Canadian Scientific Journal, Issue 2, 2014

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DESIGN
Alexandra Corbu
MEDICAL SCIENCE
CO
04
INTRAOPERATIVE COLOR DETECTION OF LYMPH NODES

METASTASES IN THYROID CANCER
Authors: Mikhail Shapetska, Vitali Papok, Pavel Korotkevich
09
COMPARATIVE SURVIVAL ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS WITH STOMACH

CANCER AFTER COMBINED SURGERY
Author: Yuriy Oliynyk
18
HISTOCHEMICAL POLYMORPHISM OF KERATIN PEARLS IN

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE LUNG
Authors: Yuriy Gasyuk, Boris Filenko
25
ETIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE URINARY SYSTEM INFECTIONS,

ITS DYNAMIC, DEPENDENCE ON PATIENTS SEX AND RELATION
WITH RESIDENT URINE MICROFLORA AMONG INHABITANTS OF
CHERNIVTSI REGION AND TOWN OF CHERNIVTSI
Authors: Volodymyr Bezruk, Oleksandr Blinder, Tetyana Bezruk,
Olena Blinder, Sviatoslava Yurniuk
POLITICAL SCIENCE
36
TO THE QUESTION OF PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES IN

CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL TRADE DIPLOMACY
Authors: Danial Saari, Aigul Adibayeva
41
ETHNICITY AS POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONSTRUCTIONS

IN TERMS OF THE SPECIFIC HISTORICAL CONTEXTS
Author: Valentyna Bohatyrets
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ENSURING AIR QUALITY IN THE WORK AREA WHEN FORMING

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MODERN METHODS OF MICROSTRUCTURE RESEARCH TROUGH

COMPUTER MATERIALS SCIENCE USING APPLIED TECHNOLOGY
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PHILOSOPHY
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Philosophical fundamentals of polycultural dialogue

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The work with the student in the residential areas as

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Influence of the non-biological parameters of

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Canadian Scientific Journal 2 (2014)
Contents lists available at Canadian Scientific Journal
Canadian Scientific Journal

journal homepage: www.csjournal.ca
Intraoperative color detection of lymph nodes metastases in thyroid

cancer
Shapetska Mikhail,* Papok Vitali, Korotkevich Pavel
Belarusian State Medical University, Department of oncology, Minsk, Belarus
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTR AC T
Article history:
The subject of a research was the group of patients with morphologically confirmed
Received 21 October 2014
diagnosis of a thyroid cancer. We carried out an analysis of follow-up process for
Received in revised form 30 October 2014
11 patients (9 with a papillary thyroid cancer, 2 with a medullary thyroid cancer).
Accepted 12 November 2014
All patients underwent surgical treatment according to the standard for this category
of patients a total thyroidectomy with bilaterial radical and/or selective lymphatic
Keywords:
dissection. 1% blue dye glucose solution was injected into the thyroid tissue surrounding
Thyroid cancer
the tumor with an insulin syringe at the periphery of the square into 4 points at a volume
Sentinel lymph nodes
of 0,2 ml in each point. The median exposition of the dye distribution (15 minutes) was
Blue dye
chosen empirically.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma metastases to lymph nodes have also been morphologically
confirmed in 7 patients. In medullar thyroid carcinoma, massive, seen intraoperatively
lesion of levels II IV lymph nodes has been confirmed morphologically as well. But
in medullar cancer, no one lymph node among those visualized ad oculus has been
stained with blue dye. In 7 from 9 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, the ultra
sound scanning did not reveal neck lymph nodes metastases while color detection
method showed a false-positive only result in 2 patients.
The lymph node staining with blue dye allows detecting regional lymph nodes containing
metastases of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
2014 Canadian Scientific Journal. All Rights reserved
1. Introduction
Therefore, the preoperative or intraoperative visual detection of lymph nodes containing tumor tissue
seems to be very expedient when making a decision about the extent of the lymph node dissection.
* Corresponding author at: Belarusian State Medical University, Department of oncology, 83, Dzerzhinski str., Minsk, 220116, Belarus.
Fax: +375172724163
E-mail addresses: shepetjko@gmail.com (M. Shapetska)

www.csjournal.ca
M. Shapetska, V. Papok, P. Korotkevich / Canadian Scientific Journal 2 (2014)
Intraoperative color detection of lymph nodes metastases in thyroid cancer
Radical surgery in cancer patients consists of complete tumor removal as well as appropriate node
dissection.
In 1977, Cabanas RM et al., first, proposed the sentinel lymph node concept (Alex 1993). In 1992, Morton
D. et al. using the indirect lymphoscintigraphy with Te 99 proved this concept to be true taking skin melanoma
as an example. Simultaneously with using the radioisotope tracer Te 99 for the detection of sentinel lymph
nodes in melanoma, the aqueous solution of blue dye was proposed. The dye has proved to be highly
effective in detecting a sentinel lymph node, this finding being unexpected. The technique included blue
dye peri-tumoral injections from several points. A lymph node positive for the tumor tissue presence was
determined ad oculus (Balch 2000). Conducted international randomized studies aimed at the identification
of regional lymph nodes using blue dye and radioisotope tracer in melanoma have shown these techniques
to be highly effective (Cabanas 1977; Cox et al. 1999).
Aim of study: to determine a feasible use of blue dye for intraoperative visualization of differentiated thyroid
carcinoma (DTC) metastases spreading into regional lymph nodes.
2. Materials and methods

11 patients with DTC, 8 women and 3 men aged 47,82,1 years were enrolled in the study group. The
intrathyroid tumor did not exceed the limits of the capsule, its median morphological size being 16,92,5
mm, corresponding to pT1/T2 descriptor according to the TNM/pTNM Classification of Thyroid Cancer.
All patients suspected for having the cancer underwent ultrasound (US) scanning of the neck for assessing
tumor size and enlarged neck lymph nodes.
Cytologically, the diagnosis was confirmed in 100% of cases using fine-needle aspiration biopsy, papillary
carcinoma was revealed in 9 patients, medullar cancer in 2 patients.
Intraoperative contrast study of neck lymph nodes
1% blue dye glucose solution (Neopharma GmbH & Co. KG) was injected into the thyroid tissue surrounding
the tumor with an insulin syringe at the periphery of the square into 4 points at a volume of 0,2 ml in
each point. Due to the excellent vascularization and perfusion capacity of the thyroid tissue, the median
exposition of the dye distribution (15 minutes) was chosen empirically. (Fig. 1, 2).
The total resection of the thyroid gland was performed for securing the non-recurrence and making the
conditions for the radioiodine therapy. The lymph node dissection was performed with treatment and
prophylaxis (prevention) aims and was determined as radical, modified radical and selective. Topographically,
regional neck metastases were defined depending on the level of lymph drainage (I submandibular and
submental lymph nodes; II upper jugular lymph nodes; III - middle jugular lymph nodes; IV - inferior jugular
lymph nodes; V - lymph nodes of the posterior triangle of the neck; VI - pre-, paratracheal, perithyroid and
cricothyroid lymph nodes).
www.csjournal.ca
Fig. 1. Injecting the blue dye into the thyroid tissue

surrounding the tumor
Fig. 3. Stained lymph node in lymphatic tissue
Fig. 2. Metastatic node on the jugular vein is contrasted

15 minutes later
Fig. 4. Metastasis of the same node seen microscopically
www.csjournal.ca
3. Results
The thyroid carcinoma has been morphologically confirmed in 100% of patients. Papillary thyroid
carcinoma metastases to lymph nodes have also been morphologically confirmed in 7 patients. In medullar
thyroid carcinoma, massive, seen intraoperatively lesion of levels II IV lymph nodes has been confirmed
morphologically as well. But in medullar cancer, no one lymph node among those visualized ad oculus has
been stained with blue dye. In 7 from 9 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, the ultra sound scanning
did not reveal neck lymph nodes metastases while color detection method showed a false-positive only
result in 2 patients: level III of lymph drainage (1 lymph node false-positive), level IV (1 lymph node falsepositive), and level VI (2 lymph nodes false-positive) (Table 1).
Table 1. Comparison characteristic of lymph nodules by US scanning and intraoperative color detection

Papillary thyroid cancer

Levels of lymph
drainage
US scanning
Intraoperative
color detection
with blue dye
II
III
IV
VI
Medullar thyroid
cancer
II III IV V
VI
(2 patients) (2 patients) (1 patient) (1 patient) (2 patients)

*2LN+
2LN+
5LN+
0
6LN+
0
**LN
1LN
2LN
+ Detected lymph nodes are positive

* LN+ lymph nodes positive
**LN lymph nodes false-positive
0 Detected lymph nodes are negative
4. Discussion
In breast cancer, the combined use of radioisotope and color detection allowed identifying involved lymph
nodes in 95% of cases and performing an adequate lymph node dissection [5].
The results of the first contrast lymph nodes studies in colorectal cancer have shown only a 70% informativity
of color detection technique, and the combined use of blue dye and radioisotopes did not allow increasing
the accuracy when determining the metastatic involvement of mesentery and retroperitoneal lymph nodes
(Joosten 1999; Merrie et al. 2001).
Identifying sentinel lymph nodes allowed decreasing the extent of ilioinguinal lymph node dissection in 6080% of patients with vulva and cervical cancer, thus contributing to a decreased postoperative complications
rate (Morton 1992).
Performing a D2 or D3 lymph node dissection is still the matter of a controversy, the lymph nodes mapping
www.csjournal.ca
being of a prognostic value when choosing an optimal surgical strategy for gastric cancer (Terada 1998).
In our study, we have demonstrated the feasibility of this method for treating the patients with thyroid
cancer and determining the volume of lateral neck dissection.
5. Conclusions
The lymph node staining with blue dye allows detecting regional lymph nodes containing metastases
of papillary thyroid carcinoma. This method can help to choose appropriate volume of node dissection at
early-stage thyroid carcinoma. Sentinel lymph node containing metastasis indicates the necessity of lateral
neck node dissection in all patients.
The sentinel lymph node staining allows differentiating early or advanced medullary and papillary thyroid
carcinomas.
References
1.
Alex J, Weaver D, Fairbank J (1993). Gamma-probe-guided lymph node localization in malignant melanoma Surgical Oncology,
Vol. 2, 303-308.
2.
Balch C, Soong S, Ross M (2000). Long-term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and
surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0 to 4.0 mm). Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial Annals of Surgical
Oncology, Vol. 7, 87-97.
3.
Cabanas R (1977). An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma. Cancer, Vol. 39, 456-466.
4.
Cox C, Bass S, Boulware D (1999). Implementation of new surgical technology: outcome measures for lymphatic mapping of
breast carcinoma Annals of Surgical Oncology, Vol. 6, 553-561.
5.
Hiratsuka M, Miyashiro I, Ishikawa O (2001). Application of sentinel node biopsy to gastric cancer surgery Surgery, Vol. 129,
335-340.
6.
Joosten J, Strobbe L, Wauters C (1999). Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and the sentinel node concept in colorectal carcinoma
British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 86, 482-486.
7.
Merrie A, van Rij A, Phillips L (2001). Diagnostic use of the sentinel node in colon cancer Diseases of the Colon&Rectum, Vol.
44, 410-417.
8.
Morton D, Wen D, Wong J (1992). Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma Archives of
Surgery, Vol. 127, 392-399.
9.
Terada K, Coel M (1998). Combined use of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and lymphoscintigraphy in the management of
squamous cell cancer of the vulva Gynecologic Oncology, Vol. 70, 65-69.
www.csjournal.ca

Comparative survival analysis of patients with stomach cancer after

combined surgery
Oliynyk Yuriy*
The Danylo Halytsky Lviv State Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTR AC T
Article history:
Study included 1114 patients (804 men and 310 women) after combined surgery due to
Received 27 September 2014
stomach cancer. It was investigated sex and age features and their influence of survival
with Kaplan-Meier methods, including Log-rank and Breslow tests and 2-statistics.
Accepted 30 October 2014
It was determined the prevalence of male patients over women (ratio 2.6:1), total
gastrectomy (TG) over distal and proximal subtotal gastrectomy (SG) (ratio 4.6:1.5:1).
Keywords:
Significant differences between the average life expectancy of men and women
Locally advanced stomach cancer
after combined TG were not found (p>0,1). Instead, there is a difference between
Combined operations
life expectancy of men and women after combined TG and SG (p<0,001). 3- and
Survival rate
5-year survival rate after combined TG was respectively 16.7% and 10.1%, and after
combined SG subtotal 29.6% and 24.2%. The difference between the 3- and 5-year
survival rates of patients of both sexes after completed combined SG was statistically
significant (2=4,692, p=0,032).
Our results on average life expectancy, 3- and 5-year survival rates indicate the
feasibility of the implementation of combined surgery as current trend to expand the
possibilities of surgical radical treatment of patients with gastric cancer, and indications
for their conduct.
1. Introduction
The incidence rate of stomach cancer is gradually decreasing throughout the world (GLOBOCAN 2008).
However, in Ukraine stomach cancer shows the highest incidence rates (4th-6th rank positions) and it is
the second leading cause of death from malignant neoplasms for men (after lung cancer) and women (after
* Corresponding author at: The Danylo Halytsky Lviv State Medical University, Oncology and Radiology Department, Lviv, Ukraine
Tel.: +380504306612
E-mail addresses: ongeorge@rambler.ru (Y. Oliynyk)

www.csjournal.ca
10
Y. Oliynyk / Canadian Scientific Journal 2 (2014)
Comparative survival analysis of patients with stomach cancer after combined surgery
breast cancer) (Cancer in Ukraine 2012).

The value of multiorgan resection in the treatment of timely and locally disseminated stomach cancer
has been discussed for years. It should be emphasized that men predominated significantly among these
patients, and the ratio of men to women is 2:1 (Carboni et al 2005), which is slightly higher than the ratio
of the incidence rate of stomach cancer (1.5:1) in Europe (GLOBOCAN 2008). Particular attention is paid
to the study of patients survival (Dzhuraev et al 2008). Some authors have reported on some changes in
the survival of patients who underwent gastrectomy with splenectomy or pancreatosplenectomy (Piso et al
2002; Radovanovi et al 2004). In contrast, in some studies there was indicated possible higher mortality,
increased rates of complications and long term inpatient treatment connected with an extended organ
resection (Ahn et al 2011; Carboni et al 2005; Li et al 2004). Some studies have argued about the need
to add an extended lymphadenectomy and resection of adjacent organs and, in particular, it has been
justified that the potential benefit of extended resection is to improve the quality of resection surgery for
these lesions (bring to level R0) (Carboni et al 2005).
2. Material and methods

The study group consisted of 1114 patients, including 804 men and 310 women. Various combined
surgeries for stomach cancer were held in Lviv State Oncological Center from 1962 to 2012. Combined
surgeries were considered such ones, in which the main type of surgery (subtotal gastrectomy (SG) or total
gastrectomy(TG) was combined with en bloc resection or removal of other (related) organs (mesentery
of the transverse colon, the transverse colon, the body and tail of the pancreas, spleen, diaphragm, soft
tissue of the anterior abdominal wall). Depending on the location of the primary lesion and other JGCA
criteria (Japanese Gastric Cancer Association 2011) subtotal distal gastrectomy (SDG), subtotal proximal
gastrectomy (SPG) or TG was performed. Additional organ resections were performed for following
purposes: promoting greater lymphadenectomy, obtaining greater radicalism (eradication of tumor), or
because of iatrogenic damage of the organ (ex., spleen). All digital data were entered into the program for
statistical analysis SPSS, version 13.0 (statistical package for the Social Sciences, Inc Brooklyn, NY; ABD
for Windows). Parameters affecting survival rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank
and Breslow tests, 2-statistics. A statistically significant result was recognized at p <0,05.
3. Results
Age of operated patients ranged from 21 to 87 years. Most patients were in the older age groups. Among
men the majority of patients were within the age group from 50 to 74 years 83.8% (674), most of the
women were also within the age group of 50-74 years 77.4% (240). Among all patients men predominated
(male to female ratio = 2.6: 1 (72.2%: 27.8%)). TG was made 719, SDG 240, SPG 155. The relationship
between them was following: 4.6: 1.5: 1 (Table. 1).
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11
Table 1.
Distribution of patients due to localization of tumor, sex and type of surgical operation
Localization of
tumor
Proximal part of
stomach4
Body of stomach5
Distal part of
stomach 6
Distal part of
stomach with
extension to
body (subtotal
involment)7
Fundus of
stomach8
Total involment9
Other localizations
Total operations
Men/Women
All operations, n
(%)
Men/
Women,
n (%)
TG1,
n (%)
Men/
Women,
n (%)
SDG2,
n (%)
Men/
Women,
n (%)
SPG3
n (%)
Men/
Women,
n (%)
Significance
level,
p
521 (46,8)
367 (70,4)
154 (29,6)
411/110
286/81
p1-3
<0,0001
(78,9/21,1)
251 (22,5)
(77,9/22,1)
251 (22,5)
170/81
170/81
(67,7/32,3)
238 (21,4)
(67,7/32,3)
-
147/91
125/29
-
(81,2/18,8)
-
238 (21,4)
(61,8/38,2)
-
p4-6
<0,0001
p5-6
>0,1
3 (27,3)
p4-7
<0,0001
p5-7
<0,001
p6-7
<0,001
p4-8
<0,0001
p5-8
<0,0001
p6-8
<0,0001
p7-8
<0,05
p4-9
<0,0001
p5-9
<0,001
p6-9
<0,001
p7-9
<0,01
p8-9
<0,01
-
147/91
(61,8/38,2)
24 (2,6)
24 (2,6)
18/6
18/6
(75,0/25,0)
(75,0/25,0)
11 (0,9)
8 (72,7)
11/0
8/0
3/0
(100,0/0)
(100,0/0)
(100,0/0)
60 (5,4)
60 (5,4)
40/20
40/20
(66,7/33,3)
(66,7/33,3)
9 (0,8)
9 (0,8)
7/2
7/2
(77,8/22,2)
(77,8/22,2)
5 (0,4)
5 (0,4)
4/1
4/1
(80,0/20,0)
1114
(80,0/20,0)
719 (64,5)
238 (21,4)
157 (14,1)
804/310
529/190
147/91
128/29
(72,2/27,8)
(73,6/26,4)
(61,8/38,2)
81,5/18,5)
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p4-5
<0,025
p1-2
<0,001
P1-3
<0,001
P2-3
<0,01
12
Distribution of patients of both sexes after combined surgeries is presented in table 2 by age groups.
Table 2.
Distribution of patients of both sexes after completed combined surgery by sex and age groups
Age group
(years)
Men
Women
All patients
n % from sick men
%
from sick
women
%
from all patients
20-24
0,3
0,1
25-29
0,25
0,2
30-34
0,4
1,6
0,7
35-39
13
1,6
2,9
22
2,0
40-44
35
4,4
18
5,8
53
4,7
45-49
45
5,6
29
9,4
74
6,6
50-54
104
12,9
37
11,9
141
12,6
55-59
144
17,9
39
12,6
183
16,4
60-64
165
20,5
62
20,0
227
20,4
10
65-69
173
21,5
70
22,6
243
21,8
11
70-74
88
10,9
32
10,3
120
10,8
12
75-79
28
3,5
1,9
34
3,1
13
80-84
0,5
0,65
0,5
Total
804
100
310
100
1114
100
During the analysis of age structure of all patients it was established that the median (Me) was 61 year,
the arithmetic mean (M) = 59.95 years, standard errors of means (m) = 0.28, minimum (min) = 22 years,
maximum (max) = 84 years. Among men: Me = 61.4 years, M = 60.37 years, m = 0.32, min = 25 years,
max = 83 years, and female patients: Me = 60.8 years, M = 58.87 years, m = 0.59, min = 22 years, max
= 84 years.
A clinical observation on life expectancy of 767 patients of both sexes was carried out after performed
combined surgery of malignant tumors of the stomach. Analyzing the life expectancy of patients depending
on the type of surgical operation the following features were detected. Among 540 patients of both sexes,
who had a combined TG, M = 22.9 months, m = 1.67 months, (p <0.0001); Me = 9.3 months.
Also separately studied survival of 397 male patients who had combined TG: M = 23.25 months, m = 2,05
months, (p <0.0001); Me = 8.9 months. Also separately studied life expectancy of 143 female patients who
had the combined TG: M was 22.28 months, m = 2.75 months, (p<0.0001); Me = 11.5 months. (Fig. 1).
www.csjournal.ca
13
Fig. 1. Comparing survival distribution function for patients after combined total gastrectomy according to sex
There was studied the survival rate of 227 patients of both sexes who had combined SG (distal and
proximal), while M was 45.96 months, m = 4.42 months, (p <0.0001); Me 16.37 months. Life expectancy
of 162 male patients who had combined SG was studied separately, where M was 39.41 months, m = 4.76
months, (p <0.0001); Me 14.1 months. Life expectancy of 65 female patients with completed combined
SG was also examined separately, where M was 62.25 months, m = 9.64 months, (p <0.0001); Me
25.51 months. (Fig. 2)
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14
Fig. 2. Comparing survival distribution function for patients after combined subtotal gastrectomy according to sex
Comparison of the life expectancy of patients of both sexes who had combined TG and SG has revealed the
significant difference between them p<0.01 (t = 4.89). Similar difference was between the life expectancy
of male patients who had combined TG and SG p<0.01 (t = 3.16). The same difference in life expectancy
was detected for female patients p<0.01 (t = 3.93).
The difference between survival rates of patients who had combined SG and TG among men and women
was statistically significant (p <0.001). This was especially evident in the interval of 25-250 months. (Fig. 3).
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15
Fig. 3. Comparing survival distribution function for patients of both sex after combined subtotal gastrectomy and total gastrectomy
4. Discussion
Significant differences between the average life expectancy of men and women who had combined TG
were not found (p>0.1). A significant difference between the average life expectancy of men and women
who had combined SG (p>0.05) was established (Ahn et al 2011). While comparing the survival of patients
of both sexes who had combined TG and SG, a significant difference between survival in both men and
women (p <0.001) was found. This is especially evident in the interval of 25-250 months (Carboni et al
2005; Li et al 2004). 3 and 5-year survival after combined TG was respectively 16.7% and 10.1%, with no
significant difference between the men and women (p=0.861). 3- and 5-year survival rate after combined
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16
SG of the stomach was respectively 29.6% and 24.2%, for men 25.5% and 21.1%, and for women
39.2% and 31.4%. The difference between the 3 and 5-year survival of patients of both sexes who had
combined SG was statistically significant (2 = 4.692, p = 0.032) (Ahn et al 2011; Dzhuraev et al 2008;
Kitamura et al 2000).
Conclusions
Combined surgeries on locally disseminated stomach cancer mainly were performed on older patients,
mostly men. This should be considered with the view of the current trend of operational interventions volume
increase and expanding indications for their conduct. Our results show the feasibility of the implementation
of this type of surgeries that extend the capabilities of radical surgical treatment of stomach cancer.
www.csjournal.ca
17
References
1.
Ahn HS, Lee HJ, Yoo MW, et al (2011). Changes in clinicopathological features and survival after gastrectomy for gastric cancer
over a 20-year period. Br J Surg Feb;98(2):255-260. doi:10.1002/bjs.7310.
2.
Brady MS, Rogatko A, Dent LL, Shiu MH. (1991). Effect of splenectomy on morbidity and survival following curative gastrectomy
for carcinoma. Arch Surg Mar;126(3):359-364.
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Cancer in Ukraine, 2010 - 2011 (2012). Incidence, mortality, activities of oncological service Bulletin of national cancer registry
of Ukraine.
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Carboni F, Lepiane P, Santoro R, et al (2005). Extended multiorgan resection for T4 gastric carcinoma: 25-year experience. J
Surg Oncol May 1;90(2):95-100.
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Dzhuraev M.D, Egamberdiev DM, Mirzaraimova SS, Khudoyberdieva MS. (2008). Surgical treatment results of locally
disseminated stomach cancer. Onkologyja (ukr) 10(4):406-408.
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GLOBOCAN 2008: cancer fact sheet. Lyon: IARC; (2008). [cited 2011 July 15]. Stomach Cancer Incidence and Mortality
Worldwide in 2008 Summary [Internet]. http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/cancers/stomach.asp
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Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2010. (2011) Gastric Cancer 14:113123.
8.
Kitamura K, Tani N, Koike H, et al (2000). Combined resection of the involved organs in T4 gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology.
Nov-Dec;47(36):1769-1772.
9.
Li W, Sun XW, Zhan YQ, et al (2004). Efficiency of combined multiple organs resection in advanced gastric carcinoma. Ai Zheng
Mar;23(3):330-333.
10. Otsuji E, Yamaguchi T, Sawai K, et al (1999). Total gastrectomy with simultaneous pancreaticosplenectomy or splenectomy in
patients with advanced gastric carcinoma. Br J Cancer Apr;79(11-12):1789-1793.
11. Piso P1, Bellin T, Aselmann H, et al (2002). Results of combined gastrectomy and pancreatic resection in patients with advanced
primary gastric carcinoma. Dig Surg 19(4):281-285.
12. Radovanovi D1, Stevanovi D, Pavlovi I. et al (2004). Multiorgan resection in patients with gastric cancer. Med Pregl SepOct;57(9-10):480-486.
13. Saito H1, Tsujitani S, Maeda Y. et al (2001). Combined resection of invaded organs in patients with T4 gastric carcinoma. Gastric
Cancer 4(4):206-211.
14. Sougioultzis S1, Syrios J, Xynos ID. et al (2011). Palliative gastrectomy and other factors affecting overall survival in stage IV
gastric adenocarcinoma patients receiving chemotherapy: a retrospective analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol Apr;37(4):312-318. doi:
10.1016/j.ejso.2011.01.019.
www.csjournal.ca

Histochemical polymorphism of keratin pearls in squamous cell

carcinoma of the lung
Gasyuk Yuriy*, Filenko Boris
Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy, Poltava, Ukraine
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTR AC T
Article history:
The aim of the research is to study histochemical features of keratin pearls in keratinizing
Received 23 August 2014
squamous cell carcinoma of lung irrespective of its localization. Methods: histochemical
Received in revised form 16 September 2014
methods of staining have been also used during the investigation: neutral fats stained
with Sudan III and with finish hematoxylin staining. Combined histochemical staining
has been also used: neutral mucoproteins and acid glycosaminoglycans with PAS-
Keywords:
reaction-alcian blue and PAS-reaction with tionine blue. The results of histological and
Squamous cell carcinoma
histochemical analyses detected three types of keratin pearls of different structures and
Keratin pearls
tinctorial features: eosinophilic or tionine-positive, PAS-positive (containing glycogen)
Histochemistry
and light or sudanophilic (containing lipids). Taking into consideration the obtained data,
Polymorphism
it can be assumed that tumor clusters with heterogenous keratin pearls by tinctorial
features are differed according to the degree of cells differentiation, keratinization
and related to various stages of tumor progression. Histochemical analyses of keratin
pearls are not normally taken into consideration during morphological studies and it is
regarded as differentiated keratinizing cancer. However, the results of morphological
investigations show that it is necessary to consider histochemical features of cancerous
clusters for adequate morphological analysis of tumor progression.
1. Introduction
Lung cancer, the development of which is associated with clearly defined exogenous factors, remains
relevant medical-social and environmental problem of current oncology. According to WHO (World Health
Organization) classification, histological type of keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of lung is assigned
* Corresponding author at: Higher medical educational institution of Ukraine Ukrainian medical stomatological academy,
23 Shevchenko Street, Poltava 36024, Ukraine, Tel.: +380 5322 28684
E-mail addresses: Patomorphology@mail.ru (Y.Gasyuk), borius007filenko@ukr.net (B.Filenko)

www.csjournal.ca
Y.Gasyuk, B.Filenko / Canadian Scientific Journal 2 (2014) 1-11
19
Histochemical polymorphism of keratin pearls in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
to organ nonspecific one, as it occurs in various organs (skin, esophagus, neck of uterus, larynx, bronchi,
etc.) (Akopov 2011; Travis et al. 2004).
Histological structure of such type of cancer is characterized by the formation of a keratin pearl. The latter
one is formed due to concentric arrangement of eosinophilic keratinous squamulae (Filenko 2012).
Squamous cell carcinoma is mostly found in central or peripheral localization of tumor in lungs. The
following identical zones have been detected regardless of the localization of the given histological type:
zone of cancroid corpuscles, proliferation zone and invasion zone (Boyko et al. 2014). According to
the publications, keratinizing carcinoma occurs due to metaplasia of multirowed ciliated epithelium into
pavement one. The prominent oncologists consider smoking as one of the major etiological factors of the
development of metaplasia (Zaridze 2004; Radzikowska et al. 2002; Proctor 2001; Wang et al. 2009).
The lack of the unified concept of morphogenesis determines the need for detailed morphological studies
of lung cancer.
2. Purpose
The aim of the research is to study histochemical features of keratin pearls in keratinizing squamous cell
carcinoma of lung irrespective of its localization.
3. Object and Methods

In compliance with the objectives of the study a complex of histological and histochemical methods has
been applied during the investigation. The analysis has been carried out on post operational material, taken
from 25 patients with keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of lung. The obtained material was first fixed
in 10% buffered solution of neutral formalin with further paraffinization. The obtained sections were stained
with hematoxylin and eosin in compliance with standard techniques.
Histochemical methods of staining have been also used during the investigation: neutral fats stained
with Sudan III and finish stained with hematoxylin. Combined histochemical staining has been used, too:
neutral mucoproteins and acid glycosaminoglycans with PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff)-reaction-alcian blue
and PAS-reaction with tionine blue.
Since lipids are dissolved in alcohol and xylene in handling of specimens in compliance with conventional
technique, then, during traditional histological hematoxylin and eosin staining, the cytoplasm of cellular lipid
elements becomes glassy. Consequently, during the investigation detections of intracellular lipid inclusions
were initially based on identification of cellular elements with visually glassy cytoplasm and further justified
by specific histochemical Sudan III staining on neutral fats and with finish hematoxylin staining on prefrozen
sections.
Stained specimens have been analyzed on the Olympus BX-41 digital light microscope with 10, 20,
40, 100 lenses, and their exposure have been performed by the Olympus C 4040 digital camera.
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20
4. Results and Discussion

In microscopic analysis keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of any localization consists of tumor clusters
of various sizes formed by atypical cells of different sizes with polymorphous heterochromatic nuclei.
Keratin pearls are found in the depth of cancerous clusters, which are formed due to concentric arrangement
of acanthocytes. Gradual growth of keratinization occurs in the direction from the periphery to the center
that is justified by the presence of eosinophilic keratinous squamulae, forming the sinuous structures in the
focus of pearls.
It should be noted that necrotic zones of various sizes are detected in the focus of some keratin pearls. Their
sizes probably depend on the degree of differentiation and vascularization, mainly due to neoangiogenesis.
The more the necrotic zone is, the less tissue vascularization is.
Stroma of tumor, in depth of which the strongly pronounced areas of tumor cells were found, was strongly
pronounced and presented in the form of coarse-fibered connective tissue and vessels of various sizes in
some cases.
The results of histological and histochemical analyses detected three types of keratin pearls of different
structures and tinctorial features: eosinophilic or tionine-positive, PAS-positive (containing glycogen) and
light or sudanophilic (containing lipids).
Eosinophilic keratin pearls are formed of concentric keratinous fusiform angular cells. Cytoplasm of such
cells is homogeneously intense eosinophilic. In some cells aggregation of fine intense eosinophilic granules
are identified. Nuclei are prolate, hyperchromatic with coarsely granular chromatin. Such keratin pearls
are surrounded by polymorhous atypical cells and a zone of moderately pronounced inflammatory infiltrate.
In finish staining with tionine-blue such keratin pearls are dark-purple, i,e., tionine-positive. They consist
of individual heterochromatic keratinized cells. Peripheral part of a cell is more hyperchromatic than the
central one (Fig.1).
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21
Fig. 1. Tionine-positive keratine pearl in keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of lung.

1000.
Tionine-blue stain. Original magnification
It can be assumed that such tinctorial features of keratin pearls indicate the processes of intensified
formation of keratohyalin, i.e., hyperkeratosis.
Keratin pearls, containing glycogen, are formed with
keratinized cells of larger size, in comparison with eosinophilic pearls. Their cytoplasm is light eosinophylic
in conventional histological staining. Nuclei of such cells are prolate-ovoid, hyperchromatic with coarsely
granular chromatin. Karyopyknosis is found in some cells.
Presence of glycogen in such keratin pearls is justified by the results of histochemical analyses made by
the PAS-reaction. Cells of PAS-positive keratin pearls contain glycogen staining their cytoplasm purple.
In combined PAS-tionine blue staining it is detected that such keratin pearls contain tionine-positive central
part surrounded with concentric PAS-positive homogeneous structures on the periphery. Keratin pearls,
mostly consisting of only PAS-positive concentric structures, are also often found (Fig. 2).
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22
Fig. 2. PAS-positive keratin pearls in keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of lung. PAS-reaction stain. Original magnification 400.
It can be assumed that such staining of PAS-positive keratin pearls is due to development of parakeratosis,
i.e. the process of keratinization abnormality.
In conventional histological hematoxylin and eosin staining the third type of keratin pearls is revealed,
which are characterized with weak eosinophilic staining of cells cytoplasm or contained foam cytoplasm.
Nuclei of such cells, located on the periphery, are large and ovoid, hyperchromatic with mainly medium
granular chromatin. Cells with karyopyknosis and karyolysis are identified in the central part of keratin
pearls.
The study concluded that cells of such keratin pearls contain lipids, which are dissolved in alcohol and
xylene while handling of specimens in compliance with conventional techniques.
This assumption is confirmed by the results of histochemical analyses, using Sudan III staining. Sudanophilic
keratin pearls are strombuliform ones and consist of sudanophilic structures. Clusters of cancer cells of
keratin pearls containing lipids are orangophilic indicating the content of fats in them. Thereafter lipids are
found both in cells cytoplasm and intercellular space. Cells, in which lipids are arranged intracellular, are
characterized by saving the nucleus; karyopyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis are found in extracellular
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23
lipid aggregation. While lipids are going beyond the cytoplasm boundaries, a highly dispersed or atomized
sudanophilic substance is identified in the intercellular spaces (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Sudanophilic keratin pearl in keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of lung. Sudan III staining with finish hematoxylin staining.
Original magnification 400.
Such pearls are formed due to development of dyskeratosis in them.
5. Conclusions
Taking into account the obtained data, it can be assumed that tumor clusters with heterogenous keratin
pearls by tinctorial features are differed according to the degree of cells differentiation, keratinization and
related to various stages of tumor progression.
The zone of tumor clusters with keratin pearls is characterized by the formation of heterogenous keratin
pearls by the histochemical features: eosinophilic or tionine-positive, PAS-positive or glycogen-comprising
and sudanophilic or lipid-comprising ones.
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24
Histochemical analyses of keratin pearls are not usually taken into consideration during morphological
studies and it is regarded as differentiated keratinizing cancer. However, the results of morphological
investigations show that it is necessary to consider histochemical features of cancerous clusters for
adequate morphological analysis of tumor progression.
6. Perspectives of further research

As for further research, it is planned to carry out cytogenetic and immunohistochemical study of tumor
clusters of squamous cell lung cancer with keratin keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of lung.
References
1.
Akopov (2011) Modern approaches to the classification of lung cancer. Doctor 12:7-12.
2.
Boyko , Boyko D, Filenko B (2014) Histotopographic features of squamous cell lung cancer with keratinization against cicatrix. World of medicine and biology 2:103-105.
3.
Filenko B (2012) Morphological and morphometric features of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Bulletin of biology and
medicine problems 4:210-212.
4.
Proctor R (2001) Commentary: Schairer and Schonigers forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity.
Ins J Epidemiol 30: 31-34.
5.
Radzikowska E, Raszkowski K (2002) Lung cancer in women: age, smoking, histology, performance status, stage, initial treatment-based study of 20561 cases. Annals of Oncology 13:1087-1093.
6.
Travis W, Brambilla E, Muller-Hermelink H, Harris C (2004) World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology
and Genetics of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart. IARC Press, Lyon.
7.
Wang X, Chin Y, Qiu H, et al (2009) The roles of smoking and cooking emissions in lung cancer risk among Chinese women in
Hong Kong. Annals of Oncology 4: 746-751.
8.
Zaridze D (2004) Carcinogenesis. Medicine, Moscow.
www.csjournal.ca

Etiological structure of the urinary system infections, its dynamic,

dependence on patients sex and relation with resident urine
microflora among inhabitants of Chernivtsi region and town of
Chernivtsi
Bezruk Volodymyr*,1, Blinder Oleksandr2, Bezruk Tetyana1, Blinder Olena2, Yurniuk
Sviatoslava1
1
Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
2
State enterprise Scientific center of the preventive toxicology, food and chemical safety named after academic L.I.Medved, Ministry
of Health of Ukraine, Department of the medico-ecological problems, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTR AC T
Article history:
During 2009 - 2913 years 2828 urine samples of the patients (2432 childrens and
Received 10 November 2014
396 - adults) of the medical network of the Chernivtsi region were investigated with
Received in revised form 19 November 2014
bacteriology method with purpose of verification of the diagnosis Infections of the
urinary system; 801 strains of bacteria and fungi were isolated as etiological agents.
The main etiological role of the E. coli and enterobacteria family in general was
Keywords:
demonstrated. It was revealed, that etiological structure of the infections of the urinary
Infection of the urinary system
system and the content of the residential urine microflora depend on the patients sex.
Urine microflora
As causative agent of the infections of the urinary system, E. coli has been isolated
more frequently of the urine samples of female patients. In contrary, Proteus spp. has
been isolated more frequently of the urine samples of male patients. As a part of the
urine resident microflora, E. coli strains were isolated of the female urine samples more
frequently.
* Corresponding author at: Bukovinian State Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, neonatology and perinatology of medicine Bukovinian State Medical
University. 2, Teatralna square, 2, Chernivtsi, 58000, Ukraine. Tel.: +380 372 553 754
E-mail addresses: vladimyrbezruk@yandex.ru (V. Bezruk)

www.csjournal.ca
26
V. Bezruk, O. Blinder, T. Bezruk, O. Blinder, S. Yurniuk / Canadian Scientific Journal 2 (2014)
Etiological structure of the urinary system infections, its dynamic, dependence on patients sex and relation with resident
urine microflora among inhabitants of Chernivtsi region and town of Chernivtsi
1. Introduction
Infections of the urinary system (IUS) is a group of heterogeneous diseases that are combined by
presence of infectious factor in the urinary tract and / or kidney, which causes inflammation in them (Kolesnyk
et al. 2007; Stepanova et al. 2005). They occupy one of the leading places among infectious diseases in
outpatient practice as well as in hospital (Rafalsky et al. 2006). Annual population surveys show a steady
growth of the cases of IUS amongst children. Among infants (first three years of life), this pathology is more
common than acute respiratory infections (Korovina et al. 2002; Serova, Paunova 2007). The incidence of
acute cystitis in women is second only to respiratory infections (Sidorenko, Ivanov 2005).
IUS also occupy a prominent place among nosocomial infections. For example, among patients in critical
condition, their share could reach 40%. According to cumulative data of the foreign researchers they occur
in 6-8% of patients of the intensive care departments (Grabe (Chairman), Bishop, Bjerklund-Johansen et
al. 2012; Zorkin 2007).
Regarding the etiology of IUS among experts in this field the unanimous opinion on the leading role of
enterobacteria dominates (Grabe (Chairman), Bishop, Bjerklund-Johansen et al. 2012; Kolesnyk et al.
2010; Ramakrishnan, Scheid 2005). And among the latter the strains of E. coli are isolated the most often in 70-95% of cases of uncomplicated IUS (Korovina et al. 2002; Loran, Sinyakova, Kosova 2005; Rafalsky
et al. 2006; Romanenko, Stepanova, Rudenko et al. 2013; Zorkin 2007). In the overwhelming number
of cases (95%) of uncomplicated IUS the causative agent is presented by one strain (Loran, Sinyakova,
Kosova 2005). However, in the case of nosocomial IUS the range of causative agents is wider and includes
both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (Kolesnyk et al. 2007; Kolesnyk et al. 2010; Zorkin 2007).
Attention is drawn to the fact that the etiologic structure of IUS may vary in different geographical regions
(Korovina et al. 2002). It should be also taken into account that under bacteriological examination of the
urine of patients with IUS in 0.4-30.0% of cases abnormal microflora was not isolated (Loran, Sinyakova,
Kosova 2005).
2. Purpose of the Study
Purpose of the Study is to set the current etiologic structure of the IUS, its dynamic, dependence on patient
gender and relations with the urine resident microflora among Chernivtsi region population.
3. Material and methods.
During 2009 - 2913 years 2828 urine samples of the patients of the medical network of Chernivtsi region
were investigated with bacteriology method with purpose of verification of the diagnosis infection of the
urinary system (IUS).
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S.epidermidis) , enterococci (E.faecalis), streptococci (S.pyogenes), yeast fungi (C.albicans). Based on

the taxonomic proximity all strains that were isolated in etiologically significant quantities were divided into
5 groups: I gr. Enterobacteriaceae (Proteus spp. excluded); II gr. Proteus spp.; III gr. Pseudomonas
spp.; IV gr. Gram-positive cocci; V gr. Yeast fungi.
In the study the fourth group was the most diverse, because it consisted of representatives of coccal flora
(staphylococci, streptococci and enterococci). This was due to the fact that these strains of pathogens were
isolated in a very small number of cases which did not allow making analysis by different genera.
During 2009 - 2913 years 801 strains of bacteria and fungi were isolated as etiological agents from urine.
In the overwhelming number of cases, only one etiologically significant strain was isolated from one sample
of urine.
The data were processed statistically using the Excel program and the methods of variation statistics.
Distribution of surveyed patients accordingly to their age and sex is shown in the table 1.
Table 1. Distribution of patients examined during 2009-2013 years accordingly to the age and sex
adults
children
Age group
The total number of analyses

performed
Sex of the patient

male
female
up to 3 years
632
207
425
4 - 6 years
604
164
440
7 - 14 years
887
303
584
15 - 18 years
309
119
190
19 - 35 years
223
39
184
36 - 45 years
68
13
55
46 - 65 years
89
26
63
older 65 years
16
13
2828
874
1954
In sum
4. Results and discussion.

Among the patients studied the majority were children under the age of 15 years with peak values per age
group of 7 - 14 years. The dependence on sex is notable among the examined patients. In all examined
age groups the number of female patients exceeded the number of male patients in 1.6 - 4.7 times. The
maximum difference was observed among the age groups of adults (19 - 35 years; 36 - 45 years and older
than 65 years (Fig. 1).
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Fig. 1. The age and sex distribution of bacteriological assays conducted among patients with infection of the urinary system during
2009-2013.
Dynamics of frequency of isolation of etiologically significant strains of bacteria and fungi from the urine of
the patients also revealed dependence on the age and sex of patients. In the age group surveyed children
under 3 the percent of isolation of IUS causative agents among boys was higher than among girls. In all
other examined age groups the percentage of isolated pathogens in female patients was higher.
In general, for both sexes it was observed a gradual decrease in the percentage of isolated IUS causative
agents from the youngest age group up to 15 - 18 years inclusive. At the same time it should be noted a
significant difference in percentage of isolated pathogens between adolescent female patients and their
peers. In the older age groups of adults increased frequency of isolation of the etiologically significant
strains was observed (Fig. 2).
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Fig. 2. The age and sex distribution of the clinically significant strains of bacteria and fungi isolated from patients urine samples
Among the IUS pathogens, isolated in 2009 - 2013 years, Enterobacteriaceae spp. (excluding Proteus
spp.) was on the first place from 63.6% to 76.6% of total cases isolation etiologically significant microflora.
Proteus spp. was on the second place from 10.27% to 15.58%. Pseudomonas spp., Gram-positive cocci
and fungi were being isolated from the urine with approximately equal frequency: Pseudomonas spp.
5.48-10.39%, Gram-positive cocci 3.05-9.58%, yeast fungi 3.59-7.14% (Fig. 3).
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Fig. 3. Etiological structure of urinary system infections in the population of Chernivtsi region
The results are consistent with findings of researchers (Grabe (Chairman), Bishop, Bjerklund-Johansen et
al. 2012; Kolesnyk et al. 2010; Korovina et al. 2002; Ramakrishnan, Scheid 2005), who have pointed out to
a key role of the Enterobacteriaceae spp. in the etiology of IUS. However, the question of dependency of
the IUS etiological structure on the patients sex in the scientific literature is not highlighted enough.
Analysis of the results revealed age and gender dependence of the IUS etiological structure. Frequency
of isolation of the Enterobacteriaceae spp. (excluding Proteus spp.) was significantly higher while
examining female patients, except for the oldest age group. For examined three age groups the difference
was statistically significant, namely: for children of 4 - 6 years (n = 105, Students t-test value = 2.20, p
<0.05); children 7 - 14 years (n = 113, Students t-test value = 2.36, p <0.05) and for adults 36 - 45 years
(n = 12, Students t-test value = 5.48; p <0.001). Within the same sex the frequency of isolation of the
Enterobacteriaceae spp. (excluding Proteus spp.) revealed a small dependence on the age of patients. The
sharp rise in this index was observed only in patients older than 65 years old (Fig. 4).
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Fig. 4. Dynamics of isolation of Enterobacteriaceae spp. (except Proteus spp.) from the urine of patients with urinary tract infection
in different age groups
For Proteus spp. reversed pattern appeared. Among patients under 35 the percent of Proteus spp. isolated
of urine was higher among male patients. The difference was statistically significant for children of 4 - 6
years only (n=34, Students t-test value = 2.80; < 0.01). In the age groups over 35 Proteus spp. were
isolated more often from the urine of female patients. It is noteworthy that for patients of both sexes the
frequency of Proteus spp. isolation decreased with increasing the age of the patient (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. Dynamics of isolation of Proteus spp. from the urine of patients with urinary tract infection in different age groups
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Frequency Pseudomonas spp. isolation from the urine of patients of both sexes under age 35 years was
about the same; and it was changing a little in the different age groups. The sharp rise of this index was
registered only among male patients at mature age and older. However, in these cases the difference
compared with the corresponding figures for female patients was not statistically significant. It can be
explained by the small total number of cases of the pathogen allocation. For the patients of both sexes in
the age group of 36-45 only two cases of isolation were registered, and in the age group 46-65 years - 8
cases (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6. Dynamics of isolation of Pseudomonas spp. from the urine of patients with urinary tract infection in different age groups
For Gram-positive cocci and yeast fungi clear relationship between age, gender and frequency of their
isolation of urine as IUS pathogens was not found.
During the study the hypothesis was formulated: if the etiological spectrum of pathogens IUS was
dependent on the sex of the patients, then the resident microflora urine may show the similar patterns.
Moreover, namely the resident microflora at favorable factors for it (for example reduction in local or general
immune defense, urodynamics malfunction) may cause the IUS.
In cases, when only the resident microflora was isolated from urine, from one to four species of bacteria
and fungi were found in one urine sample. The average values of isolated strains per one analysis varied by
different years of observations (2009-2013 yy.) - from 1.6 to 1.8. oagulase-negative strains of staphylococci
were isolated the most frequently, Corynebacterium spp. was on the second place and enterococci was
on the third one (Fig. 7).
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Fig. 7. The structure of the urine resident microflora of the Chernivtsi region population
Statistically significant differences between the sexes in the frequency of isolation of Corynebacterium
spp. and Enterococcus spp. were not found. oagulase-negative strains of staphylococci were isolated
more frequently from the male patients (n=1139, Students t-test value = 3.18; <0.001). Lactobacillus
spp. were isolated only from urine of female patients, it is explained by the generally known fact of their
belonging to the resident microflora of female genital tract. There were single cases of isolation from urine
Micrococcus spp., S.viridans, Bacillus spp., non pathogenic Neissria spp. Frequency of isolation of yeast
fungi of the genus Candida, as a part of the resident microflora varied from 0% to 0.7% during different
years of observations. Differences between the sexes with this indicator were also not revealed.
Enterobacteriaceae spp., as a part of the urine resident microflora, took the fourth place by frequency of
isolation. But based on the fact that the most frequent causative agent of the IUS are just Enterobacteriaceae
spp. (Kolesnyk et al. 2010; Ramakrishnan, Scheid 2005), the isolation frequency dynamics of those strains
among patients of different age groups was investigated. Based on the results of observations, frequency
of isolation of Enterobacteriaceae spp. for patients of both sexes has tendency to decrease with increasing
age of patients. This group of bacteria was isolated more often from female patients under 18. For the three
age groups, the difference was statistically significant: for children up to 3 (n=86, Students t-test value =
3.14; <0.01), for children of 7 14 (n=63, Students t-test value = 5.05; <0.001) and adolescents (n=21,
Students t-test value = 2.70; <0.05) (Fig. 8).
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Fig. 8. The dynamics of Enterobacteriaceae spp isolation as a part of the urine resident microflora among different age groups
Differences between the sexes in the frequency of Enterobacteriaceae spp. isolation as part of the resident
microflora undoubtedly underlie the gender differences in the frequency of their isolation as the etiologic
agent of the IUS.
Enterobacteriaceae spp. belong to obligate resident intestinal microflora, as well as enterococci. However,
the frequency of isolation of enterococci, in contrast to Enterobacteriaceae spp., was almost identical
in patients of both sexes. The reason for the detected differences may be due to different mechanisms
of interaction of enterobacteria spp. and enterococci with uroepithelium female and male urinary tract
(Romanenko, Stepanova, Rudenko et al. 2013).
Conclusions.
1. For the epidemiology and etiology of urinary tract infections among the population of town Chernivtsi and
Chernivtsi region the signs are common for this pathology: the number of female patients is predominant the
number of male patients in all age groups; among children up to 3 the percentage of isolation etiologically
significant microorganisms from urine is higher among boys, and in all other age groups etiologically
significant microflora is isolated more often from female patients; the main etiological agent of infections of
the urinary system are Enterobacteriaceae spp..
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2. Between the sexes there are differences in the species composition of the urinary system infection
agents. Among female patients E.coli is isolated more often and bacteria of the genus Proteus - among
male patients.
3. The differences between sexes in the composition of the resident microflora of urine do exist. Among
female patients the strains of E.coli are isolated more often, which may be a prerequisite for the top spot of
the pathogen in the etiology of infections of the urinary system among women and girls.
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47-52.
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Grabe (Chairman) M, Bishop V, Bjerklund-Johansen T et al (2012) Guidelines on urological infections. European Association of
Urology
3.
Kolesnyk M et al (2007) Etiological spectrum infections in the urinary tract. Ukrainian journal of nephrology and dialysis 3: 1629.
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Kolesnyk M et al (2010) Spectrum of bacterial microflora of the urogenital tract in patients with pyelonephritis and its antibiotic
sensitivity. Ukrainian journal of nephrology and dialysis 4: 5-10.
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Korovina N et al (2002) Guidelines on antibacterial therapy of urinary tract infections in children. Clinical Microbiology and
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 4 (4): 337-345.
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Loran O, Sinyakova L, Kosova I (2005) The role of urogenital infections in etiology of cystitis and non-obstructive pyelonephritis
in females (part 1). Urology 2: 74-78.
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Rafalsky V et al (2006) Resistance of causative agents of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in Russia. Urology 5: 34-37.
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Ramakrishnan K, Scheid D (2005) Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. Am Fam Physician 5 (71):
933-942.
9.
Romanenko O, Stepanova N, Rudenko A et al (2013) Features of the microbial spectrum urogenital system of women with
recurrent pyelonephritis. Ukrainian journal of nephrology and dialysis 4: 5-10 1(37): 25-31.
10. Serova G, Paunova S (2007) Urinary tract infections in children. Nephrology and dialysis 1(9): 86-91.
11. Sidorenko S, Ivanov D (2005) Results of the study on antibiotic resistance emergence among pathogens of community-acquired urinary tract infections in Moscow. Phase I. Antibiotics and chemotherapy 1(50): 3-10.
12. Stepanova N et al (2005) Clinical and microbiological description infections in the urinary tract in females. Clinical antibacterial
therapy 6(38): 33-35.
13. Zorkin A (2007) Nosocomial infections in the urinary tract of patients in emergency and intensive care units. Problems of clinical medicine 1(9): 98-102.
www.csjournal.ca

To the question of perspectives and challenges in contemporary

international trade diplomacy
Danial Saari1,*, Aigul Adibayeva2
1
International Academy of Business, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics and Strategic Research, Almaty, Kazakhstan
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTR AC T
Article history:
New trends in modern world market relations require a completely up-to-date approach
to settle problems concerning transnational corporations and other key actors with-
in the frameworks of multilateral diplomacy. Commercial diplomacys involvement in
this issue is very crucial and globally important due to contemporary political changes
on the world arena. Transnational corporations are vulnerable to those changes as
well and have to be strongly protected by modified international law regulations clearly
Keywords:
fixed in proper multilateral legal agreements. Since the legal status of foreign business
Commercial diplomacy
companies, transnational corporations and other participants in the global trade are-
Transnational corporations
na is pretty much blurred the world countries and international business entities are
Sanctions
dramatically concerned in this question. This article discovers the problems most of
Global trade
transnational corporations face at present on the example of McDonalds and offers a

number of applicable suggestions how to find the way out from difficulties, which occur
due to conflicts and confrontation between nation states nowadays. It also proposes
some dissent recommendations for the settlement of international trade conflicts in
order to prevent them in the future.
1. Introduction
Today the world diplomacy starts focusing on promoting national interests through the activities of
transnational corporations worldwide. The latter is of a growing importance as a participant due to the
* Corresponding author at: International Academy of Business, 227, Rozybakiyev, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics and Strategic Research, office 116, 4 Abai ave., Almaty, 050010, Kazakhstan
E-mail addresses: danialsaari@hotmail.com (D. Saari), aadibayeva@mail.ru (A. Adbayeva)

www.csjournal.ca
D. Saari, A. Adbayeva / Canadian Scientific Journal 2 (2014)
37
To the question of perspectives and challenges in contemporary international trade diplomacy
complex influx of global changes, opportunities, and challenges the world community faces at present. As
Walter Roberts mentions, the political orientations of classic diplomacy typical to pre-globalization period,
needs to be transformed today into a new mechanism to settle both legal and economic problems that many
transnational corporations face because of a changing political atmosphere on international arena (Roberts,
1991). For example, the central question of traditional diplomacy was always about politics, - that is power,
which lacked the other aspects of foreign relations both in the frameworks of bilateral and multilateral
agreements. Today the economic aspect is having an increasing importance in the world politics, and thus,
needs to be reflected in the all diplomatic procedures, moving forward commercial diplomacy for benefits
of all sides of the world trade market. This article is aimed at brief highlighting some current challenges
multinationals experience as subjects of global politics, which, in its turn, stresses the importance of states
and blocks of states guaranteeing economic and legal security of trade companies overseas.
2. Statement of research objectives
Nowadays commercial diplomacy is largely involved both in exportation of goods and licensing contracts
for producing goods in foreign states. The more company may interfere in management contracts that
designed for operating foreign companies. Furthermore, joint venture with a company in the home country
is completely a different form of business relations. As a final point, transnational corporations may found
entirely owned subsidiaries or branches with production facilities in the home country. Therefore, in
developing a global policy an international company has many options and challenges as well as for the
settlement of which commercial diplomacy is specifically designed.
2. Analysis of recent research
Many attributes may cause conflicts between the more company and the home country. Nationalistic
self-interest may darken the profitability gained through mutual aid. In the same way, social and cultural
differences may also lead to collapse in cooperation and consequent disagreements. A large transnational
corporation may also have such uncontrollable economic effects on a small country that the home country
feels pretty beleaguered. For example, some transnational corporations have been charged with making
too much profit, hiring the best local people away from local companies and operating contrary to social
customs. To minimize such negative experience, and increase the economic viability and security of
international companies functioning abroad, contemporary diplomacy is to develop a scope of certain
economic approaches.
Looking back at the commercial diplomacy phenomenon appearance and development, one should
trace that commencing from the interwar period (1918-1939) the world major countries have expanded the
spheres of their activity beyond the regional frames into a global economic diplomacy. Stephen Woolcock,
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38
an associate research fellow at the comparative regional integration studies programme of the United
Nations University, proposed a definition of economic diplomacy for the period from the end of the Second
World War and the Cold War as economic and diplomatic relations between countries that are represented
by officials (Woolcock, 2014).
In that regard, it has to be noted that the origin of the so-called commercial diplomacy was firstly suggested
by the former Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi in 1994. He reapplied to this diplomacy again and
again in 2001-2006, performing quite successfully in some directions. In 2009 in particular while having
working visits in the frameworks of so-called commercial diplomacy to the Gulf States he traveled to
Saudi Arabia and Qatar Emirate (Bannerman, 2009). These visits were both of political and economic
importance. The concept of commercial diplomacy was indeed a Copernican revolution in the philosophy
of the Italian foreign policy. Diplomacy was traditionally representational with a strong political approach.
Usually diplomats paid little attention to the real economy and the interests of Italian companies that wanted
to work abroad. For decades small and medium-sized companies were forced to look for ways to enter new
markets themselves mostly due to the personal managerial skills of owners or their representatives. In the
end, Berlusconi played the role of the representative of Italian business interest. Saudi Arabia is a largest in
area and is the biggest oil-producing country. Moreover, Saudi Arabia has a special political influence which
was manifested in many conflicts that occurred in the region. It is a country with a moderate traditionalist
religion and politics. Its relationship with the West remained unchanged from 1991 (the Gulf war). Since
then, Saudi Arabia has become a major political ally of the US and Europe. Qatar is very different from
Saudi Arabia, but it is no less interesting. Being a small country with no large energy potential as Saudi
Arabia, it nevertheless has a dynamic and fast-growing economy. Berlusconi led active diplomatic talks with
the countries that could help Italian companies to find the way out of the crisis that dropped them on their
own markets. He has tirelessly made contacts in all directions, thereby increasing international influence
and prestige of his country.
3. Discussion
The listed above example does not always serve as a permanent framework neither for commercial
diplomacy efficiency, nor for the state leaders conscious visions. In fact, the status quo realms often
demonstrate an opposite character of the transnational business conduct. The latter becomes a subject
of political and geo-political configurations and, thus, allowing states, governments, and alliances to
ambitiously manipulate the international companies.
In this context the recent bright example of insecure vulnerability of transnational corporations that are
called to conduct trade operations abroad is the case with McDonalds Company in Russian Federation at
the end of August 2014. Even though the presence of McDonalds in Russia was a success story of the
company, within more than twenty years being the biggest branch and serving around 950,000 customers a
day (Matlack, 2014), have failed to perform its activity anymore in this country due to confrontation between
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39
Russia and the West on the matter of the Crimea issue.

The domino principle as a basis of the latest trends of political and economic technologies is being
constantly used by the main actors of global politics. As a tool of impact for states and their potential
alliances to maneuver and manipulate their interests, companies suffer a time of conflicts which eventually
bring great losses. Developing rapidly in Russias food market with forty five branches through the country,
McDonalds had to experience a crisis in 2014. Right after the sanctions were imposed against Russia
by the West, there were organized regular check-ups of the restaurants, followed soon by moratorium.
Undoubtedly the reasons behind the stoppage of the McDonalds activity in Russia are not declared
as directly linked with sanctions Russia experiences. However, one may definitely assume the evident
link between the two phenomena, which, in its turn, openly sets the agenda for necessity of commercial
diplomacy to be enacted interfering the process.
4. Conclusion
Being in the middle of nation-states and international organizations by status, the transnational
corporations have unclear legal position to be entirely secured incase of conflicts. As of unclear legal
definition, the transnationals thus, are somewhat of a perception as satellites of certain states and political
and economic blocks. Assuming in case of McDonalds that Russia considers this corporation as an agent
or representative of the West policies, it would be worthwhile to raise the question of whether and why
transnational corporations have to be responsible for the foreign political actions of their home countries.
To prevent this concern, firstly, the legal status and immunities of TNCs have to be clearly defined by
the Geneva Conventions, which could be used thereafter by commercial diplomacy worldwide. The latter
leads to logical reasoning on why the population of sides involved into the confrontation has to suffer from
boycotting policies imposed by governments. Moreover, the governments would not be able to use the
TNCs as marionettes in their hands to peruse their own political ambitions. Apparently, as long as the legal
status and immunities are not clarified for TNCs, the leaders of their home countries have to be aware at
least of their personal responsibility for possible financial losses of TNCs in case of foreign relations break
up.
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40
References
1.
Anderson L, Earley J, Feketekuty G, Williamson I (2004). Legal Analysis in Commercial Diplomacy Analyzing Applicable Domestic
Laws and International Agreements. ITCD. San Diego Global University. Retrieved from: http://www.commercialdiplomacy.org/
manuals/manual_legal_analysis.htm
2.
Bannerman L (2009). Silvio Berlusconi Ridiculed Over Gas Pipe Diplomacy Claims. The Times, August 7, 2009.
3.
Kobrin S (2008). Globalization, Transnational Corporations and the Future of Global Governance. Handbook of Research on
Global Corporate Citizenship. Cheltenham, UK, and Northampton, 2008.
4.
Losavio J (2014). Crimean crisis and International Law: What Laws are Broken? Foreign Policy News Journal. April 2, 2014.
5.
Matlack C (2014). Could McDonalds Be the Latest Victim of Russian Retaliation? Bloomberg Businessweek com., August 20,
2014. Retrieved: October 12, 2014.
6.
Pomeranz W (2014). Is There a New Crack in the Wests Sanctions Regime Against Russia? REUTERS Edition, September
26, 2014. From: http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/09/26/is-there-a-new-crack-in-the-wests-sanctions-regime-againstrussia/.Retrieved: October 12, 2014.
7.
Roberts W (1991). Diplomacy in the Information Age. The World Today (The Royal Institute of International Affairs), July, 1991.
Published in German by: Europaische Rundschau.
8.
Woolcock S (2014). The Pillars of the International Trading System: Tel, Mario, (ed.) Globalisation, Multilateralism, Europe:
Towards a Better Global Governance? Globalisation, Europe, multilateralism series (2). Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey, UK, 203-214.
ISBN 9781409464488.
www.csjournal.ca

Ethnicity as political, social and cultural constructions in terms of

the specific historical contexts
Bohatyrets Valentyna*
Yurii Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTR AC T
Article history:
The article canvases the problem of ethnicity as political, social and cultural construc-
tions, persisting in Europe. In a globalized world, postmodern world, ethnic identity
becomes more relative. In the newer notions of ethnicity, conception of ethnic identity
has not lost hold of the place and ground from which it has come from or from which we
speak from, yet it is no longer constrained or contained within that place in essence.
Humanity tends to have multiple identities at any one point in time. Simultaneously,
it is possible to have a global, national, ethnic, national, neighborhood, class, status
Keywords:
Ethnicity
identity at the same time. Due to the diversification of lived worlds people can have
Ethnic identity
multiple identities in an increasingly globalized world marked by migration. The modern
Political, social, cultural constructions
concept of Europe as a federation of communities is based on the concept of ethnic
Public policy
pluralism that respects the interests and rights of peoples as ethnic and cultural com-
Modern politics
munities. Ethnic pluralism involves fundamental differences between peoples; those

are expressed not only in external features, but also spiritual and mental differences in
the different perception of reality and position according to it.
As long as our civilization keeps trundling along generally forwards, then there is the possibility of
a future where ethnicity is merely an interesting badge, not a uniform you cant take off
(David Mitchell)
1. Introduction
Ethnicity is one of Europes outstanding geographical characteristics and it is entirely appropriate that this
has been given due recognition in the science domain.
* Corresponding author at: Yurii Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, College of History, Political Science and International Studies
2, Kotsiubynskoho, Chernivtsi 58012, Ukraine,
Tel.: +38 050 6188405, Fax: +38 0372525141
E-mail addresses: vbohatyrets@yahoo.com (V. Bohatyrets)

www.csjournal.ca
42
V. Bohatyrets / Canadian Scientific Journal 2 (2014)
Ethnicity as political, social and cultural constructions in terms of the specific historical contexts
However the negative aspects have often been emphasized in such a way as to suggest that discrimination
and intolerance are normal occurrences. Problems have generally arisen when democracy and security
have broken down and minorities have been unable to defend themselves against xenophobic excesses
and territorial changes arising out of war on a local, regional or world scale.
Many key terms in the interpretative social sciences and history ethnicity, race, nation, citizenship,
democracy, class, community, and tradition, are equally categories of social and political practice and
analysis. The categories of practice, lets say, native, folk or lay categories are considered the ones
of everyday social experience, developed and deployed by ordinary social actors, as distinguished from
the experience-distant categories used by social analysts (Geertz 1983). The basic contrast goes back at
least to Durkheims Rules of Sociological Method, which criticized the sociological use of pre-notions or
lay concepts that have been created by experience and for it (Durkheim 1964).
Its preferable to use the expression category of practice to the alternative, for while the latter imply
a relatively sharp distinction between native or folk or lay categories on the one hand and scientific
categories on the other, such concepts as race, ethnicity, or nation are marked by close reciprocal
connection and mutual influence among their practical and analytical uses (Wacquant 2004).
This paper aims at demonstrating theoretical framework of ethnicity as political, social and cultural
constructions. It is an essential part of the vernacular milieu, especially in closed rural communities anchored
in a specific language and culture where no other identity could be contemplated. People gain powerful
community solidarity from such situation; for example, it might help the Ukrainians to survive in often hostile
environment, reflecting a generally negative image. Yet this survival mentality is hardly in keeping with
modern Europe: human rights equality is a basic requisite for progress to EU membership and the security
that follows in its wake.
2. Theoretical perspective
2.1 Ethnicity - an imperative concern in the modern world
According to Oxford dictionary ethnicity is The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common
national or cultural tradition: the interrelationship between gender, ethnicity, and class (oxforddictionaries)
Ethnicity is an important issue in the modern world. In each nation state some groups stand aside from
the mainstream (Horowitz 1985) and seek power sharing and influence as part of the tension between
the global and the local (Rothschild 1981; Rupasinghe and Tishkov 1995). Now here in Eastern Europe
is the nation state ideal achieved whereby compact nations are contained neatly within their respective
territorial cradles (Yevtukh 2012). It is extreme ethnic diversity that is invariably highlighted as characteristic
of Eastern Europe in contrast to them or homogeneous societies of Western states. Ethnicity has been
widely perceived as a source of stress rather than cultural enrichment (Kovacs 1991), if human resources
are to be effectively harnessed for growth and prosperity this constraint has to be overcome. Ethnic issues
maybe over-dramatized as a result of recent well-known cases of flagrant discrimination and even genocide
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43
resulting from states and minorities being in conflict (Poulton 1994). While modern Western society is
regarded as the inevitable evolutionary outcome (Rostow 1961), other cultures must not be forgotten
(Bloom 1987). Resistance from the periphery to any imposition of European culture will remain, with all its
problematic implications (Glenny 1999).
Issues of race and ethnicity dominate the academic discourse of many disciplines, including the field of
multicultural education, and the socio-political arena. Heightened interest in these issues is in response to
the demographic reality of increasing racial and ethnic diversity in the whole globe (Yash 2000, Unander
2000, Peter 1999, Dragunskii 1995).
According to D. Dragunskii, the ethnic categorization and marginalization was the central cause of the
Soviet Unions state building ideology. After Soviet Unions economic and political ideology declined, its
breakup was not led by ideological conflict but by ethno-territorial conflict. According to the researcher,
conflict tensions are divided primarily on ethnic lines as a result of the Soviet Unions own ethnic policies
and categorizations.
John R. Bowen challenges the common, popular notion that many international ethnic conflicts are ageold problems of cultural and ethnic differences which can never be cured. Instead, the author focuses on
examples in Yugoslavia and Rwanda to demonstrate how colonial and post-colonial states create ethnic
categorization and division for economic and political purposes (Bowen 1997).
2.2 Ukraine case study
In terms of the above-mentioned study it should be noted, that the question of Ukraines ethnicity crisis
could be another case study. Ukraine is a Texas-sized country wedged between Russia and Europe. It
used to be the part of the Soviet Union until 1991, and since then has been a less-than-perfect democracy
with a very weak economy and foreign policy that wavers between pro-Russian and pro-European (Fisher
2014). The country is divided by ethnic heritage, language and politics. Broadly, the eastern half is more
pro-Russia while the west has sought a closer partnership with Europe, a division at the heart of the
protests that ultimately led to the ouster of Kremlin-backed President Viktor Yanukovych.
The borders of what the world knows as modern-day Ukraine were only settled in 1945, after centuries of
conflict and war. The western part of the country had a brief flirtation with independence between the two
world wars, but was otherwise part of Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The eastern parts of the
country were more closely aligned with the Russian empire for several hundred years before the Soviet
Union annexed the entire area after World War II.
Political differences are less about ideology, and more about identity, People have tended to make their
affiliations based on their location and heritage, which were reflected in the 2010 election (Kaplan 2014).
The roots of a present-day crisis go back to the last days of the Soviet Union, whose demise Mr. Putin has
lamented as the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the century. Moscow has long cast an acquisitive eye
on Ukraine now the second-largest Slavic state, previously a vast part of the Soviet Union and always
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Russias uneasy neighbor. The current Ukrainian crisis and Russias occupation of the Crimea are directly
linked to Moscows project of taking advantage of ethnic conflict and reintegrating the space of the former
Soviet Union into a comprehensive economic, political and military Eurasian Union.
When Ukraine voted for independence on Dec. 1, 1991, it sealed the Soviet Unions fate. More than 90%
of Ukrainian citizens voted in favor of statehood. Even in the Crimea, which then (as now) had an ethnic
Russian majority, 54% voted for independence. In Sevastopol, the Soviet naval base in the Crimea, 57%
were in favor. The Russians of Ukraine, in short, voted in large numbers for Ukrainian independence.
Backsliding into dreams of Soviet empire isnt something the world can afford just now (Plokhy 2014).
2.3 Ethnicity as a way of categorizing similarity and differences
Significantly, ethnicity is the use of culturally expressed characteristics as markers of similarity and
difference. It refers to groups who share customs and language. Ethnicity is a more encompassing
acceptable way of categorizing similarity and differences. The use of race to classify and categorize people
is however, often viewed negatively. Ethnicity is a better concept than race as it reflects positive tendencies
of identification whilst race is often thought of as label imposed by a dominant group in order to maintain a
position of power over the subordinate/minority group. Hence race is associated with negative tendencies
of dissociation and exclusion while ethnicity involves voluntary self-identification as it enhances ones selfesteem and status in society. Ethnic identity refers to how individuals relate themselves to a particular
ethnic group. Ethnic identity can be understood as individual identity. Individual identity can be looked at a
few levels. It can be seen/ related to/as being sure of yourself ie; psychological understanding of oneself.
Identity can also be seen as group identity. But an individual is always part of a social group. Henceforward,
individual identity can be equated to social identity. Ethnic identity is yet another way of thinking of individual
identity (Ethnicity 2014).
Assuming an outer stance; I reckon ethnicity manifestation is triggered most often by two conflicting
social and cultural influences. First, deep conscious immersion into cultural traditions and values through
religious, familial, neighborhood, and educational communities instills a positive sense of ethnic identity and
confidence. Second, and in contrast, individuals often must filter ethnic identity through negative treatment
and media messages received from others because of their race and ethnicity. Racial and ethnic identity
is supposed to define and stress the importance of examining these concepts from a multidimensional
frame. Furthermore, racial and ethnic identity is seen through developmental and descriptive lenses and
highlighted the strengths and limitations of the models presented. Ethnic identity is often considered a
social construct as well. It is viewed as an individuals identification with a segment of a larger society
whose members are thought, by themselves or others, to have a common origin and share segments of
a common culture and who, in addition, participates in shared activities in which the common origin and
culture are significant ingredients (Yinger1976). Ethnic identity seems most often to be a frame in which
individuals identify consciously or unconsciously with those with whom they feel a common bond because
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45
of similar traditions, behaviors, values, and beliefs (Ott 1989). These points of connection allow individuals
to make sense of the world around them and to find pride in who they are.
If, however, positive ethnic group messages and support are not apparent or available to counteract
negative public messages, a particular individual is likely to feel shame or disconnection toward their own
ethnic identity. Ethnic identity development consists of an individuals movement toward a highly conscious
identification with their own cultural values, behaviors, beliefs, and traditions. Ethnic and racial identity
models provide a theoretical structure for understanding individuals negotiation of their own and other
cultures (Chvez 2012).
3. Ethnicity and ethnic identity
There is an element of primordiality to ethnic identity. However, as much as it can be primordial, ethnic
identity can also be situational and instrumental. It can be latent and it can manifest itself when triggered
with intrusions or faced with threat. In a globalized world, postmodern world, ethnic identity becomes more
relative. In the newer notions of ethnic identity, conception of ethnic identity has not lost hold of the place
and ground from which it has come from or from which we speak from, yet it is no, longer constrained
or contained within that place in essence. Humanity tends to have multiple identities at any one point in
time. Simultaneously, it is possible to have a global, national, ethnic, national, neighborhood, class, status
identity at the same time. Due to the diversification of lived worlds people can have multiple identities in an
increasingly globalized world marked by migration.
Recently, there have been talks and arguments of doing away with ethnic identity altogether from/by the
post-modern perspective. Ethnic identity presents a persons stance in the society. There is no way in
which people can act or speak from the margins or reflect on their own experiences unless they come from
some place, have some history or have certain cultural traditions. Ethnic identity establishes and structures
social relationships and maintains an order in society. Ethnicity is what we require in order to make sense
of ourselves and to think about the relationship between identity and difference. As long as it does not
essentialize other ethnic groups and naturalize differences or lead to stereotyping or constraining individual
agency, it is still an important and necessary way to organize society. These days ethnicity is much talked
issues in the contemporary world, especially in the Third World, so called underdeveloped countries by
developed western countries. Ethnic identity always materializes in relation to somebody else. Identity is
contextual in both derivation and expression-that is easily manipulated and changeable is now well known
and is surely expectable, for it shares these features with all that is cultural (Rishikeshav 2003). It is almost
impossible to delineate the boundaries of one cultural identity and the beginning of another. The relationship
between nationalism and ethnicity is complex. Neither is vanishing as part of an obsolete traditional order.
Both are part of a modem set of categorical identities invoked by elites and other participants in political
and social struggles.
These categorical identities also shape everyday life, offering both tools for grasping pre-existing
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46
homogeneity and difference and constructing specific versions of such identities. While it is impossible to
dissociate nationalism entirely from ethnicity, it is equally impossible to explain it simply as a continuation of
ethnicity. Numerous dimensions of modern social and cultural change, notably state-building, individualism
and the integration of large-scale webs of indirect relationships all serve to make both nationalism and
ethnicity salient. Nationalism, in particular, remains the preeminent rhetoric for attempts to demarcate
political communities, claim rights of self-determination and legitimate rule by reference to the people
of a country. Ethnic solidarities and identities are claimed most often where groups do not seek national
autonomy but rather an internal recognition to or cross-cutting national or state boundaries. The possibility
of a closer link to nationalism is seldom altogether absent from such ethnic claims, however, and the two
sorts of categorical identities are often invoked in similar ways (Calhoun 1993).
This suggests that even if ethnicity plays a role it cannot be a sufficient explanation. Furthermore, nationalism
has largely been treated as a kind of second-order political movement based on a false consciousness
which ethnicity helps to produce but cannot explain because the deeper roots lie in political economy not
culture (Alter 1985). In each of these cases, it is critical that the topic of race and ethnicity receives continual
examination.
Consequently, we can conclude, the ideology and myth of racial and ethnic differences cannot be
confirmed to back or legitimate superiority, privilege, or conflict as has often been the case in both historical
and global contexts. A more precise assessment is sure to challenge counterbalance of these dangerous
misconceptions so that mere differences, in whatever form, are not constructed as a rationale for compel.
Generally speaking, the most prominent twentieth-century analysts of nationalism have rejected the claim
that nationalism can be explained by pre-existing ethnicity. According to the latest study, the crucial role of
modem politics, especially the idea of sovereignty has been emphasized. Furthermore, another angle of
the encompassed problem is seeing nationalism as a sort of religion. More recently, emphasis has been
placed on the number of cases of failed or absent nationalisms: ethnic groups which mounted either little or
no attempt to become nations in the modem senses.
4. Findings and final conclusions

Summarizing, we found it quite difficult to cover and highlight all issues concerned, nevertheless, having
studied the cluster of topics centered on ethnicity as political, social and cultural constructions in the
historical context, several themes emerged that take our ethnicity awareness to a profounder extend.
Ethnic identity is neither permanent, nor is stable. Ethnic identity is multi- faceted and not cast in stone. It
evolves overtime. Older notions of ethnicity can be viewed as somewhat narrower and far more restraining.
Being more essential in nature and differences it would have been rejected. Ethnic identity can be
conceptualized as a process of identification i.e.; as taken for granted, something happening over time and
that is never undeniably constant. Instead it is subjected to play of history (understanding our roots, we
cannot ignore our background) and the play of difference. It is not an end state and there is nothing tangible
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47
to it. It is a social process that involves mediation. Ethnic identity is also relational, in the sense that it
signifies the bond between an individual and the other. Ethnic identity is a social construct. It is constructed
overtime through the accumulation of many things over time.
The transition to democracy is a slow-moving and frail process. The advance of practical and rigorous public
policies that are relevant, acceptable, and inclusive is vigorous for the democratic systems establishment.
Such policies are reckoned to be pursued by citizens and supported by governments. To achieve this
goal, initiatives must also overcome entrenched nativist attitudes if they are to be truly deep-rooted in the
community. The issue is how to articulate and deliver such policies that will underpin the putting in the
democratic ideal and which address the contexts unique to the countries undertaking this process.
First, racial differences become more aware in the mind than in the genes. Consequently, we conclude
superiority and inferiority associated with racial differences are often socially constructed to satisfy the
socio-political agenda of the dominant group.
Second, racial and ethnic categories are neither fixed across societies nor within a society. Racial and
ethnic categories are fluid and changing depending on the socio-political context of a society at any given
time.
Third, ethnic and racial differences do not inherently result in conflict. Instead, these differences can take
on a social meaning of hierarchy leading to a conflict when split groups fail to negotiate. In such cases, the
imbalance of power, not the racial or ethnic differences per se, is the underlying cause of the conflict (for
example, current Ukraine conflict (the Crimea, Donetsk, Luhansk) Russia.
To be more precise, Ukraine crisis is not to simply be degraded to yet another conflict as each conflict has
unique situations and terrible consequences. Yet still, it is another significant sign of how power struggles
have imprints throughout the globe and throughout history.
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www.csjournal.ca

Ensuring air quality in the work area when forming polyamide

threads
Denisova Nataliia*, Buialska Nataliia
Chernihiv National University of Technology, Chernihiv, Ukraine
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTR AC T
The world growth of polyamide threads production with a simultaneous increase in
Article history:
the number of occupational diseases of operators affect the need for the studies of

discharge mechanism of pollutants and activities for the reduction of increased concentrations of polluting compounds in the air of working area. Following studies of
sanitary and hygienic work conditions and pollutant discharges of low molecular weight
compounds (LMWC) of caprolactam in the work area during the formation of polyamide
Keywords:
Low
molecular
weight
compounds
of
threads it was revealed that the largest number of LMWC discharges are in the areas
caprolactam
of high turbulence air of blower ducts. A complex of methods for the labor protection
Air pollution in the work area
based on the research of air condition and particle distribution along the height of the
Formation of polyamide threads
ducts and in the production area is proposed. This comprehensive solution includes
Methods for ensuring air quality
predictive control of blowing air pressure and formation temperature, as well as identifying a minimum pollution location to place control room equipment in. Implementation
of the developed methods will lead to reducing the risk of elevated concentrations of
hazardous substances and ensuring the ambient air quality in the production area.
1. Introduction
Considering the occupational safety in manufacturing of polyamide fibres through a chain of manufacturing
processes (polymer synthesis, preparation of spinning paste for thread forming, formation of threads, their
heat treatment and drawing, and textile use), and based on the analysis of the plant working conditions,
there was revealed a risk of elevated concentrations of low molecular weight compounds in operators
workplace ambient air.
* Corresponding author at: Chernihiv National University of Technology, 95 Shevchenko St., Chernihiv, 14000, Ukraine.
Tel.: +380634386793, +380681309522
E-mail addresses: 422786@rambler.ru (N. Denisova), buialska@gmail.com (N. Buialska)

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50
N. Denisova, N. Buialska / Canadian Scientific Journal 2 (2014)
Ensuring air quality in the work area when forming polyamide threads
The relevance of research on pollutant discharges of low molecular weight compounds (LMWC) of
caprolactam and its oligomers is explained by an increased incidence of respiratory diseases in polyamide
thread-forming operators with an almost fourfold excess of MPC (MPCukr. = 10 mg/m3) (Denisova 2005).
Therefore, the work is aimed to ensure air quality in the work area of thread-forming operators, and,
consequently, to create better working conditions and reduce the incidence rate in workers. To comply
with the EU standard for caprolactam (cl) aerosol concentrations in the work area air (5 mg/m3) will be an
important task.
2. Methods
The parameters of ambient air were controlled using a standard technique in compliance with sanitary
regulations DSN - 3.3.6.042-99. The technological parameters of the manufacturing process and the quality
characteristics of threads were monitored in compliance with standard GOST 2263-2002. The ejection and
turbulence areas in the blower duct were studied using a directed flow of soap bubbles. A point-estimate
method was developed to carry out experimental studies of LMWC discharges and their distribution in
the work area air. The experimental results were assessed by methods of mathematical statistics and
systems analysis (two-factor variance analysis of effects of distance and time spent by operators in the
polluted area, least-squares method for development of mathematical models of pollutant discharges and
predictive control of airflow, mathematical method of linear programming to establish minimum values to
locate minimally polluted safe areas). We used Microsoft Excel, OpenOffice Calc and MathCad.
3. Analysis and discussion of the results of experimental studies
Effects of caprolactam concentrations in the forming work area air on the incidence of respiratory diseases
in operators were assessed using a comprehensive approach aimed to creating a safe and healthy working
environment and based on the results of monitoring air pollution in the work area, production workload and
incidence rate (Denisova 2010).
After processing the data collected at Chernigovskoe chimvolokno OJSC, it was established that the
incidence of respiratory diseases in workers is directly proportional to concentrations of caprolactam in the
air (cl):
= + b cl
where - specific incidence rate (number of respiratory diseases per 100 people per year),
a, b - constants.
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51
The constant a defines a relatively constant number of respiratory diseases that is independent of the
working environment, and bcl is a criterion for increasing the number of diseases caused by elevated
concentrations of hazardous substances in the air. Modifying this parameter can not only reduce the number
of respiratory diseases, but also bring significant economic benefits.
Using a correlation coefficient of 0.85, the equation is represented as follows:
= 44,84 + 8,53 Ccl
(1)
Considering the above, it was established that decreasing the concentration by 1.0 mg/m3 reduces by
16% the total number of respiratory diseases in workers. The calculated dependences are obtained for the
first time.
The studies showed that decreasing LMWC discharges from blower ducts is a necessary but not sufficient
condition for work safety of thread-forming operators. In the previous studies (Bhuvanech 1990, Azarov
2004) showed in order to solve the problem of increased air pollution personal protective equipment should
be used, but it is known that its regular use is extremely uncomfortable for employees. Therefore this issue
requires a comprehensive solution that includes not only reducing the risk for exposure to a pollution source
in technology terms, but also reconstruction of general and local ventilation systems, reducing working
shifts time, placing control room equipment in areas with minimal air pollution, the stimulation of the use of
personal protective equipment for respiratory protection (PPERP) by workers.
For operators, the risk of staying inside the work area with consideration for pollutants distribution in it
was assessed using the elaborated point-estimate method for estimation of LMWC discharges (Denisova
2010). The data were processed using two-factor variance analysis, where the factors were the distance
and the time of the operators exposure within the hazardous area, and the response function was sediment
accumulations on test indicators. The analysis showed that the most hazardous area in terms of air pollution
is located at 0.5 m from the front edge of the blower duct. Pollutant accumulation on this site is increased
by about 10% per hour. Since the operator workplace is within this distance, the use of PPERP is required,
and the shift time may be reduced as dictated by specific conditions of production. The obtained results
differ significantly from those of previous studies by Pankeeva A.M. (Pankeev, Cherednichenko, Korneeva
2005) where it was assumed that the contamination has even distribution along the height and the distance
from the blower ducts.
Minimally polluted areas suitable for the operators stay were selected using point method findings, where
measurement points were placed over the entire area. A design diagram of pollution flow directions is
shown in Fig. 1.
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52
Fig. 1. Design diagram of analysis of pollution flow directions in the formation area
The experimental research data were processed using the linear programming method with search for
minimum through flows. Calculations show that the minimum air pollution in the thread-forming area is
located at points 3, 11, 12. It was found out that the optimal place for control room equipment would be an
area (see Fig. 1, an area near point 12) 1.5 times less polluted than the average for the site, and 6.5 times
less polluted than in the area of maximum discharges.
Air supplied by general ventilation was estimated using a point method for assessing pollution. Since the
supply-and-exhaust ventilation in thread-forming areas adds blowing air to forced air, the following equation
was used for calculations:
Ccl = ( q i nkSd)/[Sti(V1+V2n)],
(2)
where is the average weight of sediment on test indicators;

n - number of blower (working) ducts;
k - factor of conversion of point method data to LMWC concentration defined by standard methods
(experimentally, k = 2,17);
Sd - front surface area of the blower duct, m2;
Sti - surface area of test indicator, m2;
V1, V2 - air supplied to the area and a separate workplace, respectively, m3/h.
Using known values of q i , n, V1, this equation allows to calculate a nomogram (Fig. 2: 1 tf = 548 ;
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53
2 tf = 555 ; 3 tf = 567 ) to determine V2 required to ensure a given LMWC concentration under any
changes in process variables, the number of workplaces and the range of threads.
Fig. 2. Nomogram of required air exchange depending on cooling conditions to ensure cl=MPC/2
On the basis of the above, the rise of formation temperature tf up to 567 K leads to increasing of LMWC
concentrations at all process levels except for the blower air pressure, P = 294 Pa. Therefore, the inflow
changes slightly at this temperature. When tf = 555 K and tf = 548 K, pressure reduction leads to increasing
Ccl concentrations and requires a significant increase in air exchange. When the area performance changes
at constant parameters of threads cooling, V1 is directly proportional to the number of workplaces. A change
in the shop productivity also leads to a change in formation rate and linear density of threads, and requires
new values for factors q i and V1 of the equation (2).
Applying the above method to other factories manufacturing anide polyamide, polyester and polyamide
threads of another linear density requires updated quantitative values of the factors that affect airflow.
Manufacturing application of the developed methods can reduce concentrations of pollutants (caprolactam)
in the air of forming areas by cl = 43% (calculated using the equation (2)), meet the international
standards for caprolactam aerosol concentrations in the work area air (5 mg/m3), and reduce the incidence
of respiratory diseases in workers by = 28% (calculated using the equation (1)).
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54
The solutions obtained can be used not only in manufacturing other ranges of polyamide threads, but also
in manufacturing polyester, anide polyamide and other synthetic threads, which are formed in a similar
pattern of melting. They also can be used to improve the engineering, economical and environmental
performance of closed ducts.
Implementation of air pollution-reducing methods at thread-forming operator workplaces also has a social
effect and an economic impact on the overall plant performance, which leads to increasing the professional
activity period of workers and labour productivity, reducing staff turnover and sick leave costs paid by a
company, savings in raw materials that evaporate and are irretrievably lost.
4. Conclusion
It was developed a set of methods to improve sanitary and hygienic work conditions of thread-forming
operators; this makes it possible to reduce concentrations of pollutant discharges of LMWC in the air of
thread-forming areas by 43%, and meet the international standards for caprolactam aerosol concentrations
in the air of thread-forming areas (5 mg/m3). As a result, the number of respiratory diseases in workers will
be decreased by 28%. In addition to the process method, this comprehensive solution includes predictive
control of LMWC concentrations in the work area air in case of process modifications, and a formula that
takes into account the simultaneous intake of blower air and general dilution air to ensure air quality in the
work area.
References
1.
Azarov N (2004) Comprehensive assessment of the dusting situation and the development of measures to reduce dusting in
the air environment of industrial enterprises. Dissertation, Rostov-on-Don National University of Technology.
2.
Bhuvanech Y, Gupta V (1990) Computer simulation of melt spinning of poly (ethylene terephthalate) using a steady-state model. Indian Journal of Textile Research, 4: 145-153.
3.
Denisova N, Ivanova I (2005) Formation of polycaproamide. Some issues of labour protection. Vestnik Chernigovskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnologcheskogo unversiteta, 25: 90-93.
4.
Denisova N (2010) Reducing air pollution levels in the work area during the formation of polyamide threads. Dissertation, National research Institute of industrial safety and labour protection.
5.
Pankeev A, Cherednichenko P, Korneeva S (2005) The research and modeling of the process of threads chilling during forming. Chernigov.
www.csjournal.ca

Modern methods of microstructure research trough computer materials science using applied technology
Povstyanoy Oleksandr*, Kuts Yuliya
Lutsk National Technical University, Lutsk, Ukraine
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTR AC T
Article history:
A complex analysis of the research modern methods of porous penetrating material microstructures is given. It is shown from the analysis of modern literary sources
that macroscopic behavior and topology of surface directly depend on the features
of its microstructure. Therefore measuring and control of properties of initial powders
and finish goods by modern facilities and software are an important factor for making
high-efficiency and progressive porous penetrating materials.
Possibilities and estimation of modern software are shown for computer facilities of
research at processing of metallography images of different sort of materials. It was
revealed that the study of possibilities and modern software for computer facilities of
research of metallography images with the purpose of determination of quality and
quantitative descriptions of materials is dictated by scientific and production tasks that
arose up in the modern science of materials.
In this article it is well-proven that presented modern software products for the analysis
of micro images are a universal instrument for the quality analysis of image of porous
penetrating material microstructures in science and production.
The given methods of non-destructive and rapid control that determine and analyze the
changes of material structure can be successfully used as an instrument of control of
quality of the off-the-shelf product.

Keywords:
Microstructure
Computer materials science
Porous material
Visualization
1. Introduction
Swift development of the computing engineering and methods of the digital processing of images have
given an opportunity considerably to extend computerization of science-research works in many areas of
SciTech lately. Macroscopic behavior of material directly depends on the features of its microstructure.
* Corresponding author at: Lutsk National Technical University, Potebni, 56, Lutsk, 43018, Ukraine
Tel.: +380 639 387 654, +380 506 611 333
E-mail addresses: povstjanoi@mail.ru (O.Povstyanoy), pywochek@gmail.com (Y.Kuts)

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56
O. Povstyanoy, Y. Kuts / Canadian Scientific Journal 2 (2014)
Quantitative approach in analyzing allows educing the optimal structure which meets the terms of service
of material the best.
On the other hand, the successful solution of basic tasks of world industry development nowadays is
determined by the increase of manufactured products competitiveness. Thus, there are high requirements
to material purity, cleanness of liquid and gaseous working environments of technological processes,
reliability and longevity of work of machines, devices and etc. (Vutiaz 1987).
With each new developed technological process the powder metallurgy demonstrates some advantages
that allow getting materials with the best or newest qualities or making things by the most economically
profitable method. Among these things there are porous penetrating materials (PPM) used practically in all
branches of industry (Whitehouse 1994).
Creation and development of new highly-efficient PPM are impossible without measuring and control
of properties of initial powders and finished products. PPM is characterized by the row of structural and
operating parameters which usually are determined by qualities of initial powders and technology of their
production. Porosity, its distribution on the PPM, its kind (open, closed, dead-locked); form, sizes of pores
(middle and maximal), coefficient of pores sinuosity; coefficient of porous structure regularity; penetration
coefficient; specific surface; mechanical durability, corrosive firmness and others can be named as important
descriptions of PPM (Belov 1987).
2. Analysis of the last researches and publications

Study of PPM structural descriptions is one of the key tasks of modern science of materials on the basis of
which the process of creation of new materials and improvement of properties of already existed materials
is based. Making high-quality metallographic analysis is connected with some known difficulties determined
by large physical load on a researchers organism (in particular organs of sight), subjectivity of supervisions
and small speed of research process. Application of devices working on the basis of linear mechanical
involute of optical objects causes the limits in interpretation of received signals and also deprives possibilities
of intellectual interference into the measuring process (Pytianin 1990; Lindly Kereig 1996).
As small changes at making analysis and processing of images have large influence on the further future
of a finished product. So the methods of non-destructive and rapid control that determine and analyze these
changes can be successfully used as an instrument of product quality control (Andersson 2000).
The study of possibilities and estimation of modern software for computer facilities of research of
metallographic images with the aim of determination of PPM qualitative and quantitative descriptions is
dictated by scientific and production tasks in modern science of materials.
Metallographic images can be presented by combination of various structural constituents at different
correlation: by phases characterized by various sizes, forms and colors and also by the limits of grains that
can be presented either by separate lines on an image or cover an image with a continuous net. Combination
of these structural constituents can give a very complicated picture to interpret, so an analyzing program
must possess a great enough part of rightness of implementation. Therefore the basic requirement to
the quality analysis of images is as follows: on a photo under a microscope it is necessary to distinguish
structural constituents, and after to classify them by brightness, size and form. Practical implementation
of this question includes such tasks which have already become classic, such as segmentation, filtration
of defects and selection of objects from a background, determination of limits of objects, recognition of
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57
patterns (Stas 2000). For successful performing of metallographic analysis the most important question
is about reliability of image segmentation. As far as metallographic images are complicated there is not a
single possibility to define descriptions of objects. Therefore a process of segmentation must be adaptive
and if it is possible to distinguish all objects of interest regardless of their sizes or brightness. Thus, there
must be possibility of intervention from an operator into the process of recognition, at least, for the object
correction (Mandelbrot 1982).
That is why study and perfection of metallographic methods and computer facilities for measuring,
analysis, determination, processing and prognostication of properties and structure of PPM are an actual
and practical task.
3. Statement of research objectives

-
describe the metallographic analysis of PHOTOM, OPTIMAS, VIDEOTEST, IMAGE EXPERT
PRO, AVIZO, SMART - EYE
-
determine possibilities and evaluation of advanced software tools for computer research in the
processing of metallographic images.
4. Results
The modern stage of development of software is characterized together with the increase of functionality
and such tendencies, as:

Its simplicity of operation;

Increase of the productivity by the system itself;

De-skilling effect of a user professional level.
Today there are many various application programs for image analysis. Products that are the simplest in
operation become the most successful.
Taking into account functional possibilities among the variety of software for the image analysis the most
successful are the following application programs - PHOTOM, OPTIMAS, VIDEOTEST, IMAGE
EXPERT PRO, AVIZO, SMART-EYE and many others.
In the arsenal of these programs there are all the algorithms necessary for processing of technical
images (Povstyanoy 2004). They are high-frequency and low-frequency filtration, selection of image limits,
arithmetic and logical operations, brightness/contrast correction and others. In this case image processing
is not directed at the improvement of visual perception, but on its preparation for the further analysis.
On the basis of analysis of mentioned above algorithms these programs allow to calculate the average
brightness of every object according to the brightness scale fixed in the systems. By means of this chart
in all application programs of this specific the following sequence of algorithms is offered to process and
obtain descriptions of metallographic structure:
1.
Filtration of image with the aim of exception of casual noise.
2.
Previous segmentation focused on the selection of homogeneous areas.
3.
Correction of an object with the aim of determination of its brightness threshold.
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58
4.
5.
Final segmentation with the use of the defined base-line value that allows defining objects in full.
Analysis of the distinguished objects with the purpose of their parameter determination.
The final task of metallographic analysis has to be considered the statistical processing of object
descriptions obtained during the process of measuring, determination of average values and also building
graphic curves for visualization of the analysis process.
The easiest in use and determination of these descriptions there is the program PHOTOM intended
for photometry. Loading of black and white images is performed in format .BMP and .JPG. This program
carries out the calculation of photo absorbency calculated taking into the consideration background in
average (on the highlighted area) and for a separate photo as well (Picture 1).
Picture.1 Generation of binary image and construction of histograms of structure analysis of the micro section of porous penetrating
material obtained from powder of steel of BBS15
Besides the calculation of absorbency it is possible to invert, increase the contrast and smooth out an
image, generate a binary image, determine distances between objects and carry out calculation of a
necessary area in a photo. Moreover, there is also mode of calibration provided to count all coordinates in
metrical units (microns).
The analyzer of images OPTIMAS is an integration of modern methods on image processing created on
the basis of powerful mathematical methods tested in practice. A wide row of unique functions and methods
of work is developed specially for this program. Two control panels are created: standard tuning and tuning
of user. The standard tuning provides with button access to file processing, clipboard and printing actions;
tuning of user allows adding up to twenty other macro instructions to panels of user. There is an automatic
threshold for multiphase images; possibility of reflection of histogram, due to the use of more flexible and
functional tool of graphic display of histogram (Picture.2); maintenance of automatic image segmentation
in the specified amount of intensity.
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59
Picture 2. Maintenance of automatic image segmentation with the reflection of powder particle zones of porous penetrating material
The mounted mechanism of automation is absolutely transparent for a user and allows accumulating
and analyzing data from many points of view, getting integral descriptions and pore distribution without
excessive efforts on the program.
The result of the program IMAGE EXPERT PRO performance is obtaining of qualitative and quantitative
descriptions of structures. In this case for material engineer there can be distribution of grains by points,
percentage ratio of phases in the structure, amount of inclusions and their division according to size and
form, analysis of textures, porosity and others. This analyzer of metallographic images allows creating and
keeping the charts of actions performed over images, and then applying these charts to the similar images.
The obtained data can be presented also as histograms, as well as tables, images, average or general data
after all objects or individually on each.
As for as the innovations, unlike the previous programs, we can refer the following things: there are
facilities of work with a video camera, possibility of calibration of the optical system complex, dynamic mode
of view for most methods, automatic division of recovering objects, complex reflection of results, fine-tuning
of the modes of results output. The special difference is possibility of fully automatic formation of quality
sharp image of three dimension object (Picture 3).
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60
Picture 3. The automatic formation of quality image of a three dimension object of the micro section structure of porous penetrating
material and presentation of results
The substantial difference of program VIDEOTEST VT4 from the previously presented ones, where the
process of segmentation is built on the principle of adaptive binarization, is the division of objects according
to their determined average brightness (Picture 4).
Picture 4. Determination of division of image objects according to their average brightness by means of the program VIDEOTEST
VT4
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61
The difference of this program is in the possibility of determination of phase analysis of any material,
marking the image with masks to determine the size of pores and porosity of alloy. The specific feature
of this software product is possibility to control the process of growth of thin film coverage with stable
functional properties.
Many tasks of industrial control and planning require the receipt of data on geometrical forms of objects in
three-dimensional space. To solve these tasks the noncontact methods of measuring are widely used; the
optical methods are among that most successful ones (Serra 1992; Stampfl 1996).
Formation of 3d-image by means of software environment of AVIZO is made by imposition of flat
transverse sections of appropriate range on the height of the finished porous powder material (Picture 5).
b)
)
Picture 5. Visualization of the received image of transversal cut of porous powder material :
) 3d-image with the use of AVIZO; ) sciagram
The essence of the work of AVIZO is based on system understanding of morphology and microstructure
of the pre-production model. This knowledge has high-priority at the estimation of finished product quality.
For the complete and quality estimation of a sample it is necessary to define and investigate the basic
morphological parameters of structure, namely:

Determination of the amount of particles of different sizes and forms;

Determination of structural defects of the model;

Determination of pores forms and particle forms;

Determination of general distribution of pores in a cut and the whole volume;

Determination of general distribution of certain form particles on a perimeter and volume.
In general, the quality analysis of image of finished product - porous penetrating material - is conducted
to determine such parameters of objects as average brightness, perimeter, area, minimum and maximal
diameters, factor of the form, coefficient of form and other (Boukhair 2000; Zhang 1998). By means of other
application program SMART - EYE it is possible to define these descriptions, necessary for a qualitative
and quantitative estimation of structures of any material, including porous ones (Picture 6).
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62
Picture 6. A process of calibration of sample and introduction of the real dimension by means of the program SMART - EYE
The final task of metallographic analysis by means of SMART - EYE is statistical processing of the
object descriptions, determination of average values obtained in the process of measuring, and also
construction of graphic curves for visualization of analysis process (Picture 6).
Picture 7. Determination of forms and sizes of pre-production model pores
In order to get more adequate estimation of the received results by means of SMART - EYE, binarization
image must be conducted. The essence of binarization lies in considering enormous quantity of probable
variants. In this case, binarization is regeneration of a grey picture of micro section image into a raster black
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63
and white picture.

5. Conclusions
Thus, the described products for metallographic analysis PHOTOM, OPTIMAS, VIDEOTEST, IMAGE
EXPERT PRO, AVIZO, SMART - EYE are effective enough to solve difficult problems of modern
computer science of materials. These kinds of software for the micro images analysis are the universal
instrument for the qualified analysis of image in science and industry, equally irreplaceable both at the
analysis of laboratory structures and at a quantitative analysis according to Ukrainian and international
standards.
References
1.
Andersson A, Holmquist F, Lindquist P, Nilsson W (2000) Analysis of film coating thickness and surface area of pharmaceutical
pellets using fluorescence microscopy and image analysis, J. Pharm. Biomed. 22: 325339.
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Belov S, Vutiaz P, Sheleg V (1987) Porous permeable materials. Metallurgy, Moscow.
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Bodla D, Murthy M, Garimella A (2010) Microtomography-based simulation of transport through open-cell metal foams. Numer
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Boukhair D, Haessler R, Nourreddine A (2000) New code for digital imaging system for track measurements. Nucl. Instrum.
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Kereig L (1996) Practical image processing in C. World, Moskow.
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Mandelbrot A (1982) The Fractal Geometry of Nature. Freeman, San-Francisco.
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Maziyk A, Pulunevuch P, Rak D, Savuch S, Tymulovuch A(2005) Porous powder materials with anisotropic pore structure for the
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Povstyanoy O, Zabolotnuy O, Chmil I (2004) Computer methods in metallographic analysis with applications.Scientific notes,
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11. Serra S (1992) Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology. Academic Press, London.
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Int. J. Frac., V.244: 119-121.
13. Stas S, Gavruliyk I (2000) Computer methods in metallographic analysis. Research methods and quality control of metals: V.2:
4852.
14. Vutiaz P (1987) Porous powder materials and their products. Higher School, Minsk.
15. Whitehouse A (1994) Handbook of Surface Metrology. Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol and Philadelphia.
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www.csjournal.ca

Philosophical fundamentals of polycultural dialogue

re-semantization: methodologeme and sense search
Troitskaya Tamara1,*, Troitskaya Olena2
1
2
Melitopol State Pedagogical University named after Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Melitopol, Ukraine
Institute of Philosophy Education and Science, National Pedagogical Dragomanova University, Kyiv, Ukraine
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTR AC T
Article history:
Among all scientific tasks of modern poly-functional, harmony developed person

development the founding of dialoguness implementation by a personality as nature
feature has to be considered the most important one and the organization of polycultural
dialogue has to be considered as the theoretical-methodological and practical
purpose. Determining the role of the dialogue and dialogueness it is very difficult to
overestimate their role as well as underestimate the necessity of these phenomena
essence clarification. In great experience of dialogue comprehension there are a lot
of interpretations of its essence and content with reference to phenomenon polysemy
instead of the exact definition.
For dialogue re-sematization, in particular polycultural one, and its return into the area
of senses it is necessary for contemporary humanistics to address to dialogue reflexion
by prominent philosophers of the past and today, in particular to the methodologemes
of dialogue purposes, content and organization. We outline these guidelines as the
search of cognitive process gradual development mechanisms, enrichment of subject
dialogue interaction with new (proper and other) ideas as correction of view points
(disputable and opposite ones), as means of personality maxims implementation
and their conformation with social imperatives and also dialogue raising to sense
comprehension of people co-existence, consensual ethics of co-world.

Keywords:
Discourse
Dialectics
Dialogue
Human dimension
Culture level
Maieutics, polycultural dialogue
Dialogue sense
1. Introduction
Nowadays the contemporary humanistics is facing two principal tasks: the first one is to unite the huge
experimental material accumulated for centuries into one theory which allows understanding the human
behavior; the second one is to implement the concepts of innovative, full-featured, dialogue human
development into scientific view about the world.
* Corresponding author at: Melitopol State Pedagogical University named after Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Lenyna st., 20, Melitopol, 72312, Ukraine
E-mail addresses: troizka@ukr.net (T. Troitskaya)

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T. Troitskaya, O. Troitskaya / Canadian Scientific Journal 2 (2014)
65
Philosophical fundamentals of polycultural dialogue re-semantization: methodologeme and sense search
That is a person who is able to live and be happy in rapidly changed events, civilization challenges,
complicated, multi-optional, amphiboles and controversial natural and social-spiritual environment. These
tasks have to be based on the new methodology of new knowledge obtaining and also exploring new
(proper) assessments of projects, mechanisms of life activity in the polycultural world by a human.
Thus, contemporary humanistics addressing to the problem of human dialogueness is not excessive; with
the help of dialogue Homo scientis (knowledgeable) will grow into Homo sapiens (wise); a human will enter
the area of the mankinds huge experience interpretations, the area of diversification thinking and the world
of authentic ideas and approaches; the mystery of Other for a man is revealed in dialogue communication
which will enrich the inter-subjectivity of a man; in the dialogue the actualization of people co-existence and
the fundamentally important phenomenon of full people co-existence a meeting - due to which peoples
destinies cross and inter-perception of the people world micro-spaces takes place. According to E. Andros,
the most important mechanism of civilized arrangement of modern human existence is being worked out
through the dialogue. Namely alienation minimization is carried out in practice in the today society which
often atomizes the human existence and makes a man alone and withdrawn (Andros 2004).
At the same time as polycultural dialogue, intercultural dialogue, area dialogization, polycultural education,
discourse and others are used as notions, terms and even categories which likely reflect one phenomenon.
So there is an urgent necessity to determine at least the meanings of these notions and free them from
connotations, falsifications and non-intellectual layers.
2. Objectives.
In extremely limited volume of the article on the basis of encyclopedia editions widely used by humanistics
representatives we will try to clarify some moments of both essential and existential content of reflexion of
the dialogue in the polycultural society. The discovery of phenomenon essence will enable its interpretation
as a phenomenon and an activity and ensure the true orientation to the constructive action.
3. Methods.
On the basis of reconstruction of the most important concepts of past philosophical thought concerning the
polycultural dialogue the complex of research analytical methods and techniques as well as methodological
tools of phenomena study (convention, conceptualization etc.) was used.
4. Results.
Starting the analysis of the dialogue essence it is necessary to mention that almost all dictionaries uncover
it as a conversation, a talk, problem telling, an utterance exchange etc., indicating the Greek origin of the
notion dialogue (dialogos). In this comprehension there is the necessity to tell about some terminological
interpretations that the notions acquire in concrete-scientific thesauruses as a separate genre in literature
including philosophical one, or as one form of art to conduct a talk (Contemporary Philosophy 1957). It
also interpreted as a way of the progressive development of cognitive process when the movement to
the desired result is carried out by the way of interaction, points of view that are different to some extent
(Rapatsevich 2005), or forms of communication between people when the sense is changed depending on
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the purpose of communication (Bulatov 2009) and other. Namely this reduction and fragmentation allow
almost all talks that are non-constructive in consensus search to be as a dialogue.
Emphasizing the functional mission of a dialogue, in particular its defining as the purpose-ideal (a
consciously chosen image of the anticipated result) and as a mechanism of the environment changing,
as a mechanism of endless process of new purposes creating (purpose-laying) it is the time to turn to the
thoughts of dialogue founders Socrates and his followers.
Socrates and pupils (primarily Plato) evolved the dialogue to its high degree of perfection on the basis of
clearing the essence of one or other notions with help of questions and answers where the most important
thing was not only knowledge itself but wisdom as lifestyle, as its sense (how to live, according to which
notions).
The essence of Socrates dialogue can be presented in comparison with philosophisizing of thinkers of
that time and the next epochs:
- as opposed to dogmatic presenting of the philosophical teaching Socrates searched the truth;
- he considered a man and his morale as the only interesting subject of a dialogue, while the majority of
philosophers had interest in natural philosophy;
- Socrates determined the consideration and disproof of many answers on the essence of the good, evil,
fairness etc. as the main purpose of a dialogue; this process had to go on until the correct answer was
found from the point of view of the dialogue leader; the other philosophers, in particular sophists, were
satisfied by the rhetorical effect;
- according to Socrates, the definition of the discussed subject denied the relativist comprehension of the
truth; according to sophists, the truth was almost always relative.
Not taking into account the rhetorical (only rhetorical) effect, Socrates constructed answers as a logical
operation where the dialectics plays the main role the art of the anthropological content which continues
maieutics (from Greek) literally the midwife art. Socrates compared his method of philosophizing with this
one and thought that helping the truth birth in other people he continued the work of his mother, the midwife
Fenarete, in morale sphere (Bulatov 2009).
Since those times the dialogue has been changed terminologically and conceptually according to many
scholars (M. Bulatov, V. Tancher, V. Andruschenko and others) and it was developed by M. Buber, M.
Bakhtin, K. Apel, Ju. Habermas. The last ones comprehended the dialogues as the discourse within
communication ethics, as the theoretical-analytical procedure, as the way of scientific analysis of problem
complex emphasizing the sober, logical, notional elements; and the analysis means upon the condition of
adding with different approaches, interpretation penetration, value correlation and rhetorical strength. But to
our point of view, its primary (essential) purposes-eidos and the dialogue content as a dialectics form, the
definition of notions as a method of the truth finding out are beyond the phenomena comprehension and
they were transformed into the analysis of many existentialists.
The comprehension of the dialogue was greatly enriched by L. Feuerbach, in formulation of development
tendencies of new time philosophy he focused on the necessity of theology transforming to anthropology, in
particular the God transforming to the Mind and the Mind transforming to the Man. At the same time he was
trying to create new religion the principle of which is a man to a man is the God, and their main connection
is love. Moreover, he presented the principle of dialogue dialectics the dialogue I - You opposed to
monologue dialectics of Hegel (Feuerbach 1955).
Nevertheless, remembering Socrates who considered human problems worth of dialectics attention, it
should be mentioned that he was the first who laid the praxeological foundations of the dialogue as a logical
operation and the way of philosophizing and even midwife art of the truth birth in other people (maieutics).
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That is exactly why taking into account requirements, in the basis of the analysis of today researches,
according to A. Maydanov, E. Andros, V. Boychenko, M. Bulatov, it is necessary to mark the dialogue
essence in the modern polycultural world:
- a dialogue is the form of gradual development of cognitive process when the movement to the desired
result is fulfilled by the way of interaction of various viewpoints, approaches, trends which do not contradict
each other. At the same time the interaction is having the character of advancing mobile movement which
ensures the progress of cognitive process in certain way. So each act of interaction gives the birth to more
optimal results or more considerable and direct pre-conditions to correlate the desired one for the future
similar acts. Besides, in the dialogue interaction the understanding of ones dialogue viewpoint by another
one takes place and that involves clarification, correction, improvement, development and enrichment with
proper ideas;
- as the means of scientific creativity a dialogue performs several functions simultaneously: function of
search optimization (its variety encouragement); correction function which is reflected in mutual detailing
and interacting viewpoint correction; synthesize function which plays the role of the consolidation means of
obtained interaction results ( Rapatsevich 2005);
- since a dialogue is changed depending on the communication purpose, the polycultural dialogue is
becoming increasingly important one directed towards peaceful and productive development of the mankind
and represented in the modern conditions as the communication of various unique cultures. It should be
acknowledged that without the dialectic dialogue it is impossible to prevent the destruction of cultures
as a whole, the acquisition of some cultures by more technically developed ones and, moreover, - the
encouragement of culture keeping, the augmentation of cultural heritage and the creation of a cultural
circle;
- a dialogue on the basis of responsibility ethics confirmation is worth attention; it has replaced the
educational ethics the ethics of abstract duty which discredited itself during the last century and which
was unable to help under the conditions of endless wars (inter-state, civil, world), terrible practice of
totalitarian regimes, ethnic cleansing etc., under the conditions of catastrophic value loss of human dignity
and proper life, personal people existence (Andros 2004).
This dialogue can be considered as the ethics of community discourse, its fundamental principles and
norms are not external for a man, but they are maxims and the result of inter-subjective, mutually coordinated
expression of the will.
The principally important in this context is the understanding of proper notion culture (Latin culture
processing, education, development, mastering), from its literally comprehension to the combination of
ways and means of arrangement, the implementation and search of people life activity senses as well
as the combination of material and spiritual acquisitions and time and space localized social-historical
formations (by B. Boychenko) (Andruschenko, Gorlach 1997).
5.Conclusions.
Realizing the many-sidedness of all kinds of a dialogue and the actuality and the significance of the
polycultural dialogue undoubtedly, it is necessary to know that their context expansion (even with the help
of discourse suggested by Ju. Habermas, F. Grebner, V. Schmidt, Y. Henkel and others; which has to be
fulfilled on the basis of rational impartiality, without giving preferences to one or other values) is impossible
without turning to Socrates understanding of a dialogue. It means that into the basis of polycultureness it is
necessary to lay the principle of pluralism, recognition of parity and equal rights of all ethnical, social, political,
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age, religious, confessional groups, to our mind, in the case if they do not allow elements of discrimination
by signs of one or another belonging. Moreover, a dialogue cannot be opened around the truth search
unless we address to Socrates, his morality, human philosophy or we recognize the human dimension
and the human measurability of the intercultural dialogue in the modern context as criteria of the culture
level; hence the self-perfection of mans will, his faithfulness to cultural values (Socrates dreamt about
this). For the sense comprehension we suggest to add the operational organization and the consideration
of the culture level of the dialogue subjects and the definition level in science, practice of dialogue theme
and also the direct contemporary humanistic researches for recognition of trangressiveness, contextuality,
reflexiveness as the methodological foundations of scientific search and the organization of the dialogue
interaction.
References
1.
Andros E. (2004). Communicative nature of human existence. Philosophy: Mans World.Kyiv. p. 225-245.
2.
Andruschenko V., Gorlach M. (1997). Social Philosophy: Brief Encyclopedic Dictionary. Kyiv-Kharkiv. 400p.
3.
Bulatov M. (2009). Philosophical Dictionary. Kyiv. 515p.
4.
Contemporary Philosophy: Dictionary and Reading book (1957). Rostov-na-Donu. 511p.
5.
Feuerbach L. (1955). Main fundamentals of Philosophy of future. Vol.1.Moscow. 136p.
6.
Rapatsevich E. (2005). Pedagogy: Big modern encyclopedia. Minsk. 720p.
www.csjournal.ca

Axiological dimensions of harmonious relations in the system

nature-man
Taranenko Galina *
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTR AC T
Article history:
The necessity to form new system of values corresponding to global changes in

human-nature system has been substantiated. The attention on the appropriateness
of the appeal to axiological paradigm of education in the context of harmonization of
educational space has been focused.
The persons consciousness ecologization is analyzed in the context of culturaleducational space harmonization. The attention was focused on human dimension
and human measurability of the new paradigm creation of the co-world and ecological
knowledge transfer. The harmony of the nature and the man is conceptualized as
a strategy guideline of persons cultural-educational space ecologization. There
is an emphasize on the importance of addressing to the ethics of the nature, coevolutional worldview, noospherization of human thinking and other determinants of
anthropoecologization of the nature space in the process of harmonious formation of
the nature and human unity.
The necessity to change anthropocentric outlook, dominant in the society, towards
integration in world-view of human-commensurable systems, possessing powerful
potential of formation of human beings value attitude to nature has been substantiated.
The basis can be formed with the idea of co-evolution of a human-being and nature,
ecological imperative of activity, admitting genetic priority of nature in relation to a
human-being, as well as ethics of responsibility.

Keywords:
Consciousness ecologization
Persons cultural-educational space
harmonization
Human dimension and human measurability
of ecological knowledge
Axiology of the nature
1. Introduction
The social progress of the latest centuries, the significant feature of which was the development of science,
technique and technology, has caused some global problems. The escalation of these problems is leading
to the necessity of the personality new type formation with the marked innovative potential and the ability
to cultural creativity and efficient dialogue with the nature.
* Corresponding author at: Melitopol State Pedagogical University named after Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Lenyna st., 20, Melitopol, 72312, Ukraine
Tel.: +38 067 665 99 33
E-mail addresses: taranenkogg@mail.ru (G. Taranenko)

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G. Taranenko / Canadian Scientific Journal 2 (2014)
Axiological dimensions of harmonious relations in the system nature-man
The complexity and universality of ecological global problems of the nowadays force scientists of various
science branches for the search of the ways of their solution. The development of new ecological knowledge
is defined more often as the most efficient one in the determined context. According to
I. Knysh, it
provides: the eco-philosophy creation, the ecological knowledge development, the transfer of the human
activity into the eco-activity and distribution of ecological knowledge and beliefs through the system of
education (Knysh 2008).
The actuality of persons cultural-educational space ecologization problem research is caused by the
practice needs, first of all, the needs of education of eco-conscious personality who is able to implement
the eco-keeping technologies in the attitude to the nature, society, culture and man.
2. Objectives
Analyzing the modern relationship in the system of nature-man it is evident that there is mans insufficient
awareness of the consequences of his scornful, destructive, utilitarian-pragmatic attitude to the nature.
Thus, there is an urgent need in orientation of personality cultural-educational space for learning and upbringing of the ability and the need to live in eco-safe way, the formation of the will feeling, the competence
to live and create through the optimal coordination with the nature. In our opinion, the most efficient factor
of the mentioned is the education, and its ecologization is the objective tendency of its development which
becomes the strategy resource of the ecological danger overcoming and persons eco-safe life and creativity
forming.
3. Methods
The method of dialectics and hermeneutics were chosen as the research method. It allowed to cover the
problem as the integrity in the historical context, the nowadays and the prospects development. Concerning
hermeneutics it enabled to comprehend the essence of the ecologization process and reveal the inner nature
of the indicated process as a filling of all content of education and upbringing with ecological knowledge,
values and technologies.
4. Results
Ecological education is one of the conditions of human thinking noospherization and the main institution
which is able to suggest the solutions of the crisis. For contemporary education process it becomes the
foundation of new models creating which have to combine the theoretic knowledge on the nature with
practical knowledge on limits and consequences of human activity.
It should be pointed out that change of priorities in the mans attitude to the nature, the society and himself
in the eco-safe context is directly connected with the change of his consciousness, thinking, feelings and
the will. Hence, until the axiology of the nature becomes the inner feeling of a human there will not be any
positive improvements in the eco-dangerous environment. Ecological values have to become dominant
ones, and all trends and branches of science, culture and education have to be penetrated with them.
Addressing to the axiological constituent of ecological paradigm confirms the depths of inner (spiritual)
crisis of the today man. Nowadays for him the ecological paradigm is getting more features of the worldview
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and morale value. It means that the morale ecologization, the formation of ecological imperative, the ethics
of responsibility, the co-evolutional worldview, the recognition of the nature genetic priority concerning a
man are becoming the powerful factors of standartization and harmonization of the relations in the system
nature-man. The question is on the new morale consolidation which is possible through the revival of
spirituality in human life, confirmation of ontological status for higher values. This foresees the significant
changes in mans consciousness, his worldview principles and priorities connected with confirmation of a
new eco-centric type of ecological consciousness. Namely such man with planetary thinking, whose new
attitude to the nature in the way of life and behaviour is the integral feature, has to become an ideal of
contemporary upbringing.
Various institutions and organizations of the society are making their contribution into solving of this
global problem. But the essential role in this process belongs to the system of education which allows
introducing the ecological knowledge through various links during all human life. At the same time it should
be mentioned, that despite great successes of education there is more evidence that it has the global
crisis. According to S. Podmazin, nowadays there is incapacity to form such type of mans thinking which
would encourage the solution of global problems of the mankind (Podmazin 2006). Thus, the thought of
M. Zlotnikov is actual one in the indicated context, according to which a today man needs to reanimate
the need in esthetical component of man-nature interconnections, i.e. returning its special spiritual and
esthetical value to the nature (Zlotnikov 1990).
This exactly why, to our mind, the education ecologization is an objective tendency of its development
as a respond to negative processes destructive for the nature as well as for the society, culture and a
man. It is clear that eco-cultural personality is not formed spontaneously. He\she is the result of direct,
systematically organized general (and ecological) education and upbringing, conscious work on himself\
herself etc. Simultaneously we should point out that the ecological paradigm determining the character,
intensity and directions of the interaction of a man and the nature is not new. It is a shame that it is often
connected with the increase of hour quantity that are given to biological and ecological subjects within the
curricula.
According to L. Bolshak, the inclusion of ecological component to the basic part of education outlines
vividly the efforts to justify the necessity of creation of independent education branch eco-education- on
the basis of specially developed methodological platform which will enable to formulate its aims and tasks,
methodological and didactical tools etc. In general, the researcher defines this platform as ecologuzation
of education sphere providing the implementation of eco-education principles into other constituents of
education. At the same time the education on the environment issues does not have to be only a subject
liable to be included into the existing curricula. It has to become a catalyzer of updating the system, concepts
and methods of education. In the scholars opinion, the ecologization of education and upbringing is the
process of their content filling with knowledge, values, feelings, information, technologies etc. Forming
mans corresponding awareness, all these things also form competences and means of activity directed to
prevention or minimization of the increasing ecological danger (Bolshak 2012).
This thought is supported by N. Morozova, who considers the ecologization of education content as
the process of improvement (updating, reconstruction) implemented in education program introduction,
new program development directed to mastering of ecological constituent of education content by future
specialists. The mastering is aimed to ensure the forming of all-round personality ready for creation (keeping)
and development of material and spiritual culture of the society (Morozova 2012).
Thus, education ecologization can be considered as the system of measures on ecological knowledge
mastering optimization by a personality, i.e. the knowledge on objective laws of the environment functioning
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and the interaction of the nature and a man, whose purpose is ecological culture forming. All the mentioned
require the development of new methods and the improvement of existing ones in ecological subject
teaching at different links of education as well as the introduction of ecological knowledge elements into
various subjects teaching (both humanities and sciences).
We believe that education ecologization is the process of filling of education content with ecological
knowledge, development of ecological culture, skills and habits of practical activity with implementation of
ecological policy principles. Concerning the ecologization of personality cultural-educational space we mean
the ecological knowledge expansion and replenishment as well as creation of the conditions encouraging
the deep comprehension of the essence of phenomena and processes that take place at modern stage
of the society and nature interaction by a personality, his ability to apply obtained knowledge, compare
facts and assess the condition of the environment, forecast the influence results and consequences on the
nature and be able to make reasonable decisions.
In the mentioned context it is principally important to take into account social and philosophical foundations
of education, in particular:
- innovative type of society development on the basis of efficient usage of scientific knowledge and new
breakthrough information technologies which will enable to decrease resource consumption and reduce
the anthropological loading on the nature up to the level that ensures the sustainable development of the
civilization;
- noosphere worldview based on the idea of co-evolution of the man and the nature, the ecological
imperative, the ethics of responsibility, the genetic priority of the nature concerning a man and the high
personal responsibility of each person for keeping all forms of life on the planet.
Generalizing the problem of cultural-educational space ecologization it is necessary to emphasize the
actuality and importance of development of innovative technologies on harmonization of man and natures
relationship, in particular:
- creation of new approaches on reinterpretation of previous experience and modern base achievements
(anthropoecological approach);
- introduction of the human dimension principle of science into the process of ecological knowledge
creation which has to correspond to new needs of the personalitys life;
- involvement of ecophilic traditions and ideas of the native and the world history into a new political
context and their implementation in the activity of scientific, educational, cultural-educational institutions;
- introduction of the system of scientific, educational and technical measures aimed at the man and the
environments relationship harmonization;
- giving the priority to the ethical dimension of interaction in the system of nature-man.
5.Conclusions
Thus, the cultural-educational space harmonization cannot be implemented completely without a new
paradigm of education. Changing scientific foundations, basics, orientation and character of education
significantly, this paradigm will acknowledge the creative innovative activity, critical and logical comprehension
of concrete situations, and orientation to the solution of real problems facing the society and a man as the
main dominants.
Education ecologization is becoming an important constituent of persons cultural-educational space
harmonization. Through education ecologization there is a formation of a new level of the man and natures
relationship, implementation of sustainable development ideas, strengthening of modern ecological culture
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values and norms, formation of eco-centric and ecological awareness. By giving the priority to the ethical
dimension of interaction in the system nature-man it is possible to find the optimal vectors of the global
problems solution by the way of education and upbringing ecologization.
References
1.
Bolshak L. (2012). Education ecologization as a social need of modern society: (PhD thesis). 20p.
2.
Knysh I. (2008) Ecological knowledge in modern educational discourse: (PhD thesis). 20p.
3.
Morozova N. Education ecologization as means of ecological culture formation [Electronic resource]: http://www.rae.ru/fs/?section=content&op=show_article&article_id=7982157
4.
Podmazin S. (2006) Personality oriented education (social-philosophical analysis) (Thesis of Doctor of science). Dnipropetrovsk. 44p.
5.
Zlotnikov N.(1990). Nature as esthetical value. Philosophy and ecological problem. Moscow. 313p.
www.csjournal.ca

The work with the students in the residential areas as one of the
leading directions of educational work
Halysheva Alona*
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTR AC T
Article history:
The article is about the education and educational work with the students in their
residential areas. It presents different views and analysis of recent researches of the
well-known educators about the definition of the term education.
The article deals with the social environment as a factor which influences the
development of a child.
The definition of educational work in the residential areas and its developing in the
south of Ukraine, in Melitopol, in the second part of the XX century is analyzed. It
is opened the development of different clubs for the interests and other educational
institutions in the article.
Basing on the researches of the scientists and leading educators the author gives
detailed analysis of this problem in the article. The article shows that nowadays it is
important to involve the students into the active types of the after classes activities in
their free time for their self-education and vital self-determination.
Received 14 November 2014

Keywords:
Education
Educational work in the residential areas
Social environment
Childs development
1. Introduction
The conceptual ideas of the development of education are as follows: providing the intensive innovative
development of the education, updating the maintenance and technologies of educational process in
accordance with democratic values, market principles of economy, modern scientific and technical
achievements.
The implementation of these tasks connects with involving of the students into the active types of after-
* Corresponding author at: Melitopol State Pedagogical University named after Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Lenyna st., 20, Melitopol, 72312, Ukraine
Tel.: +380972175859
E-mail addresses: bal89@mail.ua (A. Halysheva)

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A. Halysheva / Canadian Scientific Journal 2 (2014)
75
The work with the students in the residential areas as one of the leading directions of educational work
classes activities which will be the instruments of self-education and vital self-determination in their spare
time.
2. Analysis of recent research
The process of education was studied by well-known educators as P. Blonsky, A.Pinkevich, V.Karakovskiy,
L. Novikova, M.Rozhkov. The problem of the influence of the educational environment on the youth upringing
was analyzed by K. Ushinskiy, A. Lazurskiy , P. Lesgaft, I.Kohn, N.Shurkova, U. Manuylov.
3. Statement of research objectives.

- To study the definition of the term education;
- to analyze the problem of the educational work with the students in their residential areas;
- to consider the development of the educational work in the residential areas in the south of Ukraine,
in Melitopol, in the second part of the XX century.
4. Results
To study the problem of educational work with students in the residential areas it is necessary to give the
definition of the process of education which was analyzed by different educators and scientists. According
to the free dictionary by Farlex the process of education is a field of study concerned with pedagogies of
teaching and learning and the act of process of educating or being educated.
P. Blonskiy thought that education was deliberate, organized, long impact on development of some
organism and the object of such influence could be any living being a person, an animal and a plant.
A. Pinkevich described the process of education as deliberate systematic impact of one person (people)
on another (others) in order to develop biologically or socially useful natural properties of the personality.
Both of these educators thought that the education is the bilateral process the aim of which is to organize
the life and activity of pupils, to accumulate them to social experience.
V. Karakovskiy and L. Novikova have also been studying this term. They think that the education is the
purposeful management of the personality development.
M. Rozhkov has been examining the educational work as the influence of an educator on a pupil within
implementation of professional functions. It includes realization of a complex of the organizational and
pedagogical tasks which are solved by the teacher to ensure optimum development of a personality of a
pupil; a choice of forms and methods of pupils education according to the tasks and the process of their
implementation.
Studying the term of educational work in the residential areas we have found the following definition of it.
The educators think that it is the direction of the pedagogical work which is connected with the activity with
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young people in the residential districts. We know that clubs it the place of residence unite children with
adults in their free time and create conditions for their communication and their common activity.
Due to the resolution of the Central committee of Ukraine and Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian Soviet
Socialist Republic on December 8th, 1966 900, item 12, on actions of further improvement of the work
of the general secondary school in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, there was such a statement to
introduce the position of an organizer of the after-classes and out of school work with children into the
staff of a secondary school.
Today there are a lot of after-classes institutions such as sport centers, children and youth stations, and
clubs by interests which are forms of out of - school activities. The topicality of our research is connected
with social needs of the society in upbringing children in the residential districts and not enough developed
problem of additional education.
Analyzing the direction of educational work with the students in the residential areas it is necessary to
investigate the problem of the influence of the educational environment on the youth upbringing.
There were a lot of educators such as K. Ushinskiy, A. Lazurskiy, P. Lesgaft, who studied this problem. A
child interacts with the surrounding since the birth: with family, friends and schoolmates.
Studying the concept environment and its influence on the development and formation of the personality
we analyzed a number of researches and publications which were made on this topic. One of the interesting
statements to us was provided by I.S Kohn. The way through influences of the environment which recruits
the individual to the public life, teaches him to understand culture and behavior in society, performance of
different social roles (I. S. Kohn) is one of the directions of indirect educational influences.
This approach provides creation of space in which development of a sociality of an individual as the social
personality for his own effective social formation and transformation becomes possible.
Essence of this approach is to bring up the children through that environment which surrounds them as a
community, in the organization of perception of this environment which is improved by children with the help
of teachers, parents, and friends.
N. E. Shchurkova subdivides the educational environment into visually spatial, behavioral, event and
information cultural environment.
Visually spatial environment of a pupil creates a psychological background where relationship of its
participants develops.
The behavioral environment of the school is distinguished as unity of behavior that is peculiar to a pupil
at a certain school, due to wide use of these or those behavioral forms: they are mimicry and gestures at
conversation, poses at dialogues, and also the difficult situations which are connected with ethical order.
Analyzing the concept of the event environment, we know that it is a certain set of events which are
directed to the center of perception of a pupil and become the reason for certain vital conclusions and
reflections.
Informational environment has the educational function if there is a wide range of literature in a school
library, everyone has textbooks, and teachers involve the children to the vigorous activities, such as public
statements, competitions, abstract performances, conferences.
According to U. Manuylov using of the environmental approach in the educational process is a necessary
www.csjournal.ca
77
condition of its implementation and means of optimization of the influence on the personality of the pupil.
This is a good method that allows teachers to act as researchers, to be grouped in collectives which work
together and have common logic and talk on common vernacular.
Searching the facts of this problem we have analyzed the educational work with the students in the
residential areas in the south of Ukraine, in Melitopol. We have known that in the late fifties - in the 60th of
the XX century the construction was being built in Melitopol.
Together with the new five-storey buildings in the housing residential districts the rooms for pupils called
as pioneer outposts, translated as an advanced post from German, were opened.
In the south of Ukraine, in Melitopol there were many examples which proved and interesting that society
worried about the problem of leisure of children and wanted to be useful and interesting for pupils. In
1962 the nurseries were organized by the house management together with the members of the house
committee. There were such directions as:

aircraft modelling; automodelling;
photo club;
puppet theatre;
young sculptors;
library and hockey team.
Photo 1. Hockey team in Melitopol
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78
Photo 2. The children were preparing for start of rockets
There were a lot of clubs by the interest, lectures were given there and the discussions were organized. The
first heads of the clubs were: S. Fefelov, T. Babenko, T. Rudenko, L. Dyuzhayeva. Childrens committees
were organized there after some time. Stepanov I.S. paid a lot of attention to this work.
In 1974 outposts were renamed into the childrens junior clubs, but little outposts were named as the room
for school students. So it is necessary to emphasize that at that time a certain structural unit of the leisure
organizations for students which included clubs at the place of residence, sports platforms, nurseries,
childrens committees, clubs that were founded at each comprehensive school, palaces of culture as:
1)
Rovesnik; 2)
Samodelka; 3) Dzerzhnets; 4) Burevsnik; 5) Vognik; 6) Antey; 7)
Prometey; 8) Olmpya; 9) Yunst; 10) Chervona gvozdika; 11) David;12) Gerkules; 13)
Gvozdchka;14) Molodzhniy; 15)Fakel was established there.
The main aim of foundation of the outposts was to organize a substantial leisure in the residential areas
of the children and teenagers and to involve them into sports, technical modeling, and applied creativity.
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79
5. Conclusions
Having analyzed the archive materials and scientific works in our article we can make general conclusion.
We have considered the definition of the term education and educational work in the residential area by
the different educators and realized that education is the bilateral process and the work which is aimed to
develop a personality.
Educational work in the residential area is the direction of pedagogical work which is connected with the
activity in the residential districts with the young people. We have considered the historical development of
this work in the south of Ukraine, in Melitopol in the second part of the XX century and made a conclusion
that a certain structural unit of the leisure organizations for students was established there.
References
1.
Karakovskiy V, Novikova L, Selivanova L (2000) Education? EducationEducation! : Theory and practice of the school
educational system, after edn. of N Selivanova, Moscow
2.
Manuylov U (1997) Environmental approach in education. Dissertation, University of Moscow
3.
Meleshko V (2008) Environmental approach: an experience of the experimental work in the country school. After edn. of Native3
school. - 1/2/, 24 27
4.
Prikhodchenko K (2010) Environmental approach in training and educating of youth. After edn. of The way of education. - 3,
22 27
5.
Shchurkova N (1996) Education as the pedagogical phenomenon. General regularities and principles of education. After the edn.
of P Pidkasistiy, Mockow
www.csjournal.ca

Influence of the non-biological parameters of water (water

temperature) on the paddlefish larvae (Polyodon spathula)
ongrowing in the conditions of the south of Ukraine
Grudko Natalya*, Kornienko Vladimir
Kherson State Agrarian University, Kherson, Ukraine Ukraine
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTR AC T
Article history:
Techonology of propagation and cultivation of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula
(Walbaum)) in terms of Southern Ukraine has some features different from such in
native region. Authors studied relationship between water temperature and ongrowing
results. Attention payed to such markers as average individual mass, survival rate
and fish productivity. Special investigations to set up relationship between water
Keywords:
Paddlefish
Larva
Water temperature
Growth potential
Stocking density
Survival rate
temperature and results of ongrowing paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) larvae were

carried out at the base of Dneprovsky sturgeon fishplant which located in the Kherson
region (Southern part of Ukraine, Eastern v) at 2004-2006, 2013. Received data shows
that most efficient is to grow paddlefish larvae at the early stages of postembryogenesis
keeping water temperature near 20oC. It allow larvae to realize their growing potential
and more effective using of the food items. This in turn boosts up fish productivity.
Ongrowing larvae with such temperature allowed receiving in short terms fish with
average individual mass of 1.4-1.8g while survival rate was up to 62.2%. Instead,
decreasing water temperature to 16oC led to slower growth.
1. Introduction
Growing technologies used to receive sturgeons in artificial conditions are based on fundamentals, both
technological and ecological ones. Furthermore, ecological parameters of water have significant effect on
the results of ongrowing (Vinogradov et al., 2003; Milstein, 1982).
* Corresponding author at: Kherson State Agrarian University, 23, Rozy Luksemburg st, Kherson, 73000, Ukraine
Tel.: +38095 642 59 79; Fax.: +380552319113
E-mail addresses: ngrudko@mail.ru (N. Grudko)

www.csjournal.ca
N. Grudko, V. Kornienko / Canadian Scientific Journal 2 (2014)
Influence of the non-biological parameters of water (water temperature) on the paddlefish larvae (Polyodon spathula)
81
Sturgeons are poikilothermal animals like other fish and the temperature of water is the main factor of
the environment which determines organism resistance rate. It has effect on growing rate of larvae, their
intensity of food intake and its indigestion, metabolic activity. At the same time as for growing technologies
of paddlefish this problem is studied insufficiently in conditions of south of Ukraine and may have important
effect on the growing technology (Kornienko, Shevchenko, 1999). Taking into account the mentioned
above, there is an urgent need for special investigation aimed at examining such temperature mode of
water which allows receiving maximum amount of viable fish stock of paddlefish.
2. Materials and Methods

Special investigations were carried out on the base of Dneprovsky sturgeon fish plant located in Kherson
region (southern part of Ukraine, Eastern Europe). Paddlefish larvae were held in the circular concrete
basins (total square 5m2) and square plastic basins (total square 2m2). Larvae of paddlefish were the
objects of this investigation. Different alternatives were formed using the analogue method. In attempt
to determine the influence of water temperature we formed 4 alternatives with triple replication (each
replication with different stocking density 600, 1000 and 2000 fish/m2). Different years of growing were
used as alternatives while other technology and non-bilogical parameters were the same. Feeding of fish
in experimental basins was made using only natural food (Daphnia sp.) 6 times a day in amount of 40%
of larvas mass per day. Once per 5 days we took samples to analyze the growth rate of larvae. Average
individual mass of larvae at the beginning of experiment was almost the same in all alternatives and ranged
from 10.4 to 10.9 mg. The main goal was to evaluate the results of research by primary fishery indexes,
such as average individual mass, survival rate and fish capacity. Water sampling and its physic-chemical
analysis was made using well-known recommendations (Alyokin, 1970).
3. Results
After analyzing non-biological conditions of water we established that main chemical markers of water
were almost constant, varied little in the range, which was optimal for growth of paddlefish larvae in basins.
Concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water was favorable and ranged from 5.8 to 8.0g O2/m3. pH of the
water was the weakly alkaline and ranged within 7.8-8.4. The main attention in our research was focused
on the dynamics of water temperature and dissolved oxygen. In the first alternative the temperature was
rather low and ranged from 13.3 to 18.2oC (56-65 oF) with average 16.0 oC (60.8 oF) (Figure 1).
www.csjournal.ca
82
Influence of the non-biological parameters of water (water temperature) on the paddlefish larvae (Polyodon spathula) ongrowing in
the conditions of the south of Ukraine
Figure 1. Dynamics of water temperature in experimental basins in the process of paddlefish larvae ongrowing.
In second alternative the water temperature was more favorable and ranged from 19.0 to 22.8oC with
average 20.9oC, though at the beginning (till 4th day) it reached 22oC, than decreased to 19oC and
systematically increased to 22.8oC at the end of ongrowing. Such dynamics allowed paddlefish larvae to
shift to mixed feeding on the 5-6 day, which is 3-5 days earlier than in other alternatives. Third alternative
the water temperature was a bit lower for the preceding year and ranged from 16.0 to 21.4oC with average
18.9oC. The last fourth alternative, unlike others, had minor water temperature fluctuations during growing
process. At the beginning it reached 19.8oC, on 20th day it increased up to 20.3oC. Only last 5 days were
marked with sudden warming of water up to 23.6oC. Average water temperature in this alternative was
20.2oC. After analyzing the obtained data we have discovered that the highest individual mass of paddlefish
larvae was received in 2nd and 4th alternatives (average water temperature near 20oC) (Table.1)
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83
Influence of the non-biological parameters of water (water temperature) on the paddlefish larvae (Polyodon spathula)
Table 1. Relationship between water temperature and results of paddlefish larvae ongrowing
Alternative
Water
temperature,
o
C average
(min-max)
Stocked
quantity,
fishes/m2
16,01
(13,3-18,2)
20,9
(19,0-22,8)
18,9
(16,0-21,4)
20,2
(18,6-23,6)
Produced
individual
mass,
mg
Survival
rate, %
Fish
capacity,
individual
mass,
mg
quantity,
fishes/m2
600
10,9
378,0
397,9
63,1
149,7
1000
10,5
402,5
386,7
40,2
151,5
2000
10,7
468,7
358,8
23,4
160,6
600
10,4
373,0
1866,7
62,2
695,4
1000
10,4
374,7
1780,0
38,2
662,2
2000
10,5
407,3
1461,1
20,4
588,1
600
10,7
393,0
895,3
65,5
346,6
1000
10,5
407,0
856,7
41,0
344,6
2000
10,9
494,3
742,0
24,7
358,0
600
10,0
359,0
1750,0
59,8
623,6
1000
10,2
435,3
1440,0
43,5
619,0
2000
10,2
489,3
990,0
24,5
461,6
g/m2
Similar to the individual mass, the highest fish capacity was marked in 2nd (from 588.1 to 695.4 g/m2)
and 4th (from 461.6 to 623.6 g/m2) alternatives. The lowest productivity was noticed in 1st alternative (from
151.6 to 160.6 g/m2)
Average individual mass of paddlefish larvae in 2nd alternative was 4.1-4.6 times bigger than 1st one
and 1.7-2.1 times bigger than in 3rd one. It is remarkable that survival rate had low relationship with water
temperature and revealed minor fluctuations. Instead, stocking density was effected directly.
Thus, in series with stocking density of 600 fishes/m2 the survival rate was about 62.2-65.5%. The lowest
survival rate was registered in series with highest stocking density (2000 fishes/m2) and it ranged from 20.4
to 24.7% in different alternatives.
4. Conclusions
As we can see, it is more efficient to grow paddlefish larvae at the early stages of postembryogenesis
keeping water temperature around 20oC. It allows larvae to realize their growth potential on the basis
of more effective usage of fish food. In turns, this boosts up the fish capacity. Larvae ongrowing at such
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84
Influence of the non-biological parameters of water (water temperature) on the paddlefish larvae (Polyodon spathula) ongrowing in
the conditions of the south of Ukraine
temperature allows receiving fish with average individual mass of 1.4-1.8g in short terms at the survival rate
up to 62.2%. On the contrary, water temperature decreasing to 16oC led to slower growth; consequently it
did not allow obtaining high mass indexes.
References
1.
Alyokin (1970) Basics of hydrochemistry. Hydrometeoizdat, Moscow
2.
Vinogradov V, Melchenkov E, Yerohina L (2003) Biological fundamentals of propagation and cultivation of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula (Walbaum)). Rosinformagrotech, Moscow
3.
Kornienko V, Shevchenko V (1999) About cultivation of paddlefish in Southern Ukraine. In: Conservation technologies in aquaculture. Adler. pp 119-120
4.
Milstein V (1982) Sturgeon Culture. Pischevaya Promyschlennost, Moscow
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