432
778 388
779 720
780 192

24
2
4
8
16

8
2
6
4
8

1584
788
1386
1056
1440

4
8
6
8
8

6 1680
8 1440
4 1440
4 1104
28 3048

171

It>
II>

..'"'" p
II>

~
~

I\)

<

P
~

(')

n-

..,

n-

r0-

!'Il

~
~

2.
::::

I\)

Q.

()

P
~

f"

~
~

Q.
0

t::1

FI-'

1:.0
C.:I
-:J

!n-

::r'

3Ci.i'
171

~
......-

t003oo
8e::t
~

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

25
22.5
235
2 3.5
2.52
22.3.5
257
2 4.5
2.32.5
22.52
2511
23 .3.5
2513
22.5.7
2.3.52
25 .5
2517
22.32 .5
2519
2 3.52
2357
22511
2523
24.3.5
2.51
22 .5.13
2.3 3.5
23.5.7
2529
22.3.52
2531
26.5
23511
22.5.17
2527
2 3.32.5
2537
22 .5.19
23513
24.52
2541
22 .3.5.7
2543
2 8.5.11
2.32.52
22523
2547
2 5.3.5
2.5.72

1
11
37
31
41
317
61
71
34
713
101
337
112
131
347
151
723
32.l9
181
191
367
211
1317
3711
241
251
32.29
271
281
397
743
311
3107
331
1131
3 3.13
192
753
3127
1723
401
3137
421
431
32.72
1141
461
3157
1337
491

2
22.3
211
25
237
2213
231
21.32
241
2223
2317
2 4.7
261
22311
271
2'19
2.34
2243
2713
26 .3
2101
22.53
2337
23.29
2112
2232.7
2131
24.17
2347
2273
2151
2 3.3.13
2723
22.83
2.32.19
25 .1l
2181
22.3.31
2191
23 .72
2367
22.103
2211
24 .33
21317
22 .113
23711
2 3 .59
2241
22.3.41

3
13
23
311
43
53
327
73
83
331
103
113
341
719
1113
32.17
163
173
361
193
729
371
223
233
35
1123
263
3713
283
293
3101
313
1719
32.37
73
353
3.11 2
373
383
3131
133]
759
32.47
433
443
3151
463
1143
3723
1729

22
27
23 .3
217
22.1l
2.31
26
237
22.3.7
247
2 3.13
2319
22.31
267
24.32
2711
22.41
23.29
2 8.23
297
22317
2107
25 .7
2.32.13
22.61
2127
2 3.3.11
2137
2271
2.3.72
2q9
2157
22.34
2167
2 3.43
~.3.59

2713
21117
2 7.3
2197
22.l01
2.32 .23
2 3.53
2731
22 .3.37
2227
24.29
2379
22.11 2
21319

5
35
52
57
32.5
511
513
3.52
517
519
357
523
53
33.5
529
531
3511
52.7
537
3513
541
543
32.52
547
5.72
3517
553
52.11
3519
559
561
32.5.7
52.13
567
3523
571
573
3.53
5711
579
34.5
583
52 .17
3529
589
5713
3531
5219
597
32511

23
24
213
22.32
223
23 .7
2311
22.l9
243
25 .3
253
22.29
232.7
23.17
273
22.3.13
283
24.11
2331
22.72
2103
2 3.33
2113
2259
2341
28
2719
22 .3.23
21113
2 3.37
2.32.17
22.79
2163
24.3.7
2173
22.89
2361
2 3.47
2193
22 .32 .11
2729
25.13
2371
22.109
2223
23.3.19
2233
22.717
2.35
24.31

7
17
33
37
47
319
67
711
329
97
107
32.l3
127
137
3.72
157
167
359
1117
197
32.23
731
227
379
1319
257
389
277
741
3 3.11
307
317
3109
337
347
3717
367
1329
3 2.43
397
1137
3139
761
1923
3149
457
467
32.53
487
771

23
2.32
22 .7
219
24.3
229
22.17
231~

23 .11
2.72
22.3 3
259
27
2323
22.37
279
23.3.7
289
22.47
2.3 2.11
2q3
2109
22.3.19
2717
2 3.31
2343
22.67
2139
25 .32
2149
22.711
2353
23 .41
2.132
22.3.29
2179
24.23
2.3 3.7
22 .97
2199
23.3.17
21119
22.107
2373
26 .7
2229
2232.l3
2239
2 3.61
2.383

32
19
29
313
72
59
323
79
89
32.11
109
717
343
139
149
353
132
179
3 3 .7
199
1119
373
229
239
383
737
269
32 .31
172
1323
3103
1129
747
3113
349
359
32 .41
379
389
3719
409
419
31113
439
449
3 3.17
767
479
3163
499

....
~

0
1 :...-.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
(i
16
0
17
t(
18
til
19 ~Z
>20
21
22 ::I.
~
tool ....
23
24 .... ~
25 Q
26 (Il
t"
27
"'I
28
29
r/l
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48 ""
49 ~

~~

....=

=~

re

50
51
52
53
54

22.53
235.17
28.5.13
2553
22.33.5

3167
773
521
32 .59
541

2251
29
2.32 .29
22.719
2271

503
3 8.19
523
1341
3181

2 3.32.7
2257
22.131
2389
25.17

5101
5103
3.52.7
5107
5109

21123
22 .3.43
2263
23 .67
23713

3.132
1147
1731
3-179
547

22.127
2737
24 .3.11
2269
22 .137

509
3173
232
72 .11
32 .61

5001
51 :5
52
53
54

55
56
57
58
59

2.52 .11
24 .5.7
23519
22 .5.29
2559

1929
31117
571
783
3197

23.3.23
2.281
221113
2397
24 .37

779
563
3191
1153
593

2277
22 .3.47
2741
2 3.73
23 3 .1l

3537
5113
1)223
32 .5.13
5717

22 .139
2283
2 6.32
2293
22 .149

557
34.7
577
587
3199

2.32 .31
23 ./1
2.172
22 .3.7 2
21323

1343
569
3193
1931
599

55
56
57
58
59

60
61
62
63
64

23 .3.52
2561
22.5.31
2.32 .5.7
27.5

601
1347
33 .23
631
641

2743
22 .32 .17
2311
23 .79
2.3107

32 .67
613
789
3211
643

22 .151
2307
24 .3.13
2317
22 .7.23

51I2
3541
5'
5127
3543

23101
23.7.11
2313
22 .3.53
21719

607
617
31119
72 .13
647

2 5 .19
23103
22157
21129
2 3 .3'

3729
619
1737
32 .71
1109

60
61
62
63
64

65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

21)213
22 .3.5.11
2567
23.5.17
23523
22 .52 .7
2571
24 .32 .5
2573
22 .5.37

3731
661
1161
3227
691
701
32.79
7103
1743
31319

22.163
2331
25 .3.7
21131
22.173
2.33.13
23.89
2.19 2
22 .3.61
2753

653
31317
673
683
32 .7.11
19.37
2331
3241
733
743

23109
23 .83
2337
22 .32 .19
2347
26 .11
23717
22 .181
2367
2 3.3.31

5131
5719
3 3.52
5137
5139
3547
51113
52 .29
3.5.72
5149

2'.41
2.3 2 .37
22 .13 2
2.7 3
23.3.29
2353
22 .179
2.3.11 2
25 .23
2373

32.73
2329
677
3229
1741
7101
3239
727
1167
32 .83

2747
2 2 .167
23113
2'43
2349
22 .3.59
235(l
2.32 .41
22.11.17

659
3223
797
1353
3233
709
719
36
739
7107

65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

75
76
77
78
79

2.3.5 3
23.5.19
25711
22 .3.5.13
2579

751
761
3257
1171
7113

2'47
23127
22 .193
21723
2 3 .32 .11

3251
7109
773
3 3.29
1361

21329
22.191
2.32 .43
24 .7 2
2397

.'j151
32.5.17
52 .31
5157
3553

22 .3 3.7
2383
2 3.97
23131
22 .199

757
1359
3737
781
791

2379
28 .3
2389
22 .197
23719

31123
769
1941
3263
1747

75
76
77

80
81
82
83
84

25 .52
23'5
22 .5.41
2583
2 3.3.5.7

3 2 .89
811
821
3277
292

2401
22 .7.29
23137
2 6 .13
2421

1173
3271
823
72 .17
3281

22 .3.67
21137
2 3 .103
23139
22 .211

5723
5163
3.52 .11
5167
513'

21331
24 .3.17
2759
22 .11.19
2.32 .47

3269
1943
821
3 3.31
7112

23 .101
2409
22 .32 .23
2419
24 .53

809
32 .7.13
829
839
3283

80
81
82
83
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85
86
87
88
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2.52 .17
22 .5.43
23529
24 .5.11
2589

2337
3741
1367
881
3'11

22 .3.71
2431
2 3.109
2.3 2 .72
22 .223

853
863
3 2 .97
883
1947

2761
25 .33
21923
22 .13.17
23149

32 .5.19
5173
53.7
3559
5179

23.107
2433
2 2.3.73
2443
2 7.7

857
3.172
877
881
31323

231113
22 .7.31
2439
2 3 .3.37
2449

859
1179
3293
7127
2931

85
86
87
88
89

90
91
92
93
94

22 .32 .52
25713
2 3 .5.23
23531
22 .5.47

1753
911
3307
72 .19
941

21141
24 .3.19
2461
22 .233
23157

3743
1183
1371
3311
2341

2 3 .113
2457
22 .3.7.11
2467
24 .59

5181
3561
52 .37
511.17
3 3 .5.7

23151
22 .229
2463
2 3 .32 .13
21143

907
7131
32 .103
937
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22 .227
2.33 .17
2 5 .29
2767
22 .3.79

32 .101
919
929
3;H3
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95
96
97
98
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2.5 2 .19
2 6 .3.5
2597
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3317
312
971
2
3 .109
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2 3 .7.17
21337
22 .3 5
24(l1
25 .31

953
3 2 .107
7139
983
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2.3 2 .53
22 .241
2487
2 3.3.41
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5191
5193
3.52 .13
5197
5199

2 2 .239
23723
2'61
21729
22 .3.83

31129
967
977
3747
997

2479
2 3 .11 2
23163
22 .13.19
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7137
:31719
1189
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1091
3367
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1959
31329
7163
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3 3 .43
1171
1181
3397
1201
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31137
1231
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32 .139
1397
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1759
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11-103
32 .127
1153
1163
31723
7.13 2
1193
3401
1213
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32 .137
11113
7179
3421
1967
1283
3431
1303
13101
3 3.72
3143
1779
31141
2947
1373
3461
7199
2361
32 .157
1423
1433
31337
1453
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3491
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22 .251
2.3.132
210
21147
22.3 2.29

3567
5729
52 .41
32 .5.23
51119
5211
3571
52 .43
5731
3573
51317
5223
32 .5 3
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5229
35711
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52 .47
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3589
5269
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5281
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3.52.19
5741
5.172
3597
5293
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51323

2503
2 3.127
2.3 3.19
22 .7.37
2523
25.3.11
21341
22 .269
23181
2 3 .137

1953
32 .113
1379
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7151
1197
3359
1087
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33.41
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72 .23
3379
3137
1389
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11107
1187
32 .7.19
1771
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3409
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2943
3419
7181
1277
2
3 .11.13
1297
1307
3439
1327
7191
3449
2359
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34 .17
1973
11127
3767
13109
1427
3479
1447
3147
32 .163
7211
1487
3499

24 .32 .7
2509
22 .257
23173
2 3.131
2.232
22 .3.89
2.72 .11
26 .17
2.32.61
22 .277
21343
23 .3.47
2569
22 .7.41

1009
1019
3.7 3
1039
1049
3353
1069
1383
32 .112
7157
1109
3373
1129
1767
3383
1961
7167
32 .131
2941
11109
313;31
2353
1229
3759
1249
1259
33.47
1279
1289
3433
71117
1319
3443
13103
1971
32 .151
372
7197
3463
1399
1409
3.1143
1429
1439
2
3 .7.23
1459
13113
31729
1489
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100
101
102
103
104
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108
109
110
111
112
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114
115
116
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120
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122
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124
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133
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100
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155
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165
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22.7.59
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180
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1951

26 .61
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850
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26 .33 .5

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25 .269
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860
861
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863
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867
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870
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872
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32917
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23 .19.59
2.67 2
2 2.3.7.107
211409

172.31
8969
34173
89101
8999

00

g
0

~
~

c::!

~
....""IS 0....

'1

...

""0 ~
~

= ~~
CIl

rJl
.....
rJl

1-3

895 ~
896 ~
897 00 ~
898 <:J:J,...
899 ~:..:.

e:

g5
I-'

<0

27643
2'3751
213347
23.1129
2311137
22 .31.73
223197
2 4 .3 4 .7
219239
22.2273
233741
2 3 .17.67
24561
22.3.761
27653
26.Jl13
23'509
2 2.2293
24591
23 .3.383
243107
21.7'47
232953
24.577
24621
2 2.3 2.257
211421
23.19.61
2371317
2'23101
24651
2 5.3.97
2.5979
22.2333
2.3 3.173
2 3.7.167
231151
2'31171
24691
2 4 .587
231567
2'13181
27673
23.31.131
24721
2'17139
23.1983
2 8 .37
211431
21 .3.7.113

33001
9013
71289
33011
9043
11823
32 .19.53
43211
31293
37433
9103
13701
33041
9133
41223
3 4 .113
72 .11.17
9173
33061
29317
9203
33783
23401
71319
3 2.13.79
19487
59157
311281
9283
9293
37443
67139
9323
3 2 .17.61
9343
47199
33121
713.103
11853
331101
9403
9413
33 .349
9433
71971
323137
9463
9473
329109

2 .2251
24507
26.3.47
24517
2'71719
23'503
2 3 .11.103
213349
22 .3.757
24547
24 .569
2.3.72 .31
22.2281
2.4567
23 .32.127
223199
22 .29.79
2311139
25 .7.41
24597
2'31359
2.17271
23 .1153
2.3 5.19
2"2311
2.7661
24 .3.193
24637
2'11211
231549
23 .1163
24657
2. 3 2.7.37
213359
2 7.73
231559
22.2341
243109
2 3 .3.17.23
271161
2'2351
2.3 2.523
2Q931
25389
2'.3787
229163
23 .7.13'
231579
2'2371
247101

51801
35601
52.l9 2
513139
33 .5.67
51811
5.7 2 .37
3.52.11'
52379
517107
35607
5.1823
53 .73
3'5729
53159
51831
351347
5'367
511167
35613
57263
51997
3 2 .5 2.41
51847
543'
35617
517.109
5 2.7.53
35619
51113'
51861
3 4.5.23
52.373
5.1867
35789
51871
51873
3.55
5.1877
5.1879
32 .5.11.19
57269
5 2 .13.29
351737
51889
53161
35631
52.379
57271
3'5211

231979
23 .7 2.23
24513
2 2.3 2.251
24523
25 .283
231511
2 2.2269
271159
23 .3.379
229157
2'4353
2.33 .132
2 4.571
217269
2 2 .3.7.109
24583
23 .31.37
231531
22 1-P19
24603
2 10.3 2
27659
22.2309
232367
23 .13.89
241113
2'3773
24643
24.7.83
2.32 .11.47
2 2 .17.137
24663
23 .3.389
24673
2 2.2339
237223
2 5.293
21319'
2'.3 4.29
24703
2 3.11.107
231571
2'7337
24723
24 .3.197
24733
2'.23103
2.3 2.17.31
23 .1187

9007
71127
2
3 .17.59
71291
83109
33019
9067
29313
313233
11827
71301
3'1013
9127
9137
33049
9157
89103
371923
9187
17541
3 3.11.31
13709
9227
33079
71321
9257
33089
9277
37251
3 2.1033
41227
71J3
33109
9337
13719
33119
171929
9377
3 2 .7.149
9397
23409
34373
11857
9437
34767
7 2.193
9467
3&.13
53179
9497

2 .563
2.33.167
22.37.61
24519
2 3 .3.13.29
27647
22 .2267
231789
2 7.71
24549
2'.3 2 .11.23
24797
23 .7.163
231523
22.2287
2.19241
24.3191
213353
22 .2297
23'773
23 .1151
211419
22 .3.769
231.149
25 .172
231543
22.7331
2.4639
23 .33.43
24649
2 2.13.179
231553
2 4 .11.53
2723.29
22 .3.19.41

t-3 00

-....

olD

0:>

g C!'" t-:>
~

900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949

2 .3 .5
251753
2
2 .5.11.41
235743
24.5.113
2.5 2 .181
22 .3.5.151
25907
23 .5.227
2.3 2.5.101
3

25'713
25911
25 .3.5.19
251183
22.5.457
2.3.52 .61
23 .5.229
257131
22.33 .5.17
25919
24.52.23
235307
2'5461
251371
23 .3.5.7.11
2.5337
22 .5.463
2.32.5.103
2 6.5.29
25929
22.3.&.31
2.5.7 2.19
23 .5.233
235311
2'5467
25'11.17
2 4.3'.5.13
25937
2'.5767
235313
23.52 .47
25941
2'35157
2.5.2341
21.5.59
2.33 .51 .7
2'51143
25947
23.3.5.79
251373

9001
9011
33197
11821
9041
37431
131741
47193
3 2 .1009
9091
19479
33037
71303
23397
311.277
9151
9161
3 2 .1019
9181
713.101
33067
61151
9221
317.181
9241
11.292
33.73
73127
9281
319163
71131
9311
313239
73143
9341
3'1039
112337
9371
35359
9391
71779
33137
9421
9431
3'1049
13727
9461
371141
19499
9491

1186:~

24679
23 .1171
2.32.521
2'2347
237127
2 6.3'7'
217277
2'2357
2.3.11 ' .13
23.1181
2,4729
2'3'263
27677
2 4 .593
231583

I>:l

3'71113
29311
9029
323131
9049
9059
33023
71297
61149
33 .337
9109
11829
317179
131937
71307
34371
53173
67137
32 .1021
9199
9209
37439
11-839
9239
33083
47197
132331
3'1031
71327
17547
329I07
9319
19491
311283
9349
72 .191
33 .347
83113
41.229
313241
97 2
9419
37449
9439
11859
3'1051
17557
9479
33163
72359

900
:..:.
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
~
920
921
922 ::I.
N
923 ID
924
925 1:1
926 !JI
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947 <0
94801>949 :g

C'l

is:
III

S~
....... ~
=
::d

....

~
~
~

re

<J).

950
951
952
953
954

22 .51.19
235317
24 .5.7.17
25953
22 .32 .5.53

33167
9511
9521
33 .353
72947

2.4751
23 .29.41
2.32 .232
22 .2383
213367

13.1743
32 .7.151
89107
9533
33181

2 5 .33 .11
26771
22 .2381
237227
23 .1193

51901
511173
352127
51907
52383

2Tl97
22.3.13.61
211.433
26.149
233743

33169
31307
71361
3.11.172
9547

22.2377
24759
23 .3.397
219251
22.71131

37257
3.19167
13733
9539
32.1061

950 <0
951 ~
952 0
953
95 4

955
956
957
958
959

252191
23 .5.239
2351129
225479
257137

9551
33187
17563
11.1367
323139

24 .3.199
27683
22 .2393
231597
23 .11.109

41233
73131
33191
7.372
53181

217281
22 .3.797
2.4787
24 .599
2.32 .13.41

3.5.72 .13
51913
52383
33 .5.71
519101

22 .2389
2.4783
23 .32.7.19
24793
222399

19503
3 2.1063
61157
9587
37457

2.3 4 .59
25.13.23
24789
22.3.17.47
24799

11279
71367
331.103
43223
29331

955
956
957
958
959

960
961
962
963
964

27.3.52
25312
22.5.13.37
2.32 .5.107
23 .5.241

9601
71373
32 .1069
9631
31311

24801
22 .33 .89
217283
25.7.43
2.3.1607

22.7 4
2111923
23 .3.401
2.4817
22.2411

517113
35641
53 7-11
54147
35643

231601
24 .601
24813
22 .3.11.73
271353

13739
59163
33209
23419
11877

23.1201
237229
22 .29.83
2.6179
24 .32.67

33203
9619
9629
34.717
9649

960
961
962
963
964

965
966
967
968
969

252193
22.3.5.7.23
2.5967
24 .5.112
2351719

33217
9661
19509
37461
11881

22 .19.127
24831
23 .3.13.31
247103
22.2423

32 .11.97
9613
9623
3.132 .19
9643
7 2.197
33221
17569
23421
3 3.359

231609
2 6.151
27691
22.32.269
237131

51931
51933
32.52.43
513149
57.277

za1771
2.33.179
22.41.59
229167
25.3.101

32 .29.37
71381
9677
3.3229
9697

211439
22.2417
2.3.1613
23.7173
2.13.373

13743
311293
9679
9689
35361

965
966
967
968
969

970
971
972
973
974

22 .52.97

89109
32.13.83
9721
37263
317.191

2.32.7 2.11
24 .607
24861
22 .3.811
24871

31.313
11.883
37463
9733
9743

23.1213

17571
3.4179
71137
713107
33 .192

22.3.809

7.19.73
9719
32 .23.47
9739
9749

970
971
972
973
974

72 .199

23 .23.53

25971
23 .35.5
257.139
22.5.487

231619
22 .11.13.17
231157
24 .3.7.29

35647
52967
52389
351159
51949

223211
22 .7.347
231621
23 .1217
211443

51951
32 .5.7.31
52.17.23
519103
35.653

22.32.271

243113
29.19
2.32.541
2
2 .2437

(')

0
"'!j

~.

",

975
976
977
978
979

235313
25.5.61
25977
223.5163
25.11.89

43227
33257
9781
9791

231627
227349
26773
26 .32 .17

980
981
982
983
984

23 .52.72
2.3 2.5.109
22.5.491
25983
24 .3.5.41

34 .112
9811
723.61
329.113
13757

985
986
987
988
989

252197
22 .5.17.29
235747
23 .5.13.19
252343

9851
319173
9871
41241
32 .7.157

990
991
992
993
994

22.32.52.11
25991
26.5.31
235331
22.5.7.71

995
996
997
998
999

2.52199
23 .3.5.83
2.5997
22.5.499
2.33.5.37

ll:l

.....

11887
9767
33259
9787
97101

271741
23 .3.11.37
24889
22 .2447
232371

33253
9769
711127
313251
41.239

975
976
977
978
979

24903
23 .3.409
2.173
22.2459
2.32.547

37467
9817
31317
2
3 .1093
43229

24.613
2.4909
2 2 .33.7.13
2.4919
23 .1231

17.577
32.1091
9829
9839
3.72.67

980
981
982
983
984

33 .5.73
51973
5379
35659
51979

27.711
24933
22.3823
24943
23 .1237

9857
3111323
71783
9887
33299

2.331.53
22.2467
211449
25.3.103
2.7 2 .101

9859
71139
33789
112931
19521

985
986
987
988
989

24 .619
24957
22 .3.827
2.4967
23.11.113

57283
35661
52.397
51987
32.5.13.17

2313.127
22 .37.67
27709
24.33 .23
2.4973

9907
47211
32 .1103
19523
7329

22.2477
2.32 .19.29
23.17.73
24969
22.3.829

33 .367
713109
9929
33313
9949

990
991
992
993
994

2.32.7.79
22.47.53
24987
2 8 .3.13
2.19263

511181
5.1993
352719
51997
51999

22.l9131
2311151
23 .29.43
24993
22.3.72.17

33319
9967
11907
3.3329
13769

2.13383
24.789
231663
2
2 .11.227
24999

23433
33323
17587
71427
2
3 .11.101

995 ~
996 III
997
998 (I)
QO
999 :g~ ~

33251
13751
29337
32 .1087
7.1399

2.4877
22.2441
2.33:181
231223
25983

2.132.29
22.11.223
23f637
23 .1229
271937

9803
33271
111947
9833
3.17193

22.3.19.43
27701
25 .307
2311149
22 .23.107

53753
513151
352131
57281
5.11179

22 .3.821
24931
2 4 .617
2.34 .61
22 .2473

59167
71409
32 .1097
9883
13761

213,379
23 .3 2 .137
24937
22.7.353
231797

9901
111753
33307
9931
9941

24951
23 .3.7.59
211241
22.13.191
231657

33301
23431
9923
371143
61163

331107
71423
132.59
32.1109
97103

25.311
217293
22.32.277
272331
23 .1249

37269
35 .41
9973
67.149
33331

I!iI
III

219257
24.13.47
237233
22 .31.79

....""

g
fIJ

o-<!

reUl

e:

<0.

<0...:1

864

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

Primitive Roots, Factorization of p-l

Table 24.8

g, G denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p.

denotes

whether 10, -10 both or neither are primitive roots.

P
3
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
29
31
37
41
43
47
53
59
61
67
71
73
79
83
89
97
101
103
107
109
113
127
131
137
139
149
151
157
163
107
173
179
181
191
193
197
199
211
223
227
229
233
239
241
251
257
263
269
271
277
281
283
293
307
311
313
317
331
337
347
349
353

p-1

2
22
23
25
22.3
24
2.32
211
22.7
235
22.32
23 .5
237
223
22.l3
229
22 .3.5
2311
257
23 .32
2313
241
23.11
2 5.3
22 .52
2317
253
22.33
24.7
2.32.7
2513
23 .17
2323
22.37
2.3.52
22 .3.13
2.34
283
22.43
289
22.32.5
2519
26.3
22.72
2.3 2.11
2357
2337
2113
22.3.19
23 .29
2717
24.3.5
2.53
28
2131
2267
2.33 .5
22323
23 .5.7
2347
22.73
2.3 2.17
2531
23 .3.13
22.79
23511
24.3.7
2173
22.3.29
2 5.11

2
2
3
2
2
3
2
5
2
3
2
6
3
5
2
2
2
2
7
5
3
2
3
5
2
5
2
6
3
3
2
3
2
2
6
5
2
5
2
2
2
19
5
2
3
2
3
2
6
3
7
7
6
3
5
2
6
5
3
3
2

17
10
2
3
10
2
2
3

-G
1
2
2
3
2
3
4
2
2
7
2
6
9
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
3
3
5
2
2
3
6
3
9
3
3
4
2
5
5
4
2
2
3
2
2
5
2
2
4
9
3
6
3
2
7
3
3
2.
2
2
5
3
6
2
7
2
10
2
5
10
3
2
3

-10

- - - --

10

- - - -- - - --

10
10
10
10
-10

- - - -- - - --

-10

10
- - --

10
10
-10
-10

- - - -- - - --

-10

- - - --

1O

- - - -- - - --

-10
1O
10

- - - --

10

- - - -- - - --

1O
-10

- - - --

-10
10

- --~

10
10
-10
10

- - - --

-10

---- -

10
-10
1O
1O

- - - --

- -- -

- - - --

1O
10
1O

- - - -- - - -- - - --

-10

- - - --

-10
-10
10

- - - -- - - --

10
-10

- - - --- ---

359
367
373
379
383
389
397
401
409
419
421
431
433
439
443
449
457
461
463
467
479
487
491
499
503
509
521
523
541
547
557
563
569
571
577
587
593
599
601
607
613
617
619
631
641
643
647
653
659
661
673
677
683
691

701

709
719
727
733
739
743
751
757
761
769
773
787
797
809
811

p-1

-G

2179
2361
22.3.31
233.7
2191
22.97
22.32.11
2'.52
23 .3.17
21119
22.3.5.7
2543
2'.33
2373
21317
26.7
23 .3.19
22.5.23
23711
2233
2239
2.35
2.5.72
2383
2251
22 .127
23 .5.13
2.32.29
22.33.5
23713
22.139
2281
23.71
23519
26.32
2293
2'37
21323
za352
23101
22.32 .17
23711
23-103
2.32.5.7
2 7.5
23107
21719
22.163
2747
22.3.5.11
25.3.7
22.132
21131
23523
22.52.7
22359
2.359
23112
22 .3.61
232.41
2753
2.3.53
22 .33 .7
23 .5.19
28 .3
22.193
23131
22199
23.101
2.34.5

7
6
2
2
5
2
5
3
21
2
2
7
5
15
2
3
13
2
3
2
13
3
2
7
5
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
5
2
3
7
7
3
2
3
2
3
3
11
5
2
2
2
5
2
5
3
2
2
11
5
6
3
5
3
2
6
11
2
2
2
3
3

2
2
2
4
2
2
5
3
21
3
2
5
5
5
3
3
13
2
2
3
2
2
4
5
2
2
3
4
2
4
2
3
3
5
5
3
3
2
7
2
2
3
4
9
3
7
2
2
3
2
5
2
10
6
2
2
2
7
6
6
2
2
2
I)

11
2
4
2
3
5

-10
10

- - - --

10
10
10

-- - -__

__

- - - --

10

- - - --

-10
10

-10

-10

- - - -- - - --

10

- - --

-10
-10
10
10
10
10
10

- - - --

-10
1O

- - - -- - - --

-10

- - - --

10
1O
-10
10
-10

- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - --

10
-10

---- - - - --

10

- - - --

10

- - - -- - - -- - - --

-10

- - - --

1O
1O
-10
10

- - - -- - - --

10

- - - -- - - --

----- - - -- - - --10
- - - -- - - --

10

p-1

-G

821
823
827
829
839
853
857
859
863
877
881
883
887
907
911
919
929
937
941
947
953
967
971
977
983
991
997
1009
1013
1019
1021
1031
1033
1039
1049
1051
1061
1063
1069
1087
1091
1093
1097
1103
1109
1117
1123
1129
1151
1153
1163
1171
1181
1187
1193
1201
1213
1217
1223
1229
1231
1237
1249
1259
1277
1279
1283
1289
1291
1297

22.5.41
23137 .
2759
22.32 .23
2419
22.3.71
23 .107
231113
2431
22.3.73
24 .5.11
2.32 .72
2443
23151
25713
2.33 .17
25.29
23.3 2.13
22.5.47
21143
23717
23723
2597
2'61
2491
2.32.5.11
22 .3.83
24.32 .7
221123
2509
223517
25103
23.3.43
23173
23 .131
23527
22.5.53
2.32.59
22 .3.89
23181
25109
22 .3.7.13
23.137
21929
22 .277
22.3 2.31
231117
23 .3.47
2.52.23
27.32
2783
2.32 .5.13
22 .5.59
2593
23.149
24.3.52
22 .3.101
26.19
21347
22307
23541
22.3.103
25.3.13
21737
22.11.29
2.32.71
2641
23.723
23543
24 3{

2
3
2
2
11
2
3
2

2
2
3
2
2
2
&
4
2
2
3
4
2
4
3
5
3
5
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
7
11
3
3

2
3
2
5
2
17
7
3
5
2
2
3
5
6
3
5
6
7
11
3
2

10
14
5
3
3
7
2
3
6
3
2
5
3
5
2
2
2
11
17
5
5
2
7
2
3
11
2
3
5
2
3
2
7
2
2
3
2
6
2
10

10
2
5
2
3
5
2
2
6
2
4
5
3
3
2
2
4
11
2
5
3
4
7
3
3
11
2
3
2
2
2
2
7
3
2
2
3
6
4
10

1 o
1o
-1 o

- - -- -

-1 o

- - --

1 o

- - --

1o

-- --

-=1 o1o
- - --1 o
-1 o
- - -1 o
1 o
-1 o
1 o
- - -- 1o
1 o
1o
-1 o
- - -- - -- --1o
1 o

- - -- -

1 o
-1 o

- - --

1o

- --

1o
1
1o
1o

- - --

1 o
1o
1 o

- - --

-1 o

- - --

-1 o
1 o
-1 o
1o
1 o
-1 o
1 o

- - -- - -- -

1 o

1o

1 o

- - -- - -- - --

1o

---

-1 o
-1 o

---

1
1 o

865

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

Primitive Roots, Factorization of p-l

Table 24.8

g, G denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p.

denotes

whether 10, -10 both or nei ther are primitive roots.

p

p-l

-G

p-1

-1301
1303
1307
1319
1321
1327
1361
1367
1373
1381
1399
1409
1423
1427
1429
1433
1439
1447
1451
1453
1459
1471
1481
1483
1487
1489
1493
1499
1511
1523
1531
1543
1549
1553
1559
1567
1571
1579
1583
1597
1601
1607
1609
1613
1619
1621
1627
1637
1657
1663
1667
1669
1693
1697
1699
1709
1721
1723
1733
1741
1747
1753
1759
1777
1783
1787
1789
1801
1811
1823

22.,52.13
23731
2653
2659
23.3.5.11
2.31317
2'517
2683
22.73
2
2 .3.5.23
23233
27.11
2.32.79
22331
22.3717
23.179
2-719
23241
2,5229
22.3.11 2
2.36
23572
2a537
2.31319
2743
2'331
22.373
27107
25151
2761
2.32.5.17
23257
22.32.43
24.97
21941
2.33.29
25157
23263
27113
22.3.7.19
26.52
21173
23.3.67
22.l331
2809
22.3 4.5
23271
22409
23.32.23
2.3277
2.72.17
22.3.139
22.32.47
25.53
23283
22.761
23.5.43
23741
22.433
22.3.5.29
2.32.97
23.3.73
2.3293
24.3.37
2.3 4.11
21947
22.3.149
23.32.52
25181
2911

2
6
2
13
13
3
3
5
2
2
13
3
3
2
6
3
7
3
2
2
3
6
3
2
5
14
2
2

11

2
2
5
2
3
19
3
2
3
5

11

3
5
7
3
2
2
3
2
11
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
7
6
5
10
2
6
11

2
2
3
2
13
9
3
2
2
2
5
3
9
3
6
3
2
2
3
2
6
5
3
4
2
14
2
3
2
3
4
2
2
3
2
2
3
5
2

1O
10
-10
-10
- - - --

10

- - - --

10

-- ---

1O
-10

- - - ----

--10
10
10
-10
10

- - - ---- - - --

--

-10

- - - -- - - --

10

- -- -- - - -- - - --

-10
-10
10
10
1O
10
-10
10
10
10
10

11 - - - -3 - - - -2
7
3
3
2
6
2
11
2
3
2
2
3
6
3
3
6
2
2
4
7
2

10

- - - -- - - --

10
10

--

---

- - - -- - - --

10
-10
- - - -- - - --

1O

- - - --

1O

- - - -- - - -- - - --

10

- - - -- - - --

-10
10
10

2
3 -10
6 1O
11 - - - -10
3
2
10

1831
1847
1861
1867
1871
1873
1877
1879
1889
1901
1907
1913
1931
1933
194!l
1951
1973
1979
1987
1993
1997
1999
2003
2011
2017
2027
2029
2039
2053
2063
2069
2081
2083
2087
2089
2099
2111
2113
2129
2131
2137
2141
2143
2153
2161
2179
2203
2207
2213
2221
2237
2239
2243
2251
2267
2269
2273
2281
2287
2293
2297
2309
2311
2333
2339
2341
2347
2351
2357
2371

23561
21371
22.3.5.31
23311
251117
2'.32.13
22.767
23313
26 .59
22.152.19
2953
23.239
25193
22.3.7.23
22.487
2.3.52.13
22.1729
22343
2333]
Zd383
22.499
2.33.37
271113
23567
25.32.7
21013
22.3.132
21019
22.33.19
21031
22.11.47
25.5.13
23347
27149
23.32.29
21049
25211
26 .3.11
24.7.19
23571
23.3.89
22.5.107
2.32.7.17
23.269
24.33.5
232.lP
23367
21103
22779
22.3.5.37
221343
23373
21959
2.32.53
211103
22.34.7
25.71
23.3.5.19
232.127
22.3.191
23.7.41
22.577
235711
22 .11.53
27167
22.32.5.13
231723
2.52.47
22.1931
23579

3
5
2
2
14
10
2
6
3
2
2
3
2
5
2
3
2
2
2
5
2
3
5
3
5
2
2
7
2
5
2
3
2
5
7
2
7
5
3
2
10
2
3
3
23
7
5
5
2
2
2
3
2
7
2
2
3
7
19
2
5
2
3
2
2
7
3
13
2
2

-G
9
2
2
4
2
10
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
5
2
2
2
3
4
5
2
5
3
5
5
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
2
7
3
2
5
3
4
10
2
9
3
23
5
7
2
2
2
2
2
3
5
3
2
3
7
7
2
5
2
2
2
3
7
6
3
2
4

p-1

- - - --

10
1O
-10
-10
1O

- - - -- - - ---

.. --

- -- --

-10
1O

-- - -- - - -1O
- - - -- - - --

10

- - - -- - - -- - - --

-10
-10

- - - --

1O
-10
10
-10

- - - --

10
10

- - - --

-10

-- -

~-

- - - --

10
-10
10

- - - -- - - --

1O
10
10
1O

- - - --

10
-10
10
- - - -1O

- -- --

-10
-10
10
-10
1O
1O

- -- ------ - - --

1O
10

- - - -- - - --

10
1O

-10

-10

- - - --

10

2377
2381
2383
2389
2393
2399
2411
2417
2423
2437
2441
2447
2459
2467
2473
2477
2503
2521
2531
2539
2543
2549
2551
2557
2579
2591
2593
2609
2617
2621
2633
2647
2657
2659
2663
2671
2677
2683
2687
2689
2693
2699
2707
2711
2713
2719
2729
2731
2741
2749
2753
2767
2777
2789
2791
2797
2801
2803
2819
2833
2837
2843
2851
2857
2861
2879
2887
2897
2903
2909

23.33.11
22.5.7.17
23397
22.3.199
23.1323
211109
25241
24.151
27173
22.3.7.29
23.5.61
21223
21229
2.32.137
23.3.103
22.619
232139
23.32.5.7
251123
233.47
23141
22.72.13
2.3.52 .17
22.32 .71
21289
25737
25.3'
24.163
23.3.109
22.5.131
23.7.47
2.33.72
25.83
23443
2113
23589
22.3.223
2.32 .149
21779
27.3.7
22.673
21971
231141
25271
23.3.113
2.32.151
23.11.31
235713
22.5.137
22.3.229
26.43
23461
23.347
22.17.41
2.32.5.31
22.3.233
24.52.7
23467
21409
24.3.59
22.709
2.72.29
23,5219
23 .3.7.17
22.5.11.13
21439
231337
24.181
21451
22.727

-G

5
3
5
2
3
11
6
3
5
2
6
5
2
2
5
2
3
17
2
2
5
2
6
2
2
7
7
3

5
3
13
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
6
2

2
3
3
3
2
5
7
2
2
5
19
2
2
2
7
5
3
3
3
2
6
3
3
3
2
6
2
3
2
2
5
2
2
2

2
3
2
3
4
2
5
2
4
3
19
2
3
4
2
5
2
3
5
2
6
3
9
3
2
7
2
3
4
3
5
2
4
4
11
2
2
2
3
2
2

11

2
7
5
3
5
2

4
5
2
2
17
3
4
2
2
2
2
3
2
7
3

- - - -- - - --

10
1O

- - - --

-1 o
1o
1 o
1o
----

- - - --

1o
1o

- - - --

1 o

- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - --

1o
1o
1 o

- - - -- - - --

1o

- - - --

1 o

- - --

1 o
1 o
1 o

- - - --

1 o

-- - --

1o
-1 o

- - --

1o

- - - -- - - --

1o
-1 o
-1 o
1 o
-1 o

- - -- -

1o
1 o

- - -- -

1 o
1o
1 o
1 o

--

- -- - - -- - - --

-1 o
1o
1 o

- - - --

-1 o
1o

- - -- -

1 o
-1 o
1o
1 o
1o
1 o

866

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

Primitive Roots, Factorization of p-l

Table 24.8

g G denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p.
,
whether 10, -10 both or neither are primitive roots.
P

2917
2927
2939
2953
2957
2963
2969
2971
2999
3001
3011
3019
3023
3037
3041
3049
3061
3067
3079
3083
3089
3109
3119
3121
3137
3163
3167
3169
3181
3187
3191
3203
3209
3217
3221
3229
3251
3253
3257
3259
3271
3299
3301
3307
3313
3319
3323
3329
3331
3343
3347
3359
3361
3371
3373
3389
3391
3407
3413
3433
3449
3457
3461
3463
3467
3469
3491
3499
3511
3517

p-l

-G

22.36
271119
213113
23.32.41
2 2.739
21481
23.7.53
2.33.5.11
21499
23.3.53
25743
23503
21511
22.3.11.23
25.5.19
23.3.127
22.32.5.17
23773
234.19
22367
24.193
22.3.7.37
21559
2'3513
26.7 2
231731
21583
25.32.11
22.3.5.53
2.33.59
251129
21601
23.401
24.367
22.5.7.23
22.3.269
21)313
22.3.271
23.11.37
2.32.181
235109
21797
22.3.52.11
231929
2 4.32.23
23779
211-151
28.13
2.32.5.37
23557
27239
22373
25.3.5.7
25337
223281
22.7.112
235113
213131
22.853
23 .3.11.13
23.431
27.33
22.5.173
23577
21733
223.172
25349
2.31153
2.33.5.13
22.3.293

5
5
2
13
2
2
3
10
17
14
2
2
5
2
3
11
6
2
6
2
3
6
7
7
3
3
5
7
7
2
11
2
3
5
10
6
6
2
3
3
3
2
6
2
10
6
2
3
3
5
2
11
22
2
5
3
3
5
2
5
3
7
2
3
2
2
2
2
7
2

--

5
2
3
13
2
3
3
5
2
14
3
4
2
2
3
11
6
4
2
3
3
6
2
7
3
6
2
7
7
4
5
3
3
5
10
6
3
2
3
5
5
3
6
4
10
2

- - - --

3
5
11
3
2
22
3
5
3
5
2
2
5
3
7
2
9
3
2
3
4
2
2

- - - --

10
10

- - - -- - - --

-10

- - - --

10
-10

- - - --

10
10
10

- - -- - - -- - - -- - --

-10
-10
-10

- -- -- - --

--10
-

- - --

1O
-10
10

- ---10
-- - -- - - -1O
- - - -10
- - - --

- - -- -- -- - - --

1O
10
-10
10
1O
-10
1O

- - - --

-10

10
10
-10
-10,

- - - --

10

- - - --

1O

-10
10
- - - --

:tIO

- - - -- - - --

10
10
-10
1O

- - - --- --

-10

--

---

3527
3529
3533
3539
3541
3547
3557
3559
3571
3581
3583
3593
3607
3613
3617
3623
3631
3637
3643
3659
3671
3673
3677
3691
3697
3701
3709
3719
3727
3733
3739
3761
3767
3769
3779
3793
3797
3803
3821
3823
3833
3847
3851
3853
3863
3877
3881
3889
3907
3911
3917
3919
3923
3929
3931
3943
3947
3967
3989
4001
4003
4007
4013
4019
4021
4027
4049
4051
4057
4073

p-l

-G

-24143
23.32.72
22.883
22961
22.3.5.59
2.32.197
22.7127
23593
235717
22.5.179
232.l99
23.449
23601
22.3.7.43
25.113
21811
2.3.5.11 2
22.32.101
23607
23159
25367
23 .33.17
22.919
2.32.5.41
2.432
22.52.37
22.32.103
2.11.132
23'23
22.3.311
23789
2 4.5.47
27269
23.3.157
21889
24.3.79
22.13.73
21901
22.5.191
2.3.72.13
23.479
23641
21)27.11
22.32.107
21931
22.3.17.19
23597
24.35
232.731
251723
2 2.11.89
2.3653
23753
23.491
235131
2.33.73
2-1973
23661
22.997
25.53
232329
22003
22.17.59
2.72.41
22.3.5.67
231161
2 4.11.23
2.3 4.5'
23.3.132
23.509

5
17
2
2
7
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
5
2
3
5
15
2
2
2
13
5
2
2
5
2
2
7
3
2
7
3
5
7
2
5
2
2
3
3
3
5
2
2
.5
2
13

11
2
13
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
6
2
3
2
5
2
2
2
3
3
10
5
3

2
17
2
3
7
4
2
2
4
2
2
3
11
2
3
2
10
2
4
3
2
5
2
4
5
2
2
2
2
2
5
3
2
7
3
5
2
3
3
9
3
2
4
2
2
2
13

11
4-

2
2
2
3
3
4
9
3
2
2
3
4
2
2
4
2
6
3
5
5
3

10

10
10

- - - --

1O
10

- -- --

10
10
-10

----10
10

- -- --

1O

- - --------- --

1O
1O
-10
10

- - ---- --- -- -10

- -- -10
- ---- ----10
1O

- - --

10
10

----

- - - --

10

-- --- -------10

-10
- -- -- - - --

-10

- ----

--- 10
--10
10
10

- ---- - - --

10

- -- --

10

- -- --

-10

- - - --

10
10
10

4079
4091
4093
4099
4111
4127
4129
4133
4139
4153
4157
4159
4177
4201
4211
4217
4219
4229
4231
4241
4243
4253
4259
4261
4271
4273
4283
4289
4297
4327
4337
4339
4349
4357
4363
4373
4391
4397
4409
4421
4423
4441
4447
4451
4457
4463
4481
4483
4493
4507
4513
4517
4519
4523
4547
4549
4561
4567
4583
4591
4597
4603
4621
4637
4639
4643
4649
4651
4657
4663

-G
-

11
2
2
2
12
5
13
2
2
5
2
3
5
11
6
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
7
5
2
3
5
3
3
10
2
2
2
2
14
2
3
3
3
21
3
2
3
5
3
2
2
2
7
2
3
5
2
6
11
3
5

2
3
2
4
2
2
13
2
3
5
2
2
5
11
3
3
4
2
2
3
4
2
3
2
3
5
3
3
5
2
3
5
2
2
4
2
2
2
3
3
7
21
2
3
3
2
3
4
2
4
7
2
9
3
3
6

p-1

-- --- - - -10
---10
--- ----10

denotes

22039
25409
22.3.11.31
23683
235137
22063
25.3.43
22.1033
22069
23.3.173
22.1039
233.711
2 4.32.29
23 .3.52.7
25421
23.17-31
231937
22.7.151
2.32.5.47
2 4.5.53
237101
22.1063
22129
22.3.5.71
25761
24.3.89
22141
26.67
23 .3.179
237103
2 4.271
2.32.241
22.1087
22.32.112
23727
22.1093
25439
22 .7.157
23.l929
2251317
2311-67
223537
2.32.13.19
2.52.89
23 .557
22397
27.5.7
2.33.83
22.1123
23751
25.3.47
22 .1129
2.32.251
27.1719
22273
22.3.379
24.3.5.19
23761
22979
2.33.5.17
22.3.383
231359
22 .3.5.7.11
22.1961
23773
211211
22.783
235'31
24.3.97
2.32.7.37

11

5
2
2
2
3
5
3
3
15
3

11

7
2
2
5
4
2
2
2
3
3
5
15
9

-1 o
1o

--- 1-o-1 o
1o
- - -- - -- 1o
1 o
- ---- -- 1 o
- - -1o
1 o
1o
1 o
-1 o
- --- -1 o
- ---1o1 o
-1 o
---1
-- o
-------1o
1 o
1o
1 o
- ---1 o
- - --1 o
- - -- --- o
1
1o
- - -1o
1o
1 o
1o
-- --- --- --- ----- - -- ---1 o
-1 o
- ------1o
1o
-1 o
- ---1 o
- -----1
-- o
-1 o
--- 1o
-------

867

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

Primitive Roots, Factorization of p-l

G denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p.
,
whether 10, -10 both or neither are primitive roots.

p-1

-G

p-l

-G

4673
4679
4691
4703
4721
4723
4729
4733
4751
4759
4783
4787
4789
4793
4799
4801
4813
4817
4831
4861
4871
4877
4889
4903
4909
4919
4931
4933
4937
4943
4951
4957
4967
4969
4973
4987
4993
4999
5003
5009
5011
5021
5023
5039
5051
5059
5077
5081
5087
5099
5101
5107
5113
5119
5147
5153
5167
5171
5179
5189
5197
5209
0227
5231
5233
5237
5261
5273
5279
5281

26.73
22339
25767
22351
24.5.59
23787
233197
22.7.132
25319
231361
23797
22393
2232.719
23.599
22399
26.3.52
22.3.401
24.7.43
235723
22.35.5
25487
22.23.53
23.13.47
231943
223409
22459
251729
22.32.137
23.617
27353
2.32.52.11
22.3.7.59
213191
23.33 .23
22.11.113
2.32.277
27.3.13
2.3.72.17
2.4161
24313
235167
22.5.251
2.3 4.31
211-229
2.52.101
2.32.281
22.33.47
23 .5.127
22543
22549
22.3.52.17
232337
23.32.71
23853
23183
25.7.23
2.32.7.41
251147
2.3863
22.1297
22.3.433
23.3.7.31
231367
25523
24.3.109
2
2 .7.11.17
22.5.263
23659
271329
5
2 .3.5.11

3
11
2
5
6
2
17
5
19
3
6
2
2
3
7
7
2
3
3
11
11
2
3
3
6
13
6
2
3
7
6
2
5
11
2
2
5
3
2
3
2
3
3
11
2
2
2
3
5
2
6
2
19
3
2
5
6
2
2
2
7
17
2
7
10
3
2
3
7
7

3
2
3
2
6
4
17
5
3
5
2
3
2
3
2
7
2
3
2
11
3
2
3
2
6
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
11
2
4
5
9
3
3
4
3
2
2
3
4
2
3
2
3
6
4
19
2
3
5

10
-10
10
10

5297
5303
5309
5323
5333
5347
5351
5381
5387
5393
5399
5407
5413
5417
5419
5431
5437
5441
5443
5449
5471
5477
5479
5483
5501
5503
5507
5519
5521
5527
5531
5557
5563
5569
5573
5581
5591
5623
5639
5641
5647
5651
5653
5657
5659
5669
5683
5689
5693
5701
5711
5717
5737
5741
5743
5749
5779
5783
5791
5801
5807
5813
5821
5827
5839
5843
5849
5851
5857
5861

24331
211241
22.1327
23887
22.31.43
2.35.11
2.52 .107
22.5.269
22693
24 .337
22699
231753
22.3.11.41
23 .1\77
2.32.".43
235181
22.32.151
26.5.17
23907
23.3.227
25547
22.372
231183
22741
22.53.11
237131
22753
23189
2 4.3.5.23
2.32.307
25779
22.3.463
2.33.103
26.3.29
22.7.199
22.32.5.31
251343
23937
22819
23.3.5.47
23941
2.52.113
22.32.157
23.7.101
232341
22.13.109
23947
23.32.79
22.1423
22.3.52.19
25571
22.1429
23.3.239
22.5.7.41
2.32.11.29
223479
2.33 .107
2.72.59
235193
23.52.29
22903
22.1453
22.3.5.97
23971
237139
223127
23.17.43
2.32.52.13
25.3.61
225293

3
5
2
5
2
3
11
3
2
3
7
3
5
3
3
3
5
3
2
7
7
2
3
2
2
3
2
13
11
5
10
2
2
13
2
6
11
5
7
14
3
2
5
3
2
3
2
11
2
2
19
2
5
2
10
2
2
7
6
3
5
2
6
2
6
2
3
2
7
3

3
2
2
10
2
6
2
3
3
3
2
2
5
3
5
2
5
3
4
7
3
2
2
3
2
9
3
2
11
2
5
2
4
13
2
6
2
2
2
14
2
3
5
3
4
3
4
11
2
2
3
2
5
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
6
4
2
4
3
4
7
3

11

4
4
2
7
17
4
2
10
3
2
3
3
7

- - - --

-10

...............
...............

-10
-10
10
-10
............ ...

10
-10
............ ...
............ ...

1O
............ ...
............ ...

-10

-- -_ ...

............ ...
............ ...

...............

-10
10
...............

1O
10
-10
............ ...

10
............ ...
-- ...

-_

-10

...............
...............

-10
............ ...
............ ...

10
............ ...

-10
...............

10
...............
............ ...

10
10
............ ...

-10
...............

...............

-10
10
10
...............

10
1O
...............
...............

-10
-10
10

- - - -- -- --

1O
-10

- -- --

1O
10
1O
-10
_... _......
-10
-10
1O
-10
1O
-10
...............
...............

1O
10
-10
...............

.........

--

...............

...............

......... ...

...............

-10
-10
10
10
-10
-10
..............
10
10
.............

-10
...............
...............

1O
-10
10
-10
...............
...............

10
...............

10
10
1O
-10
...............
...............

10
...............
...............

1O
1O
10
1O
10
10
...............
...............

10

... ............

10
-10
-10
-10

- - - -- - - --

10
10

Table 24.8
denotes

p-1

-G

5867
5869
5879
5881
.5897
5903
5923
5927
5939
5953
5981
5987
6007
6011
6029
6037
6043
6047
6053
6067
6073
6079
6089
6091
6101
6113
6121
6131
6133
6143
6151
6163
6173
6197
6199
6203
6211
6217
6221
6229
6247
6257
6263
6269
6271
6277
6287
6299
6301
6311
6317
6323
6329
6337
6343
6353
6359
6361
6367
6373
6379
6389
6397
6421
6427
6449
6451
6469
6473
6481

27419
22.32.163
22939
23.3.5.72
23.11.67
23227
2.32 .7.47
22963
22969
26.3.31
2351323
24173
237-1113
25601
22.11.137
22.3.503
231953
23023
22.17.89
2.32.337
23.3.11.23
231013
23.761
235729
22.52 .61
25.191
23 .32.5.17
25613
22.3.7.73
23783
2.3.52.41
231379
22.1543
221549
231033
27443
2.33 .5.23
23.3.7.37
22.5.311
22.32.173
2.32 .347
2Q723
231101
22.1567
2351119
22.3.523
27449
24767
22.32.5 2.7
25631
22.1579
229109
23.7113
26.32.11
237151
2 4.397
2.11.172
23.3.5.53
231061
22.33.59
231063
22.1597
22.3.13.41
22.3.5.107
2.33 .7.17
24.13.31
2.3.52.43
22.3.72.11
23.809
24.34.5

5
2
11
31
3
5
2
5
2
7
3
2
3
2
2
5
5
5
2
2
10
17
3
7
2
3
7
2
5
5
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
5
3
2
5
3
5
2
11
2
7
2
10
7
2
2
3
10
3
3
13
19
3
2
2
2
2
6
3
3
3
2
3
7

3
2
2
31
3
2
4
2
3
7
3
3
9
4
2
5
6
2
2
4
10
7
3
11
2
3
7
3
5
2
7
6
2
2
2
3
4
5
3
2
2
3
2
2
17
2
2
3
10
2
2
3
3
10
2
3
2
19
2
2
4
2
2
6
6
3
6
2
3
7

-1 o
1 o
-1 o

- - --

1 o
1o
-1 o
1o
1o

............

1 o
-1 o

... .........

1o
1 o

............

-1 o
1o

... .........

-1 o
1 o

-_

...
...
............
............

.........

1 o

............ -

1o
-_ ...
1o
--- ...

...

-_

...
...
............

... .........

-1 o
............
1o
1 o
1 o
... .........
1o
1 o
1o
1 o
... .........
............

1o

... .........

1 o
-1 o

...

-_ ...

-1 o

-- ...... -

1 o
1o
1 o
-1 o

... ......... -

1o
... .........
... -_ ...
1 o

- --- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -1 o
- - --

868

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

Primitive Roots, Factorization of p-l

Table 24.8

g G denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p.
,
whether 10, -10 both or neither are primitive roots.
p
6491
6521
6529
6547
6551
6553
6563
6569
6571
6577
6581
6599
6607
6619
6637
6653
6659
6661
6673
6679
6689
6691
6701
6703
6709
6719
6733
6737
6761
6763
6779
6781
6791
6793
6803
6823
6827
6829
6833
6841
6857
6863
6869
6871
6883
6899
6907
6911
6917
6947
6949
6959
6961
6967
6971
6977
6983
6991
6997
7001
7013
7019
7027
7039
7043
7057
7069
7079
7103
7109

p-l
251159
2 3.5.163
2 7.3.17
2.31091
2.5 2.131
2 3.32.7.13
217193
2 3.821
2.3 2.5.73
2'3137
22.5.7.47
23299
2.32.367
231103
2 2.3.7.79
2 2.1663
23329
22.32.5.37
2 4.3.139
2.3 2.7.53
25.11.19
235.223
2 2.52.67
231117
2 2.3.13.43
23359
2 2.3 2.11.17
2 4.421
2 3 .5.13 2
2.3.7 2.23
23389
2 2.3.5.113
25797
2 3.3.283
219179
2.3 2.379
23413
2 2.3.569
24.761
2 3.3 2.5.19
2 3.857
2.4773
2 2.17.101
235229
2.33137
23449
2.31151
25691
2 2.7.13.19
2.23151
2 2.3 2.193
2.7 2.71
24.3.5.29
231.43
251741
26.109
23491
235233
2 2.3.11.53
2 3.5 3.7
2 2.1753
21 }2.29
231171
2.32.17.23
27503
2'.32.7 2
2 2.3.19.31
2.3539
25367
22.1777

g
2
6
7
2
17
10
5
3
3
5
14
13
3
2
2
2
2
6
5
7
3
2
2
5
2
11
2
3
3
2
2
2
7

10

2
3
2
2
3
22
3
5
2
3
2
2
2
7
2
2
2
7
13
5
2
3
5
6
5
3
2
2
2
3
2
5
2
7
5
2

-G

--- 3 - - - -6 - - - -7 - - - -4
2
10
10
3
7
5
14
2
2
4
2
2
3
6
5
5
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
3
2
3
10
3
2
3
2.
3
22
3
2
2
9
4
3
4
2
2
3
2
3
13
13
4
3
2
2
5
3
2
3
4
2
4
5
2
2
2
2

- - -. --

-10
1O
-10
- - - - ..
10
- - - - ...
.. - - -.
-10
- - _.. 10
- - .. -- - _.. 10
1O
1O
-10
_..... -10
1O
10
1O
-10
-- _.. 1O
- - '. -_.. -"'-

10

-_.....
- - ---

10
-10
10

-10

1O
1O

--- --

1O
10
1O
-10
-10

10

-- ... --

-10

_.... --

-10
1O
-10
......

--

10
10
10
10
-10
........ ........ ........ 10

-- -........ ........
..

10
1O
-10

10
1O

p-l

-G

--- 7121
7127
7129
7151
7159
7177
7187
7193
7207
7211
7213
7219
7229
7237
7243
7247
7253
7283
7297
7307
7309
7321
7331
7333
7349
7351
7369
7393
7411
7417
7433
7451
7457
7459
7477
7481
7487
7489
7499
7507
71)17
7523
7529
7537
7541
7547
7549
7559
7561
7573
7577
7583
7589
7591
7603
7607
7621
7639
7643
7649
7669
7673
7681
7687
7691
7699
7703
7717
7723
7727

24.5.89
27509
2 3 .34.11
2.52 .11.13
23.1193
2 3.3.13.23
23593
2 3.29.31
231201
257103
22.3.601
2.32.401
2 2.13.139
2 2.3 2.67
231771
23623
2 2.7 2.37
2.11331
2 7.3.19
2.13281
22.32.7.29
2 3.3.5.61
25733
2'31347
2 2.11.167
2.3.5 2.7 2
2 3.3.307
25.3.7.11
2.351319
2 332.l03
2 3 .929
2.52.] 49
25.233
2311113
22 .3.7.89
2 3.5.11.17
219197
2 5.32.13
223163
2.3 3.139
2 2.1879
23761
2 3.941
2'3157
2 2.5.13.29
2.7 3.11
22 .3.] 737
23779
2 3.33.5.7
2 2.3.631
2 3 .947
217223
2 2.7.271
2.3511.23
237181
23803
22.3.5.127
231967
23821
25.239
2 2.3 3 .71
2 3.7.137
2 9.3.5
2.32.7.61
25769
231283
23851
22.3.643
2.3 3 .11.13
23863

3
5
7
7
3
10
2
3
3
2
5
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
5
2
6
7
2
6
2
6
7
5
2
5
3
2
3
2
2
6
5
7
2
2
2
2
3
7
2
2
2
13
13
2
3
5
2
6
2
I)

2
7
2
3
2
3
17
6
2
3
5
2
3
5

3
2
7
3
2
10
3
3
2
3
5
4
2
2
4
2
2
3
5
3
6
7
4
6

2
5
7
5
4
5
3
4
3
4
2
6
3
7
3
4
2
3
3
7
2
3
2
2
13
2
3
2
2
2
4
2
2
5
3
3
2
3
]7
2
3
5
2
2
6
2

- - - -- -- - - ----

---

-10
10
-10
1O
10
...... - -- - _.. 10
10
_...... -10
10
- -'" - ..
-lO
_.. - --10
lO
.. - - _.. -- - - -1O
........ - -'" - ..
lO

--

10
.. --- ..

1O
10
1O
10

- .... --

_.. - - ..
10

-.. - --

10

-lO
. - _.. -10
- - - -..

----

1O

-10

- -- --

-10

.. -- -.... - -1O
10

........ -10
-.. _.. 10
.... _.. -

-10
-10
........ -

........ -

1O

..

-_ .. -

10
10
10

10

..

-_ .. -

........

10

p
7741
7753
7757
775n
7789
7793
7817
7823
7829
7841
7853
7867
7873
7877
7879
7883
7901
7907
7919
7927
7933
7937
7949
7951
7963
7993
8009
8011
8017
8039
8053
8059
8069
8081
8087
8089
8093
8101
8111
8117
8123
8147
8161
8167
8171
8179
8191
8209
8219
8221
823]
8233
8237
8243
8263
8269
8273
8287
8291
8293
8297
8311
8317
8329
8353
8363
8369
8377
8387
8389

p-l

denotes
g

-G

7
10
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
12
2
6
5
2
2
3
2
3
2
7
2
3
2
2
10
5
3
7
5
2
2
5
2
3
2
17
2
6
2
2
3
3
7
9
3
4
11
7
3
2
2

--1
-- o---1 o
-- -1 o
1 o
1o
1 o
- - -- --1
-- o1 o
-_." -1 o
-1 o
1 o
-1 o
-1 o
1o
- --- 1 o
1 o
-1 o
-1 o
- - ... --_.... - 1 o
-1 o
- --- 1o
1 o
--- ..
1o
.. --- ... -- - ... --- ..
.. --- -1 o
-1 o
.. - ... .. _- 1o
1o
- - -- .... 1o
--- --1 o
1 o
.. -.. - -1 o
1o
1 o
l o
1o
1o
- .. - 1 o
-1 o
--- - .... 1 o
-1 o
--- -1 o
-- -l o

-2 2.3 2.5.43
2 3.3.17.19
2 2 .7.277
2.3 2.431
22.3.11.59
24.487
2t 977
23911
221n.103
2.1.5.7 2
22.13151
23'1923
2 6.3.41
22.l1179
2313101
27563
2 2.5 2.79
2.5967
237107
231321
2 2.3.661
28 .31
22.1987
2.3.52.53
23]327
2 3.3 3.37
23.711.13
2.32.5.89
2'.3167
24019
22 .3.11.61
231779
2 2.2017
2'5101
213311
2 3.3.337
22./.17 2
22.34.52
25811
2 2.2029
231131
24073
2 5.3.5.17
231361
251943
2'329.47
2.32.5.7.13
2'.3 3.19
27587
22.3.5.137
25823
2 3.3.7 3
22.29.71
213317
2.35.17
22.3.13.53
24.11.47
231381
25829
2 3.1049
2 2.2099
235277
22.33 .7.11
2 3.3.347
25 .32.29
237113
2 4.523
2 3.3.349
27599
22.3 2.233

7
10
2
3
2
3
3
5
2
12
2
3
5
2
3
2
2
2
7
3
2
3
2
6

5
5
3
14
5
11
2
3
2
3
5
17
2
6
11
2
2
2
7
3
2
2
17
7
2
2
11
10
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
6
7

5
2
3
5
2
6

10
2
3
2
2

3
7
3
2
3
2
6
7
5
3
3
5
3
6

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

869

Primitive Roots, Factorization of p-l

Tahle 24.8

g, G denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p.

denotes

whether 10, -10 both or neither are primitive roots.

p

p-l

-G
-

8419
8423
8429
8431
8443
8447
8461
8467
8501
8513
8521
8527
8537
8539
8543

8563
8573
8581
8597
8599
8609
8623
8627
8629
8641
8647
8663
8669
8677
8681
8689
8693
8699
8707
8713
8719
8731
8737
8741
8747
8753
8761
8779
8783
8803
8807
8819
8821
8831
8837
8839
8849
8861
8863
8867
8887
8893
8923
8929
8933

232361
24211
22.7 2.43
235281
2.32.7.67
241103
22.32 .5.47
231783
22.58.17
26.7.19
22.3.5.71
2.3.72 .29
23.11.97
231423
24271
231427
22.2143
22 .3.5.11.13
22.7.307
23.1433
25.269
2.32 .479
219227
22.3.719
26 .33.5
2311131
26171
2211197
22.32.241
23.5.7.31
24.3.181
22.41.53
24349
231451
2332.l1 2
231453
2.32.5.97
25.3.7.13
22.5.19.23
24373
24.547
23.3.5.73
2371119
24391
2.3 8.163
271737
24409
22.32.5.72
25883
22.472
2.3 2.491
24.7.79
225443
237211
2111331
231481
22.31.13.19
231487
25.3 2.31
22.7.11-29

3
5
2
3
2
5
6
2
7
5
13
5
3
2
5
2
2
6
2
3
3
3
2
6
17
3
I)

2
2
15
13
2
2

5
5
3
2
5
2
2
3
23
11
5

2
5
2
2
7
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
5
2

11

6
2
2
2
4
2
6
4
7
5
13
2
3
4
2
4
2
6
2
2
3
2
3
6
17
2
2
2
2
15
13
2
3
7
5
5
4
5
2
3
3
23
22
2
4
2
3
2
5
2
2
3
2
9
3
2
5
4
11
2

p-l

-~

-- _..

10

10
-10
-10
10
- - - --

-10
1O
1O
- - - _..
_.. - _..

10
- _......

10
-10

_.. _.. -

- - _.. - - - -.... - -.. -

--_

10
-10

- _....
_.... --

..

10

10
10
..... _.....

---

--

_... _.. .... _......

10

-10
10
-10
10
_.. - - ...
1O
-10
10

---

_......
_.. _..
10

...........
10
10
1O

-10

.. - - --10
_.......
10

10

-10
10
--- -

--

- -- -- ......
-- ---

8941
8951
8963
8969
8971
8999
9001
9007
9011
9013
9029
9041
9043
9049
9059
9067
9091
9103
9109
9127
9133
9137
9151
9157
9161
9173
9181
9187
9199
9203
9209
9221
9227
9239
9241
9257
9277
9281
9283
9293
9311
9319
9323
9337
9341
9343
9349
9371
9377
9391
9397
9403
9413
9419
9421
9431
9433
9437
9439
9461

22.3.5.149
2.52.179
24481
23.1959
2351323
211409
23.32.53
231979
251753
22 .3.751
22.37.61
24.5.113
2311137
23.3.13.29
2.7647
231511
2.32 .5.101
233741
22.32.11.23
2.3 3.13 2
2237tH
24.571
2.3.5 2.61
22 .3.7.109
23.5.229
22.2293
22.33.5.17
231531
232.773
243107
2 3.1151
22.5.461
27659
231149
3
2 .3.5. 711
23.1389
22377J
26.5.29
2371317
22.23.101
2.5.72.19
231553
25979
2 3.3.389
2 2.5.467
2.33.173
2 2.3.19.41
25937
25.293
2.35313
22.34.29
231567
22.l3181
217277
22.3.5.157
252341
28.32.131
22.7.337
2311213
2 2.5.11.43

6
13
2
3
2
7
7
3
2
5
2
3
3
7
2
3
3
6

10
3
6
3
3
6
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
2
2
19
13
3
5
3
2
2
7
3
2
5
2
5
2
2
3
3
2
3
3

2
2
'7
5
2
22
3

-G
6
2
3
3
4
2
7
2
4
5
2
3
6
7
4
6
5
2

- - - --

-10
-10

- - - --

10

-10

- - - -- - - --

10

- - - --

1O

- - - --

-10

...... _..
10
-10
.... _....
10
10 1O
2 - - _....
6 .... - -3
1O
2 - .. _.. 6 .. - - _..
3 _.. - -2 ............
2 ... - - _..
6 -10
2 -10
3 -10
3 _....... 2 10
3 -10
2 -10
13 - ... _.....
3
10
5 ....... 3 - _.......
4 ----2 ..... -2 -10
2 -10
3 -10
5 - ... _....
2
1O
2
10
2 --_ ......
3
10
3
1O
2 -10
2 ... - _....
6 .... _....
3
.....
3 _..... _...
2
1O
3 -10
5 - - -2 --- -7 -- --3
1O

--_

p-1

-G

9463
9467
9473
9479
9491
9497
9511
9521
9533
9539
9547
9551
9587
9601
9613
9619
9623
9629
9631
9643
9649
9661
9677
9679
9689
9697
9719
9721
9733
9739
9743
9749
9767
9769
9781
9787'9791
9803
9811
9817
9829
9833
9839
9851
9857
9859
9871
9883
9887
9901
9907
9923
9929
9931
9941
9949
9967
9973

231983
24733
28 .37
27677
251373
2 3.1187
235317
24.5.7.17
22.2383
219251
233743
2.52 .191
24793
27.3.52
22.33.89
237229
217283
22.29.83
2.3 2.5.107
231607
24.3 2.67
22.3.5.7.23
22.41.59
231613
23 .7.173
25.3.101
243113
2 3.35.5
22.3.811
2.3 2.541
24871
22.2437
219257
23 .3.11.37
22 .3.5.163
237233
251189
2.13 2.29
2.3 2.5.109
23.3.409
22.33.7.13
28.1229
24919
2.5 2.197
27.711
2.33153
235747
2.3 4.61
24943
22.32.52.11
2313127
211241
28.17.73
2.35331
22.5.7.71
2 2.3.829
2311151
22.3 2.277

3
2
3
7
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
11
2
13
2
2
5
2
3
2
7
2
2
3
3
10
17
7
2
3
5
2
5
13
6
3
11
2
3
5
10
3
7
2
5
2
3
2
5
2
2
2
3
10
2
2
3
11

-9 - - - --

3
3
2
3
3
9
3
2
3
4
2
3
13
2
4
3
2
9
4
7
2
2
2
3
10
3
7
2
5
2
2
2
13
6
6
2
3
5
5
10
3
2
4
5
4
2
4
2
2
4
3
3
5
2
2
2
11

-10
10
-10

10
1O

- ----

- -----

10
-10

- _......

-10

_.. - _..
- - _.. - - - --

10
1O
-10

-10
_.. - --- ..
.... - _..
- - - _..
_.. - --

1O
-10
_....... -

--_ .. 10
10
1O

10

..... _......
10
-10
-10
-10
10
1O
10
10
-10

10
10
_..... _...
-10
-10
10
..... _....
-1 o
-1 o

- _......

1o

_... - .....

1 o
1o

- - - --

870

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
PRIMES

Tahl. 24.9
o

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

2
3
5
7
11

547
557
563
569
571

1229
1231
1237
1249
1259

1993
1997
1999
2003
2011

2749
2753
2767
2777
2789

3581
3583
3593
3607
3613

4421
4423
4441
4447
4451

5281
5297
5303
5309
5323

6143
6151
6163
6173
6197

7001
7013
7019
7027
7039

7927
7933
7937
7949
7951

8837
8839
8849
8861
8863

9739
9743
9749
9767
9769

10663
10667
10687
10691
10709

11677
11681
11689
11699
11701

12569
12577
12583
12589
12601

13513
13523
13537
13553
13567

14533
14537
14543
14549
14551

15413
15427
15439
15443
15451

16411
16417
16421
16427
16433

17393
17401
17417
17419
17431

18329
18341
18353
18367
18371

19427
19429
19433
19441
19447

20359
20369
20389
20393
20399

21391

6
7
8
9
10

13
17
19
23
29

577
587
593
599
601

1277
1279
1283
1289
1291

2017
2027
2029
2039
2053

2791
2797
2801
2803
2819

3617
3623
3631
3637
3643

4457
4463
4481
4483
4493

5333
5347
5351
5381
5387

6199
6203
6211
6217
6221

7043
7057
7069
7079
7103

7963
7993
8009
8011
8017

8867
8887
8893
8923
8929

9781
9787
9791
9803
9811

10711
10723
10729
10733
10739

11717
11719
11731
11743
11777

12611
12613
12619
12637
12641

13577
13591
13597
13613
13619

14557
14561
14563
14591
14593

15461
15467
15473
15493
15497

16447
16451
16453
16477
16481

17443
17449
17467
17471
17477

18379
18397
18401
18413
18427

19451
19463
19469
19471
19477

20407
20411
20431
20441
20443

21433
21467
21481
21487
21491

11
12
13
14
15

31
37
41
43
47

607
613
617
619
631

1297
1301
1303
1307
1319

2063
2069
2081
2083
2087

2833
2837
2843
2851
2857

3659
3671
3673
3677
3691

4507
4513
4517
4519
4523

5393
5399
5407
5413
5417

6229
6247
6257
6263
6269

7109
7121
7127
7129
7151

8039
8053
8059
8069
8081

8933
8941
8951
8963
8969

9817
9829
9833
9839
9851

10753
10771
10781
10789
10799

11779
11783
11789
11801
11807

12647
12653
12659
12671
12689

13627
13633
13649
13669
13679

14621
14627
14629
14633
14639

15511
15527
15541
15551
15559

16487
16493
16519
16529
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66
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317
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71
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353
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76
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78
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383
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11399
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81
82
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419
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2621
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21179
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86
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88
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443
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1109
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1871
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21221
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91
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467
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1153
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1901
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2689
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4327
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6067
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7841
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10589
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11549
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12491
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13417
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14423
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21283
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22247
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96
97
98
99
100

503
509
521
523
541

1193
1201
1213
1217
1223

1949
1951
1973
1979
1987

2713
2719
2729
2731
2741

3541
3547
3557
3559
3571

4363
4373
4391
4397
4409

5233
5237
5261
5273
5279

6101
6113
6121
6131
6133

6971
6977
6983
6991
6997

7879
7883
7901
7907
7919

8803
8807
8819
8821
8831

9689
9697
9719
9721
9733

10627
10631
10639
10651
10657

11597
11617
11621
11633
11657

12527
12539
12541
12547
12553

13463
13469
13477
13487
13499

14461
14479
14489
14503
14519

15373
15377
15383
15391
15401

16349
16361
16363
16369
16381

17359
17377
17383
17387
17389

18289
18301
18307
18311
18313

19391
19403
19417
19421
19423

20333
20341
20347
20353
20357

21341
21347
21377
21379
21383

22279
22283
22291
22303
22307

From D. l\. L.. hmer, Li,1 of pri", .. ""ml ... r, from I 10 10,006,72J, Carnegie Inslilulion of Washing Ion, P"hlication No. 165, Washington,
D.C., 19J4 (wilh "ermi ion).

871

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
PRIMES

~
24317
24329
24337
24359
24371

25409
25411
25423
25439
25447

26407
26417
26423
26431
26437

27457
27479
27481
27487
27509

28513
28517
28537
28541
28547

29453
29473
29483
29501
29527

:3.1

34

30577
30593
30631
30637

31607
31627
31643
31649

Tllhl., 24.9

33617
33619
33623
33629
33637

:17
34b51
346b7
34673
34679
34687

38
35771
35797
35801
35803
35809

39
36787
36791
36793
36809
36821

40
37831
37847
37853
37861
37871

41
38923
38933
38953
38959
38971

42
39979
39983
39989
40009
40013

43
41113
41117
41131
41141
41143

44
42083
42089
42101
42131
42139

45
43063
43067
43093
43103
43117

46
44203
44207
44221
442 4.9
44257

47
45317
45319
45329
45337
45341

4K
46451
46457
46471
46477
46489

49
47533
47543
47563
47569
47581

6 22391 23371 24373 25453 26449 27527 28549 29531 30649 31663 32687 33641
7 22397 23399 24379 25457 26459 27529 28559 29537 30661 31667 32693 33647
8 22409 23417 24391 25463 26479 27539 28571 29567 30671 31687 32707 33679
9 22433 23431 244tl7 25469 26489 27541 28573 29569 30677 31699 32713 33703
10 22441 23447 24413 25471 26497 27551 28579 29573 30689 31721 32717 33713

34693
34703
34721
34729
34739

35831
35837
35839
35851
35863

36833
36847
36857
36871
36877

37879
37889
37897
37907
37951

38977
38993
39019
39023
39041

40031
40037
40039
40063
40087

41149
41161
41177
41179
41183

42157
42169
42179
42181
42187

43133
43151
43159
43177
43189

44263
44267
44269
44273
44279

45343
45%1
45377
45389
45403

46499
46507
46511
46523
46549

47591
47599
47609
47623
47629

11 22447 23459
12 22453 23473
n 22469 23497
14 22481 23509
15 22483 23531

24419
24421
24439
24443
24469

25523
25537
25541
25561
25577

26501
26513
26539
26557
26561

27581
27583
27611
27617
276.31

28591
28597
28b03
28607
28619

29581
29587
29599
29611
29629

30697
30703
30707
30713
30727

31723
31727
31729
31741
}1751

32719
32749
32771
32779
32783

33721
33739
33749
33751
33757

34747
34757
34759
34763
34781

35869
35879
35897
35899
35911

36887
36899
36901
36913
36919

37957
37963
37967
37987
37991

39043
39047
39079
39089
39097

40093
40099
40111
40123
40127

41189
41201
41203
41213
41221

42193
42197
42209
42221
42223

43201
43207
43223
43237
43261

44281
44293
44351
44357
44371

45413
45427
45433
45439
45481

46559
46567
465B
46589
46591

47639
47653
47657
47659
47681

16
17
18
19
20

22501
22511
22531
22541
22543

23537
23539
23549
23557
23561

24473
24481
24499
24509
24517

25579
25583
25589
25601
256O}

26573
26591
26597
26627
266}3

27647
27653
27673
27689
27691

28621
28627
28631
28643
28649

29633
29641
29663
29669
29671

30757
30763
30773
30781
30803

31769
31771
31793
31799
31817

32789
32797
32801
32803
32831

33767
33769
33773
33791
33797

34807
34819
34841
34843
34847

35923
35933
35951
35963
35969

36923
36929
36931
36943
36947

37993
37997
38011
38039
38047

39103
39107
39113
39119
39133

40129
40151
40153
40163
40lb9

41227
41231
41233
41243
41257

42227
42239
42257
42281
42283

43271
43283
43291
43313
43319

44381
44383
44389
44417
44449

45491
45497
45503
45523
45533

46601
46619
46633
46639
46643

47699
47701
47711
47713
47717

21
22
23
24
25

22549
22567
22571
22573
22613

23563
23567
23581
23593
23599

24527
24533
24547
24551
24571

25609
25621
25633
25639
25643

26641
26647
26669
26681
26683

27697
27701
27733
27737
27739

28657
28661
28663
28669
28687

29683
29717
29723
29741
29753

30809
30817
30829
30839
30841

31847
31849
31859
31873
31883

32833
32839
32843
32869
32887

33809
33811
33827
33829
33851

34849
34871
34877
34883
34897

35977
35983
35993
35999
36007

36973
36979
36997
37003
37013

38053
38069
38083
38113
38119

39139
39157
39161
39163
39181

40177
40189
40193
40213
40231

41263
41269
41281
41299
41333

42293
42299
42307
42323
42331

43321
43331
43391
43397
43399

44453
44483
44491
44497
44501

45541
45553
45557
45569
45587

46649
46663
46679
46681
46687

47737
47741
47743
47777
47779

26
27
28
29
30

22619
22621
22637
22639
22643

23603
23609
23623
23627
23629

24593
24611
24623
24631
24659

25657
25667
25673
25679
25693

26687
26693
26699
26701
26711

27743
27749
27751
27763
27767

28697
28703
28711
28723
28729

29759
29761
29789
29803
29819

30851
30853
30859
30869
30871

31891
31907
31957
31963
31973

32909
32911
32917
32933
32939

33857
33863
33871
33889
33893

34913
34919
34939
34949
34961

36011
3b013
36017
36037
36061

37019
37021
37039
37049
37057

38149
38153
38167
38177
38183

39191
39199
39209
39217
39227

40237
40241
40253
40277
40283

41341
41351
41357
41381
41387

42337
42349
42359
42373
42379

43403
43411
43427
43441
43451

44507
44519
44531
44533
44537

45589
45599
45613
45631
45641

46691
46703
46723
46717
46747

47791
47797
47807
47809
47819

31
32
33
34
35

22651
22669
22679
22691
22697

23633
23663
23669
23671
23677

24671
24677
24683
24691
24697

25703
25717
25733
25741
25747

26713
26717
26723
26729
26731

27773
27779
27791
27793
27799

28751
28753
28759
28771
28789

29833
29837
29851
29863
29867

30881
30893
30911
30931
30937

31981
31991
32003
32009
32027

32941
32957
32969
32971
32983

33911
33923
33931
33937
33941

34963
34981
35023
35027
35051

36067
36073
36083
36097
36107

37061
37087
37097
37117
37123

38189
38197
38201
38219
38231

39229
39233
39239
39241
39251

40289
40343
40351
40357
40361

41389
41399
41411
41413
41443

42391
42397
42403
42407
42409

43457
43481
43487
43499
43517

44543
44549
44563
44579
44587

45659
45667
45673
45677
45691

46751
46757
46769
46771
46807

47837
47843
47857
47869
47881

36
37
38
39
40

22699
22709
22717
22721
22727

23687
23689
2.3719
23741
23743

24709
24733
24749
24763
24767

25759
25763
25771
257"93
25799

26737
26759
26777
26783
26801

27803
27809
27817
2782}
27827

28793
28807
28813
28817
28837

29873
29879
29881
29917
29921

30941
}0949
30971
30977
30983

32029
32051
32057
32059
32063

32987
32993
32999
33013
33023

33961
33967
33997
34019
34031

35053
35059
35069
35081
35083

36109
36131
36137
36151
36161

37139
37159
37171
37181
37189

38237
38239
38261
38273
38281

39293
39301
39313
39317
39323

40387
40423
40427
40429
40433

41453
41467
41479
41491
41507

42433
42437
42443
42451
42457

43541
43543
43573
43577
43579

44617
44621
44623
44633
44641

45697
45707
45737
45751
45757

46811
46817
46819
46829
46831

47903
47911
47917
47933
47939

41
42
43
44
45

22739
22741
22751
22769
22777

23747
23753
23761
23767
23773

24781
24793
24799
24809
24821

25801
25819
25841
25847
25849

26813
26821
268))
26839
26849

27847
27851
27883
27893
27901

28843
28859
28867
28871
28879

29927
29947
29959
29983
29989

31013
31019
31033
31039
31051

32069
32077
32083
32089
32099

33029
33037
33049
33053
33071

34033
34039
34057
34061
34123

35089
35099
35107
35111
35117

36187
36191
36209
36217
36229

37199
37201
37217
37223
37243

38287
38299
38303
38317
38321

39341
39343
39359
39367
39371

40459
40471
40483
40487
40493

41513
41519
41521
41539
41543

42461
42463
42467
42473
42487

43591
43597
43607
43609
43613

44647
44651
44657
44683
44687

45763
45767
45779
45817
45821

46853
46861
46867
46877
46889

47947
47951
47963
47969
47977

46
47
48
49
50

22783
22787
22807
22811
22817

23789
23801
23813
23819
23827

24841
24847
24851
24859
24877

25867
25873
25889
25903
25913

26861
26863
26879
26881
26891

27917
27919
27941
27943
27947

28901
28909
28921
28927
28933

30011
30013
30029
30047
30059

31063
31069
31079
31081
31091

32117
32119
32141
32143
32159

33073
33083
33091
33107
33113

34127
34129
34141
34147
34157

35129
35141
35149
35153
35159

36241
36251
36263
36269
36217

37253
37273
37277
37)07
37309

38327
38329
38333
38351
38371

39373
39383
39397
39409
39419

40499
40507
40519
40529
40531

41549
41579
41593
41597
41603

42491
42499
42509
42533
42557

43627
43633
43649
43651
43661

44699
44701
44711
44729
44741

45823
45827
45833
45841
45853

46901
46919
46933
46957
46993

47981
48017
48023
48029
48049

51
52
53
54
55

22853
22859
22861
22871
22877

23831
23833
23857
23869
23873

24889
24907
24917
24919
24923

25919
25931
259))
25939
25943

26893
26903
26921
26927
26947

27953
27961
27967
27983
27997

28949
28961
28979
29009
29017

30071
30089
30091
30097
30103

31121
31123
31139
31147
31151

32173
32183
32189
32191
32203

33119
33149
33151
33161
33179

34159
34171
34183
34211
34213

35171
35201
35221
35227
35251

36293
36299
36307
36313
36319

37313
37321
37337
37339
37357

38377
38393
38431
38447
38449

39439
39443
39451
39461
39499

40543
40559
40577
40583
40591

41609
41611
41617
41621
41627

42569
42571
42577
42589
42611

43669
43691
43711
43717
43721

44753
44771
44773
44777
44789

45863
45869
45887
45893
45943

46997
47017
47041
47051
47057

48073
48079
48091
48109
48119

56
57
58
59
60

22901
22907
22921
22937
22943

23879
23887
23893
23899
23909

24943
24953
24967
24971
24977

25951
25969
25981
25997
25999

26951
26953
26959
26981
26987

28001
28019
28027
28031
28051

29021
29023
29027
290))
29059

30109
30113
30119
30133
30137

31153
31159
31177
31181
31183

32213
32233
32237
32251
32257

33181
33191
33199
33203
33211

34217
34231
34253
34259
34261

35257
35267
35279
35281
35291

36341
36343
36353
36373
36383

37361
37363
37369
37379
37397

38453
38459
38461
38501
38543

39503
39509
39511
39521
39541

40597
40609
40627
40637
40639

41641
41647
41651
41659
41669

42641
42643
42649
42667
42677

43753
43759
43777
43781
43783

44797
44809
44819
44839
44d43

45949
45953
45959
45971
45979

47059
47087
47093
47111
47119

48121
48131
48157
48163
48179

61
62
63
64
65

22961
22963
22973
22993
23003

23911
23917
23929
23957
23971

24979
24989
25013
25031
25033

26003
26017
26021
26029
26041

26993
27011
27017
27031
27043

28057
28069
28081
28087
28097

29063
29077
29101
29123
29129

30139
30161
30169
30181
30187

31189
31193
31219
31223
31231

32261
32297
32299
32303
32309

33223
33247
33287
33289
33301

34267
34273
34283
34297
34301

35311
35317
35323
35327
35339

36389
36433
36451
36457
36467

37409
37423
37441
37447
37463

38557
38561
38567
38569
38593

39551
39563
39569
39581
39607

40693
40697
40699
40709
40739

41681
41687
41719
41729
41737

42683
42689
42697
42701
42703

43787
43789
43793
43801
43853

44851
44867
44879
44887
44893

45989
46021
46027
46049
46051

47123
47129
47137
47143
47147

48187
48193
48197
48221
48239

66
67
68
69
70

23011
23017
23021
23027
23029

23977
23981
23993
24001
24007

25037
25057
25073
25087
25097

26053
26083
26099
26107
26111

27059
27061
27067
27073
27077

28099
28109
28111
28123
28151

29131
29137
29147
29153
29167

30197
30203
30211
30223
30241

31237
31247
31249
31253
31259

32321
32323
32327
32341
32353

33311
33317
33329
33331
33343

34303
34313
34319
34327
34337

35353
35363
35381
35393
35401

36469
36473
36479
36493
36497

37483
37489
37493
37501
37507

38603
38609
38611
38629
38639

39619
39623
39631
39659
39667

40751
40759
40763
40771
40787

41759
41761
41771
41777
41801

42709
42719
42727
42737
42743

43867
43889
43891
43913
43933

44909
44917
44927
44939
44953

46061
46073
46091
46093
46099

47149
47161
47189
47207
47221

48247
48259
48271
48281
48299

71
72
73
74
75

23039
23041
23053
23057
2}{)59

24019
24023
24029
24043
24049

25111
25117
25121
25127
25147

26113
26119
26141
26153
26161

27091
27103
27107
27109
27127

28163
28181
28183
28201
28211

29173
29179
29191
29201
29207

30253
30259
30269
30271
30293

31267
31271
31277
31307
31319

32359
32363
32369
32371
32377

33347
33349
33353
33359
33377

34351
34361
34367
34369
34381

35407
35419
35423
35437
35447

36523
36527
36529
36541
36551

37511
37517
37529
37537
37547

38651
38653
38669
38671
38677

39671
39679
39703
39709
39719

40801
40813
40819
40823
40829

41809
41813
41843
41849
41851

42751
42767
42773
42787
42793

43943
43951
43961
43963
43969

44959
44963
44971
44983
44987

46103
46133
46141
46147
46153

47237
47251
47269
47279
47287

48311
48313
48337
48341
48353

76
77
78
79
80

23063
23071
23081
23087
23099

24061
24071
24077
24083
24091

25153
25163
25169
25171
25183

26171
26177
26183
26189
26203

27143
27179
27191
27197
27211

28219
28229
28277
28279
28283

29209
29221
29231
29243
29251

30307
30313
30319
30323
30341

31321
31327
31333
31337
31357

32381
32401
32411
32413
32423

33391
33403
33409
33413
33421

34403
34421
34429
34439
34457

35449
35461
35491
35507
35509

36559
36563
36571
36583
36587

37549
37561
37567
37571
37573

38693
38699
38707
38711
38713

39727
39733
39749
39761
39769

40841
40847
40849
40853
40867

41863
41879
41887
41893
41897

42797
42821
42829
42839
42841

43973
43987
43991
43997
44017

45007
45013
45053
45061
45077

46171
46181
46183
46187
46199

47293
47297
47303
47309
47317

48371
48383
48397
48407
48409

81
82
83
84
85

23117
23131
23143
23159
23167

24097
24103
24107
24109
24113

25189
25219
25229
25237
25243

26209
26227
26237
26249
26251

27239
27241
27253
27259
27271

28289
28297
28307
28309
28319

29269
29287
29297
29303
29311

30347
30367
30389
30391
30403

31379
31387
31391
31393
31397

32429
32441
32443
32467
32479

33457
33461
334b9
33479
33487

34469
34471
34483
34487
34499

35521
35527
35531
35533
35537

36599
36607
36629
36637
36643

37579
37589
37591
37607
37619

38723
38729
387)7
38747
38749

39779
39791
39799
39821
39827

40879
40883
40897
40903
40927

41903
41911
41927
41941
41947

42853
42859
42863
42899
42901

44021
44027
44029
44041
44053

45083
45119
45121
45127
45131

46219
46229
46237
46261
46271

47339
47351
47353
47363
47381

48413
48437
48449
48463
48473

86
87
88
89
90

23173
23189
23197
23201
23203

24121
24133
24137
24151
24169

25247
25253
25261
25301
25303

26261
26263
26267
26293
26297

27277
27281
27283
27299
27329

28349
28351
28387
28393
28403

29327
29333
29339
29347
29363

30427
30431
30449
30467
30469

31469
31477
31481
31489
31511

32491
32497
32503
32507
32531

33493
33503
33521
33529
33533

34501
34511
34513
34519
34537

35543
35569
35573
35591
35593

36653
36671
36677
36683
36691

37633
37643
37649
37657
37663

38767
38783
38791
38803
38821

39829
39839
39841
39847
39857

40933
40939
40949
40961
40973

41953
41957
41959
41969
41981

42923
42929
42937
42943
42953

44059
44071
44087
44089
44101

45137
45139
45161
45179
45181

46273
46279
46301
46307
46309

47387
47389
47407
47417
47419

48479
48481
48487
48491
48497

91
92
93
94
95

23209
23227
23251
23269
23279

24179
24181
24197
24203
24223

25307
25309
25321
25339
25343

26309
26317
26321
26339
26347

27337
27361
27367
27397
27407

28409
28411
28429
28433
28439

29383
29387
29389
29399
29401

30491
30493
30497
30509
30517

31513
31517
31531
31541
31543

32533
32537
32561
32563
32569

33547
33563
33569
33577
33581

34543
34549
34583
34589
34591

35591
35603
35617
35671
35677

36697
36709
36713
36721
36739

37691
37693
37699
37717
37747

38833
38839
38851
38861
38867

39863
39869
39877
39883
39887

40993
41011
41017
41023
41039

41983
41999
42013
42017
42019

42961
42967
42979
42989
43003

44111
44119
44123
44129
44131

45191
451Q7
45233
45247
45259

46327
46337
46349
46351
46381

47431
47441
47459
47491
47497

48523
48527
48533
48539
48541

96
97
98
99
100

23291
23293
23297
23311
23321

24229
24239
24247
24251
24281

25349
25357
25367
25373
25391

26357
26371
26387
26393
26399

27409
27427
27431
27437
27449

28447
28463
28477
28493
28499

29411
29423
29429
29437
29443

30529
30539
30553
30557
30559

31547
31567
31573
31583
31601

32573
32579
32587
32603
32609

33587
33589
33599
33b01
33613

34603
34607
34613
34631
34649

35729
35731
35747
35753
3S759

36749
36761
36767
36779
36781

37781
37783
37799
37811
37813

38873
38891
38903
38917
38921

39901
39929
39937
39953
39971

41047
41051
41057
41077
41081

42023
42043
42061
42071
42073

43013
43019
43037
43049
43051

44159
44171
44179
44189
44201

45263
45281
45289
45293
45307

46399
46411
46439
46441
46447

47501
47507
47513

48563
48571
48589
48593
48611

22343
22349
22367
22369
22381

23327
23333
23339
13357
23369

:35

32611
32621
32633
32647
30643 .31657 32653

36

~7521

47527

872

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
PRIIUES

Tuh', 24.9
M
48619
48623
48647
48649
48661

hl
49667
49669
49681
49697
49711

50767
50713
50717
50789
50821

51817
51827
51829
51839
51853

M
52937
52951
52957
52963
52967

M
54001
54011
54013
54037
54049

M
55109
55117
55127
55147
55163

M
56197
56207
56209
56237
56239

M
57193
57203
57221
57223
57241

W
58243
58271
58309
58313
58321

00
59369
59371
59387
59393
59399

61
60509
60521
60527
60539
60589

62
61637
61643
61651
61657
61667

63

64

66
66107
66109
66137
66161
66169

67
67247
67261
67271
67273
67289

69

72

7J

68389
68399
68437
68443
68447

69497
69499
69539
695,7
69593

70
70663
70667
70687
70709
70717

71

63823
63839
63841
63853
63857

65
65071
65089
65099
65101
65111

68

62791
62801
62819
62827
62851

71719
71741
71761
71777
71789

72859
72869
72871
72883
72889

73999
74017
74021
74027
74047

6
7
8
9
10

48673
48671
48679
48731
48733

49727
49739
49741
49747
49757

50833
508)9
50849
50857
50867

51859
51869
51871
51893
51899

52973
52981
52999
53003
53017

54059
54083
54091
54101
54121

55171
55201
55207
55213
55217

56249
56263
56267
56269
56299

57251
57259
57269
57271
57283

58337
58363
58367
58369
58379

59407
59417
59419
59441
59443

60601
60607
60611
60617
60623

61673
61681
61687
61703
61717

62861
62869
62873
62897
62903

63863
63901
63907
63913
63929

65119
65123
65129
65141
65147

66173
66179
66191
66221
66239

67307
67339
67343
67349
67369

68449
68473
68477
68483
68489

69623
69653
69661
69677
69691

70729
70753
70769
70783
70793

71807
71809
71821
71837
71843

72893
72901
72907
72911
72923

74051
74071
74077
74093
74099

75169
75181
75193
75209

II
12
13
14
15

48751
48757
48761
48767
48779

49783
49787
49789
49801
49807

50873
50891
50893
50909
50923

51907
5191J
51929
51941
51949

53047
53051
53069
53071
53087

54133
54139
54151
54163
54167

55219
55229
55243
55249
55259

5631!
56333
56359
56369
56317

57287
57301
57329
57331
57347

58391
58393
58403
5841!
58417

59447
59453
59467
59471
59473

60631
60637
b0647
60649
60659

61723
61729
61751
61757
61781

62921
62927
62929
62939
62909

63949
63977
63997
64007
64013

65167
65171
65173
65179
65183

66271
66293
66301
66337
66343

67391
67399
67409
6741!
67421

68491
68501
68507
68521
68531

69697
69709
69737
69739
69761

70823
70841
70843
70849
70853

71849
71861
71867
71879
71881

72931
72937
72949
72953
72959

74101
74131
74143
74149
74159

7521!
75217
75223
75227
75239

16
17
18
19
20

48781
48787
48799
48809
48817

49811
49823
49831
49843
49853

50929
50951
50957
50969
50971

51971
51973
51977
51991
52009

53089
53093
53101
53113
53117

54181
54193
54217
54251
54269

55291
55313
55331
55333
55337

56383
56393
56401
56417
56431

57349
57367
57373
57383
57389

58427
58439
58441
58451
58453

59497
59509
59513
59539
59557

60661
60679
60689
60703
60719

61813
61819
61837
61843
61861

62971
62981
62983
62987
62989

64019
64033
64037
64063
64067

65203
65213
65239
65257
65267

66347
66359
66361
66373
66371

67427
67429
67433
67447
67453

68539
68543
68567
68581
68597

69763
69767
69779
69809
69821

70867
70877
70879
70891
70901

71887
71899
71909
71917
71933

72973
72977
72997
73009
73013

74161
74167
74177
74189
74197

75253
75269
15277
75289
75307

21
22
23
24
25

48821
48823
48847
48857
48859

49871
49877
49891
49919
49921

50989
50993
510Cl
51031
51043

52021
52027
52051
52057
52067

53129
53147
53149
53lbl
53171

54277
54287
54293
54311
54319

55339
55343
55351
55373
55381

56437
56443
56453
56467
56473

57397
57413
57427
51457
51467

58477
58481
58511
58537
58543

59561
59567
59581
59611
59617

60727
607)3
60737
60757
60761

61871
61879
61909
61927
61933

63029
63031
63059
63067
63073

64081
64091
64109
64123
64151

65269
65287
65293
65309
65323

66383
66403
66413
66431
66449

67477
67481
67489
67493
61499

68611
68633
68639
68659
68669

69827
69829
69833
69847
69857

70913
70919
70921
70937
70949

71941
71947
71963
71971
71983

73019
73037
73039
73043
73061

74201
74203
74209
14219
74231

75323
75329
75337
75347
75353

26
27
28
29
30

48869
48871
48883
48889
48907

49927
49937
49939
49943
49957

51047
51059
51061
51071
51109

52069
52081
52103
52121
52127

53173
53189
53191
53201
53231

54323
54331
54347
54361
54367

55399
55411
55439
55441
55457

56477
56479
56489
56501
56503

57487
57493
57503
57527
51529

58549
58567
58513
58579
58601

59621
59627
59629
59651
59659

60763
60773
60779
60193
60811

61949
61961
61967
61979
61981

63079
63091
63103
63113
63127

64153
64151
MI71
64181
64189

65327
65353
65351
65371
65381

66457
66463
66461
66491
66499

67511
67523
67531
61537
67547

68683
68681
68699
68111
68713

69859
69817
69899
69911
69929

70951
70951
70969
70979
70981

71987
71993
71999
72019
72031

73063
13079
13091
73121
13121

74257
14219
74281
74293
74291

15367
15377
75389
15391
15401

31
32
33
34
35

48947
48953
48913
48989
48991

49991
49993
49999
50021
50023

511n
51!33
511n
51151
51157

52147
52153
52163
52177
521Bl

53233
53239
53267
53269
53279

54371
54317
54401
54403
54409

55469
55487
55501
55511
55529

56509
56519
56527
56531
56533

57557
51559
57571
51581
51593

58603
58613
58631
58657
58661

59663
59669
59671
59693
59699

60821
60859
60869
60887
60889

61981
61991
62003
62011
62017

63131
63149
63119
63197
63199

64211
64223
64231
64231
64271

65393
65401
65413
65419
65423

66509
66523
66529
66533
66541

67559
67561
61577
67519
61589

68729
68731
68143
68149
68167

69931
69941
69959
69991
69997

70991
70991
70999
71011
71023

72043
72047
72053
72073
72071

73133
73141
73181
13189
13237

74311
74317
74323
74353
74351

15403
75407
15431
75437
15479

36
31
38
39
40

49003
49009
49019
49031
49033

50033
50047
50051
50053
50069

51169
511"
51Hl
51199
51203

52183
52189
52201
52223
52237

53281
53299
53309
53323
53327

54413
54419
54421
54431
54443

55541
55547
55579
55589
55603

56543
56569
56591
56597
56599

57601
51637
51641
51649
57653

58679
58681
58693
58699
58711

59107
59723
59729
59743
59147

60899
60901
60913
60911
60919

62039
62041
62053
62057
62071

63211
63241
63247
63277
63281

64279
64283
64301
64303

65431
65447
65449
65479
64319 65491

66553
66569
66571
66587
66593

67601
67601
61619
67631
61651

68771
68177
68191
68813
68819

10001
10003
70009
70019
70039

71039
71059
71069
71081
71089

12089
72091
12101
72103
72109

13243
73259
73217
73291
73303

74363
74377
74381
74383
14411

75503
75511
15521
15521
15533

41
42
43
44
45

49037
49043
49051
49069
49081

50077
50087
50093
50101
50111

51217
51229
51239
51241
51257

52249
52253
52259
52267
52289

53353
53359
53371
53381
53401

54449
54469
54493
54497
54499

55609
55619
55621
55631
55633

56611
56629
56633
56659
56663

57661
51679
57689
57697
51709

58727
58133
58141
58757
58763

59753
59771
59719
59191
59797

60923
60937
60943
60953
60961

62081
62099
62119
62129
62131

63299
63311
63113
63311
63331

64327
64333
64313
64381
64399

65519
65521
65531
65539
65543

66601
66611
66629
66643
66653

67619
67699
67709
61723
61733

68821
68863
68819
68881
68891

70051
70061
10067
70019
10099

71119
71129
71143
71141
11153

12139
72161
72161
72169
72173

73309
73327
73331
73351
73361

14413
74419
74441
74449
74453

15539
75541
75553
75557
15571

46
47
48
49
50

49103
49109
49117
49121
49123

50119
50123
50129
50131
50147

51263
51283
51281
51301
51329

52291
52301
52313
52321
52361

53407
53411
53419
53437
53441

54503
54517
54521
54539
54541

55639
55661
55663
55667
55613

56671
56681
56687
56701
5671!

57713
57719
57121
51731
51737

58771
58781
58789
58831
58889

59809
59833
59863
59879
59887

61001
61007
61021
61031
61043

62137
62141
62143
62171
62189

63337
63347
63353
63361
63367

64403
64433
64439
64451
64453

65551
65557
65563
65519
65581

66683
66697
66701
66713
66721

61741
61751
61751
61759
67163

68891
68899
68903
68909
68917

70111
70111
10121
70123
10139

71161
71167
71171
71191
71209

72211
72221
72223
72227
12229

73363
73369
73319
13387
13417

14471
14489
14501
74509
14521

75517
75583
15611
75611
75619

51
52
53
54
55

49139
49157
49169
49171
49177

50153
50159
50171
50207
50221

51341
51343
51347
51349
51361

52363
52369
52319
52387
52391

53453
53479
53503
53507
53527

54547
54559
54563
54571
54581

55681
55691
55697
55111
55717

56713
56731
56731
56147
56767

51751
51173
57781
51787
51791

58897
58901
58907
58909
58913

59921
59929
59951
59951
59971

61051
61051
61091
61099
61121

62191
62201
62207
62213
62219

63317
63389
63391
63391
63409

64483
64489
64499
64513
64553

65581
65599
65609
65611
65629

66733
66739
66749
66151
66163

61177
67783
61789
61801
61807

68927
68947
68963
68993
69001

10141
10157
10163
70177
70181

71233
71231
71249
71251
71261

12251
72253
12269
72271
72211

73421
73433
73453
73459
73471

74521
74531
74551
74561
74567

15629
75641
75653
15659
75679

56
57
58
59
60

49193
49199
49201
49201
49211

50227
50231
50261
50263
50273

513B3
51401
51413
51419
51421

52433
52453
52451
52489
52501

53549
53551
53569
53591
53593

54583
54bOl
54617
54623
54629

55721
55733
55763
55781
55793

56773
56179
56783
56807
56809

51793
51803
51809
51829
57839

58921
58937
58943
58963
58961

59981
59999
60013
60017
60029

61129
61141
61151
61153
61169

62233
62273
62297
62299
62303

63419
63421
63439
63443
63463

64567
64517
64579
64591
64601

65633
65647
65651
65657
65611

66791
66797
66809
66821
66841

67819
67829
67B43
67853
61867

69011
69019
69029
69031
69061

70183
10199
10201
70201
70223

71263
71287
71293
71317
71321

72287
72307
72313
72337
72341

13417
13483
73517
73523
73529

74513
74587
14597
74609
74611

15683
15689
15103
75707
75109

61
62
63
64
65

49223
49253
49261
49277
49279

502B7
50291
50311
50321
50329

51427
51431
51437
51439
51449

52511
52511
52529
52541
52543

53597
53609
53611
53611
53623

54631
54647
54667
54673
54679

55799
55801
55813
55817
55819

56813
56821
56827
56843
56857

51847
57853
51859
57881
57899

58919
58991
58997
59009
59011

60031
60041
60017
60083
60089

61211
61223
61231
61253
61261

62311
62323
62327
62347
62351

63467
63473
63487
63493
63499

64609
646B
64621
64627
64633

65687
65699
65701
65107
65713

66851
66853
66863
66871
66883

67883
67891
61901
67927
67911

69067
69073
69109
69119
69127

70229
70231
10241
70249
70271

71329
71333
71339
71341
71347

72353
72361
72379
72383
72421

73547
73553
73561
13571
73583

14623
14653
74681
74699
74701

15721
15731
15143
75161
15713

66
67
68
69
70

49297
49307
49331
493>3
49339

50333
50341
50359
50363
50377

51461
51473
51479
51481
51481

52553
52561
52561
52571
52579

53629
53633
53639
53653
53657

54109
54713
54721
54127
54751

55823
55829
55837
55843
55849

56873
56891
56893
56897
56909

51901
57911
57923
51943
57947

59021
59023
59029
59051
59053

60091
60101
60103
60101
60127

61283
61291
61291
61331
61333

62383
62401
62417
62423
62459

63521
63527
63533
63541
63559

64661
64663
64661
64679
64693

65711
65719
65729
65131
65761

66889
66919
66923
66931
66943

61933
61939
67943
67957
61961

69143
69149
69151
69163
69191

10289
70297
70309
70313
10321

71353
71359
71363
71387
71389

12431
72461
72461
72469
12481

73589
73591
13607
13609
73613

74713
74711
74719
74129
74731

75181
75781
15793
15197
75821

71
12
73
14
75

49363
49367
49369
49391
49393

50383
50387
50411
50411
50423

51503
51511
51517
51521
51539

52583
52609
52627
52631
52639

53681
53693
53699
53717
53719

54767
54773
54179
54187
54799

55811
55889
55897
55901
55903

56911
56921
56923
56929
56941

57973
57917
57991
58013
5B021

59063
59069
59077
59083
59093

60133
60139
60149
60161
60167

61339
61343
61357
61363
61319

62467
62473
62471
62483
62497

63577
63587
63589
63599
63601

64709
64717
64747
64163
64781

65777
65189
65809
65827
65831

66941
66949
66959
66973
66977

67961
61979
61987
67993
68023

69193
69197
69203
69221
69233

70327
10351
70373
70319
70381

71399
71411
71413
71419
71429

72493
72497
72503
12533
72547

13637
73643
13651
73613
73679

74747
74759
14161
74171
14179

15833
75853
15869
15883
15913

76
77
7B
79
80

49409
49411
49417
49429
49433

50441
50459
50461
50491
50503

51551
51563
51571
515Bl
51593

52661
52613
52691
52697
52709

53731
53159
53773
53177
53783

54829
54833
54851
54869
54817

55921
55927
55931
55933
55949

56951
56957
56%3
56983
56989

580ll
58043
58049
58057
58061

59107
59113
59119
59123
59141

60169
60209
60217
60223
60251

61381
61403
61409
61417
61441

62501
62501
62533
62539
62549

63607
63611
63617
63629
63647

64783
64793
6481!
64817
64849

65837
65839
65843
65851
65861

67003
61021
67033
61043
61049

68041
68053
68059
68071
68087

69239
69247
69251
69259
69263

70393
70423
70429
70439
70451

71437
7.1443
71453
71471
71473

72551
72559
72517
726D
72611

73681
73693
13699
13709
73721

74797
74821
14827
748ll
14843

759ll
15931
15941
15961
75919

81
82
83
84
85

49451
49459
49463
49417
49481

50513
50527
50539
50543
50549

51599
51607
51613
51631
51637

52711
52721
52727
52733
52141

53791
53813
53819
53831
53849

54881
54901
54917
54919
54941

55961
55981
55991
56003
56009

56993
56999
57037
51041
57041

58067
58073
58099
58109
58111

59149
59159
59161
59183
59197

60251
60259
60271
60289
60293

61463
61469
61471
61483
61481

62563
62581
62591
62597
62603

63649
63659
63661
63671
63689

64853
M871
64817
64819
64891

65881
65899
65921
65921
65929

67051
67061
67073
61079
67103

68099
68111
68113
68141
68141

69313
69317
69337
69341
69371

10451
70459
70481
70481
70489

71419
71483
71503
71521
71531

72623
72643
72647
72649
72661

73721
73751
73751
73771
13783

74851
74861
14869
74873
74887

75983
75989
15991
75997
76001

86
87
88
89
90

49499
49523
49529
49531
49537

50551
50581
50581
50591
50593

51641
51659
51613
51679
51683

52757
52769
52783
52807
52813

53857
53861
53881
53887
53891

54949
54959
54973
54979
54983

56039
56041
56053
56081
56087

51059
57073
57077
51089
57097

58129
58147
58151
58153
58169

59201
59209
59219
59221
59233

60317
60331
60331
60343
60353

61493
61507
61511
61519
61543

62617
62627
62633
62639
62653

63691
63697
63703
63709
63719

64901
64919
64921
64927
64931

65951
65951
65963
65981
65983

67121
67129
67139
67141
67153

68161
68171
68201
68209
68213

69379
69383
69389
69401
69403

70501
10507
70529
10537
10549

71549
71551
71563
71569
71593

12671
12673
12679
72689
72701

13819
13823
73841
13849
73859

14891
14897
14903
74923
14929

76003
16031
76039
76019
lb081

91
92
93
94
95

49547
49549
49559
49597
49603

50599
50621
50647
50651
50671

51691
51713
51719
51721
51749

52817
52837
52859
52861
52879

53897
53899
53911
53923
53921

55001
55009
55021
55049
55051

56093
56099
56101
56113
56123

57101
57119
57131
57139
57143

58171
58189
58193
58199
58201

59239
59243
59263
59273
59281

60373
60383
60391
60413
60421

61541
61553
61559
61561
61583

62659
62683
62687
62701
62723

63721
63137
63143
6)761
63773

64951
64969
64991
65003
65011

65993
66029
66031
66041
66041

67151
67169
67181
67187
67189

68219
68227
68239
68261
68279

69427
69431
69439
69457
69463

70571
70573
70583
70589
70601

71591
71633
71647
71663
71611

12107
72719
72727
12733
72739

73867
73817
13883
73897
13907

74933
74941
14959
15011
75013

16091
76099
16103
16123
16129

49613 50683 51767 52883 53939 55057 56131 57149 58211 59333 60443 61603 62731 63781 65027
49627 50101 51769 52889 53951 55061 56149 57163 58217 59341 60449 61609 62143 63793 65029 66067 61211 68281 69467
66011 61213 68311 69413
49633
66083 67211 68329 69481
49639
49663 50753 51803 52919 53993 55103 56179 57191 58237 59359 60491 616ll 62173 63809 65063 66089 61219 68351 69491
66103 67231 68371 69493

10619
70621
70621
10639
10657

71693
71699
71701
71111
71713

12763
72761
72791
12817
12823

73939
73943
73951
13961
73973

75017
15029
75037
75041
15079

16147
7.151
16159

96
97
98
99
100

~~m m~; ~~m m~j ~m~ m~i ~m~ ~mi ~m~

t8m mB t~m m6j ~~m

74
75083
75109
75133
75149
75161

75lb7

m8~

873

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
PHIMES

Tahk 21,9

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

80

ki

<8

89

90

76213
76231
76243
76249
76253

77359
77369
77377
77383
77417

78487
78497
78509
78511
78517

79627
79631
79633
79657
79669

80737
80747
80749
80761
80777

81817
81839
81847
81853
81869

82903
82913
82939
82963
82981

84131
84137
84143
84163
84179

85243
85247
85259
85297
85303

86381
86389
86399
86413
86423

87557
87559
87583
87587
87589

88807
88811
88813
88817
88819

89867
89891
89897
89899
89909

90989
90997
91009
91019
91033

92177
92179
92189
92203
92219

93187
93199
93229
93239
93241

6 76259 77419 78539 79687 80779 81883 82997 84181 85313

7 76261 77431 78541 79691 80783 81899 83003 84191 85331
8 76283 77447 78553 79693 80789 81901 83009 84199 85333
9 76289 77471 78569 79697 B0803 81919 83023 84211 85361
10 76303 77477 78571 79699 80809 81929 83047 84221 85363

86441
86453
86461
86467
86477

87613
87623
87629
87631
87641

88843
88853
88861
88867
88873

89917
89923
89939
89959
89963

91079
91081
91097
91099
91121

11
12
13
14
15

76333
76343
76367
76369
76379

77479
77489
77491
77509
77513

78577
78583
78593
78607
78623

79757
79769
791"11
79801
79811

80819
80831
80833
80849
80863

81931
81937
81943
81953
81967

83059
83063
83071
83077
83089

84223
84229
84239
84247
84263

85369
85381
85411
85427
85429

86491
86501
86509
86531
86533

87643
87649
87671
87679
87683

88883
88897
88903
88919
88937

89977
89983
89989
90001
90007

16
17
18
19
20

76387
76403
76421
76423
76441

77521
77527
77543
77549
77551

78643
78649
78653
78691
78697

79813
79817
79823
79829
79841

80897
80909
80911
80917
80923

81971
81973
82003
82007
82009

83093
83101
83117
83137
83177

84299
84307
84313
84317
84319

85439
85447
85451
85453
85469

86539
86561
86573
86579
86587

87691
87697
87701
87719
87721

88951
88969
88993
88997
89003

21
22
23
24
25

76463
76471
76481
76487
76493

77557
77563
77569
77573
77587

78707
78713
78721
78737
78779

79843
79847
79861
79867
79873

80929
80933
80953
80963
80989

82013
82021
82031
82037
82039

83203
83207
83219
83221
83227

84347
84349
84377
84389
84391

85487
85513
85517
85523
85531

86599
86627
86629
86677
86689

87739
87743
87751
87767
87793

26
27
28
29
30

76507
76511
76519
76537
76541

77591
77611
77617
77621
77641

78781
78787
78791
78797
78803

79889 81001 82051 83231

79901 81013 82067 83233
79903 81017 82073 83243
799~7 81019 82129 83257
79939 81023 82139 83267

84401
84407
84421
84431
84437

85549
85571
85577
85597
85601

86693
86711
86719
86729
86743

31
32
33
34
35

76543
76561
76579
76591
76603

77647
77659
77681
77687
77689

78809
78823
78839
78853
78857

79943
79967
79973
79979
79987

84443
84449
84457
84463
84467

85607
85619
85621
85627
R5639

86753
86767
86771
86183
86813

36
37
38
39
40

76607
76631
76649
76651
76667

77699
77711
77713
77719
77723

41
42
43
44
45

76673
76679
76697
76717
76733

46
47
48
49
50

91
94351
94379
94397
94399
94421

92
95443
95461
95467
95471
95479

9:1

94

9S

96587
96589
96601
96643
96661

97829
97841
97843
97847
97849

98953
98963
98981
98993
98999

92221
92227
92233
92237
92243

93251 94427 95483 96667

93253 94433 95507 96671
93257 94439 95527 96697
93263 94441 95531 96703
93281 94447 95539 96731

97859
97861
97871
97879
97883

99013
99017
99023
99041
99053

91127
91129
91139
91141
91151

92251
92269
92297
92311
92317

93283
93287
93307
93319
93323

94463
94477
94483
94513
94529

95549
95561
95569
95581
95597

96737
96739
96749
96757
96763

97919
97927
97931
97943
97961

99079
99083
99089
99103
99109

90011
90017
90019
90023
90031

91153
91159
91163
91183
91193

92333
92347
92353
92357
92363

93329
93337
93371
93317
93383

94531
94541
94543
94547
94559

95603
95617
95621
95629
95633

96769
96779
96787
96797
96799

97967
97973
97987
98009
98011

99119
99131
99133
99137
99139

89009
89017
89021
89041
89051

90053
90059
90067
90071
90073

91199
91229
91237
91243
91249

92369
92377
92381
92383
92387

93407
93419
93427
93463
93479

94561
<;4573
94583
94597
94603

95651
95701
95707
95713
95717

96821
96823
96827
96847
96851

98017
98041
98047
98057
98081

99149
99173
99181
99191
99223

87797
87803
87811
87833
87853

89057
89069
89071
89083
89087

90089
90107
90121
90127
90149

91253
91283
91291
91297
91303

92399
92401
92413
92419
92431

93481
93487
93491
93493
93497

94613
94621
94649
94651
94687

95723
95731
95737
95747
95773

96857
96893
96907
96911
96931

98101
98123
98129
98143
98179

99233
99241
99251
99257
99259

87869
87877
87881.
87887
87911

89101
89107
89113
89119
89123

90163
90173
90187
90191
90197

91309
91331
91367
91369
91373

92459
92461
92467
92479
92489

93503
93523
93529
93553
93557

94693
94709
94723
94727
94747

95783
95789
95791
95801
95803

96953
96959
96973
96979
96989

98207
98213
98221
98227
98251

99277
99289
99317
99347
99349

78877
78887
78889
78893
78901

7,991 dl0n 82189 83341 84481 85643 86837 87917 89137 90199 91381 92503 93559 94771 95813 96997 98257
79999 81077 82193 83357 84499 85661 86843 87931 89153 90203 91387 92507 93563 94777 95819 97001 98269
80021 81083 82207 83383 84503 85667 86851 87943 89189 90217 91393 92551 93581 94781 95857 97003 98297

80039 81097 82217 83389 84509 85669 86857 87959 89203 90227 91397 92557 93601 94789 95869 97007 98299
80051 81101 82219 83399 84521 85691 86861 87961 89209 90239 91411 92567 93607 94793 95873 97021 98317

99367
99371
99371
99391
99397

77731
77743
77747
77761
77773

78919
78929
78941
78977
78979

80071
80077
80107
80111
80141

81119
81131
81157
81163
81173

82223
82231
82237
82241
82261

83401
83407
83417
83423
83431

84523
84533
84551
84559
84589

85703
85711
85717
85733
85751

86869
86923
86927
86929
86939

87973
87917
87991
88001
88003

89213
89227
89231
89237
89261

90247
90263
90271
90281
90289

91423
91433
91453
91457
91459

92569
92581
92593
92623
92627

93629
93637
93683
93701
93703

94811
94819
94823
94837
94841

95881
95891
95911
95917
95923

97039
97073
97081
97103
97117

98321
98323
98327
98347
98369

99401
99409
99431
99439
99469

76753
76757
76771
76777
76781

77783
17797
77801
77813
77839

78989
79031
79039
79043
79063

80147
80149
80153
80167
80173

81181
81197
81199
81203
81223

82267
82279
82301
82307
82339

83437
83443
83449
83459
83471

84629
84631
84649
84653
84659

85781
85793
85817
85819
85829

86951
86959
86969
86981
86993

88007
88019
88037
88069
88079

89269
89273
89293
89303
89317

90313
90353
90359
90371
90373

91463
91493
91499
91513
91529

92639
92641
92647
92657
92669

93719
93739
93761
93763
93787

94a47
94849
94873
94889
94903

95929
95947
95957
95959
95971

97127
97151
97157
97159
97169

98377
98387
98389
98407
98411

99487
99497
99523
99527
99529

51
52
53
54
55

76801
76819
76829
76831
76837

77849
77863
77867
77893
77899

79087
79103
79111
79133
79139

80177
80191
80207
80209
80221

81233
81239
81281
81283
81293

82349
82351
82361
82373
82387

83477
83497
83537
83557
83561

84673
84691
84697
84701
84713

85831
85837
85843
85847
85853

87011
87013
87037
87041
87049

88093
88117
88129
88169
88177

89329
89363
89371
89381
89387

90379
90397
90401
90403
90407

91541
91571
91573
91577
91583

92671
92681
92683
92693
92699

93809
93811
93827
93851
93871

94907
94933
94949
94951
94961

95987
95989
96001
96013
96017

97171
97117
97187
97213
97231

98419
98429
98443
98453
98459

99551
99559
99563
99571
99577

56
57
58
59
60

76847
76871
76873
76883
76907

77929
77933
71951
77969
77977

79147
79151
79153
79159
79181

80231
80233
80239
80251
80263

81299
81307
81331
81343
81349

82393
82421
82457
82463
82469

83563
83579
83591
83597
83609

84719
84731
84737
84751
84761

85889
85903
85909
85931
85933

87071
87083
87103
87107
87119

88211
88223
88237
88241
88259

89393
89399
89413
89417
89431

90437
90439
90469
90473
90481

91591
91621
91631
91639
91673

92707
92717
92723
92737
92753

93887
93889
93893
93901
93911

94993
94999
95003
95009
95021

96043
96053
96059
96079
96097

97241
97259
97283
97301
97303

98467
98473
98479
98491
98507

99581
99607
99611
99623
99643

61
62
63
64
65

76913
76919
76943
76949
76961

17983
77999
78007
78017
78031

79187
79193
79201
79229
79231

80273
80279
80287
80309
80317

81353
81359
81371
81373
81401

82471
82483
82487
82493
82499

83617
83621
83639
83641
83653

84787
84793
84809
84811
84827

85991
85999
86011
86017
86027

87121
87133
87149
87151
87179

88261
88289
88301
88321
88327

89443
89449
89459
89477
89491

90499
90511
90523
90527
90529

91691
91703
91711
91733
91753

92761
92767
92779
92789
92791

93913
93923
93937
93941
93949

95021
95063
95071
95083
95087

96137
96149
96157
96167
96179

97327
97367
97369
97373
97379

98519
98533
98543
98561
98563

99661
99667
99679
99689
99707

66
67
68
69
70

76963
76991
77003
77017
77023

78041
78049
78059
78079
78101

79241
79259
79273
79279
79283

80329
80341
80347
80363
80369

81409
81421
81439
81457
81463

82507
82529
82531
82549
82559

83663
83689
83701
83717
83719

84857
84859
84869
84871
84913

86029
86069
86077
86083
86111

87181
87187
87211
87221
87223

88337
88339
88379
88397
88411

89501
89513
89519
89521
89521

90533
90547
90583
90599
90617

91757
91771
91781
91801
91807

92801
92809
92821
92831
92849

93967
93971
93979
93983
93997

95089
95093
95101
95107
95111

96181
96199
96211
96221
96223

97381
97387
97397
97423
97429

98573
98597
98621
98627
98639

99709
99713
99719
99721
99733

71
72
13
74
75

77029
77041
77047
77069
77081

78121
78137
78139
78157
78163

79301
79309
79319
79333
79337

80387
80407
80429
80447
80449

81509
81517
81527
81533
81547

82561
82567
82571
82591
82601

83737
83761
83773
83777
83791

84919
84947
84961
84967
84977

86113
86117
86131
86137
86143

87251
87253
87257
87277
87281

88423
88427
88463
88469
88471

89533
89561
89563
89567
89591

90619
90631
90641
90647
90659

91811
91813
91823
91837
91841

92857
92861
92863
92867
92893

94007
94009
94033
94049
94057

95131
95143
95153
95171
95189

96233
96259
96263
96269
96281

97441
97453
97459
97463
97499

98641
98663
98669
98689
98711

99761
99767
99787
99793
99809

76
77
78
79
80

71093
77101
77137
77141

78167
78173
78179
78191
7715~ 78193

79349
79357
79367
79379
79393

80471
80473
80489
80491
80513

81551
81553
81559
81563
81569

82609
82613
82619
82633
82651

83813
83833
83843
83857
83869

84979
84991
85009
85021
85027

86161
86171
86179
86183
86197

87293
87299
87313
87317
87323

88493
88499
88513
88523
88547

89597
89599
89603
89611
89627

90677
90679
90697
90703
91)709

91867
91873
91909
91921
91939

92899
92921
92927
92941
92951

94063
94079
94099
94109
94111

95191
95203
95213
95219
95231

96289
96293
96323
96329
96331

97501
97511
97523
97547
97549

98713
98717
98729
98731
98737

99817
99823
99829
99833
99839

81
82
83
84
85

77167
77171
71191
77201
77213

78203
78229
78233
78241
78259

79397
79399
79411
79423
79427

80527
80537
80557
80567
80599

81611
81619
81629
81637
81647

82657
82699
82721
82723
82727

83873
83891
83903
83911
83921

85037
85049
85061
85081
85087

86201
86209
86239
86243
86249

87337
87359
87383
87403
87407

88589
88591
88607
88609
88643

89633
89653
89657
89659
89669

90731
90749
90787
90793
90803

91943
91951
91957
91961
91967

92957
92959
92987
92993
93001

94117
94121
94151
94153
94169

95233
95239
95257
95261
95267

96337
96353
96377
96401
96419

97553
97561
97571
97577
97579

98773
98779
98801
98807
98809

99859
99871
99877
99881
99901

86
87
88
89
90

77237
77239
77243
77249
77261

78277
78283
78301
78307
78311

79433
79451
79481
79493
79531

80603
80611
80621
80627
80629

81649
81667
81671
81677
81689

82729
82757
82759
82763
82781

83933
83939
83969
83983
83987

85091
85093
85103
85109
85121

86257
86263
86269
86287
86291

87421
87427
87433
87443
87473

88651
88657
88661
88663
88667

89671
89681
89689
89753
89759

90821
90823
90833
90841
90847

91969
91997
92003
92009
92033

93047
93053
93059
93077
93083

94201
94207
94219
94229
94253

95273
95279
95287
95311
95317

96431
96443
96451
96457
96461

97583
97607
97609
97613
97649

98837
98849
98867
98869
98873

99907
99923
99929
99961
99971

91
92
93
94
95

77263
77267
77269
77279
77291

78317
78341
78347
78367
78401

79537
79549
79559
79561
79579

80651
80657
80669
80671
80677

81701
81703
81707
81727
81737

82787
82793
82799
82811
82813

84011
84017
84047
84053
84059

85133
85147
85159
85193
85199

86293
86297
86311
86323
86341

87481
87491
87509
87511
87517

BB681
88721
88729
88741
88747

89767
89779
89783
89797
89809

90863
90887
90901
90907
90911

')2041
92051
92077
92083
92107

93089
93097
93103
93111
93131

94261
94273
94291
94307
94309

95327
95339
95369
95383
95393

96469
96479
96487
96493
96497

97651
97673
97687
97711
97729

98887
98893
98897
98899
98909

99989
99991

96
97
98
99
100

77317
77323
77339
77347
77351

78427
78437
78439
78467
78479

79589
79601
79609
79613
79621

80681
80683
80687
80701
80713

81749
81761
81769
81773
81799

82837
82847
82883
82889
82891

84061
84067
84089
84121
84127

85201
85213
85223
85229
85237

86351
86353
86357
86369
86371

87523
87539
87541
87547
87553

88771
88789
88793
88799
88801

89819
89821
89833
89839
89849

90917
90931
90947
90971
90977

92111
92119
92143
92153
92173

93133
93139
93151
93169
93179

94321
94327
94331
94343
94349

95401
95413
95419
95429
95441

96517
96527
96553
96557
96581

97771
97777
97787
97789
97813

98911
98927
98929
98939
98947

81031
81041
81043
81047
81049

82141
82153
82163
82171

83269
83273
83299
83311
8~183 83>39

25. Numerical Interpolation, Differentiation,

and Integration
PHILIP

J.

DAVIS

l'

AND IVAN POLONSKy2

Contents
Formulas
25.1.
25.2.
25.3.
25.4.
25.5.

Page
877
878

Differences
Interpolation .
Differentiation
Integration . .
Ordinary Differential Equations .

882
885
896

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

898

Table 25.1. n-Point Lagrangian Interpolation Coefficients (3 ~n ~8) .

900

IJ (.01) [~}
n=5, 6, p= _en 2 IJ (.01) [~}
n=7, 8, p=_[n 2 IJ (.1) [~}

n=3, 4, p= _en 2

Table 25.2. n-Point

(1

Coefficients

Exact
10D
10D

for

k-th

Order

Differentiation

~k~5)

.......... .
k=l,
n=3(1)6,
Exact
k=2(1)5, n=k+ 1(1)6, Exact

Table 25.3. n-Point Lagrangian Integration Coefficients (3 ~n ~ 10)

n=3(1)1O, Exact

914

915

Table 25.4. Abscissas and Weight Factors for Gaussian Integration

(2~n~96).

. . . . . .
n=2(1)1O,12,
n= 16(4)24(8)48(16)96,

. .....

916

15D
21D

Table 25.5. Abscissas for Equal Weight Chebyshev Integration

(2 ~n ~9) . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
n=2(1)7, 9, 10D

920

Table 25.6. Abscissas and Weight Factors for Lobatto Integration

(3~n~1O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

n=3(1)10,

Table 25.7. Abscissas and Weight Factors for Gaussian Integration

for Integrands with a Logarithmic Singularity (2 ~n~4) . . . . ,
n=2(1)4, 6D
1
2

920

8-lOD
920

National Bureau of Standards.

National Bureau of Standards. (Presently, Bell Tel. Labs., Whippany, N.J.)
875

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

876

Table 25.8. Abscissas and Weight Factors for Gaussian Integration of

Moments (1 ~n~8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
k=0(1)5, n= 1(1)8, lOD

Page

921

Table 25.9. Abscissas and Weight Factors for Laguerre Integration

(2~n~15).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
n=2(1)1O, 12, 15, 12D or S

923

Table 25.10. Abscissas and Weight Factors for Hermite Integration

(2~n~20).

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

11=2(1)10, 12, 16,20,

924

13-15D or S

Table 25.11. Coefficients for Filon's Quadrature Formula (0 ~ 8 ~ 1)

8=0(.01).1(.1)1, 8D

924

25. Numerical Interpolation, Differentiation, and Integration

Numerical analysts have a tendency to accumulate a multiplicity of tools each designed for
highly specialized operations and each requiring
special knowledge to use properly. From the
vast stock of formulas available we have culled
the present selection. We hope that it will be
useful. As with all such compendia, the reader
may miss his favorites and find others whose
utility he thinks is marginal.
We would have liked to give examples to
illuminate the formulas, but this has not been
feasible. Numerical analysis is partially a science
and partially an art, and short of writing a textbook on the subject it has been impossible to
indicate where and under what circumstances the
various formulas are useful or accurate, or to
elucidate the numerical difficulties to which one
might be led by uncritical use. The formulas are
therefore issued together with a caveat against
their blind application.

Formulas

Notation: Abscissas: XO<XI< . . . ; functions:

j, g, . . . ; values: j(Xt) =ft,j'(Xt)=j;. j',j(2), . . .
indicate 1at, 2\ . . . derIvatives. If abscissas
are equally spaced, Xt+l-xj=h and jp=j(xo+ph)
(p not necessarily integral). R, R n indicate remainders.

Central Differences

25.1.2

02k+1_2~1
n+! - ~

}=o

oZn=.1:

Cn - k)

1)j(2k+l)f
.
n+k+l-j
J

if nand k are of same parity.

Forward Differences

Xo

jo

XI

jl

.10
~l

X2 j2
Xa

fa

.12

Central Differences

X-I j-I
D-!

.1~

.1i

Xo

jo
Ol

XI

jl

X2

j2

o~

oi

o~

Oa/2

Mean Differences

25.1. Differences

25.1.3

Forward Differences

25.1.1
Divided Differences

25.1.4
[xo,xd-[xl,xzl
Xo-Xz
[xo, .. . ,xk-d-[x" .. "xkl
XO-Xk
Divided Differences in Terms of Functional Values

25.1.5
877

878

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

25.1.6 where 1l"n(X) = (X-Xo) (X-Xl) . . . (x-xn)

and 1l"~(x) is its derivative:
25.1.7

Remainder in Lagrange Interpolation Formula

25.2.3
Rn(x)=1l"n(X)' [Xo,XI, .. . ,xn,xj

!n+IW

(Xk-Xn)

Let D be a simply connected domain with a

piecewise smooth boundary C and contain the
points Zo, . . . , Zn in its interior. Let fez) be
analytic in D and continuous in D+C. Then,

=1l"n(x), (n+l)!

25.2.4

25.2.5
R (z)_1l"n(Z) f
!(t)
dt
n
21l"i Jc (t-z)(t-z o) .,. (t-z n )

The conditions of 25.1.8 are assumed here.

25.1.9

Lagrange Interpolation, Equally Spaced Abscissas

25.1.10

n Point Formula

25.2.6
25.1.11

Reciprocal Differences

-~ (n-2) ~k~ ~ n}

For n even,

For n odd,

(-~ (n-l)~k~ ~ (n-I)}

25.1.12
25.2.7

n even.
(_l)!(n-1l+k

A~(P)=(n 2 1+k!
) (n 1 )
2 -k !(p-k)
n-l (

II

/=0

Pn-I(Xo, .. "Xn-I)-Pn-l(XI, .. . ,xn)

+Pn-2(XI, .. "Xn-I)

25.2. Interpolation

Rn-I=~ II (p_k)hnpn)(~)
n.

~,IT (p-k)t:.~

n.

k has the same range as in 25.2.6.

25.2.2
ltex )=

nodd.

25.2.8

Lagrange Interpolation Formulas

25.2.1

n-l
p+
- - t),
2

1l"n(X),
(x-x t )7f" neXt)

_ (x-xo) ... (X-Xt-I)(X-Xt+l) ... (x-;>;n)

- (Xt-xo) ... (Xt-Xt_l) (Xt-XHI) ... (Xt-xn)

Lagrange Two Point Interpolation Formula

(Linear Interpolation)

25.2.9
25.2.10

!(xo+ph) = (l-p)!O+P!I+RI
R1(p)

:::::.125h2f(2)(~)

:::::.125t:. 2

879

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Lagrange Three Point Interpolation Formula

25.2.18
Rs(p) "'"
6
6
.0049h j<6) (~) "'" .0049.1
(O<p<l)

25.2.11

.0071h6j<6)(~)

f(Xo+ph)=A-d-l+Aojo+Adl+R2
"",P(P -1) j
2

-1+ (1-p2)jO+P(P2+ 1) jl

"'" .0071.16

.024h6j(6) W "'"

.024.16

(-I<p<0,1<p<2)
(-2<p< -1, 2<p<3)
(X-2<~<X3)

25.2.12

R 2(P) "'" .065h3j(3) W "'" .065.13

Lagrange Seven Point Interpolation Formula

(Ipl:$; 1)

25.2.19

Lagrange Four Point Interpolation Formula

25.2.13

25.2.20

.0025h7j<7) (~)

j(Xo+ph)=A-d-l+Aojo+Adl+Ad2+R3
-p(p-l)(p-2)
(p2-1) (p-2)
"'"
6
j-l+
2
jo

R6 (p) "'"

p(p+l)(p-2)j +p(p2-1)j

25.2.21
25.2.22

(O<p<l)

25.2.15

(-1<p<0)
(l<p<2)

+ph) = 1--2
L: AJt+R4
(p-1)p(p2-4) f

"'" (p2- 1)P(p-2)j

-2

(p2-1)(p2-4)

(-2<p<-1)
(2<p<3)

-1

(p+l)p(p2-4)j
jo

(2<lpl<3)
(X-3<~<X3)

Lagrange Five Point Interpolation Formula

(1<lpl<2)

.019h7j<7) (~) "'" .019.1 7

Lagrange Eight Point Interpolation Formula

(X-l<~<~)

24

(lpl<1)

.0046h7f71 (~) "'" .0046.1 7

16

25.2.14
R3(P) "'"
4
.024h4j(4) W "'" .024.1
(O<p<l)
.042h4j(4)W"",.042.1*
(-1<p<0,1<p<2)

j(Xo

~ .0025.1 7

(-3<p<-2)
(3<p<4)

(p2- 1)p(p+2)j
24

(X-3<~<X4)

25.2.16

R4(P) "'"
.012h~(5)(~) "'" .012.15
(lpl<1)
.031h~(5)(~) "'" .031.15
(1<lpl<2)

Aitken's Iteration Method

Let j(xlxo, Xl, . . ., Xk) denote the unique polynomial of kth degree which coincides in value with
j(x) at Xo, . . . , Xk'

Lagrange Six Point Interpolation Formula

25.2.17
3

j(Xo

+ph) = L: Adt+Rs

25.2.23

i=-2

"'" - p(p2_ 1) (p-2) (p-3) j

120

-2

",

+p(p-l) (p2-4) (P-3)j

24

-1

_ (p2-1) (p2-4) (p-3) "'

12
JO
+p(p+ 1) (p2-4) (P-3)j
12

p(p2-1) (p+2) (P-3)j

24

p(p2-1) (p2-4)

120

j3

880

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Everett'8 Formula

Taylor Expan8ion

25.2.24

25.2.31

f(x)=fo+(x-Xo)j~+ (X-;,~)2 frl 2)+ ...

!(xo+ph) = (l-p)fo+p!l P(P-l~1(P-2) o~

+ (x-xo)n ./(n)+R
n!

JO

(p+l)p(p-l) ~2+
31
U1

_(p+n-l)
2n+l

dn
Uo

+(~t~) o~n+ R 2n

25.2.25

=(1-p)fo+pfJ+E20~+F20~+E40~

+F40f+ ... +R2n

Newton'8 Divided Difference Interpolation Formula

Xo

25.2.26
25.2.32

R 2n =h2n +2 (in~~)j<2n+2)()
"..(p+n) [~:':.-t.~+~:':.+2J
2n+2
2
xa fa

Relation Between Everett and Lagrange Coefficient8

25.2.27

_
_
j<n+l)(~)
Rn(x)-1tn(X) [Xo, .. . ,Xn,xj-7I"n(X) (n+l)!

25.2.33

(Xo<~<xn)

(For 7I"n see 25.1.6.)

Everett's FOrInula With Throwback

(Modified Central Difference)

Newton's Forward Difference FOrInula

25.2.34

25.2.28

f(xo+Ph)=fo+P~o+(~)~+ ... +(~)~~+Rn

25.2.35

Xo 10
Xl

f1

f(xo+ ph) = (1- p)fo+pfl +E20:,. O+ F20:'. 1+R

40
~l

X2 f2

25.2.36

4~
~~

R".. .00045/J.'ot/

+ .00061/oi/

25.2.37

~2

f(Xo + ph) = (l-p)!o+pfl +E20~+F20~

Xa fa

25.2.29

Rn=hn+l( p )j<n+l)W"..( p )~n+l

n+l
n+l 0

+ E.o!.. 0+ F40!.. 1 R
25.2.38

0!.=04-.2070 6+ ...

25.2.39
Relation Between Newton and Lagrange Coefficients

25.2.40

25.2.30

f(Xo+ph) = (l-p )fo+pfJ +E20~+F20~

+E4~+ F40t+ E6~.0+F6~,l + R

(~)=A~I(P)

(~)=-A~I(p)

(~)=AHI-P)
(~)=A~(2-P)

25.2.41

25.2.42

~=06-.21808+.049010+

R ~ ,0000037 1I-Ioi 1

' ,,

+ ' .,

881

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Simultaneous Throwback

25.2.54

25.2.43

m=2n+1

2
2n
ak=2n+1 ~jr cos kx r;

f(Xo+ph) = (1-p)jO+pjl+E20;'.o+F2o;'.1

2
2n
.
bk =2n 1 2:
jT
sm
kXT
r=O

+E48:".o+F40:".1+R

25.2.44

25.2.45
25.2.46

8~=02- .013128
4

+ .00430

8:'= 8 - .278278 + .0685S

.0010

.0168

10

10

R ~ .000000831J.'8~1 + .000009407

(k=O,l, .. . ,n)

25.2.55

m=2n

1 2n-l
ak=- ~ iT cos kxT;

ir sin kXT

r=O

(k=O,l, .. . ,n)

(k=O,l, .. . ,n-1)

Bessel's Formula With Throwback

25.2.47

1 2n-1

bk =- ~
n r=O

bn is arbitrary.

f(xo+ph) = (l-p)jo+pjJ
3

+Bao!+R, Bz

+B2(8~.o+0~.1)

pep-I) B pep-I) (p-!)

4' a
6

25.2.48

R ~ .000451ILotl + .00087Io~1

25.2.49

Thiele's Interpolation Formula

25.2.50

Subtabulation

Let i(x) be tabulated

width h. It is desired
intervals of width him.
differences with respect

initially in intervals of
to subtabulate i(x) in
Let A and ~ designate
to the original and the

final intervals respectively.

Thus

!)

"S.o=i (x o+

Assuming that the original 5th order

differences are zero,
-.f(xo).

25.2.56

j(x) =j(x 1) +

"'S. =~A
o m

+1-m
.12+ (1-m)(1-2m) ~
2m2
6m3
0

+ (1-m)(1-2m)(1-3m) ~
24m 4

Trigonometric Interpolation
Gauss' Formula

25.2.51
25.2.52
Mx)

sin !(x-Xo) ... sin !(X-Xk_l)

sin t(Xk-XO) ... sin t(Xk-Xk-l)
sin !(X-XHI) ... sin !(X-X2n)
sin !(Xk-XHl) ... sin t(Xk-X2n)

From this information we may construct the final

tabulation by addition. For m= 10,
25.2.57
"S.o=.lAo-.045Ag+.0285~-.02066A~
~=.01Ag-.009~+.007725~

tn(X) is a trigonometric polynomial of degree n

such that tn(Xk)=jk
(k=O,l, . . . ,2n)

Xg=.00l~-.00135~
:l~= .0001A~

Harmonic Analysis

Equally spaced abscissas

Linear Inverse Interpolation

xo=O,

25.2.53

Linear

1
n
j(x) ~2 ao+ ~ (ak cos kx+b k sin kx)

25.2.58

882

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Bivariate Interpolation

Quadratic Inverse Interpolation

25.2.59
Three Point Formula (Linear)

(f1-2jo+j _1)p2+ (fl-j -1)p+2(jo-jp) "",0

25.2.65

Inverse Interpolation by Reversion of Series

25.2.60

Given f(xo+ph)

""

jp="'22 akpk
k=O

25.2.61

j(xo+ ph,Yo-f qk) = (1- p- q)jo.o

25.2.62

+pjl.o+qjo.I+OW)
Four Point Formula

25.2.66

Inversion of Newton's Forward Difference Formula

j (xo+ph,Yo+qk) =

25.2.63

(1- p) (1- q)jo.o+p(1- q)j1.0

+ q(1-P)jO.1+pqjl.1+0(h2)

ao=fo

A5

~~

a1=Ao-"2+3-"'4+" .

Six Point Formula

25.2.67

~z

~~

a 3 ="6-"'4+"

~
a4 =24+"

(Used in conjunction with 25.2.62.)

j(xo+ph,Yo+qk)=

q(q-l)
2

10.-1+

pep-I)
2

Inversion of Everett's Formula

+ (1+pq- p2_ q2)jo.o

ao-jo

+p(p-2 q+l)j

25.2.64

j-1.0

1.0

+q(q-~P+l) jO.I+pq!l.l+0(hB)
8~

8~

a2="2-24+" .

a3

-8g+8~

8~

a4 =24+"

as

-8~+8f

120

8~+8t+

-~

25.3. Dift'erentiation
Lagrange's Formula

...

+ ...

25.3.1
(See 25.2.1.)
25.3.2

(Used in conjunction with 25.2.62.)

883

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

25.3.3
, ) pn+ll
)' C) 1I"n(x) d l(n+1)(t)
"
Rn(x = (n+l)! (~ 1I"n X + (n+l) I dx

A4_~ A5+
h2.(2)=A2_A3+.!!
JO
'"'0
'-'0 12'-'0 6'"'0 '"

25.3.10
25.3.11

~=Hx) (Xo<~<xn)

Equally Spaced Abscissas

25.3.12

Three Points

25.3.4
f~

l' (Xo+ph)

25.3.13

=~{(P-!)f_1-2Plo+(p+!)fd+m

hafrla)=~_~~+2: ~_3: ~g+ ...

Four Points

Everett's FonnulB.

25.3.5

25.3.14

f ~--f'("'-+Ph)--h!{
Y

3p2-:p+21_1

hj'(Xo+ph) ~-10+11

..,.,

3p2 6p+2

-6

3p2 1
8~+~ 8~

82n+[(2n+l
p+n )J' 8
+ . . . _[(p+n-l)J'
2n+l
2n

Five Points

25.3.6

1~=f'(Xo+Ph)=~{2P3-3i~-P+l 1-2
4 p 3_3p2-8p +4
6

1-1+

10

4p 3+3p2-8p-4

11

+2

p3

Differences in Tenns of Derivatives

2p 3_5p

25.3.16
A

-h'.('+'!.. .(2) +h3 .(3) +h4 .(4) +'!!. .(6)

2!JO
3!JO 4!JO 5!JO

'"'0- '.10

+3i;-P-1 12 }+R~

25.3.17

For numerical values of differentiation coefficients see Table 25.2.

Markoff's Fonnulas
(Newton's Forward Difference Fonnula Differentiated)

25.3.19

!:4 ""h4jrl4 ) +2h"j~6)

25.3.7

25.3.20

Ag ~ h"jrl6)

I'Cao+ph)=K[~o+ 2P 1 ~
2
+ 3P'-:P+2 ~+

Partial Derivatives

... +d~ (~) ~J+R~

25.3.8

R' =h"j(n+l)(~).!:.. ( p )+hn+l ( p )~ pn+ll(~)

11

dp n + l n + l dx

(ao<~<an)

25.3.21

884

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

25.3.26

25.3.22

25.3.27

25.3.23

25.3.24
25.3.28

(j2Jo.o
1
(jr =12h2

(-!2.0+ 1611.0- 3010.0

+ 161-1.0-1-2.0) +OW)
25.3.29

25.3.25

(j2~

(j;0=3h2 (fu- 210.1+1-1.1+11.0-.210.0+1-1.0

+11. -1- 210. -1 +1-1. -1)+OW)

(j4fo 0
1
1
(jX2(jy2=h} (/1.1 + -1.1+11. -1 +1-1.-1

-211.0-21-1.0-210.1-210. -1 +410.0) +O(h2)

NUMERICAL JiNALYSIS

Laplacian

885

25.3.33

25.3.30

V4Uo,o=6~4 [- (Uo,a+Uo,-a+Ua,o+U-a,o)

+14(U 2+UO, -2+U2,O+U-2,O)

O,

-77 (Uo, 1+uo, -I +UI,O+U-I,O)

+ 184uo,o+20(UI,I +UI, -I +U_I,I +U_I, -I)

25.3.31

- (UI,2+ U2,1 +UI, -2+U2, -I +U_I, 2+U-2,1

+U_I, -2+U-2, -I) J+O(M)

25.4. Integration
Trapezoidal Rule

25.4.1

i:lf(x)dX=~ (JO+fl)-~ Ix:1 (t-xo)(xl-t)f"(t)dt

V2UO'O=1~h2 [-60uo,o+16(UI,O+UO,I+U-I,O+UO, -I)

=~2 (JO+fl) _hs

f"W
12

- (U2,O+UO,2+ U-2,O+UO, -2) l+O(M)

(Xo<~<Xl)

Extended Trapezoidal Rule

25.4.2
Biharmonic Operator

i:mf(X)dX=h~+fl+'"

+fm_1+f;]
_mh3j'1(~)

25.3.32

12

Error Term in Trapezoidal Formula for Periodic

Functions

If f(x) is periodic and has a continuous ph

derivative, and if the integral is taken over a
period, then
constant
25.4.3
IError I<
mk
Modified Trapezoidal Rule

25.4.4

i:mf(x)dx=h~+fl+'"

+fm_1+f;]

+~ [- f-l+fl+fm-l-fm+11+ ~~~ h".J<4)W

886

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Sbnp80n's Rule

25.4.5

*
(See Table 25.3 for A,(m).)

+ij JzJXI (xo-t)2(xl-t)f 3)(t)dt

Newton-Cotes Formulas (Closed Type)

+~ jX2 (~_t)2(XI-t)f3)(t)dt

JZ1

=~ [jo+4jl+j21-;~j(4)m

(For Trapezoidal and Simpson's Rules see 25.4.125.4.6.)

25.4.13

Extended Simpson's Rule

25.4.6

%3

(Sbnpson's

3h
3l4)(~)h6
f(x)dx=-g (10+3jl+3j2+j3)80

Zo

'

25.4.14

(Bode's rule)

2h'''-

Z4

Jxoj(x)dx=45 (7jo+32
Euler-Maclaurin Summation Formula

i:n.f(X)dx=h[~+jl+j2+ ... +jn-I+~J

_ B2 h2(j' _-")_
2!
n JO
2k 3
"-B
Ulb
2k+2 h +

2k

(2k+2)!

_ B2kh2k [j(2k-I)-.((2k-I)1+R
(2k)!
n
JO
2k

zo~~~.

Ij(2k+2 l (

25.4.15

Jxo

+75j4+ 19j5)
25.4.16

25.4.17

i:

j(x)dx=177~0 (751fo+3577jl;1323j2
+2989j3+2989j4 + 1323j5+ 3577 f6

Lagrange Formula

+751j)- 818~1'8)Wh9

25.4.8

1
b

j(x)dx=~ (L~n)(b)-L~n)(ajt+Rn
i-O

II

rs

4h
j(x)dx=14175 (989jo+5888jl- 92 8j2

Xo

25.4.9

+10496j3-4540j4+10496j5-928j6+5888j7

+98~8) - 4!;~~5f") (~)hl1

L[n)(x)=--,----(1) J.$1rtn (t) dt=f.$ It(t)dt

1r" Xj "0
Xj
"0
25.4.10 Rn= (n~I)!

25.4.11

Zo

518400

25.4.18

(See 25.2.1.)

2751'6) (~)h7
12096

(-1:$/}:$1)

(For B 2k , Bernoulli numbers, see chapter 23.)

Hf2k+2)(x) andf2kH)(x) do not change sign for
Xo<x<xn then IR2kl is less than the first neglected
term. If f2k+2) (x) does not change sign for
XO<X<X n , IR2kl is less than twice the first neglected
term.

$k

rr5 j(~)dx=25:S (19jo+75jl+ 50j2+ 50j3

25.4.7

~ rule)

1rn(x)f n+lJ(Hxdx

Equally Spaced Abscissas

-=-

25.4.19

xu
Xo

9h
j(x)dx= 89600 {2857 Uo+jg)

+15741 (jl +j8) +1080 (j2 +j7) +19344 (13+j6)

n
(-l)"-IJ. z k 1rn (X)
j(x)dx- hn '5: II
r=o ~. n ~. %0 X Xl dx+R n
_1

'e _ .)'

+5778(14+15)} -1~~;of(lO)(~)h1!
See page

II.

887

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

S,

25.4.20

"0+1I

"0-

rZlOj(x)dx=29~~76 {16067 (10+j10)

Jzo
+106300(11 +j9) -48525 <12+j8) +272400(13+j7)
-260G50(j4+j6) +427368jd
1346350 pl2l (~)h13
326918592
Newton-Cotes Formulas (Open Type)

11

h
j(z)dz=15 {24j(zo)+4[j(zo+h)+j(zo-h)]
-[j(zo+ih)+j(zo-ih)J} +R

IRI ::;11;~~ ~:x U(6)(z)l,

S designates the square

with vertices zo+ith(k=O, 1,2,3); hcan be complex.

Chebyshev's Equal Weight Integration Formula

25.4.28

25.4.21

Abscissas: XI is the
of

itb

zero of the polynomial part

(See Table 25.5 for

XI')

25.4.22

Z
r 'j(x)dx=4h (2jl-j2+2f3)
Jzo
3

+28j<~)(~)h5
90

For n=8 and

complex.
Remainder:

n~ 10

some of the zeros are

25.4.24
2
n(n+l)!

where

t=Hx) satisfies OSt::;x and

xf+i(n+J)(~t)
i-I

OS~t::;XI

(i=l, ... , n)

25.4.25

Integration Formulas of Gaussian Type

CFor Orthogonal Polynomials see chapter 22)

Gauss' Formula

25.4.26

%&

8h
j(x)dx=945 (460jl-954j2+2196j3-2459j4

%0

+2196j5- 954j6+ 460j7)+ 3956 j<8)(~)h9

14175
Five Point Rule for Analytic Functions

25.4.27
Zo

+ ih

_Ij(x)dx=~ wJ(xt)+R"

25.4.29

Related ortbo~onal polynomials: Legendre polynomials P,,(x), P n (l)=1

Abscissas: Xt is the i th zero of Pn(X)
Weights: wt =2/(l-it) [P~(XI)j2
(See Table 25.4 for Xi and w t .)

Gauss' Formula, Arbitrary Interval

25.4.30

f.

II

See page

II.

b-a n
j(y)dY=-2- ~ wJ(YI)+R n
1=1

888

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Related ortho::onal polynomi<.:~: P,,(x), P n(I)=1

Abscissas: Xt is the itb zero of P n(X)
Weights: wj=2/(I-xn [P~(Xj)J2

il

25.4.33

:r!l(x)dx="'tt wd(xj)+R"

Related orthogonal polynomials:

qn(X) =.vk+2n+ IP~k.O) (1-2x)

(For the Jacobi

Hadau's Integration Formula

polynomialsP~k.Ol

see chapter 22.)

Abscissas:

25.4.31

XI is the i tb zero of qn (x)

Weights:
Related polynomials:
Pn-I(X)+Pn(X)
x+l

Abscissas:

is tho

Xt

(See Table 25.8 for

and Wj.)

Remainder:

zero of

itb

Xj

1]2

f 2n)W
[n!(k+n)
n
R =(k+2n+1) (2n)! (k+2n)!

P"_I(X)+P,,(X)
x+l

25.4.34

Weights:
I
Wt=2
n

I-xI

[P n-I ()]2
XI

l-Xj

[P',,-I (Xt )]2

Remainder:

Related orthogonal polynomials:

2
"-I

n [(
2
1)']4j(2,,-I)()
Rn [(2n-l)!j3 n- .
~

Lobatto's Integration Formula

25.4.32

f~J(x)dx n(n~l) [1(1)+1(-1)]

Abscissas: Xj= 1- ~~ where ~j is the itb positive

zero of P 2"+1(X),
Weights: Wj=2~~w~2n+1l where w~2n+!) are the
Gaussian weights of order 2n+ 1.
Remainder:
Rn

Related polynomials:
Abscissas:

Xt

is the

25.4.35

P~_I(X)

(i-Oat

24n+3[(2n+ 1) !]'
(2n)
(2n)!(4n+3)[(4n+2)!]d W

zero of P~_I(X)

f. l(y) .yb-y dy= (b-a)3/2 wJ(Yt)

b

i-I

Weights:
Related orthogonal polynomials:
(See Table 25.6 for

Xt

and

Wt.')

Remainder:
R
n

-n(n-l)32 2n - I[(n-2) !]4 jC2n-21 (~)

(2n-l)[(2n-2)!J3
(-1<~<1)

See page

II.

Abscissas: Xj= 1- ~~ where ~j is the itb positive

zero of P 2n+1(X).
Weights: Wj=2~~w?n+l) where w~2n+l) are the
Gaussian weights of order 2n+1.

889

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Abscissas:
Xt=cos
Related orthogonal polynomials:

(2i-l)1I'
2n

Weights:
11'
W=-

Abscissas: Xj= 1-~~ where ~j is the itb positive

zero of P2n(X),
Weights: Wj=2w?nl, w?nl are the Gaussian weights
of order 2n.
Remair.der:
4n

= 2 +

[(2n)!J3 j<2nlW
4n+l [(4n)!j2

25.4.37 (b fey) dy=..Jb-a

Ja

-Vb-y

wJ(Yj)+Rn

25.4.40
+I

lex) .vl-x2dx=t;;,wd(Xt)+Rn

-I

Related orthogonal polynomials: Chebyshev Polynomials of Second Kind

Un (x) sin [(n+l) arccos xl
*
sin (arccos x)
Abscissas:

i=l

Yt=a+(b-a)xt

Weights:

Related orthogonal polynomials:

P2n(-V1-x) ,P2n (l) =1

Remainder:

Abscissas:
xj=l-~~ where ~/ is the itb positive zero of P 2n (x).
Weights: wl=2w~2nl, WFn' are the Gaussian weights
of order 2n.

+I

25.4.38

-1

-V

f(x)

n
2

I-x

11'

(2n) !2 2n + 1

"

25.4.41

.v(y-a)(b-y)}(y)dy=(b-;aY

dx=:L: Wd(Xt)+R n

Xt=COS

wt!(Yt) +Rn

Related orthogonal polynomials:

sin [(n+l) arccos
sin (arccos x)

Un(x)

Abscissas:

tt

b+a b-a
Y;=-2-+-2- Xj

1=1

Related orthogonal polynomials: Chebyshev Polynomials of First Kind

f(2n)(t)
"

xl

Abscissas:

(2i-1)1I'

2n

Weights:

Weights:
w =~ sin 2 _ t _ 11'
t n+l
n+l

Remainder:
R

11'
}(2nl(t)
n (2n)!2 2n - 1
"

-1

<~<1 )
Related orthogonal polynomials:

25.4.39

(b

j(y)dy

1
..[X T2nH (..[X)

Ja ..j(y-a) (b-y) t;t wt!(Yt)+R n

b+a b-a
Yt=-2-+-2- x ,

Abscissas:
x =cos2
j

Related orthogonal polynomials:

1
T,,(x),T n(1)=2 n _ 1

2i-l 11'
--.2n+l 2

Weights:
211'
wt=2n+l
See page

II.

XI

890

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Remainder:

Remainder:

1r
j(2n) (1:)
(2n)12 4n+ 1
.,

Rn

R = nl-V1r j(2n) (I:)

n
2n(2n)1
.,

25.4.43

fb f(x) /x-a dx=(b-a) t

Ja
-V b-x

wJ(y,)+R n

Filon's Integration Formula

25.4.47

1=1

y,=a+(b-a)X,

.C"'j(X) cos tx dx=h [a(th) (j2n sin

Related orthogonal polynomials:

t~n

-!osin tXo)+fJ(th) C2n +'Y(th) C2n - 1

+ 4~ th48~n-1J-Rn
25.4.48

Abscissas:
x

2i-1 1r
=COS2 - - . 1

11

C2n=~!21 cos (tx21)-![!2n cos t~n+!O cos tXol.

2n+1 2

1=0

Weights:
25.4.49

11

C2n- I ="'22f21-1 cos t~j-l

25.4.44

11

In xj(x)dx="'22 wJ(x,)+R n

i=1

25.4.50

11

1=1

""' /(3)
S '2n-l= ~
21-1

Related orthogonal polynomials: polynomials orthogonal with respect to the weight function -In x
Abscissas: See Table 25.7
Weights: See Table 25.7

SIn

t X21-1

i=1

25.4.51
25.4.52

25.4.45

Related orthogonal polynomials: Laguerre polynomials Ln(x).

Abscissas: XI is the itb zero of Ln(x)
Weights:

1'(0)=4 CSi~ 0_ co;

0)

For small 0 we have

25.4.53

Wj

(n+1)2[L n+l(xj)]2

(See Table 25.9 for XI and

Remainder:

=
n

(n!)2j(2nl(~)
(2n)!

203

205 207
a= 45 -315+ 4725- '"

Wj.)

(O<~<

20 2

40 4

202

04

206
fJ=3+15-105+567- ...
co)

06

1'=3-15+210-11340+ ...
25.4.54
Z2n
%0 j(x) sin tx dx=h [ a(th) (fo cos tXo-j2n cos tX2n)

25.4.46

i
Related orthogonal polynomials: Hermite polynomials Hn(x).
Abscissas: Xj is the itb zero of Hn(x)
Weights:
2n - 1n!{;
n2[Hn _ 1 (Xj)]2
(See Table 25.10 for XI and

Wj.)

+fJS2n+'YS2n-l+ 4~

th4C~n-lJ-Rn

25.4.55

S2n=j2j sin (tX21)--21 [j2n sin (tx2n)+jO sin (txo)]

1=0

3 For certain difficulties associated with this formula,

see the article by J. W. Tukey, p. 400, "On Numerical
Approximation," Ed. R. E. Langer, Madison, 1959.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

891

25.4.56
25.4.57

(0,0)

1/2

(h,O), (O,h)

1/8

(See Table 25.11 for a, (3, 'Y.)

Iterated In1:egrals

25.4.58

25.4.59

Multidim.ensional Integration

Circumference of Circle r: r+y2=h2.

25.4.60

I
I

I
I
I

----- -t-- -----

J:

1
1 Ei
2m
(
7111-, h sin'7111-)
i(x,y)ds=2h COS '2-h
7r
r
Tn n=l
m
m

(0, 0)

~j2

(h,O)

1/12

+O(h2m - 2 )
Circle c:
25.4.61

+y2 Sh2

I
I

I
I

------t-----I

I
I

I
I

R=OW)

892

NlrMF)RICAL ANALYSIS

Square 4 S: Ixl:::;h,ly!:::;h
25.4.62

(0,0)

1/6

(h,O)

1/24

~2fff(x,y)dmy=i;twJ(Xj,yj)+R

(O,h)

1/24

s
I

(~dg)

~--- ..... ----O

1/6

I
I

I
J.

(0,0)

4/9

(h, h)

1/36

(h,O)

1/9

(0, h)

1/9

:
I

..
I

(0,0)

----f-----

1/4

:I

1/8

1/8

R=O(h4)

16/81

(0,0)

1/9

16+.J6

{For regions, such as the square, cube, cylinder, etc.,

which are the Cartesian products of lower dimensional
regions, one may always develop integration rules by
"multiplying together" the lower dimensional rules. Thus
if
1

~
(k=l, ... ,10)

h cos 27rk, /6+.J6 h . 27rk)

( V/6+.J6
10
10 V10 sm 10

16-.J6
360

f(x)dx ... ~ w;!(x.)

i-I

is a one dimensional rule, then

Pf(x,y)dxdy ...

Jo Jo

W.W;/(X;,XI)

I,j-I

becomes a two dimensional rule.

necessarily the most "economical".

Such rules are not

NUMERICAL 'ANALYSIS

( !sh,!sh)

25/324

(O,!sh)

10/81

(!s

10/81

h,O)

893

Equilateral Triangle T

Radius of Circumscribed Circle=h

25.4.63

f'rJr f(x,y)dxdy=t Wt!(Xi,Yi)+R

-3
1

-~?N

1=1

(0,0)

270/1200

((~+l)h,O)

155-v'I5
1200

((-~+I)h,

(~4+1)~h)
(( _~-l)h,O)
155+v'I5

(x"y,)

Wi

(0,0)

3/4

(h,O)

1/12

(-~d~~)

1/12

v'I5-1)
(v'I5-1)
)
(( 14
h, 14
~h

R=O(h3)

1200

Regular Hexagon H

Radius of Circumscribed Circle=h

25.4.64
- 13 fff(x,y)dxdY='t wd(X"Yi)+R

_ ~h2

1=1

2
I
I

(Xi'Y')

Wi

(0,0)

27/60

(h,O)

3/60

(-~,~ ~)

3/60

(-~, 0)

8/60

(~,~~)

8/60

R=O(M)

(X"Yt)

Wi

(0,0)

21/36

(~,~~)
(h,O)

5/72
5/72

R=OW)

894

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

(Xt,y" Zt)
(

~~h,~h,O)

~h,O,~h)

Wt

1/15

(O,~h,~h)
R=O(h6)

(XhYt)

W,

(0,0)

258/1008

(1~~'1~~)

125/1008

(h ~,o)

125/1008

(h,O,O)
(0, h,O)

R=O(h6)

(0,0, h)

(Xt,Yt,Zt)

(~h,~h,~h)

Surface of Sphere 2:: x2+y2+Z2=h2

25.4.65

~h2

l:

ff(x,y,z)d(1=

1=1

wJ(x"y"z,)

+R

1/30

Wt
27/840

~h,~h,O)

(~h,O,~h )

32/840

(O,~h,~h)
(h,O,O)
(0, h,O)

(0,0, h)

Sphere S: X2+y2+z 2 5h2

(Xt,Yt,Zt)

Wt

(h,O,O)

1/6

(O,h,O)

1/6

(0,0, h)

1/6

25.4.66

R=OW)

40/840

R=O(h8)

895

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
~1r=sum

of values of 1 at the 6 points midway

from the center of C to the 6 faces.

(Xt,Yt,Zt)

Wt

(0,0,0)

2/5

(h,O,O)

1/10

(0, h,O)

1/10

(O,O,h)

1/10

E1,=sum of values of 1 at the 6 centers of the

faces of C.
R=OW)

Cube 6 C:

~1.=sum

of values of 1 at the 8 vertices of C.

~1.=sum

of values of 1 at the 12 midpoints of

edges of C.

~1a=sum
Ixl~h

of values of 1 at the 4 points on the

diagonals of each face at a distance of

IYI~h

~.J5h from the center of the face.

Izl~h

25.4.67

8~S fff1(X,y,z)dxdydz=tt wJ(xt,Yt,zt)+R

c

Tetrahedron: !T
25.4.70

(h,O,O)

1/6

(0, h,O)

1/6

(0,0, h)

1/6

R=O(h')

fff

1 (x,y,z)dxdydz=

!T

10 E1.+ 4~ ~j,
+terms of 4th order

25.4.68

sis JJJ1(x,y,Z)dxdydz
c
1
=360 [-4961m+128~1r+8~ft+5~1.]+O(h6)

+terms of 4th order

where

V: Volume of !T
~j.:

25.4.69
1

~j.:

where fm=f(O,O,O).

~1,:

Sum of values of the function at the vertices

of!T..
450 [91~1,-40~1.+ 16~1a]+OW)

See footnote to 25.4.62.

Sum of values of the function at midpoints

of the edges of !T.
Sum of values of the function at the center
of gravity of the faces of !T.

1m: Value of function at center of gravity of !T.

896

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

25.5. Ordinary Dift'erential Equations6

255
9
1
3
Yn+1=Yn+4 k l + ka+O(h4)
4

First Order: Y' -j(x, y)

Point Slope FOl'Dlula

25.5.1

Yn+l =Yn+hy~+O(h2)

25.5.2

Yn+l =Yn-l +2hy~+OW)

k1=hj(xn,Yn),k2=hj (Xn+~ h'Yn+~

ka=hj (Xn+~

kl)

h'Yn+~ k2)

Fourth Order

Trapezoidal Fonnula

25.5.10
1

Yn+1=Yn+6 k1 + 3 k2+3
Adams' Extrapolation Formula

ka+ 61 k4+O(h6)

k1=hj(xn,Yn),k2=hj (Xn+~ h'Yn+~

25.5.4

ka=hj (Xn+~

kl)

h'Yn+~ k2} k4=hj(xn+h,Yn+ka)

25.5.11
Adams' Interpolation Fonnula

331

~+1=~+~~+~~+~~+~~+OW)

25.5.5
k1=/if(xn,Yn) ,k2=hj (

Xn+~ h'Yn+~ kl)

ka=hf (Xn+~ h'Yn-~ k1+kz}

k4=hj(xn+h,Yn+kl-k2+ka)

Runge-Kutta Methods

Gill's Method

Second Order

25.5.12

Yn+t=Yn+~ (k +2 (1-~) k2

25.5.6

Yn+1=Yn+2" (k1+k2)+0(h3)

+2 (1+~) ka+k4)+OW)

kl =hj(xn,Yn) ,k2=hj(xn+h,Yn+k1)
25.5.7

k2=/if (Xn+~ h,

Yn+1=Yn+k2+0(h3)

kl=hj(Xn'Yn),k2=hj(Xn+~ h'Yn+~ kl)

k3=hf(

Yn+~ kl)

Xn+~h, Yn+( -~+~) kl

+(l-~Dk?)

Third Order

25.5.8
k 4=/if(Xn+h,Yn

1
2
1
Yn+1=Yn+6 k1 3 k2+6 ka+OW)

k 1=hj(xn,Yn),k2=hj (Xn+~ h'Yn+~

Predictor-Corrector Methods

kl)

ka=hj(xn+h, Yn-k 1+2k2)

-~I k2+(1+~D ka)

Milne's Methods

25.5.13

P: Yn+1=Yn-3+ ~ (2Y~-Y~-1+2Y~-2)+OW)
6The
is cut

.
. reader
.
a lOned
agalllst
pOSSible
instabirt
especIally III formulas 25.5.2 and 25 5 13
S
lIes
[25.11], [25.12].
".
ee, e.g.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

'25.5.14
k3=hJ

P: Yn+l=Yn-5+ ~ (l1y~-14Y~_1

897

(Xn+~ h'Yn+~ k2' Zn+~ 12)

l3=hg(

+26Y~-2-14Y~-3+ llY~-4)+OW)

c:

Yn+l=Yn-3+ !~

(7Y~+l+32y~

k4=hj(xn+h, Yn+k3, Z"

25.5.15

P: Yn+l=Yn-2+3(Yn-Yn-l)+h2(y~ -Y~-l) +OW)

+13)

14=hg(xn+h,Yn+ k a, zn+ 1.)

Second Order: Y" =j(x, y, V')

+12Y~_1 +32Y~_2+ 7Y~-3)+OW)

Formulas Using Higher Derivatives

Xn+~'Yn+~' Zn+)

Milne's Method

25.5.19

P: Yn+l-Yn-a
, - ' +4h
"
"+2Yn")+O(h6)
3" (2 Y"-2-Yn~1

c: Yn+l=Yn+~ (Y~+I+Y~)-~; (Y~+I~Y~)+OW)

25.5.16

P:

Runge-Kutta Method

25.5.20

Yn+l=Yn-2+3(Yn-Yn-l)+~(Y~' +Y~~l) tOW)

2

C : Yn+l=Yn +h2' ('

h (Yn+l-Yn
"
")
Yn+l +')
Yn -10

Yn+l=Yn+h

[y~+~ (k1+k2+ka) ]+OW)

Y~+l=Y~+~ (k1+2k2+2ka+k4)
kl=hf(xn'Yn,Y~)

k2=hf

(x,,+~ h'Yn+~ y~+~ kl'Y~+~)

k3=hf

(Xn+~ h'Yn+~ y~+~ kl'Y~+~)

Systems of Differential Equations

First Order: y'=J(x,y,z), z'=g(x,Y,z).

k4=hj (xn+h'Yn+hY~+~ ka,Y~+k3)

Second Order Runge-Kutta

25.5.17

Yn+l=Yn+~ (k1+k2)+OW),
Zn+l=Zn+~ (l1+12)+OW)
kl =hj(xn,Yn, zn),
k2 = hj(x"

Second Order: y"=f(x,y)

Milne's Method

25.5.21

II =hg(xn, y", zn)

+~ (5y~+2Y~_1+5Y~_2)+0(h6)

+h, Yn+kl, zn+11),

l2=hg(xn+h,Yn+kl, Zn+ll)

c: Yn=2Yn-l-Yn-2+~ (y~ +lOY~'-1+Y~-2)+OW)

Fourth Order Runge-Kutta

25.5.18

Runge-Kutta Method

1
Yn+l=Yn+6 (k 1 +2k2+2k3+k.)+OW),

25.5.22

1
Zn+l=z"+6 (l1+2l2+2la+l 4)+OW)

Yn+l=Yn+h(Y~+~ (k1+2k2)+O(h4)

Y~+I=Y~+~ kl+~ k2+~ ka

kl =hf(xn, Yn)

k2=hf(xn+~'Yn+~ y~+~ kl)

ka=hj (xn+h'Yn+hY~+; k2).
See page

II.

898

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

References
Texts

(For textbooks on numerical analysis, see texts in

chapter 3)
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[25.3]
[25.4]
[25.5]

[25.6]

[25.7]

[25.8]

[25.9]

[25.10]

[25.11]

[25.12]
[25.13]
[25.14]
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[25.16]

[25.17]

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NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

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mechanical quadrature formula, Bull. Amer.
Math. Soc.48, 739-743 (1942).
[25.40] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Lagrangian interpolation coefficients (Columbia
Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1944).
[25.41} National Bureau of Standards, Collected Short
Tables of the Computation Laboratory, Tables
of functions and of zeros of functions, Applied
Math. Series 37 (U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1954).
[25.421 P. Rabinowitz, Abscissas and weights for Lobatto
quadrature of high order, Math. Tables Aids
Compo 69,47-52 (1960).
[25.43] P. Rabinowitz and G. Weiss, Tables of abscissas
and weights for numerical evaluation of integrals
of the form

L"

e-zxnf(x)dx,

Math. Tables Aids Comp. 68, 285-294 (1959).

899

[25.441 H. E. Salzer, Tables for facilitating the use of

Chebyshev's quadrature formula, J. Math.
Phys. 26, 191-194 (1947).
[25.451 H. E. Salzer and R. Zucker, Table of the zeros and
weight factors of the first fifteen Laguerre
polynomials, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55, 10041012 (1949).
[25.461 H. E. Salzer, R. Zucker, and R. Capuano, Table of
the zeros and weight factors of the first twenty
Hermite polynomials, J. Research NBS 48,
111-116 (1952) RP2294.
[25.47] H. E. Salzer, Table of coefficients for obtaining the
first derivative without differences, NBS Applied
Math. Series 2 (U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1948).
[25.481 H. E. Salzer, Coefficients for facilitating trigonometric interpolation, J. Math. Phys. 27,274-278
(1949) .
[25.491 H. E. Salzer and P. T. Roberson, Table of coefficients for obtaining the second derivative without
differences, Convair-Astronautics, San Diego,
Calif. (1957).
[25.50] H. E. Salzer, Tables of oscula tory interpolation
coefficients, NBS Applied Math. Series 56
(U.S. Government Printing Office, WaShington,
D.C., 1958).

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

900
Table 25.1

THREEPOINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

A3() (1)k+ 1
p(p2-1)
k p = (l+k) !(l-k) !(p-k)

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

A-I
-0.00000
-0.00495
-0.00980
-0.01455
-0.01920

Ao
1.00000
0.99990
0.99960
0.99910
0.99840

Al
0.00000
0.00505
0.01020
0.01545
0.02080

P
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

A-I
-0.12500
-0.12495
-0.12480
-0.12455
-0.12420

Ao
0.75000
0.73990
0.72960
0.71910
0.70840

Al
0.37500
0.38505
0.39520
0.40545
0.41580

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

-0.02375
-0.02820
-0.03255
-0.03680
-0.04095

0.99750
0.99640
0.99510
0.99360
0.99190

0.02625
0.03180
0.03745
0.04320
0.04905

0.55
-0.12375
0.56 -0.12320
-0.12255
0.57
0.58
-0.12180
0.59
-0.12095

0.69750
0.68640
0.67510
0.66360
0.65190

0.42625
0.43680
0.44745
0.45820
0.46905

0.10

0.12
0.13
0.14

-0.04500
-0.04895
-0.05280
-0.05655
-0.06020

0.99000
0.98790
0.98560
0.98310
0.98040

0.05500
0.06105
0.06720
0.07345
0.07980

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

-0.12000
-0.11895
-0.11780
-0.11655
-0.11520

0.64000
0.62790
0.61560
0.60310
0.59040

0.48000
0.49105
0.50220
0.51345
0.52480

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

-0.06375
-0.06720
-0.07055
-0.07380
-0.07695

0.97750
0.97440
0.97110
0.96760
0.96390

0.08625
0.09280
0.09945
0.10620
0.11305

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

-0.11375
-0.11220
-0.11055
-0.10880
-0.10695

0.57750
0.56440
0.55110
0.53760
0.52390

0.53625
0.54780
0.55945
0.57120
0.58305

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

-0.08000
-0.08295
-0.08580
-0.08855
-0.09120

0.96000
0.95590
0.95160
0.94710
0.94240

0.12000
0.12705
0.13420
0.14145
0.14880

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

-0.10500
-0.10295
-0.10080
-0.09855
-0.09620

0.51000
0.49590
0.48160
0.46710
0.45240

0.59500
0.60705
0.61920
0.63145
0.64380

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

-0.09375
-0.09620
-0.09855
-0.10080
-0.10295

0.93750
0.93240
0.92710
0.92160
0.91590

0.15625
0.16380
0.17145
0.17920
0.18705

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

-0.09375
-0.09120
-0.08855
-0.08580
-0.08295

0.43750
0.42240
0.40710
0.39160
0.37590

0.65625
0.66880
0.68145
0.69420
0.70705

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

-0.10500
-0.10695
-0.10880
-0.11055
-0.11220

0.91000
0.90390
0.89760
0.89110
0.88440

0.19500
0.20305
0.21120
0.21945
0.22780

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

-0.08000
-0.07695
-0.07380
-0.07055
-0.06720

0.36000
0.34390
0.32760
0.31110
0.29440

0.72000
0.73305
0.-74620
0.75945
0.77280

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

-0.11375
-0.11520
-0.11655
-0.11780
-0.11895

0,87750
0.87040
0.86310
0.85560
0.84790

0.23625
0.24480
0.25345
0.26220
0.27105

0,85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

-0.06375
-0.06020
-0.05655
-0.05280
-0.04895

0.27750
0.26040
0.24310
0.22560
0.20790

0.78625
0.79980
0.81345
0.82720
0.84105

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

-0.12000
-0.12095
-0.12180
-0.12255
-0.12320

0.84000
0.83190
0.82360
0.81510
0.80640

0.28000
0.28905
0.29820
0.30745
0.31680

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

-0.04500
-0.04095
-0.03680
-0.03255
-0.02820

0.19000
0.17190
0.15360
0.13510
0.11640

0.85500
0.86905
0.88320
0.89745
0.91180

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

-0.12375
-0.12420
-0.12455
-0.12480
-0.12495

0.79750
0.78840
0.77910
0.76960
0.75990

0.32625
0.33580
0.34545
0.35520
0.36505

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

-0.02375
-0.01920
-0,01455
-0.00980
-0.00495

0.09750
0.07840
0.05910
0.03960
0.01990

0.92625
0.94080
0.95545
0.97020
0.98505

0.50

-0.12500
Al

0.75000

0.37500
A-I

1.00

-0.00000
Al

0.00000
AD

1.00000
A-I

O.ll

-p

..10

-p

See 25.2.6.
Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Lagrangian interpolation
coefficients. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1944 (with permission).

901

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

FOUR-POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 25.1

p(p L

4
l)(p-2)
Ak(p) = (-1)H2 (1+k)!(2-k)!(p-k)

A-I

Ao

A2

Al

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
-0.00328
-0.00646
-0.00955
-0.01254

00
35
80
45
40

1. 00000
0.99490
0.98960
0.98411
0.97843

00
05
40
35
20

0.00000
0.01004
0.02019
0.03043
0.04076

00
95
60
65
80

0.00000
-0.00166
-0.00333
-0.00499
-0.00665

00
65
20
55
60

1. 00

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

-0.01543
-0.01823
-0.02094
-0.02355
-0.02607

75
60
05
20
15

0.97256
0.96650
0.96027
0.95385
0.94726

25
80
15
60
45

0.05118
0.06169
0.07227
0.08294
0.09368

75
20
B5
40
55

-0.00831
-0.00996
-0.01160
-0.01324
-0.01487

25
40
95
80
85

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

-0.02850
-0.03083
-0.03308
-0.03524
-0.03732

00
85
80
95
40

0.94050
0.93356
0.92646
0.91919
0.91177

00
55
40
85
20

0.10450
0.11538
0.12633
0.13735
0.14842

00
45
60
15
80

-0.01650
-0.01811
-0.01971
-0.02130
-0.02287

00
15
20
05
60

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

0.15
0.16
0.17
O.lB
0.19

-0.03931
-0.04121
-0.04303
-0.04477
-0.04642

25
60
55
20
65

0.90418
0.89644
0.88855
0.BB051
0.87232

75
80
65
60
95

0.15956
0.17075
0.18199
0.19328
0.20462

25
20
35
40
05

-0.02443
-0.02598
-0.02751
-0.02902
-0.03052

75
40
45
80
35

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

-0.04800
-0.04949
-0.05090
-0.05224
-0.05350

00
35
80
45
40

0.86400
0.85553
0.84692
0.83818
0.82931

00
05
40
35
20

0.21600
0.22741
0.23887
0.25036
0.26188

00
95
60
65
80

-0.03200
-0.03345
-0.03489
-0.03630
-0.03769

00
65
20
55
60

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

-0.05468
-0.05579
-0.05683
-0.05779
-0.05868

75
60
05
20
15

0.82031
0.81118
0.80194
0.79257
0.78309

25
80
15
60
45

0.27343
0.28501
0.29660
0.30822
0.31985

75
20
85
40
55

-0.03906
-0.04040
-0.04171
-0.04300
-0.04426

25
40
95
80
85

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
O. 71

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

-0.05950
-0.06024
-0.06092
-0.06153
-0.06208

00
85
80
95
40

0.77350
O. 76379
O. 75398
O. 74406
O. 73405

00
55
40
85
20

0.33150
0.34315
0.35481
0.36648
0.37814

00
45
60
15
80

-0.04550
-0.04670
-0.04787
-0.04901
-0.05011

00
15
20
05
60

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

-0.06256
-0.06297
-0.06332
-0.06361
-0.06383

25
60
55
20
65

0.72393
0.71372
0.70342
D.69303
0.68255

75
80
65
60
95

0.38981
0.40147
0.41312
0.42476
0.43639

25
20
35
40
05

-0.05118
-0.05222
-0.05322
-0.05418
-0.05511

75
40
45
80
35

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

-0.06400
-0.06410
-0.06414
-0.06413
-0.06406

00
35
80
45
40

0.67200
0.66136
0.65064
0.63985
0.62899

00
05
40
35
20

0.44800
0.45958
0.47115
0.48269
0.49420

00
95
60
65
80

-0.05600
-0.05684
-0.05765
-0.05841
-0.05913

00
65
20
55
60

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

-0.06393
-D. 06375
-0.06352
-0.06323
-0.06289

75
60
05
20
15

0.61806
0.60706
0.59601
0.58489
0.57372

25
80
15
60
45

0.50568
0.51713
0.52853
0.53990
0.55122

.75
20
85
40
55

-0.05981
-0.06044
-0.06102
-0.06156
-0.06205

25
40
95
80
85

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

0.50

-0.06250 00

-0.06250 00

0.50

A2

0.56250 00
Al

0.56250 00
Ao

A-I

0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

902

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Table 25.1

FOURPOINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

A4( )-(-1)k+2
k

A-I

P -

Ao

p(p L l)(p-2)
(1+k)!(2-k)!(p-k)

1. 00
1. 01
1. 02
1. 03
1.04

0.00000
O. 00166
0.00333
0.00499
0.00665

00
65
20
55
60

0.00000
-0.00994
-0.01979
-0.02953
-0.03916

00
95
60
65
80

Al
1. 00000
1. 00489
1. 00959
1. 01408
1.01836

00
95
60
65
80

0.00000
0.00338
0.00686
0.01045
0.01414

00
35
80
45
40

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1. 05
1. 06
1. 07
1. 08
1. 09

0.00831
0.00996
0.01160
0.01324
0.01487

25
40
95
80
85

-0.04868
-0.05809
-0.06737
-0.07654
-0.08558

75
20
85
40
55

1. 02243
1.02629
1. 02992
1.03334
1.03653

75
20
85
40
55

0.01793
0.02183
0.02584
0.02995
0.03417

75
60
05
20
15

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.10
1.11
1.12
1. 13
1.14

0.01650
0.01811
0.01971
0.02130
0.02287

00
15
20
05
60

-0.09450
-0.10328
-0.11193
-0.12045
-0.12882

00
45
60
15
80

1. 03950 00
1.04223
1. 04473
1. 04700
1. 04902

45
60
15
80

0.03850
0.04293
0.04748
0.05214
0.05692

00
85
80
95
40

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

0.02443
0.02598
0.02751
0.02902
0.03052

75
40
45
80
35

-0.13706
-0.14515
-0.15309
-0.16088
-0.16852

25
20
35
40
05

1.05081
1.05235
1. 05364
1. 05468
1.05547

25
20
35
40
05

0.06181
0.06681
0.07193
0.07717
0.08252

25
60
55
20
65

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1. 20
1. 21
1.22
1. 23
1. 24

0.03200
0.03345
0.03489
0.03630
0.03769

00
65
20
55
60

-0.17600
-0.18331
-0.19047
-0.19746
-0.20428

00
95
60
65
80

1.05600
1. 05626
1. 05627
1. 05601
L 05548

00
95
60
65
80

0.08800.00
0.09359 35
0.09930 80
0.10514 45
0.11110 40

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1. 25
1. 26
1. 27
1.28
1. 29

0.03906
0.04040
0.04171
0.04300
0.04426

25
40
95
80
85

-0.21093
-0.21741
-0.22370
-0.22982
-0.23575

75
20
85
40
55

1. 05468
1.05361
1. 05225
1. 05062
1.04870

75
20
85
40
55

0.11718
0.12339
0.12973
0.13619
0.14278

75
60
05
20
15

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

1. 30
1. 31
1. 32
1. 33
1.34

0.04550
0.04670
0.04787
0.04901
0.05011

00
15
20
05
60

-0.24150
-0.24705
-0.25241
-0.25758
-0.26254

00
45
60
15
80

1. 04650 00
1. 04400
1.04121
1.03813
1.03474

45
60
15
80

0.14950
0.15634
0.16332
0.17043
0.17768

00
85
80
95
40

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.35
1. 36
1. 37
1.38
1.39

0.05118
0.05222
0.05322
0.05418
0.05511

75
40
45
80
35

-0.26731
-0.27187
-0.27622
-0.28036
-0.28429

25
20
35
40
05

1.03106
1.02707
1.02277
1.01816
1. 01324

25
20
35
40
05

0.18506
0.19257
0.20022
0.20801
0.21593

25
60
55
20
65

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1. 40
1. 41
1. 42
1. 43
1. 44

0.05600
0.05684
0.05765
0.05841
0.05913

00
65
20
55
60

-0.28800
-0.29148
-0.29475
-0.29779
-0.30060

00
95
60
65
80

1. 00800
1.00243
0.99655
0.99034
0.98380

00
95
60
65
80

0.22400
0.23220
0.24054
0.24903
0.25766

00
35
80
45
40

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.45
1.46
1. 47
1.48
1. 49

0.05981
0.06044
0.06102
0.06156
0.06205

25
40
95
80
85

-0.30318
-0.30553
-0.30763
-0.30950
-0.31112

75
20
85
40
55

0.97693
0.96973
0.96218
0.95430
0.94607

75
20
85
40
55

0.26643
0.27535
0.28442
0.29363
0.30299

75
60
05
20
15

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.50

0.06250 00

0.31250 00
A-I

0.50

Az

-0.31250 00
Al

A2

0.93750 00
Ao

-p

903

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

FOUR-POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

4

Ak(p)
P

A-I

Table 25.1

p(p L l)(p-2)
(-1)k+2 (1+k)!(2-k)!(p-k)

Al

Ao

A2

1. 50
1. 51
1.52
1.53
1.54

0.06250
0.06289
0.06323
0.06352
0.06375

00
15
20
05
60

-0.31250
-0.31362
-0.31449
-0.31511
-0.31546

00
45
60
15
80

0.93750
0.921357
0.91929
0.90966
0.89966

00
45
60
15
80

0.31250
0.32215
0.33196
0.34192
0.35204

00
85
80
95
40

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

1. 55
1.56
1. 57
1.58
1. 59

0.06393
0.06406
0.06413
0.06414
0.06410

75
40
45
80
35

-0.31556
-0.31539
-0.31495
-0.31424
-0.31326

25
20
35
40
05

0.88931
0.87859
0.86750
0.85604
0.84421

25
20
35
40
05

0.36231
0.37273
0.38331
0.39405
0.40494

25
60
55
20
65

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

1.60
1. 61
1. 62
1. 63
1. 64

0.06400
0.06383
0.06361
0.06332
0.06297

00
65
20
55
60

-0.31200
-0.31045
-0.30863
-0.30652
-0.30412

00
95
60
65
80

0.83200
0.81940
0.80643
O. 79307
0.77932

00
95
60
65
80

0.41600
0.42721
0.43858
0.45012
0.46182

00
35
80
45
40

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

1. 65
1.66
1. 67
1. 68
1. 69

0.06256
0.06208
0.06153
0.06092
0.06024

25
40
95
80
85

-0.30143
-0.29845
-0.29516
-0.29158
-0.28769

75
20
85
40
55

0.76518
O. 75065
0.73571
O. 72038
0.70464

75
20
85
40
55

0.47368
0.48571
0.49791
0.51027
0.52280

75
60
05
20
15

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

1. 70
1.71
1.72
1. 73
1. 74

0.05950
0.05868
0.05779
0.05683
0.05579

00
15
20
05
60

-0.28350
-0.27899
-0.27417
-0.26904
-0.26358

00
45
60
15
80

0.68850
0.67194
0.65497
0.63759
0.61978

00
45
60
15
80

0.53550
0.54836
0.56140
0.57461
0.58800

00
85
80
95
40

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

1. 75
1.76
1.77
1. 78
1. 79

0.05468
0.05350
0.05224
0.05090
0.04949

75
40
45
80
35

-0.25781
-0.25171
-0.24528
-0.23852
-0.23143

25
20
35
40
05

0.60156
0.58291
0.56383
0.54432
0.52438

25
20
35
40
05

0.60156
0.61529
0.62920
0.64329
0.65755

25
60
55
20
65

0.75
O. 76
0.77
0.78
0.79

1. 80
1.81
1. 82
1.83
1.84

0.04800
0.04642
0.04477
0.04303
0.04121

00
65
20
55
60

-0.22400
-0.21622
-0.20811
-0.19965
-0.19084

00
95
60
65
80

0.50400
0.48317
0.46191
0.44020
0.41804

00
95
60
65
80

0.67200
0.68662
0.70142
0.71641
O. 73158

00
35
80
45
40

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

1. 85
1. 86
1.87
1. 88
1. 89

0.03931
0.03732
0.03524
0.03308
0.03083

25
40
95
80
85

-0.18168 75
-0.1721720
-0.16229 85
-0.15206 40
-0.14146 55

0.39543
0.37237
0.34884
0.32486
0.30041

75
20
85
40
55

0.74693
0.76247
0.77820
0.79411
0.81021

75
60
05
20
15

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

1. 90
1.91
1. 92
1. 93
1. 94

0.02850
0.02607
0.02355
0.02094
0.01823

00
15
20
05
60

-0.13050
-0.11916
-0.10745
-0.09537
-0.08290

00
45
60
15
80

0.27550
0.25011
0.22425
0.19792
0.17110

00
45
60
15
80

0.82650
0.84297
0.85964
0.87650
0.89356

00
85
80
95
40

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1. 95
1. 96
1.97
1.98
1.99

0.01543
0.01254
0.00955
0.00646
0.00328

75
40
45
80
35

-0.07006
-0.05683
-0.04321
-0.02920
-0.01480

25
20
35
40
05

0.14381
0.11603
0.08776
0.05900
O. 02975

25
20
35
40
05

0.91081
0.92825
0.94589
0.96373
0.98176

25
60
55
20
65

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

2.00

0.00000 00
A2

1.00000 00

1. 00

0.00000 00

Al

0.00000 00
Ao

A-I

-p

904

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

FIVE-POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 25.1

5
k 2 p(pLl)(pL4)
Ak(p)=(-l) + (2+k)!(2-k)!(p-k)

A-2

A-I

Al

Ao

A2

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
O. 00082
0.00164
0.00246
0.00326

00000
90838
93400
02838
14400

O. 00000
-0.00659
-0. 01306
-0. 01939
-0.02558

00000
98350
53600
56350
97600

1.00000
0.99987
0.99950
0.99887
0.99800

00000
50025
00400
52025
06400

0.00000
0.00673
0.01359
O. 02059
O. 02772

00000
31650
86400
53650
22400

O. 00000
-0.00083
-0.00168
-0.00253
-0.00339

00000
74163
26600
52163
45600

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.05
0,06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.00405
O. 00483
0.00560
0.00635
0.00710

23438
25400
15838
90400
44838

-0.03164
-0.03756
-0.04334
-0.04898
-0. 05448

68750
61600
68350
81600
94350

0.99687
0.99550
0.99388
0.99201
0.98989

65625
32400
10025
02400
14025

0,03497
0,04236
0.04987
0.05750
O. 06526

81250
18400
21650
78400
75650

-0. 00426
-0. 00513
-0.00600
-0.00688
-0.00777

01563
14600
79163
89600
40163

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.00783
0.00855
0.00926
0.00995
0.01063

75000
76838
46400
79838
73400

-0. 05985
-0.06506
-0.07014
-0.07508
-0. 07987

00000
92350
65600
14350
33600

O. 98752
0.98491
0.98205
0.97894
0.97559

50000
16025
18400
64025
60400

0.07315
0.08115
0.08927
O. 09751
0.10587

00000
37650
74400
95650
86400

-0. 00866
-0.00955
-0.01044
-0. 01134
-0.01223

25000
38163
73600
25163
86600

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.01130
O. 01195
O. 01258
0.01320
0.01381

23438
2"6400
78838
77400
18838

-0. 08452
-0.08902
-0.09338
-0. 09760
-0.10167

18750
65600
70350
29600
40350

0.97200
0.96816
0.96408
0.95976
0.95520

15625
38400
38025
24400
08025

0.11435
0.12294
0.13164
0.14045
0.14937

31250
14400
19650
30400
29650

-0.01313
-0.01403
-0.01492
-0. 01582
-0. 01671

51563
13600
66163
02600
16163

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.01440
0.01497
0.01552
0.01606
0.01658

00000
17838
69400
51838
62400

-0.10560
-0.10938
-0.11301
-0.11650
-0.11984

00000
06350
57600
52350
89600

0.95040
0.94536
0.94008
0.93457
0.92882

00000
12025
56400
46025
94400

0.15840
0.16753
0.17676
0.18610
0.19554

00000
23650
82400
57650
30400

-0.01760
-0.01848
-0.01936
-0.02024
-0. 02110

00000
47163
50600
03163
97600

0.20
0.2l
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.01708
0.01757
0.01804
0.01849
0.01892

98438
57400
36838
34400
47838

-0.12304
-0.12609
-0.12900
-0.13176
-0.13438

68750
89600
52350
57600
06350

0.92285
0.91664
0.91020
0.90353
0.89664

15625
24400
36025
66400
32025

0.20507
0.21470
0.22443
0.23425
0.24415

81250
90400
37650
02400
63650

-0.02197
-0.02282
-0. 02367
-0. 02451
-0.02534

26563
82600
58163
45600
37163

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.01933
0.01973
0.02010
O. 02046
O. 02079

75000
13838
62400
18838
81400

-0.13685
-0.13917
-0.14135
-0.14338
-0.14527

00000
40350
29600
70350
65600

0.88952
0.88218
0.87462
0.86683
0.85884

50000
38025
14400
98025
08400

0.25415
0.26422
0.27439
0.28463
0.29495

00000
89650
10400
39650
54400

-0.02616
-0.02697
-0.02776
-0.02854
-0.02931

25000
01163
57600
86163
78600

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

O. 02111
0.02141
0.02168
0.02194
0.02218

48438
18400
89838
61400
31838

-0.14702
-0.14862
-0.15008
-0.15139
-0.15256

18750
33600
14350
65600
92350

O. 85062
0.84219
0.83356
0.82471
0.81565

65625
90400
04025
28400
86025

0.30535
O. 31582
0.32636
O. 33697
0.34765

31250
46400
75650
94400
77650

-0. 03007
-0.03081
-0.03153
-0.03224
-0.03293

26563
21600
55163
18600
03163

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

O. 02240
0.02259
0.02277
0.02292
O. 02306

00000
64838
25400
80838
30400

-0.15360
-0.15448
-0.15523
-0.15584
-0.15631

00000
94350
81600
68350
61600

0.80640
O. 79693
0.78727
O. 77742
O. 76737

00000
94025
92400
20025
02400

0.35840
0.36920
0.38006
0.39098
0.40195

00000
35650
58400
41650
58400

-0.03360
-0. 03425
-0.03487
-0.03548
-0.03607

00000
00163
94600
74163
29600

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0,45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0,02317
0.02327
0.02334
0.02339
0,02342

73438
09400
37838
58400
70838

-0.15664
-0.15683
-0.15689
-0.15681
-0.15659

68750
97600
56350
53600
98350

O. 75712
0.74669
0.73607
0.72527
0.71428

65625
36400
42025
10400
70025

0,41297
0.42404
0.43516
0.44632
0.45751

81250
82400
33650
06400
71650

-0,03663
-0.03717
-0.03768
-0. 03817
-0.03863

51563
30600
57163
21600
14163

0,45
0.46
0,47
0.48
0.49

0.50

O. 02343 75000

-0. 03906 25000

0.50

A2

-0.15625 00000
Al

0.70312 50000
Ao

0.46875 00000
A-I

A-2

-p

905

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Table 25.1

FIVEPOINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

k

Ak(p)=(-l)
p

A-2

A-I

p(p L l)(p L 4)
(2+k)!(2-k)!(p-k)

Ao

Al

A2

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.02343
0.02342
0.02339
0.02334
0.02327

75000
70838
58400
37838
09400

-0.15625
-0.15576
-0.15515
-0.15440
-0.15352

00000
68350
13600
46350
77600

O. 70312
O. 69178
0.68027
0.66860
0.65675

50000
80025
90400
12025
76400

0.46875
0.48001
0.49131
0.50263
0.51398

00000
61650
26400
63650
42400

-0.03906
-0.03946
-0.03983
-0. 04017
-0.04048

25000
44163
61600
67163
50600

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

O. 02317
0.02306
O. 02292
O. 02277
0.02259

73438
30400
80838
25400
64838

-0.15252
-0.15138
-0.15012
-0.14874
-0.14723

18750
81600
78350
21600
24350

0.64475
O. 63258
O. 62026
0.60779
0.59516

15625
62400
50025
12400
84025

0.52535
0.53673
0.54814
0.55955
0.57097

31250
98400
11650
38400
45650

-0.04076
-0.04100
-0.04120
-0.04137
-0.04150

01563
09600
64163
54600
70163

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.02240
0.02218
O. 02194
0.02168
0.02141

00000
31838
61400
89838
18400

-0.14560
-0.14384
-0. 14197
-0.13998
-0.13787

00000
62350
25600
04350
13600

0.58240
0.56948
0.55644
0.54325
0.52994

00000
96025
08400
74025
30400

O. 58240
O. 59382
0.60525
0.61667
0.62808

00000
67650
14400
05650
06400

-0.04160
-0.04165
-0.04166
-0.04163
-0.04156

00000
33163
58600
65163
41600

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.02111
0.02079
0.02046
0.02010
0.01973

48438
81400
18838
62400
13838

-0.13564
-0.13330
-0.13085
-0.12829
-0.12562

68750
85600
80350
69600
70350

0.51650
0.50293
0.48925
0.47545
O. 46154

15625
68400
28025
34400
28025

0.63947
0.65085
0.66222
0.67355
0.68486

81250
94400
09650
90400
99650

-0.04144
-0.04128
-0. 04107
-0.04082
-0.04051

76563
58600
76163
17600
71163

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.01933
0.01892
0.01849
0.01804
0.01757

75000
47838
34400
36838
57400

-0.12285
-0.11996
-0.11698
-0.11389
-0.11070

00'000
76350
17600
42350
69600

0.44752
0.43340
0.41918
0.40487
0.39046

50000
42025
46400
06025
64400

0.69615
O. 70739
O. 71860
O. 72976
O. 74088

00000
53650
22400
67650
50400

-0.04016
-0.03975
-0.03929
-0.03878
-0. 03822

25000
67163
85600
68163
02600

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.01708
0.01658
O. 01606
0.01552
0.01497

98438
62400
51838
69400
17838

-0.10742
-0. 10404
-0.10056
-0. 09699
-0.09334

18750
09600
62350
97600
36350

0.37597
O. 36140
0.34675
0.33203
0.31725

65625
54400
76025
76400
02025

O. 75195
O. 76296
O. 77392
O. 78481
O. 79564

31250
70400
27650
62400
33650

-0.03759
-0.03691
-0.03617
-0.03538
-0.03452

76563
77600
93163
10600
17163

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.01440
O. 01381
0.01320
0.01258
0.01195

00000
18838
77400
78838
26400

-0.08960
-0.08577
-0. 08185
-0.07786
-0.07379

00000
10350
89600
60350
45600

0.30240
0.28749
0.27253
0.25752
0.24246

00000
18025
04400
08025
78400

0.80640
0.81708
0.82768
0.83820
0.84863

00000
19650
50400
49650
74400

-0.03360
-0. 03261
-0.03156
-0.03044
-0.02926

00000
46163
42600
76163
33600

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.01130
0.01063
0.00995
0.00926
0.00855

23438
73400
79838
46400
76838

-0.06964
-0.06542
-0. 06113
-0. 05677
-0.05234

68750
53600
24350
05600
22350

0.22737
0.21225
0.19709
0.18192
0.16673

65625
20400
94025
38400
06025

0.85897
0.86922
0.87936
0.88940
0.89933

81250
26400
65650
54400
47650

-0.02801
-0. 02668
-0. 02529
-0.02382
-0.02228

01563
66600
15163
33600
08163

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.00783
O. 00710
0.00635
0.00560
0.00483

75000
44838
90400
15838
25400

-0. 04785
-0.04329
-0.03868
-0.03401
-0.02929

00000
64350
41600
58350
41600

0.15152
0.13631
0.12109
0.10588
0.09068

50000
24025
82400
80025
72400

0.90915
0.91884
0.92841
0.93786
0.94717

00000
65650
98400
51650
78400

-0.02066
-0.01896
-0. 01719
-0.01533
-0. 01340

25000
70163
29600
89163
34600

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.00405
0.00326
0.00246
0.00164
0.00082

23438
14400
02838
93400
90838

-0. 02452
-0.01970
-0.01483
-0.00992
-0.00498

18750
17600
66350
93600
28350

O. 07550
0.06033
O. 04519
O. 03009
0.01502

15625
66400
82025
20400
40025

0.95635
0.96538
0.97427
0.98300
0.99158

31250
62400
23650
66400
41650

-0. 01138.51563
-0. 00928 25600
-0.00709 42163
-0.00481 86600
-0.00245 44163

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.00

0.00000 00000

1.00000 00000

0.00000 00000

1.00

A2

0.00000 00000
Al

0.00000 00000
Ao

A-I

A-2

-p

906

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Table 25.1

FIVE-POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

5
' k 2 p(p2-I)(p2_4)
Ak(p)=(-l) + (2+k)!(2-k)!(p-k)

A-2

A-l

Ao

Al

A2

1. 00
1.01
1. 02
1.03
1.04

0.00000
-0.00083
-0.00168
-0.00253
-0.00339

00000
74163
26600
52163
45600

0.00000
O. 00501
0.01006
0.01513
0.02023

00000
61650
26400
63650
42400

0.00000
-0.01497
-0.02989
-0.04474
-0.05953

00000
39975
19600
77975
53600

1.00('00
1. 00824
1.01632
1. 02422
1. 03194

00000
91650
66400
73650
62400

0.00000
O. 00254
0.00518
0.00791
0.01074

00000
60838
53400
92838
94400

1. 00
1. 01
1.02
1. 03
1. 04

1. 05
1. 06
1.07
1. 08
1. 09

-0.00426
-0.00513
-0.00600
-0.00688
-0.00777

01563
14600
79163
89600
40163

0.02535
0.03048
0.03564
0.04080
0.04597

31250
98400
11650
38400
45650

-0.07424
-0.08888
-0.10342
-0.11787
-0. 13222

84375
07600
59975
77600
95975

1. 03947
1.04681
1.05396
1.06089
1.06763

81250
78400
01650
98400
15650

0.01367
0.01670
0.01983
0.02306
0.02639

73438
45400
25838
30400
74838

1. 05
1.06
1. 07
1. 08
1. 09

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

-0.00866
-0.00955
-0.01044
-0.01134
-0.01223

25000
38163
73600
25163
86600

O. 05115
0.05632
0.06150
0.06667
O. 07183

00000
67650
14400
05650
06400

-0.14647
-0.16060
-0.17462
-0.18850
-0.20225

50000
73975
01600
65975
99600

1.07415
1.08044
1.08652
1. 09237
1.09798

00000
97650
54400
15650
26400

0.02983
0.03338
0.03704
0.04080
0.04468

75000
46838
06400
69838
53400

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

-0.01313
-0.01403
-0.01492
-0.01582
-0.01671

51563
13600
66163
02600
16163

0.07697
0.08210
O. 08722
0.09230
0.09736

81250
94400
09650
90400
99650

-0.21587
-0.22934
-0, 24265
-0.25580
-0.26879

34375
01600
31975
55600
01975

1.10335
1.10847
1. 11334
1.11796
1.12231

31250
74400
99650
50400
69650

0.04867
0.05278
0.05700
0.06135
0.06581

73438
46400
88838
17400
48838

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

1.20
1. 21
1.22
1. 23
1.24

-0.01760
-0.01848
-0.01936
-0.02024
-0.02110

00000
47163
50600
03163
97600

0.10240
0.10739
0.11235
0.11726
0.12213

00000
53650
22400
67650
50400

-0.28160
-0.29422
-0. 30666
-0.31890
-0.33094

00000
77975
63600
83975
65600

1.12640
1. 13020
1.13373
1.13697
1.13992

00000
83650
62400
77650
70400

0.07040
0.07510
0.07994
0.08490
0.08999

00000
87838
29400
41838
42400

1. 20
1. 21
1.22
1.23
1.24

1. 25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

-0.02197
-0.02282
-0.02367
-0.02451
-0.02534

26563
82600
58163
45600
37163

0.12695
0.13171
0.13642
0.14106
0.14564

31250
70400
27650
62400
33650

-0. 34277
-0.35438
-0.36576
-0.37691
-0.38781

34375
15600
33975
13600
77975

1.14257
1. 14492
1.14696
1. 14868
1.15008

81250
50400
17650
22400
03650

O. 09521
0.10056
0.10605
0.11167
0.11743

48438
77400
46838
74400
77838

1.25
1.26
1.27
1. 28
1.29

1.30
1. 31
1. 32
1.33
1.34

-0.02616
-0.02697
-0.02776
-0.02854
-0.02931

25000
01163
57600
86163
78600

0.15015
0.15458
0.15893
0.16320
0.16738

00000
19650
50400
49650
74400

-0.39847
-0.40887
-0.41901
-0.42887
-0.43845

50000
51975
05600
31975
51600

1. 15115
1.15188
1. 15227
1.15232
1.15201

00000
49650
90400
59650
94400

0.12333
0.12937
0.13556
0.14189
0.14836

75000
83838
22400
08838
61400

1. 30
1. 31
1.32
1. 33
1. 34

1.35
1.36
1.37
1. 38
1. 39

-0.03007
-0.03081
-0.03153
-0.03224
-0.03293

26563
21600
55163
18600
03163

0.17147
0.17547
0.17936
0.18315
0.18683

81250
26400
65650
54400
47650

-0.44774
-0.45674
-0.46543
-0.47381
-0.48187

84375
49600
65975
51600
23975

1. 15135
1.15032
1.14891
1. 14713
1.14496

31250
06400
55650
14400
17650

0.15498
0.16176
0.1686.8
O. 17577
0.18300

98438
38400
99838
01400
61838

1. 35
1. 36
1. 37
1. 38
1.39

1. 40

1.41
1. 42
1. 43
1. 44

-0.03360
-0.03425
-0.03487
-0.03548
-0.03607

00000
00163
94600
74163
29600

0.19040
0.19384
0.19716
0.20036
0.20342

00000
65650
98400
51650
78400

-0.48960
-0. 49698
-0.50403
-0.51072
-0.51704

00000
95975
27600
09975
57600

1.14240
1.13943
1.13607
1.13229
1.12809

00000
95650
38400
61650
98400

0.19040
0.19795
0.20566
0.21354
0.22159

00000
34838
85400
70838
10400

1. 41
1. 42

1.43
1.44

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

-0.03663
-0. 03717
-0.03768
-0.03817
-0. 03863

51563
30600
57163
21600
14163

0.20635
0.20913
0.21177
0.21425
0.21658

31250
62400
23650
66400
41650

-0.52299
-0.52857
-0.53375
-0.53853
-0. 54291

84375
03600
27975
69600
39975

1.12347
1. 11842
1.11293
1. 10699
1.10060

81250
42400
13650
26400
11650

0.22980
0.23818
0.24673
0.25545
0.26436

23438
29400
47838
98400
00838

1.45
1.46
1. 47
1. 48
1. 49

1.50

-0.03906 25000

0.27343 75000

1.50

A2

0.21875 00000
Al

-0.54687 50000
Ao

1. 09375 00000
A-l

A-2

1.40

-p

907

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

FIVE-POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 25.1

5
p(p L l)(p L 4)
2
Ak(p)=(-1)k+ (2+k)!(2-k)!(p-k)

A-2

A-I

Ao

1. 50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1. 54

-0.03906
-0.03946
-0. 03983
-0.04017
-0.04048

25000
44163
61600
67163
50600

0.21875
0.22074
0.22257
0.22422
O. 22569

00000
91650
66400
73650
62400

-0.54687
-0.55041
-0.55351
-0. 55617
-0.55837

50000
09975
29600
17975
83600

1.55
1.56
1.57
1. 58
1.59

-0.04076
-0.04100
-0.04120
-0.04137
-0.04150

01563
09600
64163
54600
70163

0.22697
0.22806
0.22896
O. 22964
0.23013

81250
78400
01650
98400
15650

-0.56012
-0.56139
-0.56219
-0.56249
-0.56230

34375
77600
19975
67600
25975

1.60
1. 61
1.62
1. 63
1. 64

-0.04160
-0.04165
-0.04166
-0.04163
-0.04156

00000
33163
58600
65163
41600

0.23040
0.23044
0.23027
0.22987
0.22923

00000
97650
54400
15650
26400

-0.56160
-0.56037
-0.55863
-0.55634
-0.55351

1. 65
1.66
1. 67
1. 68
1. 69

-0.04144
-0.04128
-0.04107
-0.04082
-0.04051

76563
58600
76163
17600
71163

0.22835
O. 22722
0.22584
0.22421
0.22231

31250
74400
99650
50400
69650

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1. 74

-0.04016
-0. 03975
-0. 03929
-0.03878
-0. 03822

25000
67163
85600
68163
02600

0.22015
0.21770
0.21498
0.21197
0.20867

1. 75
1. 76
1.77
1. 78
1. 79

-0.03759
-0.03691
-0.03617
-0. 03538
-0.03452

76563
77600
93163
10600
17163

1.80
1. 81
1. 82
1.83
1.84

-0.03360
-0.03261
-0.03156
-0.03044
-0.02926

1.85
1. 86
1.87
1.88
1. 89

Al
1. 09375 00000
1. 08643 21650
1. 07864 06400
1. 07036 83650
1. 06160 82400

A2

0.27343
0.28269
0.29213
0.30175
O. 31155

75000
40838
18400
27838
89400

1.03232 91650
1.02154 58400
1. 01023 85650

0.32155
0.33173
O. 34210
0.35267
0.36343

23438
50400
90838
65400
94838

00000
93975
11600
55975
29600

0.99840
O. 98602
0.97309
0.95962
0.94558

00000
27650
94400
25650
46400

0.37440
O. 38556
0.39692
0.40848
0.42025

00000
01838
21400
79838
98400

1. 60
1. 61
1. 62
1. 63
1. 64

-0.55012
-0.54616
-0.54163
-0.53651
-0.53079

34375
71600
41975
45600
81975

0.93097
O. 91579
0.90002
0.88367
0.86671

81250
54400
89650
10400
39650

0.43223
0.44443
0.45683
0.46945
0.48228

98438
01400
28838
02400
43838

1. 66
1. 67
1. 68
1.69

00000
83650
62400
77650
70400

-0. 52447
-0.51753
-0.50996
-0.50176
-0.49290

50000
47975
73600
23975
95600

0.84915
0.83097
0.81217
0.79273
O. 77266

00000 . 0.49533 75000

13650 0.50861 17838
02400
0.52210 94400
87650 0.53583 26838
90400
0.54978 37400

1. 70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1. 74

0.20507
0.20117
0.19696
0.19243
0.18758

81250
50400
17650
22400
03650

-0.48339
-0.47321
-0.46235
-0. 45081
-0.43856

84375
85600
93975
03600
07975

O. 75195
O. 73058
O. 70855
O. 68584
0.66246

31250
30400
07650
82400
73650

0.56396
0.57837
0.59302
O. 60791
0.62303

48438
82400
61838
09400
47838

1.75
1. 76
1.77
1. 78
1.79

00000
46163
42600
76163
33600

0.18240
0.17688
0.17102
0.16482
0.15826

00000
49650
90400
59650
94400

-0.42560
-0.41191
-0.39750
-0.38234
-0.36642

00000
71975
15600
21975
81600

0.63840
O. 61363
O. 58817
0.56199
0.53510

00000
79650
30400
69650
14400

0.63840
0.65400
0.66986
0.68596
O. 70232

00000
88838
37400
68838
06400

1. 80
1.81
1. 82
1. 83
1. 84

-0.02801
-0.02668
-0.02529
-0.02382
-0.02228

01563
66600
15163
33600
08163

0.15135
0.14407
0.13641
0.12838
0.11996

31250
06400
55650
14400
17650

-0.34974
-0.33229
-0.31404
-0.29500
-0.27515

84375
19600
75975
41600
03975

0.50747
0.47911
0.45001
0.42015
0.38953

81250
86400
45650
74400
87650

O. 71892
O. 73578
O. 75290
O. 77028
O. 78793

73438
93400
89838
86400
06838

1. 85
1. 86
1.87
1. 88
1.89

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

-0. 02066
-0.01896
-0. 01719
-0.01533
-0. 01340

25000
70163
29600
89163
34600

O. 11115
0.10193
0.09232
O. 08229
0. 07184

00000
95650
38400
61650
98400

-0.25447
-0.23296
-0.21061
-0.18740
-0.16332

50000
65975
37600
49975
87600

O. 35815
0.32598
0.29302
0.25927
0.22472

00000
25650
78400
71650
18400

0.80583
O. 82401
0.84245
0.86117
0.88016

75000
14838
50400
05838
05400

1. 90
1. 91
1.92
1. 93
1. 94

1. 95
1.96
1.97
1. 98
1.99

-0.01138
-0. 00928
-0.00709
-0.00481
-0. 00245

51563
25600
42163
86600
44163

0.06097
0.04967
0.03793
0.02574
0.01310

81250
42400
13650
26400
11650

-0.13837
-0.11252
-0.08577
-0. 05811
-0. 02952

34375
73600
87975
59600
69975

0.18935
0.15316
0.11614
0.07827
0.03956

31250
22400
03650
86400
81650

0.89942
O. 91897
0.93880
0.95891
0.97931

73438
34400
12838
33400
20838

1.95
1. 96
1. 97
1.98
1.99

1. 00000 00000

2.00

2.00

0.00000 00000
A2

O. 00000 00000
Al

O. 00000 00000
Ao

1.05235 31250

1. 04259 58400

0.00000 00000
A-I

A-2

1.50
1. 51
1. 52
1.53
1. 54
1. 55

1. 56
1.57
1. 58
1. 59

1. 65

-p

908

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

SIXPOINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 25.1

A6(p) = (_1)k+3 p(pL 1) (pL4) (p-3)

~+~!~_~!~_~

00000
57921
30066
14085
01725

A-I
0.00000 00000
-0.00493 33767
-0.00973 36932
-0.01440 12590
-0.01893 64224

1.00000
0.99654
0.99283
0.98888
0.98469

00000
20858
67064
64505
39648

0.00000
0.01006
0.02026
0.03058
0.04102

00000
60817
19736
41170
89152

0.00000
-0.00250
-0.00501
-0. 00752
-0.01004

00000
38746
43268
95922
78976

0.00000
0.00033
0.00066
0.00099
0.00133

00000 1.00
32917 0.99
63334 0.98
88752 0.97
06675 0.96

0.00239
0.00284
0.00328
O. 003 71
0.00413

08828
15335
25281
36794
48096

-0.02333
-0.02761
-0.03175
-0.03576
-0.03964

95703
11276
15567
13568
10640

0.98026
0.97559
0.97069
0.96555
0.96019

19531
31752
04458
66336
46604

0.05159
0.06227
0.07306
0.08396
0.09496

27344
19048
27217
14464
43071

-0.01256
-0. 01508
-0.01760
-0.02011
-0.02262

74609
64924
31946
57632
23873

0.00166
0.00199
0.00231
0.00264
0.00296

14609
10065
90557
53606
96742

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.00454
0,00494
0.00533
0.00571
0.00608

57500
63412
64326
58827
45585

-0.04339
-0.04701
-0.05050
-0.05387
-0.05710

12500
25223
55232
09296
94524

0.95460
0.94879
0.94276
0.93652
0.93006

75000
81771
97664
53917
82248

0.10606
0.11726
0.12855
0.13994
0.15140

75000
71904
95136
05758
64552

-0.02512
-0.02761
-0.03008
-0.03255
-0.03500

12500
05290
83968
30217
25676

0.00329
0.00361
0.00392
0.00424
0.00455

17500
13426
82074
21011
27815

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.00644
0.00678
0.00712
0.00744
0.00776

23359
90995
47422
91654
22787

-0.06022
-0.06320
-0.06607
-0. 06881
-0.07142

18359
88576
13273
00868
60096

0.92340
0,91652
0.90945
0.90217
0.89470

14844
84352
23870
66936
47517

0.16295
0.17457
0.18627
0.19803
0.20986

32031
68448
33805
87864
90158

-0.03743
-0.03984
-0.04224
-0.04461
-0.04695

51953
90624
23240
31332
96417

0.00486
0.00516
0.00546
0.00575
0.00604

00078
35405
31416
85746
96051

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.00806
0.00835
0.00863
0.00890
0.00915

40000
42553
29786
01118
56045

-0.07392
-0.07629
-0.07854
-0.08067
-0.08269

00000
29929
59532
98752
57824

0.88704
0.87918
0.87114
0.86292
0.85452

00000
59183
60264
38830
30848

0.22176
0.23370
0.24570
0.25775
0.26984

00000
76492
78536
64845
93952

-0.04928
-0.05157
-0.05383
-0.05606
-0.05826

00000
23583
48668
56760
29376

0.00633
0.00661
0.00689
0.00716
0.00743

60000
75284
39614
50719
06355

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.71
0.76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.00939
0.00963
0.00985
0.01006
0.01025

94141
15055
18513
04314
72328

-0.08459
-0.08637
-0.08804
-0.08960
-0.09104

47266
77876
60729
07168
28802

0.84594
0.83720
0.82828
0.81920
0.80996

72656
00952
52783
65536
76929

0.28198
0.29415
0.30635
0.31858
0.33083

24219
13848
20892
03264
18746

-0.06042
-0.06254
-0.06463
-0.06667
-0.06868

48047
94324
49783
96032
14711

0.00769
0.00794
0.00819
0.00843
0.00866

04297
42345
18324
30086
75510

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.01044
0.01061
0.01077
0.01092
0.01106

22500
54844
69446
66459
46105

-0.09237
-0.09359
-0.09470
-0.09571
-0. 09660

37500
45385
64832
08458
89124

0.80057
0.79102
0.78132
0.77148
0.76150

25000
48096
84864
74242
55448

0.34310
0.35538
0.36768
0.37998
0.39229

25000
79579
39936
63433
07352

-0.07063
-0.07254
-0.07441
-0.07622
-0.07798

87500
96127
22368
48054
55076

0.00889
0.00911
0.01)932
0.00953
0.00973

52500
58993
92954
52378
35295

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.01119
0.01130
0.01140
0.01149
0.01157

08672
54515
84054
97774
96219

-0.09740
-0.09809
-0.09867
-0.09916
-0.09955

19922
14176
85435
47468
14258

0.75138
0.74113
0.73075
0.72024
0.70962

67969
51552
46195
92136
29842

0.40459
0.41688
0.42917
0.44144
0.45369

28906
85248
33480
30664
33833

-0.07969
-0.08134
-0.08293
-0.08447
-0.08594

25391
41024
84077
36732
81254

0.00992
0.01010
0.01028
0.01044
0.01060

39766
63885
05783
63626
35618

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.01164
0.01170
0.01175
0.01178
0.01180

80000
49786
06306
50351
82765

-0.09984
-0.10003
-0.10012
-0.10013
-0.10004

00000
19092
86132
15915
23424

0.69888
0.68802
0.67706
0.66599
0.65482

00000
43508
01464
15155
26048

0.46592
0.47811
0.49028
0.50241
0.51450

00000
86167
49336
46520
34752

-0.08736
-0.08870
-0.08998
-0.09120
-0.09234

00000
75421
90068
26598
67776

0.01075
0.01089
0.01102
0.01114
0.01125

20000
15052
19094
30487
47635

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.01182
0.01182
0.01181
0.01179
0.01176

04453
16375
19546
15034
03961

-0.09986
-0.09959
-0. 09923
-0.09879
-0.09826

23828
32476
64892
36768
63965

0.64355
0.63220
0.62075
0.60922
0.59762

75781
06152
59108
76736
01254

0.52654
0.53854
0.55048
0.56236
0.57418

71094
12648
16567
40064
40421

-0.09341
-0.09441
-0.09534
-0.09619
-0.09696

96484
95724
48621
38432
48548

0.01135
0.01144
0.01153
0.01160
0.01166

68984
93025
18292
43366
66877

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

0.50

0.01171 87500

0.01171 87500

0.50
P

A-2

p
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
0.00049
0.00098
0.00146
0.00193

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

A3

-0.09765 62500

A2

Ao

0.58593 75000
Al

Al

0.58593 75000

Ao

A2

-0.09765 62500

A-I

A3

A-2

909

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

SIXPOINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 25.1

A6(p) = (_1)k+3 p(pL 1)(pL4) (p-3)

k
~+~!~_~!~_~
p
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

A-2
0.00000 00000
-0.00033 32917
-0.00066 63334
-0.00099 88752
-0.00133 06675

A_I
0.00000 00000
0.00249 55421
0.00498 10068
0.00745 46597
0.00991 47776

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

-0.00166
-0.00199
-0.00231
-0.00264
-0.00296

14609
10065
90556
53606
96742

0.01235
0.01478
0.01719
0.01958
0.02195

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

-0.00329
-0.00361
-0.00392
-0.00424
-0.00455

17500
13426
82074
21011
27815

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

-0.00486
-0.00516
-0.00546
-0.00575
-0.00604

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

Ao
0.00000 00000
-0.00993 27517
-0.01972 86936
-0.02938 43870
-0.03889 64352

Al
1.00000 00000
1. 00320 79192
1. 00616 33736
1.00886 39545
1.01130 73152

A2
0.00000 00000
0.00506 67067
0.01026 69732
0.01560 09890
0.02106 89024

A3
0.00000 00000
-0.00050 41246
-0.00101 63266
-0.00153 63410
-0.00206 38925

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

96484
75724
68621
58432
28547

-0.04826
-0.05747
-0.06653
-0.07544
-0.08418

14844
62248
73917
17664
61771

1.01349
1. 01541
1. 01707
1.01846
1. 01958

11719
33048
15592
38464
81446

0.02667
0.03240
0.03827
0.04428
0.05041

08203
68076
68866
10368
91940

-0.00259
-0.00314
-0.00368
-0.00424
-0.00480

86953
04535
88606
35994
43420

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.02429
0.02661
0.02890
0.03116
0.03340

62500
43965
56768
84892
12476

-0.09276
-0.10118
-0.10942
-0.11750
-0.12540

75000
26604
86336
24458
11752

1.02044
1.02102
1.02133
1.02136
1.02112

25000
50279
39136
74133
38552

0.05669
0.06309
0.06963
0.07630
0.08311

12500
70523
64032
90596
47324

-0.00537
-0.00594
-0.00651
-0.00710
-0.00768

07500
24737
91526
04152
58785

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

00078
35405
31415
85746
96051

0.03560
0.03777
0.03990
0.04200
0.04405

23828
03424.
35915
06132
99092

-0.13312
-0.14066
-0.14801
-0.15518
-0.16217

19531
19648
84505
87064
00858

1.02060
1. 01979
1. 01871
1.01734
1. 01569

16406
92448
52180
81864
68533

0.09005
0.09712
0.10432
0.11166
0.11912

30859
37376
62572
01668
49396

-0.00827
-0.00886
-0.00946
-0.01006
-0.01066

51484
78195
34747
16854
20112

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

-0.00633
-0.00661
-0.00689
-0.00716
-0.00743

60000
75284
39614
50719
06355

0.04608
0.04805
0.04999
0.05189
0.05373

00000
94258
67468
05435
94176

-0.16896
-0.17555
-0.18195
-0.18815
-0.19415

00000
59192
53736
59545
53152

1.01376
1.01153
1.00902
1.00622
1.00313

00000
64867
52536
53220
57952

0.12672
0.13444
0.14229
0.15028
0.15838

00000
47229
84332
04052
98624

-0.01126
-0.01186
-0.01247
-0.01307
-0.01367

40000
71878
10986
52443
91245

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

-0.00769
-0.00794
-0.00819
-0.00843
-0.00866

04297
42345
18324
30086
75509

0.05554
0.05729
0.05900
0.06065
0.06226

19922
69124
28458
84832
25385

-0.19995
-0.20554
-0.21092
-0.21609
-0.22105

11719
13048
35592
58464
61446

0.99975
0.99608
0.99212
0.98786
0.98331

58594
47848
19267
67264
87121

0.16662
0.17498
0.18347
0.19208
0.20081

59766
78676
46029
51968
86102

-0.01428
-0.01488
-0.01548
-0.01608
-0.01667

22266
40255
39838
15514
61653

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

-0.00889
-0.00911
-0.00932
-0.00953
-0.00973

52500
58993
92954
52378
35295

0.06381
0.06531
0.06675
0.06813
0.06946

37500
08802
27168
80729
57876

-0.22580
-0.23033
-0.23464
-0.23873
-0.24261

25000
30279
59136
94133
18552

0.97847
0.97334
0.96791
0.96219
0.95617

75000
27954
43936
21808
61352

0.20967
0.21864
0.22774
0.23695
0.24628

37500
94685
45632
77758
77924

-0.01726
-0.01785
-0.01843
-0.01901
-0.01958

72500
42169
64646
33784
43305

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

-0.00992
-0.01010
-0.01028
-0.01044
-0.01060

39766
63885
05783
63626
35618

0.07073
0.07194
0.07309
0.07417
0.07520

47266
37824
18752
79532
09929

-0.24626
-0.24968
-0.25288
-0.25586
-0.25860

16406
72448
72180
01864
48533

0.94986
0.94326
0.93636
0.92917
0.92169

63281
29248
61855
64664
42208

0.25573
0.26529
0.27496
0.28474
0.29463

32422
26976
46735
76268
99558

-0.02014
-0.02070
-0.02125
-0.02179
-0.02232

86797
57715
49379
54974
67544

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

-0.01075
-0.01089
-0.01102
-0.01114
-0.01125

20000
15052
19094
30487
47635

0.07616
0.07705
0.01788
0.07864
0.07933

00000
40096
20868
33273
68576

-0.26112
-0.26340
-0.26545
-0.26727
-0.26886

00000
44867
72536
73220
37952

0.91392
0.90585
0.89749
0.88885
0.87991

00000
44542
83336
24895
78752

0.30464
0.31474
0.32495
0.33526
0.34568

00000
60392
62932
89215
20224

-0.02284
-0.02335
-0.02385
-0.02434
-0.02481

80000
85111
75506
43676
81965

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

-0.01135
-0.01144
-0.01153
-0.01160
-0.01166

68984
93025
18292
43366
66877

0.07996
0.08051
0.08100
0.08141
0.G8176

18359
74524
29296
75232
05223

-0.27021
-0.27133
-0.27221
-0.27285
-0.27326

58594
27848
39267
87264
67121

0.87069
0.86118
0.85139
0.84131
0.83095

55469
66648
24942
44064
38796

0.35619
0.36680
0.37150
0.38829
0.39918

36328
17276
42192
89568
37265

-0.02527
-0.02572
-0.02615
-0.02656
-0.02696

82578
37575
38871
78234
47286

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.50

-0.01171 87500

-0.02734 37500
A_2

0.50

.'h

0.08203 12500
A2

-0.27343 75000
Al

0.82031 25000
Ao

0.41015 62500
A_I

-p

910

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Table 25.1

SIXPOINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

A6(p) = (_1)k+ 3 p(pLl)(pL4) (p-3)

~+~!~_~!~_~

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

A_2
-0.01l71 87500
-0.01176 03961
-0.01179 15034
-0.01181 19546
-0.01182 16375

A_I
0.08203 12500
0.08222 90640
0.08235 33568
0.08240 35567
0.08237 91276

Ao
-0.27343 75000
-0.27337 07954
-0.27306 63936
-0.27252 41808
-0.27174 41352

0.82031
0.80939
0.79819
0.78672
0.71497

25000
19629
40736
07483
40152

0.41015
0.42121
0.43235
0.44357
0.45487

62500
41848
51232
65921
60524

-0.02734
-0.02170
-0.02804
-0.02836
-0.02866

37500
40202
46566
47617
34225

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

-0.01182
-0.01l80
-0.01178
-0.01175
-0.01170

04453
82765
50350
06306
49786

0.08227
0.08210
0.08185
0.08152
0.08112

95703
44224
32590
56932
13767

-0.27072
-0.26947
-0.26797
-0.26624
-0.26428

63281
09248
81855
84664
22208

0.76295
0.75066
0.73811
0.72529
0.71221

60156
90048
53530
75464
81883

0.46625
0.47169
0.48921
0.50080
0.51244

08984
84576
59897
06868
96721

-0.02893
-0.02919
-0.02942
-0.02962
-0.02980

97109
26835
13812
48294
20371

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

-0.01164
-0.01157
-0.01149
-0.01140
-0.01130

80000
96219
97174
84054
54515

0.08064
0.08008
0.07944
0.07873
0.07193

00000
12933
50268
10110
90976

-0.26208
-0.25964
-0.25697
-0.25406
-0.25092

00000
24542
03336
44895
58752

0.69888
0.68528
0.67143
0.65734
0.64299

00000
58217
86136
14570
75552

0.52416
0.53592
0.54715
0.55962
0.57155

00000
86554
25532
85317
33824

-0.02995
-0.03007
-0.03016
-0.03022
-0.03025

20000
36943
60826
81108
87085

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

-0.01119
-0.01106
-0.01092
-0.01071
-0.01061

08672
46105
66459
69446
54845

0.07106
0.07612
0.07509
0.07399
0.07280

91797
11924
51133
09632
88061

-0.24755
-0.24395
-0.24012
-0.23606
-0.23178

55469
46648
44942
64064
18796

0.62841
0.61358
0.59851
0.58322
0.56769

02344
29448
92617
28864
76471

0.58352
0.59553
0.60758
0.61967
0.63179

37891
63876
17354
43168
25427

-0.03025
-0.03022
-0.03015
-0.03004
-0.02990

67891
12495
09703
48154
16318

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

-0.01044
-0.01025
-0.01006
-0.00985
-0.00963

22500
72328
04314
18513
15055

0.07154
0.07021
0.06879
0.06730
0.06573

87500
09477
55968
29404
32676

-0.22727
-0.22253
-0.21758
-0.21241
-0.20702

25000
99629
60736
27483
20152

0.55194
0.53597
0.51978
0.50338
0.48678

75000
65304
89536
91158
14952

0.64393
0.65610
0.66830
0.68050
0.69272

87500
92010
00832
75083
75124

-0.02972
-0.02949
-0.02923
-0.02893
-0.02858

02500
94834
81286
49649
87545

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

1.75
1. 76
1.77
1.78
1.79

-0.00939
-0.00915
-0.00890
-0.00863
-0.00835

94141
56045
01118
29786
42553

0.06408
0.06236
0.06056
0.05869
0.05674

69141
42624
57427
18332
30604

-0.20141
-0.19559
-0.18956
-0.18332
-0.17688

60156
70048
73530
95464
61883

0.46997
0.45296
0.43575
0.41836
0.40079

07031
14848
87205
74264
27558

0.70495
0.71718
0.72942
0.74165
0.75387

60547
90176
22061
13468
20883

-0.02819
-0.02776
-0.02727
-0.02674
-0.02616

82422
21555
92045
80814
74609

0.75
0.76
0.71
0.78
0.79

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

-0.00806
-0.00176
-0.00744
-0.00712
-0.00678

40000
22787
91654
47422
90995

0.05472
0.05262
0.05045
0.04821
0.04589

00000
32771
35668
15948
81376

-0.17024
-0.16339
-0.15635
-0.14911
-0.14168

00000
38217
06136
34570
55552

0.38304
0.36511
0.34702
0.32876
0.31035

00000
45892
20936
82245
88352

0.76608
0.17827
0.79043
0.80258
0.81469

00000
05717
92132
12540
19424

-0.02553
-0.02485
-0.02411
-0.02332
-0.02247

60000
23376
50946
28741
42605

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

-0.00644
-0.00608
-0.00571
-0.00533
-0.00494

23359
45585
58826
64326
63412

0.04351
0.04106
0.03853
0.03594
0.03328

40234
01324
73971
68032
93898

-0,13407
-0.12627
-0.11829
-0.11013
-0.10180

02344
09448
12617
48864
56471

0,29179
0.27309
0.25425
0.23528
0.21619

99219
76248
82292
81664
40145

0.82676
0.83879
0.85078
0.86272
0.87460

64453
98476
71516
32768
30590

-0.02156
-0.02060
-0.01957
-0.01848
-0.01733

78203
21015
56336
69274
44750

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

-0.00454
-0.00413
-0.00371
-0.00328
-0.00284

57500
48096
36794
25281
15335

0.03056
0.02177
0.02492
0.02201
0.01904

62500
85315
74368
42242
02076

-0.09330
-0.08464
-0.07582
-0.06684
-0.05770

75000
45304
09536
11158
94952

0.19698
0.11766
0.15823
0.13871
0.11910

25000
04979
50336
32833
25752

0.88642
0.89817
0.90985
0.92145
0.93297

12500
25173
14432
25246
01724

-0.01611
-0.01483
-0.01347
-0.01205
-0.01056

67500
22067
92806
63882
19265

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

-0.00239
-0.00193
-0.00146
-0.00098
-0.00049

08828
07725
14086
30066
57921

0.01600
0.01291
0.00976
0.00656
0.00330

67578
53024
73265
43732
80442

-0.04843
-0.03900
-0.02945
-0.01975
-0.00994

07031
94848
07205
94264
07558

0.09941
0.07964
0.05981
0.03992
0.01998

03906
43648
22880
21064
19233

0.94439
0.95573
0.96696
0.97809
0.98910

87109
23716
53223
16068
52046

-0.00899
-0.00735
-0.00563
-0.00383
-0.00195

42734
17875
28017
56534
86242

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.00000 00000
A_2

1.00

2.00

0.00000 00000

.13

0.00000 00000

A2

0.00000 00000
Al

A2

Al

0.00000 00000
Ao

1.00000 00000

A-I

A3

-p

911

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

SIXPOINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 25.1

A6(p)= (_1)k+3 p(pL 1) (pL4) (p-3)

k
~+~!~_~!~_~

A-I
0.00000 00000
-0.00335 80392
-0.00676 42932
-0.01021 69214
-0.01371 40224

Ao
0.00000 00000
0.01005 74108
0.02022 59064
0.03049 91755
0.04087 31648

Al
0.00000 00000
-0.02001 52433
-0.04005 52264
-0.06011 12080
-0.08017 42848

A2
1.00000 00000
1.01076 97879
1.02140 82732
1.03190 90702
1.04226 57024

A3
0.00000 00000
0.00204 19592
0.00416 90134
0.00638 29427
0.00868 55475

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

86953
04535
88605
35994
43420

-0.01725
-0.02083
-0.02445
-0.02810
-0.03179

36328
37276
22191
69568
57264

0.05134
0.06189
0.07252
0.08323
0.09401

00781
43752
97708
98336
79854

-0.10023
-0.12028
-0.14031
-0.16031
-0.18027

53906
52952
46033
37536
30179

1.05247
1.06252
1.07240
1.08211
1.09165

16016
01076
44679
78368
32752

0.01107
0.01356
0.01614
0.01881
0.02159

86484
40865
37232
94406
31417

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

0.00537
0.00594
0.00651
0.00710
0.00768

07500
24737
91526
04151
58785

-0.03551
-0.03926
-0.04304
-0.04684
-0.05066

62500
61847
31232
45921
80524

0.10485
0.11575
0.12669
0.13767
0.14868

75000
15021
29664
47167
94248

-0.20018
-0.22003
-0.23981
-0.25951
-0.27911

25000
21346
16864
07492
87448

1.10100
1.11016
1.11912
1.12787
1.13641

37500
21335
12032
36409
20324

0.02446
0.02744
0.03052
0.03370
0.03699

67500
22100
14874
65686
94615

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19

0.00827
0.00886
0.00946
0.01006
0.01066

51484
78195
34747
16854
20112

-0.05451
-0.05837
-0.06224
-0.06612
-0.07002

08984
04576
39898
86868
16721

0.15972
0.17078
0.18185
0.19292
0.20399

96094
76352
57120
58936
00767

-0.29862
-0.31801
-0.33728
-0.35642
-0.37541

49219
83552
79445
24136
03092

1.14472
1.15281
1.16066
1.16827
1.17562

88672
65376
73385
34668
70208

0.04040
0.04391
0.04754
0.05129
0.05515

21953
68205
54091
00546
28726

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24

0.01126
0.01186
0.01247
0.01307
0.01367

40000
71878
10986
52443
91245

-0.07392
-0.01782
-0.08172
-0.08561
-0.08950

00000
06554
05532
65377
53824

0.21504
0.22606
0.23706
0.24801
0.25892

00000
72433
32264
92080
62848

-0.39424
-0.41289
-0.43137
-0.44966
-0.46773

00000
96758
73464
08405
78048

1.18272
1.18954
1.19609
1.20235
1.20832

00000
43042
17332
39865
26624

0.05913
0.06324
0.06747
0.07182
0.07631

60000
15959
18414
89394
51155

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29

0.01428
0.01488
0.01548
0.01608
0.01667

22266
40255
39838
15514
61653

-0.09338
-0.09724
-0.10109
-0.10492
-0.10872

37891
83876
57353
23168
45427

0.26977
0.28055
0.29126
0.30188
0.31240

53906
72952
26033
17536
50179

-0.48559
-0.50322
-0.52060
-0.53772
-0 .. 55457

57031
18152
32358
68736
94504

1.21398
1.21934
1.22438
1.22908
1.23346

9257B
51676
16841
99968
11915

0.08093
0.08568
0.09057
0.09559
0.10076

26172
37145
06999
58886
16184

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34

0.01726
0.01785
0.01843
0.01901
0.01958

72500
42169
64646
33784
43305

-0.11249
-0.11624
-0.11994
-0.12361
-0.12723

87500
12010
80832
55083
95124

0.32282
0.33312
0.34329
0.35333
0.36323

25000
41346
96864
87492
07448

-0.57114
-0.58741
-0.60337
-0.61900
-0.63429

75000
73671
52064
69817
84648

1.23748
1.24115
1.24446
1.24739
1.24994

62500
60498
13632
28571
10924

0.10607
0.11152
0.11712
0.12287
0.12878

02500
41668
57754
75053
18095

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39

0.02014
0.02070
0.02125
0.02179
0.02232

86797
57715
49379
54974
67544

-0.13081
-0.13434
-0.13781
-0.14121
-0.14456

60547
10176
02060
93468
40883

0.37296
0.38253
0.39191
0.40111
0.41010

49219
03552
59445
04136
23092

-0.64923
-0.66380
-0.67798
-0.69177
-0.70513

52344
26752
59770
01336
99417

1.25209
1.25384
1.25519
1.25610
1.25659

65234
94976
02548
89268
55371

0.13484
0.14105
0.14743
0.15397
0.16067

11641
80685
50458
46426
94293

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44

0.02284
0.02335
0.02385
0.02434
0.02481

80000
85111
75506
43676
B1965

-0.14784
-0.15104
-0.15416
-0.15720
-0.16016

00000
25717
72132
92540
39424

0.41888
0.42743
0.43574
0.44380
0.45160

00000
16758
53464
88405
9804B

-0.71808
-0.73057
-0.74260
-0.75416
-0.76522

00000
47083
82664
46730
77248

1.25664
1.25623
1.25536
1.25401
1.25219

00000
21204
15932
80027
08224

0.16755
0.17459
0.lB181
0.18920
0.19677

20000
49727
09894
27162
28435

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49

0.02527
0.02572
0.02615
0.02656
0.02696

82578
37575
38870
78234
47286

-0.16302
-0.16579
-0.16845
-0.17101
-0.17345

64453
18476
51516
12768
50590

0.45913
0.46637
0.47331
0.47993
0.48623

57031
38152
12358
48736
14504

-0.17578
-0.78580
-0.79529
-0.80421
-0.81256

10156
79352
16683
51936
12829

1.24986
1.24704
1.24370
1.23983
1.23542

94141
30276
08004
17568
48077

0.20452
0.21245
0.22058
0.22889
0.23739

40859
91825
08967
20166
53552

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

2.50

0.02734 37500

0.24609 37500
.1-2

1.50

2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04

A-2
0.00000 00000
0.00050 41246
0.00101 63266
0.00153 63410
0.00206 38925

2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

0.00259
0.00314
0.00368
0.00424
0.00480

2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14

.'h

-0.17578 12500
A2

0.49218 75000
Al

-0.82031 25000
Ao

1.23046 87500
A_I

-p

912

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

SIXPOINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 25.1

A6 (p) = (_l)k+3 p(pL l)(p L 4) (p-3)

~+~!~_~!~_~

A-I

Al

A3

P
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54

0.02734
0.02770
0.02804
0.02836
0.02866

37500
40203
46566
47616
34225

-0.17578
-0.17798
-0.18005
-0.18200
-0.18380

12500
45173
94432
05246
21724

Ao
0.49218 75000
0.49778 93671
0.50302 32064
0.50787 49817
0.51233 04648

2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59

0.02893
0.02919
0.02942
0.02962
0.02980

97109
26835
13812
48294
20377

-0.18545
-0.18696
-0.18831
-0.18949
-0.19051

87109
43776
33223
96068
72046

0.51637
0.51999
0.52317
0.52589
0.52815

52344
46752
39170
81336
19417

-0.84952
-0.85332
-0.85640
-0.85874
-0.86032

05469
45952
58095
50536
29742

1.19705
1.18855
1.17943
1.16966
1.15924

16797
92576
60710
99868
87533

0.29261
0.30254
0.31268
0.32305
0.33363

26328 1.55
23565 1.56
17026 1.57
17106 1.58
74461 1.59

2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64

0.02995
0.03007
0.03016
0.03022
0.03025

20000
36943
60826
81107
87085

-0.19136
-0.19202
-0.19249
-0.19277
-0.19285

00000
17879
62732
70702
77024

0.52992
0.53118
0.53193
0.53215
0.53181

00000
67083
62664
26730
97248

-0.86112
-0.86111
-0.86029
-0.85862
-0.85610

00000
63408
19864
67055
00448

1.14816
1.13639
1.12392
1.11076
1.09687

00000
12367
98532
31190
81824

0.34444
0.35548
0.36675
0.37825
0.39000

80000
64894
60574
98730
11315

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69

0.03025
0.03022
0.03015
0.03004
0.02990

67891
12495
09704
48154
16317

-0.19273
-0.19239
-0.19183
-0.19104
-0.19002

16016
21076
24679
58368
52752

0.53092
0.52943
0.52735
0.52466
0.52133

10156
99352
96683
31936
32829

-0.85269
-0.84837
-0.84314
-0.83696
-0.82981

13281
96552
39008
27136
45154

1.08226
1.06690
1.05078
1.03389
1.01622

20703
16876
38166
51168
21240

0.40198
0.41420
0.42668
0.43940
0.45238

30547
88905
19134
54246
27520

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74

0.02972
0.02949
0.02923
0.02893
0.02858

02500
94834
81286
49650
87545

-0.18876
-0.18725
-0.18548
-0.18346
-0.18116

37500
41335
92032
16409
40324

0.51735
0.51270
0.50736
0.50132
0.49456

25000
31996
75264
74142
45848

-0.82167
-0.81252
-0.80234
-0.79111
-0.71879

75000
96321
86464
20467
71048

0.99175
0.97846
0.95836
0.93741
0.91561

12500
87823
08832
35896
28124

0.46561
0.47911
0.49287
0.50689
0.52119

72500
23003
13114
77188
49855

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

2.75
2.76
2.17
2.78
2.79

0.02819
0.02716
0.02727
0.02674
0.02616

82422
21555
92044
80814
74609

-0.17858
-0.17572
-0.17257
-0.16912
-0.16535

88672
85376
53385
14668
90208

0.48706
0.47879
0.46975
0.45991
0.44925

05469
65952
38095
30536
49742

-0.76538
-0.75084
-0.73515
-0.71829
-0.70023

08594
01152
14420
11736
54067

0.89294
0.86939
0.84494
0.81958
0.79330

43359
38176
67873
86468
46696

0.53576
0.55061
0.56574
0.58116
0.59686

66016
60845
69793
28586
73228

1.75
1.76
1.17
1.78
1.79

2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84

0.02553
0.02485
0.02411
0.02332
0.02247

60000
23376
50946
28741
42605

-0.16128
-0.15687
-0.15213
-0.14706
-0.14163

00000
63042
97332
19865
46624

0.43176
0.42540
0.41217
0.39805
0.38301

00000
83408
99864
47055
20448

-0.68096
-0.66044
-0.63865
-0.61557
-0.59117

00000
05733
25064
09380
07648

0.76608
0.73789
0.70874
0.67861
0.64747

00000
96529
85132
13352
27424

0.61286
0.62915
0.64574
0.66264
0.67984

40000
65462
86454
40097
63795

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89

0.02156
0.02060
0.01957
0.01848
0.01733

78203
21015
56335
69274
44751

-0.13584
-0.12969
-0.12316
-0.11625
-0.10895

92578
71676
96841
79968
31915

0.36703
0.35009
0.33217
0.31325
0.29330

13281
16552
19008
07136
65154

-0.56542
-0.53831
-0.50980
-0.47987
-0.44849

66406
29752
39333
34336
51479

0.61531
0.58212
0.54789
0.51259
0.47621

72266
91476
27329
20768
11402

0.69735
0.71518
0.73333
0.75180
0.17059

95234
72385
33502
17126
62087

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94

0.01611
0.01483
0.01347
0.01205
0.01056

67500
22068
92806
63881
19265

-0.10124
-0.09312
-0.08458
-0.07562
-0.06621

62500
80498
93632
08571
30924

0.27231
0.25026
0.22711
0.20286
0.17146

75000
16321
66464
00467
91048

-0.41564
-0.38128
-0.34540
-0.30796
-0.26894

25000
86646
65664
88792
80248

0.43873
0.40014
0.36042
0.31955
0.27153

37500
35985
42432
91059
14724

0.78972
0.80917
0.82897
0.84911
0.86959

07500
92710
57594
41956
86135

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99

0.00899
0.00735
0.00563
0.00383
0.00195

42734
17875
28071
56534
86242

-0.05635
-0.04604
-0.03525
-0.02399
-0.01224

65234
14976
82547
69268
75371

0.15092
0.12319
0.09425
0.06409
0.03268

08594
21152
94420
917'36
74067

-0.22831
-0.18604
-0.14210
-0.09647
-0.04911

61719
52352
68745
24936
32392

0.23432
0.18992
0.14430
0.09745
0.04936

44922
11176
44035
69068
.12858

0.89043
0.91162
0.93316
0.95507
0.97735

30703 1.95
16525 1.96
84760 1.97
76866 1.98
34596 1.99

3.00

0.00000 00000

A-2

.13

0.00000 00000

A2

0.00000 00000

Al

A2

-0.82031
-0.82745
-0.83395
-0.83981
-0.84501

25000
11996
95264
94142
25848

1.23046
1.22495
1.21886
1.21219
1.20492

87500
22660
39232
21734
53524

0.24609
0.25499
0.26408
0.27338
0.28289

37500
00635
71834
80221
55175

0.00000 00000

Ao

0.00000 00000

A_I

1.00000 00000

A-2

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

2.00

-p

913

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Table 25.1

SEVEN.POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

A7(p)~(-1)k+a p(pL})JpL4) (p L

~+~!~_~!~_~

A-2

91

Ao

A-I

AI

A2

A3

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00000
-0.00159
-0.00295
-0.00400
-0.00465

00000
10125
68000
28625
92000

0.00000
0.01409
0.02580
0.03445
0.03960

00000
18250
48000
94250
32000

0.00000
-0.06725
-0.11827
-0.15241
-0.16972

00000
64375
20000
66875
80000

1.00000
0.98642
0.94617
0.88062
0.79206

00000
77500
60000
97500
40000

0.00000
0.08220
0.17740
0.28305
0.39603

00000
23125
80000
95625
20000

0.00000
-0.01557
-0.03153
-0.04662
-0.05940

00000
51750
92000
15750
48000

0.00000
0.00170
0.00337
0.00489
0.00609

00000
07375
92000
23875
28000

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.00488
-0.00465
-0.00400
-0.00295
-0.00159

28125
92000
28625
68000
10125

0.04101
0.03870
0.03291
0.02407
0.01283

56250
72000
24250
68000
78250

-0.17089
-0.15724
-0.13068
-0.09363
-0.04898

84375
80000
16875
20000
64375

0.68359
0.55910
0.42315
0.28089
0.13788

37500
40000
97500
60000
77500

0.51269
0.62899
0.74052
0.84268
0.93074

53125
20000
95625
80000
23125

-0.06835
-0.07188
-0.06835
-0.05617
-0.03384

93750
48000
65750
92000
51750

0.00683
0.00698
0.00643
0.00510
0.00295

59375
88000
93875
72000
47375

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.00000
0.00170
0.00337
0.00489
0.00609

00000
07375
92000
23875
28000

0.00000
-0.01349
-0.02661
-0.03824
-0.04730

00000
61750
12000
95750
88000

0.00000
0.04980
0.09676
0.13719
0.16755

00000
73125
80000
95625
20000

0.00000
-0.12618
-0.23654
-0.32365
-0.38297

00000
22500
40000
02500
60000

1.00000
1.04595
1.06444
1.05186
1.00531

00000
35625
80000
33125
20000

0.00000
0.04648
0.10644
0.18031
0.26808

00000
68250
48000
94250
32000

0.00000
-0.00367
-0.00788
-0.01237
-0.01675

00000
00125
48000
48625
52000

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.00683
0.00698
0.00643
0.00510
0.00295

59375
88000
93875
72000
47375

-0.05273
-0.Q5358
-0.04907
-0.03870
-0.02227

43750
08000
85750
72000
41750

0.18457
0.18547
0.16813
0.13132
0.07488

03125
20000
95625
80000
73125

-0.41015
-0.40185
-0.35606
-0.27238
-0.15240

62500
60000
02500
40000
22500

0.92285
0.80371
0.64853
0.45964
0.24130

15625
20000
83125
80000
35625

0.36914
0.48222
0.60530
0.73543
0.86869

06250
72000
24250
68000
28250

-0.02050
-0.02296
-0.02328
-0.02042
-0.01316

78125
32000
08625
88000
20125

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.00000
-0.00367
-0.00788
-0.01237
-0.01675

00000
00125
48000
48625
52000

0.00000
0.02739
0.05857
0.09151
0.12337

00000
08250
28000
64250
92000

0.00000
-0.09056
-0.19219
-0.29812
-0.39916

00000
64375
20000
16875
80000

0.00000
0.17825
0.37273
0.51031
0.75398

00000
77500
60000
91500
40000

0.00000
-0.25523
-0.51251
-0.75677
-0.96940

00000
26875
20000
04375
80000

1.00000
1.12302
1.23002
1.311 73
1.35717

00000
38250
88000
54250
12000

0.00000
0.02079
0.05125
0.09369
0.15079

00000
67375
12000
53875
68000

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.02050
-0.02296
-0.02328
-0.02042
-0.01316

78125
32000
08625
88000
20125

0.15039
0.16773
0.16940
0.14810
0.09508

06250
12000
54250
88000
88250

-0.48339
-0.53580
-0.53797
-0.46771
-0.29867

84375
80000
66815
20000
64375

0.90234
0.98918
0.98296
0.84633
0.53555

37500
40000
97500
60000
77500

-1.12792
-1.20556
-1.17089
-0.98739
-0.61307

96875
80000
04375
20000
26875

1.35351
1.28593
1.13743
0.88865
0.51770

56250
92000
64250
28000
58250

0.22558
0.32148
0.44233
0.59243
0.77655

59375
48000
63875
52000
87375

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.00000 00000
A_ 3

-p

3.0

0.00000 00000

0.00000 00000

A3

0.00000 00000

0.00000 00000

0.00000 00000

Ao

Al

A2

0.00000 00000

A_I

A_2

3.0

EIGHT.POII\T LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

A8(p)~( _l)k+4 p(pLl}(pL4) (p L 9) (p-4)

~+~!~_~!(p_~

A-a

A-2

A-I

Ao

Al

A2

A3

A4

0.0
0.1
0.2'
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.00000
-0.00088
-0.00160
-0.00211
-0.00239
-0.00244

00000
64213
51200
57988
61600
14063

0.00000
0.00915
0.01634
0.02124
0.02316
0.02392

00000
96863
30400
99787
19200
57812

0.00000
-0.05246
-0.08988
-0.11278
-0.12220
-0.11962

00000
00213
67200
83487
41600
89062

1.00000
0.96176
0.89886
0.81458
0.71285
0.59814

00000
70563
72000
25188
76000
45312

0.00000
0.10686
0.22471
0.34910
0.47523
0.59814

00000
30063
68000
67938
84000
45313

0.00000
-0.03037
-0.05992
-0.08624
-0.10692
-0.11962

00000
15913
44800
99137
86400
89062

0.00000
0.00663
0.01284
0.01810
0.02193
0.02392

00000
28763
09600
18337
40800
57812

0.00000
-0.00070
-0.00135
-0.00188
-0.00226
-0.00244

00000
45913
16800
70638
30400
14062

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.00000
0.00070
0.00135
0.00188
0.00226

00000
45912
10800
70638
30400

0.00000
-0.00652
-0.01241
-0.01721
-0.02050

00000
31512
85600
23088
04800

0.00000
0.02888
0.05419
0.07408
0.08712

00000
82412
00800.
77638
70400

0.00000
-0.09191
-0.16558
-0.21846
-0.24893

00000
71312
08000
39188
44000

1.00000
1.01108
0.99348
0.94667
0.87127

00000
84438
48000
69812
04000

0.00000
0.06740
0.14902
0.24343
0.34850

00000
g8962
27200
12238
81600

0.00000
-0.01064
-0.02207
-0.03341
-0.04356

00000
30362
74400
21288
35200

0.00000
0.00099
0.00202
0.00300
0.00382

00000
61462
75200
53238
97600

0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1. 9

0.00244
0.00239
0.00211
0.00160
0.00088

14062
61600
57988
51200
64213

-0.02197
-0.02143
-0.01881
-0.01419
-0.00779

26562
2;200
34538
26400
59613

0.09228
0.08902
0.07734
0.05778
0.03145

51562
65600
41988
43200
26712

-0.25634
-0.24111
-0.20473
-0.14981
-0.08001

76562
36000
46438
12000
11812

0.76904
0.64296
0.49721
0.33707
0.16891

29688
96000
27062
52000
24938

0.46142
0.57867
0.69609
0.80898
0.91212

57812
26400
77888
04800
74662

-0.05126
-0.05511
-0.05354
-0.04494
-0.02764

95312
16800
59838
33600
02263

0.00439
0.00459
0.00432
0.00350
0.00206

45312
26400
35888
20800
83163

-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.00000
-0.00099
-0.00202
-0.00300
-0.00382

00000
61462
75200
53238
97600

0.00000
0.00867
0.01757
0.02592
0.03290

00000
37612
18400
96538
11200

0.00000
-0.03441
-0.06918
-0.10136
-0.12773

00000
52462
91200
13738
37600

0.00000
0.08467
0.16773
0.24238
0.30159

00000
24312
12000
58938
36000

0.00000
-0.16164
-0.30750
-0.42883
-0.51701

00000
73688
72000
65812
76000

1. 00000
1.06687
1.10702
1.11497
1.08573

00000
26338
59200
51112
69600

0.00000
0.03951
0.09225
0.15928
0.24127

00000
38012
21600
21588
48800

0.00000
-0.00267
-0.00585
-0.00936
-0.01292

00000
38662
72800
95388
54400

-1.0
-1.1
-1.2
-1.3
-1.4

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.00439
-0.00459
-0.00432
-0.00350
-0.00206

45312
26400
35888
20800
83162

0.03759
0.03913
0.03670
0.02962
0.01743

76562
72800
45088
17600
29512

-0.14501
-0.15002
-0.13987
-0.11225
-0.06570

95312
62400
39388
08800
88162

0.33837
0.34621
0.31946
0.25390
0.14727

89062
44000
51688
08000
83812

-0.56396
-0.56259
-0.50738
-0.39495
-0.22479

48438
84000
58562
68000
33188

1.01513
0.90015
0.73933
0.53319
0.28473

67188
74400
36762
16800
82038

0.33837
0.45007
0.57503
0.71092
0.85421

89062
87200
73038
22400
46112

-0.01611
-0.01837
-0.01895
-0.01692
-0.01109

32812
05600
72738
67200
36962

-1.5
-1.6
-1.7
-1.8
-1.9

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.00000
0.00267
0.00585
0.00936
0.01292

00000
38662
72800
95388
54400

0.00000
-0.02238
-0.04888
-0.07796
-0.10723

00000
70762
57600
16338
32800

0.00000
0.08354
0.18157
0.28827
0.39481

00000
20162
56800
67388
34400

0.00000
-0.18415
-0.39719
-0.62605
-0.85155

00000
17562
68000
55438
84000

0.00000
0.27184
0.57774
0.89825
1.20637

00000
30688
08000
36062
44000

0.00000
-0.31138
-0.63551
-0.95353
-1.24084

00000
38788
48800
07512
22400

1.00000
1.14174
1.27102
1.37732
1.44764

00000
08888
97600
21962
92800

0.00000
0.01812
0.04539
0.08432
0.13787

00000
28712
39200
58488
13600

-2.0
-2.1
-2.2
-2.3
-2.4

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.01611
0.01837
0.01895
0.01692
0.01109

32812
05600
72738
67200
36962

-0.13330
-0.15155
-0.15598
-0.13891
-0.09081

07812
71200
17788
58400
78862

0.48876
0.55351
0.56750
0.50356
0.32805

95312
29600
81738
99200
64462

-1.04736
-1.17877
-1.20148
-1.06014
-0.68695

32812
76000
12688
72000
58062

1.46630
1.63215
1.64647
1.43877
0.92383

85938
36000
43312
12000
71188

-1.46630
-1.59134
-1.56899
-1.34285
-0.84604

85938
97600
31862
31200
03088

1.46630
1.41453
1.27013
1.00713
0.59536

85938
31200
73412
98400
16988

0.20947
0.30311
0.42337
0.57550
0.76546

26562
42400
91138
84800
50412

-2.5
-2.6
-2.7
-2.8
-2.9

1.00000 00000

-3.0

0.00000 00000

A2

0.00000 00000

Al

0.00000 00000

Ao

0.00000 00000

A_I

0.00000 00000

A_2

A-a

914

~UMERICAL

Table 25.2

ANALYSIS

COEHICIENTS FOR DIFFERENTIATION

dkf(r)

Differentiation Formula: ~iT I

( J

kf

1=0

~1nfitk ~ Aif(x;)

IX=Xj

THIRD DERIVATIVE (k=3)

HRST DERIVATIVE (k=l)

Al

.10

A2

A3

A.j

Three Point (m=2)

0
1
2

-3
-1
1

0
1
2
3

-11
-2
1
-2

4
0
-4

hk Error
k!
1/3
-1/6 h}f ())
1/3

-1
1
3

..10

0
1
2
3

-1
-1
-1
-1

0
1
2
3
4

-10
-6
-2
2

Four Point (m=3)

0
1
2
3
4

-50
-6
2
-2
6

18
-3
-6
9

-9
6
3
-18

2
-1
2
11

Five Point (111=4)

32
96
-72
-20
-16
12
-32

36
0
-36
72

-1/4
1/12 4 (4)
-1/12 h f
1/4

-12
16
20
-96

-6
2
-2

1/5
-1/20 _
1/30 h5f(5)
-1/20
1/5

50

Six Point (111=5)

0
1
2
3
4
5

-274
-24
6
-4
6
-24

600
-130
-60
30
-40
150

-600
240
-40
-120
120
-400

400
-120
120
40
-240
600

-150
40
-30
60
130
-600

24
-6

4
-6
24
274

-1/6
1/30
-1/60 6 (6)
1/60h f
-1/30
1/6

SECOl\'D DERIVATIVE (k=2)

.-1 1

..10

.A~

J: j

A4

A:,

Three Point (m=2)

0

-2

-2

h 3f O)

-1/24 h 4 f (4)

-2

1
2

-1/2

Four Point (m=3)

0
1
2
3

6
3
0
-3

-15
-6

0
1
2

35
11
-1
-1
11

-104
-20
16
4
-56

12
3

-6

12

-15

I>

36 20
4
-12
-28

-3
0
3
6

11/24
-1/24 4 (4)
-1/24h r
11/24

hk Error
k!

-1/4
-1/12 h 4f(4)
1/12
1/4

-48
-24
0
24
48

28
12
-4
-20
-36

7/24
1/24
-1/24 h 5 f(5)
1/24
7/24

-6

-2
2
6
10

Six Point (111=5)

0
1
2
3
4
5

-85
-35

-5

5
-5

-35

-590
-170
50
70
-110
-490

355
125
-5
-35
35
205

490
110
-70
-50
170
590

35
5
-5
5
35
85

-205
-35
35
5
-125
-355

-5/16
-1/48
1/48 hO f( 0)
-1/46
1/48
5/16

FOURTH DERIVATIVE (k=4)

Ao

Al

0
1
2
3
4

1
1
1
1
1

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

0
1
2
3
4
5

15
10
5
0
-5
-10

-70
-45
-20
5
30
55

A~

A:j

A4

A:.

hkError
k!

Five Point (m=4)

1/2 h} f O )

A.j

A4

Five Point (m=4)

hk Error
k!

A;j
A2
Four Point (m=3)
1
-3
3
1
-3
3
1
-3
3
1
-3
3

Al

6
6
6
6
6

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

1
1
1
1
1

-1/12 h 5/5)
-1/24 0 O
-1/144 h i )
1/24 h 5i 5)
1/12

Six Point (m=5)

130
80
30
-20
-70
-120

-120
-70
-20
30
80
130

55
30
5
-20
-45
-70

-10
-5
0
5
10
15

17/144
5/144
-1/144 ho t(o)
-1/144
5/144
17/144

Five Point (111=4)

114
6
-30
6
114

-56
4
16
-20
-104

-5/12 h 5 r(5)
1/24
1/180 bOf (0)
-1/24 h5f (5)
5/12

11

-1
-1
11
35

FIFTH DERIVATIVE (k- .i)

.to

0
1
2
3

4
5

225
50
-5
0
5
-50

-770
-75
80
-5
-30
305

1070
-20
-150
80
70
-780

.-h

A4

A,;

h,k Error
k.

Six Point (111-5)

Six Point (111--5)

-780
70
80
-150
-20
1070

A:?

Al

305
-30
-5
80
-75
-770

-50
5
0
-5
50
225

137/360
-13/360
1/180 hOt(o)
1/180
-13/360
137/360

0
1
2
3
4
5

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

5
5
5
5

5
5

-10
-10
-10
-10
-10
-10

10
10
10
10
10
10

-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5

1
1
1
1
1
1

-1;48
-1/80
-1/240 6 (0)
1/24C h f
1180
1;48

Compiled from W. G. Bickley, Formulae for numerical differentiation, Math. Gaz. 25, 19-27, 1941 (with permission).
See page

II.

915

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
LAGRANGIAN INTEGRATION COEFFICIENTS

f(.r)da: '" It

L Ak(m)f(Xk)

'"

It

%m

Table 25.3

D..(~(m)

n=odd
n m\k
3 -1

-4

-3

5 -2
-1

7 -3
-2
-1

19087
-863
271

9 --4 1070017 4467094

-3 -33953 1375594
-2
7297 -99626
36394
-1
-3233

-2

-1

0
8

251
-19

646
346

-264
456

106
-74

-19

65112
25128
-2760

--46461
46989
30819

37504
-16256
37504

-20211
7299
-6771

6312
-2088
1608

-863
271
-191

--4604594
5595358
3244786 -1752542
1638286 2631838
-216014 1909858

-5033120
1317280
-833120
2224480
0

3146338 -1291214
-755042
294286
397858 -142094
--425762
126286

312874
-68906
31594
-25706

])

-1

11

-1

-2

-33953
7297
-3233
2497

-4

-3

12

1
0

720

2
1
0

60480

3 3628800
2
1
0
k\m

n=even
n m\k
4-1
0

-4

-3

6 -2
-1
0

8 -3
-2
-1
0

36799
-1375
351
-191

9
-1

19
13

-5
13

1
-1

475
-27
11

1427
637
-93

-798
1022
802

482
-258
802

-173

139849
47799
--4183
1879

-121797
101349
57627
-9531

123133
--44797
81693
68323

-88547
26883
-20227
68323

41499
-11547
7227
-9531

-2

-1

17

-93

5
1
0

27
-11
11

-11351
2999
-1719
1879

1375
-351
191
-191

D
24

2
1
0

1440

3
2
1
0

120960

4 7257600
3
2
1
0
-4 k\m

10 --4 2082753 9449717 -11271304 16002320 -17:t83646 13510082 -7394032 2687864 -583435 57281
6872072 --4397584
-3 -57281 2655563
3973310 -2848834 1481072 -520312 110219 -10625
10625 -163531
3133688 5597072 -2166334 1295810 -617584 206072 --42187
3969
-2
50315
-342136
3609968
4763582 -1166146
462320 -141304
27467 -2497
-3969
-1
162680 -641776
0
2497 -28939
4134338 4134338 -641176 162680 -28939
2497

5
3
4
2
1
-1
-2
0
-3
Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Lagrangian interpolation coefficients. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1944 (with permission).

See page

II.

916

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Table 25.4

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION

f+l f(x)d,c~
-1

~ wi/(Xi)
i=l

Weight Factors=wi

Abscissas=xi (Zeros of Legendre Polynomials)

Xi

xi

Wi

n=2
1.00000 00000 00000

0.57735 02691 89626

n=3
0.88888 88888 88889
0.55555 55555 55556

0.00000 00000 00000

0.77459 66692 41483

n=4
0.65214 51548 62546
0.34785 48451 37454

0.33998 10435 84856

0.86113 63115 94053

n=5
0.00000 00000 00000
0.53846 93101 05683
0.9061798459 38664
0.23861 91860 83197
0.66120 93864 66265
~93246 95142 03152
00000
0.40584 51513
0.74153 11855
0.94910 79123
~ooooo

00000
77397
99394
42759

n=6

n=7

Wi

n=8

0.56888 88888 88889

0.47862 86704 99366
0.23692 68850 56189
0.46791 39345 72691
0.36076 15730 48139
0.17132 44923 79170
0.41795
0.38183
0.27970
0.12948

91836
00505
53914
49661

Xi
25098 37637
35507 79258
67776 57227
62444 02643
~5540 44083 55003
~6563 12023 87831
0.94457 50230 73232
0.98940 09349 91649

UJD9501
J128160
0.45801
\l91787

73469
05119
89277
68870

0.18343
0.52553
0.79666
0.96028

46424
24099
64774
98564

95650
16329
13627
97536

0.36268
0.31370
0.22238
0.10122

37833
66458
10344
85362

78362
77887
53374
90376

0.00000
0.32425
0.61337
0.83603
0.96816

00000
34234
14327
11073
b2395

00000
03809
00590
26636
07626

0.33023 93550
~31234 70770
0.26061 06964
0.18064 81606
0.08127 43883

01260
40003
02935
94857
61574

0.14887 43389
~43339 53941
0.67940 95682
0.86506 33666
0.97390 65285

81631
29247
99024
88985
17172

0.29552
0.26926
0.21908
0.14945
0.06667

42247
67193
63625
13491
13443

14753
09996
15982
50581
08688

0.12523
0.36783
0.58731
0.76990
0.90411
0.98156

11469
98180
86617
94305
70475
46719

0.24914
0.23349
0.20316
0.16007
0.10693
0.04717

70458
25365
74267
83285
93259
53363

13403
38355
23066
43346
95318
86512

n=10

n=12
34085
14989
79542
26741
72563
06342

n=16
440185
913230
386342
748447
033895
743880
576078
932596

0.18945
0.18260
0.16915
0.14959
0.12462
0.09515
0.06225
0.02715

Wi
06104 55068
34150 44923
65193 95002
59888 16576
89712 55533
85116 82492
35239 38647
24594 11754

496285
588867
538189
732081
872052
784810
892863
094852

0.15275
0.14917
0.14209
0.13168
0.11819
0.10193
0.08327
0.06267
0.04060
0.01761

33871
29864
61093
86384
45319
01198
67415
20483
14298
40071

30725
72603
18382
49176
61518
17240
76704
34109
00386
39152

850698
746788
051329
626898
417312
435037
748725
063570
941331
118312

0.12793
0.12583
0.12167
0.11550
-0:10744
0.09761
0.08619
0.07334
0.05929
0.04427
0.02853
0.01234

81953
74563
04729
56680
42701
86521
01615
64814
85849
74388
13886
12297

46752
46828
27803
53725
15965
04113
31953
11080
15436
17419
28933
99987

156974
296121

n=20
0.07652
0.22778
0.37370
0.51086

0.74633
0.83911
0.91223
0.96397
0.99312

65211
58511
60887
70019
36807
19064
69718
44282
19272
85991

33497
41645
15419
50827
26515
60150
22218
51325
77913
85094

333755
078080
560673
098004
025453
792614
823395
905868
791268
924786

0.06405
0.19111
0:31504
0.43379
0.54542
0.64809
0.74012
0.82000
0.88641
0.93827
0.97472
0.99518

68928
88674
26796
35076
14713
36519
41915
19859
55270
45520
85559
72199

62605
73616
96163
26045
88839
36975
78554
73902
04401
02732
71309
97021

626085
309159
374387
138487
535658
569252
364244
921954
034213
758524
498198
360180

~3605

n=24
~1204

6 1353
63 783
888270
275917
305734
780746
806169
663181
199547

Compiled from P. Davis and P. Rabinowitz, Abscissas and weights for Gaussian quadratures of high
order, J. Research NBS 56, 35-37, 1956, RP2645; P. Davis and P. Rabinowitz, Additional abscissas
and weights for Gaussian quadratures of high order. Values for 1l=64, 80, and 96, J. Research NBS 60,
613-614,1958, RP2875; and A. N. Lowan, N. Davids, and A. Levenson, Table of the zeros of the Legendre
polynomials of order 1-16 and the weight coefficients for Gauss' mechanical quadrature formula, Bull.
Amer. Math. Soc. 48, 739-743, 1942 (with permission).

917

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Table 25.4

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION

L+1 f(x)dx,," LJ~ Wif(Xi)

1

i=1

Abscissas=xi (Zeros of Legendre Polynomials)

Wi

n=32
0.04830
0.14447
0.23928
0.33186
0.42135
0.50689
0.58771
0.66304
0.73218
0.79448
0.84936
0.89632
0.93490
0.96476
0.98561
0.99726

76656
19615
73622
86022
12761
99089
57572
42669
21187
37959
76137
11557
60759
22555
15115
38618

87738
82796
52137
82127
30635
32229
40762
30215
40289
67942
32569
66052
37739
87506
45268
49481

316235
493485
074545
649780
345364
390024
329041
200975
680387
406963
970134
123965
689171
430774
335400
563545

0.03877
0.11608
0.19269
0.26815
0.34199
0.41377
0.48307
0.54946
0.61255
0.67195
0.72731
0.77830
0.82461
0.86595
0.90209
0.93281
0.95791
0.97725
0.99072
0.99823

24175
40706
75807
21850
40908
92043
58016
71250
38896
66846
82551
56514
22308
95032
88069
28082
68192
99499
62386
77097

06050
75255
01371
07253
25758
71605
86178
95128
67980
14179
89927
26519
33311
12259
68874
78676
13791
83774
99457
10559

821933
208483
099716
681141
473007
001525
712909
202076
237953
548379
103281
387695
663196
503821
296728
533361
655805
262663
006453
200350

0.03238
0.09700
0.16122
0.22476
0.28736
0.34875
0.40868
0.46690
0.52316
0.57722
0.62886
0.67787
0.72403
0.76715
0.80706
0.84358
0.87657
0.90587
0.93138
0.95298
0.97059
0.98412
0.99353
0.99877

01709
46992
23560
37903
24873
58862
64819
29047
09747
47260
73967
23796
41309
90325
62040
82616
20202
91367
66907
77031
15925
45837
01722
10072

62869
09462
68891
94689
55455
92160
90716
50958
22233
83972
76513
32663
23814
15740
29442
24393
74247
15569
06554
60430
46247
22826
66350
52426

362033
698930
718056
061225
576736
738160
729916
404545
033678
703818
623995
905212
654674
339254
627083
530711
885906
672822
333114
860723
250461
857745
757548
118601

Weight Factors=wi

0.09654
0.09563
0.09384
0.09117
0.08765
0.08331
0.07819
0.07234
0.06582
0.05868
0.05099
0.04283
0.03427
0.02539
0.01627
0.00701

00885
87200
43990
38786
20930
19242
38957
57941
22227
40934
80592
58980
38629
20653
43947
86100

14727
79274
80804
95763
04403
26946
87070
08848
76361
78535
62376
22226
13021
09262
30905
09470

800567
859419
565639
884713
811143
755222
306472
506225
846838
547145
176196
680657
433103
059456
670605
096600

0.07750
0.07703
0.07611
0.07472
0.07288
0.07061
0.06791
0.06480
0.06130
0.05743
0.05322
0.04869
0.04387
0.03878
0.03346
0.02793
0.02224
0.01642
0.01049
0.00452

59479
98181
03619
31690
65823
16473
20458
40134
62424
97690
78469
58076
09081
21679
01952
70069
58491
10583
82845
12770

78424
64247
00626
57968
95804
91286
15233
56601
92928
99391
83936
35072
85673
74472
82547
80023
94166
81907
31152
98533

811264
965588
242372
264200
059061
779695
903826
038075
939167
551367
824355
232061
271992
017640
847393
401098
957262
888713
813615
191258

0.06473
0.06446
0.06392
0.06311
0.06203
0.06070
0.05911
0.05727
0.05519
0.05289
0.05035
0.04761
0.04467
0.04154
0.03824
0.03477
0.03116
0.02742
0.02357
0.01961
0.01557
0.01147
0.00732
0.00315

76968
61644
42385
41922
94231
44391
48396
72921
95036
01894
90355
66584
45608
50829
13510
72225
72278
65097
07608
61604
93157
72345
75539
33460

12683
35950
84648
86254
59892
65893
98395
00403
99984
85193
53854
92490
56694
43464
65830
64770
32798
08356
39324
57355
22943
79234
01276
52305

922503
082207
186624
025657
663904
880053
635746
215705
162868
667096
474958
474826
280419
749214
706317
438893
088902
948200
379141
527814
848728
539490
262102
838633

n=40

nr=48

918

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Table 25.4
ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION

tl

f(J-)d.r~ ~ wif(:r;)

-I

i=1

Abscissas=:ri (Zeros of Legendre Polynomials)

Xi

Wi

n=64

0.02435
0.07299
0.12146
0.16964
0.21742
0.26468
0.31132
0.35722
0.40227
0.44636
0.48940
0.53127
0.57189
0.61115
0.64896
0.68523
0.71988
0.75281
0.78397
0.81326
0.84062
0.86599
0.88931
0.91052
0.92956
0.94641
0.96100
0.97332
0.98333
0.99101
0.99634
0.99930

02926
31217
28192
44204
36437
71622
28719
01583
01579
60172
31457
94640
56462
53551
54712
63130
18501
99072
23589
53151
92962
93981
54459
21370
91721
13748
87996
68277
62538
33714
01167
50417

63424
87799
96120
23992
40007
08767
90210
37668
63991
53464
07052
19894
02634
72393
54657
54233
71610
60531
43341
22797
52580
54092
95114
78502
31939
58402
52053
89910
84625
76744
71955
35772

432509
039450
554470
818037
084150
416374
956158
115950
603696
087985
957479
545658
034284
250249
339858
242564
826849
896612
407610
559742
362752
819761
105853
805756
575821
816062
718919
963742
956931
320739
279347
139457

0.01951
0.05850
0.09740
0.13616
0.17471
0.21299
0.25095
0.28852
0.32566
0.36230
0.39839
0.43387
0.46869
0.50280
0.53614
0.56867
0.60033
0.63107
0.66085
0.68963
0.71736
0.74400
0.76950
0.79383
0.81695
0.83883
0.85943
0.87872
0.89667
0.91326
0.92845
0.94224
0.95459
0.96548
0.97490
0.98284
0.98929
0.99422
0.99764
0.99955

13832
44371
83984
40228
22918
<\5028
23583
80548
43707
47534
34058
53708
66151
41118
59208
12681
06228
57730
98989
76443
51853
02975
24201
27175
41386
14735
14066
25676
55794
31025
98771
27613
07663
50890
91405
85727
13024
75409
98643
38226

56793
52420
41584
09143
32646
57666
92272
84511
47701
99487
81969
31756
70544
88784
97131
22709
29751
46871
86119
42027
62099
83597
35041
04605
81463
80255
63111
78213
38770
71757
72445
09872
43634
43799
85727
38629
99755
65688
98237
51630

997654
668629
599063
886559
812559
132572
120493
853109
914619
315619
227024
093062
477036
987594
932020
784725
743155
966248
801736
600771
880254
272317
373866
449949
470371
275617
096977
828704
683194
654165
795953
674752
905493
251452
793386
070418
531027
277892
688900
629880

n=80

Weight Factors=w i

0.04869
0.04857
0.04834
0.04799
0.04754
0.04696
0.04628
0.04549
0.04459
0.04358
0.04247
0.04126
0.03995
0.03855
0.03705
0.03547
0.03380
0.03205
0.03023
0.02833
0.02637
0.02435
0.02227
0.02013
0.01795
0.01572
0.01346
0.01116
0.00884
0.00650
0.00414
0.00178

09570
54674
47622
93885
01657
81828
47965
16279
05581
37245
35151
25632
37411
01531
51285
22132
51618
79283
46570
96726
74697
27025
01738
48231
17157
60304
30478
81394
67598
44579
70332
32807

09139
41503
34802
96458
14830
16210
81314
27418
63756
29323
23653
42623
32720
78615
40240
56882
37141
54851
72402
14259
15054
68710
08383
53530
75697
76024
96718
60131
26363
68978
60562
21696

720383
426935
957170
307728
308662
017325
417296
144480
563060
453377
589007
528610
341387
629129
046040
383811
609392
553585
478868
483228
658672
873338
254159
209372
343085
719322
642598
128819
947723
362856
467635
432947

0.03901
0.03895
0.03883
0.03866
0.03842
0.03812
0.03777
0.03736
0.03689

78136
83959
96510
17597
49930
97113
63643
54902
77146
37499
43939
05290
31204
32149
19393
04986
01741
23217
83695
98160
82275
52357
25357
18828
50902
40261
06108
68142
46520
61835
35080
87615
41141
17660
39452
29047
09224
03131
35335
49500

56306
62769
59051
74076
06959
14477
62001
38730
38276
05835
53416
44747
51753
84611
97645
73487
88114
59557
83267
57276
00486
67565
64115
65930
46332
15782
78141
08299
56269
83725
40509
92401
20797
41103
69260
68117
51403
24694
89512
03186

654811
531199
968932
463327
423185
638344
397490
490027
008839
978044
054603
593496
928794
522817
401383
773148
701642
980661
847693
862397
380674
117903
491105
101293
461926
006389
998929
031429
306359
688045
076117
339294
826916
064521
858426
312753
198649
895237
681669
941534

~03637

0.03579
0.03516
0.03447
0.03373
0.03294
0.03210
0.03121
0.03027
0.02928
0.02825
0.02718
0.02607
0.02492
0.02373
0.02250
0.02124
0.01995
0.01862
0.01727
0.01589
0.01449
0.01306
0.01162
0.01016
0.00868
0.00719
0.00569
0.00418
0.00266
0.00114

919

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Table 25.4
ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION

+1

I_I f(x)dx", LWi!(Xi)

n

.=1

Abscissas=xi (Zeros of Legendre Polynomials)

Weight Factors=wi

n=96
0.01627
0.04881
0.08129
0.11369
0.14597
0.17809

67448
29851
74954
58501
37146
68823

49602
36049
64425
10665
54896
67618

969579
731112
558994
920911
941989
602759

0.03255
0.03251
0.03244
0.03234
0.03220
0.03203

06144
61187
71637
38225
62047
44562

92363
13868
14064
68575
94030
31992

166242
835987
269364
928429
250669
663218

0.21003
0.24174
0.27319
0.30436
0.33520
0.36569

13104
31561
88125
49443
85228
68614

60567
63840
91049
54496
92625
72313

203603
012328
141487
353024
422616
635031

0.03182
0.03158
0.03131
0.03101
0.03067
0.03029

87588
93307
64255
03325
13761
99154

94411
70727
96861
86313
23669
20827

006535
168558
355813
837423
149014
593794

0.39579
0.42547
0.45470
0.48345
0.51169
0.53938

76498
89884
94221
79739
41771
81083

28908
07300
67743
20596
54667
24357

603285
545365
008636
359768
673586
436227

0.02989
0.02946
0.02899
0.02849
0.02797
0.02741

63441
10899
46141
74110
00076
29627

36328
58167
50555
65085
16848
26029

385984
905970
236543
385646
334440
242823

0.56651 04185
23647
0.61892 58401
0.64416 34037
0.66871 83100
0.69256 45366

61397
77572
25468
84967
43916
42171

168404
080684
570386
106798
153953
561344

0.02682 68667
0.02621 23407
0.02557 00360
0.02490 06332
0.02420 48417
0.02348_33990

25591
35672
05349
22483
92364
85926

762198
413913
361499
610288
691282
219842

0.71567
0.73803
0.75960
0.78036
0.80030
0.81940

68123
06437
23411
90438
87441
03107

48967
44400
76647
67433
39140
37931

626225
132851
498703
217604
817229
675539

0.02273
0.02196
0.02117
0.02035
0.01951
0.01866

70696
66444
29398
67971
90811
06796

58329
38744
92191
54333
40145
27411

374001
349195
298988
324595
022410
467385

0.83762
0.85495
0.87138
0.88689
0.90146
0.91507

35112
90334
85059
45174
06353
14231

28187
34601
09296
02420
15852

121494
455463
502874
416057
341319

2089~74206

0.01778
0.01688
0.01597
0.01503
0.01409
0.01312

25023
54798
05629
87210
09417
82295

16045
64245
02562
26994
72314
66961

260838
172450
291381
938006
860916
572637

0.92771
0.93937
0.95003
0.95968
0.96832
0.97593

24567
03397
27177
82914
68284
91745

22308
52755
84437
48742
63264
85136

690965
216932
635756
539300
212174
466453

0.01215
0.01116
0.01016
0.00914
0.00812
0.00709

16046
21020
07705
86712
68769
64707

71088
99838
35008
30783
25698
91153

319635
498591
415758
386633
759217
865269

0.98251
0.98805
0.99254
0.99598
0.99836
0.99968

72635
41263
39003
18429
43758
95038

63014
29623
23762
87209
63181
83230

677447
799481
624572
290650
677724
766828

0.00605
0.00501
0.00396
0.00291
0.00185
0.00079

85455
42027
45543
07318
39607
67920

04235
42927
38444
17934
88946
65552

961683
517693
686674
946408
921732
012429

~59303

920

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Table 25.5

ABSCISSAS FOR EQUAL WEI(;HT (:HEBYSHEV INTEGRATION

f +1 f(l)tI,~g ~ /(.Ii)
-1'

11,,--=1

Abscissas= Vi
II

,ti

0.57735 02692

0.70710 67812
0.00000 00000

0.83249 74870
0.37454 14096
0.00000 00000

0.88386 17008
0.52965 67753
0.32391 18105
0.0000000000

0.91158
0.60101
0.52876
0.16790
O. 00000

0.86624 68181
0.42251 86538
0.26663 54015

6
0.79465 44723
0.18759 24741

x;

l'i

'/I

93077
86554
17831
61842
00000

Compiled from H. E. Salzer, Tables for facilitating the use of Chebyshev's quadrature formula, J. Math.
Phys. 26, 191-194, 1947 (with permission).
Table 25.6

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR LOBATTO INTEGRATION

f+1
n-I
- I /(.1')d.I~ /I'jj( -1)+i~2 Wif(,Ti) +u' n j(l)

Weight Factors=wi

Abscissas= ,Ii
."i

II

Wi

1. 00000 000
0.00000 000

1. 00000 000
0.44721 360

1. 00000 000
0.65465 367
0.00000 000

1.00000 000
0.76505 532
0.28523 152

.t'i

11

1/'1

1. 00000 000
0.83022 390
0.46884879
O. 00000 000

0.04761
0.27682
0.43174
0.48761

904
604
538
904

1. 00000
0.87174
0.59170
0.20929

0.03571
0.21070
0.34112
0.41245

428
422
270
880

1. 00000 00000
0.8997579954
O. 67718 62795
0.36311 74638
O. 00000 00000

O. 02777 77178
0.16549 53616
0.2745387126
0.34642 85110
0.37151 92744

10

1. 00000 00000
0.91953 39082
0.7387738651
O. 47792 49498
0.1652789577

0.02222 22222
0.13330 59908
0.2248893420
O. 29204 26836
0.32753 97612

0.33333 333
1. 33333 333

0.16666 667
0.83333 333

0.10000 000
0.54444 444
0.71111 111

0.06666 667
0.37847 496
0.55485 838

000
015
018
922

Compiled from Z. Kopal, Numerical analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1955 (with
permission).

Table 25.7

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION

FOR INTEG RANDS WITH A LOGARITHMIC SINGULARITY
I
O

1.=1

It

,r,
0.112009
0.602277

-Wi

0.718539
0.281461

j<2n)(r)
It

Abscissas=,"i

j(.l) In.,' d.l' =,~ wt!(,I',) + -(-2)1 An

Kn

11

0.00285

,ri

0.063891
0.368997
0.766880

Weight Factors=II'i
-Wi

0.513405
0.391980
0.094615

K"
0.00017

'II

,r,.
0.041448
0.245275
0.556165
0.848982

.LI

-Wi

KlI

0.383464
0.386875
0.190435
0.039225

0.00001

Compiled from Berthod-Zaborowski, Le calcul des integrales de la forme

j(.I') log ,I tI.I'. H. Mineur,
Techniques de calcul numerique, pp. 555-556. Librairie Polytechnique Ch. Beranger, Paris, France,
1952 (with permission).
See page

II.

921

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION OF MOMENTS

n W;f(Xi)
xkf(x)d:J;", ;E
.=\

Weight Factors =Wi

Abscissas =Xi
k=O

n
1

Xi

k=l
Wi

Table 25.8

Xi

k=2
Wi

Xi

Wi

0.50000 00000

1.00000 00000

0.66666 66667

0.50000 00000

0.75000 00000

0.33333 33333

0.21132 48654
0.78867 51346

0.50000 00000
0.50000 00000

0.35505 10257
0.84494 89743

0.18195 86183
0.31804 13817

0.45584 81560
0.87748 51773

0.10078 58821
0.23254 74513

0.11270 16654
0.50000 00000
0.88729 83346

0.27777 77778
0.44444 44444
0.27777 77778

0.21234 05382
0.59053 31356
0.91141 20405

0.06982 69799
0.22924 11064
0.20093 19137

0.29499 77901
0.65299 62340
0.92700 59759

0.02995 07030
0.14624 62693
0.15713 63611

0.06943
0.33000
0.66999
0.93056

18442
94782
05218
81558

0.17392
0.32607
0.32607
0.17392

74226
25774
25774
74226

0.13975
0.41640
0.72315
0.94289

98643
95676
69864
58039

0.03118
0.12984
0.20346
0.13550

09710
75476
45680
69134

0.20414
0.48295
0.76139
0.95149

85821
27049
92624
94506

0.01035
0.06863
0.14345
0.11088

22408
38872
87898
84156

0.04691
0.23076
0.50000
0.76923
0.95308

00770
53449
00000
46551
99230

0.11846
0.23931
0.28444
0.23931
0.11846

34425
43352
44444
43352
34425

0.09853
0.30453
0.56202
0.80198
0.96019

50858
57266
51898
65821
01429

0.01574
0.07390
0.14638
0.16717
0.09678

79145
88701
69871
46381
15902

0.14894
0.36566
0.61011
0.82651
0.96542

57871
65274
36129
96792
10601

0.00411
0.03205
0.08920
0.12619
0.08176

38252
56007
01612
89619
47843

0.03376
0.16939
0.38069
0.61930
0.83060
0.96623

52429
53068
04070
95930
46932
47571

0.08566
0.18038
0.23395
0.23395
0.18038
0.08566

22462
07865
69673
69673
07865
22462

0.07305
0.23076
0.44132
0.66301
0.85192
0.97068

43287
61380
84812
53097
14003
35'f28

0.00873
0.04395
0.09866
0.14079
0.13554
0.07231

83018
51656
11509
25538
24972
03307

0.11319
0.28431
0.49096
0.69756
0.86843
0.97409

43838
88727
35868
30820
60583
54449

0.00183
0.01572
0.05128
0.09457
0.10737
0.06253

10758
02972
95711
71867
64997
87027

0.02544
0.12923
0.29707
0.50000
0.70292
0.87076
0.97455

60438
44072
74243
00000
25757
55928
39562

0.06474
0.13985
0.19091
0.20897
0.19091
0.13985
0.06474

24831
26957
50253
95918
50253
26957
24831

0.05626
0.18024
0.35262
0.54715
0.73421
0.88532
0.97752

25605
06917
47171
36263
01772
09468
06136

0.00521
0.02740
0.06638
0.10712
0.12739
0.11050
0.05596

43622
83567
46965
50657
08973
92582
73634

0.08881
0.22648
0.39997
0.58599
0.75944
0.89691
0.97986

68334
27534
84867
78554
58740
09709
72262

0.00089
0.00816
0.02942
0.06314
0.09173
0.09069
0.04927

26880
29256
22113
63787
38033
88246
65018

0.01985 50718 0.05061 42681

0.04463 39553 0.00329 51914
0.07149 10350 0.00046 85178
0.10166 67613 0.11119 05172
0.14436 62570 0.01784 29027
0.18422 82964 0.00447 45217
0.28682 47571 0.04543 93195
0.33044 77282 0.01724 68638
0.23723 37950 0.15685 33229
0.49440 29218 0.04081 44264
0.40828 26788 0.18134 18917
0.45481 33152 0.07919 95995
0.62806 78354 0.10604 73594
0.65834 80085 0.06844 7i834
0.59171 73212 0.18134 18917
0.78569 15206 0.11250 57995
0.80452 48315 0.08528 47692
0.76276 62050 0.15685 33229
0.90867 63921 0.09111 90236
0.89833 32387 0.11119 05172
0.91709 93825 0.07681 80933
0.98222 00849 0.04455 08044
0.98390 22404 0.03977 89578
0.98014 49282 0.05061 42681
Compiled from H. Fishman, Numerical integration constants, Math. Tables Aids Compo 11,1-9,1957 (with permission).
8

922

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION OF MOMENTS

Table 25.8

fo

n Wi/(Xi)
xkf(x)dx", ~
.=1

Abscissas =Xi

Weight Factors =Wi

k=3

n
1

Xi

k=4
Wi

Xi

k=5
Wi

Xi

Wi

0.80000 00000

0.25000 00000

0.83333 33333

0.20000 00000

0.85714 28571

0.16666 66667

0.52985 79359
0.89871 34927

0.06690 52498
0.18309 47502

0.58633 65823
0.91366 34177

0.04908 24923
0.15091 75077

0.63079 15938
0.92476 39617

0.03833 75627
0.12832 91039

0.36326 46302
0.69881 12692
0.93792 41006

0.01647 90593
0.10459 98976
0.12892 10432

0.42011 30593
0.73388 93552
0.94599 75855

0.01046 90422
0.08027 66735
0.10925 42844

0.46798 32355
0.76162 39697
0.95221 09767

0.00729 70036
0.06459 66123
0.09477 30507

0.26147
0.53584
0.79028
0.95784

77888
64461
32300
70806

0.00465
0.04254
0.10900
0.09379

83671
17241
43689
55399

0.31213
0.57891
0.81289
0.96272

54928
56596
15166
39976

0.00251
0.02916
0.08706
0.08124

63516
93822
77121
65541

0.35689
0.61466
0.83107
0.96658

37290
93899
90039
86465

0.00153
0.02142
0.07205
0.07164

44797
84046
63642
74181

0.19621
0.41710
0.64857
0.84560
. 0.96943

20074
02118
00042
51500
57035

0.00152
0.01695
0.06044
0.10031
0.07076

06894
73249
49532
65045
05281

0.23979
0.46093
0.68005
0.86088
0.97261

20448
36745
92327
63437
44185

0.00069
0.01021
0.04402
0.08271
0.06235

69771
05417
44695
27131
52986

0.27969
0.49870
0.70633
0.87340
0.97519

31248
98270
38189
27279
38347

0.00036
0.00672
0.03376
0.07007
0.05572

97155
96904
77450
13397
81761

0.15227
0.33130
0.53241
0.72560
0.88161
0.97679

31618
04570
15667
27783
66844
53517

0.00056
0.00708
0.03052
0.06844
0.08830
0.05508

17109
53159
61922
32818
09912
25080

0.18946
0.37275
0.56757
0.74883
0.89238
0.97898

95839
11560
23729
64975
51584
52313

0.00021
0.00372
0.01995
0.05223
0.07464
0.04920

94140
67844
62647
99543
91503
84323

0.22446
0.40953
0.59778
0.76841
0.90135
0.98079

89954
33505
90484
36046
07338
72084

0.00010
0.00218
0.01396
0.04148
0.06445
0.04446

13258
79257
96531
63470
88592
25560

0.12142
0.26836
0.44086
0.61860
0.78025
0.90636
0.98176

71288
34403
64606
40284
35520
25341
99145

0.00022
0.00314
0.01531
0.04099
0.06975
0.07655
0.04400

99041
75964
21671
51686
00981
65614
85043

0.15324
0.30632
0.47654
0.64638
0.79771
0.91421
0.98334

14389
65225
00930
93025
66898
99006
38305

0.00007
0.00144
0.00892
0.02854
0.05522
0.06602
0.03975

70737
70088
69676
78428
48742
18459
43870

0.18382
0.34080
0.50794
0.67036
0.81258
0.92085
0.98466

87683
75951
05240
34101
84660
64173
74508

0.00003
0.00075
0.00566
0.02095
0.04510
0.05790
0.03624

11046
53838
04137
92982
49816
76135
78712

0.09900
0.22124
0.36912
0.52854
0.68399
0.82028
0.92409
0.98529

17577
35074
39000
54312
32484
39497
37129
34401

0.00010
0.00148
0.00785
0.02363
0.04745
0.06736
0.06618
0.03592

24601
56841
50738
15807
43798
18394
20353
69468

0.12637
0.25552
0.40364
0.55831
0.70600
0.83367
0.92999
0.98646

29744
90521
12989
66758
95429
15420
57161
31979

0.00002
0.00059
0.00407
0.01490
0.03471
0.05491
0.05800
0.03275

97092
89500
79241
99334
99507
00973
05653
28699

0.15315
0.28726
0.43462
0.58451
0.72512
0.84518
0.93504
0.98746

06616
44039
74067
85666
64097
94879
35075
05085

0.00001
0.00027
0.00233
0.01004
0.02648
0.04588
0.05153
0.03009

05316
83586
53415
46144
53011
56532
42238
26424

923

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR LAGUERRE INTEGRATION

f"o g(x)dx~.L:
n wieXig(Xi)
,=1

f,""e-xf(x)dx~.~ wt/(x,)
o
1=1

Abscissas =Xi (Zeros of Laguerre Polynomials)

xi

Wi

Wi

eX
'

Weight Factors = Wi
xi

l-I~8.53553 390593

0.41577 45567 83
2.29428 03602 79
6.28994 50829 37

~-1~7.11093 009929

0.32254
1.74576
4.53662
9.39507

76896
11011
02969
09123

19
58
21
01

I-I! 6.03154 104342

-1 3.57418692438
-2 3.88879 085150
-4 5.39294 705561

0.26356
1.41340
3.59642
7. 08581
12.64080

03197
30591
57710
00058
08442

18
07
41
59
76

.'\5.2'755
"058'
-1 3.98666 811083

-1 1.46446 609407

1. 53332 603312
4.45095 733505

-1 2.78517 733569
-2)1.03892 565016

n=4

32
42
19
31
77
88
92
92
27

- 1
- 1
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 6
- 8
-11

0.13779 34705
0.72945 45495
1. 80834 29017
3. 40143 36978
5.55249 61400
8.3301527467
11.84378 58379
16.2792578313
40422 08 21.99658 58119
29.92069 70122
787360
324237
690092
635435

40
03
40
55
64
64
00
78
81
74

n=5

-2 7.59424 496817
-3 3.61175 867992
-5 2.33699 723858

n=6

66041
21016
63260
35691
74183
39806

79
73
59
05
83
02

-1
-1
-1
-2
-4
-7

0.19304 36765
1.0266648953
2.56787 67449
4.90035 30845
8.18215 34445
12.73418 02917
19.39572 78622

60
39
51
26
63
98
63

-1 4.09318 951701
-1 4.21831 277862
-1 1.47126 348658
-2 2.06335 144687
-3 1.07401 014328
-51.58654643486
-8 3.17031 547900

0.22284
1.18893
2.99273
5.77514
9.83746
15.98287

4.58964
4.17000
1.13373
1.03991
2.61017
8.98547

673950
830772
382074
974531
202815
906430

n=7

n=8
0.17027
0.90370
2.25108
4.26670
7.04590
10.75851
15.74067
22.86313

96323
17767
66298
01702
54023
60101
86412
17368

05
99
66
88
93
81
78
89

-1
-1
-1
-2
-3
-5
-7
-9

3.69188
4.18786
1. 75794
3.33434
2.79453
9.07650
8.48574
1. 04800

589342
780814
986637
922612
623523
877336
671627
117487

1. 07769 285927
2. 76214 296190
5.60109 462543

0.83273
2.04810
3.63114
6.48714

0.67909
1. 63848
2.76944
4.31565
7.21918

n=9
0.15232 22277
O. 80722 00227
2.00513 51556
3.78347 39733
6. 20495 67778
9. 37298 52516
13.46623 69110
18.83359 77889
26.3740718909

n=3

9123838
243845
630582
508441

0.1157221173 58
0.61175 74845 15
0.57353 55074 23 1.51261 02697 76
1. 36925 259071
2.83375 13377 44
2.26068 459338
4.59922 76394 18
3. 35052 458236
6.84452 54531 15
4.88682 680021
9.62131 6842457
7.84901 594560
13.00605 49933 06
17.11685 51874 62
22.15109 03793 97
28.4879672509 84
37.0991210444 67
0.49647
1.17764
1. 91824
2.77184
3.84124
5. 38067
8.40543

75975 40
306086
978166
863623
912249
820792
248683

wi e '

Wi

n=2
0.585786437627
3.41421 35623 73

Table 2a.9

0.09330 78120
0.4926917403
1.21559 54120
2.26994 95262
3.66762 27217
5.42533 66274
7.56591 62266
0.43772 34104 93 10.12022 85680
1. 03386 934767
13.13028 24821
1.66970 976566
16.65440 77083
2.37692 470176
20.77647 88994
3.20854 091335
25.62389 42267
4.26857 551083
31. 40751 91697
5.81808 336867
38.53068 33064
8.90622 621529
48.02608 55726

3.36126
4.11213
1. 99287
4.74605
5.59962
3.05249
6.59212
4.11076
3.29087

421798
980424
525371
627657
661079
767093
302608
933035
403035

0.39143
0.92180
1. 48012
2.08677
2. 77292
3.59162
4.64876
6.21227
9.36321

11243 16
50285 29
790994
080755
138971
606809
600214
541975
823771

115765
929155
287612
560987
697518
388588
334960
398496
482398
721961

0.35400
0.83190
1. 33028
1. 86306
2.45025
3.12276
3.93415
4.99241
6.57220
9.78469

97386 07
23010 44
856175
3903ll
555808
415514
269556
487219
248513
584037

n=10
113.08441
1 4.01119
1 2.18068
2 6.20874
3 9.50151
4 7.53008
5 2.82592
7 4.24931
9 1.83956
-13 9.91182

- 1
- 1
- 1
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 6
- 7
- 9
-12
-16

n=12

2.64731
3.77759
2.44082
9.04492
2.01023
2.66397
2.03231
8.36505
1.66849
1.34239
3.06160
8.14807

371055
275873
011320
222117
811546
354187
592663
585682
387654
103052
163504
746743

0.29720 96360 44
0.696462980431
1.10778 139462
1. 53846 423904
1.99832 760627
2.50074 576910
3.06532 151828
3.72328 911078
4. 52981 402998
5. 59725 846184
7.21299 546093
10.54383 74619

n=15
17
02
71
04
51
14
13
19
76
30
49
29
54
86
86

- 1!2.18234 885940
- 1 3.42210177923
- 1 2.63027 577942
- 1 1.26425 818106
- 2 4.02068 649210
- 3 8.56387 780361
- 3 1.21243 614721
_ 4 1.11674 392344
- 6 6.45992 676202
- 7 2.22631 690710
_ 9 4.22743 038498
-11 3.92189 726704
-13 1. 45651 526407
-16 1. 48302 705111
-20 1. 60059 490621

0.23957 81703 11
0.5601008427 93
0.88700 82629 19
1.22366 440215
1.57444 872163
1. 94475 197653
2.34150 205664
2.77404 192683
3.25564 334640
3.80631 171423
4.45847 775384
5.27001 778443
6.35956 346973
8.03178 763212
11.52777 21009

Compiled from H. E. Salzer and R. Zucker, Table of the zeros and weight factors
of the first fifteen Laguerre polynomials, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55, 1004-1012,
1949 (with permission).

924
Table 25.10

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR HERMITE INTEGRATION

J::'aoe-

ao
)d
X= i~l Wie"ig(Xi)
f _aog(x

f(x)dx= i~l Wi/(Xi)

x2

Abscissas =Xi (Zeros of Hermite Polynomials)

0.70710 67811 86548

Weight Factors=wi

Wie"i

Wi

n=2

(-1)8.862269254528

n=3

0.00000 00000 00000

1.224744871391589

(0)1.18163 59006 04
(-1)2.954089751509

0.524647623275290
1.650680123885785

(-1)8.049140900055
(-2)8.131283544725

n=4

n=5

Wi

Xi

1.4611411826611
1.18163 59006 037
1.3239311752136
1.0599644828950
1.24022 58176958

0.00000 00000 00000

0.958572464613819
2.020182870456086

\-1)9.453087204829
-1)3.936193231522
-2)1.99532 42059 05

0.9453087204829
0.9865809967514
1.1814886255360

0.43607 74119 27617

1.335849074013697
2.35060 49736 74492

(-ll7.24629 59522 44
(-1 1.57067 32032 29
(-3 4.53000 99055 09

0.00000 00000 00000

0.816287882858965
1.67355 16287 67471
2.651961356835233

(-ll8.10264 61755
(-1 4.2560725261
(-2 5.45155 82819
(-4)9.71781 24509

68
01
13
95

0.8102646175 568
0.8286873032 836
0.8971846002 252
1.10133 07296103

0.3811869902
1.1571937124
1.98165 67566
2.93063 74202

-1)6.61147 01255 82
-1)2.0780232581 49
-2)1.707798300741
(-4)1.996040722114

0.76454 41286 517

0.7928900483864
0.86675 26065 634
1.0719301442480

-ll7.20235 21560 61
-1 4.32651 55900 26
-28.847452739438
-3)4.943624275537
-5)3.960697726326

0.7202352156061
0.7303024527451
0.7646081250946
0.8417527014787
1.0470035809767

0.3429013272
1.03661 08297
1. 75668 36492
2.5327316742
3.43615 91188

n=10

23705
89514
99882
32790
37738

116.10862 63373 53
1 2.40138 6110823
2 3.387439445548
3 1.34364 57467 81
6)7.64043 28552 33

0.3142403762 54359
0.9477883912 40164
1.59768 26351 52605
2.27950 70805 01060
3.0206370251 20890
3.88972 4897869782

ll5. 70135
1 2.60492
2 5.16079
3)3.90539
5)8.57368
7)2.65855

n=12
23626
31026
85615
05846
70435
16843

0.6870818539513
O. 70329 63231 049
0.74144 19319 436
0.8206661264 048
1.0254516913657

25
42
88
29
88
56

0.6293078743695
0.63962 12320 203
0.66266 27732 669
O. 70522 03661 122
O. 78664 39394 633
0.9896990470 923

n~6

07322
46780
95843
57244

n=7

n=8

n =9

0.000000000000000
0.7235510187 52838
1.46855 32892 16668
2.266580584531843
3.190993201781528

0.87640 13344 362

0.93558 05576 312
1.13690 83326 745

n=16

- 1 5.07929
- 1 2.80647
8.38100
1-- 22 1.28803

0.2734810461 3815
0.82295 14491 4466
1.3802585391 9888
1.9517879909 1625
2.54620215784748
3.17699916197996
3.86944 79048 6012
4.6887389393 0582

- 4 9.32284
- 5 2. 71186
- 7 2.32098
1-102.65480

66
85
99
51
42
38
65
11

0.54737 52050 378

0.5524419573675
0.56321 78290882
~58124 72754 009
0.6097369582 560
0.65575 56728 761
O. 73824 56222 777
0.9368744928841

0.2453407083 009
0.73747 37285 454
1.2340762153953
1.73853 77121 166
2.25497 40020 893
2.7888060584281
3.34785 45673 832
3.9447640401 156
4.6036824495 507
5.3874808900112

- ll4.62243 66960 06
- 1 2.86675 50536 28
- 1 1.090172060200
- 212.48105 20887 46
- 3 3.24377 33422 38
- 4 2.28338 63601 63
- 6 7.80255 64785 32
- 7l1.08606 93707 69
-104.3993409922 73
(-132.2293936455 34

0.4909215006667
0.4938433852 721
0.49992 08713 363
0.50967 90271 175
0.5240803509486
0.5448517423644
0.5752624428525
0.6222786961 914
0.7043329611769
0.8985919614532

47901
45852
41398
11535
00862
00925
08448
74740

Compiled from H. E. Salzer, R. Zucker, and R. Capuano, Table of the zeros

and weight factors of the first twenty Hermite polynomials, J. Research NBS
48,111-116,1952, RP2294 (with permission).
Table 25.11

COEFFICIENTS FOR FILON'S QUADRATURE FORMULA

9
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

a
0.00000000
0.00000004
0.00000 036
0.00000120
0.00000284

{3
0.66666667
0.66668000
0.66671 999
0.66678664
0.66687990

1.33333
1.33332
1.33328
1.33321
1.33312

333
000
000
334
001

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.00000 555
0.00000 961
0.00001 524
0.00002 274
0.00003237

0.66699976
0.66714617
0.66731 909
0.66751 844
0.66774 417

1.33300
1. 33285
1. 33268
1. 33248
1. 33225

003
340
012
020
365

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.00004
0.00035
0.00118
0.00278
0.00536

438
354
467
012
042

0.66799 619
0.67193 927
0.67836065
0.68703 909
0.69767 347

1.33200
1. 32800
1.32137
1. 31212
1. 30029

048
761
184
154
624

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0.00911 797
0.01421 151
0.02076 156
0.02884 683
0.03850188

0.70989
0.72325
0.73729
0.75147
O. 76525

1. 28594 638
1.26913 302
1. 24992 752
1. 22841 118
1.20467472

See 25.4.47.

111
813
136
168
831

'Y

26. Probability Functions

MARVIN ZELEN 1 AND NORMAN

C.

SEVERO 2

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties . . . . . . . .
26.1. Probability Functions: Definitions and Properties .
26.2. Normal or Gaussian Probability Function.
26.3. Bivariate Normal Probability Function.
26.4. Chi-Square Probability Function. . . .
26.5. Incomplete Beta Function. . . . . . .
26.6. F-(Variance-Ratio) Distribution Function
26.7. Student's t-Distribution . . . . . . . .

927
927
931
936
940
944
946
948

Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26.8. Methods of Generating Random Numbers and Their Applications. . . . . . . . . . . .
26.9. Use and Extension of the Tables. . . . .

949
949
953

References . . . . . . . . . . .

961

Table 26.1. Normal Probability Function and Derivatives

P(x), Z(x) , Z(l)(x) , 15D
Z(2)(X), 10D; Z(n) (x) , n=3(1)6, 8D
x=0(.02)3
P(x), 10D;
x=3(.05)5

Z(x) ,

lOS;

Z(n) (x) ,

n=1(1)6,

(0~x~5).

966

8S

Table 26.2. Normal Probability Function for Large Arguments

(5 ~x~500) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-log Q(x), x=5(1)50(10)100(50)500, 5D

972

Table 26.3. Higher Derivatives of the N onnal Probability Function

(0~x~5)

Z(n) (x),

......................... ,

n=7(1)12,

x=0(.1)5,

974

8S

Table 26.4. Normal Probability Function-Values of Z(x) in Terms of

P(x) and Q(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Q(x)=0(.001).5, 5D

975

Table 26.5. Normal Probability Function-Values of x in Terms of

P(x) and Q(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Q(x)=0(.001).5, 5D

976

1
2

National Bureau of Standards. (Presently, National Institutes of Health.)

National Bureau of Standards. (Presently, University of Buffalo.)

925

926

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Table 26.6. Normal Probability Function-Values of x for Extreme

Values of P(x) and Q(x) . .
................
Q(x) =0(.0001).025, 5D
Q(x)=lo-m, m=4(1)23, 5D
Table 26.7. Probability Integral of x2-Distribution, Incomplete Gamma
Function, Cumulative 8ums of the Poisson Distribution. . . . "
x2 = .001 (.001).01 (.01).1 (.1)2(.2) 10(.5)20(1)40(2)76
11=1(1)30, 5D
Table 26.8. Percentage Points of the x2-Distribution-Values of X2 in
Terms of Q and II
Q(x2 111) =.995, .99, .975, .95, .9, .75, .5, .25, .1, .05, .025, .01, .005,
.001, .0005, .0001
11= 1(1}30(10) 100, 5--68
Table 26.9. Percentage Points of the F-Distribution-Values of F in
Terms of Q, 1111 V2' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Q(FIII!, 112) = .5, .25, .1, .05, .025, .01, .005, .001
III = 1(1)6, 8, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60, co
112= 1(1)30, 40, 60, 120, co, 3-58
Table 26.10. Percentage Points of the t-Distribution-Values of t in
Terms of A and II
A(tlll)=.2, .5, .8, .9, .95, .98, .99, .995, .998, .999, .9999, .99999, .999999
11= 1(1)30, 40, 60, 120, co, 2D
Table 26.11. 2500 Five Digit Random Numbers . . . . . . . . . .

Page

977

978

984

986

990

991

The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of David S. Liepman in the preparation and checking of the tables and graphs and the many helpful comments received
from members of the Committee on Mathematical Tables of the Institute of Mathematical
Statistics.

26. Probability Functions

Mathematical Properties 3
26.1.

Probability Functions: Definitions and

Properties

Univariate Cumulative Dilltribution FunctioDII

A real-valued function F(x) is termed a (univariate) cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.)

or simply distribution function if
i) F(x) is non-decreasing, i.e., F(XI)$.F(X2) for
XI $.X2
ii) F(x) is everywhere continuous from the
right, i.e., F(x)=lim F(X+E)
HO+

iii) F( - <Xl) =0, F( <Xl) = 1.

The function F(x) signifies the probability of
the event "X$.x" where X is a random variable,
i.e., Pr{ X $.x} =F(x), and thus describes the
c.d.f. of X. The two principal types of distribution functions are termed discrete and continuous.
Discrete Distributions: Discrete distributions are
characterized by the random variable X taking
on an enumerable number of values . . ., X_I!
Xo, X" . with point probabilities
Pn=Pr{X=x,,} ~O

which need only be subject to the restriction

~p,,=l.
tI

The corresponding distribution function can

then be written
26.1.1

F(x)=Pr{X$.x} =

Pn

%,,:5;%

a Comment on notation and conventions.

a. We follow the customary convention of denoting a
random variable by a capital letter, i.e., X, and using the
corresponding lower case letter, i.e., x, for a particular
value that the random variable assumes.
b. For statistical applications it is often convenient to
have tabulated the "upper tail area," 1- F(x), or the
c.d.f. for lXI, F(x)-F(-x), instead of simply the c.dJ.
F(x). We usc the notation P to indicate the c.d.f. of
X, Q=I-P to indicate the "upper tail area" and A=
P-Q to denote the c.d.f. of IXI. In particular we use
P(x), Q(x), and A (x) to denote the corre~ponding functions
for the normal or Gaussian probability function, see
26.2.2-26.2.4. When these distributions depend on other
paramet~rs, say 91 and 92, we indicnt~ this by \\ riting
P(xI9J, 92), Q(xI9J, 92), or A(x191o 92). For example the chisquare distribution 26.4 depends on the parameter p and
the tabulated fUnction is \Hitten Q(x 2 Ip).

where the summation is over all values of x for

which Xn $. x. The set {x,,} of values for which
p,,>O is termed the domain of the random variable
X. A discrete distribution of a random variable
is called a lattice distribution if therL, exist numbers
a and b ~ 0 such that every possible value of X
can be represented in the form a+bn where n
takes on only integral values. A summary of
some properties of certain discrete distributions
is presented in 26.1.19-26.1.24.
Continuous Distributions. Continuous distributions are characterized by F(x) being absolutely
continuous. Hence F(x) possesses a derivative
F' (x) = j(x) and the c.d.f. can be written
26.1.2

F(x)=Pr{X$. x} = f~J(t)dt.

The derivative j(x) is termed the probability

density junction (p.d.f.) or jrequency junction, and
the values of x for which j(x) >0 make up the
domain of the random variable X. A summary
of some properties of certain selected continuous
distributions is presented in 26.1.25-26.1.34.
Multivariate Probability Functionll

The real-valued function F(X" ~, . . . xn)

defines an n-variate cumulative distribution function if
i) F(x" ~, . . . x,,) is a non-decreasing function for each Xt
ii) F(x" X2, . . . x,,) is continuous from the
right in each Xj; i.e., F(x" X2, . . . x,,)
=lim F(X" . . . , XI+E, . . . , x,,)
HO+

iii) F(X" X2, . . . xn) =0 when any Xj= - <Xl;

F( <Xl, <Xl, ., <Xl) = 1.

iv) F(X" X2, . . . , x,,) assigns nonnegative probability to the event x,<X,::::;x,+h"
X2<X2$.X2+~' . . . , x"<X,,$.xn+h,, for
all XI, X2, . . . , x" and all nonnegative
ht, h2' . . . , h n , e.g., for n=2, F(xt+h t ,
x2+~)-F(Xl' x2+~)-F(Xl+hl! X2)+
F(xl! X2) ~O and in general for Xj<X t $.
x,+h t (i= 1, 2, . . . , n), the kth order
difference D.kF(X" ~, . . . , x,,O for
k=I,2, ... , n.
927

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

928

vectors (XI, X2, ' , ., xn) and continuous distributions are characterized by absolute continuity of

The joint probability of the event XI~XI'

is F(XI, X2, ' , , x,,), Analogous to the one-dimensional case, discrete distributions assign all probability to an enumerable set of

X2~X2' ' , " Xn~xn

F(XI, X2, ' , " x,,),

Characteriatica of diatribution functiona: Momenta, characteriatic functiona, cumulanta

Continuous distributions
26.1.S

lI.b

26.1

mean

,,:-f:. . z/~)dz
f-.. . . z/~)dz

26.1.5

variance

crI-";-mJ-

26.1.6

lI.b

26.1.1

moment about origin

Discrete distributions

' :E z,1'.

,
.".-,,;-:E
, z,p.

1',.-

m-,,;-

S-. ... ~-~)'f(z)dz

crI-,,;-m'- ~ ~.-m)lp.

".-f-.. . ~-m)~)dz

" ~

e~cted

E[g(x)- f-...... V(z)f(z)dz

E[g(X)- ~ V~.)",

26.1.8

cbaracterlstlc function of X

.(t)-E(e"Z)- f-:

26.1.9

charai'terlstlc function of .,(t)-E(,"'(Z')-f:... ''''(')/~)dz

cent1'1li moment

value operator for

be function V~)

''''/~)dz

~.-m)p,

.(t) _E(."Z) -

.,(t) .. E(...,Cf

VeX)

If'"

26.1.10 inversion formula

I~).-

2"

r,,.(t)dt

_a>

~ ''''.",

- ~.",(.,l P.

bf"lb "''' (t)dt

Po-2.. -,,/b

(lattice distributions only)

Relation of the Characteristic Function to Momenta

About the Origin

Coefficients of Skewness and Exee..

26.1.15

(skewness)

26.1.11

Cumulant Function

26.1.12

...

Ct)"

11-0

In q,(t)=~ IC"~I

26.1.16

(excess)

Occasionally coefficients of skewness and excess

(or kurtosis) are given by

IC" is called the nth cumulant.

26.1.17
Relation of Central Momenta to Momenta About the
Origin

26.1.14

(skewness)

26.1.18

p.n= (n:)J (-l)"-ilm"-i

i

(excess or kurtosis)

j-O

......

Some one-dimemional di8crete distribution functiom

--Name

Domain

26.1.19
Single POint or
degenerate

z=c (c a constant)

26.1.20
Binomial

%.= . for .=0, 1,2,

Point
ProbabUities

..

OJ

Restrictions on
P ......meters

Skewness 'Y1

Variance

Mean

p=1

-CD<C<+CD

(:) p.(l-p) ....

0<p<1 (I/=I-p)

np

npt

----- _. ------------ --- -- --- -- ------------

1-6pq
npq

9-P

.;npf
26.1.21
Hypergeometrlc

z.=., for

.=0, I, ... min (n, N ,)

(~,) (n~:)

(N.!N.)

N, and N. integers, np
andn<N,+N.
(N=N.+N..
p=N./Nand
9=I-p=N"N)

npt (N-n)
N-I

I
!!::l!.. (N-I) (N-2ft)

../niii

N -n

N-2

Cbaracteristic
function

Excess 'YI

Compllcated

ei l l

" =}.,

(9+ped) 0

~B

Cumulants

.,=0 for r> 1

~l=np

d., for r >

',+1 =pq iiii
_I

Complicated

F(-n,-N.;N.-n+I; ed )
I'd

26.1.22
Poisson

26.1.23
Negative binomial

Z.=', for .=0, 1, 2, ...

z'=', for .=0, 1, 2,

J CD

... J

co

e--m'

-,1-

(n+'-I)

poCl-p)'

O<m< ...

mot

m-'

em(ed-I)

ICr=m

for r=1, 2, . . .
n~OandO<P<1

nP

nPQ

W=I/Q, and
l-p=P/Q)

Q+P
,/nPQ

I+6PQ
nPQ

(Q-Pe;')-o

ICl=nP

Ik.

....,=PQ dO
for

26.1.24
Geometric

z'=', for .=0, 1, 2, .

OJ

GO

pel-pl'

0<p<1

I-p

I-p

2-p

pi

..fH,

_
G+ 11"
p

p[l- (I-p)e;')-'

r~1

o
=
~
tl:!

t=

I-p

ICI-P'
"'+I=-(l-p) Ik.,
dp
r~1

CO

Some one-dimensional continuou8 di8tribution functions

Name

Domain

26.1.25

Error function

-=<x<=

26.1.26

Normal

-=<x<=

26.1.27

Cauchy

-=<x<=

26.1.28

Exponential

a$x<=

26.1.29

Lapluce, or double
exponential

- ... <r< ...

Skewness

ProbablHty Density
Function /(x)

Restrictions
on
Parameters

.!... e-h'r

0<11<=

1
-H~)I
--e
'

-=<m<=

-=<a<=

-.r;

1T..j2;

Excess '1,

'1,

Characteristic
function

Cumulants

-t>
e4hl

vi

not detined

not detlned

not detined

not det!ned

eial-/l111

not detlned

-=<a<=

a+/l

fP

eial(l-~)_'

<,=+/1, <.~IIr(n) for n>1

- ... <a< ...

2{P

eial(H-fPtl )-'

"1=(1, ICI=2t'*

211'

1
<,=0, <1=2111
<.=0 for n>2

,,,d_'iJ
<,=m, _,=vI,

<.~O

for n>2

O<IT<=

e-

Variance

Mean

a ),
;jj 1+---;;1 -(..-~
_e
II
/I

1 -I~I
_e
II

211

O<tl<=

O<tl<=

(2n) I
"'2,,+1=0, .. a..=--,;- (lI-

O<tl< ...

for n=I, 2, .
26.1.30

26.1.31

Extreme-Value,'
(Fisber-Tippett
Type I or doubly
exponential)

- ... <x< ...

Pe8l$On Type III

a$X<'"

.! up (-,-e--)
/I

wtth

- ... <a< ...

O<tl< ...

+'1/1

("./1)'

1.3

-6-

2.(

( ../I)'
6
... 1

r(I-~)eial

&'1='Y,JCJ"::--

<.=/I.r(n)~- for n>2

X-a
v----;;-

1
/lr(p)

,.-le-X-a

wtth,----;;-

_1_xr-1e-'

26.1,32

Gamma distribution

O$x< ...

26.1.33

Beta distrIbution

O$x$1

B(a, b) x ....'(I-x) >-,

26.1.M

Rectangular, or
uniform

m-~<x<m+~
2- 2

rep)
1

r-

a+PII

p{JI

O<p<"

l$a< ...
l$b< ...

a
a+b

(a+b)'(a+b+l)

- ... <a< ...

- ... <m< ...

O<h< ...

hi

eial(l-~)-.

<, =+lIp, <. =/I"pr(n)

6/p

(l-it)--

<,=p, <.=pr(n) for n>1

2(a-b)
(a+b+2)

See footnote li.

M(a, a+b,

it)

-1.2

2 In (At)
hiS
2"

{P
lib

12

6/p

.fP

O<tl<=
O<p< ..

i .. ,

for n>1

Kl=m, KJ.+1=O

h'-B..
",.--2n

Blo (BernouIH numbers),

BI=A, B,=-lt! ..
'1 (Euler's constant) - .57721 56M9

_ - /a+bH {3(a+bH1I2(a+b)'+tJb(a+b-6
lib
lib (a+b+2)(a+b+3)

'1, "\'

3}'

See page

II.

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

931

Inequalities for distribution functions

(F(z)

denotes the c.d.r. oftbe random variable X and t denotes a positive constant; furtber m Is always assumed to be finite and all expectations are assumed to exist.)

Inequality

Conditions

I SE[g(X)]/t

~t

26.1.35

Prl g(X)

26.1.36

PrlX~tl~mlt

(i) g(X) ~O

(i) PrlX<OI=O
(ii) E(X)=m

F(t) ~1-T

26.1.37

PrIlX-ml~tcrl ~1/(J

F(m+tcr) - F(m-tcr) ~ l-ii

26.1.38

PrlIX-ml~tuIS

,!,

(i) E(X) = m
(ii) E(X - m)'=u2

(i) E(Xi)=m,
(ii) E(X,-rn,)2=cr~
(iii) E([X,-miUXj-mj]) =O(i~J)
-

II

X.

(iv) X = '5:~,

'=in

m= +.mi,

t;;l n

26.1.39

u=[+.I!1Ji
t;in

(i) E(X -m)2=u2

(ii) F(x) is a continuous c.d.f.

m-xo),}
1+ ( -

PrIIX-ml~tcrl S:{ (t-I~IY

(iii) F(x) is unimodal at :xo B

m-Xo)2}
1+ (-

F(m+tcr)-F(m-tcr)

26.1.40

~1-;{(t-I~IY

PrllX -ml ~tcr I 5,4/9t2

F(m+tcr)-F(m-tcr) ~1-9(J

(i) E(X -m)2=cr'

(ii) F(x) is a continuous c.d.f.
(iii) F(x) is unimodal at xo 6

(iv) m=xo
(i) $(X-m)2=u2
(ii) E(X -m)4=j.l4

26.1.41

>F' (z) for z;oo!zo.

26.2. Normal or Gaussian Probability Function
Zo Is such that F' (zo)

26.2.1

Z(x)

26.2.2 P(x)=

26.2.3

Q(x) =

26.2.8
1

~ e-z2 / 2

Pr{X:5x} = . /-

11,,2r

,,2r

;,f% e,,2r -'"

..;hi'" e-

tl 2
/

dt=

<t-m)1

e-~ dt

-CD

=1-

dt=f Z(t)dt
-'"

t2 2
/

IZ

f(Z-ml'tI e_t '/2 dt=P (x-m)

-- .

..j2; -'"

ia> Z(t)dt

11

The corresponding probability density function

IS

26.2.4 A(x)- / fZ e,,2r -z

26.2.5
26.2.6
26.2.7

t2 2
/

dt=f Z(t)dt
-z

P(x)+Q(x)=l
P(-x)=Q(x)
A(x)=2P(x)-1

26.2.9

2.. P (x- m)=! Z (x-m)=

()x

11

11

11

(z-m) 1

1
-2;1
11..j2r

and is symmetric around m, i.e.

Probability Integral with Mean m and Variance u2

A random variable X is said to be normally

distributed 'With mean m and variance 112 if the
probability that X is less than or equal to x is
given by

The inflexion points of the probability density

function are at mu.
See page D.

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

932

Polynomial and Rational Approximations 7 for P(x)

and Z(x)

Power Series (x ~O)

26.2.10

O:::;x<

(X)

26.2.16
1

26.2.11

t=-1+px

1
a>
X 2n + 1
P(X)=Z+Z(X) ~ 1.3.5 ... (2n+1)
p=.33267

ASynIptotic Expansions (x >0)

26.2.12

al=.43618 36
a2=-.12016 76
aa=.93729 80

26.2.17
P(x)= 1-Z(x) (blt+b2t2+bat3+b4t4+b6t6) +E(X),
1

t=l+px

where

IE(x) 1<7.5X 10-8

Z(t) dt
R n -_ ( -1 )n+1 1. 3 . .. (+1)
2n
J.fa> t2n+2

which is less in absolute value than the first

neglected term.

p=.23164 19
bl = .31938 1530
b4=-1.82125 5978
b2 = - .35656 3782
bs =
1.33027 4429
ba= 1.78147 7937

26.2.18

26.2.13

P(X)=I-~ (1 +clx+c2r+cax3+C4X4)-4+E(X)

Z(X) { a l
a2
Q(x) "'-X- 1-- x 2+2+ (x2+2)(x2+4)

IE(X)I<2.5X 10- 4
cI=.196854
c3=.000344

(x2+2)(X2~4) (x 2+6) + ... }

where al=l, a2=1, a3=5, a4=9, u5=129 and the
general term is
a n =col 3 ... (2n-l)+2c 1 l. 3 ... (2n-3)
+22c21 . 3 ... (2n-5) + ... +2,,-lCn _l

and c. is the coefficient of

ttt-I) . . . (t-n+l).

t n-.

c2=.115194

26.2.19
P(x)=I-

1
(1+d 1x+d2x 2+dax3
Z
+d4X4+dsX6+d6X6)-16+E(X)

in the expansion of

IE(X)I<1.5X 10- 7

d 1=.0498673470
~=.02114 10061
da= .00327 76263

Continued Fraction Expansions

26.2.14

26.2.20
(X>O)

c4=.019527

d4=.0000380036
d5=.0000488906
d6 = .00000 53830

Z(x) = (aO+a2x2+a4x4+asX6)-1+E(X)
IE(x) 1<2. 7X 10-a
ao=2.490895
a4=-.024393
a 2= 1.466003
a6= .178257

7 Based on approximations in C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital computers. Princeton Univ. Press,
Princeton, N.J., 1955 (with permission).

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

26.2.21

933

26.2.25

:lex) = (bo+b.zX2+b4X4+bex6+bsx8+bloXlO)-I+ e(x)

IE(X) 1<2.3X 10-4

bo=2.50523 67

b6 =

b2 = 1.28312 04

bg =-.02024 90

b4 = .22647 18

blO=

.13064 69

P(x)

2:
(x>2.2)

.00391 32

Rational Approximationll 7 for Xp where Q(xp)=P

See Figure 26.1 for error curves.

26.2.22

ao=2.30753

b1 =.99229

al= .27061

b2 =.04481

- .006
- .008

26.2.23

FIGURE

26.1.

Error

curVes for
distribution.

bounds

on

normal

Derivatives of the Normal Probability Denllity Function

co=2.515517

d1 = 1.432788

c1 = .802853

d2 = .189269

C2= .010328

da= .001308

26.2.26

d Z(x)
Z(m)(x)=dxm
Differential Equation

Boundll Useful all Approximationll to the Normal

Dilltribution Function

26.2.27

Z<m+2) (x) +xZ(m+I) (x)

+(m+l)z<m)(x)=O

Value at X=O

26.2.28

for m=2r, r=O, 1, ...

(x>1.4)

for odd m>O

934

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
Relation of P(x) and Z(m)(x) to Other Functions

Function

Relation

erf x=2P(x-J2)-1

26.2.29 Error function

26.2.30 Incomplete gamma function (special case)

~(~'x)

r(~) =[2P ($x)-l]

(x~O)

_
"zen)(x)
Hen(x)-(-l) Z(x)

26.2.31 Hermite polynomial

26.2.32

(x~O)

H (x)=(_1)"2,,/2 ze,,) (x..[2)

"
Z(x..[2)

"

(_l)"-I~ZC,,-l) (x)

Hh_" (x) =

26.2.33 Hh function
26.2.34

(n>O)
(n>O)

26.2.35 Tetrachoric function

26.2.36 Confluent hypergeometric function (special
case)

M(!'2 ~'-~)=~{P(X)-!}
2 2
x
2

26.2.37

M(l'~' ~)=xZl(X) {P(X)-~}

26.2.38
26.2.39

M(2m+1,

"

1/

!,_x2\
2

"2)

(2m+2, ~,_ x2)

2

(x)

Z(2m)

(0)

(x)

Z(2m-l)
xZ e2m ) (0)

U(-n-!, x)=e-1z\-l)" ze,,) (x)

26.2.40 Parabolic cylinder function

Z(~

Repeated Integrals of the Nonnal Probability Integral

26.2.41

ZC2m)

In (x)

=1'"

1"_1 (t)dt

(n~O)

where I _1(X)=Z(x)
26.2.42

d
L,,(x)=( - dx

)"-1Z(x) = (_l)n-lze,,-l) (x)

(n~-l)

26.2.43
26.2.44
(n+l)In+l(X) +xI,,(x)-I,,_I(x) =0

(n>-l)

(x~O)

(n>O)

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

26.2.45

Asymptotic Expansion for tbe Inverse Function of an

Arbitrary Distribution Function

In(X)=I.'" (t-,X)" Z(t)dt=e-x2/2 f'" t~ Z(t)dt

z
n.
Jo 11.

Let the cumulative distribution function of

(n>-l)
(n even)

26.2.46

935

Asymptotic Expansions of an Arbitrary Probability

Density Function and Distribution Function

Let Y t (i=l, 2, ... , n) be n

Y = ~ Y j be denoted by F(y). Then the (Cornish;;1;11

Fisher) asymptotic expansion with respect to n for

the value of y, such that F(y,) = I-p is

26.2.49
where
W=X+hlh,(x)]

independent random variables with mean mj,

variance u~, and higher cumulants Kr. j. Then
asymptotic expansions with respect to n for the
probability density and cumulative distribution
function of

+ ['Y2h 2 (x) +Ythll (x) 1

+hah3(X) +'Yl'Y2hI2 (X) +i'fh1ll (x)]
+h4h4 (x) +Y~2(X) +'Yl'YahI3(X) +'Yh~1l2(x)
+'Yfhllll (x)]+ ...

and
Q(x)=p,
26.2.47

r=3,4, ...

26.2.50

f(x) "'Z(x)-[!! Z(3) (X)]+['Y2 Z<4l(x)+ 'Y~ Z(6)(X)]

.
6
24
72

_[~ Z(6) (x) +1'11'2 Z(7) (x) + 'Y~ Z(9)(X)]

120

144

1296

h2(X) =24 He3(X)

+[..1!. Z(6)(X)+ 'Y~ Z(S) (x)+ 'YI'Ya Z(S)(x)

720
1152
720
2
' ]
+J~~~
Z(lO)(x)+31~M
Z(12)(x) +

hi (x) ="6 H e2(X)

1
hll (x)=-36 [2He3(x)+Hel(x)]
...

1
ha(x)=120 [He,(x)]

26.2.48

F(x) ",P(x)

_[1"6 Z(2) (X)]+['Y224 Z(3) (x) +72'Y~ Z(6) (X)]

-[~ Z(4) (x) +1'11'2 Z(6) (x) +--.1L Z(S) (x)]

120

144

1296

+[..1.!. Z(6) (x) + 'Y~ Z(7)(x)+ 'Yt'Ya Z(7)(x)

720
1152
720

+~~~ Z(9)(X)+31~~4 Z(ll)(x)]+ ...

where

hI2 (:B)=-24 [He,(x)+ He 2(X)]

1

hlll (x)=324 [12He.(x)+ 19He 2(x)]

1

h4 (x) =720 Hes(x)

1

h 22 (X) = - 384 [3H e6(x) +6He3(x) +2Hel (x)]

1
h1a(x) =-180 [2He5(x)+3Hea(x)]
1

hll2 (x) =288 [14He 6(X) + 37He a(x) + 8He l(X)]

Terms in brackets are terms of the same order

with respect to n. When the Y have the same
distribution, then mt=m, ~=u2, Kr. t=K r and
j

1
hllU(x) =-7776 [252He5(x) + 832He 3(X)
+227Hel(x)]

Terms in brackets in 26.2.49 are terms of the

same order with respect to n. The He,,(t) are the
Hermite polynomials. (See chapter 22.)

936

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Z(") (x)
[j]
(-1)'"
He . . (x)=(-I)" - ZX)(=n! m-O
E 2m m.'(n -2 m.)' x,,-2m

26.2.51

In the following auxiliary table, the polynomial functions hi (x), h2(x) . . . hU1I (x) are tabulated for

p=.25, .1, .05, .025, .01, .005, .0025, .001, .0005.

Auxiliary coefficienta 8 for uae with Corniah-Fiaher aaymptotic expanaion. 26.2.49
p

.10

.25

1!1~Zl
h,z
hll(z)

hll z)
b Zl
f
hili
biZ
bttZl
hilt z)
bUll x)

hilt

1. 281M
.10706
-.07249
.06106
-.03464
.14644
-.11629
.00227
.00776
.01086
-.10858
.09585

.67449

-.09084

-.07153
.07663
.00398
.00282
-.01428

.00998

-.032811
-.OM26
.14764

-.06398

.025

.05
1. 64485
.28426
-.02018
-.01878
-.04928
.17532
-.11900
-.01082
.05985
.09462
-.39517

.25623

1.95996
.47853

.06872

-.14607
-.04410
.10210
-.02937
-.02357
.09659
.16106
-.55856
.31624

.01

.0025

.005

2.3~

2.57683
.93915
.39012
-.59171
.06010
-.53531
.59757
-.02621
-.01226
.05366
.35696
-.46534

.73582
.23379
-.37634
-.00152
-.17621
. 2~195
-.03176
.07888
.16058
-.32621
.07286

2.80703
l.14657
.57070
-.83890
.14841
-1.02868
1.06301

.001

.0005

8.09022

3.29058
1.63793
1.07320
-l.52234

l.42491
.84331
-1. 21025
.30746
-1.89855
1.86787
.04591

-.00666

-.59060

-.19116
-.17498
1.60445
-1.39199

-.70464
4.29304
-3.32708

.46059

-2.71243
2.62337
.10950
-1.03555
-1.30581
7.23307
-5.40702

From R. A. Fisber. Contributions to matb~matlcal statl~tlcs. Paper 30 (witb E. A. Cornish) Extralt de \a Revue de
1'Institute international de StBtlstique 4. 1-14 (1937) (with permission).

26.3. Bivariate Normal Probability Function

26.3.1

g(x, y, p) =[211'-V1- p2j-l

26.3.2 g(x,y,

exp-~ (x2_~~~+y2)

P)=(I-P')-fZ(X)Z(~;P:2)

means and variances (m~, mil) and (~, O"~) and

correlation p if the joint prObability that X is
less than or equal to hand Y less than or equal to
k is given by
26.3.11

f--;;f_'". , g(s,t,p)!J,(Idt
J~
_'"
II-m.

26.3.3

L(h,k, p)=

L'" i'"

=1'"

dx

1
Pr{X:S;h,Y:S;k}=O'zO'II

g(x,y, p)dy

Z(x)dx flD'" Z(w)dw,

i'"

26.3.6 L(h, -k, -p)=

m,,), - (kmil) )
--;;-;;( (h-

=L -

w=(k-px)

'p

:VI-p'

26.3.4 L(-h,-k, p)= f~", dxf~", g(x,y, p)dy

26.3.5 L( -h, k, - p)= f~", dx

t-m,

g(x, y, p)dy

L'"dxf~",g(X'y, p)dy

The probability density function is

26.3.12
1
-Q
exp
21rO'zO'II-V1- p2
2(1- pi)

1 9 (x-m.,
- - , y-m ll ,p)
O'zlTli
0'"
(1,1

where
26.3.7

L(h, k, p)=L(k, h, p)

26.3.8

L(-h, k, p)+L(h, k, - p)=Q(k)

Q (x-m.,)2 2p(x-m.,)(y-m ,l ) + (Y_~1I)2

cr!

zITI/O'il

o(f

26.3.9 L(-h, -k, p)-L(h,k, p)=P(k)-Q(h)

26.3.10

Circular Normal Probability Denllity Function

* 2[L(h, k, p)+L(h, k, -p)+P(h)-Q(k)]-1

=

f~hdxf~l: g(x, y, p)dy

Probability Function With Meanll m z , rn u, Variancell

cr!, V!, and Correlation p

The random variables X, Yare said to be distributed as a bivariate Normal distribution with
See page II.

26.3.13
1 g

0'2

(X-

m"

y- mil

-0'-' -0'-'

0)-

21r0'

~exp

(x-m.,)2+(y-m r )2
2~

937

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
L(h, k, p) as a Function of L(h, 0, p)

Special Values of L(h, k, p)

26.3.20

L(h, k, O)=Q(h)Q(k)

26.3.14

L(h k ) =L (h 0 (ph-k) (sgn h)

, ,p
, '.Jh 2-2 phk+k2

(h+k~O)

L(h,k, -1)=0

26.3.15

(h+k~O)

26.3.16 L(h,k, -l)=P(h)-Q(k)

26.3.17

L(h, k, l)=Q(h)

(k~h)

26.3.18

L(h,k,l)=Q(k)

(k~h)

+L(k 0 (pk-h) (sgn k))

, '.Jh 2 -2phk+k2

if hk>O or hk=O
and h+k~O
otherwise

L(OO )=!+arcsin p

26.3.19

"P

where sgn h=l if h20 and sgn h= -1 if h<O.

211"

P
.24

v
I

I
-.2

-.4

-.5

-.6

-.7

-.8

L
'/
/

V'

VV

V :/ /

~/

./

1/

.15

.20

17'

[7

V y /V y /V
V

7
.07

1/
;;

[/

V V

.08

/
/

"V

./

"'"

l/

./

./

V
/

./

V
V

;I
.05

/
.04

/
/

.03

"
./

.02

./

./

.06

.01

V"

-'

---

.10

V / V V V V" V
V V '" V V / l/" 1/

~ ~ ~ 1--~ I--

-1.0 ~
o .05

V
V
V "'"/ V . /V
V
~V
I--'"
I./'
~
V
---V V V V V
L...-- ~
. / ~ ~V V
....
V V ..... I-~
V
~
V
I-.........
.-V
~
.-

"'/"

V l7/

1/
/

.09

./

./

./

/
V

V 1/ /'V V
V V V ./'V V
V

7
/

./

V/ V/

.10

.12

1/

V
/
/

.14

.16

/ '/

VV
-.9

V
v

-.3

.18

.20

.22

.25

i""""

.30

FIGURE

.35

.40

.45

26.2. L(h, 0,

.50
p)

.55

.60

.65

.70

.75

for 0 ~h ~ 1 and -1 ~p ~o.

Values tor 11<0 can be obtained using L(II, 0, -p)_j-L(-II, 0, pl.

.80

.85

.90

.95

1.00

938

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

p
.48
1.0

.46

.44

.42

.40

.38

.36

~/

//

.26

iI

oil
o

V J V
V
I

/
V

II

II

/ V

.14

IV

IV V l! V V V
/ / / / /
I

1/
.10

/
J

/
.015

.16

.18

II

.20

.2/

-'.

;/

.22

.24

't'

/V

1/

.I

,
J

.28

/ /
L 1/ J I / /
/ / L / / I I V/ /
V J
/ V V / / /
J
1
V
/
I / II V /
L V
V J
I
/
J J
/ / /
/
/ / lL' V V V V li
I I VI
/
I VL Z /
V

1/

Sv

.3

V /

./

.30

.8

.32

V J J
/'
J
I
V'
V ""
1/
/
V V / V V /
V
V
V /
/'
/
l!': J V /

P"'" t/"
V V
V

.9 V

.34

V/ 'I

.115

1/
.20

/
.215

/
.30

FIGURE

/
/

.315

26.3.

.40

L(h, 0,

.I
.150
p)

.1515

.60

/
.615

II
V

.70

for 0 ~h ~1 and 0 ~p ~1.

//

Lr

'08

V.I I 1.1

Values for II<Oean be obtained using L(II, 0, -p)-!-L(-II, 0, pl.

/
.10

/
.715

.12

/
.415

V
I

.80

.815

.90

.915

1.00

939

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
p
.14
1.0

.10

.12

.09

.08

.OS

.07

.04

.05

.02

.03

II

.01

II

.9

.8

J II

.7

1/
.S

I I

v II

.4

II

II

11

v II

V
I

oV
Iv

1/

1/

/
.3 1
1/

./

.".v

V
V

,.... V

lL
L
/
/

L
/

0/

1/

,/

.,/

,./
V

1/

,./

i--'

lL
/

/"

,SV

--'-

/
/

I
J

lL

IL

V
j

/'
i-'"

JV
V

.5

II

/V

.4 /

1/

.zV 1/

.7

J
;/

1/

"

V If
1/

I
/

;1

:1

I
V II

1
'/

IJ

IV

1/

J II
1/ V J

I
/

II

II

II

1/)

II I
I

V J II

v I v

II

/
1/ J II
II

1/

~l

1/

/"

,./

.8

.9

1.0
1.00 LOS 1.10 1.15 L20 L25 1.30 1.35 lAO 1.45 1.50 1.55 I.SO I.S5 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 L95 2.00 205 2JO 2.15 2.20 225 2.302.35 2110 2AS 2.50
FIGURE

26.4.

L(h, 0, p) for h~l and -1 ~p~l.

Values for 11<0 0811 be obtained 'USing L(h, 0, -p)=!-L(-h, 0, p.)

940

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
Approximation to P(WI2, r2)

Integral Over an Ellipse With Center at (mz, mu)

26.3.25

26.3.21

A pprox;mation

Condition

2r

2R2
4+R2 exp- 4+R2

R<1

where A is the area enclosed by the ellipse

26.3.26 P(XI)

R>l

26.3.27 P(X2)

R>5

Integral Over an Arbitrary Region

26.3.22

f'fJA~~

p) dxdy

(qzqu)-Ig (x-m z, y-m u,

=f'Jf

R, r both large
g(s, t, o)dsdt

A( I)

where A *(s, t) is the transformed region obtained

from the transformation

Inequality

26.3.28
2

Q(h) _lh- Pk Z(k) [Q

p -

(~pk )]<L(h, k, p)< Q(h)

-v 1-p2

where
ph-k>O,
Series Expansion

26.3.29
L(h, k, p)=Q(h)Q(k)
Integral of the Circular Normal Probability Function
With Parameters mz=mu=O, .,.=1 Over the Triangle
Bounded by y=O, y=ax, x=h

to

+ Z("~~~;";(k)

p,,+1

26.4. Chi-Square Probability Function

26.4.1

26.3.23

V(h, ah)=~ f"

2'11' Jo

az

Jo

P(X2Iv)=[2./2r

(~)rl.c

(t)2- e-2dt

e-t(Z2+u2)dxdy

1
1
=4+ L (h,O, p)-L(O, 0, p)- '2 Q(h)

where

(O:;;X2< CD)
26.4.2
Q(X2/V) = I-P(x 2/v)

=[2,/2

P=--v'1+a2

J- 1:

r (~)

< 00)

(O:$x2

(t)

~-I e-i dt

Relation to Normal Distribution

Integral of Circular Normal Distribution Over an Offset
Circle With Radius R.,. and Center a Distance r.,. From
(m z, mu)

26.3.24

fA f q-2g cx~mz, Y qmu, 0)

Let X h X 2 , , X, be independent and identically distributed random variables each following

a normal distribution with mean zero and unit
variance.

dxdy=P(R 212, r 2)

where P(R2/2, r 2) is the c.d.!. of the non-central

X2 distribution (see 26.4.25) with 11=2 degrees of
freedom and noncentrality parameter r.

Then X2=X1 is said to follow the

I-I

chi-square distribution with v degrees of freedom

and the probability that X2:$X2 is given by P(x2 /v).
Cumulants

26.4.3
Se.. page

(n=O, 1, ... )
II.

941

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Approximations ,to the Chi-Square Distribution for

Large"

Series Expansions

26.4.4

26.4.13
Approzimation

'-1

X2r-1

QCx

Q( x2 1,,)=2Q(X)+2Z(X)f.;i 135 ... (2r-l)

/,,)

~Q(Xl)'

Condition

xl=~--V2" 1

(,,>100)

26.4.14
(" odd) and x=-{X2

Q(x2 1,,) "." Q(XJ) ,

26.4.5
26.4.15

60
h,=-h80

Q(X2 /,,) "."Q(x2+h,),

(" even)
26.4.6

{ 1+ ~ (,,+2) (,,+~~ ... (,,+2r) }

"

Pcx21,,)=_I- ~ (-1)"CX /2)i+t\

r (i) n-O

II..

/leo

+l.6
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.6

-.0005
+.0002
.001 7
.0043
.0082

- - - -- - - -1.0
-.6
.0
+.5
1.0

-.0118
-.0067
-.0033
-.0010
+.0001

+.0006
.0006
+.0002
-.0003
-.0006

Approximations for the Inverse Function for Large "

If Q(x~I")=p and QCx,,)=l-P(x,,)=p, then

26.4.7

II..

-3,6
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5

(,,>30)

"
Value8 of hrJJ

n! (i+n)

Approximation

26.4.16

x~".,,~ {x"+-V2,,

26.4.17

x'".""

26.4.18

x~~".{ 1

Recurrence and Differential RelatiolUl

26.4.8

1/

I}

Condition

(,,>100)

{1-~+X
g,," #,}3
9"
:,,+(xp-h.)-J

26.4.9

(,,>30)

:,,}3

(,,>30)

where h, is given by 26.4.15.

Continued Fraction

Relation to Other Functions

26.4.19 Incomplete gamma function

26.4.10

'Y(a, x) ==Plx'I,,)

rea)

1-,,/2

2-11/2

r/2+ ~ r/2+ ~

2
X2 / 2+.

Asymptotic Distribution for Large

JI

x2 _ "
where z==-.J2;
Asymptotic Expansions for Large Xl

26.4.12

..

,,=2a, x2=2x

rea, x) =Q( 'I )

rCa)
x"

..

26.4.20 Pearson's incomplete gamma function

I(u,p)

1
r(p+l)

Jof

u 'b)+1

1/

_I

t e dt=PCx

I,,)

,,=2(p+l), x 2=2u-Vp+l

26.4.21 Poisson distribution

942

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

26.4.22

Pearson Type III

Non-Central

[a:Jbf~a( l+~Jb e- b1dt=P(x 2Jv)

)(2

Distribution Function

26.4.25

v=2ab+2, x2=2b(x+a)
26.4.23

Incomplete moments of Normal distribu-

tion

'"

io

t"Z(t)dt=

{(n_l)!! P(;Jv)

(n even)

(n-;;]!!
P(x Jv)
211"

(n odd)

Relation of Non-Central )(2 Distribution With v=2 to the

Integral of Circular Normal Distribution (.,.2= 1) Over
an Offset Circle Having Radius R and Center a Distance r=.,fi. From the Origin. (See 26.3.24-26.3.27.)

x2 =r, v=n+l
26.4.24

where A~O is termed the non-centrality parameter.

26.4.26

Generalized Laguerre Polynomials

Approximations

to

the Non-Central

a=v+A
A pproximating Function

)(2

Distribution

b=V+A

Approximation

distribution

26.4.27

X2

26.4.28

Normal distribution

26.4.29

Normal distribution

P(X'2JV, A) ..,P(x) ,

Approximations to the Inverse Function of Non-Central

)(2 Distribution

If Q(X~2JV, A)=P, Q(x;Jv*)=p, and Q(xp)=P then

A pproximating Variable

26.4.30

X2

26.4.31

Normal

26.4.32

Normal

Approximation to the Inverse Function

.-

Properties of Chi-Square, Non-Central Chi-Square, and Related Quantities

a =0+>'
",(z) -~

Men

Variable

26.4.33

xl

26.4.34 -./2x'
26.4.35

In r(z)

>.

b=o+>.
d'

",,(z) - dz' "'(2)

Varicmc:t

Coefficient of dewnu, ('YI)

2'11

"

2.

(2,,-I)i{I+[l6.(,,-I)]-I}+0('-'1f)

1-.!.-ht..!..-O(,rl)
4" 8". 64..

_I
1]
.,f2. [14
8" -128'" +0(.-'11)

31 [
2i;i

2 104
32.-3'''''

2711 [ 1+ 8 ] +0(.-7/1)
32,,/1
32

-.!
[1~]+0(.-.)
9.
9"

80

1-32.~0("")

(X'M'II

26.4.36

In (x',,,) '" (!:)-In

(~)=-~-htO("")
2
2
"3,,.

26.4.37

x"

12.-1

..;;

O(,rl)

1
"" (!:)=.2...
-]+0,,_1)-1)
2
,,-1 [1-3(.-1)'

",,,(!:)
"" G)'/I
2 )1/1

12 (l+3b)
Ii (l+b)'

26.4.38 ..J2ili

[2a-(I+1]t+O(a-Ilf)

(1+1_:1 [8b+(I+1 (1-7b)]+0(a-')

a-i(l-b) (l+3b) +0(a-1)

2i (l+b)'/I

26.4.39

1-3221+b
,,-3'~ a'~+O(a-')

~ a-I(I+I>J~
a-tlJI+O(a-')
27

2 ) ' " bla- t +O(a-'II )

( l+b

(0 4
4] +0.-1)-1)
"" G)" = ,,-1 [1 '3(.-1)2

'
(H2b)a-t

~
~

3] +0( ....)
1~

",(I)

2a(l+b)

1+1>

I'll

=-.J':1 [1-2("~I).]+0.-I)-t/l)

(x"'a)11I

OoejJident of trCU' ('Y')

I
~

3b(bH) :t O(a-I)
(l+b)"

4 (1+3b+l2bI-44bI)
a(l+bj'

:ii

O(a-')

CA:I

944

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

26.5. Incomplete Beta Function

Continued Fractions

26.5.8
(O~x~l)

/z(a, b)

X(I-X)&{ 1 d l dz
}
aB(a, b) 1+ 1+ 1+ .. ,

(a+m)(a+b+m)
d2m + I =- (a+2m)(a+2m+1) x

26.5.2

/z(a, b) =1- /I-z(b,a)

d
Zm

Relation to the Chi-Square Distribution

If X~ and X~ are independen t random variables

following chi-square distributions 26.4.1 with "I
and "2 degrees of freedom respectively, then

X~!~X~ is said to follow a beta distribution with

"I and "z degrees of freedom and has the distribution function

a-I
Best results are obtained when x<a+b-2'
Also the 4m and 4m+l convergents are less than
Iz(a, b) and the 4m+2, 4m+3 convergents are
greater than /r(a, b).
26.5.9

26.5.3

X~ < } _
rz
p{ X~+X~_x
- B(a, b) Jo t
I

a-I(

I-t

)&-Id

*
t

26.5.4

{I+:t B(a+I,n+l) xft+l}

n_ o B(a+b,n+l)

el=I

m(a+b-I+m)
x
eZm + 1=(a+2m_I)(a+2m) I-x

Series Expansions (O<x<l)

X(l-x)&
aB(a,b)

x<1

(a+m-l)(b-m)
x
eZm =-(a+2m-2)(a+2m-li I-x

a=~, b=]

=/z(a,b)

m(b-m)
(a+2m-I)(a+2m) x

Recurrence Relations

26.5.10

/z(a, b) =x/z(a-l, b) + (l-x)/z(a,b-l)

26.5.11

26.5.5

X(l-x)&-I

/z(a, b)=-{Iz(a+ 1, b) - (l-x)/z(a+ 1, b-l) }

Iz(a, b)= aB(a, b)

B(a+l,n+l) ( X )"+I}
{ 1+i:
n-O B(b-n-I, n+l)
I-x
X(l-x)&-I
aB(a, b)

26.5.12

~z(a,b)=]a(1_1x)+b{blz(a,b+l)

+a(1-x)/.(a+l,b-l) )

B(a+l,n+l) (~)"+I}
{ I+~ B(b-n-I,
n+I) I-x

26.5.13

n-O

+/z(a+8, b-8)
26.5.6

/.(a,b)= a+b {a/z(a+l ,b)+b/z(a,b+l)}

26.5.14

I-/z(a, b)=II_z(b,a)
_(l_x)&a-I

- B(a, b)

t.; (-1)

i(a-I)
.i

(I-x)i .

b+C (mteger It)

26.5.15

/.(a, b) =

26.5.7

I-I.(a, b) =/I-%(b, a)
a-I (a+b-I)
( - .r
= (l-x)a+&-I ~
.
t
I-x

.-0

r(~~0~)(b) X(l-x)O-I+/.,(a+ 1, b-l)

26.5.16

)i (integel' a)

_ r(a+b)
&
i.(a,b)-r(a+I)f(b) ,rD(l-x) +/z(a+l,b)

945

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
Asymptotic Expansions

. tit k en negatIve
. w h en x
an d y IS

< a+b-2
a-I

Approximations

26.5.20 If

(a+b-l)(l-x)~.8

fx(a, b) =Q(x2 /v) +E,

/E/<5X 10- 3 if a+b>6

x2= (a+b-l) (I-x) (3-x)- (l-x)(b-l),
v=2b

26.5.18
w

J( b)",r(a,W)+e- w"{(a-l-W)
%

a,

rea)

rea)

2b

+_1_
(~_~ a2+~ a-!-w [~a2_!! a+!]
(2b)2 2 3
2
3
2
6
3
2

+w

(~ a-~)-~ w) }

26.5.21 If (a+b-l) (I-x)

~.8

fx(a, b)=P(Y)+E,

/E/<5X 10- 3 if a+b>6

3 [WI

W=bC~x)
Y

(1-~)-W2 (l-ta)]
[1+:~]!
'
wI=(bx)1/3, w2=[a(l-x)Jl/3

Approximation to the Inverse Function

26.5.22 If Ix p (a, b)=p and Q(yp)=P then

h=2 ( 2a-l+2b-l

)-1'

Relations to Other Functions and Distributions

Function

Relation

X'

a F(a, I-bi a+li x) =1% (a, b)

26.5.23 Hypergeometric function

B(a, b)

26.5.24 Binomia.l distribution

(n)p'(I_P) "-'=Ip(a, n-'a+l)

.-a
8

26.5.25

"

26.5.26 Negative binomial distrl bution

v

26.5.27 Student's distribution

X=v+t2

26.5.28 F-(variance-ratio) distribution

See

pa~ II.

946

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

26.6. F-(Variance-Ratio) Distribution Function

26.6.5

26.6.1

Q(FIIII> 112)=1- (l-xytl 2 [1+~ X+" I(;I.!2) X2+ . ..

(112 even)

where

Relation to the Chi-Square Distribution

(III even)

If Xf and X~ are independent random variables

following chi-square distributions 26.4.1 with VI
and 112 degrees of freedom respectively, then the
distribution of F= XX~//jll is said to follow the
2 112
variance ratio or F-distribution with III and 112
degrees of freedom. The corresponding distribution function is P(Fjlll) 112)'

(V2 even)

26.6.8

Statistical Properties

26.6.3

Q(FIII I, 112)=I-A(tI1l2)+~(III' 112)

mean:
vanance: (1'2

2~(Jll+1I2-2)

III (112-2)2(112-4)

third central moment:

e
l(~);

_("2)3
8111 (III +1I2- 2 H2111 +112-2)
"I
(112- 2)3(112- (112-6)

J.L3- -

4)

moments about the origin:

n

'(V2)

J.Lft=;;

r (~)

,in, eo,",

{H

112+ 1 sin 2 8+ ...

3

r (~)

Vt

where

Series Expansions

26.6.4

Reflexive Relation

"2)=X'2/2[1+~(1-X)+"2(;2.!2)(1_X)2+'

+"2(" 2+2) ... (112+ 11 1- 4) (I_X)'1;2]

24 ... (111-2)

-"See
-page
-n.

(112+ 1) (112+3) . .. (VI +V2-4) sin'1-3 8}

35 ... (111-2)

o for

Q(Fjlll>

1
),

r ("1+2n) r (" 1-2n)

characteristic function:

..

If Fp(III' 112) and F I_p(1I2, VI) satisfy

Q(Fp(v" V2) lVI, V2) =p

(VI even)
Q(FI_p(V2, 1I1)lv2, 1I1)=I-p

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

26.6.9

then

947

26.6.15
1

Relation to Student's t-Distribution Function (See 26.7)

t={F
Approximation to the Inverse Function

Limiting Forms

26.6.16 If Q(F"lvI, Jl2)=P, then

26.6.11
lim Q(Flvl, V2)=Q(x 2 IVI),

Fp "'" e21D where w is given by 26.5.22, with

PH'"

vI=2b, v2=2a

26.6.12
Non-Central F-Distribution Function

lim Q(Flvl, V2)=P(x2Iv2)'

26.6.17

"1~(D

Approximations

26.6.13
where

Q(Flvh Jl2) "",Q(x) ,

(JlI and V2 large)
26.6.14

p,+2i-2
-(.,+2i+-2)/2
X t -2 - [V2+(VI+2i)tj
and >.;::: 0 is termed the non-centrality parameter.
Relation of Non-Central F-Distribution Function to Other Functions

Function

26.6,18 F-distribution

Relation

P(F'/vI' V2, >.)=

:t
e-'W 2 (>'/'7)1 P(F'/VI+2j,V2)
i-O
J.

P(F'lvh V2, >'=O)=P(F'IJI!, V2)

26.6.19

Non-central t-distribution

26.6.20 Incomplete Beta function

26.6.21

P(F'IJlI=l, V2, >.)=P(t' lv, 15), t' =,jF', V=V2, 15=,j)..

~ e-)./2 (>./2)1
I (~+. ~)
P(F 'I JlI, V2 )= 4--'
'r:r 2 J, 2 '
J=O
J.

Confluent hypergeometric function

Xi+\l-x)~-i-JM (VI;V2, ~+i+l, ;x)

(V2 even and x VI;'2+ V)
'See page II.

'\J

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

948

is called Student's t-distribution with v degrees of

Series Expansion

26.6.22

The probability that IX will be less

-v X2/V
in absolute value than a fixed constant t is

freedom.

where
To=1
1

Tl=2 (Vl+V2- 2 +>'X)

I-x

I-x
T
Ti=~ [(vl+vz-2i+>.x)T'-1+>'(l-X) 1-21

where
v
x= v+i 2
Limiting Forms

Statistical Properties

26.6.23

26.7.2
mean:

m=O

26.6.24
variance:

lim P(F'lv]) vz,>') = Q(x 2Iv),

"1-'=

skrwness: 'YJ=O
Approximations to the Non-Central F-Distribution

26.6.25 P(F'lvbv2,>') ~P(XI)'

(VI and V2 large)

rxcl'ss:
moments:

wherr

13 ... (2n-I)v"
(v-2) (v-4) . . . (v-2n)

(v>2n)

~2n+I=O

(,haracteristic function:

- [ (.

26.6.26

It I ),12

~)J 7rr(v/2)
~

l'Xp tt -JX2/V

cf>(t)-E

F=~ F', v*
VI+>'
1

(ill)

Y ~-J;

Series Expansions

26.6.27
26.7.3

2{ O+sin [cos ')

:;;:

26.7. Student's t-Distribution

freedom, then the distribution of the ratio

-Jx2/v

2
- 0
7r

26.7.4

0+ ...

('OS3

+2__
.4_._._.-'.(v_-_3-,-) cos- 2 OJ}
*
13 ... (v-2)
(v> 1 and odd)

A(tlv)=

If X is a random variable following a normal

distribution with mean zero and variance unity,
and X2 is a random variable following an independent chi-square distribution with v degrees of

O+~

(v=1)

. {+2I I . 3('os

A(tlv) =S111 0

+1 35

('08

0+ 2.4

0+ ...

... (v-3) COS,-2 0 '))

246 ... (v-2)

----

(v even)

949

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
Approximation for Large.

Asymptotic Expansion for the Inverse Function

If A(t,,/,,)=I-2p and Q(x,,)=p, then

26.7.5
t

p"'-'X"

+gl(X,,) +g2(X,,) +ga(X,,)

,,2

"

,;

26.7.8 A(t/,,) -=:::2P(x)-1,

+ ...

1
gl(x)=4 (x 3 +x)
1
g2(X) =96

Non-Central t-Distribution

26.7.9

(5:t+ 16xB+3x)

P(t'/",

1
g3(x)=384 (3x 7 +19:t+17xB-I5x)

8)=

f" , )2
.+1
~BG'~) -.., ("~r e-"2

.W Hh.

(-8)
-vv+: dx

I (~!+J')
2j!:r 2'2
I

X=,,+t'2

1 N'

g.(x) =92!60 (79x + 776x

+I482x -1920xB-945x)
5

Limiting Distribution

26.7.6

lim A(t/,,)= ro=

1

,,21r

~..,

I'

=1-';'"

f:g e

e- /2dx=A(t)
x2

a.

b.

A(t/,,) -=:::1-2

_,2/2

(8 /2)1

"

where 8 is termed the non-centrality parameter.

-I

Approximation for Large Values of t and .. ~5

26.7.7

Approximation to the Non-Central t-Distribution

{~:+ t~~l}

26.7.10

.3183
.0000

.4991
.0518

1.1094
-.0460

3.0941
-2.756

where x

9.948
-14.05

Numerical Methods
26.8. Methods of Generating Random Numbers and Their Applications 9
Experience has shown that the congruence
Random digits are digits generated by repeated
independent drawings from the population 0, 1,
method is the most preferable device for genera.ting
2, ... , 9 where the probability of selecting any
random numbers on a computer. Let the sequence
digit is one-tenth. This is equivalent to putting
of pseudo-rand'om numbers be denoted by {X,,},
10 balls, numbered from 0 to 9, into an urn and
n=O, 1, 2, . . .. Then the congruence method
drawing one ball at a time, replacing the ball
of generating pseudo-random numbers is
after each drawing. The recorded set of numbers
X,,+I=aX,,+b(mod T)
forms a collection of random digits. Any group of
n successive random digits is known as a random
where band T are relatively prime. The choice
number.
of T is determined by the capacity and base of the
Several lengthy tables of random digits are
computer; a and b are chosen so that: (1) the reavailable (see references). However, the use of
sulting sequence {X,,} possesses the desired starandom numbers in electronic computers has retistical properties of random numbers, (2) the
sulted in a need for random numbers to be genperiod of the sequence is as long as possible, and
erated in a completely deterministic way. The
(3) the speed of generatIOn is fast. A guide for
numbers so generated are termed pseudo-random
choosing a and b is to make the correlation
numbers. The quality of pseudo-random numbetween the numbers be near zero, e.g., the correlabers is determined by subjecting the numbers to
tion between X" and X"+8 is
several statistical tests, see [26.55), [26.56). The
purpose of these statistical tests is to detect any
I-6~(1-~)
properties of the pseudo-random numbers which
p,=
T
T +e
a,
are different from the (conceptual) properties of
random numbers.
where
a.=a' (mod T)
v The authors wish to express their appreciation to
b,= (1 +a+a2 + . . . +a,-l)b (mod T)
Professor .J. W. Tukey who mnde many penetrating and
helpful suggestions in this section.
/e/<a,/T
'See page

II.

950

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

which occur in

X,,+.=a.Xn+b. (mod T)
When a is chosen so that a"'" J'112, the correlation
PI"'" T-1/ 2
The sequence defined by the multiplicative
congruence method will have a full period of T
numbers if
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

b is relatively prime to T
a= 1 (mod p) if p is n prime factor of T
a= 1 (mod 4) if 4 is a factor of T.

Consequently if T=2 Q, b nel'd only be odd, and

a=l (mod 4). When T=lO Q, b need only be not

divisible by 2 or 5, and a= 1 (mod 20). The
most convenient choices for a are of the form
a=2 s +1 (for binary computers) and a=10s+1
(for decimal computers). This results in the
fastest generation of random numbers as the
operations only require a shift operation plus
two additions. Also any number can serve as
the starting point to generate II sequence of
random digits. A good summary of generating
pseudo-random numbers is [26.51].
Below are listed various congruence schemes
and their properties.

Congruence methods for generating random numbers

X.+I=aX.+b(mod T), Tand b relatively prime
a

Period

Xo

26.8.1

l+t

odd

T=t

O~Xo<T

26.8.2

r2'1 (r odd,

T=t.

tv-

26.8.3

r2'1 (r odd,

T=t1

(varies)

26.8.4

71.. '

T=10'

510v-1

26.8.5

3..+1
(.=0,2,3,4)

T=10'

510v-'

relatively
prime to
T
relatively
prime to
T
relatively
prime to
T
relatively
prime to
T

'~2)

.~2)

10

T=2", Xo unknown; a=27+I, b=l; T=217. a=2'+I,

b=29741 09625 8473. Xo=76293 94531 25.
T=2 IO , 212, Xo=I; a=517 (8=2)
T=2", Xo=I; T=2", Xo=I-2-", .5478126193; a=511 (,=2)
T=2", Xo=l; a=5"(8=2)
T=2"+I, Xo=10,987,654,321; a=23; period "" 10'
T=10'+I, Xo=47,594,118; a=23; period "" 5.8X 10'
T=10 1O, Xo=l; a=7
T=10", Xo=l; a=7"

Xo given is the starting point for random numbers when statistical tests were made.

When the numbers are generated using a congruence scheme, the least significant digits have
short periods. Hence the entire word length cannot be used. If one desired random numbers with
as many digits as possible, one would have to
modify the congruence schemes. One way is to
generate the numbers mod T 1. This unfortunately reduces the period.
Generation of RandolD Deviates

Let {X} be a generated sequence of independent

random numbers having the domain (0, T).
Then {U} = {T-'X} is a sequence of random
deviates (numbers) from a uniform distribution
on the interval (0, 1). This is usually a necessary
preliminary step in the generation of random
deviates having a given cumulative distribution
function F(y) or probability density function fey).
Below are summarized some general techniques

See page n.

Sp.lcial cases for which random numbers have passed statistical

tests for randomness 10

for producing arbitrary random deviates. (In

what follows {U} will always denote a sequence of
random deviates from a uniform distribution on
the interval (0, 1).)
1. Inverse Method

The solutions {y} of the equations {u=F(y)}

form a sequllnce of independent random deviates
with cumulative distribution function F(y). (If
F(y) has a discontinuity at y=Yo, then whenever u
is such that F(yo-O) u<F(yo) , select Yo as the
corresponding deviate.) Generally the inverse
method is not practical unless the inverse function
y=F-'(u) can be obtained explicitly or can be
conveniently approximated.

<

2. Generating a Discrete Random Variable

Let Y be a discrete random variable with point

probabilities PI=Pr{ Y=yd for i=l, 2, . . . .

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

The direct way to generate Y is to generate {U}

and put Y=YI if
PI+P2+ . . . +Pi-I<U<PI+P2+ . . . +Pi.

However, this method requires complicated machine programs that take too long.
An alternative way due to Marsaglia [26.531
is simple, fast, and seems to be well suited to highspeed computations. Let PI for i= 1, 2, . . . , n
be expressed by k decimal digits as Pi=.OliOU . . .
Oki where the o's are the decimal di~its. (If the
domain of the random variable is infinite, it is
necessary to truncate the prohability distribution at Pn.) Define
n

Po=cO, P,= 10-' ~ OTi for r= 1, 2, ... , k, and

j=)

II.= 2: IO'Pr , s= 1, 2, . . . , k.
T=O

Number the computer memory locations by 0,

1, 2, . . . ,ITk-I. The memory locations are
divided into k mutually exclusive sets such that
the sth set consists of memory locations IT s-- I,
ITs_I+I, . . . ,ITs-I.
The information stored
in the memory locations of the sth set consists of
VI in 081 locations, Y2 in OS2 locations, . . . , Yn
in osn locations.
Denote the decimal expansion of the uniform
deviates generated by the computer by u
= dl d2d3 and finally let a {m} be the COIltents of memory location m. Then if

951

and thus Po=O, P I=.9, P 2 =.07, P 3 =.027,

P 4 =.0030 from which ITo=O, IT I =9, IT2=I6,
II 3=43, II4=73. The 73 memory locations are
divided into 4 mutually exclusive sets such that

Set

Memory Locations

1
2
3
4

0, 1, . . . , 8
9, 10, . . . , 15
16, . . . , 42
43, . . . , 72

Among the nine memory locations of set 1, zero

is stored 010=3 times, 1 is stored Oll =4 times, 2 is
stored 012=2 times; the seven locations of set 2
store
020=2 times and 3 023=5 times; etc.
A summary of the memory locations is set out
below:
Value of Random Variable
o 1 234 5

Freq uency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency

(set
(set
(set
(set

1)
2)
3)
4)

2 0 0
794
7 6 8

5 o

Then to generate the random variables if

0$u<.9
.9$u<.97
.97$u<.997
.997 ~u<l.OOO

put

y=a{dd
y=a{ dl d2 -81}
y=a{ dl d2d3 -954}
y=a{ dl d2d3d4 -9927}

3. Generating a Continuous Random Variable

put

This method is perhaps the best all-around

method for generating random deviates from a
discrete distribution. In order to illustrate this
method consider the problem of generating
deviates from the oinomial distribution with point
probabilities

PI=(~) pi(1_p)n-i
for n=5 and p=.20. The point probabilities to
4 Dare
Value oj
Random Variable Point Probabilitie8
o
Po=0.3277
1
PI= .4096
2
P2= .2048
3
7>3= .0512
4
P4= .0064
5
Ps= .0003

The method for generating deviates from a

discrete distribution can be adapted to random
variables having a continuous distribution. Let
F(y) be the cumulative distribution function and
assume that the domain of the random variable
is (a,b) where the interval is finite. (If the
domain is infinite, it must be truncated at (say)
the points a and b.) Divide the interval (b-a)
into n sub-intervals of length
(nl1=b-a) such
that the boundary of the ith interval is (Yi-I, Vi)
where Yi=a+il1 for i=O, 1, . . . ,n. Now
define a discrete distribution having domain

11

{ Zi=Yi+t- l }
with point probabilities Pi=F(Yi)-F(Yt-I).
Finally, let W be a random variable having a
"b
'
um'form d
Istrl
utlOn
on
done by setting W =

(11
-2' 211).

11(U -~}

Th'IS can b e
Then random

952

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

deviat.es from t.he distribution function F(y) , can

be generated (approximately) by setting y=z+w
=z+.1 (u-D'

This is simply an approximate

decompositio.n of the continuous random variable

into the sum of a discrete and continuous random
variable. The discrete variable can be generated
quickly by the method described previously.
The smaller the value of .1 the better will be the
approximation. Each number can be generat.ed
by using the leading digits of U to generate the
discrete random variable Z and the remaining
digits forming a uniformly distributed deviate
having (0,1) domain.
4. Acceptance-Rejection Methods

In what follows the random variable Y will be

assumed to have finite domain (a, b). If the
domain is infinite, it must be truncated for computational purposes at (say) the points a and b.
Then the resulting random deviates will only have
this truncated domain.
a) Let J be the maximum of J(y). Then the
procedure for generating random deviates is:
(1) generate a pair of uniform deviates U I , U2 ;
(2) compute a point y=a+ (b-a)u2 in (a, b);
(3) if uI<J(y)1J accept y as the random deviate,
otherwise reject the pair (UI, U2) and start again.
The acceptance ratio of deviates actually produced
is [(b-a)JJ-I. Hence the acceptance ratio decreases as the domain increases. One way to
increase the acceptance ratio is to divide the
interval Ca, b) into mutually exclusive subintervals and then carry out the acceptancerejection process. For this purpose let the interval
Ca, b) be divided into k sub-intervals such th at the
end points of the jth interval are (~j_I' ~j) with
Ej
~o=a, h=b and
J(y)dy=pj; further let the

Ej _ 1

maximum ofJ(y) in thejth interval beJj. Then to

generate random deviates from J(y), generate
n pairs of deviates (UIs,U2s)s=I, 2, . . . , n.
Assign [npj] such pairs to the jth interval and
compute yj=~j-1+(~j-~j-1)U2S' If uIs<J(YJ)!Jj
accept Yi as a deviate. The acceptance ratio of
this method is

viates having the probability density function

J(y) is: (1) generate UJ, U2, U3; (2) define z=a
+ (b-a)u3; (3) if both UI<

f~;)

and U2< Jj:) ,

take z as the random deviate; otherwise take

another sample of three uniform deviates. The
acceptance ratio of this method is [(b-a)Jd2]-1
and can be increased by dividing (a, b) into subintervals as in the previous case.
c) Let the probability density function of Y be
J(y) =

ill

g(y, t)dt,

(a~t~{3), (a~y~b).

Let g be the maximum of g(y, t). Then "the procedure for generating random deviates having the
probability density function J(y) is: (1) generate
U l , U2, U3; (2) define S=a+ ({3-a)u2; z=a+
(b-a)u3; (3) if UI< g(z, s), take z as the random
g
deviate; otherwise take another sample of three.
The acceptance ratio for this method is [(b-a)gJ- I
and can be increased by dividing t.he domain of
t and y into sub-domains.
5. Composition Method

Let gz(y) be a probability density function

which depends on the parameter z; further let
H(z) be the cumulative distribution function for z.
In order to generate random deviates Y having
the frequency function
J(y) =

i:

gz(y)dH(z)

one draws a deviate having the cumulative distribution function H(z); then draws a second sample
having the probability density function gz(y).
6. Generation of Random Deviates From Well Known
Distributions
a. Normal distribution

(1) Inverse method: The inverse method depends

on having a convenient approximation to the
inverse function X=P-I(U) where

Two ways of performing this operation are to (i)

use 26.2.23 with t=(ln
b) Let F(y) be such that J(y)=JI(y)J2(Y)
where the domain of y is (a, b). Let JI and J2 be
the maximum of JI(y) and J2(y) respectively.
Then the procedure for generating random de-

~ }/2 or

(ii) approximate

X=P-I(U) piecewise using Chebyshev polynomials, see [26.54].

(2) Sum oj uniform deviates: Let UI , U2 , ,
Un be a sequence of n uniform deviates. Then

953

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Xn=( Uj-~) (!!,.)-1/2

1-1

12

will be distributed asymptotically as a normal

random deviate. When n=12, the muimum
errors made in the normal deviate arc 9 X lO- a
for IXI<2, 9X 10- 1 for 2<!XI<3. An improvement can be made by taking a polynomial function
of Xn (say)

as the normal deviate where a2. are suitable

coefficients. These coefficients may be cRlculated
using (say) Chebyshev polynomials or simply by
making the asymptotic random deviate agree
with the correc normal deviate at certain specified
points. When n= 12, the maximum error in the
normal deviate is 8X 10- 4 using the coefficients

* ao=9.8746
* a6=(-7)-5.102
a2= (-3)3.9439
* a8= (-7)1.141
* a~= (-5)7.474
(3) Direct method: Generate a pair of uniform
deviates (U I , U 2 ). Then
XI = (-2 In U I)I/2 cos 27rV2,
*

X 2 = (-2 In U I )I/2 sin 21fB2 will be a pair of

independent normal random deviates with mean
zero and unit variance. This procedure can be
modified by calculating cos 27rV and sin 21rU
using an acceptance rejection method; e.g.,
(1) generate(UI, U 2 ); (2) if (2U1 -1)2+(2U2-1)2:::; 1
generate a third uniform deviate Ua, otherwise
reject the pair and start over; (3) calculate
2

UJ

U2

Yl=(-ln U3)1/2 u!+U:'Y2=2(_ln ua)I/2 ~~U2 2 (

U J '-U2

random). Both YJ and Y2 are the desired random

deviates.
(4) Acceptance-rejection method: 1) Generate a
pair of uniform deviates (UJ , U2 ); 2) compute
x= -In Ul; 3) if e-~(%-1)2 ~U2 (or equivalently
(x-l)2:::; -2 (In Uz) accept x, otherwise reject the

pair and start Over. The quantity will be the

required normal deviate with mean zero and unit
vanance.
b. Bivariate normal distribution

Let {X!, X 2 } be a pair of independent normal

deviates with mean zero and unit variance. Then
{XI, pX1 +(1_p2)J/2X2 ) represent a pair of deviates from a bivariate normal distribution with
zero means, unit variances, and correlation
coefficient p.
c. Exponential distribution

(1) Inverse method: Since F(x)=e- rI8 , X=

-0 In U will be a deviate from the exponential
distribution with parameter O.
(2) Acceptance-rejection method: 1) Generate a
pair of independent uniform deviates (Uo, UJ );
2) if U1 Uo generate a third value U2 ; 3) if

<

UJ +U2 < Uo generate a fourth value Ua, etc.;

4) continue generating uniform deviates until an

n is obtained such that UI + U2 + ... + U.. - 1

< UO<U I + . . . + U.. ; 5) if n is even reject the
procedure and start a fresh trial with a new value
of Uo, otherwise if n is odd take X = 0Uo as the
desired deviate; 6) in general if t is the number of
trials until an acceptable sequence is obtained
X=8{t+ Uo). The random deviates produced in
this way follow an exponential distribution with
parameter O. One can expect to generate approximately six uniform deviates for every exponential
deviate.
(3) Discrete Distribution Method: Let Y and n
be discrete random variables with point probabilities
* Pr{Y=r}=(e-l)e-(r+)) r=O, 1,2, .. .
Pr{n=s}=[s!(e-1)J- 1

s=l, 2, 3, . . . .

Then X= Y +min(UJ , U 2 , " , U .. ) will follow

an exponential distribution. The average value
of n is 1.58 so that one needs, on the average, only
1.58u's from which the minimum is selected.

26.9. Use and Extension of the Tables

Use of Probability Function Inequalities

Example 1. Let X be a random variable with

finite mean and variance equal to m and u2,
respectively. Use the inequalities for probability
functions 26.1.37, 40, 41 to place lower bounds
on
A(t)=F(t)-F( -t)=p{ IX~ml

:::;

t}

Lower bounds on A(t) = F(t) - F( -t)

t=l

0
.5556

.7500

.8889

4
.9375

.8889 .9506

.9722

F(t) is unimodal and

continuous; 26.1.40

.9912

F(t)

0 .8182

for t=I(I)4.
See page

II.

Remarks

i!

.9697

no knowledge of
F(t); 26.1.37

IS

~4=3;

such that
26.1.41

954

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

It is of interest to note that the standard normal

distribution is unimodal, has mean zero, unit
variance ~4=3, is continuous, and such that
A(t)=P(t)-P(-t)
=.6827, .9545, .9973, and .9999

for t=1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.

Interpolation for P(x} in Table 26.1

ExalDple 2. Compute P(x) for x=2.576 to

fifteen decimal places using a Taylor expansion.
Writing x=xo+1J we have
1J2
P(x) =p(xo) +Z(xo)IJ+Zw (xo) 2!

+Z(2) (xo)

1J3

values we can write x=xo+.01 and a two-term

Taylor series is P(x) =P(xo) +Z(xo)10-2. Thus one
need only multiply Z(xo) by 10- 2 and add the
result to P(xo).
Calculation of P(x} for x Approximate

ExalDple 4. Using Table 26.1, find P(x) for

x= 1.96, when there is a possible error in x of
5XW- 3
This is an example where the argument is only
known approximately. The question arises as to
how many decimal places one should retain in
P(x). If AT and t:.P(x) denote the error in x and
the resulting error in P(x), respectively, then
t:.P(x)

1J4

3f+Z

(3J(XO)

4'+ ...

Taking xo=2.58 and 1J=-4X 10-3 we calculate

the successive terms to 16D

~Z(x)~

Hence t:.P(1.960)=3XW-4 which indicates that

P(1.960) need only be calculated to 4D. Therefore P(1.960) =.9750.
Inverse Interpolation for P(x}

+.99505
5

.99500

99842
72204
2952
8

42230
35976
57449
63097
1439

24676

84265

ExalDple 5.

6
6
8
4
9

Find the value of x for which

P(x)=.97500 00000 00000 using Table 26.1 and

determining as many decimal places as is consistent

with the tabulated function.
I
For inverse interpolation the tabulated function
P(x) may be regarded as having a possible error
of .5 X 10- 15 . Hence

t:.x~t:.P(x) .. 5X 10-

The result correct to 17D is

Z(x)
P(2.576)=.99500

24676

84264

Z(x)

98

Calculation for Arbitrary Mean and Variance

ExalDple 3.

15

Find the value to 5D of

Let P(xo) correspond to the closest tabulated

value of P(x). Then a convenient formula for
inverse interpolation is

, P{X<.50}= 1 f5 e-1/2C;1)2dt
2~27r-'"

using 26.2.8 and Table 26.1.

This represents the probability of the random
variable being less than or equal to .5 for a normal
distribution with mean m= 1 and variance 0"2=4.
Using 26.2.8 we have

P{X~.5} =P C5;1)=PC-.25)
Since P(-x)=1-P(x), we have
P( -.25)=1-P(.25)= 1- .59871 =.40129

where a two-term Taylor series was used for interpolation. Note that when interpolating for P(x)
for a value of x midway between the tabulated

where
t

P(x)-P(xo)
Z(xo)

If only the first two terms (i.e., x=xo+t) are used,

the error in x will be bounded by ~ X 10-4 and the

true value will always be greater than the value
thus calculated.
With respect to this example, t:.x ~ 10- 14 and
thus the interpolated value of x may be in error
by one unit in the fourteenth place. The closest
value to P(x) =.97500 00000 00000 is P(xo) =.97500
21048 51780 with xo=1.96. Hence using the
preceding inverse interpolation formulas with

955

PROBaBILITY FUNCTIONS

t= -.00003 60167 31129

and carrying fifteen decimals
sive terms
1. 96000 00000
.00003 60167
12

+
+

we have the succes00000

31129
71261
68

Q ("1,)

~ ,- F(t) ~ , - F (~i).l))

where (2v-l)i and 1-

ance to terms of order v- 2 of -V2x2 (see 26.4.34).

The values of 1'1 and 1'2 for -V2X2 are

+ 1.95996

1'1

39845

40064

Edgeworth Asymptotic Expansion

are the mean and vari-

~ -vk [1+ :v]

Thus we obtain

Example 6. Find the Edgeworth asymptotic

expansion 26.2.49 for the c.d.. of chi-square.
Method 1. Expansion for x2
Let
For numerical examples using these expansions
see Example 12.

where

Calculation of L(h, k, p)

Example 7.
Since the values of 1'1 and

1'2

26.4.33 are

Find L(.5,.4, .8).

Using 26.3.20

-Vh2- 2phk+P= -V .09=.3

L(.5,.4, .8)=L(.5, 0, O)+L(.4, 0, -.6)

1'2= 12/v,

we obtain, by using the first two bracketed terms

of 26.2.49
F(t) ",P(t) -.!...
vi

[,;2
3

Reference to Figure 26.2 yields

L(.5, 0, 0) +L(.4, 0, -.6) =.16+-.08=.24

The answer to 3D is L(.5, .4, .8) = .250.

Z(2)

(t)]

The Edgeworth expansion is an asymptotic

expansion in terms of derivatives of the normal
distribution function. It is often possible to
transform a random variable so that the distribution of the transformed random variable more
closely approximates the normal distribution
function than does the distribution of the original
random variable. Hence for the same number of
terms, greater accuracy may be achieved by using
the transformed variable in the expansion. Since
the distribution of -V2X2 is more closely approximated by a normal distribution than X2 itself
(as judged by a comparison of the values of 1'1
and 1'2), we would expect that the Edgeworth
asymptotic expansion of -V2X2 would be superior
to that of x2
Method 2. Expansion for..j2x?-. Let

Calculation of the Bivariate Normal Probability

Function

Example 8. Let X and Y follow a bivariate

normal distribution with parameters m,,=3,
ml/=2, 0',,=4, 0'1/=2, and p= -.125. Find the
value of Pr{X2:2, Y2:4} using 26.3.20 and
Figures 26.2, 26.3.
SincePr{X;:::h,Y;:::k}=L ( h-m
_ _", k-m
_ _11, p) we
u"

UII

have P{X;:::2, Y;:::4} =L(-.25, 1, -.125). Using

26.3.20
L( -.25,1, -.125) =L( -.25,0, .969)
1
+L(I, 0, .125)-2

Figure 26.2 only gives values for h>O, however,

using the relationship 26.3.8 with k=O, L( -h, 0, p)
=i-L(h, 0, -p) and thus L( -.25,0, .969)
=i-L(.25, 0, -.969). Therefore L(-.25, 1, -.125)
=-L(.25, 0, -.969)+L(I, 0, .125)=-.01+.09=.08.
The answer to 3D is L( -.25, 1., -.125) =.080.

956

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Integral of a Bivariate Normal Distribution Over a

Polygon

ExalDple 9. Let the random variables X and Y

have a bivariate normal distribution with parameters m x=5, O"x=2, mu=9, O"u=4, and p=.5.
Find the probability that the point (X, y) be
inside the triangle whose vertices are A = (7, 8),
B=(9,13), and 0=(2,9).
When obtaining the integral of a bivariate
normal distribution over a polygon, it is first
necessary to use 26.3.22 in order to transform the
variates so that one deals with a circular normal
distribution. The polygon in the region of the
transformed variables is then divide into configurations such that the integral over any selected
configuration can be easily obtained. Below are
listed some of the most useful configurations.

For the following two configurations we define

/t281-tI82/
[(82-81)2+ (t 2-t l )2]1

lSI (82- 81) +t1 (t2- t l) I

[(82-81)2+ (t2-tl)2]1
1

k2

82(82- 81) +t 2 (t 2-t 1) 1

[(82- 81)2+ (t2- t1)2]1

,~------------------------~.. x
FIGURE

26.8

x
FIGURE

26.5

FIGURE

26.6

la> lax g(x, y, O)dxdy

arctan a
211"

--~~~------------------------~.. x
FIGURE

f'r

26.9

g(x, y, O)dxdy= V(h, k 2 )+ V(h, kl )

JIl.AOB

Using the circularizing transformation 26.3.22 .

for our example results in
--~~--~~~----------~X

1 (x-5 y-9)
.J3 -2 + 4

8=-

ill iii
k

11

g(x, y, O)dxdy= V(h, k)l1

See 26.3.23 for definition of V(h, k).

957

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

The vertices of the triangle in the (8, t) coordinates

become A=(J3/4, -5/4), B=(J3, -1) and

0=( - ~3, D.

These points are plotted below.

From the figure it is seen that the desired probability is the sum of the probabilities that the
point having the transformed variables as coordinates is inside the triangles AOB, AOO, and
BOO.

=[i+ L (1.31, 0,-.76)-L(0,

0,-.76)-~Q(1.31)J

-[i+L(1.31, 0,'-.14)-L(0,

0,-.14)-~Q(1.31)J

=L(1.31, 0,-.76)-L(0, 0,-.76)

-L(1.31, 0,-.14)+L(0, 0,-.14)
=.00-.11-.04+.23=.08

If (
g

8"

4AOC
2

8(/1,-11

O)J~dt=V({fIT
8~37\+v(VITI
21f1)
1M
74 ' 37J
74' 74

=[i+L(.14, 0,-.99)-L(0,
+[i+L(.14, O,-I)-L(O,

O,-.99)-~ Q(.14) ]

0,-1)-~ Q(.14) ]
=.01+.02=.03

FIGURE

If (

g 8, t , O)Ldt=V(.J39
1M
13' 7{f3)+V(.J39
13
13' 6F3)
13

26.10

4BOC

For these three triangles we have

!lAOB

kl

k2

~/14

;~

0,-.97)-~ Q(.48) ]

+[i+L(.48, 0,-.96)-L(0,

0,-.96)-~ Q(.48) ]

21.J3i

!lAOO

= .05+ .04= .09

74
7 113" 13

f:J.BOO

6 13.J13

From the graph it is see'n that the probability

over AOB may be found in the same manner as
that over Figure 26.8, and over AOO and BOO
the probabilities may be found as that over
Figure 26.9.

Hence

ff

=[i+L(.48, 0,-.97)-L(0,

g(x, y, .5)dxdy=

If

g(8, t, 0)d8dt

4ABC

If

4AOB

g(8, t, O)dsdt+

ff

g(8,t, O)dsdt

4AOC

II

g(8, t, 0)d8dt

4BOC

and consequently using 26.3.23 and Figure 26.2

Thus adding all parts, the probability that X

and Yare in triangle AEOis =.08+.03+.09=.20.
The answer to 3D is .211.
Calculation of a Circular Normal Distribution Over an
Offset Circle

Example 10. Let X and Y have a circular

normal distribution with 0'= 1000. Find the
probability that the point (X, Y) falls within a
circle having a radius equ~l to 540 whose center
is displaced 1210 from the mean of the circular
normal distribution.
In units of fT, the radius and displacement from

the center are, respectively,

R=I~~~=.54

1210
=1000=1.2].

IS

The problem

and r

thus reduced to

finding the probability of X and Y falling in a

circle of radius R=.54 displaced r=1.21 from the
center of the distribution where 0'= 1.

958

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Since R<l, the approximation 26.3.25 is used.

This results in
P(R 212, r2)

For this example D.X2= 5 Xl 0- 4 and ~=25. This

results in

2(.54)2
-2(1.21)2
4+(.54)2 exp 4+(.54)2
= (.1359) e-' 6823= .06869

The answer to 5D is .06870.

as the possible error in Q(x2 Iv).

Calculation of Q(X2\v) Outside the Range of Table 26.7

Interpolation for Q(x2 \ v)

Example n. Find Q(25.298120) using the

interpolation formula given with Table 26.7.
Taking x2=25, 0=.298 and applying the interpolation formula results in

Q(25.298120)=~ {Q(25116W+Q(25118) (40-20 2)

+Q(25120)(8-40+02)

=~ {(.06982)(.088804)

Example 12. Find the value of Q(84172).

Since this value is outside the range of Table
26.7 we can approximate Q(84172) by (1) using the
Edgeworth expansion for Q(x 2 Iv) given in Example
6, (2) the cube root approximation 26.4.14, (3)
the improved cube root approximation 26.4.15 or
(4) the square root approximation 26.4.13. The
results of using all four methods are presented
below:
1. Edgeworth expansion

+ (.12492)(1.014392)
+ (.20143) (6.896804) }

The successive terms of the Edgeworth expansion for the distribution of chi-square result m
1- Q(84172) = .841345

=.19027
A less accurate interpolate may be obtained by
setting 02 equal to zero in the above formula.
This results in the value .19003. The correct
value to 6D is Q(25.298120) = .190259.
On the other hand if x2=25.298 is assumed to
ha ve an error of 5 X 10-\ then how large an
error arises in Q(x2 Iv)? Denoting the error in
X2 by D,.x2 and the resulting error in Q(x2 Iv) by
D.Q(x2 Iv) , we then have the approximate relationship
D.Q(x2Iv)

~ ()Q~~:lv)

.000000
.001120
.842465
Hence Q(84172)=.15754.
The successive tel'IP.s of the Edgeworth expansion for the distribution of ~2X2 result in
1- Q(84172) = .842544

-.000034
-.000138
.842372

D.X2

Hence Q(84172) =.15764.

Using 26.4.8 we can write

()Q~~:lv) ~ [Q(x2Iv-2)-Q(x2Iv)
and

2. Cube root approxirn.ation 26.4.14

Using the cube root approximation we have

Q(84172) = Q(x)

where

(~r3[1-~J
For practical purposes it is sufficient to evaluate
the derivative to one or two significant figures.
Consequently we can write

2
9(72)

This

results

in

Ji

1.0046

Q(84172) =Q(1.0046) = 1-

P(1.0046) =.15754.
3. Irn.proved cube root approxirn.ation 26.4.15

where x~ is the closest value to X2 for which Q is

tabulated. Hence

The improved cube root approximation involves calculating a correction factor h. to x.

Linearly interpolating for h60 (which appears
below 26.4.15) with x= 1.0046 results in hao =
- .0006 and hence

959

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
2. Cube approximation 26.4.17

60
hn = 72( -.0006)= - .00049

Taking X' Ol =2.32635 we have

Thus
Q(84/72)= Q(I.0046- .0005)= Q(1.0041)

x2=144 {

[1-9(1~4)J

= 1-P(1.0041) = .15766

+(2.32635)~ 9(1~4)}

4. Square root approximation 26.4.13

Using the square root approximation we have

Q(84172)=Q(x) where
x=-V2(84)-"i2(72)-1 = 1.0032.

This results in
Q(84172)= Q(I.0032)= I-P(I.0032) = .15788

The value correct to 6D is Q(84/72)=.157653.

Generally the improved cube root approximation
will be correct with a maximum error of a few
units in the fifth decimal and is recommended for
calculations which are outside the range of
Table 26.7.
Calculation of X2 for Q(x 2 Iv) Outside the Range of
Table 26.8

Exalllple 13. Find the value of X2 for which

Q(X2 1144) = .01.
Since v= 144 is outside the range of Table 26.8,
we can compute it by using (1) the Cornish-Fisher
asymptotic expansion 26.2.50, for X2, (2) the cube
approximation 26.4.17, (3) the improved cube
approximation 26.4.18, or (4) the square approximation 26.4.16. We shall compute the value by
all four methods.
1. Cornish-Fisher asymptotic expansion 26.2.50

The Cornish-Fisher asymptotic expanslOn for

x2 with v= 144 can be written as
X2", 144+ 12.y2x+4h l (x)

+41~2 [3h (x) +2h

2

= 186.405

3. Improved cube approximation 26.4.18

From the table for h60 we obtain using linear

interpolation with x=2.33 (approximately)
60
h6o =.0012 and thus h144 =144 (.0012)=.00049
Hence
2
X2 =144 [ 1- 9 (144)
+ (2.3263.5-

.00049)~ 9(1~4)

= 186.394

4. Square approximation 26.4.16

X2=~ [2.32635+-V2(144) -1)2= 185.616

The correct answer to 3D is X2=186.394.
Generally the improved cube approximation will
give results correct in the second or third decimal
for v>30.
Calculation of the Incomplete Gamma Function

Exalllple 14.

Find the value of

,),(2.5,.9)=

So

9 1.5

e -ldt

making use of 26.4.19 and Table 26.7.

Using 26.4.19 we have
,),(2.5, .9) = r(2.5)p(1.815)= r (2.5)[1- Q(1.815) 1

ll

(x)]

;)

,),(2.5, .9)=4 -V7r[I- .87607]= .16475

8
16.J2
+ 122
[6h 3(x) +3hI2 (X) +2h1l1 (x) 1+
123 [30h4(x)
+9h:?2(X) + 12h13 (X) +6hll2 (x) +4hllll (x) 1

Hence using the auxiliary table following 26.2.51

with p=.01 we have
144.0000
39.4794
2.9413
-.0242
-.0019
+.0002
X2=186.395
See page n.

Poisson Distribution

Exalllple IS.

Find the value of m for which

using 26.4.21 and Table 26.8.

From Table 26.8 with v=2c=8 and Q=.99
we have X2= 1.646482. Hence m=x2/2= .823241.
Inverse of the Incomplete Beta Function

Exalllple 16. Find the value of x for which

I x (10, 6)=.10 using Table 26.9 and 26.5.28.
Usin~ 26.5.28 we have

960

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

20

f z (10,6)=Q(Fj12,20)=.lO wherf' x=20+12F

From Table 26.9 the upper lO percent point of F

with 12 and 20 degrees of freedom is F= 1.89.
Hence
20

x 20+ 12(1.89)

WI =

[(lO.5) (.60)]I/3= 1.8469, w2=[16(.4)]I/3= 1.8566

3( (1.8469) (.98942) - 0.8566) (.99306) 1
[(1.8469)2 + (1.8566)2Ji
10.5
16

.0668

and interpolating in Table 26.1 gives

.469

P( - .0668) = 1- P(.0668) = .47336

The correct value to 4D is x= .4683.

The answer correct to 5D is 1.60(16, lO.5)=.47332.

Calculation of lz(a, b) for a or b Small Integers

Example 17. Calculate 1. 10 (3,20).

Values of I",(a, b) for small integral a or bean
conveniently be calculated using 26.5.6 or 26.5.7.
Using 26.5.6 we have
1-/. 90 (20,3)

(.9)20
B(3,20)

{2~

(2)i 20+i
.9
i

(-1)

.21~!~~~0-3 (.l10390X 10-

2
)

= .620040

Binomial Distribution

Example 18.

.=0

Find the value of p which satisfies

Interpolation for F in Table 26.9

Example 20.

Find the value of F for which

Q(Fj7, 20)=.05 using Table 26.9.

Interpolation in Table 26.9 is approximately

linear when the reciprocals of the degrees of
freedom (VI, V2) are used as the interpolating
variable. For this example it is only necessary to
interpolate with respect to l/vl. Thus linear
interpolation on l/vl results in F=2.51 which is
the correct interpolate.
Calculation of F for Q(FlvhV2.50

(50)psq50-S=.95,

q=l-p

using 26.5.24 and Table 26.9.

* Combining 26.5.24 and 26.5.28 we have

~ (;) p8qn-s=Q(Fjvil V2)

Example 21.

Find the value of F for which

Q(Fj4,8)=.90 using 26.6.9 and Table 26.9.

Table 26.9 only tabulates values of F for which

Q(FjvI' V2)=P where p=.500, .250, .100, .050,
.025, .0lO, .005, .001. However making, use of

Table 26.9 we can find the values of Fp for which

For this example we have
1

p=.75, .9, .95, .975, .99, .995, .999.

where
vI=2(n-a+1), v2=2(a), and p

a
a+(n-a+l)F

F,90(4,8)

F,lO(8,4)

Hence

and referring to the table for which Q(Flvl, V2) =.10

(50)p8 q50-'=1_f (50)psq50-s

.=21

=1-Q(FI60,42)=.95

Harmonic interpolation on V2 in the table for

which Q(FjvI, V2) = .05 results in F= 1.624 for
VI

=60, v2=42, and thus p

42
42+60(1.624)=.301.

The correct answer to 4D is p= .3003.

Approximating the Incomplete Beta Function

Example 19. Find 1.60(16, 10.5) using 26.5.21.

Values of fAa, b) Can conveniently be calculated
with good accuracy using the approximation
given by 26.5.20 or 26.5.21. For this example
(a+b-I)(1-x)=10.20 which is greater than .8
and hence 26.5.21 will be used. Thus
'See page II,

gives F,IO(8, 4) =3.95 and thus F,90(4,8)=3.95

=.253.
Calculation of Q(FIVh 1'2) for Small Integral

VI

or

1'2

Example 22.
Compute Q(2.5j4, 15) using
26.6.4.
Values of Q(FlvI, V2) can be readily computed for
small VI or V2 using the expansions 26.6.4 to 26.6.8
inclusive. We have using 26.6.4
15
x=15+4(2.50)

and

.60

961

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
Approximating Q(Flvl. V2)

Example 23. Calculate Q(1.714110,40) using

26.6.15.
The approximation given by 26.6.15 will result
in a maximum error of .0005. For this example
we have
x

(1.714)1/3 (1- 9 (!0) )-( 1-9(~0)

[9(70) +(1.714)2/3 9(!OJ!

1.2222

y=3.7190 (i.e., Q(3.7190) =.0001).

stituting in 26.5.22 gives

IJ-I

1
h=2 [ 19+9
A 3.

=12.2143

1.8052

-(~-1~) [1.8052+ .8333- 3(12.;143J

Q(1. 714/10,40) "'" Q(1.2222) = 1- P(1.2222) =.1108

The correct value to 5D is Q(1.714110, 40) =.11108.

On the other hand the approximation given by
26.6.14 which is usually less accurate results m

~[2(40)-11 G~) (1.714)--V 2 (10)-1

~1+ !~ (1.714)

sub~

=37190 (12.2143+1.8052)1
w.
12.2143

Interpolating in Table 26.1 results in

t-

719

Hence

=1.2210

and interpolating in Table 26.1 gives

w=.9889

and thus F",=,e 2W =7.23.

The correct answer

IS

F=7.1BO.
Approximating the

Non~Central F~Distribution

Example 25. Compute P(3.71/3, 10,4) using

the approximation 26.6.27 to the non~central Fdistribution.
Using 26.6.27 with VI =3, V2= 10, A=4, F' =3. 71
we have
X=

Q(1.714/10, 40) "'" Q(1.2210) = 1- P(1.221O) =.1112

Calculation of F Outside the Range of Table 26.9

Example 24. Find the value of F for which

Q(F/I0, 20) "'" .0001 using 26.6.16 and 26.5.22.

For this problem we have a=~=10, b=~=5,

p=.OOOl. The value of the normal deviate which
cuts off .0001 in the tail of the distribution is

2 J- [1- 2(3+8)J
l3+4)2
[( 3 ) (3.71) J1/3[ 1-9(10)
9
/
2 3+8
2 [( 3 )
J2 3J!
[ 9 (3+4)2+ 9(10)
3+4 (3.71)
=.675
and interpolating in Table 26.1 gives
P(3.71/3, 10,4) "",P(.675) =.750

The exact answer is P(3.71/3, 10,4)=.745.

References
Texts

[26.1] H. Cramer, Mathematical methods of statistics

(Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1951).
[26.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vols. I, II, III. (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1955).
[26.3J W. Feller, Probability theory and its applications,
2d ed. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc" New York,
N.Y., 1957).
[26.4J R. A. Fisher, Contributions to mathematical
statistics, Paper 30 (with E. A. Cornish),
Moments and cumulants in the specification of
distributions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1950).
[26.5J C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital computers (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.,
1955).
[26.6J M. G. Kendall and A. Stuart, The advanced
theory of statistics, vol. I, Distribution theory
(Charles Griffin and Co. Ltd., London, England,

1958).

Tables
Gen....al Collection.

[26.7] R. A. Fisher and F. Yates, Statistical tables for

biological, agricultural and medical research
(Oliver and Boyd, London, England, 1949).
[26.8) J. Arthur Greenwood and H. O. Hartley, Guide to
tal:lles in mathematical statistics (Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1962). (Catalogues
a large selection of tables used in mathematical
statisticsl.
[26.9) A. Hald, Statistical tables and formulas (John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1952).
[26.10] D. B. Owen, Handbook of statistical tables (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading,
Mass., 1962).
[26.11) E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley (Editors). Biometrika tables for statisticians, vol. I (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954).

962

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

[26.12] K. Pearson (Editor), Tables for statisticians and

biometricians, parts I and II (Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge, England, 1914, 1931).
Normal Probability Integral and Derivatives

[26.13] J. R. Airey, Table of Hh functions, British Association for the Advancement of Science, Mathematical Tables I (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1931).
[26.14] Harvard University, Tables of the error function
and of its first twenty derivatives (Harvard
Univ.
Press,
Cambridge,
Mass.,
1952).
P(x)-!, Z(x), Z(n) (x) , n=I(1)4 for x=0(.004)
6.468, 6D; Z(n)(x), n=5(1) 10 for x=0(.004)
8.236, 6D; Z(n)(x), n=l1(l) 15 for x=0(.002)
9.61, 7S; Z(n)(x), n=16(1)20 for x=0(.002)
10.902, 7S or 6D.
[26.15] T. L. Kelley, The Kelley Statistical Tables (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1948).
x for P(x) = .5(.0001) .9999 and corresponding
values of Z(x), 8D.
[26.16] National Bureau of Standards, A guide to tables of
the normal probability integral, Applied Math.
Series 21 (U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., 1951).
[26.17] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of normal
probability functions, Applied Math. Series 23
(U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1953). Z(x) and A (x) for x=O(.OOOI)
1(.001)7.8, 15D; Z(x) and 2[I-P(x)] for
x=6(.01) 10, 7S.
[26.18] W. F. Sheppard, The probability integral, British
Association for the Advancement of Science,
Mathematical Tables VII (Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge, England, 1939). A (x)/Z(x)
for x=O(.OI) 10, 12D; x=O(.I) 10, 24D.
Bivariate Normal Probability Integral

[26.19] Bell Aircraft Corporation, Table of circular normal

probabilities, Report No. 02-949-106 (1956).
Tabulates the integral of the circular normal
distribution over an off-set circle having its
center a distance r from the origin with radius
R; R=O(.01)4.59, r=0(.0l)3, 5D.
[26.20] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the bivariate normal distribution function and related
{unctions, Applied Math. Series 50 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
1959). L(h, k, p) for h, k=0(.1)4, p=0(.05).95
(.01)1, 6D; L(h, k, -p) for h, k=O(.I)A,
p=0(.05).95(.01) 1 where A is such that L< .5.10-7 ,
7D; V(h, ah) for h=0(.01)4(.02)4.6(.1)5.6, co,
7D; V(ah, h) for a=.I(.I)I, h=0(.01)4(.02)5.6,
co,
7D.
[26.21] C. Nicholson, The probability integral for two
variables, Biometrika 33,59-72 (1943). V(h, ah)
for h=.1(.1)3, ah=.I(.1)3, co, 6D.
[26.22] D. B. Owen, Tables for computing bivariate normal
probabilities, Ann. Math. Statist. 27, 1075-1090
(1956).

1
T(h, a) = - arctan a- V(h, ah)

2,...

for

a=.25(.25)1, h=0(.01)2(.02)3; a=O(.Ol)l, co,

h=0(.25)3; a=.I, .2(.05).5(.1).8, 1, co, h=

3(.05)3.5(.1)4.7,

6D.

[26.23] D. B. Owen, The bivariate normal probability

function, Office of Technical Services, U.S.
Department of Commerce (1957). T(h, a) =
1
- arctan a- V(h, ah) for a=0(.025)1, co; h=
2,...
0(.01)3.5<.05)4.75, 6D.
[26.24] Tables VIn and IX, Part II of [26.12]. L(h, k, p)
for h, k=0(.1)2.6, p=-I(.05)1, 6D for p>O
and 7D for
O.

p<

Chi-Square, Non-Central Chi-Square, Probability

Incomplete GSIDDl8 Function, Poisson Distribution

[26.25] G.

Integral,

A. Campbell, Probability curves showing

Poisson's exponential summation, Bell System
Technical Journal, 95-113 (1923). Tabulates
x2
values of m=2 for which Q(x2ip) = .000001,
2D; .0001, .01,

3D; .1, .25, .5, .75, .9,

4D;

.99, .9999, 3D; .999999, 2D for c="2=I(I)lOl.

[26.26] Table IV of [26.7]. Tabulates values of x2 for
Q(x2\p) = .001, .01, .02, .05, .1, .2, .3, .5, .7, .8,
.9, .95, .98, .99 and p= 1 (1)30, 3D or 3S.
[26.27] E. Fix, Tables of noncentral x2, Univ. of California
Publications in Statistics 1, 15-19 (1949).
Tabulates X for P(x'2ip, X)=.I(.I).9, Q(x'2ip)=
.01, .05; p= 1(1)20(2)40(5)60(10) 100, 3D or 3S.
[26.28] H. O. Hartley and E. S. Pearson, Tables of the i
integral and of the cumulative Poisson distribution, Biometrika 37, 313-325 (1950). Also reproduced as Table i in [26.11]. P(x2Ip) for
p= 1 (1)20(2)70, x2=0(.001) .01 (.01).1 (.1)2(.2) 10
(.5)20(1)40(2) 134, 5D.
[26.29] T. Kitagawa, Tables of Poisson distribution
(Baifukan, Tokyo, Japan, 1951). e-mm'/s! for
m=.001(.001)1(.01)5, 8D; m=5(.01)10, 7D.
[26.30] E. C. Molina, Poissori's exponential binomial limit
(D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1940).

e-mm'/s! and P(x2Ip) =

2:

e-mmi/j! for

j=C

m=x2/2=0(.1)16(1)100,
6D; m=O(.OOl).Ol
(.01)3, 7D.
[26.31] K. Pearson (Editor), Tables of the incomplete
r-function, Biometrika Office, University College
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1934).
I(u,p)
for
p=-I(.05)0(.1)5(.2)50,
u=O(.I) I(u,p)=1 to 7D; p=-I(.01)-.75,
u=0(.1)6,
5D; In[I(u,p)\u p +!], p=-I(.05)0
(.1)10, u=0(.1)1.5, 8D; [xP.+! r(p+l)]-I'Y(p,x),
p=-I(.01)-.9,x=0(.01)3,

70.

[26.32] E. E. Sluckii, Tablitsy dlya. vylHoleniya nepolnol

r-funktsii i funktsii veroyatnosti x2 (Izdat.
Akad. N auk SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad, U.S.S.R.,
1950).

r(x2,p)=(~

X2r'/2 P (x2\p),

fJJ (t,p) =

O(x 2\p), lI(t, x)=O(x 2 \p) where t=(2x2)1_(2p)1,

x=(p/2)-1. r(x2,p), x 2 =0(.05)2(.l)10, p=0(.05)
2(.1)6; O(x2 \p), x2 =0(.1)3.2, p=0(.05)2(.1)6;
x2 = 3.2(.-2) 7 (.5) 10(1) 35, p= 0(.1) .4(.2) 6; fJJ(t,p) ,
t=-4(.1)4.8, p=6(.5)U(1)32; lI(t,x): t=-4.5
(.1)4.8, x=0(.02).22(.01).25, 5D.

963

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
Incomplete Beta Function, Binomial Distribution

[26.33J Harvard University, Tables of the cumulative

binomial probability distribution (Harvard U niv.
Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1955).
~ (np'(I-p)'-' for p=.01(.OI).5, 1/16, 1/12,
3=C

1/8, 1/6, 3/16, 5/16, 1/3, 3/8, 5/12, 7/16,

n= 1 (1)50(2) 100(10)200(20) 500(50) 1000, 5D.
(26.34] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the
binomial probability distribution, Applied Math.
Series 6 (U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., 1950). C:)p(I-p)n-. and
n
~ mp(I-p).- for p=.01(.0l).5, n=2(1)49,

[26.42] M. Merrington and C. M. Thompson, Tables of

percentage points of the inverted beta (F) distribution, Biometrika 33, 73-88 (1943). Tabulates values of F for which Q(Flvl, V2) = .5, .25,
.1, .05, .025, .01, .005; VI = 1 (1) 10, 12, 15, 20,
24, 30, 40, 60, 120, 00; V2 = 1 (1) 30, 40, 60, 120, OJ.
[26.43] P. C. Tang, The power function of the analysis of
variance tests with tables and illustrations of
their use, Statistical Research Memoirs II, 126149 and tables (1938). P(F'lvl, V2, </ for Vl=
1 (1)8, V2= 2(2)6(1) 30, 60, 00 and 4>=.J'A/Vl 1) =
1 (.5)3(1)8 where Q(F'lv" V2) = .01, .05, 3D.

Student's t and Non-Central ,t-Di.tributionll

3=C

7D.
[26.35] K. Pearson (Editor), Tables of the incomplete
beta function, Biometrika Office, University
College (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England, 1948).
[z(a,b) for x=.OI(.OI)1;
a,b=.5(.5)1l(1)50, a,:?:b, 7D.
[26.36] W. H. Robertson, Tables of the binomhl distribution function for small values of p, Office of
Technical SerVices, U.S. Department of Commerce (1960).
c

~ (:)p(I-p)- for p=.001(.001).02, n=2(1)

8=0

100(2)200(10)500(20) 1000;
p= .021 (.001).05,
n= 2(1)50(2) 100(5)200(10) 300 (20) 600 (50) 1000,
5D.
[26.37] H. G. Romig, 50-100 Binomial tables (John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1953).
( n) p'(I-p)'-' and
8

8=0

(n) p'(I-p)'-' for

8

p= .01 (.01).5 and n= 50(5) 100,

6D.
[26.38] C. M. Thompson, Tables of percentage points of
the incomplete beta function, Biometrika 32,
151-181 (1941). Also reproduced as Table 16
in [26.11]. Tabulates values of x for which
[,,(a, b) =.005, .01, .025, .05, .1, .25, .5;
2a= 1 (1)30, 40, 60, 120, 00; 2b= 1 (1) 10, 12, 15,
20,24,30,40,60, 120, 5D.
[26.39] U.S. Ordnll-nce Corps, Tables of the cumulative
binomial . probabilities, ORDP 20-1, Office of
Technical SerVices, Washington, D.C. (1952).

:t(n)p'(I_ P)'-' for p=.01(.01).5 and n=l

8-C

(1) 150, 7D.

F(Variance-Ratio) and Non-Central F Diatribntion

[26.40J Table V of [26.7].

Tabulates values of F and

1
Z=2' In F for Q(FlvlJ v2)=.2, .1, .05, .01, .001;

vI=I(I)6, 8,12,24, OJ; v2=1(1)30, 40,60,120,

00 , 2D for F, 4D for Z.
[26.41] E. Lehmer, Inverse tables of probabilities of errors
of the second kind, Ann. Math. Statist. 15,
388-398 (1944). </>= ..l"/(vI+l) for vI=1(I)10,
12, 15, 20, 74, 30, .40, 60, 120, 00; v2=2(2)20,
24, 30, 40, 60, 80, 120, 240, 00 and P(F'lvIJ V2, </
= .2, .3 where Q(F'lv" V2) = .01, .05, 3D or 3S.
'See page n.

[26.44] E. T. Federighi, Extended tables of the percentage

points of Student's t-distribution, J. Amer.
Statist. Assoc. 54, 683-688 (1959.) Values of
1
t for which Q(tlv)= - [1-A(tlv)]=.25XlO-',
2
.1 X 10-', n=0(1)6, .05X 10-', n=0(1)5, v=

1(1)30(5)60(10)100,200,500,1000,2000,10000,
00; 3D.
[26.45] Table III of [26.7]. Valuesoft for which A(tlv)=
.1(.1).9, .95, .98, .99, .999 and v= 1(1)30, 40,
60, 120, 00; 3D.
[26.46) N. L. Johnson and B. L. Welch, Applications of
the noncentral t-distribution, Biometrika 31,
362-389 (1939). Tabulates an auxiliary function which enables calculation of
for given
t' andp,ort' for given and p where P(t'lv,o) =p=
.005, .01, .025, .05, .1(.1).9, .95, .975, .99, .995.

[26.47] J. Neyman and B. Tokarska, Errors of the second

'.
kind in testing Student's hypothesis, J. Amer.
Statist. Assoc. 31, 318-326 (1936). Tabulates
for P(t'lv,o) =.01, .05, .1('1).9; v=I(I)30, co;
Q(t' Iv) = .01, .05.
1
[26.48) Table 9 of [26.1l].P(tlv) ='2 [1+A(tlv) for t=

0(.1)4(.2)8; v=I(I)20, 5D; t=0(.05)2(.1)4, 5;

v=20(1)24, 30, 40, 60, 120, 00, 5D.

[26.49] G. S. Resnikoff and G. J. Lieberman, Tables of the

non central t-distribution (Stanford Univ. Press,
Stanford, Cali!., 1957). oP(t'lv, 0) lot' and pet' I v,o)
for v=2(1)24(5)49, = .Jv+ 1 x" where Q(x,,) =
p=.25, .15, .1, .065, .04, .025, .01, .004, .0025,
.001 and t' /";; covers the range of values such
that throughout most of the table the entries lie
between and 1, 4D.

Random NUD1bere and Normal Deviates

[26.50] E. C. Fieller, T. Lewis and E. S. Pearson, Correlated random normal deviates, Tracts for
Computers 26 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1955).
[26.51] T. E. Hull and A. R. Dobell, Random number
generators, Soo. Ind. App. Math. 4. 230-254
(1962).
[26.52] M. G. Kendall and B. Babington Smith, Random
sampling numbers (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1939).

964

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

[26.53] G. Marsaglia, Random variables and computers,

Proc. Third Prague Conference in Probability
Theory 1962. (Also as Math. Note No. 260,
Boeing Scientific Research Laboratories, 1962).
[26.54] M. E. Muller, An inverse method for the generation of random normal deviates on large scale
computers, Math. Tables Aids Compo 63. 167174 (1958).

[26.55] Rand Corporation, A million random digits with

100,000 normal deviates (The Free Press,
Glencoe, Ill. 1955).
[26.56] H. Wold, Random normal deviates, Tracts for
Computers 25 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1948).

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

966

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

Table 26.1

Z(1)(:I')

Z(.r)

P(:I')

.1'

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

0.50000
0.50797
0.51595
0.52392
0.53188

00000
83137
34368
21826
13720

00000
16902
52831
54107
13988

0.39894
0.39886
0.39862
0.39822
0.39766

22804
24999
32542
48301
77055

01433
23666
04605
95607
11609

0.00000
-0.00797
-0.01594
-0.02389
-0.03181

00000
72499
49301
34898
34164

00000
98473
68184
11736
40929

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.53982
0.54775
0.55567
0.56355
0.57142

78372
84260
00048
94628
37159

77029
20584
05907
91433
00901

0.39695
0.39608
0.39505
0.39386
0.39253

25474
02117
17408
83615
14831

77012
93656
34611
68541
20429

-0.03969
-0.04752
-0.05530
-0.06301
-0.07065

52547
96254
72437
89378
56669

47701
15239
16846
50967
61677

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.57925
0.58706
0.59483
0.60256
0.61026

97094
44226
48716
81132
12475

39103
48215
97796
01761
55797

0.39104
0.38940
0.38761
0.38568
0.38360

26939
37588
66151
33691
62921

75456
33790
25014
91816
53479

-0.07820
-0.08566
-0.09302
-0.10027
-0.10740

85387
88269
79876
76759
97618

95091
43434
30003
89872
02974

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.61791
0.62551
0.63307
0.64057
0.64802

14221
58347
17360
64332
72924

88953
23320
36028
17991
24163

0.38138
0.37903
0.37653
0.37391
0.37115

78154
05261
71618
06053
38793

60524
52702
33254
73128
59466

-0.11441
-0.12128
-0.12802
-0.13460
-0.14103

63446
97683
26350
78179
84741

38157
68865
23306
34326
56597

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.65542
0.66275
0.67003
0.67724
0.68438

17416
72731
14463
18897
63034

10324
51751
39407
49653
83778

0.36827
0.36526
0.36213
0.35889
0.35553

01403
26726
48824
02910
25285

03323
22154
13092
33545
05997

-0.14730
-0.15341
-0.15933
-0.16508
-0.17065

80561
03225
93482
95338
56136

21329
01305
61761
75431
82879

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.69146
0.69846
0.70540
0.71226
0.71904

24612
82124
14837
02811
26911

74013
53034
84302
50973
01436

0.35206
0.34849
0.34481
0.34104
0.33717

53267
25127
80014
57886
99438

64299
58974
39333
30353
22381

-0.17603
-0.18121
-0.18620
-0.19098
-0.19556

26633
61066
17207
56416
43674

82150
34667
77240
32997
16981

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.72574
0.73237
0.73891
0.74537
0.75174

68822
11065
37003
30853
77695

49927
31017
07139
28664
46430

0.33322
0.32918
0.32506
0.32086
0.31659

46028
39607
22640
38037
29077

91800
70765
84082
71172
10893

-0.19993
-0.20409
-0.20803
-0.21177
-0.21528

47617
40556
98490
01104
31772

35080
77874
13813
88974
43407

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.75803
0.76423
0.77035
0.77637
0.78230

63477
75022
00028
27075
45624

76927
20749
35210
62401
14267

0.31225
0.30785
0.30338
0.29887
0.29430

39333
12604
92837
24057
50297

66761
69853
56300
75953
88325

-0.21857
-0.22165
-0.22450
-0.22714
-0.22955

77533
29075
80699
30283
79232

56733
38294
79662
89724
34894

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

0.78814
0.79389
0.79954
0.80510
0.81057

46014
19464
58067
54787
03452

16604
14187
39551
48192
23288

0.28969
0.28503
0.28034
0.27561
0.27086

15527
63584
38108
82471
39717

61483
89007
39621
53457
98338

-0.23175
-0.23372
-0.23548
-0.23703
-0.23836

32422
98139
88011
16925
02951

09186
60986
05281
51973
82537

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.81593
0.82121
0.82639
0.83147
0.83645

98746
36203
12196
23925
69406

53241
85629
61376
33162
72308

0.26608
0.26128
0.25647
0.25164
0.24680

52498
63012
12944
43410
94905

98755
49553
25620
98117
67043

-0.23947
-0.24038
-0.24108
-0.24157
-0.24187

67249
33971
30167
85674
33007

08879
49589
60083
54192
55702

1.00

0.84134 47460 68543

0.24197 07245 19143

[(-1~1]

[(-1~2]

Z(.r)

2,.

e-j.r'

P(:r)

f~oo Z(t)dt

Z (n) (x)

dn
Z(x)
d.1;n

=-

-0.24197 07245 19143

[(-1~3]

Hen(x)

= ( -

l)nz(n) (x) jZ (x)

967

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

X

Z(2)(x)

Z(3)(x)

Z(4)(x)

ZU'(x)

Tahi" 26.]

ZIf))(X)

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

-0.39894
-0.39870
-0.39798
-0.39679
-0.39512

22804
29549
54570
12208
26322

0.00000
0.02392
0.04780
0.07159
0.09523

000
856
928
445
664

1.19682
1.19563
1.19204
1.18607
1.17774

684
029
400
800
897

0.00000
-0.11962
-0.23891
-0.35754
-0.47516

000
684
887
249
649

-5.98413
-5.97575
-5.95066
-5.90893
-5.85073

421
893
325
742
151

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

-0.39298
-0.39037
-0.38730
-0.38378
-0.37981

30220
66567
87267
53315
34631

0.11868
0.14190
0.16483
0.18744
0.20967

881
445
771
353
776

1.16708
1.15410
1.13884
1.12136
1.10169

019
144
890
503
839

-0.59146
-0.70610
-0.81878
-0.92919
-1.03701

327
997
968
252
674

-5.77625
-5.68577
-5.57961
-5.45815
-5.32182

460
399
395
435
895

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

-0.37540
-0.37055
-0.36528
-0.35961
-0.35353

09862
66169
98981
11734
15588

0.23149
0.25286
0.27372
0.29405
0.31380

727
011
555
426
836

1.07990
1.05604
1.03017
1.00237
0.97272

350
063
556
941
834

-1.14196
-1.24376
-1.34214
-1.43683
-1.52759

980
938
434
568
737

-5.17112
-5.00657
-4.82876
-4.63831
-4.43591

356
387
317
979
441

0.30 .
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

-0.34706
-0.34021
-0.33300
-0.32545
-0.31755

29121
78003
94659
17909
92592

0.33295
0.35144
0.36926
0.38637
0.40274

156
923
849
828
947

0.94130
0.90818
0.87347
0.83725
0.79963

327
965
711
919
298

-1.61419
-1.69641
-1.77405
-1.84692
-1.91485

723
762
617
643
840

-4.22225
- 3. 99809
-3.76420
-3.52140
-3.27051

716
459
646
244
871

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

-0.30934
-0.30083
-0.29202
-0.28294
-0.27361

69179
03372
55692
91055
78339

0.41835
0.43316
0.44716
0.46033
0.47264

488
939
995
566
779

0.76069
0.72055
0.67932
0.63709
0.59398

880
987
193
291
256

-1.97769
-2.03531
-2.08758
-2.13440
-2.17570

904
269
144
537
278

-3.01241
-2.74796
-2.47807
-2.20363
-1.92557

439
802
382
810
548

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

-0.26404
-0.25426
-0.24426
-0.23409
-0.22375

89951
01373
90722
38293
26107

0.48408
0.49464
0.50430
0.51306
0.52090

982
748
874
383
525

0.55010
0.50556
0.46048
0.41496
0.36913

207
372
050
574
279

-2.21141
-2.24148
-2.26589
-2.28463
-2.29771

033
307
443
613
801

-1.64480
-1.36224
-1.07881
-0.79543
-0.51298

520
740
949
249
749

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

-0.21326
-0.20264
-0.19191
-0.18109
-0.17020

37459
56463
67607
55308
03472

0.52782
0.53382
0.53890
0.54306
0.54630

777
841
643
327
259

0.32309
0.27696
0.23085
0.18486
0.13911

457
332
017
483
528

-2.30516
-2.30703
-2.30336
-2.29426
-2.27980

783
091
981
388
875

-0.23237
+0.04554
0.31990
0.58988
0.85469

218
255
583
999
355

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

-0.15924
-0.14826
-0.13725
-0.12624
-0.11524

95060
11670
33120
37042
98497

0.54863
0.55005
0.55058
0.55023
0.54901

016
386
359
127
073

0.09370
0.04874
+0.0043::
-0.03944
-0.08247

741
473
808
465
882

-2.26011
-2.23531
-2.20553
-2.17094
-2.13170

583
162
714
715
944

1.11354
1.36570
1.61045
1.84714
2.07512

405
074
709
311
746

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

-0.10428
-0.09337
-0.08253
-0.07177
-0.06110

89590
79110
32179
09916
69120

0.54693
0.54402
0.54030
0.53578
0.53049

765
952
551
644
467

-0.12468
-0.16597
-0.20625
-0.24546
-0.28351

324
047
697
336
458

-2.08800
-2.04002
-1.98796
-1.93204
-1.87248

401
228
617
726
587

2.29381
2.50267
2.70117
2.88887
3.06536

943
061
643
745
044

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

-0.05055
-0.04013
-0.02985
-0.01972
-0.00977

61975
35759
32587
89163
36558

0.52445
0.51768
0.51022
0.50209
0.49332

403
968
:1l0
689
478

-0.32034
-0.35587
-0.39005
-0.42282
-0.45413

003
378
463
627
732

-1.80951
-1.74335
-1.67426
-1.60247
-1.52824

008
486
103
436
456

3.23025
3.38325
3.52407
3.65250
3.76836

923
;'38
854
673
628

1.00

0.00000 00000

[(-3)6]

P( -x)=l-P(x)

0.48394 145

[(-t) 1]

-0.48394 145

[(-t) 3]

Z( -x)=Z(x)

-1.45182 435

[(-t)7]

3.87153 159

[(-~)2]

Z(n)( -x)=( -l)nz(n)(x)

968

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Table 26.1

NORMAL PROBABILITY

FUNCTIO~

P(x)

AND DERIVATIVES
Z(I)(x)

Z(x)

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

0.84134
0.84613
0.85083
0.85542
0.85992

47460
57696
00496
77003
89099

68543
27265
69019
36091
11231

0.24197
0.23713
0.23229
0.22746
0.22265

07245
19520
70047
96324
34987

19143
19380
43366
57386
51761

-0.24197
-0.24187
-0.24158
-0.24111
-0.24046

07245
45910
88849
78104
57786

19143
59767
33101
04829
51902

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

0.86433
0.86864
0.87285
0.87697
0.88099

39390
31189
68494
55969
98925

53618
57270
37202
48657
44800

0.21785
0.21306
0.20830
0.20357
0.19886

21770
91467
77900
13882
31193

32551
75718
47108
90759
87276

-0.23963
-0.23863
-0.23747
-0.23614
-0.23465

73947
74443
08806
28104
84808

35806
88804
53704
17281
76986

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.88493
0.88876
0.89251
0.89616
0.89972

03297
75625
23029
53188
74320

78292
52166
25413
78700
45558

0.19418
0.18954
0.18493
0.18037
0.17584

60549
31580
72809
11632
74302

83213
91640
63305
27080
97662

-0.23302
-0.23124
-0.22932
-0.22726
' -0.22508

32659
26528
22283
76656
47107

79856
71801
94499
66121
81008

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.90319
0.90658
0.90987
0.91308
0.91620

95154
24910
73275
50380
66775

14390
06528
35548
52915
84986

0.17136
0.16693
0.16255
0.15822
0.15394

85920
70417
50552
47903
82867

47807
41714
25534
70383
62634

-0.22277
-0.22035
-0.21782
-0.21518
-0.21244

91696
68950
37740
57149
86357

62150
99062
02216
03721
32434

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0.91924
0.92219
0.92506
0.92785
0.93056

33407
61594
63004
49630
33766

66229
73454
65673
34106
66669

0.14972
0.14556
0.14145
0.13741
0.13343

74656
41300
99652
65392
53039

35745
37348
24839
82282
51002

-0.20961
-0.20670
-0.20370
-0.20062
-0.19748

84518
10646
23499
81473
42498

90043
53034
23768
52131
47483

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

0.93319
0.93574
0.93821
0.94062
0.94294

27987
45121
98232
00594
65667

31142
81064
88188
05207
62246

0.12951
0.12566
0.12187
0.11815
0.11450

75956
46367
75370
72950
48002

65892
89088
32402
59582
59292

-0.19427
-0.19101
-0.18769
-0.18432
-0.18091

63934
02479
14070
53802
75844

98838
19414
29899
92948
09682

1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68

0.94520
0.94738
0.94949
0.95154
0.95352

07083
38615
74165
27737
13421

00442
45748
25897
33277
36280

0.11092
0.10740
0.10396
0.10058
0.09728

08346
60751
10953
63684
22693

79456
13484
28764
27691
31467

-0.17747
-0.17399
-0.17049
-0.16697
-0.16343

33354
78416
61963
33715
42124

87129
83844
39173
89966
76865

1. 70
1.72
1. 74
1. 76
1. 78

0.95543
0.95728
0.95907
0.96079
0.96246

45372
37792
04910
60967
20196

41457
08671
21193
12518
51483

0.09404
0.09088
0.08779
0.08477
0.08182

90773
69790
60706
63613
77759

76887
16283
10906
08022
92143

-0.15988
-0.15632
-0.15276
-0.14920
-0.14565

34315
56039
51628
63959
34412

40708
08007
62976
02119
66014

1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88

0.96406
0.96562
0.96711
0.96855
0.96994

96808
04975
58813
72370
59610

87074
54110
40836
19248
38800

0.07895
0.07614
0.07340
0.07074
0.06814

01583
32736
68125
03934
35661

00894
96207
81657
56983
01045

-0.14211
-0.13858
-0.13506
-0.13157
-0.12810

02849
07581
85351
71318
99042

41609
27097
50249
29989
69964

1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98

0.97128
0.97257
0.97381
0.97500
0.97614

34401
10502
01550
21048
82356

83998
96163
59548
51780
58492

0.06561
0.06315
0.06076
0.05844
0.05618

58147
65614
51689
09443
31419

74677
35199
54565
33451
03868

-0.12467
-0.12126
-0.11788
-0.11454
-0.11124

00480
05979
44277
42508
26209

71886
55581
71856
93565
69659

2.00

0.97724 98680 51821

Z(x)

0.05399 09665 13188

[(lg)9]

[(lg)1]

1
e-!X'
~2tr

=~

P(x)

Z(t)dt

Z(n) (x)

dn

= dxn Z(x)

-0.10798 19330 26376

[( 19)2]

Ren(x)

= (-l)nz(nl(x)/Z(x)

969

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Table 26.1

NORMAL PROBABIUTY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

x

Z(2) (x)

Z(3) (x)

Z(4) (x)

Z(5) (x)

Z(6) (x)

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

0.00000
0.00958
0.01895
0.02811
0.03704

00000
01309
54356
52466
95422

0.48394
0.47397
0.46346
0.45243
0.44091

145
745
412
346
805

-0.48394
-0.51219
-0.53886
-0.56392
-0.58734

145
739
899
521
012

-1.45182
-1.37346
-1.29343
-1.21197
-1.12934

435
846
272
312
487

3.87153
3.96192
4.03951
4.10431
4.15639

159
478
497
754
308

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

0.04574
0.05420
0.06240
0.07035
0.07803

89572
47909
90139
42718
38880

0.42895
0.41656
0.40379
0.39067
0.37723

094
552
549
467
697

-0.60909
-0.62916
-0.64755
-0.66424
-0.67924

290
776
390
543
129

-1.04580
-0.96159
-0.87697
-0.79217
-0.70744

155
420
050
397
317

4.19584
4.22282
4.23751
4.24014
4.23098

622
430
585
894
941

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.08544
0.09257
0.09942
0.10598
0.11226

18642
28784
22822
60955
09995

0.36351
0.34954
0.33536
0.32099
0.30647

629
639
083
285
534

-0.69254
-0.70416
-0.71411
-0.72240
-0.72907

515
524
427
928
143

-0.62301
-0.53910
-0.45594
-0.37373
-0.29268

100
399
161
571
993

4.21033
4.17853
4.13593
4.08295
4.02000

894
305
896
339
029

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.11824
0.12393
0.12932
0.13442
0.13923

43285
40598
88019
77819
08305

0.29184
0.27712
0.26234
0.24754
0.23275

071
083
695
965
873

-0.73412
-0.73760.
-0.73953
-0.73995
-0.73889

591
168
132
087
953

-0.21299
-0.13484
-0.05841
+0.01613
0.08864

916
911
584
459
645

3.94752
3.86600
3.17593
3.67781
3.57216

847
921
384
128
556

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0.14373
0.14795
0.15187
0.15550
0.15884

83670
13818
14187
05559
13858

0.21800
0.20331
0.18870
0.17422
0.15988

319
117
986
548
325

-0.73641
-0.73255
-0.72735
-0.72087
-0.71315

957
600
645
087
137

0.15897
0.22698
0.29255
0.35556
0.41593

463
486
386
954
103

3.45953
3.34046
3.21550
3.08522
2.95017

335
152
469
283
891

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

0.16189
0.16467
0.16716
0.16939
0.17134

69946
09400
72298
02982
49831

0.14570
0.13172
0.11794
0.10440
0.09111

730
067
528
190
010

-0.70425
-0.69422
-0.68313
-0.67103
-0.65798

193
823
742
785
890

0.47354
0.52834
0.58025
0.62921
0.67518

871
425
051
147
208

2.81093
2.66805
2.52210
2.37361
2.22315

657
791
132
937
681

1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68

0.17303
0.17447
0.17565
0.17658
0.17728

65021
04284
26667
94284
72076

0.07808
0.06535
0.05292
0.04080
0.02902

827
359
202
829
592

-0.64405
-0.62928
-0.61375
-0.59751
-0.58062

073
410
011
005
516

0.71812
0.75802
0.79486
0.82863
0.85934

810
588
211
352
661

2.07124
1.91841
1.76517
1.61201
1.45942

871
857
671
862
351

1.70
1.72
1. 74
1. 76
1.78

0.17775
0.17799
0.17801
0.17782
0.17743

27562
30597
53128
68955
53495

0,01758
+0,00650
-0.00421
-0.01456
-0.02452

718
315
632
254
804

-0,56315
-0.54516
-0.52670
-0,50785
-0.48864

647
459
954
061
614

0,88701
0,91167
0,93333
0,95206
0,96790

729
051
988
725
228

1.30785
1.15774
1.00953
0,86361
0.72036

296
966
633
469
463

1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88

0.17684
0.17607
0.17511
0.17399
0.17270

83546
37061
92921
30717
30539

-0.03410
-0.04329
-0.05208
-0.06047
-0.06846

647
263
243
285
193

-0.46915
-0.44942
-0.42952
-0.40949
-0.38940

342
853
621
971
073

0.98090
0.99113
0.99865
1.00356
1.00592

203
045
794
087
110

0.58014
0.44328
0.31010
0.18087
+0.05587

345
526
045
536
197

1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98

0.17125
0.16966
0.16793
0.16606
0.16407

72766
37866
06209
57874
72476

-0.07604
-0.08323
-0.09001
-0.09640
-0.10238

873
327
655
044
771

-0.36927
-0.34918
-0.32915
-0.30925
-0.28950

924
347
976
250
408

1.00582
1.00336
0.99863
0.99173
0.98276

548
537
613
666
891

-0.06467
-0.18054
-0.29155
-0.39754
-0.49836

219
414
530
137
204

2.00

0.16197 28995

[(-;)4J

-0.10798 193

[( -t)7J

P(-x)=l-P(x)

-0.26995 483

[C -:)2J

Z( -x) =Z(x)

0.97183 740

[(-:)4J

Z(n)( -xl = (-l)nZ(n)(x)

-0.59390 063

[(-;)lJ

970

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

Table 26.1
x

P(x)

Z(x)

Z(l)

(x)

2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08

0.97724
0.97830
0.97932
0.98030
0.98123

98680
83062
48371
07295
72335

51821
32353
33930
90623
65062

0.05399
0.05186
0.04980
0.04779
0.04586

09665
35766
00877
95748
10762

13188
82821
35071
82077
71055

-0.10798
-0.10476
-0.10159
-0.09846
-0.09539

19330
44248
21789
71242
10386

26376
99298
79544
57079
43794

2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18

0.98213
0.98299
0.98382
0.98461
0.98537

55794
69773
26166
36652
12692

37184
52367
27834
16075
24011

0.04398
0.04216
0.04040
0.03870
0.03706

35959
61069
75539
68561
29102

80427
61770
22860
47456
47806

-0.09236
-0.08939
-0.08647
-0.08360
-0.08079

55515
21467
21653
68092
71443

58897
58953
94921
78504
40218

2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28

0.98609
0.98679
0.98745
0.98808
0.98869

65524
06161
45385
93745
61557

86502
92744
64054
81453
61447

0.03547
0.03394
0.03246
0.03103
0.02965

45928
07631
02656
19322
45848

46231
82449
43697
15008
47341

-0.07804
-0.07534
-0.07271
-0.07013
-0.06761

41042
84942
09950
21668
24534

61709
65037
41882
05919
51938

2.30
2.32
2.34

2.36
2.38

0.98927
0.98982
0.99035
0.99086
0.99134

58899
95613
81300
25324
36809

78324
31281
54642
69428
74484

0.02832
0.02704
0.02581
0.02463
0.02349

70377
80995
65754
12693
09853

41601
46882
71588
06382
58201

-0.06515
-0.06275
-0.06041
-0.05812
-0.05590

21868
15909
07866
97955
85451

05683
48766
03515
63063
52519

2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48

0.99180
0.99223
0.99265
0.99305
0.99343

24640
97464
63690
31492
08808

75404
49447
44652
11376
64453

0.02239
0.02134
0.02032
0.01935
0.01842

45302
07148
83557
62767
33106

94843
99923
38226
31737
46862

-0.05374
-0.05164
-0.04960
-0.04761
-0.04568

68727
45300
11880
64407
98104

07623
57813
01271
60073
04218

2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58

0.99379
0.99413
0.99445
0.99476
0.99505

03346
22582
73765
63918
99842

74224
84668
56918
36444
42230

0.01752
0.01667
0.01584
0.01505
0.01430

83004
01008
75790
96163
51089

93569
37381
25361
27377
94150

-0.04382
-0.04200
-0.04025
-0.03855
-0.03690

07512
86541
28507
26177
71812

33921
10200
24416
98086
04906

2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68

0.99533
0.99560
0.99585
0.99609
0.99631

88119
35116
46986
29674
88919

76281
51879
38964
25147
90825

0.01358
0.01289
0.01223
0.01160
0.01099

29692
21261
15263
01351
69366

33686
07895
51278
13703
29406

-0.03531
-0.03377
-0.03229
-0.03085
-0.02947

57200
73704
12295
63594
17901

07583
02686
67374
02449
66807

2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2.78

0.99653
0.99673
0.99692
0.99710
0.99728

30261
59041
80407
99319
20550

96960
84109
81350
23774
77299

0.01042
0.00987
0.00934
0.00884
0.00836

09348
11537
66383
64543
96891

14423
94751
67612
98237
54653

-0.02813
-0.02684
-0.02560
-0.02441
-0.02326

65239
95383
97891
62141
77358

98941
21723
27258
39135
49935

2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88

0.99744
0.99759
0.99774
0.99788
0.99801

48696
88175
43233
17949
16241

69572
25811
08458
59596
45106

0.00791
0.00748
0.00707
0.00667
0.00630

54515
28725
11048
93237
67263

82980
25781
86019
39203
96266

-0.02216
-0.02110
-0.02008
-0.01910
-0.01816

32644
17005
19378
28658
33720

32344
22701
76295
94119
21246

2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98

0.99813
0.99824
0.99835
0.99846
0.99855

41866
98430
89387
18047
87580

99616
71324
65843
88262
82660

0.00595
0.00561
0.00529
0.00499
0.00470

25324
59835
63438
28992
49575

19776
95991
65311
13612
26934

-0.01726
-0.01639
-0.01557
-0.01477
-0.01402

23440
86721
12509
89816
07734

17350
00294
64014
72293
30263

3.00

0.99865 01019 68370

[( lZ)5]

P(x) =

fro

0.00443 18484 11938

[( lZ)8]

Z(t)dt

dn

Z(n)(x) = - - Z(x)
dxn

-0.01329 55452 35814

[(lZ)7]

Hen(x) = ( - WZ ln ) (x)/Z(x)

971

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

:\"ORMAL PROBABIUTY
x

Z(2) (x)

F{j~CTIO~

Z(4) (x)

Z(3) (x)

Table 26.1

AND DERIVATIVES
Z(5) (x)

Z(6) (x)

2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08

0.16197
0.15976
0.15744
0.15504
0.15255

28995
05616
79574
27011
22841

-0.10798
-0.11318
-0.11800
-0.12245
-0.12652

193
748
948
372
667

-0.26995
-0.25064
-0.23160
-0.21287
-0.19448

483
297
454
345
137

0.97183
0.95904
0.94451
0.92833
0.91062

740
873
117
417
795

-0.59390
-0.68406
-0.76878
-0.84800
-0.92169

063
360
007
114
927

2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18

0.14998
0.14734
0.14464
0.14188
0.13907

40623
52442
28800
38519
48644

-0.13023
-0.13358
-0.13659
-0.13925
-0.14158

543
762
143
550
892

-0.17645
-0.15882
-0.14162
-0.12485
-0.10856

779
997
297
967
076

0.89150
0.87107
0.84943
0.82671
0.80301

307
003
890
890
811

-0.98986
-1.05251
-1.10968
-1.16141
-1.20777

750
862
436
446
570

2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28

0.13622
0.13333
0.13041
0.12746
0.12450

24365
28941
23633
67648
18090

-0.14360
-0.14530
-0.14670
-0.14781
-0.14863

115
204
170
055
922

-0.09274
-0.07742
-0.06262
-0.04834
-0.03460

478
816
527
844
801

0.77844
0.75309
0.72708
0.70050
0.67346

311
866
743
969
314

-1.24885
-1.28473
-1.31554
-1.34140
-1.36245

097
823
947
971
589

2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38

0.12152
0.11853
0.11554
0.11255
0.10957

29919
55915
46652
50482
13521

-0.14919
-0.14949
-0.14955
-0.14937
-0.14896

851
939
294
032
273

-0.02141
-0.00876
+0.00331
0.01484
0.02581

241
819
989
882
724

0.64604
0.61833
0.59044
0.56243
0.53440

257
976
323
808
589

-1.37883
-1.39070
-1.39823
-1.40159
-1.40097

587
730
661
796
220

2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48

0.10659
0.10363
0.10069
0.09778
0.09488

79642
90478
85430
01675
74192

-0.14834
-0.14751
-0.14650
-0.14530
-0.14394

137
744
207
633
118

0.03622
0.04607
0.05536
0.06411
0.07231

539
505
942
307
187

0.50642
0.47856
0.45090
0.42350
0.39643

453
812
689
717
129

-1.39654
-1.38851
-1.37705
-1.36239
-1.34470

584
010
991
299
892

2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58

0.09202
0.08919
0.08639
0.08363
0.08091

35776
17075
46618
50852
54185

-0.14241
-0.14074
-0.13893
-0.13700
-0.13494

744
579
674
058
742

0.07997
0.08710
0.09371
0.09981
0.10541

287
428
533
624
808

0.36973
0.34348
0.31771
0.29247
0.26781

759
039
001
277
102

-1.32420
-1.30109
-1.27556
-1.24781
-1.21804

833
199
010
146
284

2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68

0.07823
0.07560
0.07301
0.07047
0.06798

79028
45843
73197
77809
74610

-0.13278
-0.13052
-0.12818
-0.12575
-0.12326

711
927
326
818
282

0.11053
0.11517
0.11935
0.12308
0.12638

277
293
186
341
196

0.24376
0.22036
0.19764
0.17563
0.15434

323
399
415
084
760

-1.18644
-1.15321
-1.11853
-1.08259
-1.04556

824
833
985
509
139

2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2.78

0.06554
0.06315
0.06082
0.05854
0.05631

76800
95904
41838
22966
46165

-0.12070
-0.11809
-0.11543
-0.11274
-0.11001

569
501
869
431
916

0.12926
0.13173
0.13382
0.13554
0.13690

232
965
945
741
942

0.13381
0.11404
0.09506
0.07686
0.05946

449
817
206
640
846

-1.00761
-0.96890
-0.92961
-0.88988
-0.84986

072
932
727
829
942

2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88

0.05414
0.05202
0.04996
0.04795
0.04600

H:888
39229
15987
48727
37850

-0.10727
-0.10450
-0.10172
-0.09894
-0.09616

020
406
706
520
416

0.13793
0.13862
0.13902
0.13911
0.13894

149
969
007
867
142

0.04287
0.02708
+0.01209
-0.00209
-0.01549

262
053
127
857
465

-0.80970
-0.76951
-0.72943
-0.68959
-0.65008

080
553
954
143
248

2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98

0.04410
0.04226
0.04048
0.03875
0.03707

82652
81389
31340
28865
69473

-0.09338
-0.09062
-0.08787
-0.08515
-0.08244

928
562
791
058
776

0.13850
0.13782
0.13691
0.13578
0.13446

412
240
166
706
347

-0.02810
-0.03993
-0.05100
-0.06132
-0.07091

482
892
863
737
012

-0.61101
-0.57249
-0.53459
-0.49740
-0.46100

661
036
292
627
520

3.00

0.03545 47873

[(-:)lJ

-0.07977 327

[(-:)5J

P(-x)=l-P(x)

0.13295 545

[(-~)7J

Z( -x) =Z(x)

-0.07977 327

[(-t)2J

Zen) ( - x) = ( - 1)nZen) (x)

-0.42545 745

[(-t)7J

972

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Table 26.1

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

P(x)

!-,

-2
-2
-2
-3
-3

Z(l)(J)
-1.32955
-1.16197
-1.01271
-8.80191
-7.62908

45
74
39
40
22

-3
-3
-3
-3

0
-5.68447
5944
-4.88674
-4.18954
-3.58207

75
"82
52
05

-3
-3
-3
-3

-2.59740
-2.20284
-1.86319
-1.57168

88
69
94
72
70

6824
9258
5802
4714
4088

-3
-3
-4
-4
-4

-1.32223
-1.10939
-9.28337
-7.74756
-6.44862

38
83
33
34
81

2258
0434
5718
3030
6776

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

-5.35320
-4.43207
-3.65972
-3.01397
-2.47560

90
88
79
61
88

93115
14601
31931
45875
57065

-'-51'03.85351
77186 9674
36,.
-5 3.10414 0706
-5 2.49424 7129
-5 1. 99917 9671

-4
-4
-4
-4
-5

-2.02804
-1.65701
-1.35030
-1.09746
-8.89634

21
35
12
87
95

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

66023
73177
78875
83403
86992

-5
-5
-5
-6
-6

1.59837
1.27473
1.01408
8.04718
6.36982

4111
3238
5207
2456
5179

-5 -7.19268 35
-5 -5.80003 62
-5 -4.66479 20
-5 -3.74193 98
-5 -2.99381 78

4.75
4.80
4.85
4.90
4.95

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

89829
92067
93827
95208
96289

-6
-6
-6
-6
-6

5.02950
3.96129
3.11217
2.43896
1.90660

7289
9091
5579
0746
0903

-5
-5
-5
-5
-6

5.00

0.99999 97133

,I'

3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20

0.99865
0.99885
0.99903
0.99918
0.99931

01020
57932
23968
30477
28621

3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45

0.99942
0.99951
0.99959
0.99966
0.99971

3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70

Z(.r)

-3
-3
-3
(-3

4.43184
3.80976
3.26681
2.79425
2.38408

8412
2098
9056
8415
8201

29750
65759
59422
30707
97067

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

2.02904
1.72256
1.45873
1.23221
1.03828

8057
8939
0805
9168
1296

0.99976
0.99980
0.99984
0.99986
0.99989

73709
73844
08914
88798
22003

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

8.72682
7.31664
6.11901
5.10464
4.24780

6950
4628
9301
9743
2706

3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
3.95

0.99991
0.99992
0.99994
0.99995
0.99996

15827
76520
09411
19037
09244

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

3.52595
2.91946
2.41126
1.98655
1.63256

4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
4.20

0.99996
0.99997
0.99997
0.99998
0.99998

83288
43912
93425
33762
66543

-4
-4
-5
-5
-5

1.33830
1.09434
8.92616
7.26259
5.89430

4.25
4.30
4.35
4.40
4.45

0.99998
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

4.50
4.55
4.60
4.65
4.70

(-6)1.48671 9515

e-~)3]

rro
rroo""

-2.38901
-1.90142
-1.50940
-1.19509
-9.43767

60
36
52
08
45

(-6)-7.43359 76

Table 26.2 NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

-log Q(:r)

.I'

-logQ(:r)

,/'

-log Q(.r)

,1'

5
6
7
8
9

6.54265
9.00586
11.89285
15.20614
18.94746

15
16
17
18
19

50.43522
57.19458
64.38658
72.01140
80.06919

25
26
27
28
29

137.51475
148.60624
160.13139
172.09024
184.48283

10

23.11805
27.71882
32.75044
38.21345
44.10827

20
21
22
23
24

88.56010
97.48422
106.84167
116.63253
126.85686

30
31
32
33
34

197.30921
210.56940
224.26344
238.39135
252.95315

11

12
13
14

[(-~)5]

[(-~)5]

[(-:)5]

From E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley (editors), Biometrika tables for statisticians,

vol. 1. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954(with permission). Known
error has been corrected.

973

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Table 26.1

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

Z(2)(X)

x
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20

-2/ 3.54547
-2 3.16305
-2 2.81273
(-2 2.49317
( -2) 2.20289

87
50
12
71
75

3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45

-211. 94027
-2 1. 70362
-2 1.49118
-2 1.30122
-2 1.13198

72

07
76
34
62

3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70

-3) 9.81768
-3) 8.48913
-3) 7.31834
-3) 6.29020
-3) 5.39046

Z(3)(X)

Z(4) (X)

(-2) -7.97732
-2) -7.32336
-2) -6.69403
-2) -6.09312
(-2) -5.52345

71
28
89
50
55

(-1
(-1
(-1
(-1
(-1

-2) -4.98701
-2) -4.48505
-2) -4.01812
(-2) -3.58625
(-2) -3.18893

97
27
87
07
82

03
69
71
46
16

(-2) -2.82531
( -2) -2.49416
(-2) -2.19403
( -2) -1. 92328
(-2) -1.68013

3.75 (-3) 4.60578

3.80 (-3)3.92376
3.85
-3) 3.33297
3.90 . -3) 2.82289
3.95
-3)2.38395

11
67
22
42
17

4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
4.20

(-3)2.00745
(-3) 1.68555
(-3) 1.41122
(-3) 1.17817
(-4) 9.80812

4.25
4.30
4.35
4.40
4.45

(-4)8.14199
(-4) 6.73980
-4) 5.56339
-4) 4.57943
-4) 3.75895

4.50
4.55
4.60
4.65
4.70
4.75
4.80
4.85
4.90
4.95

5.00

Z(6)(X)

Z(5)(X)
-7.97732
-9.89017
-1.13951
-1.25260
-1.33185

71
82
58
09
47

-1~ -4.25457
-1 -3.40704
-1 -2.62416
(-1!-1. 91121
(-1 -1.27124

45
15
45
33
77

82
20
85
19
84

(-1) -1.38096
( -1) -1.40361
(-1~ -1.40345
(-1 -1.38395
(-1 -1.34845

14
69
00
76
27

(-2~ -7.05366
(-2 -2.12970
(-2 +2.07973
(-2) 5.60664
(-2) 8.49222

66
34
11
85
78

02
18
56
53
34

( -2) 6.94328
(-2) 6.30753
( -2~ 5.70302
(-2 5.13292
(-2 4.59935

17
35
39
98
51

45
96
44
53
80

(~=P
-ll

49
25
58
44
21

( -2/ -1.46272
(-2 -1.26915
-2 -1.09752
-3 -9.45977
-3) -8.12688

12
17
68
49
36

-2)4.10347

-2) 3.64564
-2) 3.22558
( -2) 2.84244
(-2) 2.49493

00
64
66
39
35

-1~ -1.30002
-1 -1.24150
-1 -1.17547
-1) -1.10420
-1) -1.02970

-2!-9.53712
-2 -8.77684
-2 -8.02840
(-2 -7.30162
(-2) -6.60423

78
95
11
14
39

34
79
68
42
65

(-3)-6.95917
(-3/ -5.94009
(-3 -5.05408
(-3 -4.28662
(-3 -3.62429

17
36
43
75
14

-2) 2.18143
-2) 1.90007
-2\ 1.64880
-2 1.42549
-2 1.22795

27
05
65
82
86

24
59
62
77
76

-3)-3.05473

-3) -2.56671
-3~ -2.15001
(-3 -1.79545
(-3 -1.49480

83
38
71
89
91

(-2) 1.05400
(-3) 9.01492
-3) 7.68355
-3!6.52618
-3 5.52421

40
78
55
76
34

-2~ -3.25762
-2 -2.84973
-2 -2.48233
-2) -2.15333
-2) -1.86035

18
34
98
90
13

=~l
(~ -2l

(-4~ 3.07687 02

~
~

1.32955
1.28470
1.23133
1.17138
1.10663

45
92
27
12
65

-1) 1.03869
-2) 9.68981
-2) 8.98716
( -2) 8.28958
(-2}7.60587

-2
-2
-1
-1
(-1

1.07844
1.25359
1.38019
1.46388
( -1) 1.51024

-1) 1.52468 79
-1) 1.51237 96
-1) 1.47814 11

1(-1-1l

(-2) -5.94206 20
( -2) -5.31924 82

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-2)

1.28610
1.20426
1.11837
1.03073
9.43258

85
03
07
50
69

8.57487
7.74638
6.95640
6.21159
( -2) 5.51645

24
98
04
79
66

4.87356
4.28395
3.74736
3.26252
2.82740

75
39
21
61
22

~ =~l =::~6~ib ~~

(-2) -3.70770 95

-4 2.51154
-4 2.04439
-4) 1.65953
-4) 1.34339

32
58
02
61

(-3) -1.24073
(-3/ -1.02675
-4 -8.47126
-4 -6.96842
-4 -5.71519

79
14
22
75
82

-3) 4.66025
-3) 3.91825
-3) 3.28346
-3)2.74245
-3) 2.28312

95
60
19
97
43

(-2) -1.60082
(-2) -1.37210
-2j-1.17154
-3 -9.96506
{ -3 -8.44460

16
59
20
67
51

-2
-2
-2
-2

-4) 1.08448
-5) 8.73070
-5~ 7.00939
-5 5.61204
-5 4.48098

75
32
74
87
88

(-4)-4.67351 25
(-4) -3.81045 28
-4i-3.09767 67
-4 -2.51088 57
-4 -2.02933 60

-3) 1.89457
-3) 1.56709
-3 1.29209
-3 1.06197
-4 8.70091

22
63
13
25
63

-3)-7.12981
-3) -5.99788
-3) -5.02757
-3) -4.19931
-3) -3.49521

28
09
21
11
92

( -2
-2
-2
-2

(-5)3.56812 68

~
~

(-4)-1.63539 15

(-4)7.10651 93

(-3)-2.89910 31

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

1.42641 04
1.36120 56

-2l

(-2 2.43937 50

2.09543
1. 79232
1.52667
1.29508

(-2) 1.09422 56

Tahle 26.2

:r

-log Q(.c)

-log Q(:r)

.r

-log Q('t)

35
36
37
38
39

267.94888
283.37855
299.24218
315.53979
332.27139

45
46
47
48
49

441.77568
461.54561
481.74964
502.38776
523.45999

100
150
200
250
300

2173.87154
4888.38812
8688.58977
13574.49960
19546.12790

40
41
42
43
44

349.43701
367.03664
385.07032
403.53804
422.43983

50
60
70
80
90

544.96634
783.90743
1066.26576
1392.04459
1761.24604

350
400
450
500

26603.48018
34746.55970
43975.36860
54289.90830

[(-:)5]

Hen(X) = (-1) nz(n)(:r) / Z(.r)

[ (ci 5]

P(-x)=1-P(x)

Z(-:r)=Z(.c)

47
68
62
77

[( +~)1]

974

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Tahle 26.3

HIGHER DERIVATIVES OF THE NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION

ZCi)(.,)

.1'

Z(9) (.,)

Z(ll) (.1')

Z(IO) (./')

Z(l2) (./')

(
(
(
(

00
51
35
61
60

1) 4.18889
1i~ 4.00211
3.46206
2.62702
1) 1.58584

39
42
56
42
37

0.00000
1) -3.70133
1)-7.00124
1) -9.54959
2) -1.10912

00
55
79
57
65

2) -3.77000
2) -3.56488
2)-2.97583
2) -2.07783
1) -9.83608

46
94
41
39
69

(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)

0.00000
4.05782
7.59641
1.01729
1.14847

00
44
48
46
09

(3) 4.14700
(3) 3.88080
(3) 3.12148
(3) 1.98042
(2) +6.22581

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

( l~ 1.40908 65
(
1.39704 30
(
1.27812 14
( 1) 1.06929 69
( 0) 7.94982 72

0) +4.46820
01-6.75565
1 -1.67416
1 -2.46111
1 -2.97666

41
29
58
11
59

2) -1.14961
2) -1.07710
1) -9.05305
1) -6.58548
1) -3.68086

02
05
52
60
24

11 +1. 72666
2 1.25426
2 2.14046
2 2.74183
2) 3.01027

73
91
31
89
69

(33 1.14097
1.00184
(
(2 7.55473
(2 4.39201
(1 +9.71613

69
44

(2~-7.60421 83

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

(
(
(
(
(

45
85
07
20
45

1) -3.19401
1) -3.11962
1)-2.78951
1) -2.26227
1) -1.61006

36
40
64
70
61

0)-6.77518
1) +2.10408
Il 4.39889
1 6.02399
1 6.89184

03
36
22
37
82

( 2) 2.94236
( 2) 2.57621
2l1.98269
2 1.25293
1 +4.84200

40
24
77
01
76

1.5
1.6
1. 7
1.8
1.9

( 0)-7.05769 71
( 0)-7.6227666
( 0~-7.54545 38
( o -6.92967 04
( o -5.91207 57

0) -9.09001
0) -2.30231
0)+3.67230
0) 8.41240
1) 1.16856

03
44
07
26
49

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

( 0) -4.64322
( 0) -3.27029
( 0) -1.92318
(-1)-7.04932
(-1) +3.13162

31
67
65
91
82

1)
1)
11)
)
0)

1.34437
1.37966
1.29729
1.12731
9.02423

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

(
(
(
(
(

53
61
20
65
71

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

( 0)
( 0)
( O~
(-1
(-1

0)
0)
1)
1)

0.00000
4.12640
7.88604
1.09518
1.30711

Z(S)(./')

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0) 4.83941
0) +1.65937
0) -1.31434
0) -3.85379
0) -5.79719

~B

7.00965
6.46658
5.41207
4.02950
2.50938

92
36
19
39
72

1
1
2
2
2

-2.33347
-8.27445
-1.25055
-1.48242
-1.52849

96
07
93
69
20

51
95
67
97
01

1) +1. 02582
0) -2.81068
1) -1.31550
1) -2.02888
1) -2.41634

84
72
35
89
55

2)-1.41510
2) -1.18267
Il-8.78156
1 -5.47943
1 -2.32257

32
82
27
26
79

( 0) 6.53922
( 0) 4.08745
( 0) 1.87558
(-2) +4.01113
( 0) -1.35055

01
39
77
24
73

1) -2.50848
1) -2.36048
1~ -2.04053
1 -1.61917
1 -1.16080

12
69
83
24
01

(
(
(
(
(

0) +3.85905
1) 2.45855
1) 3.82142
1) 4.49758
1) 4.58182

20
05
21
33
51

0) -2.28683
0) -2.80440
0) -2.96904
0) -2.86200
0) -2.56761

38
64
52
69
03

0)-7.17959
( 0) -3.28394
-1) -1.46351
0) +2.14502
{ 0)
3.61188

44
42
84
00
70

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

(-1 4.02558 98
(-1 2.08414 13
(-2 +5.90352 21
(-2 -4.80932 87
(-1 -1.18202 76

( O~ -2.16386
( 0)-1.71642
( 0) -1.27559
(-1) -8.75911
(-1)-5.37496

79
80
98
24
49

4.35306
4.51182
4.24743
3.71320
3.04185

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

(-1
(-1
(-1
(-1
(-1

( -1) -2.68597
(-21-6.85427
-2 +6.92844
-1 1.54828
-1 1.99272

26
28
60
96
00

4.5 (-1 -1.23261 24

4.6 (-1 -1.02086 14
4. 7 ~ -2 -8.22202 74
4.8 -2 -6.45935 81
4.9 -2 -4.96112 66

(_-11)
( )
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

86
89
13
76
87

5.0 (-2) -3.73166 60

(-1) 1.09987 51

0) 1.09209
0) 1.62218
0) 1.91766
00) 2.00992
) 1.94057

1. 75501
1.49720
1.20591
9.12450
6.39748

-1.57919
-1.74223
-1.73706
-1.62110
-1.44109

67
60
08
76
96

2.13525
2.07280
1.88517
1.63368
1.36227

1~

(( 1
( 1

3 -1.98080
3 -2.88334
3) -3.36738
(3) -3.39874

26
06
39
98

( 2) -2.26484 60
(2) -4.93791 72
2) -6.77812 94
2)-7.6528028
2) -7.56972 92

(3) -3.01011
(3) -2.29066
3~ -1.36759
2 -3.83358
2 +5.27141

58
27
19
74
25

(2) -6.65963
( 2) -5.14267
2) -3.28612
2) -1.36113
1)+3.94747

(33)
()
(3)
(3)
(3)

1.25562
1.73301
1. 93425
1.87567
1.60633

83
70
58
40
92

11
49
18

73
14
11
54
58

(2) 1.80437 81

~ 2) 2.76469 29

( 3 1.19573 79
(2 7.20360 48
2 +2.51533 48
2 -1.53768 85
2 -4.58219 83

2 ) 3.24744 73
2 ) 3.28915 84
(2) 2.97376 42

05
73
44
25
18

(2) 2.41200
(2) 1.72126
(2) 1.00875
(1) +3.59849
(1) -1.67928

50
20
37
29
25

(2) -6.45450 80
2)-7.17969 42
2) -6.92720 18
2) -5.95491 88
(2) -4.55301 20

4.21202
3.54198
2.71897
1.86794
( 1) 1.08280

~~ i

87
84
33
96
77

(1
(1
1
1
11

-5.45649
-7.69621
-8.55436
-8.30925
-7.29343

18
99
26
36
32

(2) -2.99628
(2) -1.51035
I) -2.53474
1) +6.87309
{ 2) 1.28867

41
91
56
15
88

57
76
76
90
84

( 0) +4.23908
(-1)-7.94727
( O~ -4.23512
( 0 -6.22699
( 0 -7.02577

09
62
06
31
94

(1~ -5.83674
(1 -4.22572
(1 -2.68044
(1) -1.34695
(0) -3.01804

40
56
29
16
44

Hl

1.57656
1.60868
1.45762
1.19681
8.90539

15
13
72
09
46

2.33774
1.67481
1.09865
6.31121
2.76082

64
40
39
50
94

0) -6.93361
0) -6.24985
0l-5.23790
o -4.10728
o -3.00821

02
27
66
31
29

(0) +4.35697
(0) 8.87625
1~ 1.10126
1 1.13501
1 1.04753

68
64
69
02
07

1) 5.88418
1) 3.23557
1) +1.13637
0) -3.62532
1) -1.30010

05
28
65
62
10

(-2)+2.52235
(-1) -1.36802
~ -1) -2.28268
-1)-2.67421
-1) -2.70626

61
99
33
39
44

(0) -2.03523
(0) -1.23623
~ -1) -6.23793
-1)-1.86696
-1) +1.00018

88
43
04
14
72

(0)
(0)
(0 )
( 0)
(0)

89
76
06
54
27

(J

-1

il

(-1) -2.51404 27

1
' z (n) (.1) =([/'''
d n Z (.1')
Z()
.1' = ~?i;/-2.r
1

50
01
92
89
20

lIe n(.l') =

(-1) 2.67133 76

(-1) nZ(n) (./')/Z (./')

8.90633
7.05470
5.21451
3.57035
2.21617

(0) 1.17837 39
Z(n) (-I') =

~ ~l

(1
(1
1
1
1

-1.76908
-1.88530
-1.76464
-1.50840
-1.19594

98
78
76
48
52

(0) -8.83034 08

(-1) nZ(n) (./')

975

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION-VALUES OF Z(x) 11\ TERMS OF P(x) Ai\fD Q(x)

Table 26.1

(1(,,)

0.000

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

0.010

O.O~

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
0.02665
0.04842
0.06804
0.08617

0.00337
0.02896
0.05046
0.06992
0.08792

0.00634
0.03123
0.05249
0.07177
0.08965

0.00915
0.03348
0.05449
0.07362
0.09137

0.01185
0.03569
0.05648
0.07545
0.09309

0.01446
0.03787
0.05845
0.07727
0.09479

0.01700
0.04003
0.06040
0.07908
0.09648

0.01949
0.04216
0.06233
0.08087
0.09816

0.02192
0.04427
0.06425
0.08265
0.09983

0.02431
0.04635
0.06615
0.08442
0.10149

0.02665
0.04842
0.06804
0.08617
0.10314

0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.10314
0.11912
0.13427
0.14867
0.16239

0.10478
0.12067
0.13574
0.15007
0.16373

0.10641
0.12222
0.13720
0.15146
0.16506

0.10803
0.12375
0.13866
0.15285
0.16639

0.10964
0.12528
0.14011
0.15423
0.16770

0.11124
0.12679
0.14156
0.15561
0.16902

0.11284
0.12830
0.14299
0.15698
0.17033

0.11442
0.12981
0.14442
0.15834
0.17163

0.1160:1
0.13130
0.14584
0.15970
0.17292

0.11756
0.13279
0.14726
0.16105
0.17421

0.11912
0.13427
0.14867
0.16239
0.17550

0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.90

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.17550
0.18804
0.20004
0.21155
0.22258

0.17678
0.18926
0.20121
0.21267
0.22365

0.17805
0.19048
0.20238
0.21379
0.22473

0.17932
0.19169
0.20354
0.21490
0.22580

0.18057
0.19290
0.20470
0.21601
0.22686

0.18184
0.19410
0.20585
0.21712
0.22792

0.18309
0.19530
0.20700
0.21822
0.22898

0.18433
0.19649
0.20814
0.21932
0.23003

0.18557
0.19768
0.20928
0.22041
0.23108

0.18681
0.19886
0.21042
0.22149
0.23212

0.18804
0.20004
0.21155
0.22258
0.23316

0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.85

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.23316
0.24331
0.25305
0.26240
0.27137

0.23419
0.24430
0.25401
0.26331
0.27224

0.23522
0.24529
0.25495
0.26422
0.27311

0.23625
0.24628
0.25590
0.26513
0.27398

0.23727
0.24726
0.25684
0.26603
0.27485

0.23829
0.24823
0.25778
0.26693
0.27571

0.23930
0.24921
0.25871
0.26782
0.27657

0.24031
0.25017
0.25964
0.26871
0.27742

0.24131
0.25114
0.26056
0.26960
0.27827

0.24232
0.25210
0.26148
0.27049
0.27912

0.24331
0.25305
0.26240
0.27137
0.27996

0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.80

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.27996
0.28820
0.29609
0.30365
0.31087

0.28080
0.28901
0.29686
0.30439
0.31158

0.28164
0.28981
0.29763
0.30512
0.31228

0.28247
0.29060
0.29840
0.30585
0.31298

0.28330
0.29140
0.29916
0.30658
0.31367

0.28413
0.29219
0.29991
0.30730
0.31436

0.28495
0.29298
0.30067
0.30802
0.31505

0.28577
0.29376
0.30142
0.30874
0.31574

0.28658
0.29454
0.30216
0.30945
0.31642

0.28739
0.29532
0.30291
0.31016
0.31710

0.28820
0.29609
0.30365
0.31087
0.31778

0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.31778
0.32437
0.33065
0.33662
0.34230

0.31845
0.32501
0.33126
0.33720
0.34286

0.31912
0.32565
0.33187
0.33778
0.34341

0.31979
0.32628
0.33247
0.33836
0.34395

0.32045
0.32691
0.33307
0.33893
0.34449

0.32111
0.32754
0.33367
0.33950
0.34503

0.32177
0.32817
0.33427
0.34007
0.34557

0.32242
0.32879
0.33486
0.34063
0.34611

0.32307
0.32941
0.33545
0.34119
0.34664

0.32372
0.33003
0.33604
0.34175
0.34717

0.32437
0.33065
0.33662
0.34230
0.34769

0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.70

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.34769
0.35279
0.35761
0.36215
0.36641

0.34822
0.35329
0.35808
0.36259
0.36682

0.34874
0.35378
0.35854
0.36302
0.36723

0.34925
0.35427
0.35900
0.36346
0.36764

0.34977
0.35475
0.35946
0.36389
0.36804

0.35028
0.35524
0.35991
0.36431
0.36844

0.35079
0.35572
0.36037
0.36474
0.36884

0.35129
0.35620
0.36082
0.36516
0.36923

0.35180
0.35667
0.36126
0.36558
0.36962

0.35230
0.35714
0.36171
0.36600
0.37001

0.35279
0.35761
0.36215
0.36641
0.37040

0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66
0.65

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.37040
0.37412
0.37757
0.38076
0.38368

0.37078
0.37447
0.37790
0.38106
0.38396

0.37116
0.37483
0.37823
0.38136
0.38423

0.37154
0.37518
0.37855
0.38166
0.38451

0.37192
0.37553
0.37888
0.38196
0.38478

0.37229
0.37583
0.37920
0.38225
0.38504

0.37266
0.37622
0.37951
0.38254
0.38531

0.37303
0.37656
0.37983
0.38283
0.38557

0.37340
0.3769J
0.38014
0.38312
0.38583

0.37376
0.37724
0.38045
0.38340
0.38609

0.37412
0.37757
0.38076
0.38368
0.38634

0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.60

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.38634
0.38875
0.39089
0.39279
0.39442

0.38659
0.38897
0.39109
0.39296
0.39457

0.38684
0.38920
0.39129
0.39313
0.39472

0.38709
0.38942
0 .39149
0.39330
0.39486

0.38734
0.38964
0.39168
0.39347
0.39501

0.38758
0.38985
0.39187
0.39364
0.39514

0.38782
0.39007
0.39206
0.39380
0.39528

0.38805
0.39028
0.39224
0.39396
0.39542

0.38829
0.39049
0.39243
0.39411
0.39555

0.38852
0.39069
0.39261
0.39427
0.39568

0.38875
0.39089
0.39279
0.39442
0 . .39580

0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.49

0.39580
0.39694
0.39781
0.39844
0.39882

0.39593
0.39703
0.39789
0.39849
0.39884

0.39605
0.39713
0.39796
0 .39854
0.39886

0.39617
0.3972.3
0.39803
0.39853
0.398B9

0.39629
0.39732
0.39809
0.39862
0.39890

0.39640
0.39741
0.39816
0.39866
0.39891

0.39651
0.39749
0.39922
0.39870
0.39B92

0.39662
0.39758
0.39828
0.39873
0.39893

0.39673
0.39766
0.39B34
0.39876
0.39894

0.39683
0.39774
0.39839
0.39879
0.39894

0.39694
0.39781
0.39844
0.39882
0.39894

0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50

0.000

p(.,.)

0.009
0.008
0.010
0.007
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.005
0.006
Linear interpolation yields an error no greater than 5 units in the fifth decimal place.

1
..J27r

Z(.I)=-I'~

! x2

P(.,)=l-(!(.,)=(oo Z(I)dl

Compiled from T. L. Kelley, The Kelley Statistical Tables. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,
1948 (with permission).

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

976
Table 26.5

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION-VALUES 01<' x IN TERMS OF P(x) AND Q(X)

(J(.I')

0.000

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

0.010

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

00

2.32635
2.05375
1.88079
1.75069

3.09023
2.29037
2.03352
1.86630
1.73920

2.87816
2.25713
2.01409
1.85218
1.72793

2.74778
2.22621
1.99539
1.83842
1.71689

2.65207
2.19729
1.97737
1.82501
1.70604

2.57583
2.17009
1.95996
1.81191
1.69540

2.51214
2.14441
1.94313
1.79912
1.68494

2.45726
2.12007
1.92684
1.78661
1.67466

2.40892
2.09693
1.91104
1.77438
1.66456

2.36562
2.07485
1.89570
1.76241
1.65463

2.32635
2.05375
1.88079
1.75069
1.64485

0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.64485
1.55477
1.47579
1.40507
1.34076

1.63523
1.54643
1.46838
1.39838
1.33462

1.62576
1.53820
1.46106
1.39174
1.32854

1.61644
1.53007
1.45381
1.38517
1.32251

1.60725
1.52204
1.44663
1.37866
1.31652

1.59819
1.51410
1.43953
1.37220
1.31058

1.58927
1.50626
1.43250
1.36581
1.30469

1.58047
1.49851
1.42554
1.35946
1.29884

1.57179
1.49085
1.41865
1.35317
1.29303

1.56322
1.48328
1.41183
1.34694
1.28727

1.55477
1.47579
1.40507
1.34076
1.28155

0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.90

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.28155
1.22653
1.17499
1.12639
1.08032

1.27587
1.22123
1.17000
1.12168
1.07584

1.27024
1.21596
1.16505
1.11699
1.07138

1.26464
1.21072
1.16012
1.11232
1.06694

1.25908
1.20553
1.15522
1.10768
1.06252

1.25357
1.20036
1.15035
1.10306
1.05812

1.24808
1.19522
1.14551
1.09847
1.05374

1.24264
1.19012
1.14069
1.09390
1.04939

1.23723
1.18504
1.13590
1.08935
1.04505

1.23186
1.18000
1.13113
1.08482
1.04073

1.22653
1.17499
1.12639
1.08032
1.03643

0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.85

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.03643
0.99446
0.95416
0.91537
0.87790

1.03215
0.99036
0.95022
0.91156
0.87422

1.02789
0.98627
0.94629
0.90777
0.87055

1.02365
0.98220
0.94238
0.90399
0.86689

1.01943
0.97815
0.93848
0.90023
0.86325

1.01522
0.97411
0.93458
0.89647
0.85962

1.01103
0.97009
0.93072
0.89273
0.85600

1.00686
0.96609
0.92686
0.88901
0.85239

1.00271
0.96210
0.92301
0.88529
0.84879

0.99858
0.95812
0.91918
0.88159
0.84520

0.99446
0.95416
0.91537
0.87790
0.84162

0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.80

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.84162
0.80642
0.77219
0.73885
0.70630

0.83805
0.80296
0.76882
0.73556
0.70309

0.83450
0.79950
0.76546
0.73228
0.69988

0.83095
0.79606
0.76210
0.72900
0.69668

0.82742
0.79262
0.75875
0.72574
0.69349

0.82390
0.78919
0.75542
0.72248
0.69031

0.82038
0.78577
0.75208
0.71923
0.68713

0.81687
0.78237
0.74876
0.71599
0.68396

0.81338
0.77897
0.74545
0.71275
0.68080

0.80990
0.77557
0.74214
0.70952
0.67764

0.80642
0.77219
0.73885
0.70630
0.67449

0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.67449
0.64335
0.61281
0.58284
0.55338

0.67135
0.64027
0.60979
0.57987
0.55047

0.66821
0.63719
0.60678
0.57691
0.54755

0.66508
0.63412
0.60376
0.57395
0.54464

0.66196
0.63106
0.60076
0.57100
0.54174

0.65884
0.62801
0.59776
0.56805
0.53884

0.65573
0.62496
0.59477
0.56511
0.53594

0.65262
0.62191
0.59178
0.56217
0.53305

0.64952
0.61887
0.58879
0.55924
0.53016

0.64643
0.61584
0.58581
0.55631
0.52728

0.64335
0.61281
0.58284
0.55338
0.52440

0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.70

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.52440
0.49585
0.46770
0.43991
0.41246

0.52153
0.49302
0.46490
0.43715
0.40974

0.51866
0.49019
0.46211
0.43440
0.40701

0.51579
0.48736
0.45933
0.43164
0.40429

0.51293
0.48454
0.45654
0.42889
0.40157

0.51007
0.48173
0.45376
0.42615
0.39886

0.50722
0.47891
0.45099
0.42340
0.39614

0.50437
0.47610
0.44821
0.42066
0.39343

0.50153
0.47330
0.44544
0.41793
0.39073

0.49869
0.47050
0.44268
0.41519
0.38802

0.49585
0.46770
0.43991
0.41246
0.38532

0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66
0.65

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.38532
0.35846
0.33185
0.30548
0.27932

0.38262
0.35579
0.32921
0.30286
0.27671

0.37993
0.35312
0.32656
0.30023
0.27411

0.37723
0.35045
0.32392
0.29761
0.27151

0.37454
0.34779
0.32128
0.29499
0.26891

0.37186
0.34513
0.31864
0.29237
0.26631

0.36917
0.34247
0.31600
0.28976
0.26371

0.36649
0.33981
0.31337
0.28715
0.26112

0.36381
0.33716
0.31074
0.28454
0.25853

0.36113
0.33450
0.30811
0.28193
0.25594

0.35846
0.33185
0.30548
0.27932
0.25335

0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.60

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.25335
0.22754
0.20189
0.17637
0.15097

0.25076
0.22497
0.19934
0.17383
0.14843

0.24817
0.22240
0.19678
0.17128
0.14590

0.24559
0.21983
0.19422
0.16874
0.14337

0.24301
0.21727
0.19167
0.16620
0.14084

0.24043
0.21470
0.18912
0.16366
0.13830

0.23785
0.21214
0.18657
0.16112
0.13577

0.23527
0.20957
0.18402
0.15858
0.13324

0.23269
0.20701
0.18147
0.15604
0.13072

0.23012
0.20445
0.17892
0.15351
0.12819

0.22754
0.20189
0.17637
0.15097
0.12566

0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.12566
0.10043
0.07527
0.05015
0.02507

0.12314
0.09791
0.07276
0.04764
0.02256

0.12061
0.09540
0.07024
0.04513
0.02005

0.11809
0.09288
0.06773
0.04263
0.01755

0.11556
0.09036
0.06522
0.04012
0.01504

0.11304
0.08784
0.06271
0.03761
0.01253

0.11052
0.08533
0.06020
0.03510
0.01003

0.10799
0.08281
0.05768
0.03259
0.00752

0.10547
0.08030
0.05517
0.03008
0.00501

0.10295
0.07778
0.05266
0.02758
0.00251

0.10043
0.07527
0.05015
0.02507
0.00000

0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50

0.009
0.007
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.000 P(x)
For Q(x0.007, linear interpolation yields an error of one unit in the third decimal place; five-point
interpolation is necessary to obtain full accuracy.

P(x)=l-Q(x)= ~ m Z (t)dt

Compiled from T. L. Kelley, The Kelley Statistical Tables.

1948 (with permission).

Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,

977

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION-VALUES OF x FOR EXTREME VALUES

()J<'

PIx) AND Q(x)

Table 26.()

(J(.I)

0.0000

0.0001

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

0.0006

0.0007

0.0008

0.0009

0.0010

0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004

00

3.09023
2.87816
2.74778
2.65207

3.71902
3.06181
2.86274
2.73701
2.64372

3.54008
3.03567
2.84796
2.72655
2.63555

3.43161
3.01145
2.83379
2.71638
2.62756

3.35279
2.98888
2.82016
2.70648
2.61973

3.29053
2.96774
2.80703
2.69684
2.61205

3.23888
2.94784
2.79438
2.68745
2.60453

3.19465
2.92905
2.78215
2.67829
2.59715

3.15591
2.91124
2.77033
2.66934
2.58991

3.12139
2.89430
2.75888
2.66061
2.58281

3.09023
2.87816
2.74778
2.65207
2.57583

0.999
0.998
0.997
0.996
0.995

0.005
0.006
0.007
3.008
0.009

2.57583
2.51214
2.45726
2.40891
2.36562

2.56897
2.50631
2.45216
2.40437
2.36152

2.56224
2.50055
2.44713
2.39989
2.35747

2.55562
2.49488
2.44215
2.39545
2.35345

2.54910
2.48929
2.43724
2.39106
2.34947

2.54270
2.48377
2.43238
2.38671
2.34553

2.53640
2.47833
2.42758
2.38240
2.34162

2.53019
2.47296
2.42283
2.37814
2.33775

2.52408
2.46765
2.41814
2.37392
2.33392

2.51807
2.46243
2.41350
2.36975
2.33012

2.51214
2.45726
2.40891
2.36562
2.32635

0.994
0.993
0.992
0.991
0.990

0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014

2.32635
2.29037
l.25713
2.22621
2.19729

2.32261
2.28693
2.25394
2.22323
2.19449

2.31891
2.28352
2.25077
2.22028
2.19172

2.31524
2.28013
2.24763
2.21734
2.18896

2.31160
2.27677
2.24450
2.21442
2.18621

2.30798
2.27343
2.24140
2.21152
2.18349

2.30440
2.27013
2.23832
2.20864
2.18078

2.30085
2.26684
2.23526
2.20577
2.17808

2.29733
2.26358
2.23223
2.20293
2.17540

2.29383
2.26034
2.22921
2.20010
2.17274

2.29037
2.25713
2.22621
2.19729
2.17009

0.989
0.988
0.987
0.986
0.935

0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019

2.17009
2.14441
2.12007
2.09693
2.07485

2.16746
2.14192
2.11771
2.09467
2.07270

2.16484
2.13944
2.11535
2.09243
2.07056

2.16224
2.13698
2.11301
2.09020
2.06843

2.15965
2.13452
2.11068
2.08798
2.06630

2.15707
2.13208
2.10836
2.08576
2.06419

2.15451
2.12966
2.10605
2.08356
2.06208

2.15197
2.12724
2.10375
2.08137
2.05998

2.14943
2.12484
2.10147
2.07919
2.05790

2.14692
2.12245
2.09919
2.07702
2.05582

2.14441
2.12007
2.09693
2.07485
2.05375

0.984
0.983
0.982
0.981
0.980

0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024

2.05375
2.03352
2.01409
1.99539
1.97737

2.05169
2.03154
2.01219
1.99356
1.97560

2.04964
2.02957
2.01029
1.99174
1.97384

2.04759
2.02761
2.00841
1.98992
1.97208

2.04556
2.02566
2.00653
1.98811
1.91033

2.04353
2.02371
2.00465
1.98630
1.96859

2.04151
2.02177
2.00279
1.98450
1.96685

2.03950
2.01984
2.00093
1.98271
1.96512

2.03750
2.01792
1.99908
1.98092
1.96340

2.03551
2.01600
1.99723
1.97914
1.96168

2.03352
2.01409
1.99539
1.97737
1.95996

0.979
0.978
0.977
0.976
0.975

0.0006 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001

0.0010 0.0009 0.0008 0.0007
0.0000
For Q(.r) -'0.0007, linear interpolation yields an error of one unit in the third decimal place; five-point

per)

interpolation is necessary to obtain full accuracy.

I,) (.1')

.r

I;) (.I)

.r

.r

IH')

,.>(.,)

.r

(-4)1.0

3.71902

(- 9)1.0

5.99781

(-14)1.0

7.65063

(-19)1.0

9.01327

(-5)1.0

4.26489

(-10)1.0

6.36134

(-15)1.0

7.94135

(-20)1.0

9.26234

(-6) 1. 0

4.75342

( -ll) 1. 0

6.70602

(-16)1.0

8.22208

(-21)1.0

9.50502

(-7) 1.0

5.19934

( -12) 1.0

7.03448

(-17)1.0

8.49379

( -22) 1. 0

9.74179

(-8) 1. 0

5.61200

(-13)1.0

7.34880

(-18)1.0

8.75729

(-23)1.0

9.97305

P(.I')~I-I,)(.,)~ fro

Compiled from T. L. Kelley, The Kelley Statistical Tables.

1948 (with permission) for Q(.I(-9)1.

Z(t)"t

Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,

978

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Table 26.7

1
2
3
4

1
2
3
4
5

PROBABILITY INTEGRAL OF x2DISTRIBUTION, INCOMPLETE GAMMA FUNCTION

CUMULATIVE SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION

x2 =0.00l
m=0.0005
0.97477
0.99950
0.99999

0.002
0.0010
0.96433
0.99900
0.99998

0.003
0.0015
0.95632
0.99850
0.99996

0.004 0.005
0.0020
0.0025
0.94957 0.94363
0.99800 0.99750
0.99993 0.99991

x2=0.01
m=0.005
0.92034
0.99501
0.99973
0.99999

0.02
0.010
0.88754
0.99005
0.99925
0.99995

0.03
0.015
0.86249
0.98511
0.99863
0.99989
0.99999

0.04
0.020
0.84148
0.98020
0.99790
0.99980
0.99998

0.006
0.0030
0.93826
0.99700
0.99988

0.06
0.05
0.030
0.025
0.82306 0.80650
0.97531 0.97045
0.99707 0.99616
0.99969 0.99956
0.99997 0.99995

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.009
0.010
0.0045 0.0050
0.92442 0.92034
0.99551 0.99501
0.99977 0.99973
0.99999 0.99999
0.10
0.09
0.045
0.050
O. 76418 O. 75183
0.95600 0.95123
0.99301 0.99184
0.99902 0.99879
0.99987 0.99984

0.99999

0.99999

0.99998

0.99999

x2=0.1
m=0.05
0.75183
0.95123
0.99184
0.99879
0.99984

0.2
0.10
0.65472
0.90484
0.97759
0.99532
0.99911

0.3
0.15
0.58388
0.86071
0.96003
0.98981
0.99764

0.4
0.20
0.52709
0.81873
0.94024
0.98248
0.99533

0.5
0.6
0.25
0.30
0.47950 0.43858
O. 77880 O. 74082
0.91889 0.89643
0.97350 0.96306
0.99212 0.98800

0.7
0.8
0.9
0.40
0.35
0.45
0.40278 0.37109 0.34278
O. 70469 0.67032 0.63763
0.87320 0.84947 0.82543
0.95133 0.93845 0.92456
0.98297 0.97703 0.97022

1.0
0.50
0.31731
0.60653
0.80125
0.90980
0.96257

0.99998

0.99985
0.99997

0.99950
0.99990
0.99998

0.99885
0.99974
0.99994
0.99999

0.99784
0.99945
0.99987
0.99997
0.99999

0.99449
0.99834
0.99953
0.99987
0.99997

0.99207
0.99744
0.99922
0.99978
0.99994

0.98912
0.99628
0.99880
0.99964
0.99989

0.98561
0.99483
0.99825
0.99944
0.99983

0.99999

0.99998

0.99995
0.99999
2.0
1.00
0.15730
0.36788
0.57241
O. 73576
0.84915

0.99640
0.99899
0.99973
0.99993
0.99998

11
12

x2 = 1.1
m=0.55
1
2
3
4
5

0.007
0.008
0.0035
0.0040
0.93332 0.92873
0.99651 0.99601
0.99984 0.99981
0.99999 0.99999
0.07
0.08
0.040
0.035
O. 79134 0.77730
0.96561 0.96079
0.99518 0.99412
0.99940 0.99922
0.99993 0.99991

1.2
0.60
0.29427 0.27332
0.57695 0.54881
O. 77707 O. 75300
0.89427 0.87810
0.95410 0.94488

1.4
1.3
0.70
0.65
0.25421 0.23672
0.52205 0.49659
0.72913 O. 70553
0.86138 0.84420
0.93493 0.92431

1.6
1.5
0.75
0.80
0.22067 0.20590
0.47237 0.44933
0.68227 0.65939
0.82664 O~ 80879
0.91307 0.90125

1.7
0.85
0.19229
0.42741
0.63693
O. 79072
0.88890

1.8
0.90
0.17971
0.40657
0.61493
O. 77248
0.87607

0.99997
0.99999
1.9
0.95
0.16808
0.38674
0.59342
O. 75414
0.86280

6
7
8
9
10

0.98154
0.99305
0.99753
0.99917
0.99973

0.97689
0.99093
0.99664
0.99882
0.99961

0.97166
0.98844
0.99555
0.99838
0.99944

0.96586
0.98557
0.99425
0.99782
0.99921

0.95949
0.98231
0.99271
0.99715
0.99894

0.95258
0.97864
0.99092
0.99633
0.99859

0.94512
0.97457
0.98887
0.99537
0.99817

0.93714
0.97008
0.98654
0.99425
0.99766

0.92866
0.96517
0.98393
0.99295
0.99705

0.91970
0.95984
0.98101
0.99147
0.99634

11
12
13
14
15

0.99992
0.99998
0.99999

0.99987
0.99996
0.99999

0.99981
0.99994
0.99998
0.99999

0.99973
0.99991
0.99997
0.99999

0.99962
0.99987
0.99996
0.99999

0.99948
0.99982
0.99994
0.99998
0.99999

0.99930
0.99975
0.99991
0.99997
0.99999

0.99908
0.99966
0.99988
0.99996
0.99999

0.99882
0.99954
0.99983
0.99994
0.99998

0.99850
0.99941
0.99977
0.99992
0.99997

0.99999

0.99999

16
v

Q(x2 Iv) =1-P(x2Iv)

=[ii r(~)

f~e-2t2-1 dt=[ (~)

II ~:2 -tt2-1dt=;~~
II

e-mmJ/ j!(v even, c=!v, m=tx2)

Compiled from E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley (editors), Biometrika tables for statisticians, vol. 1.
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954 (with permission).

979

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

PROBABILITY INTEGRAL OF x2-DISTRIBUTION, INCOMPLETE GAMMA FUNCTION Table 26_7

CUMULATIVE SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION
x2~2.2

rn=1.1
1
2
3
4
5

2.4
1.2

2.6
1.3

2.8
1.4

3.0
1.5

3.2
1.6

3.4
1.7

3.6
1.8

3.8
1.9

4.0
2.0

0.13801 0.12134
0.33287 0.30119
0.53195 0.49363
0.69903 0.66263
0.82084 0.79147

0.10686
0.27253
0.45749
0.62682
0.76137

0.09426
0.24660
0.42350
0.59183
0.73079

0.08327
0.22313
0.39163
0.55783
0.69999

0.07364
0.20190
0.36181
0.52493
0.66918

0.06520
0.18268
0.33397
0.49325
0.63857

0.05778
0.16530
0.30802
0.46284
0.60831

0.05125
0.14957
0.28389
0.43375
0.57856

6
7
8
9
10

0.90042
0.94795
0.97426
0.98790
0.99457

0.87949
0.93444
0.96623
0.98345
0.99225

0.85711
0.91938
0.95691
0.97807
0.98934

0.83350
0.90287
0.94628
0.97170
0.98575

0.80885
0.88500
0.93436
0.96430
0.98142

O. 78336 0.75722
0.86590 0.84570
0.92119 0.90681
0.95583 0.94631
0.97632 0.97039

0.73062
0.82452
0.89129
0.93572
0.96359

0.70372 0.67668
0.80250 O. 77978
0.87470 0.85712
0.92408 0.91141
0.95592 0.94735

11
12
13
14
15

0.99766
0.99903
0.99961
0.99985
0.99994

0.99652
0.99850
0.99938
0.99975
0.99990

0.99503
0.99777
0.99903
0.99960
0. 99984

0.99311
0.99680
0.99856
0.99938
0.99974

0.99073
0.99554
0.99793
0.99907
0.99960

0.98781
0.99396
0.99711
0.99866
0.99940

0.98431
0.99200
0.99606
0.99813
0.99913

0.98019
0.98962
0.99475
0.99743
0.99878

0.97541
0.98678
0.99314
0.99655
0.99832

0.96992
0.98344
0.99119
0.99547
0.99774

16
17
18
19
20

0.99998
0.99999

0.99996
0.99999

0.99994
0.99998
0.99999

0.99989 0.99983
0.99996 0.99993
0.99998 0.99997
0.99999 n.99999

0.99974 0.99961
0.99989 0.99983
0.99995 0.99993
0.99998 0.99997
0.99999 0.99999

0.99944
0.99975
0.99989
0.99995
0.99998

0.99921
0.99964
0.99984
0.99993
0.99997

0.99890
0.99948
0.99976
0.99989
0.99995

0.99999

0.99999

0.99998
0.99999

21
22

x2 =4.2
rn=2.1

4.4
2.2

4.6
2.3

4.8
2.4

5.0
2.5

5.2
2.6

5.4
2.7

5.6
2.8

5.8
2.9

O. 04550
0.13534
0.26146
0.40601
0.54942

6.0
3.0

1
2
3
4
5

0.04042
0.12246
0.24066
0.37962
0.52099

0.03594
0.11080
0.22139
0.35457
0.49337

0.03197
0.10026
0.20354
0.33085
0.46662

0.02846
0.09072
0.18704
0.30844
0.44077

0.02535
0.08209
0.17180
0.28730
0.41588

0.02259
0.07427
0.15772
0.26739
0.39196

0.02014
0.06721
0.14474
0.24866
0.36904

0.01796
0.06081
0.13278
0.23108
0.34711

0.01603
0.05502
0.12176
0.21459
0.32617

0.01431
0.04979
0.11161
0.19915
0.30622

6
7
8
9
10

0.64963
0.75647
0.83864
0.89776
0.93787

0.62271
0.73272
0.81935
0.88317
0.92750

0.59604
0.70864
0.79935
0.86769
0.91625

0.56971
0.68435
0.77872
0.85138
0.90413

0.54381
0.65996
0.75758
0.83431
0.89118

0.51843
0.63557
0.73600
0.81654
0.87742

0.49363 0.46945
0.61127 0.58715
0.71409 0.69194
O. 79814 0.77919
0.86291 0.84768

0.44596
0.56329
0.66962
O. 75976
0.83178

0.42319
0.53975
0.64723
O. 73992
0.81526

11

12
13
14
15

0.96370
0.97955
0.98887
0.99414
0.99701

0.95672
0.97509
0.98614
0.99254
0.99610

0.94898
0.97002
0.98298
0.99064
0.99501

0.94046
0.96433
0.97934
0.98841
0.99369

0.93117
0.95798
0.97519
0.98581
0.99213

0.92109
0.95096
0.97052
0.98283
0.99029

0.91026
0.94327
0.96530
0.97943
0.98816

0.89868
0.93489
0.95951
0.97559
0.98571

0.88637
0.92583
0.95313
0.97128
0.98291

0.87337
0.91608
0.94615
0.96649
0.97975

16
17
18
19
20

0.99851
0.99928
0.99966
0.99985
0.99993

0.99802
0.99902
0.99953
0.99978
0.99990

0.99741
0.99869
0.99936
0.99969
0.99986

0.99666
0.99828
0.999l4
0.99958
0.99980

0.99575
0.99777
0.99886
0.99943
0.99972

0.99467
0.99715
0.99851
0.99924
0.99962

0.99338
0.99639
0.99809
0.99901
0.99950

0.99187
0.99550
0.99757
0.99872
0.99934

0.99012 0.98810
0.99443 0.99319
0.99694 0.99620
0.99836 0.99793
0.99914 0.99890

21
22
23
24
25

0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99995
0.99998
0.99999

0.99993
0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99991
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99987
0.99994
0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99982
0.99991
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99975
0.99988
0.99994
0.99997
0.99999

0.99967
0.99984
0.99992
0.99996
0.99998

0.99956
0.99978
0.99989
0.99995
0.99998

0.99943
0.99971
0.99986
0.99993
0.99997

0.99999

0.99999
0.99999

0.99998
0.99999

26
27

,;~~ (x2-x~)

w=v-vo>O

Interpolation on x2
Q(x 2 ')~Q (x~l.o-4)
1

G2]+Q (x~I.0-2) [_2]+Q (x~I'o) [1-H~

2]

Double Entry Interpolation

Q VI.)=Q (x~h-4)

G2]+Q (x~1 '0-2) [_2_ w]+Q (x~1 '0-1) [~w2_~ w+w]

+Q (x~I'o)[ l-w2-H~2+W]+Q (x~lvo+1) [~w2+~ w-w]

980

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Table 26.7 PROBABILITY INTEGRAL OF X2 -DISTRIBL'TION, INCOMPLETE GAMMA }'UNCTION

CUM(jLATIVE SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBllTiON

x2 =6.2

6.6
3.3
0.01020
0.03688
0.08580
0.15860
0.25213

6.8
3.4
0.00912
0.03337
0.07855
0.14684
0.23595

7.2
7.0
3.6
3.5
0.00815 0.00729
0.03020 0.02732
0.07190 0.06579
0.13589 0.12569
0.22064 0.20619

7.4
3.7
0.00652
0.02472
0.06018
0.11620
0.19255

7.6
7.8
3.8
3.9
0.00584 0.00522
0.02237 0.02024
0.05504 0.05033
0.10738 0.09919
0.17970 0.16761

8.0
4.0
0.00468
O. 01832
0.04601
0.09158
0.15624

1
2
3
4
5

0.01278
0.04505
0.10228
0.18470
0.28724

6.4
3.2
0.01141
0.04076
0.09369
0.17120
0.26922

6
7
8
9
10

0.40116
0.51660
0.62484
0.71975
0.79819

0.37990
0.49390
0.60252
0.69931
O. 78061

0.35943
0.47168
0.58034
0.67869
O. 76259

0.33974
0.45000
0.55836
0.65793
O. 74418

0.32085
0.42888
0.53663
0.63712
0.72544

0.30275
0.40836
0.51522
0.61631
O. 70644

0.28543
0.38845
0.49415
0.59555
0.68722

0.26890
0.36918
0.47349
0.57490
0.66784

0.25313
0.35056
0.45325
0.55442
0.64837

0.23810
0.33259
0.43347
0.53415
0.62884

11
12
13
14
15

0.85969
0.90567
0.93857
0.96120
0.97619

0.84539
0.89459
0.93038
0.95538
0.97222

0.83049
0.88288
0.92157
0.94903
0.96782

0.81504
0.87054
0.91216
0.94215
0.96296

O. 79908
0.85761
0.90215
0.93471
0.95765

0.78266
0.84412
0.89155
0.92673
0.95186

O. 76583
O. 83009
0.88038
0.91819
0.94559

0.74862
0.81556
0.86865
0.90911
0.93882

0.73110
0.80056
0.85638
0.89948
0.93155

0.71330
O. 78513
0.84360
0.88933
0.92378

16
17
18
19
20

0.98579
0.99174
0.99532
0.99741
0.99860

0.98317
0.99007
0.99429
0.99679
0.99824

0.98022
0.98816
0.99309
0.99606
0.99781

0.97693
0.98599
0.99171
0.99521
0.99729

0.97326
0.98355
0.99013
0.99421
0.99669

0.96921
0.98081
0.98833
0.99307
0.99598

0.96476
0.97775
0.98630
0.99176
0.99515

0.95989
0.97437
0.98402
0.99026
0.99420

0.95460
0.97064
0.98147
0.98857
0.99311

0.94887
0.96655
0.97864
0.98667
0.99187

21
22
23
24
25

0.99926
0.99962
0.99981
0.99990
0.99995

0.99905
0.99950
0.99974
0.99987
0.99994

0.99880
0.99936
0.99967
0.99983
0.99991

0.99850
0.99919
0.99957
0.99978
0.99989

0.99814
0.99898
0.99945
0.99971
0.99985

0.99771
0.99873
0.99931
0.99963
0.99981

0.99721
0.99843
0.99913
0.99953
0.99975

0.99662
0.99807
0.99892
0.99941
0.99968

0.99594
0.99765
0.99867
0.99926
0.99960

0.99514
0.99716
0.99837
0.99908
0.99949

26
27
28
29
30

0.99998
0.99999

0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99994
0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99992
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99990
0.99995
0.99998
0.99999
0.99999

0.99987
0.99993
0.99997
0.99998
0.99999

0.99983
0.99991
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99978
0.99989
0.99994
0.99997
0.99999

0.99973
0.99985
0.99992
0.99996
0.99998

8.6
4.3
0.00336
0.01357
0.03511
0.07191
0.12612

9.0
8.8
4.5
4.4
0.00301 0.00270
0.01228 0.01111
0.03207 0.02929
0.06630 0.06110
0.11731 0.10906

9.2
9.4
4.6
4.7
0.00242 O. 00217
0.01005 0.00910
0.02675 0.02442
0.05629 0.05184
0.10135 0.09413

9.6
4.8
0.00195
0.00823
0.02229
0.04773
0.08740

9.8
10.0
4.9
5.0
0.00175 0.00157
0.00745 0.00674
0.02034 0.01857
0.04394 O. 04043
0.08110 0.07524

m~3.1

Jl

X2 =

8.2

1
2
3
4
5

0.00419
0.01657
0.04205
0.08452
0.14555

8.4
4.2
0.00375
0.01500
0.03843
0.07798
0.13553

6
7
8
9
10

0.22381
0.31529
0.41418
0.51412
0.60931

0.21024
0.29865
0.39540
0.49439
0.58983

0.19736
0.28266
0.37715
0.47499
0.57044

0.18514
0.26734
0.35945
0.45594
0.55118

0.17358
0.25266
0.34230
0.43727
0.53210

0.16264
0.23861
0.32571
0.41902
0.51323

0.15230
0.22520
0.30968
0.40120
0.49461

O. 14254
0.21240
0.29423
0.38383
0.47626

0.13333
0.20019
0.27935
0.36692
0.45821

0.1;465
0.18857
0.26503
0.35049
0.44049

12
13
14
15

11

0.69528
0.76931
0.83033
0.87865
0.91551

0.67709
0.75314
0.81660
0.86746
0.90675

0.65876
O. 73666
0.80244
0.85579
0.89749

0.64035
0.71991
0.78788
0.84365
0.88774

0.62189
O. 70293
0.77294
0.83105
0.87752

0.60344
0.68576
0.75768
0.81803
0.86683

0.58502
0.66844
O. 74211
0.80461
0.85569

0.56669
0.65101
0.72627
O. 79081
0.84412

0.54846
0.63350
0.71020
O. 77666
0.83213

0.53039
0.61596
0.69393
0.76218
0.81974

16
17
18
19
20

0.94269
0.96208
0.97551
0.98454
0.99046

0.93606
0.95723
0.97207
0.98217
0.98887

0.92897
0.95198
0.96830
0.97955
0.98709

0.92l42
0.94633
0.96420
0.97666
0.98511

0.91341
0.94026
0.95974
0.97348
0.98291

0.90495
0.93378
0.95493
0.97001
0.98047

0.89603
0.92687
0.94974
0.96623
0.97779

0.88667
0.91954
0.94418
0.96213
0.97486

0.87686
0.91179
0.93824
0.95771
0.97166

0.86663
0.90361
0.93191
0.95295
0.96817

21
22
23
24
25

0.99424
0.99659
0.99802
0.99888
0.99937

0.99320
0.99593
0.99761
0.99863
0.99922

0.99203
0.99518
0.99714
0.99833
0.99905

0.99070
0.99431
0.99659
0.99799
0.99884

0.98921
0.99333
0.99596
0.99760
0.99860

0.98755
0.99222
0.99524
0.99714
0.99831

0.98570
0.99098
0.99442
0.99661
0.99798

0.98365
0.98958
0.99349
0.99601
0.99760

0.98139
0.98803
0.99245
0.99532
0.99716

0.97891
0.98630
0.99128
0.99455
0.99665

26
27
28
29
30

0.99966
0.99981
0.99990
0.99995
0.99997

0.99957
0.99977
0.99987
0.99993
0.99997

0.99947
0.99971
0.99984
0.99991
0.99996

0.99934
0.99963
0.99980
0.99989
0.99994

0.99919
0.99955
0.99975
0.99986
0.99993

0.99902
0.99944
0.99969
0.99983
0.99991

0.99882
0.99932
0.99962
0.99979
0.99988

0.99858
0.99917
0.99953
0.99973
0.99985

0.99830
0.99900
0.99942
0.99967
0.99982

0.99798
0.99880
0.99930
0.99960
0.99977

Jl

m~4.1

(V)rl fx2 P 1v

(J( x2 Iv)=1--P( x2 Iv)= [V

22]' 2

00

2{2

-I

dl~ [(V)
r 2

r1 J~X2P -I V_I d/=j~o"-m1l!j/j!(veven, (:~~V,1I!~~X2)

00

/2

(-I

981

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Table 26.7
OFx2DISTRIBUTION,

PROBABILITY INTEGRAL
INCOMPLETE GAMMA FUNCTION
CUMULATIVE SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION

i~10.5
5.25

II m~

11.0
5.5

11.5
5.75

12.0
6.0

12.5
6.25

13.0
6.5

13.5
6.75

14.0
7.0

14.5
7.25

15.0
7.5

O. 02026
0.03600
O. 05915
0.09094
0.13206

1
2
3
4
5

O. 00119
O. 00525
O. 01476
0.03280
O. 06225

0.00091
O. 00409
O. 01173
O. 02656
O. 05138

O. 00070
O. 00318
0.00931
O. 02148
0.04232

O. 00053
O. 00248
O. 00738
O. 01735
O. 03479

0.00041
0.00193
0.00585
O. 01400
0.02854

O. 00031 0.00024 0.00018

O. 00150 O. 00117 0.00091
0.00464 O. 00367 0.00291
O. 01128 0.00907 0.00730
0.02338 0.01912 0.01561

0.00014 O. 00011
O. 00071 0.00055
O. 00230 0.00182
0.00586 0.00470
0.01273 O. 01036

6
7
8
9
10

0.10511
0.16196
0.23167
0.31154
0.39777

0.08838
0.13862
0.20170
0.27571
0.35752

O. 07410
0.11825
0.17495
0.24299
0.31991

0.06197
0.10056
0.15120
0.21331
0.28506

O. 05170
O. 08527
0.13025
0.18657
0.25299

O. 04304
O. 07211
0.11185
0.16261
0.22367

O. 03575
0.06082
O. 09577
0.14126
0.19704

O. 02964
O. 05118
O. 08177
0.12233
0.17299

0.02452
O. 04297
0.06963
0.10562
0.15138

11
12
13
14
15

0.48605
0.57218
0.65263
0.72479
0.78717

0.44326
0.52892
0.61082
0.68604
0.75259

0.40237
0.48662
0.56901
0.64639
0.71641

0.36364
0.44568
0.52764
0.60630
0.67903

0.32726
0.40640
0.48713
0.56622
0.64086

0.29333
0.36904
0.44781
0.52652
0.60230

0.26190
0.33377
0.40997
0.48759
0.56374

0.23299
0.30071
0.37384
0.44971
0.52553

0.20655 0.18250
0.26992 0.24144
0.33960 0.30735
0.41316 0.37815
0.48800 0.45142

16
17
18
19
20

0.83925
0.88135
0.91436
0.93952
0.95817

0.80949 0.77762
0.85656 0.82942
0.89436 0.87195
0.92384 0.90587
0.94622 0.93221

0.74398
0.80014
0.84724
0.88562
0.91608

O. 70890 0.67276 0.63591

O. 76896 0.73619 0.70212
0.82038 0.79157 0.76106
0.86316 0.83857 0.81202
0.89779 0.87738 0.85492

0.59871
0.66710
0.72909
O. 78369
0.83050

0.56152
0.63145
0.69596
0.75380
0.80427

0.52464
0.59548
0.66197
O. 72260
0.77641

21
22
23
24
25

0.97166
0.98118
0.98773
0.99216
0.99507

0.96279
0.97475
0.98319
0.98901
0.99295

0.95214
0.96686
0.97748
0.98498
0.99015

0.93962
0.95738
0.97047
0.97991
0.98657

0.92513
0.94618
0.96201
0.97367
0.98206

0.90862
0.93316
0.95199
0.96612
0.97650

0.89010
0.91827
0.94030
0.95715
0.96976

0.86960
0.90148
0.92687
0.94665
0.96173

0.84718
0.88279
0.91165
0.93454
0.95230

0.82295
0.86224
0.89463
0.92076
0.94138

26
27
28
29
30

0.99696
0.99815
0.99890
0.99935
0.99963

0.99555
0.99724
0.99831
0.99899
0.99940

0.99366
0.99598
0. 997 9
0.998 6
0.99907

0.99117
0.99429
0.99637
0.99773
0.99860

0.98798
0.99208
0.99487
0.99672
0.99794

0.98397
0.98925
0.99290
0.99538
0.99704

0.97902 0.97300
0.98567 0.98125
0.99037 0.98719
0.99363 0.99138
0.99585 0.99428

0.96581
0.97588
0.98324
0.98854
0.99227

0.95733
0.96943
0.97844
0.98502
0.98974

16.0
8.0

16.5
8.25

17.0
8.5

17.5
8.75

18.0
9.0

i~15.5
v m~ 7.75

18.5
9.25

19.0
9.5

19.5 20.0
9.75 10.0

1
2
3
4
5

0.00008
0.00043
0.00144
O. 00377
O. 00843

O. 00006
0.00034
O. 00113
O. 00302
0.00684

O. 00005
O. 00026
O. 00090
0.00242
O. 00555

O. 00004
0.00020
O. 00071
0.00193
0.00450

0.00003
0.00016
O. 00056
0.00154
0.00364

0.00002
0.00012
0.00044
O. 00123
0.00295

O. 00002
O. 00010
0.00035
O. 00099
O. 00238

0.00001
O. 00008
0.00027
0.00079
0.00192

O. 00001 0.00001
0.00006 0.00005
O. 00022 O. 00017
O. 00063 O. 00050
0.00155 O. 00125

6
7
8
9
10

0.01670
0.03010
O. 05012
0.07809
0.11487

O. 01375 O. 01131
0.02512 0.02092
O. 04238 0.03576
O. 06688 O. 05715
O. 09963 0.08619

0.00928
0.01740
0.03011
O. 04872
0.07436

0.00761
0.01444
O. 02530
0.04144
0.06401

O. 00623
0.01197
0.02123
0.03517
O. 05496

O. 00510
0.00991
O. 01777
O. 02980
O. 04709

0.00416
0.00819
0.01486
O. 02519
O. 04026

O. 00340
0.00676
O. 01240
O. 02126
0.03435

O. 00277
0.00557
O. 01034
O. 01791
0.02925

11
12
13
14
15

0.16073
0.21522
0.27719
0.34485
0.41604

0.14113
0.19124
0.24913
0.31337
0.38205

0.12356
0.16939
0.22318
0.28380
0.34962

0.10788
0.14960
0.19930
0.25618
0.31886

O. 09393
0.13174
0.17744
0.23051
0.28986

O. 08158 0.07068 0.06109

0.11569 0.10133 O. 08853
0.15752 0.13944 0.12310
0.20678 0.18495 0.16495
0.26267 0.23729 0.21373

0.05269
O. 07716
0.10840
0.14671
0.19196

0.04534
0.06709
O. 09521
0.13014
0.17193

16
17
18
19
20

0.48837
0.55951
0.62740
0.69033
0.74712

0.45296
0.52383
0.59255
0.65728
0.71662

0.41864
0.48871
0.55770
0.62370
0.68516

0.38560
0.45437
0.52311
0.58987
0.65297

0.35398
0.42102
0.48902
0.55603
0.62031

0.32390
0.38884
0.45565
0.52244
0.58741

0.29544 0.26866
0.35797 0.32853
0.42320 0.39182
0.48931 0.45684
0.55451 0.52183

0.24359
0.30060
0.36166
0.42521
0.48957

0.22022
0.27423
0.33282
0.39458
0.45793

21
22
23
24
25

0.79705
0.83990
0.87582
0.90527
0.92891

O. 76965
0.81589
0.85527
0.88808
0.91483

0.74093
0.79032
0.83304
0.86919
0.89912

0.71111
0.76336
0.80925
0.84866
0.88179

0.68039
0.73519
0.78402
0.82657
0.86287

0.64900
O. 70599
0.75749
0.80301
0.84239

0.61718 0.58514
0.67597 0.64533
O. 72983 0.70122
0.77810 0.75199
0.82044 0.79712

0.55310
0.61428
0.67185
0.72483
0.77254

0.52126
0.58304
0.64191
0.69678
0.74683

26
27
28
29
30

0.94749
0.96182
0.97266
0.98071
0.98659

0.93620
0.95295
0.96582
0.97554
0.98274

0.92341
0.94274
0.95782
0.96939
0.97810

0.90908
0.93112
0.94859
0.96218
0.97258

0.89320
0.91806
0.93805
0.95383
0.96608

0.87577
0.90352
0.92615
0.94427
0.95853

0.85683
0.88750
0.91285
0.93344
0.94986

0.81464
0.85107
0.88200
0.90779
0.92891

0.79156
0.83076
0.86446
0.89293
0.91654

cf>~HX2_~)

Interpolation on x2

0.83643
0.87000
0.89814
0.92129
0.94001

w~.-vo>O

Q(x2 v)~Q (x~lvo-4)[~cf>2]+Q (~!.0-2)[cf>-.p2]+Q (x~ !v<l)[ 1-</>+~i]

Double Entry Interpolation
Q(x2 !v)~Q (~lvo-4)[~i]+Q (X~hl-2)[cf>-cf>2-w.p]+Q (~I vo-l)[~ w2_~ w+w~
1

+Q (~Io)[ l-w2-cf>+~i+w~+Q (x~ i .0+ I)G w2+~ w- w</>]

982

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Table 26.7 PROBABILITY INTEGRAL OF x2-DISTRIBUTION, INCOMPLETE GAMMA FUNCTION

CUMULATIVE SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION
27
30
29
26
28
25
23
24
22
x2 = 21
13.5
15.0
13.0
14.5
12.0
12.5
14.0
11.0
11.5
111 = 10.5
1
2
3
4
5

0.00001
0.00003
O. 00011
0.00032
0.00081

0.00002
0.00007
0.00020
0.00052

0.00001
0.00004
0.00013
0.00034

0.00001
0.00003
0.00008
0.00022

0.00002
O. 00005
0.00014

0.00001
0.00003
0.00009

0.00001
0.00002
0.00006

0.00001
0.00004

0.00001
0.00002

0.00001
0.00002

6
7
8
9
10

0.00184
0.00377
0.00715
0.01265
0.02109

0.00121
0.00254
O. 00492
0.00888
0.01511

0.00080
0.00171
0.00336
0.00620
0.01075

0.00052
0.00114
0.00229
0.00430
0.00760

0.00034
0.00076
0.00155
0.00297
0.00535

0.00022
0.00050
0.00105
0.00204
0.00374

0.00015
0.00033
0.00071
0.00140
0.00260

0.00009
0.00022
0.00047
0.00095
0.00181

0.00006
0.00015
0.00032
0.00065
0.00125

0.00004
0.00010
0.00021
0.00044
0.00086

11
12
13
14
15

0.03337
0.05038
0.07293
0.10163
0.13683

0.02437
0.03752
0.05536
0.07861
0.10780

0.01768
0.02773
0.04168
0.06027
0.08414

0.01273
0.02034
0.03113
0.04582
0.06509

0.00912
0.01482
0.02308
0.03457
0.04994

0.00649
0.01073
0.01700
0.02589
0.03802

0.00460
0.00773
0.01244
0.01925
0.02874

0.00324
0.00553
0.00905
0.01423
0.02157

0.00227
0.00394
0.00655
0.01045
0.01609

0.00159
0.00279
0.00471
0.00763
0.01192

16
17
18
19
20

0.17851
0.22629
0.27941
0.33680
0.39713

0.14319
0.18472
0.23199
0.28426
0.34051

0.11374
0.14925
0.19059
0.23734
0.28880

0.08950
0.11944
0.15503
0.19615
0.24239

0.06982
0.09471
0.12492
0.16054
0.20143

0.05403
0.07446
O. 09976
0.13019
0.16581

O. 04148
0.05807
0.07900
0.10465
0.13526

0.03162
0.04494
0.06206
0.08343
0.10940

0.02394
0.03453
0.04838
0.06599
0.08776

0.01800
0.02635
0.03745
0.05180
0.06985

21
22
23
24
25

0.45894
0.52074
0.58109
0.63873
0.69261

0.39951
0.45989
0.52025
0.57927
0.63574

0.34398
0.40173
0.46077
0.51980
0.57756

0.29306
0.34723
0.40381
0.46160
0.51937

0.24716
0.29707
0.35029
0.40576
0.46237

0.20645
0.25168
0.30087
0.35317
0.40760

0.17085
0.21123
0.25597
0.30445
0.35588

0.14015
0.17568
0.21578
0.26004
0.30785

0.11400
0.14486
0.18031
0.22013
0.26392

0.09199
0.11846
0.14940
0.18475
0.22429

26
27
28
29
30

0.74196
0.78629
0.82535
0.85915
0.88789

0.68870
0.73738
0.78129
0.82019
0.85404

0.63295
0.68501
0.73304
O. 77654
0.81526

0.57597
0.63032
0.68154
O. 72893
0.77203

0.51898
0.57446
0.62784
0.67825
0.72503

0.46311
0.51860
0.57305
0.62549
0.67513

0.40933
0.46379
0.51825
0.57171
0.62327

0.35846
0.41097
0.46445
0.51791
0.57044

0.31108
0.36090
0.41253
0.46507
0.51760

0.26761
0.31415
0.36322
0.41400
0.46565

32
16.0

33
16.5

34
17.0

36
18.0

37
18.5

38
19.0

5
6
7
8
9

x2 =31
Tn = 15.5

35
17.5

39
19.5

40
20.0

0.00001
0.00003
0.00006
0.00014
0.00030

0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00009
0.00020

0.00001
0.00003
0.00006
0.00013

0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00009

0.00001
0.00003
0.00006

0.00001
0.00002
0.00004

0.00001
0.00003

0.00001
0.00002

0.00001

0.00001

10
11
12
13
14

0.00059
0.00110
0.00197
0.00337
0.00554

0.00040
0.00076
0.00138
0.00240
0.00401

0.00027
0.00053
0.00097
0.00170
0.00288

0.00019
0.00036
0.00068
0.00120
0.00206

0.00012
0.00025
0.00047
0.00085
0.00147

0.00008
0.00017
0.00032
0.00059
0.00104

0.00006
0.00012
0.00022
0.00041
0.00074

0.00004
0.00008
0.00015
0.00029
0.00052

0.00003
0.00005
0.00011
0.00020
0.00036

0.00002
0.00004
0.00007
0.00014
0.00026

15
16
17
18
19

0.00878
0.01346
0.01997
0.02879
0.04037

0.00644
0.01000
0.01505
0.02199
0.03125

0.00469
0.00739
0.01127
0.01669
0.02404

0.00341
0.00543
0.00840
0.01260
0.01838

0.00246
0.00397
0.00622
0.00945
0.01397

0.00177
0.00289
0.00459
0.00706
0.01056

0.00127
0.00210
0.00337
0.00524
0.00793

0.00090
0.00151
0.00246
0.00387
0.00593

0.00064
0.00109
0.00179
0.00285
0.00442

0.00045
0.00078
0.00129
0.00209
0.00327

20
21
22
23
24

0.05519
O. 07366
0.09612
0.12279
0.15378

0.04330
0.05855
0.07740
0.10014
0.12699

0.03374
0.04622
0.06187
0.08107
0.10407

0.02613
0.03624
0.04912
0.06516
0.08467

0.02010
0.02824
0.03875
0.05202
0.06840

0.01538
0.02187
0.03037
0.04125
0.05489

0.01170
0.01683
0.02366
0.03251
0.04376

0.00886
0.01289
0.01832
0.02547
0.03467

0.00667
0.00981
0.01411
0.01984
0.02731

0.00500
0.00744
0.01081
0.01537
0.02139

25
26
27
28
29

0.18902
0.22827
0.27114
0.31708
0.36542

0.15801
0.19312
0.23208
0.27451
0.31987

0.13107
0.16210
0.19707
0.23574
0.27774

0.10791
0.13502
0.16605
0.20087
0.23926

0.08820
0.11165
0.13887
0.16987
0.20454

0.07160
0.09167
0.11530
0.14260
0.17356

0.05774
0.07475
0.09507
0.11886
0.14622

0.04626
0.06056
0.07786
0.09840
0.12234

0.03684
0.04875
0.06336
0.08092
0.10166

0.02916
0.03901
0.05124
0.06613
0.08394

30

0.41541

0.36753

0.32254

0.28083

0.24264

0.20808

0.17714

0.14975

0.12573

0.10486

983

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

PROBABILITY INTEGRAL QF x2-DISTRIBUTION, INCOMPLETE GAMMA FUNCTION

CUMULATIVE SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION

54
27

56
28

58
29

0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00008
0.00013

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00007

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002

0.00001

0.00043
0.00069
0.00109
0.00167
O. 00252

O. 00022
0.00036
O. 00059
0.00092
0.00142

0.00011
0.00019
0.00031
O. 00050
0.00078

0.00006
0.00010
0.00016
O. 00027
0.00043

0.00003
0.00005
O. 00009
0.00014
0.00023

O. 00001
0.00003
0.00004
0.00007
0.00012

0.00001
0.00001
O. 00002
0.00004
0.00006

0.00642
0.00912
0.01272
0.01743
0.02346

0.00373
0.00540
O. 00768
0.01072
O. 01470

0.00213
0.00314
0.00455
0.00647
0.00903

0.00120
0.00180
0.00265
0.00384
0.00545

0.00066
0.00102
0.00152
0.00224
0.00324

0.00036
0.00056
0.00086
0.00129
0.00189

0.00020
0.00031
0.00048
0.00073
0.00109

0.00011
0.00017
0.00026
0.00041
0.00062

0.03107

0.01983

0.01240

0.00762

O. 00460

0.00273

0.00160

0.00092

46
23

48
24

50
25

0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00006
0.00012

0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00006

0.00001
0.00001
0.00003

0.00001
0.00001

0.00001

15
16
17
18
19

0.00023
0.00040
0.00067
0.00111
0.00171

0.00011
0.00020
0.00034
0.00058
0.00094

O. 00005
0.00010
0.00017
0.00030
0.00050

0.00003
0.00005
0.00009
0.00015
0.00026

20
21
22
23
24

0.00277
0.00421
0.00625
0.00908
0.01291

0.00151
0.00234
0.00355
0.00526
O. 00763

0.00081
0.00128
0.00198
O. 00299
O. 00443

25
26
27
28
29

0.01797
0.02455
0.03292
0.04336
0.05616

0.01085
0.01512
0.02068
0.02779
0.03670

30

0.07157

0.04769

"

x2=42
m=21

x2=62
m=31

64
32

66
33

70
35

68
34

21
22
23
24
25

O. 00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00006

O. 00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002

0.00001

26
27
28
29
30

0.00009
0.00014
0.00023
0.00035
0.00052

0.00005
O. 00008
0.00012
0.00019
0.00029

0.00003
0.00004
0.00007
0.00011
0.00016

0.00001
0.00002
O. 00004
0.00006
0.00009

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00005

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003

t v

4>=~(x2-x~)
Interpolation on

72
36

74
37

O. 00001
0.00001
0.00001

76
38

0.00001

=[22 r(~)llf;e- 2t2- 1dt=[r (~) II f!:2 e -tt2-1dt=?~~ e-mmj/ j!(v even, c=!v, m=!x2)
J)

Q(x2Iv)=1-P(x 2Iv)

60
30

52
26

44
22

v
10
11
12
13
14

Table 26.7

JI

w~v-vo>O

x2
(J(x2v) =Q (x~lvo-4)
1

G<l>2J+Q (x~lvo-2) [<I>-<I>2J+Q (X~I'O) [1-<I>+~ <l>2J

Double Entry Interpolation

Q(x 2 Iv)=Q (x~lvo-4) G<I>2J+Q (x~h-2) [<I>-<I>2_ W<l>J+Q (x~1 vo-1) [~W2_~ w+w<I>J
+Q (x~lvo)[ 1-w2_<1>+~ <1>2+11'<1> ]+Q (x~lvo+l)

Gw2+~ w-w<l>J

984

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE x 2DlSTRIBUTION-VkLUES OF

x2 IN TERMS OF Q AND v

Tahle26.8

v\Q

0.995

0.99

0.975

0.95

0.75

0.9

1 ~ -5) 3.92704 ~ -4)1.57088 ~ -4~ 9.82069 (-3)3.93214

0.102587
-2 5.06356
2 -2~ 1.00251 -2}2.01007
0.351846
0.114832
0.215795
3 -2 7.17212
0.710721
0.206990
0.297110
0.484419
4
1.145476
0.411740
0.554300
0.831211
5

0.5

0.25

0.0157908
0.210720
0.584375
1.063623
1.61031

0.101531
0.575364
1.212534
1.92255
2.67460

0.454937
1.38629
2.36597
3.35670
4.35146

5.34812
7.84080
6.34581 9.03715
7.34412 10.2188
8.34283 11.3887
9.34182 12.5489

1.32330
2.77259
4.10835
5.38527
6.62568

6
7
8
9
10

0.675727
0.989265
1.344419
1.734926
2.15585

0.872085
1.239043
1.646482
2.087912
2.55821

1.237347
1.68987
2.17973
2.70039
3.24697

1.63539
2.16735
2.73264
3.32511
3.94030

2.20413
2.83311
3.48954
4.16816
4.86518

3.45460
4.25485
5.07064
5.89883
6.73720

11
12
13
14
15

2.60321
3.07382
3.56503
4.07468
4.60094

3.05347
3.57056
4.10691
4.66043
5.22935

3.81575
4.40379
5.00874
5.62872
6.26214

4.57481
5.22603
5.89186
6.57063
7.26094

5.57779
6.30380
7.04150
7.78953
8.54675

7.58412
8.43842
9.29906
10.1653
11.0365

10.3410
11.3403
12.3398
13.3393
14.3389

13.7007
14.8454
15.9839
17.1170
18.2451

16
17
18
19
20

5.14224
5.69724
6.26481
6.84398
7.43386

5.81221
6.40776
7.01491
7.63273
8.26'040

6.90766
7.56418
8.23075
8.90655
9.59083

7.96164
8.67176
9.39046
10.1170
10.8508

9.31223
10.0852
10.8649
11.6509
12.4426

11.9122
12.7919
13.6753
14.5620
15.4518

15.3385
16.3381
17.3379
18.3376
19.3374

19.3688
20.4887
21.6049
22.7178
23.8277

21
22
23
24
25

8.03366
8.64272
9.26042
9.88623
10.5197

8.89720
9.54249
10.19567
10.8564
11.5240

10.28293
10.9823
11.6885
12.4011
13.1197

11.5913
12.3380
13.0905
13.8484
14.6114

13.2396
14.0415
14.8479
15.6587
16.4734

16.3444
17.2396
18.1373
19.0372
19.9393

20.3372
21.3370
22.3369
23.3367
24.3366

24.9348
26.0393
27.1413
28.2412
29.3389

26
27
28
29
30

11.1603
11.8076
12.4613
13.1211
13.7867

12.1981
12.8786
13.5648
14.2565
14.9535

13.8439
14.5733
15.3079
16.0471
16.7908

15.3791
16.1513
16.9279
17.7083
18.4926

17.2919
18.1138
18.9392
19.7677
20.5992

20.8434
21.7494
22.6572
23.5666
24.4776

25.3364
26.3363
27.3363
28.3362
29.3360

30.4345
31.5284
32.6205
33.7109
34.7998

40
50
60
70
80

20.7065
27.9907
35.5346
43.2752
51.1720

22.1643
29.7067
37.4848
45.4418
53.5400

24.4331
32.3574
40.4817
48.7576
57.1532

26.5093
34.7642
43.1879
51.7393
60.3915

29.0505
37.6886
46.4589
55.3290
64.2778

33.6603
42.9421
52.2938
61.6983
71.1445

39.3354
49.3349
59.3347
69.3344
79.3343

45.6160
56.3336
66.9814
77.5766
88.1303

90
100

59.1963
67.3276

61.7541
70.0648

65.6466
74.2219

69.1260
77.9295

73.2912
82.3581

80.6247
90.1332

89.3342 98.6499
99.3341 109.141

-2.5758

-2.3263

-1.9600

-1.6449

-1.2816

-0.6745

[' ()TlfOO

e- 2 t2-

Q(x21.")= 22r

x'

t,

0.0000

0.6745

1 dt

From E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley (editors), Biometrika tables for statisticians, vol. I. Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954 (with pennission) for Q > 0.0005.

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

985

PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE x2-DISTRIBUTION-VALUES OF

X2 IN TERMS OF Q AND v

Table 26.8

v\ Q

1
2
3
4
5

0.1
2.70554
4.60517
6.25139
7.77944
9.23635

0.05
3.84146
5.99147
7.81473
9.48773
11.0705

0.025
5.02389
7.37776
9.34840
11.1433
12.8325

0.01
6.63490
9.21034
11.3449
13.2767
15.0863

0.005
7.87944
10.5966
12.8381
14.8602
16.7496

n.OO1
10.828
13.816
16.266
18.467
20.515

0.0005
12.116
15.202
17.730
19.997
22.105

O.OOOl
15.137
18.421
21.108
23.513
25.745

6
7
8
9
10

10.6446
12.0170
13.3616
14.6837
15.9871

12.5916
14.0671
15.5073
16.9190
18.3070

14.4494
16.0128
17.5346
19.0228
20.4831

16.8119
18.4753
20.0902
21.6660
23.2993

18.5476
20.2777
21.9550
23.5893
25.1882

22.458
24.322
26.125
27.877
29.588

24.103
26.018
27.868
29.666
31.420

27.856
29.877
31.828
33.720
35.564

11

12
13
14
15

17.2750
18.5494
19.8119
21.0642
22.3072

19.6751
21.0261
22.3621
23.6848
24.9958

21.9200
23.3367
24.7356
26.1190
27.4884

24.7250
26.2170
27.6883
29.1413
30.5779

26.7569
28.2995
29.8194
31.3193
32.8013

31.264
32.909
34.528
36.123
37.697

33.137
34.821
36.478
38.109
39.719

37.367
39.134
40.871
42.579
44.263

16
17
18
19
20

23.5418
24.7690
25.9894
27.2036
28.4120

26.2962
27.5871
28.8693
30.1435
31.4104

28.8454
30.1910
31.5264
32.8523
34.1696

31.9999
33.4087
34.8053
36.1908
37.5662

34.2672
35.7185
37.1564
38.5822
39.9968

39.252
40.790
42.312
43.820
45.315

41.308
42.879
44.434
45.973
47.498

45.925
47.566
49.189
50.796
52.386

21
22
23
24
25

29.6151
30.8133
32.0069
33.1963
34.3816

32.6705
33.9244
35.1725
36.4151
37.6525

35.4789
36.7807
38.0757
39.3641
40.6465

38.9321
40.2894
41.6384
42.9798
44.3141

41.4010
42.7956
44.1813
45.5585
46.9278

46.797
48.268
49.728
51.179
52.620

49.011
50.511
52.000
53.479
54.947

53.962
55.525
57.075
58.613
60.140

26
27
28
29
30

35.5631
36.7412
37.9159
39.0875
40.2560

38.8852
40.1133
41.3372
42.5569
43.7729

41.9232
43.1944
44.4607
45.7222
46.9792

45.6417
46.9630
48.2782
49.5879
50.8922

48.2899
49.6449
50.9933
52.3356
53.6720

54.052
55.476
56.892
58.302
59.703

56.407
57.858
59.300
60.735
62.162

61.657
63.164
64.662
66.152
67.633

40
50
60
70
80

51.8050
63.1671
74.3970
85.5271
96.5782

55.7585
67.5048
79.0819
90.5312
101.879

59.3417
71.4202
83.2976
95.0231
106.629

63.6907
76.1539
88.3794
100.425
112.329

66.7659
79.4900
91.9517
104.215
116.321

73.402
86.661
99.607
112.317
124.839

76.095
89.560
102.695
115.578
128.261

82.062
95.969
109.503
122.755
135.783

118.136
129.561

124.116
135.807

128.299
140.169

137.208
149.449

140.782
153.167

148.627
161.319

90
100
X

107.565
118.498
1.2816

113.145
124.342
1.6449

1.9600
Q(x 2 Iv)

2.3263

2.5758

[.22r ()rlf~
~
x' e- 2 t 2 - dt
t. 1

3.0902

3.2905

3.7190

986

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Table 26.9

PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE F.DISTRIBUTION -VALUES

OF F IN TERMS OF Q,

,\, 112

Q(FIV1,V2)~0.5
V2\V1
1
2
3
4
5

12

15

20

30

60

1.00
0.667
0.585
0.549
0.528

1.50
1.00
0.881
0.828
0.799

1.71
1.13
1.00
0.941
0.907

1.82
1.21
1.06
1.00
0.965

1.89
1.25
1.10
1.04
1.00

1.94
1.28
1.13
1.06
1.02

2.00
1.32
1.16
1.09
1.05

2.07
1.36
1.20
1.13
1.09

2.09
1.38
1.21
1.14
1.10

2.12
1.39
1.23
1.15
1.11

2.15
1.41
1.24
1.16
1.12

2.17
1.43
1.25
1.18
1.14

2.20
1.44
1.27
1.19
1.15

6
7
8
9
10

0.515
0.506
0.499
0.494
0.490

0.780
0.767
0.757
0.749
0.743

0.886
0.871
0.860
0.852
0.845

0.942
0.926
0.915
0.906
0.899

0.977
0.960
0.948
0.939
0.932

1.00
0.983
0.971
0.962
0.954

1.03
1.01
1.00
0.990
0.983

1.06
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01

1.07
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02

1.08
1.07
1.05
1.04
1.03

1.10
1.08
1.07
1.05
1.05

1.11
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06

1.12
1.10
1.09
1.08
1.07

11
12
13
14
15

0.486
0.484
0.481
0.479
0.478

0.739
0.735
0.731
0.729
0.726

0.840
0.835
0.832
0.826

0.893
0.888
0.885
0.881
0.878

0.926
0.921
0.917
0.914
0.911

0.948
0.943
0.939
0.936
0.933

0.977
0.972
0.967
0.964
0.960

1.01
1.00
0.996
0.992
0.989

1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00

1.03
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01

1.04
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.02

1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.03

1.06
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05

16
17
18
19
20

0.476
0.475
0.474
0.473
0.472

0.724
0.722
0.721
0.719
0.718

0.823
0.821
0.819
0.818
0.816

0.876
0.874
0.872
0.870
0.868

0.908
0.906
0.904
0.902
0.900

0.930
0.928
0.926
0.924
0.922

0.958
0.955
0.953
0.951
0.950

0.986
0.983
0.981
0.979
0.977

0.997
0.995
0.992
0.990
0.989

1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.00

1.02
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01

1.03
1.03
1.03
1.02
1.02

1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.03

21
22
23
24
25

0.471
0.470
0.470
0.469
0.468

0.716
0.715
0.714
0.714
0.713

0.815
0.814
0.813
0.812
0.811

0.867
0.866
0.864
0.863
0.862

0.899
0.898
0.896
0.895
0.894

0.921
0.919
0.918
0.917
0.916

0.948
0.947
0.945
0.944
0.943

0.976
0.974
0.973
0.972
0.971

0.987
0.986
0.984
0.983
0.982

0.998
0.997
0.996
0.994
0.993

1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.00

1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02

1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03

26
27
28
29
30

0.468
0.467
0.467
0.466
0.466

0.712
0.711
0.711
0.710
0.709

0.810
0.809
0.808
0.808
0.807

0.861
0.861
0.860
0.859
0.858

0.893
0.892
0.892
0.891
0.890

0.915
0.914
0.913
0.912
0.912

0.942
0.941
0.940
0.940
0.939

0.970
0.969
0.968
0.967
0.966

0.981
0.980
0.979
0.978
0.978

0.992
0.991
0.990
0.990
0.989

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01

1.03
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.02

40
60
120

0.463
0.461
0.458
0.455

0.705
0.701
0.697
0.693

0.802
0.798
0.793
0.789

0.854
0.849
0.844
0.839

0.885
0.880
0.875
0.870

0.907
0.901
0.896
0.891

0.934
0.928
0.923
0.918

0.961
0.956
0.950
0.945

0.972
0.967
0.961
0.956

0.983
0.978
0.972
0.967

0.994
0.989
0.983
0.978

1.01
1.00
0.994
0.989

1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00

00

0.82~

'"

Q(Flli,Vz)~0.25

vZ\V1

12

15

20

30

60

1
2
3
4
5

5.83
2.57
2.02
1.81
1.69

7.50
3.00
2.28
2.00
1.85

8.20
3.15
2.36
2.05
1.88

8.58
3.23
2.39
2.06
1.89

8.82
3.28
2.41
2.07
1.89

8.98
3.31
2.42
2.08
1.89

9.19
3.35
2.44
2.08
1.89

9.41
3.39
2.45
2.08
1.89

9.49
3.41
2.46
2.08
1.89

9.58
3.43
2.46
2.08
1.88

9.67
3.44
2.47
2.08
1.88

9.76
3.46
2.47
2.08
1.87

9.85
3.48
2.47
2.08
1.87

6
7
8
9
10

1.62
1.57
1.54
1.51
1.49

1.76
1.70
1.66
1.62
1.60

1.78
1.72
1.67
1.63
1.60

1.79
1.72
1.66
1.63
1.59

1.79
1.71
1.66
1.62
1.59

1.78
1.71
1.65
1.61
1.58

1.78
1.70
1.64
1.60
1.56

1.77
1.68
1.62
1.58
1.54

1.76
1.68
1.62
1.57
1.53

1.76
1.67
1.61
1.56
1.52

1.75
1.66
1.60
1.55
1.51

1.74
1.65
1.59
1.54
1.50

1.74
1.65
1.58
1.53
1.48

11
12
14
15

1.47
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.43

1.58
1.56
1.55
1.53
1.52

1.58
1.56
1.55
1.53
1.52

1.57
1.55
1.53
1.52
1.51

1.56
1.54
1.52
1.51
1.49

1.55
1.53
1.51
1.50
1.48

1.53
1.51
1.49
1.48
1.46

1.51
1.49
1.47
1.45
1.44

1.50
1.48
1.46
1.44
1.43

1.49
1.47
1.45
1.43
1.41

i.48
1.45
1.43
1.41
1.40

1.47
1.44
1.42
1.40
1.38

1.45
1.42
1.40
1.38
1.36

16
17
18
19
20

1.42
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.40

1.51
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.49

1.51
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.48

1.50
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.47

1.48
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.45

1.47
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.44

1.45
1.44
1.43
1.42
1.42

1.43
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.39

1.41
1.40
1.39
1.38
1.37

1.40
1.39
1.38
1.37
1.36

1.38
1.37
1.36
1.35
1.34

1.36
1.35
1.34
1.33
1.32

1.34
1.33
1.32
1.30
1.29

21
22
23
24
25

1.40
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.39

1.48
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.47

1.48
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46

1.46
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.44

1.44
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.42

1.43
1.42
1.42
1.41
1.41

1.41
1.40
1.40
1.39
1.39

1.38
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.36

1.37
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.34

1.35
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33

1.33
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31

1.31
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.28

1.28
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.25

26
27
28
29
30

1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38

1.46
1.46
1.46
1.45
1.45

1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.44

1.44
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.42

1.42
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.41

1.41
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.39

1.38
1.38
1.38
1.37
1.37

1.35
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.34

1.34
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.32

1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.30

1.30
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.28

1.28
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.26

1.25
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.23

40
60
120

1.36
1.35
1.34
1.32

1.44
1.42
1.40
1.39

1.42
1.41
1.39
1.37

1.40
1.38
1.37
1.35

1.39
1.37
1.35
1.33

1.37
1.35
1.33
1.31

1.35
1.32
1.30
1.28

1.31
1.29
1.26
1.24

1.30
1.27
1.24
1.22

1.28
1.25
1.22
1.19

1.25
1.22
1.19
1.16

1.22
1.19
1.16
1.12

1.19
1.15
1.10
1.00

13

Compiled from E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley (editors), Biometrika tables for

statisticians, vol. 1. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954 (with
permission ).

987

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE F.DISTRIBUTION -VALUES

OF F IN TERMS OF Q,

Table 26.9

P1, JI:!

Q(F!IV2)~0.1

vZ\v1 1

12

15

20

30

60

1
2
3
4
5

39.86
8.53
5.54
4.54
4.06

49.50
9.00
5.46
4.32
3.78

53.59
9.16
5.39
4.19
3.62

55.83
9.24
5.34
4.11
3.52

57.24
9.29
5.31
4.05
3.45

58.20
9.33
5.28
4.01
3.40

59.44
9.37
5.25
3.95
3.34

60.71
9.41
5.22
3.90
3.27

61.22
9.42
5.20
3.87
3.24

61.74
9.44
5.18
3.84
3.21

62.26
9.46
5.17
3.82
3.17

62.79
9.47
5.15
3.79
3.14

63.33
9.49
5.13.
3.76
3.10

6
7
8
9
10

3.78
3.59
3.46
3.36
3.29

3.46
3.26
3.11
3.01
2.92

3.29
3.07
2.92
2.81
2.73

3.18
2.96
2.81
2.69
2.61

3.11
2.88
2.73
2.61
2.52

3.05
2.83
2.67
2.55
2.46

2.98
2.75
2.59
2.47
2.38

2.90
2.67
2.50
2.38
2.28

2.87
2.63
2.46
2.34
2.24

2.84
2.59
2.42
2.30
2.20

2.80
2.56
2.38
2.25
2.16

2.76
2.51
2.34
2.21
2.ll

2.72
2.47
2.29
2.16
2.06

11
12
13
14
15

3.23
3.18
3.14
3.10
3.07

2.86
2.81
2.76
2.73
2.70

2.66
2.61
2.56
2.52
2.49

2.54
2.48
2.43
2.39
2.36

2.45
2.39
2.35
2.31
2.27

2.39
2.33
2.28
2.24
2.21

2.30
2.24
2.20
2.15
2.12

2.21
2.15
2.10
2.05
2.02

2.17
2.10
2.05
2.01
1.97

2.12
2.06
2.01
1.96
1.92

2.08
2.01
1.96
1.91
1.87

2.03
1.96
1.90
1.86
1.82

1.97
1.90
1.85
1.80
1. 76

16
17
18
19
20

3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99
2.97

2.67
2.64
2.62
2.61
2.59

2.46
2.44
2.42
2.40
2.38

2.33
2.31
2.29
2.27
2.25

2.24
2.22
2.20
2.18
2.16

2.18
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09

2.09
2.06
2.04
2.02
2.00

1.99
1.96
1.93
1.91
1.89

1.94
1.91
1.89
1.86
1.84

1.89
1.86
1.84
1.81
1. 79

1.84
1.81
1. 78
1.76
1. 74

1.78
1.75
1.72
1.70
1.68

1.72
1.69
1.66
1.63
1.61

21
22
23
24
25

2.96
2.95
2.94
2.93
2.92

2.57
2.56
2.55
2.54
2.53

2.36
2.35
2.34
2.33
2.32

2.23
2.22
2.21
2.19
2.18

2.14
2.13
2.11
2.10
2.09

2.08
2.06
2.05
2.04
2.02

1.98
1.97
1.95
1.94
1.93

1.87
1.86
1.84
1.83
1.82

1.83
1.81
1.80
1.78
1.77

1.78
1. 76
1.74
1. 73
1.72

1.72
1.70
1.69
1.67
1.66

1.66
1.64
1.62
1.61
1.59

1.59
1.57
1.55
1.53
1.52

26
27
28
29
30

2.91
2.90
2.89
2.89
2.88

2.52
2.51
2.50
2.50
2.49

2.31
2.30
2.29
2.28
2.28

2.17
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.14

2.08
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.05

2.01
2.00
2.00
1.99
1.98

1.92
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.88

1.81
1.80
1.79
1. 78
1.77

1. 76
1. 75
1.74
1.73
1.72

1.71
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.67

1.65
1.64
1.63
1.62
1.61

1.58
1.57
1.56
1.55
1.54

1.50
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.46

40
60
120

2.84
2.79
2.75
2.71

2.44
2.39
2.35
2.30

2.23
2.18
2.13
2.08

2.09
2.04
1.99
1.94

2.00
1.95
1.90
1.85

1.93
1.87
1.82
1.77

1.83
1.77
1.72
1.67

1.71
1.66
1.60
1.55

1.66
1.60
1.55
1.49

1.61
1.54
1.48
1.42

1.54
1.48
1.41
1.34

1.47
1.40
1.32
1.24

1.38
1.29
1.19
1.00

Q(FIVj.v2)~0.05

12

15

20

30

60

1
2
3
4
5

161.4
18.51
10.13
7.71
6.61

199.5
19.00
9.55
6.94
5.79

215.7
19.16
9.28
6.59
5.41

224.6
19.25
9.12
6.39
5.19

230.2
19.30
9.01
6.26
5.05

234.0
19.33
8.94
6.16
4.95

238.9
19.37
8.85
6.04
4.82

243.9
19.41
8.74
5.91
4.68

245.9
19.43
8.70
5.86
4.62

248.0
19.45
8.66
5.80
4.56

250.1
19.46
8.62
5.75
4.50

252.2
19.48
8.57
5.69
4.43

254.3
19.50
8.53
5.63
4.36

6
7
8
9
10

5.99
5.59
5.32
5.12
4.96

5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26
4.10

4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86
3.71

4.53
4.12
3.84
3.63
3.48

4.39
3.97
3.69
3.48
3.33

4.28
3.87
3.58
3.37
3.22

4.15
3.73
3.44
3.23
3.07

4.00
3.57
3.28
3.07
2.91

3.94
3.51
3.22
3.01
2.85

3.87
3.44
3.15
2.94
2.77

3.81
3.38
3.08
2.86
2.70

3.74
3.30
3.01
2.79
2.62

3.67
3.23
2.93
2.71
2.54

II
12
13
14
15

4.84
4.75
4.67
4.60
4.54

3.98
3.89
3.81
3.74
3.68

3.59
3.49
3.41
3.34
3.29

3.36
3.26
3.18
3.11
3.06

3.20
3.11
3.03
2.96
2.90

3.09
3.00
2.92
2.85
2.79

2.95
2.85
2.77
2.70
2.64

2.79
2.69
2.60
2.53
2.48

2.72
2.62
2.53
2.46
2.40

2.65
2.54
2.46
2.39
2.33

2.57
2.47
2.38
2.31
2.25

2.49
2.38
2.30
2.22
2.16

2.40
2.30
2.21
2.13
2.07

16
17
18
19
20

4.49
4.45
4.41
4.38
4.35

3.63
3.59
3.55
3.52
3.49

3.24
3.20
3.16
3.13
3.10

3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87

2.85
2.81
2.77
2.74
2.71

2.74
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60

2.59
2.55
2.51
2.48
2.45

2.42
2.38
2.34
2.31
2.28

2.35
2.31
2.27
2.23
2.20

2.28
2.23
2.19
2.16
2.12

2.19
2.15
2.11
2.07
2.04

2.11
2.06
2.02
1.98
1.95

2.01
1.96
1.92
1.88
1.84

21
22
23
24
25

4.32
4.30
4.28
4.26
4.24

3.47
3.44
3.42
3.40
3.39

3.07
3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99

2.84
2.82
2.80
2.78
2.76

2.68
2.66
2.64
2.62
2.60

2.57
2.55
2.53
2.51
2.49

2.42
2.40
2.37
2.36
2.34

2.25
2.23
2.20
2.18
2.16

2.18
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09

2.10
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.01

2.01
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.92

1.92
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.82

1.81
1.78
1.76
1.73
1.71

26
27
28
29
30

4.23
4.21
4.20
4.18
4.17

3.37
3.35
3.34
3.33
3.32

2.98
2.96
2.95
2.93
2.92

2.74
2.73
2.71
2.70
2.69

2.59
2.57
2.56
2.55
2.53

2.47
2.46
2.45
2.43
2.42

2.32
2.31
2.29
2.28
2.27

2.15
2.13
2.12
2.10
2.09

2.07
2.06
2.04
2.03
2.01

1.99
1.97
1.96
1.94
1.93

1.90
1.88
1.87
1.85
1.84

1.80
1.79
1.77
1. 75
1. 74

1.69
1.67
1.65
1.64
1.62

40
60
120

4.08
4.00
3.92
3.84

3.23
3.15
3.07
3.00

2.84
2.76
2.68
2.60

2.61
2.53
2.45
2.37

2.45
2.37
2.29
2.21

2.34
2.25
2.17
2.10

2.18
2.10
2.02
1.94

2.00
1.92
1.83
1. 75

1.92
1.84
1.75
1.67

1.84
1.75
1.66
1.57

1. 74
1.65
1.55
1.46

1.64
1.53
1.43
1.32

1.51
1.39
1.25
1.00

vN1 1

988

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Table 26.9

PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE F.DISTRIBUTION -VALUES

OF F IN TERMS OF Q, VI' V2
Q(Flvl,Vz) =0.025

12

15

20

30

60

647.8
38.51
17.44
12.22
10.01

799.5
39.00
16.04
10.65
8.43

864.2
39.17
15.44
9.98
7.76

899.6
39.25
15.10
9.60
7.39

921.8
39.30
14.88
9.36
7.15

937.1
39.33
14.73
9.20
6.98

956.7
39.37
14.54
8.98
6.76

976.7
39.41
14.34
8.75
6.52

984.9
39.43
14.25
8.66
6.43

993.1
39.45
14.17
8.56
6.33

1001
39.46
14.08
8.46
6.23

1010
39.48
13.99
8.36
6.12

1018
39.50
13.90
8.26
6.02

6
7
8
9
10

8.81
8.07
7.57
7.21
6.94

7.26
6.54
6.06
5.71
5.46

6.60
5.89
5.42
5.08
4.83

6.23
5.52
5.05
4.72
4.47

5.99
5.29
4.82
4.48
4.24

5.82
5.12
4.65
4.32
4.07

5.60
4.90
4.43
4.10
3.85

5.37
4.67
4.20
3.87
3.62

5.27
4.57
4.10
3.77
3.52

5.17
4.47
4.00
3.67
3.42

5.07
4.36
3.89
3.56
3.31

4.96
4.25
3.78
3.45
3.20

4.85
4.14
3.67
3.33
3.08

11
12
13
14
15

6.72
6.55
6.41
6.30
6.20

5.26
5.10
4.97
4.86
4.77

4.63
4.47
4.35
4.24
4.15

4.28
4.12
4.00
3.89
3.80

4.04
3.89
3.77
3.66
3.58

3.88
3.73
3.60
3.50
3.41

3.66
3.51
3.39
3.29
3.20

3.43
3.28
3.15
3.05
2.96

3.33
3.18
3.05
2.95
2.86

3.23
3.07
2.95
2.84
2.76

3.12
2.96
2.84
2.73
2.64

3.00
2.85
2.72
2.61
2.52

2.88
2.72
2.60
2.49
2.40

16
17
18
19
20

6.12
6.04
5.98
5.92
5.87

4.69
4.62
4.56
4.51
4.46

4.08
4.01
3.95
3.90
3.86

3.73
3.66
3.61
3.56
3.51

3.50
3.44
3.38
3.33
3.29

3.34
3.28
3.22
3.17
3.13

3.12
3.06
3.01
2.96
2.91

2.89
2.82
2.77
2.72
2.68

2.79
2.72
2.67
2.62
2.57

2.68
2.62
2.56
2.51
2.46

2.57
2.50
2.44
2.39
2.35

2.45
2.38
2.32
2.27
2.22

2.32
2.25
2.19
2.13
2.09

21
22
23
24
25

5.83
5.79
5.75
5.72
5.69

4.42
4.38
4.35
4.32
4.29

3.82
3.78
3.75
3.72
3.69

3.48
3.44
3.41
3.38
3.35

3.25
3.22
3.18
3.15
3.13

3.09
3.05
3.02
2.99
2.97

2.87
2.84
2.81
2.78
2.75

2.64
2.60
2.57
2.54
2.51

2.53
2.50
2.47
2.44
2.41

2.42
2.39
2.36
2.33
2.30

2.31
2.27
2.24
2.21
2.18

2.18
2.14
2.11
2.08
2.05

2.04
2.00
1.97
1.94
1.91

26
27
28
29
30

5.66
5.63
5.61
5.59
5.57

4.27
4.24
4.22
4.20
4.18

3.67
3.65
3.63
3.61
3.59

3.33
3.31
3.29
3.27
3.25

3.10
3.08
3.06
3.04
3.03

2.94
2.92
2.90
2.88
2.87

2.73
2.71
2.69
2.67
2.65

2.49
2.47
2.45
2.43
2.41

2.39
2.36
2.34
2.32
2.31

2.28
2.25
2.23
2.21
2.20

2.16
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.07

2.03
2.00
1.98
1.96
1.94

1.88
1.85
1.83
1.81
1.79

40
60
120

5.42
5.29
5.15
5.02

4.05
3.93
3.80
3.69

3.46
3.34
3.23
3.12

3.13
3.01
2.89
2.79

2.90
2.79
2.67
2.57

2.74
2.63
2.52
2.41

2.53
2.41
2.30
2.19

2.29
2.17
2.05
1.94

2.18
2.06
1.94
1.83

2.07
1.94
1.82
1.71

1.94
1.82
1.69
1.57

1.80
1.67
1.53
1.39

1.64
1.48
1.31
1.00

V21r1
1
2
3
4
5

'"

Q(FI Vr,v2)-0.01

12

15

20

1
2
3
4
5

4052
98.50
34.12
21.20
16.26

30

60

4999.5
99.00
30.82
18.00
13.27

5403
99.17
29.46
16.69
12.06

5625
99.25
28.71
15.98
11.39

5764
99.30
28.24
15.52
10.97

5859
99.33
27.91
15.21
10.67

5982
99.37
27.49
14.80
10.29

6106
99.42
27.05
14.37
9.89

6157
99.43
26.87
14.20
9.72

6209
99.45
26.69
14.02
9.55

6261
99.47
26.50
13.84
9.38

6313
99.48
26.32
13.65
9.20

6366
99.50
26.13
13.46
9.02

6
7
8
9
10

13.75
12.25
11.26
10.56
10.04

10.92
9.55
8.65
8.02
7.56

9.78
8.45
7.59
6.99
6.55

9.15
7.85
7.01
6.42
5.99

8.75
7.46
6.63
6.06
5.64

8.47
7.19
6.37
5.80
5.39

8.10
6.84
6.03
5.47
5.06

7.72
6.47
5.67
5.11
4.71

7.56
6.31
5.52
4.96
4.56

7.40
6.16
5.36
4.81
4.41

7.23
5.99
5.20
4.65
4.25

7.06
5.82
5.03
4.48
4.08

6.88
5.65
4.86
4.31
3.91

11
12
13
14
15

9.65
9.33
9.07
8.86
8.68

7.21
6.93
6.70
6.51
6.36

6.22
5.95
5.74
5.56
5.42

5.67
5.41
5.21
5.04
4.89

5.32
5.06
4.86
4.69
4.56

5.07
4.82
4.62
4.46
4.32

4.74
4.50
4.30
4.14
4.00

4.40
4.16
3.96
3.80
3.67

4.25
4.01
3.82
3.66
3.52

4.10
3.86
3.66
3.51
3.37

3.94
3.70
3.51
3.35
3.21

3.78
3.54
3.34
3.18
3.05

3.60
3.36
3.17
3.00
2.87

16
17
18
19
20

8.53
8.4Q
B.29
8.18
8.10

6.23
6.11
6.01
5.93
5.85

5.29
5.18
5.09
5.01
4.94

4.77
4.67
4.58
4.50
4.43

4.44
4.34
4.25
4.17
4.10

4.20
4.10
4.01
3.94
3.87

3.89
3.79
3.71
3.63
3.56

3.55
3.46
3.37
3.30
3.23

3.41
3.31
3.23
3.15
3.09

3.26
3.16
3.08
3.00
2.94

3.10
3.00
2.92
2.84
2.78

2.93
2.83
2.75
2.67
2.61

2.75
2.65
2.57
2.49
2.42

21
22
23
24
25

8.02
7.95
7.88
7.82
7.77

5.78
5.72
5.66
5.61
5.57

4.87
4.82
4.76
4.72
4.68

4.37
4.31
4.26
4.22
4.18

4.04
3.99
3.94
3.90
3.85

3.81
3.76
3.71
3.67
3.63

3.51
3.45
3.41
3.36
3.32

3.17
3.12
3.07
3.03
2.99

3.03
2.98
2.93
2.89
2.85

2.88
2.83
2.78
2.74
2.70

2.72
2.67
2.62
2.58
2.54

2.55
2.50
2.45
2.40
2.36

2.36
2.31
2.26
2.21
2.17

26
27
28
29
30

7.72
7.68
7.64
7.60
7.56

5.53
5.49
5.45
5.42
5.39

4.64
4.60
4.57
4.54
4.51

4.14
4.11
4.07
4.04
4.02

3.82
3.78
3.75
3.73
3.70

3.59
3.56
3.53
3.50
3.47

3.29
3.26
3.23
3.20
3.17

2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.84

2.81
2.78
2.75
2.73
2.70

2.66
2.63
2.60
2.57
2.55

2.50
2.47
2.44
2.41
2.39

2.33
2.29
2.26
2.23
2.21

2.13
2.10
2.06
2.03
2.01

40
60
120

7.31
7.08
6.85
6.63

5.18
4.98
4.79
4.61

4.31
4.13
3.95
3.78

3.83
3.65
3.48
3.32

3.51
3.34
3.17
3.02

3.29
3.12
2.96
2.80

2.99
2.82
2.66
2.51

2.66
2.50
2.34
2.18

2.52
2.35
2.19
2.04

2.37
2.20
2.03
1.88

2.20
2.03
1.86
1. 70

2.02
1.84
1.66
1.47

1.80
1.60
1.38
1.00

v2\"1

989

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

PERCEI\TAGE POJ:\TS OF TilE F-DiSTRlBl'THY' -'ALVES

OF F 1:\ TEIOIS OF Q,

Table 2().9

VI. Vl

Q(FI"l,v~) ~0.005

V2 "1
1 16211
2
198.5
3
55.55
4
31.33
5
22.78

12

15

20

30

60

'"

20000
199.0
49.80
26.28
18.31

21615
199.2
47.47
24.26
16.53

22500
199.2
46.19
23.15
15.56

23056
199.3
45.3S
22.46
14.94

23437
199.3
44.84
21.97
14.51

23925
199.4
44.13
21.35
13.96

24426
199.4
43.39
20.70
13.38

24630
199.4
43.08
20.44
13.15

24836
199.4
42.78
20.17
12.90

25044
199.5
42.47
19.89
12.66

25253
199.5
42.15
19.61
12.40

25465
199.5
41.83
19.32
12.14

6
7
8
9
10

18.63
16.24
14.69
13.61
12.83

14.54
12.40
11.04
10.11
9.43

12.:;2
10.88
9.60
8.72
8.08

12.03
10.05
8.81
7.96
7.34

11.46
9.52
8.30
7.47
6.87

11.07
9.16
7.95
7.13
6.54

10.57
8.68
7.50
6.69
6.12

10.03
8.18
7.01
6.23
5.66

9.81
7.97
6.81
6.03
5.47

9.59
7.75
6.61
5.83
5.27

9.36
7.53
6.40
5.62
5.07

9.12
7.31
6.18
5.41
4.86

8.88
7.08
5.95
5.19
4.64

11
12
13
14
15

12.23
11. 75
11.37
11.06
10.80

8.91
8.51
8.19
7.92
7.70

7.60
7.23
6.93
6.68
6.48

6.88
6.52
6.23
6.00
5.80

6.42
6.07
5.79
5.56
5.37

6.10
5.lt
5.48
5.26
5.07

5.68
5.35
5.08
4.86
4.67

5.24
4.91
4.64
4.43
4.25

5.05
4.72
4.46
4.25
4.07

4.86
4.53
4.27
4.06
3.88

4.65
4.33
4.07
3.86
3.69

4.44
4.12
3.87
3.66
3.48

4.23
3.90
3.65
3.44
3.26

16
17
18
19
20

10.58
10.38
10.22
10.07
9.94

7.51
7.35
7.21
7.09
6.99

6.30
6.16
6.03
5.92
5.82

5.64
5.5C
5.37
5.27
5.17

5.21
5.07
4.96
4.85
4.76

4.91
4.78
4.66
4.56
4.47

4.52
4.39
4.28
4.18
4.09

4.10
3.97
3.86
3.76
3.68

3.92
3.79
3.68
3.59
3.50

3.73
3.61
3.50
3.40
3.32

3.54
3.41
3.30
3.21
3.12

3.33
3.21
3.10
3.00
2.92

3.11
2.98
2.87
2.78
2.69

21
22
23
24
25

9.83
9.73
9.63
9.55
9.48

6.89
6.81
6.73
6.66
6.60

5.73
5.65
5.58
5.52
5.46

5.09
5.02
4.95
4.89
4.84

4.68
4.61
4.54
4.49
4.43

4.39
4.32
4.26
4.2l
4.15

4.01
3.94
3.88
3.83
3.78

3.60
3.54
3.47
3.42
3.37

3.43
3.36
3.30
3.25
3.20

3.24
3.18
3.12
3.06
3.01

3.05
2.98
2.92
2.87
2.82

2.84
2.77
2.71
2.66
2.61

2.61
2.55
2.48
2.43
2.38

26
27
28
29
30

9.41
9.34
9.28
9.23
9.18

6.54
6.49
6.44
6.40
6.35

5.41
5.36
5.32
5.28
5.24

4.79
4.74
4.70
4.66
4.62

4.38
4.34
4.30
4.26
4.23

4.10
4.06
4.02
3.98
3.95

3.73
3.69
3.65
3.61
3.58

3.33
3.28
3.25
3.21
3.18

3.15
3.11
3.07
3.04
J.Ol

2.97
2.93
2.89
2.86
2.82

2.77
2.73
2.69
2.66
2.63

2.56
2.52
2.48
2.45
2.42

2.33
2.29
2.25
2.21
2.18

40
60
120

8.83
8.49
8.18
7.88

6.07
5.79
5.54
5.30

4.98
4.73
4.50
4.28

4.37
4.14
3.92
3.72

3.99
3.76
3.55
3.35

3.71
3.49
3.28
3.09

3.35
3.13
2.93
2.74

2.95
2.74
2.54
2.36

2.78
2.57
2.37
2.19

2.60
2.39
2.19
2.00

2.40
2.19
1.98
1.79

2.18
1.96
1.75
1.5:;

1.93
1.69
1.43
1.00

.,

Q(FI",. "2) =0.001

v2 ,v1

12

15

4
5

(5) 4.053
998.5
167.0
74.14
47.18

(5) '>.000
999.0
148.5
61.25
37.12

(5) 5.404
999.2
141.1
56.18
33.20

(5) 5.625
999.2
137.1
53.44
31.09

(5)5.764
999.3
134.6
51. 71
29.75

(5)5.859
999.3
132.8
50.53
28.84

(5)5.981
999.4
130.6
49.00
27.64

(5)6.107
999.4
128.3
47.41
26.42

(5)6.158
999.4
127.4
46.76
25.91

(5)6.209
999.4
126.4
46.10
25.39

(5)6.261
999.5
125.4
45.43
24.87

(5)6.313
999.5
124.5
44.75
24.33

(5)6.366
999.5
123.5
44.05
23.79

6
7
8
9
10

35.51
29.25
25.42
22.86
21.04

27.00
21.69
18.49
16.39
14.91

23.70
18.77
15.83
13.90
12.55

21.92
17.19
14.39
12.56
11.28

20.81
16.21
13.49
11.71
10.48

20.03
15.52
12.86
11.13
9.92

19.03
14.63
12.04
10.37
9.20

17.99
13.71
11.19
9.57
8.45

17.56
13.32
10.84
9.24
8.13

17.12
12.93
10.48
8.90
7.80

16.67
12.53
10.11
8.55
7.47

16.21
12.12
9.73
8.19
7.12

15.75
11.70
9.33
7.81
6.76

11
1'13
14
15

19.69
18.64
17.81
17.14
16.59

13.81
12.97
12.31
11.78
11.34

11.56
10.80
10.21
9.73
9.34

10.35
9.63
9.07
8.62
8.25

9.58
8.89
8.35
7.92
7.57

9.05
8.38
7.86
7.43
7.09

8.35
7.71
7.21
6.80
6.47

7.63
7.00
6.52
6.13
5.81

7.32
6.71
6.23
5.85
5.54

7.01
6.40
5.93
5.56
5.25

6.68
6.09
5.63
5.25
4.95

6.35
5.76
5.30
4.94
4.64

6.00
5.42
4.97
4.60
4.31

16
17
18
19
20

16.12
15.72
15.38
15.08
14.82

10.97
10.66
10.39
10.16
9.95

9.00
8.73
8.49
8.28
8.10

7.94
7.68
7.46
7.26
7.10

7.27
7.02
6.81
6.62
6.46

6.81
6.56
6.35
6.18
6.02

6.19
5.96
5.76
5.59
5.44

5.55
5.32
5.13
4.97
4.82

5.27
5.05
4.87
4.70
4.56

4.99
4.78
4.59
4.43
4.29

4.70
4.48
4.30
4.14
4.00

4.39
4.18
4.00
3.84
3.70

4.06
3.85
3.67
3.51
3.38

21
22
23
24
25

14.59
14.38
14.19
14.03
13.88

9.77
9.61
9.47
9.34
9.22

7.94
7.80
7.67
7.55
7.45

6.95
6.81
6.69
6.59
6.49

6.32
6.19
6.08
5.98
5.88

5.88
5.76
5.65
5.55
5.46

5.31
5.19
5.09
4.99
4.91

4.70
4.58
4.48
4.39
4.31

4.44
4.33
4.23
4.14
4.06

4.17
4.06
3.96
3.87
3.79

3.88
3.78
3.68
3.59
3.52

3.58
3.48
3.38
3.29
3.22

3.26
3.15
3.05
2.97
2.89

26
27
28
29
30

13.74
13.61
13.50
13.39
13.29

9.12
9.02
8.93
8.85
8.77

7.36
7.27
7.19
7.12
7.05

6.41
6.33
6.25
6.19
6.12

5.80
5.73
5.66
5.59
5.53

5.38
5.31
5.24
5.18
5.12

4.83
4.76
4.69
4.64
4.58

4.24
4.17
4.11
4.05
4.00

3.99
3.92
3.86
3.80
3.75

3.72
3.66
3.60
3.54
3.49

3.44
3.38
3.32
3.27
3.22

3.15
3.08
3.02
2.97
2.92

2.82
2.75
2.69
2.64
2.59

40
60
120

12.61
11.97
11.38
10.83

8.25
7.76
7.32
6.91

6.60
6.17
5.79
5.42

5.70
5.31
4.95
4.62

5.13
4.76
4.42
4.10

4.73
4.37
4.04
3.74

4.21
3.87
3.55
3.27

3.64
3.31
3.02
2.74

3.40
3.08
2.78
2.51

3.15
2.83
2.53
2.27

2.87
2.55
2.26
1.99

2.57
2.25
1.95
1.66

2.23
1.89
1.54
1.00

1
2
3

See page H.

20

30

60

990

I'

f,

),ROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

@1 LA-1e RftL

Tallie 26.10
PERCEI\T,\(;E POI:\TS OF TilE ,. JISTHl8l

TIO~-

\ AU ES OF , 11\ TEH\lS OF A AND v

vIA 0.2

0.5

0.8

0.9

0.95

0.98

0.99

0.995

0.998

0.999

0.9999 0.99999 0.999999

0.325
0.289
0.277
0.271
0.267

1.000
0.816
0.765
0.741
0.727

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032

127.321
14.089
7.453
5.598
4.773

318.309
22.327
10.214
7.173
5.893

636.619
31.598
12.924
8.610
6.869

6366.198
99.992
28.000
15.544
11.178

63661.977
316.225
60.397
27.771
17.897

636619.772
999.999
130.155
49.459
28.477

6
7
8
9
10

0.265
0.263
0.262
0.261
0.260

0.718
0.711
0.706
0.703
0.700

1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372

1.943,
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812

2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228

3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764

3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169

4.317
4.029
3.833
3.690
3.581

5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297
4.144

5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781
4.587

9.082
7.885
7.120
6.594
6.211

13.555
11.215
9.782
8.827
8.150

20.047
15.764
13.257
11.637
10.516

11
12
14
15

0.260
0.259
0.259
0.258
0.258

0.697
0.695
0.694
0.692
0.691

1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341

1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753

2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131

2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602

3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947

3.497
3.428
3.372
3.326
3.286

4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787
3.733

4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140
4.073

5.921
5.694
5.513
5.363
5.239

7.648
7.261
6.955
6.706
6.502

9.702
9.085
8.604
8.21B
7.903

16
17
18
19
20

0.258
0.257
0.257
0.257
0.257

0.690
0.689
0.688
0.688
0.687

1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325

1. 746,
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

2.120
2.UO
2.101
2.093
2.086

2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

3.252
3.223
3.197
3.174
3.153

3.686
3.646
3.610
3.579
3.552

4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883
3.850

5.134
5.044
4.966
4.897
4.837

6.330
6.184
6.059
5.949
5.B54

7.642
7.421
7.232
7.069
6.927

21
22
23
24
25

0.257
0.256
0.256
0.25,6
0.256

0.686
0.686
0.685
0.685
0.684

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787

3.135
3.119
3.104
3.090
3.078

3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467
3.450

3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745
3.725

4.784
4.736
4.693
4.654
4.619

5.769
5.694
5.627
5.566
5.511

6.B02
6.692
6.593
6.504
6.424

26
27
28
29
30

0.256
0.256
0.256
0;256
0.256

0.684
0.684
0.683
0.683
0.6B3

1.315
1.314
1.313
1.310

1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697

2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042

2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457

2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750

3.067
3.057
3.047
3.038
3.030

3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396
3.385

3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659
3.646

4.587
4.558
4.530
4.506
4.482

5.461
5.415
5.373
5.335
5.299

6.352
6.286
6.225
6.170
6.119

40
60
120

0.255
0.254
0.254
0.253

0.681
0.679
0.677
0.674

1.303
1.296
1.289
1.282

1.684
1.671
1.658
1.645

2.021
2.000
1.980
1.960

2.423
2.390
2.358
2.326

2.704
2.660
2.617
2.576

2.971
2.915
2.860
2.807

3.307
3.232
3.160
3.090

3.551
3.460
3.373
3.291

4.321
4.169
4.025
3.891

5.053
4.B25
4.613
4.417

5.768
5.449
5,158
4.892

1
2
3
4

13

00

1.311

A =A(t1v) = [,vB (12'

p)r 1.rl

_I

(1+X2r(~1)
v
dx

From E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley (editors), Biometrika tables for statisticians, vol. 1. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954 for II 0.999,
from E. T. Federighi, Extended tables of the percentage points of Student's
t-distribution, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 54, 683-688 (1959) for II 0.999 (with
permission) .
Se.. page

II.

991

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

2500 FIVE DIGIT RANDOM NUMBERS

Table 26.11

53479
97344
66023
99776
30176

81115
70328
38277
75723
48979

98036
58116
74523
03172
92153

12217
91964
71118
43112
38416

59526
26240
84892
83086
42436

40238
44643
13956
81982
26636

40577
83287
98899
14538
83903

39351
97391
92315
26162
44722

43211
92823
65783
24899
69210

69255
77578
59640
20551
69117

81874
19839
09337
31151
67619

83339
90630
33435
58295
52515

14988
71863
53869
40823
03037

99937
95053
52769
41330
81699

13213
55532
18801
21093
17106

30177
60908
25820
93882
64982

47967
84108
96198
49192
60834

93793
55342
66518
44876
85319

86693
48479
78314
47185
47814

98854
63799
97013
81425
08075

61946
04811
05763
73260
54909

48790
64892
39601
56877
09976

11602
96346
56140
40794
76580

83043
79065
25513
13948
02645

22257
26999
86151
96289
35795

11832
43967
78657
90185
44537

04344
63485
02184
47111
64428

95541
93572
29715
66807
35441

20366
80753
04334
61849
28318

55937
96582
15678
44686
99001

42583 36335
27266 27403
49843 11442
29316 40460
30463 27856

60068
97520
66682
27076
67798

04044
23334
36055
69232
16837

29678
36453
32002
51423
74273

16342
33699
78600
58515
05793

48592
23672
36924
49920
02900

25547
45884
59962
03901
63498

63177
41515
68191
26597
00782

75225
04756
62580
33068
35097

28708 84088
13183 50652
60796 76639
13486 46918
34914 94502

65535
94872
30157
64683
39374

44258
28257
40295
07411
34185

33869
78547
99476
77842
57500

82530
55286
28334
01908
22514

98399 26387
33591 619.65
15368 42481
47796 65796
04060 94511

02836
51723
60312
44230
44612

36838
14211
42770
77230
10485

28105
59231
87437
29046
62035

04814
45028
82758
01301
71886

85170
01173
71093
55343
94506

86490
08848
36833
65732
15263

35695
81925
53582
78714
61435

03483
71494
25986
43644
10369

57315
95401
46005
46248
42054

63174 71902
34049 04851
42840 81683
53205 94868
68257 14385

71182
65914
21459
48711
79436

38856
40666
40588
78237
98247

80048
43328
90087
86556
67474

59973
87379
37729
50276
71455

73368
86418
08667
20431
69540

52876
95841
37256
00243
01169

47673
25590
20317
02303
03320

41020
54137
53316
71029
67017

82295
94182
50982
49932
92543

26430
42308
32900
23245
97977

87377
07361
32097
00862
52728

69977
39843
62880
56138
90804

78558
23074
87277
64927
56026

65430
40814
99895
29454
48994

32627
03713
99965
52967
64569

28312
21891
34374
86624
67465

61815
96353
42556
62422
60180

14598 79728
96806 24595
11679 99605
30163 76181
12972 03848

55699
26203
98011
95317
62582

91348
26009
48867
39264
93855

09665 44672
34756 50403
12157 73327
69384 07734
93358 64565

74762
76634
74196
94451
43766

33357
12767
26668
76428
45041

67301
32220
78087
16121
44930

80546
34545
53636
09300
69970

97659
18100
52304
67417
16964

11348
53513
00007
68587
08277

78771
14521
05708
87932
67752

45011
72120
63538
38840
60292

38879
58314
83568
28067
05730

99563
72394
99471
40568
93161

85404
69668
74729
33705
80921

Q4913
12474
22075
64510
55873

62547
93059
10233
07067
54103

78406
02053
21575
64374
34801

01017
29807
20325
26336
83157

86187
63645
21317
79652
04534

22072
12792
57124
31140
81368

35544
60298
10227
91152
75557

Compiled from Rand Corporation, A million random digits with 100,000 normal deviates. The Free Press, Glencoe, Ill.,
1955 (with permission).

992

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Table 26.11

2500 FIVE DIGIT RANDOM NUMBERS

26687
60675
45418
69872
03765

74223
75169
98635
48026
86366

43546
24510
83123
89755
99539

45699
15100
98558
28470
44183

94469
02011
09953
44130
23886

82125
14375
60255
59979
89977

37370
65187
42071
91063
11964

23966
10630
40930
28766
51581

68926
64421
97992
85962
18033

37664
66745
93085
77173
56239

84686
91512
10737
54870
48967

57636
49670
49307
19676
49579

32326
32556
18307
58367
65369

19867
85189
22246
20905
74305

71345
28023
22461
38324
62085

42002
88151
10003
00026
39297

96997
62896
93157
98440
10309

84379
95498
66984
37427
23173

27991
29423
44919
22896
74212

21459
38138
30467
37637
32272

91430
92564
41734
25251
91657

79112
29567
12199
78110
11563

03685
47476
77441
54178
66036

05411
62804
92415
78241
28523

23027
73428
63542
09226
83705

54735
04535
42115
87529
09956

91550
86395
84972
35376
76610

06250
12162
12454
90690
88116

18705
59647
33133
54178
78351

18909
97726
48467
08561
50877

00149
53250
25587
01176
83531

84745
73200
17481
12182
15544

63222
84066
56716
06882
40834

50533
59620
49749
27562
20296

50159
61009
70733
75456
88576

60433
38542
32733
54261
47815

04822
05758
60365
38564
96540

49577
06178
14108
89054
79462

89049 16162
80193 26466
52573 39391
96911 88906
78666 25353

19902
96516
99417
77699
32245

98866
78705
56171
57853
83794

32805
25556
19848
93213
99528

61091
35181
24352
27342
05150

91587
29064
51844
28906
27246

30340
49005
03791
31052
48263

84909
29843
72127
65815
62156

64047
68949
57958
21637
62469

67750
50506
08366
49385
97048

87638
45862
43190
75406
16511

12874
63899
16255
75553
41772

72753
41910
43271
30207
18441

66469
45484
26540
41814
34685

13782
55461
41298
74985
13892

64330
66518
35095
40223
38843

00056
82486
32170
91223
69007

73324
74694
70625
64238
10362

03920
07865
66407
73012
84125

13193
09724
01050
83100
08814

19466
76490
44225
92041
66785

09270
85058
80222
83901
36303

01245
17815
8"7572
88028
57833

81765
71551
62758
56743
77622

06809
36356
14858
25598
02238

10561
97519
36350
79349
53285

10080 17482
54144 51132
23304 70453
47880 77912
77316 40106

05471
83169
21065
52020
38456

82273
27373
63812
84305
92214

06902
68609
29860
02897
54278

91543
14415
82465
27306
91960

63886
33816
07781
39843
82766

60539
78231
09938
05634
02331

96334
87674
66874
96368
08797

20804
96473
72128
72022
33858

72692
44451
99685
01278
21847

08944
25098
84329
92830
17391

02870
29296
14530
40094
53755

74892
50679
08410
31776
58079

22598
07798
45953
41822
48498

59284 96108
10428 96003
65527 41039
59688 43078
44452 10188

91610
71223
79574
93275
43565

07483
21352
05105
31978
46531

37943
78685
59588
08768
93023

96832 15444
55964 35510
02115 33446
84805 50661
07618 12910

12091
94805
56780
18523
60934

36690
23422
18402
83235
53403

58317
04492
36279
50602
18401

87275
94155
26488
37073
83835

59804
49964
91282
88296
55956

78595
27753
03419
68638
93957

60553
85090
68758
12976
30361

14038
77677
89575
50896
47679

95472
66323
97835
27220
35056

42736
77811
66681
05785
07103

08573
22791
03171
77538
63072

82013
93110
76394
34547
89575

12096
69303
66469
10023
83001

993

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

2500 FIVE DIGIT RANDOM NUMBERS

Table 26.11

55034 81217
25521 99536
85421 72744
61219 48390
20230 03147

90564
43233
97242
47344
58854

81943
48786
66383
30413
11650

11241
49221
00132
39392
28415

84512 12288
06960 31564
05661 96442
91365 56203
12821 58931

89862
21458
37388
79204
30508

00760
88199
57671
05330
65989

76159
06312
27916
31196
26675

95776 83206
07603 17344
00645 17459
62950 83162
79350 10276

56144
01148
78742
61504
81933

55953
83300
39005
31557
26347

89787
96955
36027
80590
08068

64426
65027
98807
47893
67816

08448
31713
72666
72360
06659

45707
89013
54484
72720
87917

80364
79557
68262
08396
74166

60262
49755
38827
33674
85519

48339
05842
25855
25272
73003

69834
08439
02209
16152
29058

59047
79836
07307
82323
17605

82175
50957
59942
70718
49298

92010
32059
71389
98081
47675

58446
32910
76159
38631
90445

69591
15842
11263
91956
68919

56205 95700
13918 41365
38787 61541
49909 76253
05676 23823

86211
80115
22606
33970
84892

81310
10024
84671
29296
51771

94430
44713
52806
58162
94074

22663
59832
89124
21858
70630

06584
80721
37691
33732
41286

38142 00146
63711 67882
20897 82339
94056 88806
90583 87680

17496
25100
22627
54603
13961

51115
45345
06142
00384
55627

61458
55743
05773
66340
23670

65790
67618
03547
69232
35109

42166 56251
78355 67041
09552 51347
15771 63127
13231 99058

60770
22492
33864
34847
93754

51672
51522
89018
05660
36730

36031
31164
73418
06156
44286

77273
30450
81538
48970
44326

85218
27600
77399
55699
15729

14812
44428
30448
61818
37500

90758
96380
97740
91763
47269

23677
26772
18158
20821
13333

50583 03570
99485 57330
54676 39524
99343 71549
35492 40231

38472
10634
73785
10248
34868

73236 67613
74905 90671
48864 69835
76036 31702
55356 12847

72780
19643
62798
76868
68093

78174
69903
65205
88909
52643

18718
60950
69187
69574
32732

99092
17968
05572
27642
67016

64114
37217
74741
00336
46784

98170 25384 03841

02670 86155 56860
36934 42879 81637
56851 12778 24309
05464 28892 14271

23920
02592
79952
73660
23778

47954 10359
01646 42200
07066 41625
84264 24668
88599 17081

70114
79950
96804
16686
33884

11177 63298
37764 82341
92388 88860
02239 66022
88783 39015

99903
71952
68580
64133
57118

15025
95610
09026
81431
21431

20237
08030
40378
99955
59335

63386
81469
05731
52462
58627

71122
91066
55128
67667
94822

06620 07415
88857 56583
74298 49196
97322 69808
65484 09641

94982
01224
31669
21240
41018

32324 79427
28097 19726
42605 30368
65921 12629
85100 16110

70387
71465
96424
92896
32077

95832
99813
77210
13268
44285

76145
44631
31148
02609
71735

11636
43746
50543
79833
26620

80284 17787 97934

99790 86823 12114
11603 50934 02498
66058 80277 08533
54691 14909 52132

12822
31706
09184
28676
81110

73890
05024
95875
37532
74548

66009
28156
85840
70535
78853

27521
04202
71954
82356
31996

70526
88386
83161
50214
97689

45953
11222
73994
71721
29341

79637
25080
17209
33851
67747

57374
71462
79441
45144
80643

33376 13232 85666

19065 68981 18310
11936 44864 86978
12823 01594 08453
49396 83686 37302

86615
74178
34538
52825
95350

05053
09818
64091
05696
13620

31965
46001
49790
29935
23943

994

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Table 26.Il

2500 FIVE DIGIT RANDOM NUMBERS

12367 23891
38890 30239
80788 55410
02395 77585
73720 70184

31506
34237
39770
08854
69112

90721 18710 89140

22578 74420 22734
93317 18270 21141
23562 33544 45796
71887 80140 72876

58595
26930
52085
10976
38984

99425
40604
78093
44721
23409

22840
10782
85638
24781
63957

08267
80128
81140
09690
44751

61383
39161
80907
09052
33425

17222
44282
74484
65670
24226

55234 18963
14975 97498
39884 19885
63660 34035
32043 60082

39006
25973
37311
06578
20418

93504
33605
04209
87837
85047

18273
60141
49675
28125
53570

49815
30030
39596
48883
32554

52802
77677
01052
50482
64099

69675
49294
43999
55735
52326

72651
04142
85226
54888
33258

69474
32092
14193
03579
51516

73648
83586
52213
91674
82032

71530
61825
60746
59502
45233

55454
35482
24414
08619"
39351

19576
32736
57858
33790
33229

15552
63403
31884
29011
59464

20577
91499
51266
85193
65545

12124 50038
37196 02762
82293 73553
62262 28684
76809 16982

75973
90638
65061
64420
27175

15957
75314
15498
07427
17389

32405
35381
93348
82233
76963

82081
34451
33566
97812
75117

02214
49246
19427
39572
45580

57143 33526
11465 25102
66826 03044
07766 65844
99904 47160

32215 30094
54209 58043
59286 66964
83872 58167
83310 57080

87276
72350
84843
01221
03366

56896 15625 32594 80663

89828 02706 16815 89985
71549 67553 33867 83011
95558 22196 65905 38785
80017 39601 40698 56434

47194 94526
71489 89883
97361 08159
29980 15533
55364 25666

73253
99708
47485
90114
25405

08082
37380
66213
01355
64055

19422
44032
69372
47489
02495

80717
59366
23903
28170
50880

60479
20328
63902
64511
07976

57338 52133
84623 30188
21346 19219
39552 34694
54295 84671

07114
43904
90286
03211
78755

64545
39269
29763
06310
97541

29500 13351
00076 55489
05675 28193
02998 01463
47607 57655

78647
01524
65514
27738
59102

82968
76878
87394
74040
47896

85717 11619
34727 12524
78884 87237
12731 59616
41413 66431

97721 53513
90642 16921
92086 95633
33697 12592
70046 50793

53781
13669
66841
44891
45920

98941
17420
22906
67982
96564

38401
84483
64989
72972
67958

70939 11319
68309 85241
86952 54700
89795 10587
56369 44725

87778
96977
43820
57203
49065

71697
63143
13285
83960
72171

64148
72219
77811
40096
80939

54363
80040
81697
39234
06017

34037
47698
70750
59911
63687

59061
95621
02029
91411
07932

62051
72990
32377
55573
99587

62049
29047
00556
88427
49014

94250
68148
12208
88317
56728

84270
81382
97809
89705
80359

95798
82383
33619
26119
29613

13477 80139 26335

18674 40453 92828
28868 41646 16734
12416 19438 65665
63052 15251 44684

55169
30042
88860
60989
64681

73417
37412
32636
59766
42354

40766 45170
43423 45138
41985 84615
11418 18250
51029 77680

07138 12320 01073 19304

21188 64554 55618 36088
02154 12250 88738 43917
90953 85238 32771 07305
80103 91308 12858 41293

92628 19354
76568 22571
11954 78599
90288 17697
21851 44446

92114
11990
29937
65953
90323

87042
24331
03655
36181
00325

58920 28454
84390 16022
21099 60805
47420 19681
15013 19579

33526
85893
86687
45573
26452

81069 93978 66659

12200 77559 75661
63246 26842 35816
33184 41386 03249
91132 12720 92603

995

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

2500 FIVE DIGIT

RA~DOM

NUMBERS

Table 26.11

92630
79445
59654
31524
06348

78240
78735
71966
49587
76938

19267
71549
27386
76612
90379

95457
44843
50004
39789
51392

53497
26104
05358
13537
55887

23894
67318
94031
48086
71015

37708
00701
29281
59483
09209

79862
34986
18544
60680
79157

76471
66751
52429
84675
24440

66418
99723
06080
53014
30244

28703
68108
99938
91543
42103

51709
89266
90704
73196
02781

94456
94730
93621
34449
73920

48396
95761
66330
63513
56297

73780
75023
33393
83834
72678

06436
48464
95261
99411
12249

86641
65544
95349
58826
25270

69239
96583
51769
40456
36678

57662
18911
91616
69268
21313

80181
16391
33238
48562
75767

17138 27584
28297 14280
09331 56712
31295 04204
36146 15560

25296
54524
51333
93712
27592

28387
21618
06289
51287
42089

51350
95320
75345
05754
99281

61664
38174
08811
79396
59640

37893
60579
82711
87399
15221

05363
08089
57392
51773
96079

44143
94999
25252
33075
09961

42677
78460
30333
97061
05371

29553
23501
57888
55336
10087

18432
22642
85846
71264
10072

13630
63081
67967
88472
55980

05529
08191
07835
04334
64688

02791
89420
11314
63919
68239

81017
67800
01545
36394
20461

49027
55137
48535
11196
89381

79031
54707
17142
92470
93809

50912
32945
08552
70543
00796

09399
64522
67457
29776
95945

34101
53362
82975
54827
25464

81277
44940
66158
84673
59098

66090
60430
84731
22898
27436

88872
22834
19436
08094
89421

37818
14130
55790
14326
80754

72142
96593
69229
87038
89924

67140
23298
28661
42892
19097

50785
56203
13675
21127
67737

21380
92671
99318
30712
80368

16703
15925
76873
48489
08795

67609
44921
33170
84687
71886

60214
70924
30972
85445
56450

41475
61295
98130
06208
36567

84950
51137
95828
17654
09395

40133
47596
49786
51333
96951

02546
86735
13301
02878
35507

09570
35561
36081
35010
17555

45682
76649
80761
67578
35212

50165
18217
33985
61574
69106

15609
63446
68621
20749
01679

00475
25993
92882
25138
84631

02224
38881
53178
26810
71882

74722
68361
99195
07093
12991

14721
59560
93803
15677
83028

40215
41274
56985
60688
82484

21351
69742
53089
04410
90339

08596
40703
15305
24505
91950

45625
37993
50522
37890
74579

83981
03435
55900
67186
03539

63748
18873
43026
62829
90122

34003
53175
59316
20479
86180

92326
45749
97885
66557
84931

12793
05734
72807
50705
25455

61453
86169
54966
26999
26044

48121
42762
60859
09854
02227

74271
70175
11932
52591
52015

28363
97310
35265
14063
21820

66561 75220
73894 88606
71601 55517
30214 19890
50599 51671

35908
19994
67715
19292
65411

21451
98062
01788
62465
94324

68001
68375
64429
04841
31089

72710
80089
14430
43272
84159

40261
24135
94575
68702
92933

61281
72355
75153
01274
99989

13172
95428
94576
05437
89500

63819
11808
61393
22953
91586

48970
29740
96192
18946
02802

51732
81644
03227
99053
69471

54113
86610
32258
41690
68274

05797
10395
35177
25633
16464

43984
14289
56986
89619
48280

21575
52185
25549
75882
94254

09908
09721
59730
98256
45717

70221
25789
64718
02126
45150

19791
38562
52630
72099
68865

51578
54794
31100
57183
11382

36432
04897
62384
55887
11782

33494
59012
49483
09320
22695

79888
89251
11409
73463
41988

27. Miscellaneous Functions

IRENE

A.

STEGUN 1

Contents
27.1. Debye

. f" etndtFunctIOns
o

Page

998

-1-1"

n=I(I)4, x=0(.1)1.4.(.2)5(.5)1O,

6D
999

27.2. Planck's Radiation Function x-5(el/ X -1)-1 .

x= .05(.005).1 (.01) .2(.02).4 (.05) .9(.1) 1.5(.5)3.5,
Xmax, 1 (Xmax) , 9-1OS

3D
999

27.3. Einstein Functions . . . . .

xZe X
(eX-Ii

x
eX-I'

x=0(.05)1.5(.1)3(.2)6,
27.4. Sievert Integral

x
X
eX_I-In (l-e- )

In (l-e- ),

5D

e -x sec <Pdlp .

x=0(.I)I(.2)3(.5)1O,8=100(100)600(15)900,
27.5. 1m (x) =

i'"

m=l, 2,3; x=0(.01).05, .1(.1)1,

13 (ix) ,

x=0(.2)8(.5)15(1)20,

i'" e-'z
27.6. l(x) = Jo t+x dt . . . ,
l(x)+ln x,
l(x) ,

6D

tme-1Z-T dt and Related Integrals

1m (x) ,

1001

4D

4-5D

............... .

x=I(.1)3(.5)8,

x=0(.01).5,

4D

9D

i
JI

In tl dt

t-

27.8. Clausen's Integral and Related Summations

Jo

1004

1005

t dt=~ Sin n8
z

In (2 sin -2 )

1(8)+8 In 9,
1(8),

1003

x=0(.05)1

27.7. Dilogarithm (Spence's Integral) l(x)=-

1(8)=-

1000

n=1

8=0(1)15

8= 15(1 )30(2)90(5) 180,

6D

27.9. Vector-Addition Coefficients (jd2mlm2Ijdzjm)

1006

Algebraic Expressions for j2=1/2, 1,3/2,2

Decimal Values for j2=1/2, 1,3/2, 5D
1

National Bureau of Standards.

997

---

27. Miscellaneous Functions

27.1. Debye Functions

27.1.3

27.1.1.
jX tndt

x
2(n+1)

Jo e'-l =xn[n

+E (2k+n)(2k)!]

1-32 (1926).

(/x/<211",n;:::1)

~ r~ y dy , 12 [
3

(For Bernoulli numbers B 2k , see chapter 23.)

xsJo

tndt _ '"

-kx

rzeyu-dyl _ e~-1
~], x=0(.01)24
'
3

Jo

68.

Widerstandes reiner Metalle von der Temperatur,

Ann. Physik. (5) 16, 530-540 (1933).

xn nxn- I (n)(n-l)x n- 2
[k
k2
k3
n!
+kn+I](x>O,n;:::l)

:?fe:~\ -e~~l'

+ ...

Table 27.1

998

ev - l x 3

[27.2] E. GrUneisen, Die Abhangigkeit des elektrischen

27.1.2

f. '" e'-l-f.j

tndt
-'-l=n!t(n+l).

o e[27.1] J. A. Beattie, Six-place tables of the Debye energy

and specific heat functions, J. Math. Phys. 6,

B 2tX 2/r.

'"

i '"

Relation to RieDl ann Zeta Function (see chapter 23)

Series Representations

x=O(.I) 13(.2) 18(1)20(2)52(4)80.

Debye Functions
x

11z tdt

e'-1

21 z t dt
x2 0e'-1

t3 dt
x3 0 e'-1

31%

t4dt
X'oe'-1

0.0
O. 1
O. 2
0.3
O. 4
O. 5
O. 6
O. 7
O. 8
O. 9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.8
2. 0
2.2
2.4
2. 6
2. 8
3. 0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4. 8
5.0
5. 5
6. 0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10. 0

1. 000000
O. 975278
0.951111
O. 927498
O. 904437
O. 881927
O. 859964
O. 838545
0.817665
O. 797320
O. 777505
O. 758213
O. 739438
0.721173
O. 703412
O. 669366
O. 637235
O. 606947
O. 578427
O. 551596
O. 526375
O. 502682
O. 480435
O. 459555
O. 439962
O. 421580
O. 404332
O. 388148
0.372958
O. 358696
O. 345301
0.332713
O. 320876
O. 294240
O. 271260
O. 251331
O. 233948
O. 218698
O. 205239
o. 193294
O. 182633
O. 173068
O. 164443

1.000000
O. 967083
0.934999
0.903746
O. 873322
O. 843721
O. 814940
O. 786973
O. 759813
O. 733451
O. 707878
O. 683086
0.659064
O. 635800
O. 613281
0.570431
O. 530404
O. 493083
0.458343
O. 426057
O. 396095
O. 368324
O. 342614
O. 318834
O. 296859
0.276565
O. 257835
O. 240554
O. 224615
O. 209916
O. 196361
O. 183860
O. 172329
O. 147243
O. 126669
0.109727
0.095707
0.084039
0.074269
0.066036
0.059053
0.053092
0.047971

1. 000000
O. 963000
O. 926999
O. 891995
O. 857985
O. 824963
O. 792924
O. 761859
0.731759
0.702615
O. 674416
0.647148
O. 620798
O. 595351
0.570793
O. 524275
0.481103
O. 441129
O. 404194
O. 370137
O. 338793
O. 309995
O. 283580
O. 259385
O. 237252
0.217030
O. 198571
O. 181737
O. 166396
O. 152424
O. 139704
O. 128129
0.117597
0.095241
0.077581
0.063604
0.052506
0.043655
0.036560
0.030840
0.026200
0.022411
0.019296

1. 000000
O. 960555
O. 922221
O. 884994
O. 848871
O. 813846
0.779911
O. 747057
O. 715275
O. 684551
O. 654874
O. 626228
O. 598598
0.571967
O. 546317
0.497882
O. 453131
0.411893
0.373984
O. 339218
0.307405
O. 278355
o. 2518a9
O. 2277 2
O. 205915
O. 186075
O. 168107
O. 151855
0.137169
O. 123913
O. 111957
O. 101180
0.091471
0.071228
0.055677
0.043730
0.034541
0.027453
0.021968
0.017702
0.014368
0.011747
0.009674

41%

48.

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

999

Planck's Radiation Function

Table 27.2

f(z) =z-S(e1!s-I)-1

z
0.050
0.055
0.060
O. 065
0.070
0.075
0.080
0.085
0.090
0.095
0.100

f(z)

fez)

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
O. 14
O. 15
O. 16
0.17
0.18
O. 19
O. 20

4.540
6.998
9. 662
12. 296
14. 710
16. 780
18.446
19. 692
20. 539
21. 025
21. 199

O. 20
O. 22
O. 24
O. 26
O. 28
0.30
0.32
O. 34
O. 36
O. 38
O. 40

21. 199
20.819
19. 777
18. 372
16. 809
15.224
13. 696
12. 270
10.965
9. 787
8. 733

0.40
O. 45
O. 50
0.55
O. 60
O. 65
O. 70
0.75
O. 80
O. 85
O. 90

f(z)

0.007
0.025
0.074
0.179
0.372
O. 682
1. 137
1. 752
2.531
3. 466
4.540

f(z)

8. 733

O. 9
1.0
1. 1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5

O. 831
O. 582
0.419
O. 309
O. 233
0.178
0.139
O. 048
0.021
0.010
0.006

6. 586
5.009
3. 850
2. 995
2. 356
1. 875
1. 508
1. 225
1. 005
O. 831

[(-52)5J

[(-;)2J
zm =.20140 52353

f(z)

f(zm )=21.20143 58.

[27.3J Miscellaneous Physical Tables, Planck's radiation

functions and electronic functions, MT 17 (U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
1941).
R A=c IX-5 (ee,/).'l' _1)-1,

Ro-~= l~ R~dx,

Table I:

~,
R"

mao

Ro-~,

Ro-CD

zle-

(eo-I)

e o- l

1. 00000
O. 99979
O. 99917
O. 99813
O. 99667
O. 99481
O. 99253
O. 98985
O. 98677
O. 98329
0.97942
O. 97517
O. 97053
O. 96552
O. 96015
O. 95441
O. 94833
O. 94191
O. 93515
0.92807
O. 92067
O. 91298
O. 90499
O. 89671
0.88817
O. 87937
O. 87031
O. 86102
O. 85151
0.84178
O. 83185

mao

No-~

for

NO-CD

XT=[.05(.001).1 (.005) .4(.01) .6(.02) 1(.05)2Jcm KO.

Table II: R~, Ro-~, N~, No-~ (T=loo00 K)
for }..=[.5(.01) 1(.05)4(.1)6(.2) 10(.5)20J microns.

Table 27.3

Einstein Functions

0.00
0.05
O. 10
0.15
O. 20
O. 25
O. 30
0.35
0.40
O. 45
O. 50
O. 55
O. 60
0.65
O. 70
O. 75
O. 80
O. 85
O. 90
O. 95
1.00
1. 05
1.10
1. 15
1.20
1. 25
1.30
1. 35
1.40
1. 45
1.50

N~

Table III: N~ for X=[.25(.05)1.6(.2)3(1)10J

microns, T=UOOOO(5000)35000 K and 6000 KJ.

N~=211'cX-4(ee,/A'l'-1)-I, No-~=l" N~d}..

~,

1. 00000
O. 97521
O. 95083
O. 92687
O. 90333
O. 88020
0.85749
O. 83519
0.81330
O. 79182
0.77075
O. 75008
O. 72982
O. 70996
O. 69050
O. 67144
O. 65277
0.63450
O. 61661
0.59910
O. 58198
O. 56523
O. 54886
O. 53285
O. 51722
O. 50194
O. 48702
0.47245
0.45824
O. 44436
O. 43083

In (1-6--)

z
es - l
-In (l-e--)

-ex>

-3.02063
-2.35217
-1. 97118
-1. 70777
-1. 50869
-1. 35023
-1. 21972
-1. 10963
-1. 01508,
-0.93275
-0.86026
-0.79587
-0.73824
-0.68634
-0.63935
-0.59662
-0.55759
-0.52184
-0.48897
-0.45868
-0.43069
-0.40477
-0.38073
-0.35838
-0.33758
-0.31818
-0.30008
-0.28315
-0.26732
-0.25248

ex>

/,'}

3. 99584
3. 30300
2.89806
2.61110
2. 38888
2. 20771
2.05491
1. 92293
1. 80690
1. 70350
1. 61035
1. 52569
1. 44820
1. 37684
1. 31079
1. 24939
1. 19209
1. 13844
1. 08809
1. 04065
0.99592
O. 95363
O. 91358
O. 87560
O. 83952
O. 80520
O. 77253
O. 74139
0.71168
O. 68331

1000

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

Table 27.3

Einstein Functions
zle=-

x
e<-1

(e<-1)2

x
e<-1

In (l-e- o )

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2. 0

0.81143
O. 79035
O. 76869
O. 74657
O. 72406

0.40475
0.37998
O. 35646
O. 33416
O. 31304

-0.22552
-0.20173
-0.18068
-0.16201
-0.14541

O. 63027
0.58171
0.53714
0.49617
O. 45845

2.1
2.2
2. 3
2.4
2.5

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

O.
O.
O.
O.

29304
27414
25629
23945
0.22356

-0.13063
-0.11744
-0.10565
-0.09510
-0.08565

0.42367
0.39158
O. 36194
0.33455
O. 30921

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

20861
19453
18129
16886
15719

-0.07718
-0.06957
-0.06274
-0.05659
-0.05107

O. 28578
0.26410
0.24403
0.22545
O. 20826
O. 15133
O. 12883
O. 10958

70127
67827
65515
63200
60889

-In (l-e- z )

2.6
2.7
2. 8
2. 9
3. 0

58589
56307
0.54049
O. 51820
0.49627

3. 2
3. 4
3. 6
3. 8
4.0

O.
O.
O.
O.

45363
41289
37429
33799
0.30409

13598
0.11739
0.10113
0.08695
0.07463

-0.04162
-0.03394
-0.02770
-0.02262
-0.01849

0.09311

4. 2
4.4
4.6
4. 8
5. 0

O. 27264
O. 24363
0.21704
O. 19277
0.17074

0.06394
0.05469
0.04671
0.03983
0.03392

-0.01511
-0.01235
-0.01010
-0.00826
-0.00676

0.07905
0.06705
0.05681
0.04809
0.04068

5.2
5.4
5. 6
5.8
6. 0

0.15083
O. 13290
0.11683
O. 10247
0.08968

O. 02885
0.02450
0.02078
0.01761
0.01491

-0.00553
-0.00453
-0.00370
-0.00303
-0.00248

O. 03438
0.02903
0.02449
0.02065
0.01739

[27.4] H. L. Johnston, L. Savedoff and J. Belzer, Contributions to the thermodynamic functions by a

Planck-Einstein oscillator in one degree of freedom, NAVEXOS p. 646, Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, Washington,
D.C. (1949). Values of x 2eo (e<-1)-2, x(e o -l)-I,
-In (l-e- z ) and x(e o -l)-I-In (l-e-<) for
x=0(.001)3(.01) 14.99, 5D with first differences.

0.17760

Representation in Terms of Exponential Integrals

27.4.2

..

e- XS "'cUp=

i2

e- zoe "'dq,

- i:
a.t(cos 8)~+lE2H2 (~8)
k=O
cos
(X~O,O<8<~)

27.4. Sievert Integral

ao=l,a.l;

1 35 ... (2k-l)
2 46 ... (2k)

(For E2H2 (X), see chapter 5.)

Relation to the Integral of the Bessel Function Ko(x)

27.4.3
Relation to the Error Function

27.4.1

(For erf, see chapter 7.)

1001

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

(27.5] National Bureau of Standards, Table of the Sievert

integral, Applied Math. Series- (U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. In press).

(27.6] R. M. Sievert, Die v-Strahlungsintensitat an der

Oberflache und in der nachsten Umgebung von
Radiumnadeln, Acta Radiologica II, 239-301
(1930).

So eSievert Integral
10

x\8

J:'

20

30

40

50

60

75

90

O. 698132
O. 625886

0.872665
O. 777323
O. 692565
0.617194
O. 550154

1. 047198
0.923778
0.815477
O. 720366
0.636769

1. 308997
1. 123611
O. 968414
0.837712
0.727031

1. 570796
1. 228632
1. 023680
0.868832
O. 745203

O. 563236
0.498504
0.441478
0.391204
0.346851

0.632830

O. 643694
O. 558890

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

174533
157843
142749
129099
116754

O. 349066
0.315187
O. 284598
O. 256978
O. 232040

O. 523599
O. 471456
O. 424515
0.382255
O. 344209

0.561159
O. 503165
0.451198

O. 5
O. 6
O. 7
O. 8
O. 9

O. 105589
0.095492
0.086361
0.078103
0.070634

0.209522
O. 189191
O. 170833
O. 154256
O. 139289

O. 309957
0.279118
O. 251353
O. 226354
O. 203845

O. 404629
0.362893
0.325486
O. 291957
O. 261901

O. 490508
O. 437428

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

O. 063880
0.052247
0.042733
0.034951
0.028587

O. 125775
O. 102553

O. 234956

0.083620
O. 068183
0.055597

O. 183579
O. 148899
O. 120780

O.
O.
O.
O.

2.0
2. 2
2. 4
2. 6
2.8

0.023381
0.019123
0.015641
0.012793
0.010463

0.045335
0.036967
0.030145
0.024582
0.020045

O. 064492
O. 052329
O. 042463

0.034460
0.027968

O. 079644
0.064201
0.051766
O. 041750
0.033680

3.0
3. 5
4. 0
4.5
5. 0

O. 008558
0.005178
0.003132
0.001895
0.001147

0.016347
0.009817
0.005896
0.003542
0.002127

0.022700
0.013477
0.008005
O. 004756
0.002828

5. 5
6.0
6. 5
7. 0
7.5

0.000694
O. 000420
0.000254
0.000154
0.000093

0.001278
0.000768
0.000461
0.000277
0.000167

O. 001682

8. 0
8. 5
9.0
9.5
10.0

0.000056
0.000034
0.000021
0.000012
O. 000008

0.000100
O. 000060
0.000036
0.000022
0.000013

0.390178

O. 348109
O. 310642

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

327288
254485
198885
156087
122932

O. 328286
O. 254889
O. 199051
O. 156156

0.089954

0.057635
0.046179
0.037024

0.095342
0.075797
0.060342
0.048100
0.038387

0.097108
0.076905
0.061040
0.048541
0.038667

O. 097121
0.076911
O. 061043
O. 048542
O. 038668

0.027177
0.015912
0.009330
0.005478
0.003221

0.029702
0.017164
0.009951
0.005787
0.003374

0.030670
0.017576
0.010128
0.005862
0.003407

O. 030848
0.017634
0.010147
0.005869
0.003409

0.030848
0.017634
0.010147
O. 005869
0.003409

0.001001
O. 000596
0.000355
0.000211

0.001896
0.001117
0.000659
0.000389
O. 000230

0.001972
0.001155
0.000678
O. 000399
0.000235

O. 001986

0.001162
O. 000681
0.000400
0.000235

0.001987
0.001162
0.000681
0.000400
0.000235

0.001987
0.001162
0.000681
0.000400
0.000235

O. 000126
0.000075
O. 000045
0.000027
0.000016

0.000136
0.000081
O. 000048
0.000028
0.000017

0.000139
0.000082
0.000048
0.000029
0.000017

0.000139
0.000082
0.000048
0.000029
0.000017

0.000139

0.000139
O. 000082
0.000048
0.000029
0.000017

0.097979
O. 079488

xj::"-(m-1)j::'+2jm=O
(m=1, 2, ... )

27.5.3 2jm=(m-1)Jm-2+xjm-a

0.487198
O. 426062
0.373579

0.242523
O. 191533
O. 151541
O. 120105

Differential Equations

Recurrence Relation

0.483134
0.423535
0.371996

O. 307694

Related Integrals
m=O, 1,2 ...

j~=-jm-l

O. 552287

277267
221027
176336
140792
0.112497

0.189138
O. 152298
O. 122667
0.098829

O. 071979

O. 000082

0.000048
0.000029
0.000017

0.122961

Power Series Representations

27.5. fm(X)=J:CD t me- 12 -fdt and

27.5.2

3D.

Table 27.4

e-zsec dqJ

0.0
0.1
O. 2
O. 3
0.4

27.5.1

dt/>,t/>=30(1)900, A=0(.0I).5,

27.5.4

- 2a.t_2
ak k(k-1)(k-2)
ao=al'=O

bo=l
(For 'Y, see chapter 6.)

- 2b.t-2- (3k 2 -6k+2)a,t

.t
k(k-1)(k-2)
aa=-b o
b

1002

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
Asymptotic Representation

27.5.5

27.5.11

/
[3
-2" (X)2
2" 3] (A sin 8+B cOs 8)

2j1(X) = 1--{?rx+.6342x2+.5908i'-.1431:t
-.01968x5+.00324z6+.000188x7 . ..

01(X)= ( 7r)1/2
3" 2"Xexp

-x2 ln x(1-.08333x2+.001389:t-.0000083x6+ . .. )

27.5.12

27.5.6

02(X)=- ( 7r)1i2
3" 2"exp

X [3(X)2/
-2" 2"

2j2(X) =

-v; -x+ -v; x2-.3225i'-.1477:t+.03195x5

3
]

(A cos 8- B sin

8)

(X)2/3

8=2".J3 2

+.00328x6-.000491x7-.0000235i' .. .
+x 3 1n x(j-.oI667x2+.000l98x'- ...)

(2)10/3 -

/
-a4 ( -2)8 3 +a6 x
x

27.5.7

2j3(x)=1-

-v; x+~-.2954i'+.1014:t+.02954x5

-.00578 x6_.00047 x7+.000064 x8 . ..

27.5.8

ao=l
al=.972222
a3=-.017879
a4=.004594

[27.8] H.

Abramowitz,

12(k+2)aH2=-(12k2+36k-3m 2-3m+25)ak+1
+!(m-2k) (2k+3-m) (2k+3+2m)ak
(k=O, 1,2 ...)
27.5.9
27.5.10

(x~oo

~=.148534

Evaluation

a5=-.000762
of the

integral

e-,,2-"'''du, J. Math. Phys. 32,188-192 (1953).

Fax~n,

LCD

(x~oo )

2)10/3
]
-as ( X + ...

LCD
v=3 (

-x

[27.7] M.

X)2 /3
-

3
/
'3 [(2)213
(2)8/
B", -v~
al +~ (2)4 3-a4-

-x4 1n x(.0833- .00278x2+ .000025x'- ...)

Asymptotic Representation

...

Expansion in series of the integral

exp [-x(trn)]tlldt, Ark. Mat., Astr., Fys.

15, 13, 1-57 (1921).

[27.9] J. E. Kilpatrick and M. F. Kilpatrick, Discrete
energy levels associated with the Lennard~
Jones potential, J. Chern. Phys. 19, 7, 930--933
(1951).
[27.10] u. E. Kruse and N. F. Ramsey, The integral

L'" y8 exp ( -y2+i ~) dy, J. Math. Phys. 30,

40 (1951).
[27.11] O. Laporte, Absorption coefficients for thermal
neutrons, Phys. Rev. 52, 72-74 (1937).
[27.12] H. C. Torrey, Notes on intensities of radio frp
quency spectra, Phys. Rev. 59, 293 (1941).
[27.13] C. T. Zahn, Absorption coefficients for thermal
neutrons, Phys. Rev. 52, 67-71 (1937).

LCD yne-r-z/.frdy for n=O, I,

1; x=O(.OI).I(.I)1.

1003

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

Table 27.5
/I (x)

!2(X)

fa (X)

/1(X)

!2(X)

!a(X)

/1(X)

/2(X)

fa(X)

O. 5000
0.4914
O. 4832
O. 4753
O. 4676
O. 4602

O. 4431
O. 4382
O. 4333
0.4285
O. 4238
0.4191

O. 5000
O. 4956
O. 4912
0.4869
O. 4826
O. 4784

O.
O.
O.
O.

0.1
2
3
4
5

O. 4263
O. 3697
O. 3238
O. 2855
O. 2531

O. 3970
O. 3573
O. 3227
O. 2923
O. 2654

0.4580
O. 4204
O. 3864
O. 3557
O. 3278

O.
O.
O.
O.

O. 2255
O. 2015
O. 1807

O. 2415
O. 2202

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

O. 00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
O. 05

6
7
8
9
1.0

O. 1626
O. 1466

0.2011
O. 1839
O. 1685

3025
2793
2584
2392
2215

(H!a<'ix)

-J!a<'ix)

0.0
O. 2
O. 4
O. 6
O. 8

o. 50000

0.41950
O. 36543

0.00000
0.08754
O. 16933
O. 24139
O. 30136

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

O. 30366
O. 23746
O. 16972

0.34805

0.10288
+0.03892

O. 38122
O. 40127

0.40910
O. 40592

2. 0
2. 2
2.4
2.6
2.8

-0.02062
-0.0746
-0.1221
-0.1629
-0.1966

3.0
3. 2
3.4
3. 6
3.8

-0.2233
-0.2432
-0.2565
-0.2639
-0.2657

O. 49019
O. 46229

(Hfa(ix)

-J!a<'ix)

-x

4. 0
4. 2
4. 4
4.6
4.8

-0.2626
-0.2552
-0.2441
-0.2299
-0.2132

0.0430
+0.0094
-0.0214
-0.0490
-0.0734

8.0
8. 5
9. 0
9.5
10. 0

0.06078
0.07562
0.08221
0.08191
0.07626

-0.09808
-0.07131
-0.04496
-0.02082
-0.00010

5. 0
5. 2
5.4
5. 6
5.8

-0.1945
-0.1745
-0.1536
-0.1322
-0.1108

-0.0944
-0.1120
-0.1263
-0.1374
-0.1455

10. 5
11. 0
11.5
12. 0
12.5

0.06684
O. 05507
0.04224
0.02937
0.01727

+0.01654
0.02889
0.03707
0.04146
0.04259

O.
O.
O.
O.

39314
3722
3448
3122
0.2759

6. 0
6.2
6.4
6. 6
6.8

-0.0896
-0.0691
-0.0493
-0.0307
-0.0132

-0.1507
-0.1533
-0.1535
-0.1515
-0.1476

13.0
13.5
14. 0
14.5
15.0

+0.00650
-0.00259
-0.00982
-0.01517
-0.01872

0.04109
0.03758
0.03268
0.02696
0.02089

0.2371
0.1971
O. 1569
0.1173
0.0792

7. 0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

+0.00286
0.01749
O. 03061
O. 04220
0.05224

-0.14211
-0.13518
-0.12709
~O. 11805
~O. 10830

16. 0
17.0
18. 0
19. 0
20. 0

-0.02118
-0.01906
-0.01435
-0.00879
-0.00360

+0.00921
-0.00022
-0.00650
~o. 00965
-0.01021

(H!a(ix)

-Jfa(ix)

Compiled from U. E. Kruse and N. F. Ramsey, The integralS: yS exp ( -y2+i ~) dy. J. Math. Phys. 30, 40 (1951) (with permission).

f'"

_t

Asymptotic Representation

27.6. j(x) = Jo :+x dt

Power Series Representation

27.6.4

-r;

13

135

j(x)"'2 [x+2x3+ 4x5+gxr-+ ... J

1 1

2!

3!

-2" [x2+ x4 +-XS+ x8+ ... J

27.6.2

=-e-x21n x+!
2

(-1)ky,(k+1);r;2k
k!
k=O

co

+V7l" ~

(_2)kX2k+1
1.3.5 ... (2k+1)

(For 'Y and the digamma function y,(x), see chapter 6.)
Relation to the Exponential Integral

27.6.3

j(x)=-~ e- x2 Ei

(x 2)+.J;e- x2

LX e

(For Ei (x) see chapter 5; e _x2

7.

t2

LX e,2dt

dt I see chapter

(x~CX) )

[27.14] A. Erdelyi, Note on the paper "On a definite integral" by R. H. Ritchie, Math. Tables Aids
Compo 4, 31,179 (1950).
[27.151 E. T. Goodwin and J. Staton, Table of

So

co e-u2

u+x du,

Quart. J. Mech. App!. Math. 1, 319 (1948).

Auxiliary function for

x=0(.02)2(.05)3(.1) 10.
x=O(.OI) 1.

[27.16] R. H. Ritchie, On a definite integral, Math. Tables

Aids Compo 4,30,75 (1950).

1004

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

Table 27.6

f(x) =

fa> _,2
Jo :+x dt

f(x)+lnx

f(x)

f(x)

50
55
60
65
70

O. 2704
0.3100
0.3479
O. 3842
0.4192

1.0
1. 1
1.2
1.3
1.4

O. 6051
O. 5644
0.5291
o. 4980
0.4705

2. 0
2.1
2. 2
2.3
2. 4

0.3543
0.3404
0.3276
o. 3157
0.3046

3.0
3. 5
4. 0
4.5
5.0

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

+0.0402
O. 0915
o. 1398
O. 1856
O. 2290

0.75
O. 80
O. 85
O. 90
0.95

o. 4529

O.
O.
O.
O.

4854
5168
5472
5766

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.4460
O. 4239
o. 4040
0.3860
o. 3695

2.
2.
2.
2.
2.

5
6
7
8

5. 5
6. 0
6. 5
7.0
7.5

o.

O. 2944
O. 2848
o. 2758
o. 2673
o. 2594

1468
O. 1356
O. 1259
0.1175
0.1102

O. 2704

1. 00

0.6051

2. 0

0.3543

3. 0

O. 2519

8. 0

O. 1037

f(x)+lnx

0.00
O. 05
O. 10
O. 15
O. 20

-0.2886
-0.2081
-0.1375
-0.0735
-0.0146

o.

O. 25
O. 30
o. 35
O. 40
0.45
0.50

O.
O.
O.
O.

Compiled from E. T. Goodwin and J. Staton, Table of

,- du, Quart.
Jofa> u+x

Relation to Debye Functions

(Spence's Integral for n=2)

J(X)=-

rx In t dt
Jl t - l

27.7.7

J(e-t)=- J(et)-f..=
2

it ~dt

Jo

J(x)="'tt (-l)k (x pl)k

[27.18) K. Mitchell, Tables of the function
Functional Relationships

lo'

-log 11-YI
y

dy,

with an account of some properties of this and

related functions, Phil. Mag. 40, 351-368 (1949).
x= -I (.01)1; x=0(.00I).5, 9D.

27.7.3
71"2

J(x)+J(l-x)=-In x In (1-x)+6

[27.19) E. O. Powell, An integral related to the radiation

integrals, Phil. Mag. 7, 34, 600-607 (1943).
XIog y
- 1 dy, x =0(.01)2(.02)6, 7D.

27.7.4
1
J(l-x)+ J(1+x)=2 J (1-x 2)

27.7.5 J(x) +J

e -1

[27.17) L. Lewin, Dilogarithms and associated functions

(Macdonald, London, England, 1958).

Series Expansion

27.7.2

2519
2203
1958
1762
1602

J. Mech. Appl. Math. I, 319 (1948) (with permission).

27.7. Dilogarithm

27.7.1

f(x)

(D=-~ (In X)2

y-

[27.20) A. van Wijngaarden, Polylogarithms, by the Staff

of the Computation Department, Report R24,
Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Holland

27.7.6
71"2

J(x+l)- J(x)=-In x In (x+1)-12-"2 J (x 2)

(2~x~O)

(1954).

F,,(z)=:L; h-nzh for z=x=-I(.Ol)l;

11=1

z=ix, for x=O(.Ol) 1; z=e a /2 for a=0(.01)2,

10D.

1005

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

Table 27.7

Dilogarithm
f(x)=-

f(x)

f(x)

f"

J1

In t dt
t-l

f(x)

f(x)

f(x)

-0.00
O. 01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1. 64493
1. 58862
1. 54579
1. 50789
1. 47312

4067
5448
9712
9041
5860

0.10
0.11
0.12
O. 13
O. 14

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

29971
27452
25008
22632
20316

4723
9160
7584
0101
7961

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

20
21
22
23
24

07479 4600
05485 9830
03527 7934
01603 0062
0.997099088

O. 30
0.31
O. 32
O. 33
0.34

O. 88937
0.87229
O. 85542
O. 83877
O. 82233

7624
1733
7404
6261
0471

O. 40
O. 41
0.42
O. 43
O. 44

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

72758
71239
69736
68247
66774

6308
5042
1058
9725
6644

0.05
0.06
0.07
O. 08
0.09

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

44063
40992
38068
35267
32572

3797
8300
5041
5161
8728

O. 15
0.16
O. 17
O. 18
O. 19

1. 18058
1. 15851
1. 13693
1. 11580
1. 09510

1124
6487
6560
8451
3088

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

25
26
27
28
29

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

9393
6675
7798
0654
4053

0.35
O. 36
0.37
O. 38
O. 39

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

2689
6024
3992
0483
9737

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

65315
63870
62439
61021
59616

7631
8705
6071
6108
5361

0.10

1. 29971 4723

O. 20

1. 07479 4600

0.889377624

O. 40

O. 72758 6308

From K. Mitchell, Tables of the function

(With permission).

0.30

1.
1.
1.
1.

27.8.1

f9 (

80608
79002
77415
75846
74293

45
46
47
48
49

O. 50

O. 58224 0526

1
Jof'-Iog V1 -vldv , with an account of some properties ofthls and related functions, Pbll. Mag. 40,351-368 (1949)

27.8. Clausen's Integral and Related

Summations

J(8)=- Jo In 2 sin

97846
96012
94205
92425
90669

Summable Series

27.8.6
~ cos n8
In
....1--=-

t) dt=~. . JC2
sin k8

n=l

(2 SIn. 8)
2

Series Representation

27.8.2
... (_1).1:-1

1(8)=-8 In 181+8+ ~ (2k)!

B2k

82k+ 1
2k(2k+l)

( O::;8<~)
27.8.3
... (-1).1:-1

J(7r-8) =8 In 2- ~

(2k)!

2k

82k+l

B 2k (2 -l) 2k(2k+l)

(7r/2<8<7r)
Functional Relationship

[27.21] A. Ashour and A. Sabri, Tabulation of the function

a>
sin niJ

1/1(8) = L: -2-' Math. Tables Aids Compo 10,

n=1

27.8.4 J(7r-8)-"J(8)-2 J (28)

Relation to Spence's Integral

27.8.5

54, 57--65 (1956).

[27.22] T. Clausen, ttber die Zerlegung' reeller gebrochener
FUnktionen, J. Reine Angew. Math. 8, 298-300
(1832). x=0(1O)180, 16D.
[27.23] L. B. W. Jolley, Summation of series (Chapman
Publishing Co., London, England, 1925).
[27.24] A. D. Wheelon, A short table of summable series,
Report No. SM-14642, Douglas Aircraft Co.,
Inc., Santa Monica, Calif. (1953).

1006

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

Table 27.8

Clausen's Integral
f(9)=-

J:

t
2

In (2 sin -) dt

1(9)

1(9)

014942
014421
012886
010376
006928
002576

90
95
100
105
110
115

O. 915966
0.883872
O. 848287
0.809505
O. 767800
O. 723427

72
74
76
78
80

O. 997355
O. 991294
O. 984425
0.976776
O. 968375

120
125
130
135
140

O. 676628
O. 627629
O. 576647
O. 523889
0.469554

82
84
86
88
90

O. 959247
0.949419
0.938914
O. 927755
0.915966

145
150
160
170
180

O. 413831
0.356908
O. 240176
O. 120755
0.000000

f(9H9In 9

1(9)

1(9)

0
1
2
3
4
5

0.000000
0.017453
0.034908
0.052362
O. 069818
0.087276

15
16
17
18
19
20

O. 612906
O. 635781
0.657571
O. 678341
O. 698149
O. 717047

30
32
34
36
38
40

O. 864379
O. 886253
0.906001
O. 923755
0.939633
0.953741

60
62
64
66
68
70

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

6
7
8
9
10

O. 104735
O. 122199
O. 139664
0.157133
O. 174607

21
22
23
24
25

O. 735080
O. 752292
0.768719
O. 784398
O. 799360

42
44
46
48
50

0.966174
0.977020
0.986357
O. 994258
1. 000791

II

O.
O.
O.
O.
O.

26
27
28
29
30

0.813635
0.827249
0.840230
0.852599
O. 864379

52
54
56
.58
60

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

006016
009992
012773
014407
014942

12
13
14
15

192084
209567
227055
244549
262049

CD

---ns-'

. of the function >/1(6) = "'"

Compiled from A. Ashour and A. Sabri, TabulatIOn
~ sin n8 Math. Tables Aids Compo 10. M. 57-65 (1956) (with permission).
n=1

27.9. Vector-Addition Coefficients

(Wigner coefficients or Clebsch-Gordan coefficients)

Definition

Conditions

. . .
11.
27.9.2 )iI )2, )=+11. or+2'
27.9.3
27.9.4
27.9.5
27.9.6
27.9.7

27.9.8

(11.= integer)

27.9.9

/ml/5:jl> /m2/5:j2, /m/5:j

(jd2ml m2/jddm) =0

ml+m,,~m

jl+j2+j=n

Hid}
jl-j2+j

Special Values

27.9.10 (jIOm IOJjIOjm)=c5(jh j)c5(ml' m)

~O

-jl+j2+j

27.9.n

0d200 /jJJO) = 0

27.9.12

(jJlmlml/iJdm) =0

jl+i2+i=2n+l

11.

mil m2, m= n or 2'

2il+j=2n+l

1007

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
SymDletry Relations

27.9.17

=~;i~~ (-1)h- ml+J-m(jj2 m -

27.9.13
(jd2 m l m 2/jd2jm)

/jj2jlml)

27.9.18

= /24+ 1 (_1)J-m+Jt-ml(j2j~-m

= (-1)JI+J2-J(jd2- m l - m2/jd2j-m)

-V 2}1+1

27.9.14

m2

/j2jjl-ml)

27.9.19

=~2~+11 (-1)Jt-m l(jljml-m

27.9.15

2}2+

/jljj2- m2)

27.9.16

27.9.20

=~;~2~11

(-1)it- ml(jjlm-ml
/jjlj2 m2)

Table 27.9.1

(jl H ml msljl %j m)
j=

m2=~

ms=-~

j.+~

-Jj.+m+!fJ.
2j.+l

-Jj.-m+~
2j.+l

j.-~

_-Jj.-m+l}J.
2j.+l

-Jj.+m+~
2j.+l

Table 27.9.2
j=

ms=1

m2=O

ms=-1

j.+l

-J(j.+m) (j.+m+ 1)
(2j. + 1) (2j. + 2)

-J(j.-m+l)(j.+m+ 1)
(2j.+ 1)(j.+ 1)

-J(j.-m) (j.-m+ 1)
(2j.+ 1) (2j.+2)

j.

--J(j.+m) (j.-m+ 1)

m
.vj.(j.+l)

-J(j.-m) (j.+m+ 1)
2j. (j. + 1)

j.-l

-J(j.-m) (j.-m+ 1)
2j.(2j.+l)

2j.(j.+ 1)

_-J(j.-m) (j.+m)
j.(2j.+ 1)

(j.+m+ 1) (j.+m)
2j.(2j.+l)

1008

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

Table 27.9.3
j=

(j,+m-~)(j,+m+~)(j,+m+%)

j,+%

m2=~

1n2=%

(2j, + 1) (2j, + 2) (2j, + 3)

-J3(j,+m+~)(j,+m+~)(j,-m+%)
(2j, + 1) (2j, + 2) (2j, + 3)

_-J3(j,+m-%)(j,+m+~)(j,-m+%)

j,+~

2j,(2j, + 1)(2j,+3)

(j

,-

3m+%)-v

j,+m+%
2j,(2j,+ 1)(2j,+3)

j,-%

-J3(j,+m-%)(jI-m+~)(i,-m+%)
(2j,-I) (2jl + 1) (2j, + 2)

jl-%

--J(j,-m-~) (j,-m+~) (j,-m+%)

2jt(2j,-I) (2j, + 1)

-V3(j,+m- %) (j,-m-~) (j~-m+~)

2j,(2j,-1)(2jl+ 1)

j=

m2=-~

(j

3
%)-V
j,-m+~
,+ m(2jl-l)(2j,+ 1)(2jl+2)

m2=-%

j,+%

-J3(j,+m+ %) (j,-m+ %) (j,-m+%)

(2j. + 1) (2j. + 2) (2j, + 3)

-J(j,-m-~)(j,-m+~)(j,-m+%)

jl+%

(j +3 +%)-V
jt-m+~
1 m
2jl(2j,+ 1)(2j,+3)

-J3(j,+m+%)(j,-m-~)(j,-m+~)
2j1(2j,+ 1) (2j,+3)

j,-~

(" 3m ~)-V
j,+m+~
- },- (2j,-1)(2j,+1)(2jl+2)

3(j,+m+~)(j,+m+%)(j,-m-~)

j,-%

_-J3(jt+m-%)(j,+m+%)(j,-m-%)
2j,(2j,-I)(2jI+ 1)

(j,+m- %) (j,+m+%) (j,+m+%)

2j,(2jl-l)(2j,+ 1)

(2j.+ 1) (2j.+2) (2j,+3)

(2j,-I) (2j, + 1) (2j, + 2)

Table 27.9.4
m,=2

j=

mz=I

m2=O

jl+2

~~+m-n~+~~+m+n~+m+~
(2j.+ 1) (2j. + 2)(2j. +3) (2j.+4)

~~-m+~~+m+~~+m+n~+~
(2jl + 1) V. + 1) (2j. + 3) V. + 2)

jl+l

_~v.+m-l)v.+m)v.+m+ 1) V. m+2)
2j. V. + 1) V. + 2) (2j. + 1)

-V

jl

~3v.+m-I)v.+m)0l-m+ I)V.-m+2)
(2j.-I)2j.(j.+ 1)(2j.+3)

(I-2m)~

_~~+m-n~-~~-m+n~-m+~

V +2m-I)~ V.- m + I)v,-m)

,
(j.-l)j.(2j.+l)(2j.+2)

-m-J

_~(j.-m+ I)(j.-m)(j.-m-I)(j.+m-I)
(j.-l) (2j.-I)j.(2j.+ 1)

~3(j.-m)(j.-m-I)(j.+m)(j.+m-I)
(2j.- 2) (2j.-I)j. (2j. + 1)

jl-I

j.-2

2V.-1)}IV.+ I)(2j.+ 1)
~(j,-m-I) (j.-m) (j.-m+ I){j.-m+2)
(2j.-2) (2j.-l)2j.(2jl+ 1)

m2=-1

j=

-2m+2)~

V.+m+I)V.+ m)
2j. (2j. + I)V'+ 1)0.+2)

3V.-m+I)V.+m)
(2j.- I)j. (2j. + 2) (2jl + 3)

~~-m+~~-m+n~-~~+m+~

jl+l

(j

jl

(2m+ 1)~

j.-I

-(j -2m-I)-J (j.+m+I)(j.+m)

(j1-I)jl(2jl+ 1) (2j.+2)

~v.-m-I) (j.+m) (j.+m+ 1) (j.+m+ 2)

(j.-I)j.(2j.+ 1) (2j.+2)

jl-2

_~(j.-m-l) (j.+m+ 1) (jl+m) (j.+m-I)

(j.-I) (2jl-I)j.(2jI+ 1)

~~+m-n~+~~+m+n~+m+~

2
2)-v. V.-m+I)(j.-m)
1+ m+
j. (2j. + I)(2j.+2) (j,+2)

3(j.-m) V.+ m+ 1)
(2j.-I)j.(2j.+2) (2j. +3)

m-J3 .-m+ I)V.+m+ 1)

j. (2j. + 1) V. + 1) V. + 2)
3m2 -j.V.+ I )
..; (2j.-I11.vl+ 1) (2j.+3)
3V.- m)V.+ m)
(j.-I)j. (2j. + 1) V. + 1)

~=-2

}.+2

(2j.+ 1) (j.+ I)(2j.+3) (j.+2)

~3VI-m+2)v.-m+ l)V.+m+2)V.+m+ 1)
(2j. + 1) (2j. + 2) (2j. + 3) V. + 2)

~(j.-m-I)(j.-m)(j.-m+ 1) (j.-m+2)
(2j. + 1) (2j. + 2) (2j. + 3) (2j. + 4)

~~-m-n~-~~-m+n~+m+~
j. (2j. + 1) (j. + 1) (2j. + 4)
~3(j.-m-I)(j.-m)(j.+m+ 1) (j.+m+2)
(2j.-l)j. (2jl + 2) (2j. + 3)

(2jl-2) (2j.-I)2j.(2j.+ 1)

......
o
o

'"

1010

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

Table 27.9.5 [By use of symmetry relations,

coefficients may be put in standard form jl5:.j25:.i
and m~O]
j

o
o

0.70711
0.70711
1. 00000

1
1

h=l
-1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
-1
0
1
0
1
1

-~
~
~
~
~

~
~
~

~
~

~0

0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2

-%
-~

-~

-~

~
0
0
0
1
1
2

1
1
1
1
1

-~

0
0
0
1
1

%
~
%

~
~

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

%
~

~~

%
%

~
~
~

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
~
~

%
2
2
2
2
2
2

%
~

%
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

vH
-v~
v~
-v~

v%
v).l

vYs

v%
v}i
v).l

v~

V~5

-vYIs
-v%
v%
--05
v%
v~
%v3

v~
-v~

v~

-v~

vYIo
v%
vYIo
~
~

0.70711
0.00000
-070711
0.70711
-0.70711
O. 81650
o. 57735
1. 00000
o. 40825
O. 81650
O. 40825
0.70711
0.70711
1. 00000

o. 73030
-0.25820
-0.63246
o. 63246
-0.77460
0.70711
0.70711
O. 86603
O. 50000
1.00000
O. 50000
O. 50000
-0.50000
-0.50000
0.70711
0.00000
-0.70711
0.70711
-0.70711
o. 54772
O. 77460
0.31623
o. 77460
O. 63246
1. 00000

Complied trom A. Simon, Numerical tables ot the ClebschOordan

eoem.

clents, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report 1718, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
(1954) (with permissiOn).

[27.25] E. U. Condon and U. A. Shortley, Theory of

atomic !3pectra (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1935).
[27.261 M. E. Rose, Elementary theory of angUlar momemtum (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1955).
[27.27] A. Simon, Numerical tables of the Clebsch-Gordan
coefficients, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Report 1718, Oak Ridge, Tenn. (1954).
C(jJJi; ml1n2m) for all ang\lb,r moments <%,
lOD.
'See page

D.

28. Scales of Notation

S. PEAVY, I

A.

SCHOPF 2

Contents
Page

Representation of Numbers.

1012

Numerical Methods

1013

References.

1015

Table 28.1.

2%" in Decimal, n=0(1)50, Exact.

Table 28.2.

2" in Decimal, x=.001(.001) .01(.01).1(.1).9,

Table 28.3.

10%" in Octal, n=0(1)18,

Table 28.4.

n loglo 2, n log2 10 in Decimal, n=1(1)10,

Table 28.5.

Addition and Multiplication Tables, Binary and Octal

Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . .

1017

Mathematical Constants in Octal Scale

1017

Table 28.6.

1016
15D

Exact or 20D .

1017
1017

1OD.

1017

The authors acknowledge the lISBistance of David S. Liepman in the preparation and
checking of the tables.

National Bureau of Standards.

Guest worker, National Bureau of Standards, from The American University
(deceased) .
1
I

1011

28. Scales of Notation

Representation of Numbers
Any positive real number x can be uniquely
represented in the scale of some integer b> 1 as
x= (Am . .. A IA oa-la-2 .. .)(b),

(I) b-scale arithmetic.

and define

Convert b to the b-scale

X/b=XI+~lb,

where every At and a-i is one of the integers 0,

1, . . . , b-1, not all At, a-i are zero, and
Am>O if x ~ 1. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the number and the sequence

Xr/b =X2 +A;jb ,

co

x=Amb m+ ... +Alb+Ao+ 2: a_ib- i

I

where the infinite series converges. The integer b

is called the base or radix of the scale.
The sequence for x in the scale of b may terminate, i.e., a- n -l=a- n -2= . . . =0 for some
n~ 1 so that

where ~, A~, ... , A~ are the remainders and

XI, X 2, , X;; the quotients (in the b-scale)
where X, Xl, . . . , X;;-l, respectively are divided
by b in the b-scale. Then convert the remainders
to the b-scale,

(~)(b)=Ao, (A~)(b)=Al' . . . , (A;)(b)=A;;

then x is said to be a finite b-adic number.
A sequence which does not terminate may have
the property that the infinite sequence a_I> a-2,
. . . becomes periodic from a certain digit
a-n(n~l) on; according as n=1 or n>1 the
sequence is then said to be pure or mixed recurring.
A sequence which neither terminates nor recurs
represents an irrational number.

and obtain
X=(A;;

(II) b-scale arithmetic. Convert band A o,

AI, . . . , Am to the b-scale and define, using
arithmetic operations in the b-scale,
X;"-I=Amb+Am_1>

Names of Scales

X m- 2 = X m- 1b+ A m- 2 ,
X I=X2b+A1 ,

Base

Scale

2
3

Binary
Ternary
Quaternary
Quinary
Senary
Septenary

5
6

Base

8
9
10
11
12
16

Scale
Octal
Nonary
Decimal
Undenary
Duodenary
Hexadecimal

General Conversion Methods

Any number can be converted from the scale

of b to the scale of some integer b.=b, b>1, by
using arithmetic operations in either the b-scale
or the b-scale. Accordingly, there are four
methods of conversion, depending on whether the
number to be converted is an integer or a proper
fraction.
1012

then

Proper fractions

X=

(0.a-Ia-2 ...

)(b)

To convert a proper fraction x, given to n digits

in the b-scale, to the scale of b'=b such that inverse
conversion from the b-scale may yield the same n
rounded digits in the b-scale, the representation
of x in the b-scale must be obtained to rounded
digits where n satisfies 1);;>b".
(III) b-scale arithmetic. Convert b to the
b-scale and define

xb=XI+a~1
xlb=x2+a~2

Xii-Ih=Xii+a:.

1013

SCALES OF NOTATION

where a_II a:2, ... , a_ii are the integral parts and
Xli X2, , xn the fractional parts (in the b-scale)
of the products xb, x,b, ... , xn_Ib, respectively.
Then convert the integral parts to the b-scale,
ca:I){ii)=(L1,

(IV) b-scale arithmetic. Convert b and a_II

a_2, ... , a_ n to the b-scale and define, using
arithmetic operations in the b-scale,
X_II+! =a_,,/b

ra:2)(ii)=a-2, ... , ca:"){ii)=a_,,,

+a_,,+h

x_n+2=x_ 1I+t!b+a_"+2,

and obtain

X-I

then

=X2/b+a _l;

Numerical Methods
The examples are restricted to the scales of 2,
8, 10 because of their importance to electronic
computers.
Note that the octal scale is a power of the binary
scale. In fact, an octal digit corresponds to a
triplet of binary digits. Then, binary arithmetic
may be used whenever a number either is to be
converted to the octal scale or is given in the octal
scale and is to be converted to some other scale.
Decimal 1 2 3

10

Octal

10

11

12

1 2 3

Binary 1 10 11 10010111011110001001 1010

ExalDple 1. Convert X=(1369){lO) to the octal
scale. By (I) we have b= 10, b=8(10) and so,
using decimal arithmetic,
1369/8=171+1/8,
171/8=21+3/8,
21/8=2+5/8,
2/8=0+2/8;
then

Example 2. Convert X= (2531)(8) to the

decimal scale. By (I) we have b= 10= (12)(8) and
hence, using octal arithmetic,
2531/12=210+ 11/12
210/12= 15+6/12
15/12=1+3/12
1/12=0+ 1/12
Thus, converting to the decimal scale,

Ao= (11){8)=9, A1 =6{s)=6, A 2=3{s)=3, As= 1,

and so
X= (1369)(10)'

By (II) we have b= 10, and the octal digits of X

are unchanged in the decimal scale. Hence,
using decimal arithmetic,
X 2 =28+5= (21)(10),

X 1=218+3= (171) (10),

X= 1718+ 1= (1369)(10)'
Using binary arithmetic we have, by (II),

X= (2531)(8)'

b=8=(1000)(2) and Ao= 1, A I =(11)(2), A 2 =(101)(2) ,

A3= (10)(2)' Then,

By (II) we have b=(12)(8) and Aa=1(8h A2

=3(8), A I =6(8), AO=(11)(8)' Hence, using octal
arithmetic,
X 2 =112+3= (15)(8h
X I = 15 .12+6= (210)(8),

X 2 = 101000+ 101 = (10 101) (2),

X I =10 101.1000+11=(10 101 011)(2)'
X=lO 101 0111000+1=(10 101 011 001)(2),

X=21O12+ 11= (2531)(8)'

Using binary arithmetic we have, by (II),

b=(101O)(2) and Aa=1(2h A 2 =(11)(211 A I =(110)(2)'
A o(1001)(2)' Thus
X 2 = 11010+ 11= (1101)(2),

X 1= 11011010+ 110= (10 001 000)(2),

X= 10 001 000 1010+ 1001= (10 101 011 001)(2),
whence, on converting to the octal scale,
X=(2531)(8)'

whence, on converting to the decimal scale,

X= (1369)(10)'

Observe that in both examples above, octal

arithmetic is used as an intermediate step to
convert. according to (II), the given number to
the binary scale. If, instead, the given number is
first converted to the binary scale, then binary
arithmetic may be applied directly to convert,
according to (I), the given number from the
binary scale to the scale desired.

1014

SCALES OF NOTATION

For example, in converting X= (2531)(8) to the

decimal scale, we find first X=(10101011001)(2)
and then obtain, using (I) with b= 10= (1010) (2),

Alternatively, we can apply (III) with b= (1010) (2),

using binary arithmetic:
(0.010 110 11)1010=11+(0.1000111),

10 101 011 001/1010=10 001 000+1001/1010,

(0.100 011 1) 1010= 101 + (0.100 011),

(0.100011).1010=101+(0.01111),

10 001 000/1010= 1101 + 11011010,

(0.011 11) 1010= 100+ (0.101 1).

1101/1010=1+ 11/1010,
1/1010=0+ 1/1010.

Thus, on converting to the decimal scale,

a_l= (11)(2)=3, a_2=a_a= (101)(2)=5,

Ao= (1001)(2)=9, A 1= (110)(2)=6,

A 2= (11)(2)=3, Aa= 1,

whence

Converting the integral parts to the decimal scale,

we find
iL4= (100)(2)=4,

and thus

x= (0.3554) (10)

X= (1369)(10).

(0.720) 8=5+0.760, (0.120) 8=0+0.960

Note that the fractional part in any step is the

unconverted remainder. Thus, to round at any
step, it is only necessary to ascertain whether the
unconverted portion to be neglected is greater or
less than!; i.e., whether, in the binary scale, the
first neglected digit is 1 or O.
Example 4. Convert x= (3.141593)(10).10- 9 to
the binary scale.
The desired representation is

(0.760) 8=6+0.080, (0.960) 8=7 +0.680

x= (1.a_la_2 . . . a_II) (2)' 2-~

Example 3.

Convert x= (0.355)(10) to the bi-

nary scale.
We first convert to the octal scale, using decimal
arithmetic. By (III), we find with b=8
(0.355) 8=2+0.840, (0.080) 8=0+0.640
(0.840) .8=6+0.720, (0.640) 8=5+0.120

whence x= (0.26560507 ..
verting to the binary scale,
X=

')(8)'

Thus, on con-

(0.010 110 101 110 000 101 000 111 . . . ) (2).

In order that inverse conversion of x from the

binary to the decimal scale yield again x to the
given number n of deciI)lal digits, we must round x
in the binary scale to at least n digits where n is
chosen such that 2;;>10". As a working rule, we
0
may take n~ 13 n. Hence, to obtain X= (0.355) (10)
by inverse conversion, x must be rounded in the
0
binary scale to ~ 13 3= 10 digits.
Thus,
x= (0.010 110 110 0)(2)'

To carry out the inverse conversion we can first

convert to the octal scale,
X=

(0.266)(8)'

and then apply (IV) with 6=8, using decimal

arithmetic:
x_2=6/8+6=6.75,
x_l=6.75/8+2=2.84375,
x=2.84375/8=0.35546875.

where nand k are such that inverse conversion

from the binary scale to the decimal scale will
produce x to the same given 15 decimal digits.
Accordingly, by the rule stated in Example 3, n
and k are to be chosen so as to satisfy n+k ~ 1~ 15
=50.
From Table 28.1 we find
2- 29 < (3.141593)(10) .10- 9<2- 28

Thus, we must take k=29 and, consequently,

choose n>21. The conversion on a desk calculator thus proceeds as follows. First, we obtain
by use of Table 28.1
2 29x= (1.686 629 899)(10)

Then, for convenience's sake, we convert this

number to the octal scale, using the method of
Example 3 and rounding as required, to at least
7 octal (=21 binary) digits. We find
Hence

2 29x= (1.5374337)(8)'

x= (1.537 433 7)(8).2- 29

and, consequently,
x=(l. 101 011 111 100 011 011 111)(2).2- 29

1015

SCALES OF NOTATION

To convert x back to the decimal scale we only

need to obtain from Table 28.1 the various powers
of 2 which appear in the above representation and
sum them. However, since 2- m =2- mH _2- m for
any real constant m, it is more convenient to
reduce first the binary representation of x to the
form

and then sum these powers of 2. (Note that the

number of summands is thereby decreased from
16 to 7.) From Table 28.1 we have
+2- 28 = +3.725
_2- 31 =_ .465
_2- 33 =_ .116
_2- 39 =_ .001
+2-42=+ .000
_2-46=_ .000
-2- 00 =- .000

290
661
415
818
227
028
000

298
287
322
989
374
422
888

.10-9
.10-9
.10-9
.10-9
.10-9
.10-9
.10-9

3.141

592

764

.10-9

x=

Nine decimal digits are used for sufficient accuracy

reserve. Hence, rounding to seven significant
figures, we find

We first compute, using 4.1.19 and Table 4.1,

loglo X 83.44295 277+.05764
1
Og2 x loglo 2 .30103 =
.30103'
and find from Table 4.1, .05764=logI0 1.1419.
Hence
10
19
log2 X=277+ IO 1.1i
277+log2 1.1419
oglo
and so
x= (1.1419)(10).2 277 .

N ow we apply the methods of ExaUlple 3 to obtain (1.1419)(10)=(1.110516)(8) where octal notation is used for the sake of convenience.
To round such that inverse conversion will yield
the same decimal digits of x, observe that the last
non-zero decimal digit of X is 3 . lOBO. Table 28.4
shows that 2266<lOBO<2266. Hence, in the binary
scale, x must be a binary integer times 2266; i.e.,
(1.110516)(8) must be rounded to 4 octal (=12
binary) digits. As a result,
x= (1.1105)(8).2 277 = (11105)(8) .2 266
= (1 001 001 000 101)(2)2266
Conversion back to the decimal scale proceeds
as follows, we write
loglo x=loglo 2 log2

To convert a number such as

x= (~) (10)

1~

to the binary scale, where k is a positive integer

so large that Table 28.1 cannot be used, apply the
following device: Compute
log2 x= 10glO x =k+~
10glO 2
log,o 2
where k is the quotient and XI the remainder, the
division being carried out in the decimal scale.
Then find 'I1=lQZI, i.e., x,=log,o '11, so that
10g,0'l1 k 1
1Og2 X= k +1-2=
+ Og2 '11
oglo

=logI02{265+log2 (11105) (8d

=10 2 {265+ 10glO (lIl05)(8)}
glo
loglo 2
=26510g10 2+10g10 (11105)(8)'
Hence, converting (11105)(8) to the decimal
scale by any of the methods of ExaUlple 2, we
obtain
loglo x=265 loglo 2+logl0 4677
which yields, using Table 4.1
loglo x=83.44292
Thus, by Table 4.1, we find, rounded to four
significant figures,
X=

(2.773) (10) . 1033

whence
X=

('11) (lo)2~.

Now convert ('11)(10) to the binary scale by any of

the methods described above.
A similar device may be used to convert to the
decimal scale a binary number that is outside the
range of Table 28.1.
ExaUlple 5. Convert x= (2.773)(1'0)"1033 to the
binary scale.

References
[28.11 J. Malengreau, ~tude des ~critures binaires, BibliotMque Sci. 32 MatMmatique. ~dition Griffon,
NeucMtel, Suisse (1958).
[28.21 D. D. McCracken, Digital computer programming
(John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1957).
[28.31 R. K. Richards, Arithmetic operation in digital
computers (D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1955).

1016

SCALES OF NOTATION
2n IN DECIMAL

Table 28.1

2- n
1.0
0.5
0.25

2n

1
2
4

0
1
2

8
16
32

3
4
5

64
128
256

6
7
8

512
1024
2048

9
10
11

4096
8192
16384

12
13
14

0.00 24 41406 25
0.00 2 20703 125
0.000
10351 5625

32768
65536
1 31072

15
16
17

0.0000 05175 78125

0.000
52587 89062 5
0.00000 76293 94531 25

2 62144
5 24288
10 48576

18
19
20

0.00000 38146 97265 625

0.00000 9073 48632 8125
0.00000 9 36 74316 40625

20 97152
41 94304
83 88608

21
22
23

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

167 77216
335 54432
671 08864

24
25
26

0.00000 0 596 04644 77539 0625

0.00000 0 298 02322 38769 53125
0.00000 0 49 01161 19384 76562 5

1342 17728
2684 35456
5368 70912

27
28
29

0.00000 00 74 50580 59692 38281 25

0.00000 00 7 25290 29846 19140 625
0.00000 00 8 6264514923 09570 3125

10737 41824
21474 83648
42949 67296

30
31
32

0.00000 000 9 31322 57461 54785 15625

0.00000 0004 65661 28730 77392 57812 5
0.00000 000
32830 64365 38696 28906 25

85899 34592
1 71798 69184
3 43597 38368

33
34
35

0.00000 000~6415 32182 69348 14453 125

0.00000 00000 58207 66091 34674 07226 5625
0.00000 00000 9103 83045 6733703613 28125

6 87194 76736
13 74389 53472
27 48779 06944

36
37
38

0.00000 00000
0.00000 00000
0.00000 00000

54 97558 13888
109 95116 27776
219 90232 55552

39
40
41

0.00000 00000
81898940 35458 56475 83007 8125
0.00000 00000 0 09 49470 17729 28237 91503 90625
0.00000 00000 0054 74735 08864 64118 95751 95312 5

439 80465 11104

879 60930 22208
1759 21860 44416

42
43
44

0.00000 00000 00 27 37367 54432 32059 47875 97656 25

0.00000 00000 00 3 68683 77216 16029 73937 98828 125
0.00000 00000 000 6 84341 88608 08014 86968 99414 0625

3518 43720 88832

7036 87441 77664
14073 74883 55328

45
46
47

0.00000 00000 000 8 42170 94304 04007 43484 49707 03125

0.0000000000 000 421085 47152 02003 71742 24853 51562 5
0.00000 00000 000
10542 73576 01001 85871 12426 75781 25

28147 49767 10656

56294 99534 21312
112589 99068 42624

48
49
50

55271 36788 00500 92935 56213 37890 625

0.00000 00000 000
77635 68394 00250 46467 78106 68945 3125
0.00000 00000 00000 8817 84197 00125 23233 89053 34472 65625

~68 37158 20312 5

2384 18579 10156 25
192 0928955078 125

455191522 83668 51806 64062 5

275 95761 41834 25903 32031 25
637 97880 70917 12951 66015 625

1017

SCALES OF NOTATION

x
1.00069
1.00138
1. 00208
1. 00277
1. 00347
1. 00416
1. 00486
1. 00556
1.00625

0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

33874
72557
16050
64359
17485
75432
38204
05803
78234

62581
11335
79633
01078
09503
38973
23785
98468
97782

Talllt, 28.2

IN DECIMAL

2X

1. 00695
1. 01395
1. 02101
1. 02811
1. 03526

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.04246
1. 04971
1. 05701
1. 06437

2"

55500
94797
21257
38266
49238
57608
66836
80405
01824

56719
90029
07193
56067
41377
41121
23067
61380
53360

1. 07177 34625 36293

1. 14869 83549 97035
1. 23114 44133 44916

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6

1.31950
1.41421
1. 51571
1. 62450
1. 74110
1. 86606

D.7

0.8
D.9

79107
35623
65665
47927
11265
59830

Tallie

IOII IN OCTAL
1
12
144
1 750
23 420
3
46
575
7 346

303
641
113
360
545

10- 11

10"

240
100
200
400
000

10"

1. 000 000 000 000 000 000 00

0.063
O. 005
0.000
0.000

146
075
406
032

314
341
111
155

631
217
564
613

463
270
570
530

146
243
651
704

31
66
77
15

1
16
221
2 657

112
351
432
411
142

402
035
451
634
036

762
564
210
520
440

000
000
000
000
000

10
11
12
13
14

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

000
000
000
000
000

000
000
000
000
000

006
000
000
000
000

676
537
043
003
000

337
657
136
411
264

66
77
32
35
11

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

002
000
000
000
000

476
206
015
001
000

132
157
327
257
104

610
364
745
143
560

706
055
152
561
276

64
37
75
06
41

34 327
434 157
5 432 127
67 405 553

724
115
413
164

461
760
542
731

500
200
400
000

000
000
000
000

15
16
17
18

0.000
0.000
0.000
O. 000

000
000
000
000

000
000
000
000

000
000
000
000

000
000
000
000

022
001
000
000

01
63
14
01

4
5

n log2 10

loglO 2

3.32192
6.64385
9.96578
13.28771
16.60964

99957
99913
99870
99827
99783

Table 28.1

n log2 lOIN DECIMAL

n

80949
61898
42847
23795
04744

log1ll2

1. 80617
2. 10720
2.40823
2.70926
3.01029

7
8
9
10

99740
99696
99653
99610
99566

Addition

logz 10

19.93156
23.25349
26.57542
29.89735
33. 21928

ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION TABLES

85693
66642
47591
28540
09489

Table 28.5

Multiplication
Binary Scale

a+ 0 = 0
0+1=1+0= 1
1 + 1 = 10

ox

ox 0 = a
1 =lxO=O
1 x 1 = 1

Octal Scale
0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

02

03

04

05

06

07

02

03

04

05

06

07

10

04

06

10

12

14

16

03

04

05

06

07

10

11

06

11

14

17

22

25

04

05

06

07

10

11

12

10

14

20

24

30

34

05

06

07

10

11

12

13

12

17

24

31

36

43

11

12

13

14

14

22

30

36

44

52

16

25

34

43

52

61

06

07

10

07

10

11

12

13

14

15

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS IN OCTAL SCALE

,=

-I

(3.11037 552421) (8)

= (0.24276

y;=

28.:~

II

0.30102
O. 60205
O. 90308
1.20411
1.50514

1
2
3

10

1
2
3
4

n loglO 2,

72894
73095
10398
12471
92248
73615

e=

(2.55760 5213Q5) (8)

y=

Table 28.6
(0.44742 147707) (8)

301556) (8)

e- I =

(0.27426 530661) (8)

In y= -( O. 43127

233602) (8)

(1.61337 611067) (8)

ye=

(1. 5l4U 230704) (8)

log2 y= -( O. 62573

030645) (8)

loglO e=

(0.33626 754251) (8)

In = (1. 11206

404435) (8)

log2 = (1. 51544

163223) (8)

log2 e = (1. 34252

yIO = (3.12305

407267) (8)

log2 10 = (3.24464

,'2=

(1. 32404 746320) (8)

166245) (8)

In 2=

(0.54271 027760) (8)

741136) (8)

In 10=

(2.23273 067355) (8)

29. Laplace Transforms

Contents
Page

29.1. Definition of the Laplace Transform. .

1020

29.2. Operations for the Laplace Transform .

1020

29.3. Table of Laplace Transforms. . . .

1021

29.4. Table of Laplace-Stieltjes Transforms

1029

References

1030

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1019

29. Laplace Transforms

29.1. Definition of the Laplace TransforIn

function of s in the half-plane 3?S>8o.

One-dimensional Laplace Transform

29.1.1

j(s)=2{F(t)}=i'" e-stF(t)dt

F(t) is a function of the real variable t and s is a

complex variable. F(t) is called the original function and j(s) is called the image function. If the
integral in 29.1.1 converges for a real S=80, i.e.,

B-+",

29.1.2
j(U,v)=.!{F(x,y)} = i"'i'" e-uz-.vF(x,y)dxdy
Definition of the Unit Step Function

(t<O)
(t=O)
(t>O)

29.1.3

limfB e-sotF(t)dt

A-+o

Two-dimensional Laplace Transform

exists, then it converges for all 8 with 3?s>so, and

the image function is a single valued analytic

In the following tables the factor u(t) is to be

understood as mUltiplying the original function
F(t).

29.2. Operations for the Laplace Transforlll i

Original Function F(t)

29.2.1

i'"

F(t)

I mage Function f(s)

e- SI F(t)dt

Inversion Formula

29.2.2

}(s)
Linearity Property

29.2.3

AFCt)

+BGCt)

Aj (s) +Bg(s)

Differentiation

29.2.4 .

sj(s)-F( +0)

29.2.5

snj(s)-sn-1F( +0)-sn-2F'( +0)- ... _F<n-l)( +0)

Integration

.r

29.2.6
29.2.7

29.2.8
29.2.9
29.2.10

8j (S)

F(T)dT

1
"82 j (s)

i I i ' F(>.)dJ..dT

it

Convolution (Faltung) Theorem

F 1 (t-r)F2(T)dT=F1*F2
-tF(t)

(-l)ntnF(t)

11 (S)j2(S)
f' (s)

Differentiation

pnl(S)

1 Adapted by permission from R. V. Churchill, Operational mathematics, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1958.
1020

1021

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Original Function F(t)

Image Function !(8)

Integration

29.2.11

29.2.12

eutF(t)

f.'" j(x)dx

F(t)

Linear Transformation

29.2.13

FCD

j(s-a)
j(cs)

(C>O)

j(cs-b)

29.2.14
Translation

29.2.15

F(t-b)u(t-b)

(b>O)

Periodic Functions

29.2.16

.C

F(t+a)=F(t)

e-SIF(t)dt
l-e

29.2.17

as

SoU e- Sl F(t)dt

F(t+a)=-F(t)

l+e- as
Half-Wave Rectification of F(t) in 29.2.17

.,

29.2.18

F(t)

2:

l(s)
l-e

(-I)nu(t-na)

n~O

as

Full-Wave Rectification of F(t) in 29.2.17

29.2.19

as
l(s) coth"2

IF(t)1
Heaviside Expansion Theorem

pes)
q(s)' q(s)= (s-al) (s-a2) ... (s-a m )

29.2.20

pes) a polynomial of degree< m

29.2.21

eal

2:
n-l

p<r-n)(a) t,,-I
--(r-n)! (n-l)!

pes)
(s-a)'
pes) a polynomial of degree<r

29.3. Table of Laplace Transforms 2. 3

For a comprehensive table of Laplace a.nd other intrgral transforms
dimensional Laplace transforms see [29.11].
f(8)

29.3.1
29.3.2

S('('

[29.9].

For n tablr of t,,-o-

F(t)

1
~

2 The numbers in bold type in the f(8) and F(t) columns indicate the chapters in which the properties of th! r!'sl)('ctivc
higher mathematical functions are given.
3 Adapted by permission from R. V. Churchill, Operational mathematics, 2d. ed., :\lcGraw-Hili Book Co., tIlC., XCI\"

York, N. Y., 1958.

1022

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
f(8)

29.3.3

1
-

(17,=1,2,3, ... )

sn

29.3.4

29.3.7

8-(n+il

29.3.12
29.3.13
29.3.14

{;i

2,ftj;
135 ... (2n-1)-y";

e- at

s+a

1
(s+a)2

29.3.9

29.3.11

{8

(k>O)

29.3.8

29.3.10

(17,=1,2,3, ... )

r(k)

(n-1)!

8- 3/2

29.3.5
29.3.6

F(t)

t n-

1
(s+a)n

(17,= 1,2,3) ... )

r(k)
(s+a)k

(k>O)

1
(s+a) (s+b)
8

(s+a) (s+b)

(a~b)

(a~b)

ae-at-be- bt
a-b
(b-c)e-at+(c-a) e-bt+(a-b)e- ct
(a-b) (b-c)(c-a)

1
(s+a) (s+b) (s+c)
(a, b, c distinct constants)

29.3.15

1
s2+a2

1 .
-sm at
a

29.3.16

s
s2+a2

cos at

29.3.17

1
s2-a 2

1 . h at
-sm
a

29.3.18

s
s2-a 2

cosh at

29.3.19

1
s(s2+a 2)

1
- 2 (1-c08 at)

29.3.20

1
s2(s2+a 2)

3 (at-sm at

29.3.21

1
(82+a2) 2

1
.
)
2a 3 (sm at-at cos at

.)

1023

LAPLACE TRANSFOR!{S
F(t)

1(8)

29.3.22

s
(s2+a2) 2

t .
2a sm at

29.3.23

S2
(S2+ a2) 2

2~ (sin at+at cos at)

29.3.24

s2-a2
(S2+ a2)2

t cos at

29.3.25

s
(8 +a2) (8 2 +b 2)
2

(a 2b 2)

cos at-cos bt

b2-a2

29.3.26

(s+a)2+b 2

lb e- a' sin bt

29.3.27

s+a
(s+a)2+b 2

e- a' cos bt

29.3.28

3a2
3
8 +a3

. at~)
e-a'-ei'" (at~
cos -2--~ sm
-2-

29.3.29

4a3
s4+4a 4

sin at cosh at-cos at sinh at

29.3.30

s
s4+4a4

1.
. h
2a2 sm at sm at

29.3.31

s4_a4

29.3.32

s4_a4

2a2 (cosh at-cos at)

29.3.33

8a3s2
(s2+a2)3

(1+a 2t 2) sin at-at cos at

29.3.34

ie~ly

29.3.35

s
(s+a)t

29.3.36

.Js+a-.Js+b

29.3.37

2~3

(sinh at-sin at)

Ln(t)
1

22

-== e- a'(1-2at)

.,j1l't

(e-&I-e-IJI)

2.J1I't3
1

-_ae a2t erfc a.,fi

.ys+a

..;;t

29.3.38

..;s
s-a2

-=+ae a2t erf a.,fi

.,j1l't

29.3.39

..;s
8+a 2

1 .J;
2a e- a2t
j;i-

29.3.~

..;s(s-a')

- e,,2t erf ajt

a

i""'1 eX
0

d)..

1024

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
F(t)

1(8)

29.3.41

29.3.42

29.3.43

29.3.44

29.3.45

29.3.46

29.3.47

29.3.48

29.3.49

29.3.50

29.3.51

29.3.52

.J8(8+a2)
b2 -a2
(8-a 2) (b+v'"8)
1

{8({8+a)
1

b2-a2
{8(8-a 2) ({8+b)

ea21 erfc a{i

ea21

(1-8)n
~
(l-8)n

sn+,

e- al erf (.Jb-a{i)

[~ erf (a{i) -1 ]+e b21 erfc bli

n!
H (Ii)
(2n)!.J;t 2n

22

n!
H
(Ii)
(2n+ 1)!.J; 2n+l

22

.J8+2a -1
{8

ae-a'[I! (at) +Io(at)]

e-l(aH>tloe;b t)

.J8+a.Js+b
r(k)

(k>O)

(s+a)k(8+b)k
1

.Js+2a- ..fs
.J8+2a+ {8

(.J8+a+ {8)-2.
{8.Js+a

(v>-l)

.J82+a2

1
(S2+ a2)k

{;(a~bY-! e-!(aHltlk_!e 2 b

(v>-l)

(k>O)

t)

[10 e~b t)+11 e;b t)]

~ e-aII1(at)

29.3.54

('y'8 2 +a2 -8)"

.Js2 +a2

te-!(aHlI

(8+a)!(s+b)~

(k>O)

29.3.57

ea2t [b-a erf a.Jt]-be b2t erfc b{i

b-a

(a-b)k
C.J8+a+ .J8+b)2I<

29.3.56

.J 1

(8+a).J8+b

29.3.53

29.3.55

2
- 2 e-a2t ia~ e)..dX
a.,fir
0

~ e-1(aHlIlk e;b

10

t)

~ e-laII.(iat)

Jo(at)

aJ.(at)

r(k)

(t2aY-!J,,-t(at)

6,10

1025

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
F(t)

1(8)

29.3.58

( -VS 2+ a2 -S)k

(k>O)

29.3.59

(8--V8 2-a 2)"

-vs2-a 2

(v>-l)

29.3.60

1
(8 2_a 2)k

1 -k'
-e

29.3.61

29.3.65

.J;

r(k)

(t)
2a

k-t

Lc

1 -k.
-e
2

1 -ks
-e
s~

(JL>O)

(t~~;-l u(t-k)

29.3.67

29.3.68

u(t) -u(t-k)

l+coth lks
28

s(e k8 -a)
1
- tanh k8
s

~u(t-nk)

s(l+e-

..
L: an-1u(t-nk)

1
s

2 tanh

ks

2K

n=!

u(t)+2

..

(-1)nu(t-2nk)

n=!

~ (-l)"u(t-nk)

h
o

29.3.69

..

1
ks

tL
o

l-e- k
s
1
s(l-e- ks )

(t-k)u(t-k)

29.3.66

6,10

h-t(at)

29.3.64

a"I.(at)

u(t-k)

29.3.62

29.3.63

(k>O)

tuCt)+2

0
2k

3k

C-1)'Ct-2nk)u(t-2nk)

AA/
o

29.3.70

29.3.71

2k

4k

Elk

..

s sinh ks
1

s cosh ks

2 ~ u[t-(2n+l)kJ
n=O

'"

2 L: (-1) nu[t-(2n+l)kJ
n=O

10 D
o

Bk

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1026

F(t)

/(8)

lcL

CD

1
- coth ks

29.3.72

u(t)+2 ~ u(t-2nk)

n-l

2k

k
71'S
82+k2 coth 2k

29.3.73

Isin ktl

Vvv
o

!!
k

II
k

CD

29.3.74

4k

~
n-O

(-I)nu(t-n7l') sin t

1 -!
- e
s

29.3.75

29.3.76

Ci

cos 2{ki

'V7I't

29.3.77

e'

..j8

Ci

'V7I't

cosh 2{ki

29.3.78

b: sinh 2{ki

29.3.79

'V7I'k

1 -!

29.3.80

S; e

29.3.81

s;1 e'

(1'>0)

29.3.82

e-k.[l

(k>O)

(1'>0)

k
erfc-

29.3.83

-1 e -kr,
"

..j8

(k~O)

29.3.87

81~ln e-k.f,

(n=O, 1, 2, ... ; k~O)

~ exp (-!:)

2jf exp ( -~)-k eric 2~=2{i i erfc 2~

29.3.85

2{i

,29.3.84

29.3.86

(7c) ";1 J,,-l (2{ki)

(7c) ";1 1,,-1 (2{ki)
k (k2)
2~;r exp - 4t

(4t)ln in eric

2{i

n-I

"- -k{l

8 2

(n=O, 1,2, ... ; k>O)

22

29.3.88
(k~O)
*See page n.

1027

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
F(t)

/(8)

29.3.89

ae-k{l

29.3.90

29.3.91

e-k{l
.J8(a+ {S)
e -k";,(,+a)
-V8(8+a)

29.3.92

29.3.95

29.3.96

29.3.97

erfc (a.ft"+ 2~)+erfc

2~

_en<e

(k~O)

eakea2t erfc

(k~O)

e-l'lIIo( ja -vt2-k2)U( t-k)

(a.Jt+~ )
2/t

e-k";,2+a2
.,j82+a2

(k~O)

J o(aVt 2 k2)u(t-k)

-k...j,2_ a2
e
-V8 2 a2

(k~O)

Io(a-v t2 -k2)u(t-k)

J o(a.,jt 2+2kt)

29.3.93

29.3.94

a2t

(k~O)

8 (a+.J8)

e-k(...j,2+a2_,)
-V8 2+a2

(k~O)

e -ka -e _k...j,2+a2

(k>O)

e-k";"-a'_ e - kB

(k>O)

a'e-k..j,'+aJ
2
-V8 +a2 ( .,js2+a2+s/

(1I>-1,k~O)

1
-In 8

29.3.98

ak
~

t 2-k2

J 1 (a -fiCk2
t 2-k2)u(t-k)

ak
.,j-.,j_II(a
t 2-k2)u(t-k)
2
2
t -k

e-kY'
t+k J.(a.,jt 2 k2)U(t-k)

-'Y-ln t (1'= .57721 56649 ... Euler's constant)

t k- I

29.3.99

8k In 8

(k>O)

r(k) [1jt(k)-ln tl

29.3.100

In 8
8-a

(a>O)

eat[ln a+ EI (at) 1

In 8
2
+1

cos t Si (t) -sin t Ci (t)

sIn s
2
+1

-sin t Si (t)-cos t Ci (t)

E1n)

29.3.101

29.3.102
29.3.103

1
-In (1+ks)
s

29.3.104

I 8+a
n 8+ b

29.3.105

!s In (1 +k282)

29.3.106

1
-In (8 2 +a2)
8

(k>O)

t1 (-bl
e -e -al)
(k>O)
(a>O)

-2 Ci (~)

2 In a-2 Ci (at)

1028

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
F(t)

f(,)

29.3.107

1
"21n (8 2 +a2)

~a [at In a+sin at-at Oi (at)]

(a>O)

82+a2

- (I-cos at)

29.3.108

In-r

29.3.109

I n -2 -

I (I-cosh at)

29.3.110

k
arctan -

1 . k
tsm t

29.3.111

1
k
- arctan-

2
,2

Si (kt)

erfc ks

(k>O)

ekl ,2 erfc k8

(k>O)

29.3.114

eka erfc.,fki

29.3.115

.Js erfc .Jk8

29.3.116

29.3.112
29.3.113

82 -a2

~e

ka

erfc

(k>O)
(k~O)

-Jf8

(k~O)

1
(t2)
k..,fii exp - 4k2

erf 2k

7
7

~f
'Ir~t(t+k)

1
-u(t-k)

-{;i

1
~'Ir(t+k)

29.3.117

k
erf -

:t sin 2k{i,

29.3.118

I!!!
k
-e' erfc -

1
.y'lrt

.[8

{8

{8

-:= e

-2k.[i

29.3.119

Ko(ks)

(k>O)

1
- - u(t-k)
.Jt2 k 2

29.3.120

Ko(k.[8)

(k>O)

1
(k2)
2t exp - 4t

29.3.121

"8 eluK 1 (k8)

(k>O)

~~t(t+2k)

29.3.122

1
.[8 Kl (k.[8)

(k>O)

! exp ( _k2)

} . Ko(2~2kt)
'lrt
1
~t(2k-t) [u(t)-u(t-2k)

29.3.123

1 ~ Ko (k)
-e'
.[8
s

29.3.124

'lre-~'/o(ks)

(k>O)

29.3.125

e-lu/l (k8)

(k>O)

(k>O)

4t

k-t

k~

'Ir

k
[u(t)-u(t-2k)]
t(2 -t)

1029

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
F(t)

/(8)

29.3.126

ea8E 1(as)

29.3.127

!-se a8E 1(as)

a

29.3.12.8 a l - nea8En(as)
29.3.129

[~-Si (s) ]

(a>O)
(a> 0)
(a>Oin=O, 1,2, ... )

cos s+Ci(s) sin s

1
t+a

1
(t+a)2

1
(t+a)n

1
t2+1

29.4. Table of Laplace-Stieltjes Transforms

cpr s)

fII( t)

29.4.1

29.4.2

e- kI

29.4.3

1
l-e- kI

(k>O)

1
l+e- k

(k>O)

29.4.4

00

e -lId<I> (t)
(k>O)

<I>(t)
u(t-k)
00

u(t-nk)

n-O
00

(-I)nu(t-nk)

n=O
00

29.4.5

sinh ks
1

29.4.6

cosh ks

(k>O)

2 ~ u[t-(2n+l)k]
n-O
00

(k>O)

2 ~ (-I)nu[t-(2n+l)k]

(k>O)

u(t)+2 ~ (-l) nu(t-2nk)

n-O
00

29.4.7

tanh ks

n-l

29.4.8
29.4.9
29.4.10

sinh (ks+a)
e- Iu
sinh (ks+a)

sinh (hs+b)
sinh (ks+a)

00

(k>O)

2 ~ e-<2n+llau[t-(2n+l)k]
n-O
00

(k>O, h>O)

2 ~ e-<2n+llau[t-h-(2n+l)k]
n=O
00

(O<h<k)

e-<2n+!la{ ebu[t+h- (2n+l)k]

n-O

-e-bult-h- (2n+ l)k]}

00

29.4.11

ane-

kn'

n=O

For the definition of the Laplace-Stieltjes

transform see [29.7]. In practice, Laplace-Stieltjes
transforms are often written as ordinary Laplace
transforms involving Dirac's delta function ~(t).
This "function" may formally be considered as

the derivative of the unit step function, du(t) =~(t)

(x<O)
dt, so that
du(t)=
~(t)dt= 1 (x>O).

fI

-00

fX

-00

{O

The correspondence 29.4.2, for instance, then

assumes the form e- k

.=i

oo

e-st~(t-k)dt.

4 Adapted by permission from P. M. Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods of theoretical physics, vols. 1, 2, McGrawHill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1953.

1030

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

References
Texts

[29.1) H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Operational

. methods in applied mathematics, 2d ed. (Oxford
Univ. Press, London, England, 1948).
[29.2] R. V. Churchill, Operational mathematics, 2d ed.
(McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.,
Toronto, Canada, London, England, 1958).
[29.3] G. Doetsch, Handbuch der Laplace-Transformation, vols. I-III (Birkhliuser, Basel, Switzerland,
1950; Basel, Switzerland, Stuttgart, Germany,
1955, 1956).
[29.41 G. Doetsch, Einfiihrung in Theorie und Anwendung der Laplace-Transformation (Birkhiiuser,
Basel, Switzerland, Stuttgart, Germany, 1958).
[29.5] P. M. Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods of theoretical physics, vols. I, II (McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc., New York, N.Y., Toronto, Canada,
London, England, 1953).
[29.6] B. van der Pol and H. Bremmer, Operational

calculus, 2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1955).

(29.7] D. V. Widder, The Laplace transform (Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1941).
Tables

[29.8J G. Doetsch, Guide to the applications of Laplace

transforms (D. Van Nostrand, London, England;
Toronto, Canada; New York, N.Y.; Princeton,
N.J., 1961).
[29.9) A. Erdelyi et al., Tables of integral transforms,
vols. I, II (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., Toronto, Canada, London, England,
1954).
[29.10] W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger, Formulas and
theorems for the sPecial functions of mathematical physics (Chelsea Publishing Co., New
York, N.Y., 1949).
[29.11] D. Voelkel' and G. Doetsch, Die zweidimensionale
Laplace-Transformation
(Birkhauser, Basel,
Switzerland, 1950).

Subject Index
A

Page

Adam's formulas_ _____________________________

896
Airy functions __________________ 367, 446, 510, 540, 689
ascending series for __ ___ _ __ __ _ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ _
446
ascending series for integrals oC_______________
447
asymptotic expansions oL______ ______________
448
asymptotic expansions of modulus and phase_ _ _
449
asymptotic forms of integrals oL _ ___ _ _ ___ __ _ __
449
asymptotic forms of related functions ____ _ _ ___ _ - 450
complex zeros and associated values of Bi(z) and
Bi' (z)___ __ _______ _____ __ _ _____ ___ __ ____ __
478
computation oL___ __ _ ___ __ _ __ ____ __ ___ _ ___ __
454
computation of zeros of- _ _ _ _____ _ ______ _____ _ 454
definitions_______ __ __ ____ __ __ _ __ ______ _ ____ _
446
differential equations ______________________ 446, 448
graphs oL __ ___ __ __ _ __ ___ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ ___ __
446
integral representations oL _ _ __ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ __
447
integrals involving___ __ __ _ __ _ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _
448
modulus and phase_ _ __ _ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ ___ _ ___
449
related functions_ _ __ _ __ __ ______ _______ _ _____
448
relations between____________________________
446
representations in terms of Bessel functions_____
447
tables of_____ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ ___ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ ___
475
tables of integrals oL _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ _
478
Wronskian for products oC_______________ ___
448
Wronskian relations_ _ _ _ __ __ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ __
446
zeros and their asymptotic expansions__________
450
Airy functions and their derivatives_ __ __ ___ _ __ __ _
446
zeros and associated values oL _ _ _____________
478
Airy integrals__ __ __ _____ __ _______ _____ _ __ ___ __
447
Aitken's !52-process___ _ ___ _ _ ___ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ _
18
Aitken's iteration method______________________
879
Anger's function__ ____________________________
498
relation to Weber's function_______________ _
498
Antilogarithm____ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ ___ _ __ __ __ _ __ _
89
Approximate values______ _ _ __ ___ ___ _ __ __ _ __ _ ___
14
Approximation methods_____ _______ _ __ __ ___ __ __
18
Aitken's t52-process___________ ________________
18
Newton's method____________________________
18
regula falsL _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _
18
successive substitution_______________________
18
Argument____________________________________
16
Arithmetic functions__ __ __ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ _
826
table oL _ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ _ __
840
Arithmetic-geometric mean ___ 571,577,578,580,598,601
Arithmetic mean _ __ __ ___ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ ___ __ _
10
Arithmetic progression_________________________
10
Associated Legendre functions__________________
331
(see Legendre functions)
Asymptotic expansions__ ___ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ ___ __ _
15

Page

Basic numbers_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ ___ __ _

Bateman function_ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ ___ ____ ___ __ _
Bernoulli numbers__ _ __ _ __ __ __ ___ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ __
table oL _ ___ _ __ __ ___ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ ___ _ _ _
Bernoulli polynomials__ _ __ _ ___ __ __ _ __ ____ ___ _ _ _
as sums of powers_ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ __ __ __ ____ __ _ _ _
coefficients oL __ __ __ ___ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _
derivatives oL________________ ______________
differences of_____ _ ___ _ __ ___ __ __ _ ___ __ _ ___ _ __
expansions oL _ _ __ __ __ ____ _ __ _ ___ __ ______ _ __
Fourier expansions oL_______________________
generating function for__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __
inequalities for______________________________
integrals involving_____________________ _____
multiplication theorem for __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __
relations with Euler polynomials, ___ - __ __ ___ __
special values oC____________________________
symbolic operations ________________ -_________
symmetry relations ____________ - ___ - _______ - _

822
510

804
810
803
804
809
804
804
804
805
804
805
805
804
806

805
806
804

Bessel functions
as parabolic cylinder functions ______________ 692,697
definite integrals_ _ _ _ _ ___ __ ___ __ __ ___ _ __ __ ___
485
modified __________________________________ 374,509
notation for ______ __ __ ___ ___ __ ___ __ __ _ __ __ __ _
358
of fractional order _________________ -_ _ ___ _ _ __
437
of the first kind ___________________ -_ - _____ 358, 509
of the second kind _________________________ 358, 509
of the third kind __________________________ 358,510
orthogonality properties oL___________________
485
representations in terms of Airy functions _ _ _ __ _
447
spherical _________________________________ 437, '509
Bessel functions of half-integer order ___________ 437,497
zeros and associated values_ __________________
467
zeros of the derivative and associated values____
468
Bessel functions, integrals ____________________ 479, 485
asymptotic expansions _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ __ ___ __ ___ _ 480, 482
computation oL____ __ __ ___ __ _ ___ ______ _ _____
488
convolution type_ _ _ __ __ __ ___ __ __ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ __
485
Hankel-Nicholson type_______________________
488
involving products oL_______________________
484
polynominal approximations ________________ 481,482
recurrence relations ________________________ 480,483
reduction formulas_ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _______ __ ______ __
483
repeated____________________________________
482
simple_ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ ___ __ _ ___ _ _
480
tables oL___________________________________
492
Weber-Schafheitlin type__ _ ___ _ _ ___ ___ __ _ __ __ _
487
Bessel functions J.(z),Y.(z) ___________ 358,379,381,385
addition theorems for________________________
363

1031

1032

INDEX

Page
Bessel functions b(z), Yv(z)-Continued
analytic continuation oL ____________________ _ 361
ascending series for _________________________ _ 360
asymptotic expansion for large arguments _____ _ 364
asymptotic expansions for large orders ________ _ 365
asymptotic expansions for zeros ______________ _ 371
asymptotic expansions in the transition regIon
for large orders____ __ __ ___________ ____ _____ 367
asymptotic expansions of modulus and phase for
365
large arguments_ __________ _____ ______ ___ __
362
connection with Legendre functions____________
continued fractions for _ ____________ __________ 363
derivatives with respect to order _ _ _ _ __________ 362
differential equation _ _ _ ______________________ 358
differential equations for products_ _ ___________ 362
formulas for derivatives______________________
361
generating function and associated series_ _ _ ____ 361
graphs oC ________________________________ 359,373
in terms of hypergeometric functions_ ____ ______ 362
integral representations oC _ _ _________________ 360
limiting forms for small arguments_____________
360
modulus and phase _ ________ _________________ 365
multiplication theorem for____________________
363
Neumann's expansion of an arbitrary function_ _ 363
notation____ ______ __________________________ 358
other differential equations_ _ _ ________________ 362
polynomial approximations_ __________________
369
361
recurrence relations__________________________
recurrence relations for cross-products__________
361
relations between____________________________
358
tables oC____ __ __ _________ __________ ________ 390
uniform asymptotic expansions for large orders__
358
upperbounds_______________________________
362
Wronskian relations_ _ _ _ _____________________ 360
zeros of. __ __ ____ ____ ___ ____ _______ ___ ______
370
zeros, complex_ _ _ __ ___ _______ _________ ______
372
zeros, infinite products for _____________ ~ ______ 370
zeros, McMahon's expansions for______________
371
zeros of cross products oC___________ _________
374
zeros, tables oL _______________________ 371,409,414
zeros, uniform expansions of. _ ______ ___ ___ ____
371
Bessel's interpolation formula___________________
881
beta function ____ _____ __ _______ _______ _______ 258
Biharmonic operator _________ __ __ __________ ____ 885
Binary scale_ ___ __ __ ______ _____ ______ __ _______ 1017
Binomial coefficients_ _____________ ________ 10, 256, 822
table of. ________ ______________ __ __________ 10, 828
Binomial distribution_ _ __ ___ ___ __ _______ ___ __ __
960
Binomial series___ _______________ __________ ____
14
Binomial theorem_ _ _ _______________ __ _________
10
Bivariate normal probability function____________
936
955
computation of_____________________________
graphs of___________________________________
937
special values ot.____________________________
937
Bode's
____ __ ___ __ ____ _________ _______ ___
886
~

rul~_

C
Cartesian form_ _____ __________________________
Catalan's constant____ _ __ _____________________ _
Cauchy-Riemann equation______________________
Cauchy's inequality ___ ____________________ __ ___
Characteristic function_ _____ ________ ___________

16
807
17
11
928

Page

Chebyshev integration_ ___ _________ ______ ______ _ 887

abscissas for. _____ ______ _____ ____________ ___ 920
Chebyshev polynomials __________________ 486,561,774
(see orthogonal polynomials)
coefficients for and x" in terms of. __________ _ 795
graphs of ________________________________ _
778
values of ________________________________ _ 795
Chebyshev's inequality ________________________ _
11
Chi-square distribution function
computation oC _________________________. ___ _ 958
Chi-square probability function ________________ _ 940
approximations to __________________________ _ 941
asymptotic expansion _____________ - _- _- ___ - -941
continued fraction for _______________________ _ 941
cumulants for ______________________________ _ 940
non-central ________________________________ _ 942
recurrence and differential properties oC ______ _ 941
relation to the normal distribution ____________ _ 940
941
relation to other functions _____ - _- _- _- - - - - - - -series expansions for _______________________ -941
statistical properties ot. _____________________ _ 943
Christoffel-Darboux formula ___________________ _ 785
Circular functions __________ - _- - - - -- - -- - - -- - - --- 71,91
addition and subtraction ot. _________________ _
72
addition formulas for. ______________________ _
72
76
Chebyshev approximations ____ --------- -- ---continued fractions for ___________________ - __ _
75
definite integrals ______________ -- - - - - - - - - - --78
DeMoivre's formula _____________ - _- _-- - - - - -74
differentiation formulas ____________ - ___ - - - - -77
Euler's formulas _____________ - -- -- - - - - - - - - - -74
expansion in partial fractions ______________ - - 75
graphs of __________________________________ _
72
72
half-angle formulas __________ - _- - - - - - - - - - - - -77
indefinite integrals _________ - - - -- - - - -- - -. - - - - -75
inequalities for ________ - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- -- -75
infinite products _____ - _- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -75
limiting values ____ - -- -- - - - -- - -- - - - - - -.- - - - - -74
modulus and phase _______ - _- - - - -- - - - - -- - - --multiple angle formulas _____________________ _
72
72
negative angle formulas_ - - - -- - - - - - - -- - -- - - - -72
periodic properties of. ______ - _- _- - - - - - - - - - -- 76
polynomial approximations_ - - _- - - -- - - - - - - - --productsof ________________________________ _
72
74
real and imaginary parts_ - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - -reduction to first quadrant. __________________ _
73
72
relations between ___ - - - _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 74
relation t.e hyperbolic functions_ - - - - - - - - - - - - -74
series expansions for ____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -73
signs of. _________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .- - - - - - - 142
tables of.. _______ - _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - 936
Circular normal distribution_ - -- - - - - - -- - - --- - --957
calculation over an offset circle __ - - - - - - - - - - - - -Clausen's integraL ______ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 1005
Clebsch-Gordan coefficients ___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 1006
89
Cologarithm ____________ - _- - - - - - - - -- - -- - -- - - -822
Combinatorial analysis ___ - _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -16
Complex numbers _______ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -logarithm of. _________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 67,90
16
multiplication and division of. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

1033

INDEX

Page

Page

powers oC___ __ _ __________ ___ ____ __ __ ___ ____

16
roots of _ ___ ___ __ _____ _________________ ____ _
17
Confluent hypergeometric functions___ ___ ________ 262,
298,300,362,377,486,503,686,691,695,780
alternative notations for ___ __________ _______ __
504
analytic continuation of. __ ______ ____ ______ ___
504
asymptotic eltpansions and limiting forms_ _ _ ___ 508
Barnes-type contour integrals_ _____ ___________ 506
calculation of zeros and turning points of. ______
513
computation oC___ ___ ______ __ __ _____ __ _____ _ 511
connections with Bessel functions_ ____ _________ 506
differential properties of. ______ _____ ___ _______ 506
expansions in series of Bessel functions_ ________
506
general confluent equation__ _ ___ ______________
505
graphing of. ________ ___ ___ ______ _____ ___ ____
513
graph of zeros of. _ _ _____ ___ _________________ 513
graphs oL_________________________________
514
integral representations of ____________ ___ _____
505
Kummer's equation___ _______ _____ _____ ___ __ _
504
Kummer's functions _ __ ___ ___ __ ______________
504
Kummer's transformations _ _ _ ____ _________ ___
505
recurrence relations ________ . _________________
506
special caselS of.. __ ____ ___ ________ __ ____ ____ _ 509
table oL ____ ____ ___ __ ______ __ ___ __ __ ____ ___
516
table of zeros of. _ __ ___ _________ __ ___________
535
Whittaker's equation_ _ _ _ __ ___ ___ ___ __ ____ ___
505
Whittaker's functions_ ____ __ __ ____ ____ _____ __
505
Wronskian relations _ _ _ _________________ _____
505
zeros and turning values____ _ _____ _____ __ ___ __
510
Conformal mapping___ _____ __ __ ______ _____ __ ___
642
337
Conical functions__ ______ ________ _______ ______ _
Constants
mathematical____ __________ _____ ____ ___ ____ _
1
5
physical, mlscellaneous__ ___ ______ _________ __ _
Continued fractions ______________________ 19,22,68,70,
75, 81, 85, 88, 229,258,263,298,363,932,941,944
Conversion factors
mathematical_ _ ________ __________ __ ___ ____ __
1
physicaL__ ____ _____ __ ___ ___ ____ _____ ____ ___
5
Cornish-Fisher asymptotic expansions_ __ _________ 935
Correlation ___ __ ________ ____ __________________
936
Cosine integral ______________________________ 231,510
asymptotic expansions of.____________________
233
computation oC_____________________________
233
definitions_ _ ___ _ ____ ______________ __ _______ _ 231
graphs of. ___ ____________ ________________ __ _ 232
integral representation of.____________________
232
232
integrals involving__ ______ __ _____ __ ____ ___ ___
rational approltimations_ __________________ __ _ 233
232
relation to the eltponential integral_ _ _ ________ _
series expansions for ____________ ~_ _ __ ________
232
symmetry relations __ ______ _____ __ ____ _______
232
tables oL _________________________________ 238, 243
COUlomb wave functions _____________________ 509,537
asymptotic behavior oL______________________
542
asymptotic expansions of. ____ ___ _______ ______ 540
computation oC__ ___ _____ _______ __ ____ ____ __ 543
differential equation _ _ ___ __ ____ ______________ 538
expansions in terms of Airy functions_ _ ____ ____ 540
expansions in terms of Bessel-Clifford functions_
539
540
expansions in terms of spherical Bessel functions_

general solution _ ______ __ __ __________________ 538

graphs of _________________________________ 539,541
integral representations 01. ___________________ 539
recurrence relations_ _________________ _______ _ 539
series expansions for _ _ ____________ ________ ___ 538
special values oL____ _________ _____ __ _______ _
542
tables oL__ ____ __ ____ ____ __ __________ __ ____ _
546
Wronskian relations_ _ _ _ ______ ___ ____ _____ ___
539
Cubic equation, solution of. ____________________ 17,20
Cumulants_ ~ _ _ __ __ _ ____ _____ ____ __ ___ ___ ____ _
928
CumUlative distribution function
multivariate_ _____ __ ____ ____ ___ ___ __ __ __ __ __
univariate__________________________________
Cunningham function_ ________________________ _
Cylinder functions_ ___________ _________ ________

927
927
510
361

D
Dawson's integraL __________________ 262,298, 305,692
graphof____________________________________
297
table of _ _ ____ ______ _ __ _____ __ __ ____ ____ ___ _ 319
Debye functions____ ___ ____ ___ __ ________ __ __ ___
998
DeMoivre's theorem ___________________________ 74,84
Derivatives__ __ ____ ______ __ _ ____ ___ __ ______ __ _
11
of algebraic functions _ ____ __ ___ ______ ________
11
of circular functions_ _ _ ____ _____ __ ___ ____ ___ _
77
of hyperbolic functions_ ____ _____________ ____ _
85
of inverse circular functions__ _ __ ______ ________
82
of inverse hyperbolic functions ________ ________
88
of logarithmic functions _________ _____________
69
partial_ ___ ___ __ _____ ____ _______ __________ __ 883
Differences___________________________________
877
central_____________________________________
877
divided_____________________________________
877
forward____________________________________
877
in terms of derivatives_ ___ ____ ______ __ __ __ ___ 883
mean______________________________________
877
reciprocal___ __ ___________ __ __ ____ __ __ _______
878
Differential equations_ ____ ___ __ _________ ____ ___ 896
of second order with turning points_ ________ ___
450
ordinary first order. _____ ___ __________ _____ __
896
solution by Adam'sformulas___ _____ __ _____ ___ 896
by Gill's method_ _ _ ____ __ ________________ _ 896
by Milne's method________________________
896
by point-slope formula_ ___ ____ __ ____ __ _____ 896
by predictor-corrector methods_ ______ _______
896
by Runge-Kutta method___________________
896
solution by trapezoidal formula_ __ __ __ __ ______
896
system of. ____ ______ ______ ___ _______ ____ ___
897
Differentiation_ ____ ___ ____ __ __ ________ _____ __ _
882
Everett's formula ____ ,_______________________
883
Lagrange's formula__________________________
882
883
Markoff's formula_ ____ __ _____ __ ______ __ _____
882
Differentiation coefficients_ ____ ____ _____ ________
table of. _ _ ____ ___ ____ ___ __ _______ __ __ ______
914
Digamma function__ __________ ___ ____________ __
258
(see psi function)
Dilogarithm function _________________________ _ 1004
Distribution functions _________________________ _
927
asymptotic expansions of. ___________________ _
935
characteristics of ___________________________ _
928
continuous _________________________________ _
927

1034
Distribution functions-Continued
discrete_ _ _ ___ __ __ __ ____ ___ ____ __ __ ____ ___ __
inequalities for _____________________________ Iattice ______________________________ ______ one-dimensional continuous_ __________________
one-dimensional discrete-- __________________ ._
Divisor- functions __________________________ - - __
table of. _ ____ _______ __ _________ _____ ___ __ __
Double precision operations___ ________________ __

INDEX
Page

927
931
927
930
929
827
840
21

E
Economization of series_ _ ______________________
791
Edgeworth asymptotic expansion ______________ 935,955
Einstein functions_ ___ ______ __ ____ __ _______ ___ _ 999
Elliptic functions
Jacobian___________________________________
567
(see Jacobian elliptic functions)
Weierstrass_ __________ ______ _______ _____ __ __ 627
(see Weierstrass elliptic functions)
Elliptic integrals _ __ ___________ ________________ 587
amplitude_ _ ______ ________ ____________ _____ _ 590
canonical forms_ _ _________ _______ ____ _______
589
characteristic. _ __________ ____ _________ _____ _ 590
definition____ ______ __ _______ ______ ____ ______
589
592
graphs of the complete_______________________
graphs of the first kind _____________________ 592,593
graphs of the incomplete ___________________ 593, 594
graphs of the second kind __________________ 592,594
graphs of the third kind______________________
600
modular angle______________________________
590
modulus____________________________________
590
of the first kind_ _____ _______ _____ _________ __ 589
of the second kind_ ___________________ _____ __ 589
of the third kind _ _ ________________________ 590, 599
parameter __________________________ .' _____ 590, 602
reduction formulas _________________________ 589,597
reduction to canonical form ____ ~-------------600
rela tion to Weierstrass elliptic functions_ _______
649
tables of complete___________________________
608
tables of the incomplete______________________
613
tables of the third kind_______________________
625
Elliptic integrals, complete_ _ _ ____________ ______ 590
computation of.___ ___ ___ ______ __ ______ ____ __
601
infinite series for _ __ _____ _____ ____ ____ ____ __ _ 591
Legendre's relation__________________________
591
limiting values_ ____________ __ ___ ___ ____ _____
591
of the first kind_ ____________________________
590
of the second kind_ _____ ______ ___ ______ __ ____
590
of the third kind __________________________ 599,605
polynomial approximations_ ______ __ __________
591
q~eries for_________________________________
591
relation to hyper geometric functions_ __________
591
Elliptic integlais, incomplete__ ________ ___ _______
592
592
amplitude of any magnitude__________________
amplitude near 7r/2_ _ __________ ___ _______ ____ 593
complex amplitude_ _ _ ___ ___ _____ ________ __ __
592
computations involving ________________ 595,602, 605
594
imaginaryamplitude_________________________
Jacobi's imaginary transformation_____________
592
negative amplitude__________________________
592
negative parameter._ _ ________ ___________ __ __ 593
595
numerical evaluation of. _ __ _____ _____ __ ___ ___

Page

parameter greater than unity ___ _________ - _- _

special cases oC. ________________________ - ___
Elliptical coordinates ____________ - - - ____ - - -- ___
Equianharmonic case ____________ -- - _- __ -- - - - - Error
absol ute ____ - ___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .- - - -

593
594
752
652

14
14
relative _______________________________ - - - -14
Error function ______________ 262,297,301,304,306,509
altitude chart in the complex plane____________
298
298
asymptotic expansion 01._____________________
complex zeros 01. ________________________ -_ __ 329
continued fraction for ___________________ -.- _- _ 298
definite and indefinite integrals related to________
302
derivatives of. __________________________ - ___
298
graphs of. ____________________________ - - -- - _ 297
inequalities for __________________________ ._ __ _ 298
infinite series approximation for the complex
function ______________________________ ._ ___ 299
integral representation of._ _______________ ____ 297
rational approximations_ ___________ ________ __ 299
298
relation to the confluent hypergeometric function_
repeated integrals of. ____________________ -_ ___ 299
series expansions for _ ___ _______ ___ _______ __ ___ 297
symmetry relations_ ______ __ ______ __ _______ ___ 297
table for complex arguments_ ________ _________ 325
table of repeated integrals oL ______________._ __ 317
tables oL ____________________________ 310,312,316
value at infinity __________________________.___
298
Eta functions _____________________________ -._ - _ 577
Euler function ____________________________ -._ __ 826
table of. ________________________________._ __ 840
Euler-Maclaurin formulas__ ____________________
806
Euler-Maclaurin summation formula _____ 16, 22, 806, 886
Euler numbers_ ______ ___ ____ _______ __ __ _____ __ 804
table of. ________________________________. ___ 810
Euler polynomials_ ______ _____ _____ ____________ 803
as sums of powers ________________________.__ _ 804
coefficients oL ___________________________. __ _ 809
derivatives of. ___________________________._ __ 804
differences oC ____________________________.___
804
expansions of. _ ____ ___ ___ ____ __________ ____ _ 804
Fourier expansions of- ____________________.__ ~
805
generating function for__ _______ _____ ____ __ __ _ 804
inequalities for ___ ___ _____ __ _____ __ ______ ____
805
integrals involving____ __ __ ________________ ___ 805
multiplication theorem for____________________
804
relations with Bernoulli polynomials____________
806
special values oC__ ___ __ ____ __ __ ______ ___ ____
805
symbolic operations____ _____ __ ___ ________ ____
806
symmetry relations_ ____ __ __ _________ ____ __ __
804
Euler summation formula_ _ _ ___________________
806
Euler-Totient function_ ______ __ ____ _____ ___ ____
826
Euler's constant___ _______________ _____________ 255
Euler's formulL ___________________ - ____ -- ___ 74,255
Euler's integral____ ____ __ __ _____ ____________ __ _ 255
Euler's transformation of series _ _ _ _ _____________ 16, 21
Everett interpolation coefficients _ _ ___________ ___ 880
relation to Lagrange coefficients_ _____________ _ 880
Everett's formula ___________________________ 880, 883
928
Excess _________________________________ -_____
percenta~e----------------------------------

1035

INDEX
PaKe

Expected value operator _____ __ __ __ _ ___ ___ _ __ __ _

928
Exponential function _______________________ 69,90,509
Chebyshevapproltimation____________________
71
continued fractions for_______________________
70
differentiation formulas_ _ _ ____________________
71
EUler's formula_ _ _ ___ __ __ __ __ ____ _ __ ___ __ _ _ _
74
graphof____________________________________
70
identities_ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ ___ _ __ __ _
70
indefinite integrals___ __ ___ ___ _ __ __ __ __ ____ ___
71
inequalities for __ ___ ___ __ _ __ __ __ ___ _ __ ____ __ _
70
limiting values_ __ __ _ ___ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ ____ _ __
70
periodic property oL _ _ _ ____ __ __ ______ _______
70
polynomial approximations___________________
71
series expansions for _ ___ ___ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ _
69
tables oL _____ __ __ _ __ ___ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ 116, 140, 219
Exponential integraL ____________________ 227,262,510
asymptotic expansion oL_____________________
231
computation oL___ ___ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ _ __ __ _
233
continued fraction for ___________________ ._____
229
definite integrals_ _ _ ____ __ _ _ ___ _ __ __ __ __ ___ _ _
230
derivatives oL______________________________
230
graphs oL_ _ _____ ___ ___ __ __ ___ _ __ __ __ __ ___ _ _
228
indefinite integrals _____ . ________________ . __ __ _
230
inequalities for______________________________
229
interrelations_ _ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _
228
polynomial approximation8_ ___ __ _____________
231
rational approximations_ __ __ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ __ __
231
recurrence relations__ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ ___ __ _ __
229
relation to incomplete gamma function_________
230
relation to spherical Bessel functions_ _ __ ___ _ __ _
230
series expansions for _ __ _ __ _ __ __ ___ __ __ __ _ ___ _
229
tables oL _________________ 238,243,245,248,249,251

F
F-distribution function__ _ __ _ ___ _ __ ___ _ __ __ __ __ _
946
approximations to _ . _ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ ____ 947, 948
computation oL___ __ __ __ __ _ ___ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __
961
limiting forms _____________________________ 947, 948
non-central_________________________________
947
reflexive 1 elation_ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ ___ _ __ __ __ __ _
946
relation to the x2-distribution _ _ __ _ __ ___ _ __ _ __ _
946
relation to Student's t-distribution__ _ _ _ ___ __ __ _
947
series expansions for _ __ _ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ 946, 948
statistical properties 01-_ _____________________
946
Factorial function_ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ ___
255
(see gamma function)
Factorization
table oL _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ ___ _ ___ _ 844, 864
Faltung theorem________________ ______________ 1020
Filon's quadrature formula_ _ ___________________
890
coefficients fOf- _ _ _ ____ _ __ _______ __ ____ ______
924
Floquet's theorem_ __ __ ___ __ __ _ ______ _____ __ ___
727
Fresnel integrals _________________________ 262,300,440
asymptotic expansions oL____________________
302
auxiliary functions _________________________ 300,323
complex zeros oL____ _ ___ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ __ __ _ _
329
definition _____ ._____________________________
300
derivatives oL_ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _
301
graphof____________________________________
301
integrals involving___________________________
303
interrelations_ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ ___ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ _
300

PaKe

maxima and minima oL__________________ ____

rational approximations_ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ ___ __ __ _
relation to spherical Bessel functions_ __ __ ___ __ _
relation to the confluent hypergeometric function_
relation to the error function__________________
series expansion for__________________________
symmetry relations_ __ ___ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ ___ _
table oL _________________________________ 321,
value at infinity_____________________________
Fundamental period parallelogram_________________

329
302
301
301

301
301
301
323
301
629

G
Gamma function ____________________________ 255, 263
asymptotic formulas_ __ _ ___ ___ __ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _
257
binomial coefficient _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __ _
256
continued fraction for________________________
258
definite integrals____ __ ___ __ _ __ ____ _ __ ___ __ __ _
258
duplication formula__ ___ _ __ __ ___ __ ____ __ __ __ _
256
Euler's formula___ __ ___ __ __ _ _ __ __ ____ _ __ __ ___
255
Euler's infinite product_______________________
255
Euler'S integral___ ___ ____ _ __ ___ _ _ __ ____ __ _ ___
255
fractional values oL _ _ ___ __ _ _ ___ ___ __ __ __ ____
255
Gauss' multiplication formula_________________
256
graphof____________________________________
255
Hankel's contour integraL_ _ ___ _ ____ __ _ __ ___ __
255
in the complex plane__ __ __ _ __ _ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ _
256
integer values oL___ __ __ _ __ ___ _ __ __ ___ __ _____
255
Pochhammer's symboL_______________________
256
polynomial approximations _ _ __ _ __ __ __ ___ ____ _
257
power series for _______ __ __ __ ____ ___ _ _________
256
recurrence formulas__ _ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __
256
reflection formula___ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ ____ _ __ ___ ___ _
256
series expansion for l/r(z) ____________________
256
Stirling's formula__ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ ___ _ __ _ _ _
257
tables oL _________________________ 267,272,274,276
triplication formulas _ _ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ ___ _ __ __ _
256
Wallis' formula ____________________________ ._
258
Gauss series_____________ ____ _____ __ __ ____ _____
556
Gaussian integration__ ___ __ __ _ __ ___ _ __ __ __ __ __ _
887
abscissas an.d weight factors for________________
916
for integrands with a logarithmic singUlarity _ _ __
920
of moments_________________________________
921
Gaussian probability function__ __ __ ___ _ ___ __ _ ___
931
Gauss' transformation___ __ ____ __ _ __ ___ _ __ ___ _ __
573
Gegenbauer polynomials ___________ ,____________ 561
(see orthogonal polynomials)
coefficients for and x" in terms of__ __ _ __ __ __ _
794
graphs oL___________________________ _____
776
Generalized hypergeometric function _______ 362,377,556
Generalized Laguerre polynomials _ _ ___ _ __ ___ __ __
771
(see orthogonal polynomials)
Generalized mean_____ __ __ ___ __ ____ _ __ ___ __ ____
10
Geometric mean_____ _ __ __ _____ __ _ __ __ _________
10
Geometric progression__________________________
10
Gill's method_ _ __ __ __ __ __ ________ __ ___ __ ___ ___
896
Gudermannian_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _______
77

H
Hankel functions ________________________ 358,379,510
Hankel's contour integral_______________________
255
Harmonic analysis ___________________________ 202,881

1036

INDEX
Page

Page

Harmonic mean ______________________________ .

10
Haversine _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
78
Hefl,viside expansion theorem____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1021
Hermite functions ___________________________ 509, 691
Hermite integration_______ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ __
890
abscissas and weight factors for________________
924
Hermite polynomials _________________ 300,510,691,775
(see orthogonal polynomials)
coefficients for and x" in terms oL_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
801
graph of.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
780
values oL _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _
802
Heuman's lambda function _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
595
graph oL_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
595
table of. ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
622
Hh function _________________________________ 300, 691
HOlder's inequality for integrals_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
11
for sumS___ _ _ _ __ __ ___ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ __
11
Horner's scheme____ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
788
Hyperbolic functions____ _ _ __ __ _ __ ___ __ __ _ ___ ___
83
addition and subtraction oL__________________
84
addition formulas for __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
83
continued fraction fOf- __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
85
DeMoivre's theorem__ __ __ _ __ ___ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
84
differentiation formulas_ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ __ ___ _ _ _
85
graph of.___________________________________
83
half-angle formulas_ _________________________
83
indefinite integrals____ __ _ ______ _ _ ___ _____ _ _ _ _
86
infinite products________ __ _ _ _ _ __ ________ __ ___
85
modulus and phase_ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ ____ __ _ _ __ _
84
multiple angle formulas_ _ _ ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ ___ ___
84
negative angle formulas_ __ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ ____ __ _
83
periodic properties of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
83
products oL________________________________
84
real and imaginary parts_____________________
84
relations between____________________________
83
relation to circular functions_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
83
series expansions for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
85
tables oL ________________________________ 213,219
Hypergeometric differential equation_____________
562
solution of._________________________________
563
Hypergeometric functions_ _ _ __ ____ ________ _____ 332,

recurrence formulas ________________________ 263,944

relation to other functions_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
945
relation to the binomial expansion _________ .. ___
263
relation to the x 2-distribution _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
944
relation to the hypergeometric function _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
263
series expansion for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
944
symmetry relation__ _ __ _ _ _ ______ ___ _ __ _______
263
Incomplete gamma function _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 230, 260, 486, 509
as a confluent hypergeometric function_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
262
asymptotic expansions oL____________________
263
computation oL_________ _ _ _ ___ _ __ ________ __ _
959
continued fraction for________________________
263
definite integrals_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ ____ __ _____
263
derivatives and differential equations_ _ _ _ ___ __ _
262
graph of____________________________________
261
Pearson's form oL___________________________
262
recurrence formulas _______________________._ __
262
series developments for ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
262
special values oL____________________________
262
table oL___________________________________
978
Indeterminate forms (L'Hospital's rule) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13
Inequality, Cauchy's___________________________
11
Chebyshev's_ __ __ __ __ __________ _ _ __ __ ____ _ __
11
HOlder's for integrals_ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ ____ _ _ _
11
Holder's for sums_________ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ ____ __ _
11
Minkowski's for integrals_____________________
11
Minkowski's for sums________________________
11
Schwarz's______ ____ ___ __ __ __ _ _ _______ _ __ ___ _
11
triangle_ _ _ __ __ _______ _ _ _____ ____ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _
11

335,336,362,377,487,555,779
561
561
565
565
557
556
557
558
561
556
556
559

as Legendre functions________________________
as polynomials_ ____ __ __ __ ___ _ _ _ __ ____ __ _ _ __ _
as reductions of Riemann's P-function__________
asymptotic eltpansions of. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
differentiation formulas______________________
Gauss series _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Gauss' relations for contiguous functions_ _ _ ___ _
integral representations_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ ___
special cases oL ____________ ~ _ _ _ _ _______ _ _ __ _
special elementary cases_ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
special values of the argument________________
transformation formulas___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

I
Incomplete beta function _____________________ 263,944
approximations to - - - ________________________
945
asymptotic expansions oL____________________
945
computation oL_____ _____ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ _____
959
continued fraction for________________________
944

Integral of a bivariate normal distribution over a

polygon____________________________________
Integrals
of circular functions_________________________
of exponential functions_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
of hyperbolic functions_______________________
of inverse circular functions____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _
of inverse hyperbolic functions_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
of irrational algebraic functions_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
of logarithmic functions_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
of rational algebraic functions_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Integration__ ____ ______ ____ _ __ _ _ ____ _ ______ _ _ _
Bode's rule_ _ ___ _ _____ _ _ ___ ____ __ _____ __ ____
by parts____________________________________
Chebyshev's equal weight formula_____________
EUler-Maclaurin summation formula___________
Filon's formula______________________________
five-point rule for analytic functions_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Gaussian type formulas ___________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
iterated integrals__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Lagrange formula___________________________
Lobatto's integration formula_________________
multidimensional_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ____ _
Newton-Cotes formula_ ____ _ __ _____ _ _ __ __ ____
Radau's integration formula_ ___ _ _ _ __ __ __ ___ _ _
Simpson's rule________________________ _____
trapezoidal rule___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ ____ _
Interpolation_ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Aitken's iteration method__ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _
Bessel's formula__ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _
bivariate___________________________________
Everett's formula____________________________

956
77
71

86
82
88
12
69
12
885
886

12
887
886
890
887
887

891
886
888
891
886
888

886
885

878
879
881
882

880

1037

INDEX

Page

Page

harmonic analysis_ _ _ ____ __ __ ___ ____ __ __ __ ___

881
inverse_____________________________________
881
Lagrange formula_ _ _ ________________________ 878
Newton's divided difference formula___________
880
Newton's forward difference formula___________
880
Taylor's expansion_____ _______ __ ______ __ __ ___ 880
Thiele's formula ____________._ ___ ____________ _ 881
880
throwback formulas_____ ____ ____________ __ ___
trigonometric _______________________________ 881
Invariants___ ________ ___ ___ _________ _______ ___ 629
tables oL____ ____ ___ ______ _____ ___ ___ _______ 680
Inverse circular functions ____________________ 22, 79, 92
addition and subtraction oL __________________
80
Chebyshev approximations_ _ _________________
82
continued fractions for _ ______________________
81
differentiation formulas _ _ _ _ __________________
82
graph oL___ _____ ___ ___ ___ ____ _____ ____ ___ __
79
indefinite integrals___ ____ ____ ___ _______ ____ __
82
logarithmic representation_____ __ ________ _____ _
80
negative arguments__ ______ ___ ____________ ___
80
polynomial approximations_ _ _________________
81
real and imaginary parts _ _ ___________________
80
relation to inverse hyperbolic functions_________
80
series expansions for _ ________________________
81
table oL _ __________________________________ 203
Inverse hyperbolic functions ____________________ 86, 93
addition and subtraction oL__________________
87
continued fractions for ____________ ___________
88
differentiation formulas_ _ _ _ ___________ __ ____ _
88
graphs oL __________________________________
86
indefinite integrals_ __________________________
88
logarithmic representations_ ___________ ___ ____
87
87
negative arguments___ ____ ___ ___ _______ _____ _
87
relation to inverse circular functions___________
series expansions for _ ____ __________ __________
88
tables oL __________________________________ 221

J
Jacobian elliptic functions_ _____________________ 567
addition theorems for ___________________ ___ __ 574
approximations in terms of circular functions_ _ _ 573
approximations in terms of hyperbolic functions_
574
calculation by use of the arithmetic-geometric
mean____________________________________
571
calculation oL ____________________________ 579,581
change of argument_ ____ __________________ ___ 572
change of parameter _ ________________________ 573
classification oL _________________________ __ _ 570
complex arguments_ _____ ________ ____ _______ _ 575
definitions_ ________ _ ____________ ____________ 569
derivatives oL ___ ____ __ ___ __ ___ ________ __ __ _ 574
double arguments_ _ _ ___ __ __ _____ ______ ___ __ _ 574
graphs oL ______________ ____________________ 570
half-arguments___ ___________ _____ ___________ 574
integrals____ _____ ________ __ ___ _____ ____ __ ___ 575
integrals of the squares____ _____ __ __ __ ________ 576
Jacobi's imaginary transformation_____________
574
Landen transformation__ _____ ______ _____ __ __ _ 573
leading terms of series in powers of u_ ___ ____ ___
575
parameter__________________________________
569
principal terms_ _____________________________ 572

quarter periods_ _____________________________ 569

reciprocal parameter _________________________ 573
relations between squares of the functions_ _____ 573
relation to the copolar trio___ _________________ 570
relation with Weierstrass functions_ _ _ _________ 649
series expansions in terms of the nome q ___ _ __ _ _ 575
special arguments_ _ _ ____ _______ __ ___ _______ _ 571
Jacobi's eta function__ ___ __ _____ __ _____ ___ __ __ _ 577
Jacobi's polynomials _________________________ 561,773
(see orthogonal polynomials)
coefficients for _ _ _ _ ________________________
793
graphs oL ______________________________ 773, 776
Jacobi's theta function (see theta functions) _ _ _ ___ 576
Jacobi's zeta function ________________________ 578,595
addition theorem for _________________________ 595
calculation by use of the arithmetic-geometric
mean____________________________________
578
graphof____________________________________
595
Jacobi's imaginary transformation_ ___________ _ 595
q-series for ___________ _______________________ 595
relation to theta functions __________________ 578, 595
special values ________ ____________________ ___ 595
table of___ ______ ____ __ ___ ___________________
619

K
Kelvin functions ________________________ 379,387,509
ascending series for ______ ________ ___ __ ___ ____ 379
ascending series for products oL_______________
381
asymptotic expansions for large arguments_ _ _ _ 381
asymptotie expansions for large zeros_ _ ________ 383
asymptotic expansions of modulus and phase_ _ _ 383
asymptotic expansions of products__ ___________ 383
definitions __________________________________ 379
379
differential equations_____ ____ ____ ___ ____ __ ___
expansions in series of Bessel functions _ _ _______ 381
graphs of___________________________________
382
indefinite integrals__ ____________________ _____ 380
modulus and phase_ _______ __ ___ __ _____ __ ___ _ 382
380
of negative argument________________________
polynomial approximations _ __________________ 384
recurrence relations_ _________________________ 380
recurrence relations for products__ _____________ 380
relations between____ ____ ______ __ _____ __ __ ___ 379
tables oL __________________________________ 430
uniform asymptotic expansions for large orders__
384
381
zeros of functions of order zero________________
Kronecker delta_ ____________ __________________ 822
Kummer functions____ ___ __ __ ___ __ _____ ___ ___ __
504
Kummer's transformation of series_______________
16
L

Lagrange differentiation formula___ ______________

Lagrange integration coefficients__ _______________
table oL _ _____ __ __ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ ____ ___ ___
Lagrange interpolation coefficients_ ______________
table of ________________________________ '- ___
Lagrange interpolation formula__ ________________
Lagrange's expansion __ ________________________
Laguerre integration_ __________________________
abscissas and weight factors for _ _ __ ___________

882
886
915
878
900
878
14
890
923

1038

INDEX
Page

Page

Laguerre polynomials_ ___________________ 509, 510, 773

(see orthogonal polynomials)
.
coefficients for and x n in terms oL __________ _ 799
graph of _________________________________ _ 780
values of ________________________________ _ 800
Lame's equation ______________________________ _ 641
Landen's transformation
ascending_ _ __ _ _______________________ 573, 598, 604
descending ___________________________ 573,597,604
Laplace transforms_ ___________________________ 1019
definition__ ______ ______________ ______ ___ ____ 1020
operations__________________________________ 1020
tables oL_ _____________________ ___ __ __ __ ___ 1021
Laplace-Stieltjes transforms___ _________ _________ 1029
tables oL _______________________ _. _____ ___ 1029
17
Laplace's equation___ ____ ____ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ ___

continued fractions for _______________________

68
definite integrals_ _ _ _________________________
69
differentiation formula ___________________ .. ___
69
graphof____________________________________
67
69
indefinite integrals____ _______ ___ __ ________ ___
inequalities for __________________ .__ _______ __
68
limiting values _________________________ .. ____
68
mantissa_ _ _____ __ ___________ _____ ______ __ __
89
68
polynomial approximations _ __________________
68
series expansions for _ __ _______ ____ ___ ________
95
tables oL ___________________________ .. ___ .. __ _
Logarithmic integraL ____________________ 228,231,510
graph of____________________________________
231

Laplaci~n----------------------______________

885
in spherical coordinates _________________._ ____ 752
Laurent series_ _______ _________________________ 635
Least square approximations_ ___________________ 790
Legendre functions ______________ 332,362,377, 561, 774
asymptotic expansions of. ________________ ____ 335
computation of. _____________________________ 339
explicit expressions for _ ______________________ 333
graphs of. ______________________________ __ 338, 780
integral representations of ____________________ 335
integrals involving__ ___ ____ _____ __ _____ __ ____ 337
notation for ___ - - ____________________________
332
of negative argument- _ _ _________________ ____ 333
of negative degree_ ______________________ ____ 333
of negative order ________________ .. ______ _____ 333
333
recurrence relations_ .. - - - ____ - ____________ - - - relation to elliptic integrals _ _________________ 337
relations between_ ___________________________ 333
Rodrigues' formula_ ______ ___________________ 334
special values oL _________________ .. ______ ____ 334
summation formulas _________________________ 335
tables oL ___ - _______ .. __________________ ____ 342
trigonometric expansions oL __________________ 335
values on the cuL ________________________ ___ 333
Wronskian relation_ _ _____ _____________ ___ __ _ 333
Legendre polynomials _____________ .. ______ 332, 486, 773
(see orthogonal polynomials)
798
coefficients for and x" in terms of ___ _________
graph of. __ ___________________________ __ 338, 780
values of __ - - - - ___________________________ 342
Legendre's differential equation _______________ . _ 332
332
solutions of. _- - ____ .. ______________________ __
Leibniz' theorem for
differentiation of a product- _________________ _
12
differentiation of an integraL ________________ _
11
Lemniscate constant _________________________ _
658
Lemniscatic case __________________________ _
658
L'Hospital's rule _____________________________ _
13
Lobatto integration ___________________________ _ 888
abscissas and weight factors for ______________ _ 920
Logarithmic function _________________________ _ 67,89
chanp:e of base _____________________________ _ 67,89
characteristic ______________________________ _
89
Chebyshev approximations __________________ _
69
common ___________________________________ _
68,89

Markoff's differentiation formula _______________ _

883
Mathematical constants _______________________ _
1
in octal scale _______________________________ _ 1017
Mathieu functions ____________________________ _ 721
asymptotic representations of. _______________ _
740
comparative notation for ____________________ _ 744
expansions for small q___ ____________________ _ 730
expansions in terms of parabolic cylinder func~ons_____________________________________
742
graphs of. ________________________________ 725, 734
735
integral equations for________________________
integral representations of. ___________________
736
joining factors, table oL____ ___ _____ ___ ___ __ __ 748
732
normalization oL ____ .. ____ .. __ .. ____________ .. __
orthogonality properties of.____ ___ __ ______ ____
732
other properties ot. __ ______________________ 735, 738
725
power series in q for periodic solutions__________
proportionality factors_ ____ _____ _______ __ ___ _
735
723
recurrence relations among the coefficients______
728
special cases of._ _ __ _______ ___ ___ __ __ __ __ ____
special values of.___ ________ ____________ ____ _ 740
table of coefficients for ___ ___ _____ __ __________
750
table of critical values of. ________________ ____
748
739
zeros of. ___ - -- - _ ___ ________ __ __ _____ _______
Mathieu's equation ___ - ______ ______ __ ___ ___ __ __ 722
characteristic exponent___ ___ _________ ____ ___ _ 727
727
generation oL_____________________________
graphs of._ - - ____ - _______ __ ______ __ ______ _
728
characteristic values _______________________ 722, 748
asymptotic expansions of.__________________
726
determination of. _ _ ______ __________ ___ ____
722
graph of__________________________________
724
power series for __ - ____ ______ ______ ____ ___ _ 724
Floquet solutions ___ -_ _______ ___________ _ ____ 727
other solutions_ - - - - - ___________________ .... ___
730
relation to spheroidal wave equation___________
722
solutions involving products of Bessel functions_
731
stability regions oL___ __________ _____ ________ 728
Mathieu's modified equation____________________
722
radial solutions oL ______________________ .__ __
732
Maxima______________________________________
14
Mean________________________________________
928
arithmetic __ - ____ _______________ ________ ____
10
generalized __ - - ____ ______________________ ___
10
geometric_____ ___ _____ ________ __________ ____
10
harmonic___________________________________
10

1039

INDEX

Pllge

Pllge

Milne's method_______________________________
Minima______________________________________
Minkowski's inequality for integrals_ _ _ __ __ __ __ __
for SUIllS____________________________________
Miscellaneous functions_ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ __ __ _ ___ __ __ _
Mobius function_______________________________
Modified Bessel functions, [,(z), K.(z)____________
analytic continuation of. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ _
ascending series for__________________________
asymptotic expansions for large arguments______
connection with Legendre functions____________
derivatives with respect to order _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __
differential equation_ _ _ _ __ ____ _ __ _ ___ ___ __ __ _
formulas for derivatives______________________
generating function and associated series_ _ _ _ _ _ _
graphs oL_________________________________
in terms of hypergeometric functions___________
integral representations of. ___ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ _
limiting forms for small arguments_____________
multiplication theorems for _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ _
Neumann series for K,(z) __ _.. _ _ __ _ __ ___ __ ____ _
other differential equations_ _ _ __ _ __ __ ___ __ _ _ __
polynomial approximations_ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ _ __ __ __ _
recurrence relations_ _ __ _ ____ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ __
relations between___ ___ _ _ __ __ _ ____ _ _ __ ____ _ _ _
tables oL___ _ _ __ __ _ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

896
14
11
11
997
826
374
376
375
377
377
377
374
376
376
374
377
376
375
377
377
377
378
376
375
416

uniform asymptotic expansions for large orders_ _

Wronskian relations_ _ _ _ __ __ _ ____ __ __ ___ _ __ __
zeros of____________________________________
Modified Mathieu functions_ _ _ _ __ _ ___ __ ___ __ _ __
graphs oL _ __ _ ___ __ __ ___ _ __ ___ _ __ ___ __ __ _ __
Modified spherical Bessel functions ________ 443, 453,
addition theoreIllS for _ ___ _ ____ __ _ _ ____ _ __ ___ _
ascending series for _ _ ___ __ __ _ ___ _ _ __ ___ __ __ __
computation oL___ _ ____ ____ ___ __ _ __ ___ _ ___ __
definitions_ __ ___ __ _ ____ ___ _ ____ _ ___ __ _ ___ __ _
degenerate forms_ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ __ _
derivatives with respect to order_______________
differential equation _ _ _ _ __ __ __ ___ __ _ __ __ __ __ _
differentiation formulas_ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _
duplication formula__ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __ _ __ __ _ ___ _
formulas of Rayleigh's type__ ___ __ __ __ ___ ___ __
generating functions for _ ____ _ __ ___ __ _ __ _ __ __ _
graphs oL __ __ __ __ ____ _ _ ___ __ _ _____ _ ___ __ __
recurrence relations_ ___ ___ _ __ __ __ _ ___ _ _ __ ___ _
representations by elementary functions________
tables oL_______ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ __ __ _
Wronskian relations_ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ ___ __ _
Modified Struve functions_ ___ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ __ ___ __
asymptotic expansion for large Izl .. ____________
computation of.___ _ ___ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __ __ _ ___ __
graph oL_ __ __ __ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ ___ _ ___ __ _
integral representations of _ _ __ _ _ ___ __ __ _ __ ___ _

378
375
377
722
734
498
445
443
453
443
445
445
443
444
445
445
445
444
444
443
469
443
498
498
499
498
498
498
498
498
498
501
16
928
891

integra~____________________________________

power series expansion for _ ____ _ ___ __ __ ___ _ ___

recurrence relations_ ___ __ __ __ __ __ ___ _ ___ __ _ __
relation to modified spherical Bessel functions_ _
tables oL___ _ _ ___ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ _
Modulus_____________________________________
Moments_ ____ ____ _ __ __ _ ___ _ __ __ ____ _ ___ __ __ __
Multidimensional integration_ _ _ _ ____ __ _ __ __ __ __

Multinomial coefficients_ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ ___ _ _

table of. __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ _ __ __ ____ _ __ ___ __

823
831

N
Neumann's polynomiaL___ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ ___ ____ _ _
363
Neville's notation __________________________ - - 578
Neville's theta functions________________________
578
expression as infinite products_ ____ ___ __ __ __ __ _
579
579
expression as infinite series_ ____ _ __ __ _ __ __ ____ _
graphs of___________________________________
578
tables oL ________________________________ - - _
582
Newton coefficients_ _ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ _
880
relation to Lagrange coefficients_ _ __ __ __ _ ____ _ _
880
Newton interpolation formula_ __ __ __ _ __ ___ ____ 880, 883
Newton's method of approximation______________
18
Newton-Cotes formula_ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ __
886
Nome ________________________________ - ____ - 591, 602
table of. _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ __ _ __ _____ _ _ 608, 610, 612
Normal probability density function
derivatives of. _____________________ - _____ - - _
933
Normal probability function____________________
931
asymptotic expansions oL ____ __ __ _ ____ __ __ _ _ _
932
bounds for__________________________________
933
computation oL_____________________________
953
continued fraction for __ __ __ _ __ __ __ ___ __ ____ _ _
932
error curves for _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ ___ _ ____ __ __ _ __
933
polynomial and rational approximations_ __ __ _ __
932
power series for _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ ____ __ __ _ _ _
932
relation to other functions_ __ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
934
values of x for extreme values of P(x) and Q(x) __
977
values of x in terms of P(x) and Q(x)___________
976
values of Z(x) in terms of P(x) and Q(x)________
975
Normal probability functions and derivatives _ _ _ __
933
tables oL___ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ ___ __ _
966
Normal probability integral
repeated integrals of. _ _ __ ___ __ __ _ _ ____ __ ____ _
Number theoretic functions____ __ _ _ __ ___ _ __ ___ _ _

934
826

o
Oblate spheroidal coordinates _______________ ~ ___
752
Octal scale____________________________________ 1017
Octal tables_____ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ __ __ _ 1017
Operations with series__________________________
15
Orthogonal polynomials _ _ _ __ __ _ ___ __ _ ____ ___ __ _
771
as confluent hypergeometric functions__________
780
as hypergeometric functions _ _ _ _ __ __ __ ___ __ _ __
779
as Legendre functions_ __ _ __ _ __ ___ _ _ ___ __ __ __ _
780
as parabolic cylinder functions _ _ __ _ ___ __ ___ __ _
780
change of interval of orthogonality _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _
790
coefficients for _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ ___ _ __ __ _ __ __ ____ _ _
793
defin~ion___________________________________
773
differential equations _______________________ 773,781
differential relations _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ _____ ___ __ _
783
evaluation oL____ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ ___ _ _____ _
788
explicit expressions for _ _ __ __ _ __ ___ ___ _ __ ___ _ _
775
generating functions for _ _ _ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ _
783
graphs of ______________________________ 773, 776-780
inequalities for _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ ___ _ ____ __
786
integral representations of _ _ _ __ __ __ ___ ___ __ __ _
784
integrals involving___ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ ___ __ ___ __ _
785
interrelations_ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ _ __
777

INDEX

1040

Orthogonal polynomials-Continued
Pllge
limit relations____ __ ___ __ __ ___ _ ___ _ ___ __ ___ _ _
787
of a discrete variable_________________________
788
orthogonality relations _ ___ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ _
774
powers of x in terms oL ________________ 793,794-801
recurrence relations, miscellaneous __________ - 773, 782
recurrence relations with respect to degree n_ ___
782
Rodrigues' formula _ _ __ ___ __ __ ____ __ __ __ ___ 773, 785
special values oL _________________________ - _ _
777
sum formulas ____________________________ - __
785
tables oL _______ __ ___ ___ __ __ ___ __ 795, 796, 800, 802
zeros of____________________________________
787

p
Parabolic cylinder functions U(a, x), V(a, x)_____

300,

509,685,780
asymptotic expansions of- __ __ ___ ___ _ ____ __ ___
689
computation oL_____________________________
697
connection with Bessel functions_ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ 692, 697
connection with confluent hypergeometric functions________ _____ ___ ____ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ _

691

connection with Hermite polynomials and functions__ _____ __ ____ _____ __ __ ___ __ ___ __ __ __ _

691

connection with probability integrals and

Dawson's integraL________________________
Darwin's expansions_ __ ____ ____ __ _ __ _ _ ___ __ __
differential equation_ _ _ ___ ____ __ ____ _ ___ __ __ _
expansions for a large, x moderate_____________
expansions for x large, a moderate _ ___ __ _ __ __ __
expansions in terms of Airy functions_ _ _ __ ___ _ _
integral representations oL _____ _ ___ _ __ __ __ ___
modulus and phase_ _ __ __ __ ____ __ _ ___ __ ____ __
power series in x for _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ ___ ___ ___ _
recurrence relations__________________________
standard solutions_ __ ____ _ _ ____ ___ __ __ _ ___ __ _
table oL___________________________________
Wronskian and other relations_ _ _ ____ ___ ____ _ _
zeros oL _ _ ___ __ ____ ___ ____ __ ______ __ _____ __

691
689
686
689
689
689
687
690
686
688
687
700
687
696
692
693
693
699
695

Parabolic cylinder functions W(a, x)______________

asymptotic expansions oL____________________
complex solutions____________________________
computation oL_____________________________
connection with Bessel functions _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __
connection with
confluent
hypergeometric
functions._ ___ __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ ___ __ _ _____
695
Darwin's expansions_ ___ __ ____ _ __ ___ _ __ ___ ___
694
differential equation _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ ___ _ ___ __ _ ___ 686, 692
expansions for large, x moderate _ __ __ __ ___ ___
694
expansions for x large, a moderate _ __ __ __ __ ___ _
693
expression in terms of Airy functions_ ____ __ ___ _
693
integral representations oL _ _ _ __ __ __ ___ _ ___ ___
693
modulus and phase _ _ _ _ __ _____ __ ___ _ _ ___ ___ _ _
695
power series in x for__________________________
692
standard solutions___________________________
692
table oL _ _ __ ___ __ __ ___ ____ __ __ __ __ _______ __
712
Wronskian and other relations_ _ ___ _ _ __ ____ _ __
693
zeros of. _ _ _____ ____ ____ __ __ _ ______ ____ __ ___
696
Parameter m ____________________ ____________ 569,602
table oL___________________________________
612
Partitions _ _ _ ____ ___ __ __ __ ____ ___ __ __ ____ ___ __
825
into distinct parts_ _ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ __ __ _ ___ ___
825
tables oL _________________________________ 831,836

Pllge

unrestricted _____ - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pearson's form of the incomplete gamma function __

Pentagamma function ________ -- ---- --- - - --- -- -(see polygamma functions)
Percentage points of the x2-distribution
values of x 2 in terms of Q and 1'-------------Percentage points of the F -distribution
values of F in terms of Q, I'll 1'2---------------Percentage points of the I-distribution
values of I in terms of A and 1' _______________ _

825
262
260

984
986
990

999
Planck's radiation function_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -Plane triangles, solution oL ____________________ _ 78,92
256
Pochhammer's symboL ___ --- - __ -- -- --- -------896
Point-slope formula _______ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -509
Poisson-Charlier function ___ - - ___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -959
Poisson distribution ______ -- - - --- -- -- ------ - ---table of cumulative sums 01- _________________ _ 978
16
Polar form ________ -- - -- -- - -- -- -- -- ---- ---- - --260
Polygamma functions _____ - _____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -260
asymptotic formulas ____ - - - ___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -fractional values oL ____ - _____ - - - - __ - - - - - - - - 260
integer values oL ____ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __
260
multiplication formula for _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __
260
recurrence formula___________________________
260
reflection formula __________________________ - _
260
series expansions for _ _ ___ __ __ ___ ___ __ _ ___ ___ _
260
tables 01- _________________________________ 267,271
Polynomial evaluation_ _ _ _ __ _ _______ _ ___ __ _ ___ _
788
Powers
computation oL _____________________________ 19,90
general
---------------------------------69
graph 0'___
-____
___ ___ ___ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _____
19
of complex numbers_ _ _ __ _ __ ___ _ __ ___ __ ___ __ _
16
oftwo _______________________________ - _____ 1016
of x"/nL _ _____ __ ______ __ __ ____ ___ ___ _______
818
tables 01-___________________________________
24
Predictor-corrector method ___________________ - _
896
Primes_______________________________________
231
table of. __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ ___ __ __ __ _ _ _ ___
870
Primitive roots___ __ __ ___ ___ __ __ __ __ __ ____ _____
827
table oL _ __ __ ___ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ ___ ___ ___
864
Probability density function_ __ _ __ __ __ ___ _ __ __ __
931
asymptotic expansion of______________________
935
Probability functions_ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ ___ __ __ ______ _ __
927
Probability integraL ________________________ 262,691
of the x2-distribution, table oL________________
978
Progressions
arithmetic_ __ __ __ ___ __ _ ___ __ ___ __ __ __ _____ __
10
geometric_--________________________________
10
Prolate spheroidal coordinates _____________ -_____
752
Pseudo-Iemniscatic case_ _ ___ _ _____ __ __ __ __ _ ____
662
Psi function ________________________________ 258,264
asymptotic formulas_________________________
259
defi nite integrals _ _ _ ___ ____ _ ___ _ ___ _ _____ __ __
259
duplication formula__________________ ________
259
fractional values 01._________________________
258
graphof____________________________________
258
in the complex plane_____________________ ____
259
integer values oL________________________ ____
258
recurrence formulas___ __ __ __ __ __ ____ ___ __ ____
258
reflection formula________________________ ____
259

1041

INDEX

Page

Page

series expansions for _ _______ _________________

259
tables oL ____________.____________ 267,272,276,288
zeros of. _ _ _____ __ ______ _______ _____________ 259
Q

Quadratic equation, solution oL _________________ 17,19

Quartic equation, resolution into quadratic factors_ _ 17, 20

R
Radau's integration formula_ ____ __ ___ ___ _____ __
Random deviates, generation oL _ ______ ___ __ ____
Random numbers_ _ ____ __ __ __ __ ____ ____ __ __ ___
methods of generation oL____________________
table of. _ _______ ______ ____________ ______ ___

888
949
949
949
991

Repeated integrals of the error function__________

299
as a single integraL __ ._______________________
299
asymptotic expansion oL_____________________
300
definition___ _ __ ___ ________ __ ____ __ __________
299
300
derivatives oL _ __ ___ ___ __ ___ ______ __________
differential equation _ _ __ _____ ________________
299
graph oL___ _ ____ ___ __ __ ___ ___ __ ___ _____ ____
300
power series for _ _ __________ ________________ _
299
recurrence relations_ ____ ____ _______ __________
299
relation to Hermite polynomials_ ____________ __ 300
relation "to parabolic cylinder functions ___ - _____
300
relation to the confluent hypergeometric function______________________________________
300
relation to the Hh function___________________
300
table of. _ ____ __ ___ __ __ __ __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____ _ 317
value at zero________________________________
300
Representation of numbers _____________________ 1012
Reversion of series _____________________________ 16, 882
445
Riccati-Bessel functions__ __ ___ __ ___ __ ___ __ _____
definitions_ __ ______________________ ______ __ _
445
differential equation ___________________ - _____
445
Wronskian relations _ _ _ ________ __ ____________
445
Riemann zeta function ___________________ - ___ 256, 807
special values oL__ ____ ___ ___ __ __ ___ __ ___ ____
807
Riemann's differential equation _ _ _ _ ___ ___ _______ 564
solutions oC _______ ____ ________ _______ ___ __ _ 564
Riemann's P function_ _____ ____ _______________ _
564
transformation formulas _____ ___ __ ___ __ _______ 565
Ring functions __ ________ ___ _________ _______ ___ 336
Rodrigues' formula_ _ ___ ___ ______________ 334, 773, 785
Roots
computation oL _____________________________ 19,89
graphof____________________________________
19
of complex numbers _ _ _ _ __ ___ _____ __________ _ 17, 20
tables of. __________________________________ 24,223
Runge-Kutta methods_ _ ______ __ __ _____ __ ______ 896

S
Scales of notation _______________________ - - _- __ 1011
general conversion methods _____________ - - ___ _ 1012
Schwarz's inequality __________________________ _
11
Sectoral harmonics _______________________ - ___ _ 332
Series _______________________________________ _
14
binomial __________________________________ _
14
Euler-Maclaurin summation formula __________ _ 16,22
Euler's transformation of. ___________________ _ 16,21
exponentiaL _______________________________ _
69

Kummer's transformation oC_________________

16
14
Lagrange's expansion_ _ ______ _______ ___ ______
logarithmic _________________________________
68
15
operations with_ _ _ _ __ ______ __ ______ ___ _____ _
16
reversion oC _________ _______________________
Taylor's___ _ ___________ __ ________ __ ______ __ _
14
74
trigonometric _ __________________ ____________
Shifted Chebyshev polynomials _ _ _ _ _____ __ ______ 774
(see orthogonal polynomials)
Shifted Legendre polynomials___________________
774
(see orthogonal polynomials)
Sievert integraL____ ____ ____ ____ ______ ___ ______ 1000
Simpson's rule ___________________________ - ____
886
Sine integral ________________________________ 231,510
asymptotic expansions of. _________ _____ ______
233
computation of._._ _____ _____ _____ ___________
233
231
definitions _________________________________
graphs of___________________________________
232
integral representation oC _________ ______ _____ 232
integrals____________________________________
232
rational approximations _ ______ _______ ________
233
relation to exponential integraL ____ ____ _______
232
series expansions for _ _ ____________ _____ ___ ___ 232
symmetry relations ___________ ____ _____ ___ ___
232
tables of. ______________________ __________ _ 238, 243
Skewness_____________________________________
928
Spence's integral_ _ ______ __ __ _____ __ _____ ___ ___ 1004
Spherical Bessel functions_ _ _ _________ 230, 301, 435, 540
addition theorems for __________ ______________
440
analytic continuation oL ________ ________ _____
439
ascending series for _ ____________ __ ____ _______ 437
complex zeros of h(!)(z), h~)(z)---------------441
computation of.___ _ __ __ __ __ ________ ____ __ ___ 452
cross products 01. ___________________________ 439
definitions ___ ______ __ ____________ ________ ___ 437
440
degenerate forms _________ __ ______ ________ ___
derivatives with respect to order _ _ _ _ ___ _______ 440
differential equation_ _ _____ __ ___ __ ______ ____ _ 437
differentiation formulas_ _ _ _ _______ ______ __ __ _ 439.
duplication formula____ ____ __ ______ _____ _____ 440
Gegenbauer's generalization for _ _ _ _ ___________ 438
generating functions for ____________________ __ 439
graphs of. ______ __ _____ ______ _____________ __ 438
infinite series involving j~(z) _ _________________ 440
limiting values as z--+O_ ______________________ 437
modulus and phase_ _ ____ __ ___ _____ __ _______ _ 439
438
Poisson's integral for____ __ __________ ______ ___
Rayleigh's formula for _ _ ____ _________________ 439
recurrence relations_ _________________________ 439
relation to Fresnel integrals_ _____ _____________ 440
representations by elementary functions_ ______ _ 437
tables of. ______________________________ - - - _457
Wronskian relations_ _ _ _ _ ___ __ __ ___ _____ _____ 437
zeros and their asymptotic expansions__________
440
Spherical pol ynomials (Legendre) _________ _______
332
(see orthogonal polynomials)
Spherical triangles, solution of _____________ - _ ___
79
Spheroidal wave functions_ _____ _____________ ___ 751
asymptotic behavior of.______________________
756
asymptotic expansions oL____________________
755
~

1042

INDEX

Spheroidal wave functions-Continued

Pllge
characteristic values fOL ___________________ 753, 756
differential equations____ ___ _ __ _ ___ __ __ _ ____ _ _
753
evaluation of coefficients fOL _ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ _
755
expansions for ________ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
755
joining factors fOL _ __ __ ______ _ __ __ __ __ ___ __ _
757
normalization of. _____ _ ___ __ ___ _ __ __ _ ___ ___ __
755
tables of. ____ ____ __ __ __ ___ ___ _ __ ___ _ ___ ___ _ _
766
table of eigenvalues oL _ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __
760
table of prolate joining factors _ _ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ __
769
Stirling numbers_ _ _ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ____ __ __ __ _
824
table of the first kind_ _______________________
833
table of the second kind______________________
835
Stirling's formula___ __ ___ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _
257
Struve's functions_ ____ ___ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
495
asymptotic expansions for large orders _ _ __ ___ _ _
498
asymptotic expansions for large 1zl __________ _ 497,498
computation oL____ ___ __ _ __ __ ____ _ _ __ __ __ __ _
499
differential equation _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ _ __ ___
496
graphs of___________________________________
496
integral representations oL _________________ 496,498
integrals __________________________________ 497,498
modified_____ ___ ___ _ __ _ ___ _____ ___ _ ___ _ ___ __
498
power series expansion for __________________ 496,498
recurrence relations ________________________ 496,498
relation to Weber's function_ _ ________________
498
special properties oL____ __ _ __ _ ___ _____ _ _____ _
497
tables oL___________________________________
501
Student's t-distribution____ _ ___ __ __ __ ___ _ ____ __ _
948
approximations to ____ _ __ __ __ ___ __ ___ _ __ ___ _ _
949
asymptotic expansion oL_____________________
949
limiting distribution _ _ __ ____ __ ___ __ _ ___ ___ _ __
949
non-central_________________________________
949
series expansions fOL _ __ ___ ___ __ __ __ __ __ ____ _
948
statistical properties oC _ ____ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ ___
948
Subtabulation_________________________________
881
Summable series______ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __ _ ___ __ 1005
Summation of rational series_ __ ___ __ __ __ __ ___ ___
264
Sums of positive powers________________________
813
Sums of powers _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ ___ __ _ ___ __ ___ __ ___
804
Sums of reciprocal powers ____________________ 807, 811
Systems of differential equations of first order ___ __
897

T
Taylor expansion___ ___ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _
880
Taylor's formula_ _ _ ____ _ __ ___ __ _ ___ __ __ ___ __ __
14
Tesseral harmonics _ _ _ _ __ __ ___ __ ___ ___ _ __ _ __ ___
332
Tetrachoric functions_ _ __ _ ___ ___ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _
934
Tetragamma function__ _ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ ___ __
260
(see polygamma functions)
Theta functions_ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ __ __ ___ _ ___ _ _ ___ __ _
576
addition of quarter-periods_ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ ___ ___ _
577
calculation by use of the arithmetic-geometric
mean __________________________________ 577, 580
expansions in terms of the nome q _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ _
576
Jacobi's notation for_ _ __ ___ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __
577
logarithmic derivatives of.____________________
576
logarithms of sum and difference______________
577
Neville's notation for ______________________ 578,582
relations between squares of the functions _ _ __ _ _
576
relation to Jacobi's zeta function _ __ _ __ __ __ _ ___
578
relation with Weierstrass ellIptic functions______
650

Pllge

Thiele's interpolation formula __________________ _

Toroidal functions ____________________________ _
Toronto function __________________ - _____ - _- - __
Trapezoidal rule ______________________________ _
Triangle inequality ___________________________ _
Trigamma functlOn ___________________________ _

881
336
509
885
11
260

(see polygamJ1la functions)

Trigonometric functions _______________________ _

71

(see circular functions)

Truncated exponential function _______________ _ 70,262

U
Ultraspherical polynomials_____ _ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __
774
(see orthogonal polynomials)
coefficients for and x ft in terms of. _______ ._ ___
794
graphs of._ __ __ _ __ ___ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _
776
Unit step function_____________________________ 1020

V
Variance_____________________________________
Variance-ratio distribution function___ _ __ __ ___ _ __
(see F-distribution function)
Vector-addition coefficients_ _ ___ ___ ___ _ ___ __ __ __

1006

W
Wallis' formula_____ ___ _ ___ __ __ ____ __ __ ____ __ _ _

258

928
946

Wave equation
in prolate and oblate spheroidal coordinates_____
752
Weber's function______________________________
498
relation to Anger's function___ __ __ __ ___ _ _ ___ __
498
relation to Struve's function_ _ _ ___ __ __ _ __ ___ __
498
Weierstrass elliptic functions____________________
627
addition formulas for _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ ___ __ __ _ ___ _ __
635
case 6.=0___________________________________
651
computation oL._____________________________
663
conformal mapping oL _________________ 642,654,659
definitions_ ___ __ __ ___ __ _ _ _________ ____ ______
629
derivatives of. __ __ __ _____ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _____
640
determination of periods from given invariants_ _
665
determination of values at half-periods, etc., from
given periods_____________________________
664
differential equation _______________________ 629,640
discriminant- ____ ___ ____ __ __ __ ______ __ __ ____
629
equianharmonic case_________________________
652
expressing any elliptic function in terms of 9and
9'______________________________________ 651
fundamental period parallelogram_ _ _ ____ _____ _
629
fundamental rectangle _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ ___ _ _ __ _ ___
630
homogeneity relations___ _ _ __ __ _ ____ __ _ ___ _ __ _
631
integrals____________________________________
641
invariants__________________________________
629
Legendre's relation_ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ __
634
Ie mniscatic case _ ____ _____ _ _ __ _ __ ___ __ _ ____ __
658
maps oL _ ___ __ __ __ _ ____ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ 642, 654, 659
mUltiplication formulas_______________________
635
other series involving f!J', f!J'f, r _______________ 639
pseud:o-Iemniscatic case_ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ ___ _ __ __ _ _
662
reduction formulas___________________________
631
relation with complete elliptic integrals_ ____ __ __
649
relations with Jacobi's elliptic functions_ ___ ____
649
relations with theta functions_ _ _ ____ _ _ ___ ___ __
650

Index of Notations
Page

Page

(a).. = r(a+n)/r(a) (Pochhammer's symbol) ___ _

a,(q) characteristic value of Mathieu's equation __
A (x) = 2P(x) -1 normal probability function ___ _

Ai(z) Airy function __________________________ _

A.G.M. arithmetic-geometric mean ____________ _
am z amplitude of the complex number z_____ - __
antilog antilogarithm (log-I) _" ________________ _
arcsin z, arccos z inverse circular functions _____ _
arctan z, arc cot z
arcsec Z, arccsc z
arcsinh z, arccosh z inverse hyperbolic functions __
arctanh Z, arccoth z
arcsech z, arccsch z
arg Z argument of z _________________________ _
b,(q) characteristic value of Mathieu's equation __
B.. Bernoulli number ________________________ _
B .. (x) Bernoulli polynomiaL __________________ _
ber,.x, bei,.x, Kelvin functions _________________ _
Bi(z) Airy function __________________________ _
cd, sd, nd Jacobian elliptic functions ___________ _
c.d.f. cumulative distribution function _________ _
ce.(z, q) Mathieu function ____________________ _
cn Jacobian elliptic function __________________ _
Cn, Dn, Sn integrals of the squares of Jacobian
elliptic functions _________________________ _
cs, ds, ns Jacobian elliptic functions ___________ _
C(x) Fresnel integraL _______________________ _
C.. (x) Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind __
C(x, a) generalized Fresnel integraL ___________ _
Ce,(z, q) modified Mathieu function ___________ _
C\(z), C2(z) Fresnel integrals __________________ _
C.. (a) (x) ultraspherical (Gegenbauer) polynomiaL_
Chi(z) hyperbolic cosine integraL _____________ _
Ci(z) cosine integraL ________________________ _
Cin(z) cosine integraL ______________________ _
Cinh(z) hyperbOlic cosine integral. ____________ _
colog cologarithm ___________________________ .
covers A, cover sine A ________________________ _
dc, nc, sc Jacobian elliptic functions ___________ _
dn=.<l(<p) delta amplitude (Jacobian elliptic function) ____________________________________ _
parabolic cylinder function (Whittaker's
form) ___________________________________ _

256
722
931
446
571
16
89
79

86

16
722
804
804
379
446
570
927
725
569
576
570
300
774
262
732
300
774
231
231
231
231
89
78
570
569

D.(x)

e2. a roots of a polynomial (Weierstrass form) __

e' exponential function _______________________ _
e.. (z) truncated exponential function ___________ _
E( <p \ a) elliptic integral of the second kind _____ _
E(a,x) parabolic cylinder function _____________ _
E,(z) Weber's function ________________________ _
E.<ml (z) Weber parabolic cylinder function ______ _
R(m) complete elliptic integral of the second
kind ____________________________________ _
eh

1044

687
629
69
262
589
693
498
509
590

Ei(x)

exponential integraL _____ - - - - __ - - - - - - -E\(z) exponential integraL ___________________ _

E[g(X)] expected value operator for the function

228
228

g(x)-------------------------------------- 928
Ein(z) modified exponential integraL _________ -_
228
E.. Euler number ______________ - _____ -- - - -- - -804
E,,(x) Euler polynomiaL _____________________ _
804
E .. (z) exponential integraL ___________________ _
228
erf z error function __________________________ _ 297
erfc z complementary error function __________ -297
exp z=e' exponential function ________ _______ _
69
exsec A, exsecant A ___________________________ _
78
f.,r> fo., joining factors for Mathieu functions ___ _
735
F(a, b; c; z) hypergeometric function __________ _
556
F(",\a) elliptic integral of the first kind ________ _
589
538
FLC."p) Coulomb wave function (regular)-------FPP fundamental period parallelogram ________ _ 629
"F m(ah ' , ., a,,; bh 0 0' bm; z) generalized hypergeometric function .. _.. _____________________ _ 556
g2, g3 invariants of Weierstrass elliptic functions __
629
g.,., 90,. joining factors for Mathieu functions __ _ 740
g(x, y, p) bivariate normal probability function __ _ 936
Gi(z) related Airy function ___________________ _ 448
GL (." p) Coulomb wave function (irregular or logarithmic)__ __ __ ___ __ ____ ______ ____ ___ ___ ___
538
G.. (p, q. x) Jacobi polynomiaL _________________
774
gd(z) Gudermannian ___________ - _____ -_ __ _____
77
h~)(z)
spherical Bessel function of the third kind_
437
hav A haversine A___________________________
78
H.(z) Struve'sfunction_______________________
496
Hi(z) related Airy function__ __________________ 448
He .. (z) Hermite polynomiaL__ ______ ____ ___ ___
775
m)(z) Bessel function of the third kind (Hankel) _
358
Hh .. (x) Hh (probability) function _____________ 300,691
H .. (x) Hermite polynomiaL___________________
775
H(m, n. x) confluent hypergeometric function_ ___
695
I.(z) modified Bessel function__________________
374
"';!./zJ .. +~(z) modified spherical Bessel function
of the first kind _ _ _____________________ ___ 443
...;!1r/zL .. _~(z) modified spherical Bessel function
of the second kind_ ________________________ 443
J(u, p) incomplete gamma function (Pearson's
form) ___________________________________ _
262
Jz(a, b) incomplete beta function ______________ _
263
fz imaginary part of z(=y)-------------------16
in erfc z repeated integral of the error function __ _ 299
j,,(z) spherical Bessel function of the first kind __ _
437
J p(z) Anger's function _______________________ _ 498
J,(z) Bessel function of the first kind __________ _ 358
k modulus of Jacobian elliptic functions ________ _ 590
k' complementary modulus ___________________ _ 590
k.(z) Bateman's function _____________________ _
510

INDEX OF NOTATIONS

Page

Page

repeated integrals of Ko(z) _____________ _ 483

..J!7r/z K,,+J,1(z) modified spherical Bessel function of the third kind _____________________ _
443
K.(z) modified Bessel function ________________ _ 374
K(m) complete elliptic integral of the first kind __
590
ker,x, kei,x Kelvin functions __________________ _
379
li(x) logarithmic integral _____________________ -_
228
lim limit ___________________________________ _
13
logloX common (Briggs) logarithm _____________ _
68
log.z logarithm of z to base fL ________________ _
67
In z (=Iog,z) natural, Naperian or hyperbolic
logarithm ________________________________ _
68
21F(t)l=f(s) Laplace transform ______________ _ 1020
L(h, k, p) cumulative bivariate normal probability function ___________________________ _
936
L,,(x) Laguerre polynomiaL __________________ _
775
L,,(~) (x)
generalized Laguerre polynomial.. _____ _
775
L.(z) modified Struve function ________________ _
498
m = 1'1' mean _____________ - - ____ - - - ____ - _____ _ 928
m parameter (elliptic functions) _______________ _ 569
ml complementary parameter _________________ _
569
M(a, b, z) Kummer's confluent hypergeometric
function _________________________________ _
504
Mc/ o (z, q) modified Mathieu function _________ _ 733
Ms/O(z, q) modified Mathieu function _________ _ 733
M . (z) Whittaker function __________________ _
505
n characteristic of the elliptic integral of the third
kind_____________________________________
590
O(v,,) =U'" u" i~ of the order of V" (u,,/v n is bounded)_
15

Ki.(z)

o(v n ) =U n , lim

fl.~CID

~=O------------------ ____ ____

259

On(z) Neumann's polynomiaL __ __ __ ___ _ _ __ __ __

p(n) number of partitions__ __ __ __ ___ _ _ __ __ __ __
g>( z) Weierstrass elliptic function__ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _

363
825
629
ph z phase of the complex number z-___________
16
P(a,x) incomplete gamma function_ ____________
260
P(x21,,) probability of the x 2 - distribution _____ 262, 940
P~(z) associated Legendre function of the first
kind_____________________________________
332
P(x) normal probability function_______________
931
P,,(z) Legendre function (spherical polynomials) _333,774
P:(x) shifted Legendre polynomiaL___________
774
p,,(a.{l) (x)
Jacobi polynomiaL___________________
774
PrlX'::;xl probability of the event X.::;x________
927
q nome_____________________________________
591
Q(x) = 1- P(x) normal probability function (tail
area)__ __________________________________
931

1045

q(n)

number of partitions into distinct integer

summands________________________________

Q~(z)

associated Legendre function of the second

kind _____________________ "_______________

Legendre function of the second kind___ __ _

fJR z real part of z ( = x) ____ ____ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___
R;:~(c, 1;)
radial spheroidal wave function_ _______
S,,(m)
Stirling number of the first kind__ _ ____ ___ _
~"(,,,) Stirling number of the second kind________
se,(z, q) Mathieu function_____________________
sn Jacobian elliptic function_ ___ ___ _____ __ _ __ __
S(z) Fresnel integraL_________________________
S,(z), S2(Z) Fresnel integrals___________________
Se,(z, q) modified Mathieu function_ _ _ _____ _ ___
S(x, a) generalized Fresnel integraL____________
Shi(z) hYPbtbolic sine integraL _ __ _ ____ _ ____ ___
Si(z) sine integraL _ ___ _ ___ ___ __ ___ _ ____ __ ____
S,,(x) Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind_ __ _
Sih(z) hyperbolic sine integraL _ _ __ _____ ___ __ __
S;:~(c, '7)
angular spheroidal wave function_______
si(z) sine integraL___________________________
sin z, cos z, tan z circular functions_____________
cot Z, sec z, csc z_ ___ ___ __ __ __ ______ __ ___ __
sinh z, cosh z, tanh z hyperbolic functions_ ____ __
coth z, sech z, csch z__ ____ __ __ __ ____ __ ___ _ _
T(rn, n, r) Toronto function _ _ __ ___ __ __ __ _ ___ __
T,,(x) Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind____
T;(x) shifted Chebyshev polynomial of the first
kind _____ ~_______________________________
Q,,(x)

U(a, b, z)

Kummer's confluent hypergeometric

function_ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ ___ __ __ __ _____ __ __ __ _

Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind_

shifted Chebyshev polynomial of the second
kind_____________________________________
U(a, x) Weber parabolic cylinder function_______
vers A, versine A_ ___________________________
V(a, x) Weber parabolic cylinder function_. _ _ _ _
w(z) error function_ __ _ __ __ _ _ _____ __ __ __ ___ __ _
W(a, x) Weber parabolic cylinder function_ _ _ ___
W",.I'(z) Whittaker function_ _ ___ _ __ ___ __ __ __ __
Wlf(x), g(x)}(=f(x)g'(x)-f'(x)g(x
Wronskianrelation____________________________________
[xo, XII' ,xkl divided difference_______________
y,,(z) spherical Bessel function of the second kind_
Y,(z) Bessel function of the second kind _ _ _ _ __ __
Y:(IJ, '1') surface harmonic of the first kind _ _ ___ _
Z(x) normal probability -density function_ _ _ _ ___ _
U,,(x)

825
332
334
16
753
824
824
725
569
300
300
733
262
231
231
774
231
753
232
71
72
83
83
509
774
774

504
774

U:(x)

774
687
78
687
297
692
505
505
877
437
358
332
931

Notation -

Greek Letters

Page

modular angle (elliptic function) ____________ _

an(Z)

= LCD tne-,dL _________________________ _

fln(z)

f~l tne-,dL ________________________ _

590
228
228

Page

Jacobi's theta function ____________ .. ___ _

nth cumulant ____________________________ _
joining factor for spheroidal wave functions __

8(ulm)

"'n

K!:~

CD

X(n)= ~(2k+ 1)-n _______________________ .. ___ _

k=O

CD

fl(n)

L: (-1) k(2k+ 1) -n ____________________ _

k=O

807

incomplete beta function _____________ _

beta function ________________________ _
'Y Euler's constant ___________________________ _
'Y(a. x) incomplete gamma function (normalized)_

263
258
255
260

'Yl = ~

928

B~(a,

b)

B(z. w)

coefficient of skewness _________________ _

U3

'Y2=;;i-3

coefficient of excess _____.____________ _

gamma function ________________________ _

incomplete gamma function ____________ _
8;; Kronecker delta (=0 if i ~k; = 1 if i=k) ____ _
8!(f,.) central difference ____________________ . __
A difference operatoL ________________________ _
A discriminant of Weierstrass' canonical form ___ _
AU,,) forward difference _____________________ _
Ax absolute error ____________________________ _
rex) Riemann zeta function __________________ _
r(z) Weierstrass zeta function _________________ _
Z(ulm) Jacobi's zeta function _________________ _
r(z)

rea, x)

928
255
260
822

877
822
629
877
14

807
629

578

CD

1/(n)

=~

(-I)Hk-"_. ______________________ _

k-l

=r(<rI,,) Weierstrass elliptic function _______ _

H(u), H1(u) Jacobi's eta function _____________ _
"" (z) theta function _________________________ _
".(e\a),"d(e\a), Neville's notation ____________ _
for
" .. (e\a) ,".(e\a)
theta functions

1/"

807
631

577
576
578

characteristic value of the spheroidal wave

equation ______________________________ _
AO(<p\a) Heuman's lambda function _______ .. ___ _
p.(f..) mean difference ________________________ _
p.(n) Mobius function ____________________ . ___ _
p." nth central moment ____________________.___ _
p.' " nth moment about the origin ______________ _
11" (x)
number of primes :::;;x __ _____________ . ___ _

577
928

757
807

X.. "

1I",.(x) = (x-XO)(X-XI) (x-x,,) __ ____________ _

II(n;<p\a) elliptic integral of the third kind _____ _

II(z) factorial function _______________________ _

correlation coefficient- _____________________ _
P.. (xo, XI, , x,,) reciprocal difference ___________ _
P.. (JI, x) Poisson-Charlier function ______________ _
u standard deviation _________________________ _
u 2 variance _________________________________ _
u(z) Weierstrass sigma function _______________ _
uk(n) divisor function ________________________ _
.. " (x) tetrachoric function ____________________ _
<p=am tt, amplitude __________________________ _
<p(n) Euler-Totient function __________________ _
<p(t) = E(e ilX ) characteristic function of X ______ _
4>(a; b; z) confluent hYpergeometric function ____ _
",(z) logarithmic derivative of the gamma
function _________________________________ _
p

'It(a; c; z) confluent hypergeometricfunction ____ _

<rI" period of Weierstrass elliptic functions ______ _
<rIc._(x) Cunningham function __________________ _

753
595

877
826
928
928
231
878
590

255
936
878
509
298

928
629
827
934
569
826
928
504
258
504
629

510

Miscellaneous Notations
[aik) determinant- ___________________________ _
[ail column matrix ___________________________ _

Page

19
19

V" Laplacian operator _______________________ _

A: forward difference operator ________________ _

877

gz partial derivative __________________________ _

883

(= V-l)-- ________________________________ _

<i:) binomial coefficient _______________________ _

n! factorial function _________________________ _
(2n)\!

=246 ... (2n)=2nnL ______________ _

(m,n)

greatest common divisor ________________ _

(n, k)

r(}Hn+k)
,
k!r(}Hn- k) (Hankel s symbol) - - - - - --

(n; nl, nz; . . . , n m )

[x]

multinomial coefficient _____ _

largest integer :::;;x ________________________ _

1046

752

70
10

255

258

<x>

nearest integer to x_____________________

complex conjugate of Z (=:f;-iy)_____________
z=x+iy complex number (Cartesian form)______
= rei' (polar form)___________________________
Izi absolute value or modulus of z______________
2: overall summation__________________________
2:' restricted summation ______________ __ __ ____
2: II sum or product taken over all prime numbers p_

Page

222
16

16
16
16

822
755

807

l: II sum or product overall positive divisors d of n__

"I" "I"

826

Cauchy's principal value of the integraL_____

approximatelyequaL______________________
asymptotically equaL _______________ _______
2: inequality, inclusion______________
unequaL_________________________________

228

822

437

",.

823
66

<, >, : :;
~

14

15
10

12