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Thewavesontheoceanaresurfacewaves:Theyoccurattheinterfaceofwaterandair,extending
downintothewaterandupintotheairattheexpenseofbecomingexponentiallyreducedinamplitude.
Theyareneithertransversenorlongitudinal.Thewaterbothatandbelowthesurfacetravelsinvertical
circles,withexponentiallysmallerradiusasafunctionofdepth.
Bothempiricalmeasurementsandcalculationsbeyondthescopeofintroductoryphysicsgivethe
propagationspeedofwaterwavesas
,
where
isthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravityand isthewavenumber.
Thisrelationshipappliesonlywhenthefollowingthreeconditionshold:
1.
2.
3.
Thewaterisseveraltimesdeeperthanthewavelength.
Thewavelengthislargeenoughthatthesurfacetensionofthewavescanbeneglected.
Theratioofwaveheighttowavelengthissmall.
Therestoringforce(analogoustothetensioninastring)thatrestoresthewatersurfacetoflatnessis
duetogravity,whichexplainswhythesewavesareoftencalled"gravitywaves."
A. Findthespeed ofwaterwavesintermsofthewavelength .
Expressthespeedintermsof , ,and .
= sqrt(g*lambda/(2*pi))
B. Findthespeed ofawaveofwavelength
Giveyouranswerinmeterspersecondtoaprecisionoftwosignificantfigures.
= 3.5(+/2%) m/s
C. Findtheperiod forawaveofwavelength .
Expresstheperiodintermsof , ,and .
= sqrt(2*pi*lambda/g)
D. OntheEastCoastoftheUnitedStates,theNationalWeatherServicefrequentlyreportswaves
withaperiodof4.0s.Findthewavelength andspeed ofthesewaves.
Expressyouranswersnumericallyasanorderedpairseparatedbyacomma.Givean
accuracyoftwosignificantfigures.
, = 25(+/3%) , 6.25(+/1.5%) m,m/s
E.
OntheWestCoastoftheUnitedStates,theNationalWeatherServicefrequentlyreports
waves(reallyswells)withaperiodof15s.Findthewavelength andspeed ofthesewaves.
Expressyouranswersnumericallyasanorderedpairseparatedbyacomma.Givean
accuracyoftwosignificantfigures.
, = 350(+/2%) , 23(+/4%) m,m/s
[Print]
StandardExpressionforaTravelingWave
LearningGoal:Tounderstandthestandardformulaforasinusoidaltravelingwave.
Oneformulaforawavewithaydisplacement(e.g.,ofastring)travelinginthexdirectionis
.
Allthequestionsinthisproblemrefertothisformulaandtothewaveitdescribes.
A. Whichofthefollowingareindependentvariables?
only
only
only
only
only
and
and
and and
B. Whichofthefollowingareparametersthatdeterminethecharacteristicsofthewave?
only
only
only
only
only
and
and
and and
C. Whatisthephase
ofthewave?
D. Whatisthewavelength ofthewave?
Expressthewavelengthintermsofoneormoregivenvariables( , , , ,and )and
anyneededconstantslike .
= 2*pi/k
E. Whatistheperiod ofthiswave?
Expresstheperiodintermsofoneormoregivenvariables( , , , ,and )andany
neededconstantslike .
= 2*pi/omega
F. Whatisthespeedofpropagation ofthiswave?
Expressthespeedofpropagationintermsofoneormoregivenvariables(
and )andanyneededconstantslike .
, , , ,
= omega/k
[Print]
AntonaTightrope
Alargeantisstandingonthemiddleofacircustightropethatisstretchedwithtension .Therope
hasmassperunitlength .Wantingtoshaketheantofftherope,atightropewalkermovesherfootup
anddownneartheendofthetightrope,generatingasinusoidaltransversewaveofwavelength and
amplitude .Assumethatthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravityis .
A. Whatistheminimumwaveamplitude
suchthattheantwillbecomemomentarily
weightlessatsomepointasthewavepassesunderneathit?Assumethatthemassoftheantis
toosmalltohaveanyeffectonthewavepropagation.
Expresstheminimumwaveamplitudeintermsof
, , ,and .
= mu*(lambda/(2*pi))^2*g/T_s
[Print]
BreakingStormWaves
Largewavesonthedeepoceanpropagateatthespeed
,
where isthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravityand isthewavenumber.
Seafaringmarinersreportthatingreatstormswhentheaveragepeaktopeakwaveheightbecomes
about1/7ofthewavelength,thetopsofthelargestoceanwavescanbecomeseparatedfromtherestof
thewave.Theyclaimthatthewindandthewave'sforwardvelocitycausehuge"hunks"ofwaterto
tumbledownthefaceofthewave.Somearereportedlylargeenoughtodamageorcapsizesmall
vessels.
Thereasonthese"roguewaves"appearisthattheamplitudeofthewaterwavesbecomessolargethat
theaccelerationofthewaterinthetopofthewavewouldhavetobegreaterthan forthewavetostay
inonepiece.Becausegravityistheonlysignificantverticalforceonthewater,theaccelerationcannot
exceed ,soinsteadthewateratthetopofthewavebreaksoffandisblowndownthesideofthe
wave.
Inthisproblem,youwillcomputetheratioofamplitudetowavelengthofaroguewave.
Theanalyticexpressionfortheverticaldisplacementofthewatersurfacewhenanoceanwaveof
amplitude ispropagatinginthe+xdirectionis
.
A. Findtheangularfrequency ofwaterwaves.
Expresstheangularfrequencyintermsofthewavenumber andconstantslike and .
= sqrt(g*k)
B.
Findtheverticalacceleration
ofthiswaveatposition andtime .
Nowfindthecriticalratioof to suchthatthiswavewillhaveamaximumacceleration
atthetopof
.Thenthewateratthetopwouldhavetoacceleratefasterthan tostay
connectedwiththewave,whichisclearlynotpossible!
Express
1/(2*pi)
[Print]
WhytheHighestPianoNotesHaveShortStrings
Thesteelusedforpianowirehasabreaking(tensile)strength
of
ofabout
andadensity
A. Whatisthespeed ofawavetravelingdownsuchawireifthewireisstretchedtoits
breakingpoint?
Expressthespeedofthewavenumerically,inmeterspersecond,tothenearestinteger.
= 620(+/0.1%) m/s
B. ImaginethatthewiredescribedintheproblemintroductionisusedforthehighestCona
piano(
).Ifthewireisintunewhenstretchedtoitsbreakingpoint,whatmust
thevibratinglengthofthewirebe?
Expressthelengthnumerically,incentimeters,usingthreesignificantfigures.
= 7.75(+/0.1%) cm
[Print]
CreatingaStandingWave
LearningGoal:Toseehowtwotravelingwavesofthesamefrequencycreateastandingwave.
Consideratravelingwavedescribedbytheformula
.
Thisfunctionmightrepresentthelateraldisplacementofastring,thelocalelectricfield,thepositionof
thesurfaceofthewater,ormanyotherphysicalmanifestationsofwaves.
A. Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutthiswaveiscorrect?
Thiswaveistravelinginthe+xdirection.
Thiswaveistravelinginthexdirection.
Thiswaveisoscillatingbutnottraveling.
Thiswaveistravelingbutnotoscillating.
B. Whatisthemathematicalexpression
travelingintheoppositedirection?Attime
displacementas
forawaveofthesameamplitudethatis
thisnewwaveshouldhavethesame
,thewavedescribedintheproblemintroduction.
Theprincipleofsuperpositionstatesthatiftwofunctionseachseparatelysatisfythewaveequation
thenthesum(ordifference)alsosatisfiesthewaveequation.Thisprinciplefollowsfromthefactthat
everyterminthewaveequationislinearintheamplitudeofthewave.
Considerthesumofthesetwowaves
sumcanbewrittenasfollows:
.Thesewaveshavebeenchosensothattheir
.
Thisformissignificantbecause
calledtheenvelopedependsonlyonposition,and
dependsonlyontime.Traditionally,thetimefunctionistakentobeatrigonometricfunctionwithunit
amplitude;thatis,theoverallamplitudeofthewaveiswrittenaspartof
A. Find
and
amplitude.
.Rememberthat
shouldbeatrigonometricfunctionofunit
= 2*A*sin(k*x) , cos(omega*t)
B. Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutthesuperpositionwave
iscorrect?
Thiswaveistravelinginthe+xdirection.
Thiswaveistravelinginthexdirection.
Thiswaveisoscillatingbutnottraveling.
Thiswaveistravelingbutnotoscillating.
C.
Attheposition
wave
,whatisthedisplacementofthestring(assumingthatthestanding
ispresent)?
Expressyouranswerintermsofparametersgivenintheintroduction.
= 0
D. Atcertaintimes,thestringwillbeperfectlystraight.Findthefirsttime
whenthisistrue.
Fromthepreviouspartweknowthatthestringisperfectlystraightattime
.What
doesthisimplyabouttheenergystoredinthestring?
a. Thereisnoenergystoredinthestringthestringwillremainstraightforall
subsequenttime.
b. Energywillflowintothestring,causingthestandingwavetoformatalatertime.
c.
d.
Althoughthestringisstraightattime
,partsofthestringhavenonzero
velocity.Therefore,thereisenergystoredinthestring.
Thetotalmechanicalenergyinthestringoscillatesbutisconstantifaveragedovera
completecycle.
a
d
[Print]
NodesofaStandingWave(Cosine)
LearningGoal:Tounderstandtheconceptofnodesofastandingwave.
Thenodesofastandingwavearepointswherethedisplacementofthewaveiszeroatalltimes.Nodes
areimportantformatchingboundaryconditions,forexamplethatthepointatwhichastringistiedtoa
supporthaszerodisplacementatalltimes(i.e.,thepointofattachmentdoesnotmove).
Considerastandingwave,where representsthetransversedisplacementofastringthatextendsalong
thexdirection.Hereisacommonmathematicalformforsuchawave:
where isthemaximumtransversedisplacementofthestring(theamplitudeofthewave),whichis
assumedtobenonzero, isthewavenumber, istheangularfrequencyofthewave,and istime.
A. Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutwave
iscorrect?
Thiswaveistravelingtoward+x.
Thiswaveistravelingtowardx.
Thiswaveisoscillatingbutnottraveling.
Thiswaveistravelingbutnotoscillating.
B. Attime
,whatisthedisplacementofthestring
Expressyouranswerintermsof , ,andotherpreviouslyintroducedquantities.
= 0
C. Whatisthedisplacementofthestringasafunctionof attime
,where istheperiodof
oscillationofthestring?
Expressthedisplacementintermsofthegivenvariables.
=
A*cos(k*x)
butwith
willthedisplacementof
bezeroforalltimes?Thesearethefirstthreenodalpoints.
Expressthefirstthreenonzeronodalpointsasmultiplesofthewavelength ,using
constantslike .Listtheminincreasingorder,separatedbycommas.
,
TheDecibelScale
LearningGoal:Tounderstandthedecibelscale.
Thedecibelscaleisalogarithmicscaleformeasuringthesoundintensitylevel.Becausethedecibel
scaleislogarithmic,itchangesbyanadditiveconstantwhentheintensityasmeasuredin
changesbyamultiplicativefactor.Thenumberofdecibelsincreasesby10forafactorof10increase
inintensity.Thegeneralformulaforthesoundintensitylevel,indecibels,correspondingtointensity
is
.Notethat
refers
A. Whatisthesoundintensitylevel ,indecibels,ofasoundwavewhoseintensityis10times
thereferenceintensity(i.e.,
)?
Expressthesoundintensitynumericallytothenearestinteger.
= 10 dB
B. Whatisthesoundintensitylevel ,indecibels,ofasoundwavewhoseintensityis100times
thereferenceintensity(i.e.
)?
Expressthesoundintensitynumericallytothenearestinteger.
= 20 dB
Oneoftenneedstocomputethechangeindecibelscorrespondingtoachangeinthephysicalintensity
measuredinunitsofpowerperunitarea.Take tobethefactorofincreaseofthephysicalintensity.
A. Calculatethechangeindecibels(
,and
)correspondingto
,and
.
Giveyouranswers,separatedbycommas,tothenearestintegerthiswillgivean
accuracyof20%,whichisgoodenoughforsound.
= 3 , 6 , 9 dB
EarDamagefromaSmallFirecracker
LearningGoal:Tounderstandhowtoconvertbetweendifferentsoundintensityscalesandhowthe
decibelintensityofasoundchangeswithdistance.
Thedecibelscaleislogarithmicinintensity:
.
Inthisformula, isareferenceintensity,which,forsoundwaves,istakentobe
.This
constantmustbeusedtoconvertaparticularphysicalintensityintoasoundintensitylevelmeasuredin
decibels.
Onceweknowthesoundintensitylevel(indecibels)atacertainreferencedistancefromasound
source,the
decreaseofintensitywithdistancecanbeaccountedforbysubtractingthedecibel
valueappropriatetotheratioofthenewdistancetothereferencedistance.
Inthisproblemyouwillusethedecibelscaletoanalyzeasmallfirecrackerthatemits1200Wofpeak
power.Toavoidconfusion,intensitiesdenotedby areinunitsofwattspermetersquared;intensities
denotedby areinunitsofdecibels.
A. Whatisthepeakintensity indecibelsatadistanceof1mfromthefirecracker?
Express indecibelstothenearestinteger.
= 140 dB
B.
Ittakesasoundintensityofabout160dBtorupturethehumaneardrum.Howclosemust
thefirecrackerdescribedintheintroductionbetotheeartorupturetheeardrum?
Expressthedistance
,inmeters,toonedecimalplace.
= 0.1(+/9%) m
C.
Willthisfirecrackerproducetemporarylossofhearinginsomeonewhosetsifoffand
stands3mawayfromtheexplosion?Momentarysoundsabove120dBproducesuchloss.
yes
no
[Print]
DopplerShift
LearningGoal:TounderstandthetermsintheDopplershiftformula.
TheDopplershiftformulagivesthefrequency
sourceSatfrequency
atwhichalistenerLhearsthesoundemittedbya
,
where isthespeedofsoundinthemedium, isthevelocityofthelistener,and
source.
A. Thevelocityofthesourceispositiveifthesourceis______________.
travelinginthe+xdirection
travelingtowardthelistener
travelingawayfromthelistener
B.
Thevelocityofthesourceismeasuredwithrespecttothe________.
medium(suchasairorwater)
listener
C.
Thevelocityofthelistenerispositiveifthelisteneris_____________.
travelinginthe+xdirection
travelingtowardthesource
travelingawayfromthesource
D.
Thevelocityofthelistenerismeasuredwithrespecttothe________.
source
medium
isthevelocityof
E. Imaginethatthesourceistotherightofthelistener,sothatthepositivereferencedirection
(fromthelistenertothesource)isinthe
does
direction.Ifthelistenerisstationary,whatvalue
approachasthesource'sspeedapproachesthespeedofsoundmovingtotheright?
Itapproachesinfinity.
F. Now,imaginethatthesourceistotheleftofthelistener,sothatthepositivereference
directionisinthe
direction.Ifthesourceisstationary,whatvaluedoes
thelistener'sspeed(movinginthe
approachas
direction)approachesthespeedofsound?
Itapproachesinfinity.
G. Inthislastcase,imaginethatthelistenerisstationaryandthesourceismovingtowardthe
listeneratthespeedofsound.(Notethatitisirrelevantwhetherthesourceismovingtothe
rightortotheleft.)Whatis
0
Itapproachesinfinity.
whenthesoundwavesreachthelistener?