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Math Formulas: Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Definition of Taylor series:
1.

f (x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x a) +

2.
3.

Rn =
Rn =

f 00 (a)(x a)2
f (n1) (a)(x a)n1
+ +
+ Rn
2!
(n 1)!

f (n) ()(x a)n

where a x,
n!

( Lagrangues form )

f (n) ()(x )n1 (x a)

where a x,
(n 1)!

( Cauchs form )

This result holds if f (x) has continuous derivatives of order n at last. If limn+ Rn = 0, the infinite series
obtained is called Taylor series for f (x) about x = a. If a = 0 the series is often called a Maclaurin
series.

Binomial series

4.

n(n 1) n2 2 n(n 1)(n 2) n3 3

(a + x)n = an + nan1 +
a
x +
a
x +
2! 
 
  3!
n n1
n n2 2
n n3 3
= an +
a
x+
a
x +
a
x +
1
2
3

Special cases of binomial series

5.

(1 + x)1 = 1 x + x2 x3 +

6.

(1 + x)2 = 1 2x + 3x2 4x3 +

1<x<1

7.

(1 + x)3 = 1 3x + 6x2 10x3 +

1<x<1

8.

13 2 135 3
1
x
x +
(1 + x)1/2 = 1 x +
2
24
246

9.

1
1 2
13 3
(1 + x)1/2 = 1 + x
x +
x +
2
24
246

1<x<1

1<x1
1<x1

Series for exponential and logarithmic functions

10.
11.
12.
13.

ex = 1 + x +
ex = 1 + x ln a +

x2
x3
+
+
2!
3!

(x ln a)2
(x ln a)3
+
+
2!
3!

x2
x3
x4
+

+ 1 < x 1
2
3
4



2

3
x1
1 x1
1 x1
1
ln(1 + x) =
+
+
+ x
x
2
x
3
x
2
ln(1 + x) = x

Series for trigonometric functions

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sin x = x

14.
15.
16.

x2
x4
x6
+

+
2!
4!
6!


22n 22n 1 Bn x2n1
x3
2x5
tan x = x +
+
+ +
3
15
(2n)!
cos x = 1

17.

cot x =

18.

sec x = 1 +

19.

x3
x5
x7
+

+
3!
5!
7!

1 x x3
22n Bn x2n1


x 3
45
(2n)!

<x<
2
2

0<x<

x2
5x4
61x6
En x2n

+
+
+ +
<x<
2
24
720
(2n)!
2
2


2 22n 1 En x2n
1 x 7x3
csc x = + +
+ +
0<x<
x 6
360
(2n)!

Series for inverse trigonometric functions

20.
21.

22.

23.

1 x3
1 3 x5
1 3 5 x7
+
+
+ 1 < x < 1
2 3
24 5
246 7



1 3 x5
1 x3
arccos x = arcsin x = x +
+
+
1<x<1
2
2
2 3
24 5

x3
x5
x7

+ 1 < x < 1

3
5
7

1
1
1
arctan x =
+ 3 5 + x 1

2
x 3x
5x

1 + 1 1 + x < 1
2
x 3x3
5x5




x3
x5

x
+
+
1<x<1

2
3
5

1
1
1
arccot x = arctan x =
3 + 5 x 1

x
3x
5x

+ 1 1 + 1 x < 1
x 3x3
5x5
arcsin x = x +

Series for hyperbolic functions

24.
25.
26.
27.

sinh x = x +

x3
x5
+
+
3!
5!

x2
x4
+
+
2!
4!


(1)n1 22n 22n 1 Bn x2n1
x3
2x5
tanh x = x
+
+
+
3
15
(2n)!
cosh x = 1 +

coth x =

(1)n1 22n Bn x2n1

1 x x3
+
+
+
x 3
45
(2n)!

|x| <

0 < |x| <