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Fixture(tool)Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Fixture(tool)
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Afixtureisaworkholdingorsupportdeviceusedinthe
manufacturingindustry.[1][2]Fixturesareusedtosecurelylocate
(positioninaspecificlocationororientation)andsupportthework,
ensuringthatallpartsproducedusingthefixturewillmaintain
conformityandinterchangeability.Usingafixtureimprovesthe
economyofproductionbyallowingsmoothoperationandquick
transitionfromparttopart,reducingtherequirementforskilled
laborbysimplifyinghowworkpiecesaremounted,andincreasing
conformityacrossaproductionrun.[2]
Afixturediffersfromajiginthatwhenafixtureisused,thetool
mustmoverelativetotheworkpieceajigmovesthepiecewhilethe
toolremainsstationary.[3]

Acommontypeoffixture,usedin
materialstensiletesting

Contents
1Purpose
2Design
2.1Location
2.2Support
3Typesoffixtures
3.1Millingfixtures
3.2Drillingfixtures
4Seealso
5Notes
6References

Purpose
Afixture'sprimarypurposeistocreateasecuremountingpointforaworkpiece,allowingforsupport
duringoperationandincreasedaccuracy,precision,reliability,andinterchangeabilityinthefinishedparts.
Italsoservestoreduceworkingtimebyallowingquicksetup,andbysmoothingthetransitionfrompartto
part.[3]Itfrequentlyreducesthecomplexityofaprocess,allowingforunskilledworkerstoperformitand
effectivelytransferringtheskillofthetoolmakertotheunskilledworker.[2]Fixturesalsoallowforahigher
degreeofoperatorsafetybyreducingtheconcentrationandeffortrequiredtoholdapiecesteady.[3]

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Economicallyspeakingthemostvaluablefunctionofafixtureistoreducelaborcosts.Withoutafixture,
operatingamachineorprocessmayrequiretwoormoreoperatorsusingafixturecaneliminateoneofthe
operatorsbysecuringtheworkpiece.[4]

Design
Fixturesmustalwaysbedesignedwitheconomicsinmindthe
purposeofthesedevicesistoreducecosts,andsotheymustbe
designedinsuchawaythatthecostreductionoutweighsthecostof
implementingthefixture.Itisusuallybetter,fromaneconomic
standpoint,forafixturetoresultinasmallcostreductionfora
processinconstantuse,thanforalargecostreductionforaprocess
usedonlyoccasionally.[4]
Mostfixtureshaveasolidcomponent,affixedtothefloorortothe
bodyofthemachineandconsideredimmovablerelativetothe
motionofthemachiningbit,andoneormoremovablecomponents
knownasclamps.Theseclamps(whichmaybeoperatedbymany
differentmechanicalmeans)allowworkpiecestobeeasilyplacedin
themachineorremoved,andyetstaysecureduringoperation.Many
arealsoadjustable,allowingforworkpiecesofdifferentsizestobe
usedfordifferentoperations.Fixturesmustbedesignedsuchthat
thepressureormotionofthemachiningoperation(usuallyknown
asthefeed)isdirectedprimarilyagainstthesolidcomponentofthe
fixture.Thisreducesthelikelihoodthatthefixturewillfail,
interruptingtheoperationandpotentiallycausingdamageto
infrastructure,components,oroperators.[5]
Fixturesmayalsobedesignedforverygeneralorsimpleuses.
Thesemultiusefixturestendtobeverysimplethemselves,often
relyingontheprecisionandingenuityoftheoperator,aswellas
surfacesandcomponentsalreadypresentintheworkshop,to
providethesamebenefitsofaspeciallydesignedfixture.Examples
includeworkshopvises,adjustableclamps,andimproviseddevices
suchasweightsandfurniture.

Thesemodularfixturecomponents
maybebuiltintovarious
arrangementstoaccommodate
differentworkpieces

Acommonbenchvisetheleftjawis
theimmovablesurface,andtheright
jawisthemovableclamp

Eachcomponentofafixtureisdesignedforoneoftwopurposes:locationorsupport.

Location
Locatingcomponentsensurethegeometricalstabilityoftheworkpiece.Theymakesurethattheworkpiece
restsinthecorrectpositionandorientationfortheoperationbyaddressingandimpedingallthedegreesof
freedomtheworkpiecepossesses.[6]
Forlocatingworkpieces,fixturesemploypins(orbuttons),clamps,andsurfaces.Thesecomponentsensure
thattheworkpieceispositionedcorrectly,andremainsinthesamepositionthroughouttheoperation.
Surfacesprovidesupportforthepiece,pinsallowforpreciselocationatlowsurfaceareaexpense,and
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clampsallowfortheworkpiecetoberemovedoritspositionadjusted.Locatingpiecestendtobedesigned
andbuilttoverytightspecifications.[7]

Support
Indesigningthelocatingpartsofafixture,onlythedirectionofforcesappliedbytheoperationare
considered,andnottheirmagnitude.Locatingpartstechnicallysupporttheworkpiece,butdonottakeinto
accountthestrengthofforcesappliedbytheprocessandsoareusuallyinadequatetoactuallysecurethe
workpieceduringoperation.Forthispurpose,supportcomponentsareused.[8]
Tosecureworkpiecesandpreventmotionduringoperation,supportcomponentsprimarilyusetwo
techniques:positivestopsandfriction.Apositivestopisanyimmovablecomponent(suchasasolid
surfaceorpin)that,byitsplacement,physicallyimpedesthemotionoftheworkpiece.Supportcomponents
aremorelikelytobeadjustablethanlocatingcomponents,andnormallydonotpresstightlyonthe
workpieceorprovideabsolutelocation.[9]
Supportcomponentsusuallybearthebruntoftheforcesdeliveredduringtheoperation.Toreducethe
chancesoffailure,supportcomponentsareusuallynotalsodesignedasclamps.

Typesoffixtures
Fixturesareusuallyclassifiedaccordingtothemachineforwhichtheyweredesigned.Themostcommon
twoaremillingfixturesanddrillfixtures.[10]

Millingfixtures
Millingoperationstendtoinvolvelarge,straightcutsthatproducelotsofchipsandinvolvevaryingforce.
Locatingandsupportingareasmustusuallybelargeandverysturdyinordertoaccommodatemilling
operationsstrongclampsarealsoarequirement.Duetothevibrationofthemachine,positivestopsare
preferredoverfrictionforsecuringtheworkpiece.Forhighvolumeautomatedprocesses,millingfixtures
usuallyinvolvehydraulicorpneumaticclamps.[11][12]

Drillingfixtures
Drillingfixturescoverawiderrangeofdifferentdesignsandproceduresthanmillingfixtures.Though
workholdingfordrillsismoreoftenprovidedbyjigs,fixturesarealsousedfordrillingoperations.
Twocommonelementsofdrillingfixturesaretheholeandbushing.Holesareoftendesignedintodrilling
fixtures,toallowspaceforthedrillbititselftocontinuethroughtheworkpiecewithoutdamagingthe
fixtureordrill,ortoguidethedrillbittotheappropriatepointontheworkpiece.Bushingsaresimple
bearingsleevesinsertedintotheseholestoprotectthemandguidethedrillbit.[13]
Becausedrillstendtoapplyforceinonlyonedirection,supportcomponentsfordrillingfixturesmaybe
simpler.Ifthedrillisalignedpointingdown,thesamesupportcomponentsmaycompensatefortheforces
ofboththedrillandgravityatonce.However,thoughmonodirectional,theforceappliedbydrillstendsto
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beconcentratedonaverysmallarea.Drillingfixturesmustbedesignedcarefullytopreventtheworkpiece
frombendingundertheforceofthedrill.[14]

Seealso
Degreesoffreedom(engineering)
Kinematiccoupling

Notes
1. ^Colvin&Haas1938,p.1.
2. ^abcHenriksen1973,p.1.
3. ^abcColvin&Haas1938,p.3.
4. ^abColvin&Haas1938,p.4.
5. ^Colvin&Haas1938,p.5.
6. ^Henriksen1973,p.18.
7. ^Henriksen1973,Ch.4.
8. ^Henriksen1973,p.19.
9. ^Henriksen1973,Ch.12.
10. ^Henriksen1973,p.3.
11. ^Henriksen1973,Ch.19.
12. ^Colvin&Haas1938,Ch.11.
13. ^Colvin&Haas1938,Ch.4.
14. ^Colvin&Haas1938,Ch.10.

References
Colvin,FredH.Haas,LucianL.(1938).JigsandFixtures:AReferenceBook.NewYorkand
London:McGrawHillBookCompany.
Henriksen,ErikK.(1973).JigandFixtureDesignManual.NewYork,N.Y.:IndustrialPressInc.
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fixture_(tool)&oldid=643174880"
Categories: Manufacturing Metalworkingtools Tools Woodworkingjigs
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