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INDORE (M.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL
SUBJECT: ENGG.GRAPHICS
[SUBJECT CODE: BE-105]
PRAPARED BY:-
LIST OF SHEETS
INDEX
S.NO.
NAME OF SHEETS
ENGINEERING SCALES
CONIC SECTIONS
ENGINEERING CURVES
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
PROJECTIONS OF SOLID
SECTION OF SOLID
DEVLOPMENT OF SURFACES
ISOMETRICS PROJECTION
10
ORTHOGRAPHICS PROJECTION
PAGE NO.
QUANTITY
MINI-DRAFTER (T-Square)
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
1-SET
1-SET
1
1-SET
1-EACH
8
9
10
11
12
DRAWING SHEET
ROLLER SCALE
11
1
1
1
1 KILOMETRE = 10 HECTOMETRES
1 HECTOMETRE= 10 DECAMETRES
1 DECAMETRE= 10 METRES
1 METRE= 10 DECIMETRES
1 DECIMETRE= 10 CENTIMETRES
1 CENTIMETRE= 10 MILIMETRES
= 3 FEET
= 12 INCHES
= 2.54 CENTIMETRE
PLAIN SCALES
( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO SINGLE DECIMAL)
DIAGONAL SCALES
( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO TWO DECIMALS)
VERNIER SCALES
( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO TWO DECIMALS)
COMPARATIVE SCALES ( FOR COMPARING TWO DIFFERENT UNITS)
SCALE OF CORDS
( FOR MEASURING/CONSTRUCTING ANGLES)
Plain Scale
PROBLEM NO.1:-Construct a scale of 1:4, to show centimetres and long enough to measure up to
5 decimetres.
CONSTRUCTION:1. R.F. =
2. Length of the scale = R.F. * max. length = 5 dm = 12.5 cm.
3. Draw a line 12.5 cm long and divide it in to 5 equal divisions, each representing 1 dm.
4. Mark 0 at the end of the first division and 1, 2, 3 and 4 at the end of each subsequent division to
its right.
5. Divide the first division into 10 equal sub-divisions, each representing 1 cm.
6. Mark cm to the left of 0 as shown.
Diagonal Scale
PROBLEM NO.2:- Construct a Diagonal scale of RF = 3:200 (i.e. 1:66 2/3) showing meters,
decimeters and centimeters. The scale should measure up to 6 meters. Show a distance of 4.56
meters
Scale of Chard
CONSTRUCTION:1. Draw sector of a circle 90with OA radius. (OA ANY CONVINIENT DISTANCE)
2. Divide this angle in nine equal parts of 10 each.
3. Name as shown from end A upwards.
4. From A as centre with cords of each angle as radius. Draw arcs downwards up to AO Line
OR its extension and from a scale with proper labeling as shown. As cord lengths are to measure &
construct different angles it is called scale of cords.
CYCLOID
EPI-CYCLOID
HYPO-CYCLOID
INVOLUTE
SPIRAL
A Cycloid is generated by a point on the circumference of a circle rolling along a straight line
without slipping
The rolling circle is called the Generating circle
The straight line is called the Directing line or Base line
An Epi-cycloid when the generating circle rolls along another circle outside it.
A Hypocycloid is obtained when the generating circle rolls along another circle inside it.
An Involute is a curve traced by the free end of a thread unwound from a circle or a
polygon in such a way that the thread is always tight and tangential to the circle or side
of the polygon
The Archimedean spiral is the locus of a point that moves away from another fixed point
at uniform linear velocity and uniform angular velocity.
It may also be considered to be the locus of a point moving at constant speed along a line
when the line rotates about a fixed point at constant speed.
Statement/position of line
1
to XY
to XY
parallel to VP
Line in HP & VP
Top view
point
parallel to VP
Front view
Perpendicular to XY
True length and coincide
on XY
True length and inclined
on XY
Shorter than true
at to XY
Shorter than true
true inclination
Front view
Top view
True shape
Line parallel to XY
Line parallel to XY
True shape
3
4
Line inclined at to XY
The
polyhedral
having
two
equal
and
similar
ends bases,
parallel to each other and are joined by other faces which may be
rectangle or parallelograms is called a prism.
a) Square
b) Pentagonal
c) Hexagonal
Pyramid: the polyhedral having a plane figure for its base and equal
number of isosceles triangular faces meeting at a point is called as
pyramid.
a) Square
b) Pentagonal
c) Hexagonal
SAMPLE VIVA QUESTION:
1. Define projection of solids?
2. Define prism?
3. Define pyramid?
ISOMETRIC SCALE: - The isometric scale is used to measure the foreshortened length of dimensions of
any object to draw the isometric projection. The steps of construction of isometric scale are given below
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
The lengths shown at the line PA are the isometric lengths to be used to draw the isometric projection.