Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Department of A g r i c u l t u r e
S o i l Conservation Service
Engineering Division
TECHNICAL RELEASE
NUMBER 50
DESIGN OF FUKTANGm STRUCTURCLT; CHCLNNELS
Contents
Introduction
Types of S t r u c t u r a l Channels
Type T1F
Type T3F
Type T3FV
Type T1S
Loading Conditions
Loading Condition No. 1
Loading Condition No. 2
F l o t a t i o n Requirement
Surcharge
Design Parameters
Primary Parameters
Secondary Parameters
Design C r i t e r i a
Preliminary Designs
Type T1F
W a l l thicknesses
Flotation
Floor s l a b s h e a r
Floor s l a b bearing
Type T3F
Base design
Pavement s l a b t h i c k n e s s
Type T3FV
Determination of j o i n t shear
Design approach
Wall base f l o t a t i o n
Base design
Pavement s l a b t h i c k n e s s
Delta Q
Type T1S
Edge beam analyses
Design approach
Edge beam loading
S t r u t design
Edge beam design
Wall design
F l o t a t i o n requirements and f l o o r s l a b shear
Floor s l a b b e a r i n g
Revised 7 / 7 7
D e t a i l Designs
Floor Slab Analysis
Deflection, shear, and moment due t o NW
Deflection, shear, and moment due t o MU
Deflection, shear and moment due t o uniform loading, q
Deflection, shear, and moment due t o $ and M,
Solution f o r $ and M,
Solution f o r f i n i t e beam
'mpe m F
W a l l steel
Floor s l a b s t e e l
Type T3F
Sliding s t a b i l i t y of base
Base s l a b s t e e l
Pdvement s l a b s t e e 1
Type T3FV
Shear j o i n t requirements
Base s l a b s t e e l
Pavement s l a b s t e e l
Type T1S
W a l l steel
Floor s l a b s t e e l
Edge beam s t e e l
Edge beam s t i r r u p s
Computer Designs
Input
output
Preliminary designs
D e t a i l designs
Type T1F
Type T3F
Type T3FV
Type T1S
Figures
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
S t r u c t u r a l channel types.
Load condition No. 1.
Idad condition No. 2.
Flotation conditions.
Thickness TB f o r L C # ~ when HE3 > HKL.
Flotation condition, LC#1 when HB > HWl.
Bearing pressures, LC#1 when HI3 > JMl.
Investigation of footing shears.
Pavement s l a b f l o t a t i o n , type T3F.
J o i n t shears i n type T3FV channels.
Figure ll
F i g m - 12
Figure 13
Figure 1 4
Figure 15
Figure 1 6
Figure 17
Figure 18
Page
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
43
44
45
46
47
49
50
51
53
54
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
44
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
50 Computer
51 Computer
45
46
47
48
49
output,
output,
output,
output,
output,
output,
output,
output,
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
TlF d e t a i l design.
T1F d e t a i l design.
T3F d e t a i l design.
T3F d e t a i l design.
T3FV d e t a i l design.
T3FV d e t a i l design.
TlS d e t a i l design.
T1S d e t a i l design.
Tables
Table 1 Secondary parameters and d e f a u l t values.
Table 2 Input values p e r design run.
Not all nomenclature i s l i s t e d . Hopefully, t h e meaning of any unl i s t e d nomenclature may be ascertained from t h a t shown.
required reinforcing s t e e l a r e a
required compressive s t e e l area i n s t r u t
equivalent edge beam s t e e l area per foot width
gross area of s t r u t
required t e n s i l e s t e e l area i n T1S s t r u t ; required t e n s i l e
s t e e l through T3FV shear joint
area of web s t e e l , equals twice bax axea
distance from point A t o beginning of load on i n f i n i t e beam
c l e u width of channel
(B + ~ ~ / 1 2 )
width of reinforced concrete member; distance from point A
t o end of loading on i n f i n i t e beam
J O m S ; distance t o extreme f i b e r
CB
CF
CFSC
CFSS
C
(m -
HB)
=
=
E
=
=
(m - m )
(HWl + ~ ~ 1
1 2 )
submergence height above t o p of f l o o r s l a b f o r L C # ~
submergence height above t o p of f l o o r s l a b f o r IC#2
t o t a l h o r i z o n t a l loading on t h e w a l l
(HMl - ~ 1 1 2 )
u p l i f t head on pavement s l a b
moment of i n e r t i a
+~~124)
l o n g i t u d i n a l span between t r a n s v e r s e j o i n t s
MAXFTG
=
=
=
MB
MBP
=
=
MC
MD
K
=
KO1
=
KO2
KPASS =
L
~ # 1E
~
M
ME
mom
MFTG
( m m + MFTG)
r e s i s t i n g moment about t o e of r e t a i n i n g w a l l p o r t i o n o f
channel
= equivalent moment, moment about a x i s at t h e t e n s i o n s t e e l
= supplemental moment added t o end of f i n i t e beam when
0 < ZPOS
J
= simple moment due t o water i n channel; moment applied t o
f l o o r slab at w a l l
r moment a t junction of stem w a l l and f o o t i n g p r o j e c t i o n due
t o loads on w a l l
= moment i n w a l l a t Z below t o p of w a l l
= T/U, T1S frame constant
= d i r e c t f o r c e at s e c t i o n under i n v e s t i g a t i o n
r assumed d i r e c t compressive f o r c e i n pavement s l a b due t o
water i n channel
concentrated load applied t o f l o o r s l a b at w a l l
E
Ms
MSUP
'
d i r e c t f o r c e brought by t h e w a l l t o t h e f l o o r s l a b of T1S
channel
NX
RC/RX
= RC/RY
n
P
m
ml
P2
PALIX)W
PB
FD
'
F'F
PETG
FGR
PS
PUP
Pt
Qo
QSUP
-E
=
=
=
E
=
E
E
-=
RXlMIN
=
=
IUUMAX
d i r e c t f o r c e i n w a l l at Z below t o p of w a l l
frame constant
intergranular bearing pressure; foundation pressure
bearing ( c o n t a c t ) pressure a t t o e of r e t a i n i n g w a l l base
m f o r LC#I
bearing ( c o n t a c t ) pressure at h e e l of r e t a i n i n g w a l l base
maximum allowable bearing ( c o n t a c t ) pressure
= 1 / ~T1S
,
< zms s
=
= maximum
E
=
=
=
=
= thickness
= thickness
of pavement s l a b
of f l o o r s l a b o r base s l a b
z thickness of t o p of w a l l
= thickness of frame a t y
= displacement a t t o p of T1S frame due t o u n i t loads
= f l e x u r a l bond s t r e s s i n concrete
viii
V
VD
VE
= buoyant
VF
VNET
WR
vz
v
W
wo
WP
wm
WRT
X
XD
XF
XP
x
Y
YD
YF
yo
YX
YZ
Y
Z
!XEX
ZPOS
shear f o r c e a t f a c e of support
sum of v e r t i c a l forces including u p l i f t
shear c a r r i e d by web s t e e l
r shear i n w a l l a t Z below t o p of W a l l
z shear s t r e s s i n concrete
= w i d t h of a r e t a i n i n g w a l l portion of T3F o r T3FV channel
= o v e r a l l width of channel
E bearing pressure a t end of pavement s l a b
E WP f o r IC#l
E r e a c t i o n at t o p of w a l l
E t o e l e n g t h of T3F and T3FV walls; reference edge beam
coordinate
E
= ( X - ~112)
=(x+TB/~~)
E width of pavement s l a b between r e t a i n i n g w a l l bases
distance from point A t o element of load on i n f i n i t e beam
displacement; distance from c e n t e r of r e t a i n i n g w a l l base
t o point under i n v e s t i g a t i o n
=(w/2-XD)
= (w/2 - XF)
E displacement a t load point i n a l t e r n a t e method of edge beam
analysis
z displacement a t Z from end i n a c t u a l edge beam
E displacement a t Z from end i n a l t e r n a t e method of edge beam
anayl s i s
--
TECHNICAL RELF,AsE
J!mmB50
Types of S t r u c t u r d Channels
Four s t r u c t u r a l channel t y p e s a r e t r e a t e d h e r e i n . A l l a r e assumed
symmetrical about t h e channel c e n t e r l i n e i n both c o n s t r u c t i o n and loading. Each channel i s designed f o r t h e two l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s described
i n t h e next s e c t i o n and each must s a t i s f y f l o t a t i o n ( u p l i f t ) r e q u i r e ments. See Figure 1 f o r d e f i n i t i o n sketches. Any one of t h e f o u r
t y p e s may be most advantageous f o r a p a r t i c u l a r s e t of design condit i o n s . Because o f t h e l a r g e number of parameters involved, it is n o t
always r e a d i l y apparent which t y p e w i l l b e b e s t i n a given s i t u a t i o n .
Type 'IlF
In t h i s t y p e , t h e w a l l s and f l o o r s l a b c o n s t i t u t e a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
U-shaped r i g i d frame. The c a n t i l e v e r w a l l s a r e i n t e g r a l w i t h t h e f l o o r
slab.
Type T3F
In t h i s type, the walls a r e designed as r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e c a n t i l e v e r
r e t a i n i n g w a h . The most advantageous t o e l e n g t h , X, i s determined
i n t h e design. The pavement s l a b between t h e r e t a i n i n g wall bases, i s
independent of t h e bases except f o r any t h r u s t imposed on it by t h e
r e t a i n i n g w a l l bases.
Ty-pe T3FV
This i s s i m i l a r t o t y p e T3F except t h a t t h e j o i n t s between t h e pavement s l a b and t h e r e t a i n i n g w a l l bases a r e designed t o t r a n s m i t shear
f o r c e s and t h e s l a b i s monolithic between t h e s e two shear j o i n t s . Thus
i n t y p e T3FV t h e pavement s l a b and r e t a i n i n g w a l l base d e f l e c t e q u a l l y
a t the joints.
Qpe T1S
This i s s i m i l a r t o t y p e T1F except t h a t two r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s t r u t s
a r e provided i n each l o n g i t u d i n a l span between t r a n s v e r s e j o i n t s . The
s t r u t s a r e l o c a t e d a t t h e f i r s t i n t e r i o r q u a r t e r p o i n t s of t h e longit u d i n a l span. Edge beams a r e provided along t h e t o p s of t h e channel
w a l l s . Thus t h e w a l l s a r e not simple c a n t i l e v e r s from t h e base a s
w i t h t h e o t h e r t y p e s , i n s t e a d t h e y a r e supported by t h e edge beam and
s t r u t system and by t h e f l o o r s l a b .
Loading Conditions
Two loading c o n d i t i o n s a r e considered i n t h e design of s t r u c t u r a l
channels. Parameter v a l u e s should be s e l e c t e d so t h a t t h e s e loading
c o n d i t i o n s r e f l e c t extremes of probable c o n d i t i o n s .
Load Condition No. 1
I n t h i s loading t h e channel i s empty. The b a c k f i l l i s submerged t o a
h e i g h t , HWl, above t h e t o p of t h e f l o o r s l a b . The b a c k f i l l i s n a t u r a l l y
d r a i n e d , i . e . , moist, above HWl. Load c o n d i t i o n No. 1 i s meant t o
Revised 7/77
TRANSVERSE SECTION
TRANSVERSE SECTION
TRANSVERSE SECTION
TRANSVERSE SECTION
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
l a t era1
e a r t h load
uplift
Figure 2.
lateral
e a r t h load
moist l a t e r a l
m2
ffmt
f f
uplift
Figure 3.
/
buoyant l a t e r a l [ l a t e r a l
water load
e a r t h load
b a d condition No. 2.
F l o t a t i o n Requirement
?%e t o t a l weight o f t h e s t r u c t u r a l channel p l u s a l l downward f o r c e s a c t i n g on it must exceed t h e u p l i f t f o r c e s by a s u i t a b l e s a f e t y f a c t o r under
a l l c o n d i t i o n s of l o a d i n g . The most c r i t i c a l c a s e i s l o a d c o n d i t i o n
No. 1. The f l o t a t i o n s a f e t y f a c t o r , FLOATR, i s s e l e c t e d by t h e u s e r .
F o o t i n g p r o j e c t i o n s , FTG, a r e added, when r e q u i r e d , t o develop n e c e s s a r y
uplift
Figure
4.
F l o t a t i o n conditions.
a d d i t i o n a l downward f o r c e s .
Surcharge
-Because o f t h e wide v a r i e t y o f p o s s i b l e s u r c h a r g e l o a d s , s u r c h a r g e i s n o t
i n c l u d e d h e r e i n a s a s p e c i f i c l o a d i n g . The e f f e c t s of s u r c h a r g e can b e
d u p l i c a t e d t o some e x t e n t by a r b i t r a r i l y i n c r e a s i n g l a t e r a l p r e s s u r e r a t i o s ,
u n i t s o i l weights, o r b a c k f i l l h e i g h t s . I n c r e a s i n g u n i t s o i l w e i g h t s o r
b a c k f i l l h e i g h t s should be done c a u t i o u s l y when t h e s u r c h a r g e i s a p p l i e d
only i n t e r m i t t e n t l y .
Design Parameters
--There a r e some s e v e n t e e n independent d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s involved i n t h e
d e s i g n of t h e aforementioned s t r u c t u r a l c h a n n e l t y p e s . The d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s e i t h e r primary p a r a m e t e r s o r secondary p a r a m e t e r s .
Values f o r primary p a r a m e t e r s must b e s u p p l i e d by t h e u s e r f o r each d e s i g n
r u n . Secondary p a r a m e t e r s w i l l b e a s s i g n e d d e f a u l t v a l u e s i f v a l u e s a r e
n o t s u p p l i e d by t h e u s e r . The methods o f s u p p l y i n g parameter v a l u e s are
d i s c u s s e d under t h e s e c t i o n , "Computer Designs. "
----
Primary------.hrameters
KC r h e i g h t of w a l l above t o p of f l o o r s l a b , i n f t
KB
h e i g h t o f b a c k f i l l above t o p o f f l o o r s l a b , i n ft
B
n c l e a r w i d t h o f s t r u e t u r d channel, i n f t
Secondary Parameters
Not a l l secondary p a r a m e t e r s a r e used by all c h a n n e l t y p e s . The secondary
parameters and t h e i r d e f a u l t v a l u e s a r e l i s t e d i n Table 1. Usage of t h e s e
parameters i s e x p l a i n e d where f i r s t encountered. Those p a r a m e t e r s having
l i m i t e d use a r e i n d i c a t e d .
Revised 7/77
HKL
HW2
HWP
KO1
KO2
KPASS
GMOIST
GSAT
--
Parameter
Default
Us ag e
=. l a t e r a l e a r t h p r e s s u r e r a t i o , l o a d condition No. 1
= lateral.
e a r t h p r e s s u r e r a t i o , l o a d c o n d i t i o n No. 2
passive e a r t h p r e s s u r e r a t i o
FLOATR r s a f e t y f a c t o r a g a i n s t f l o t a t i o n
MAXFTG
maximum acceptable f o o t i n g p r o j e c t i o n , i n f t
JODITS r l o n g i t u d i n a l span between t r a n s v e r s e j o i n t s , i n f t
CFSC
CFSS
c o e f f i c i e n t of f r i c t i o n , s o i l t o concrete
c o e f f i c i e n t of f r i c t i o n , s o i l t o s o i l
* when
9
n,
-4
Pm
(D
1 0 : JOINTS = 20
2 20 : JOINTS = 40
Design C r i t e r i a
Materials
Class 4000 concrete and intermediate grade s t e e l a r e assumed.
Working S t r e s s Design
Design of s e c t i o n s is i n accordance w i t h working s t r e s s methods.
allowable s t r e s s e s i n p s i a r e
Extreme f i b e r s t r e s s
Shear,
b t
flexure
The
f, = 1600
v/~D*
70
F l e x u r a l Bond
tension t o p bars
other tension bars
Steel
i n tension
i n compression, a x i a l l y loaded columns
f s = 20,000
f s = 16,000
1 0 inches
11 inches
Cover f o r Reinforcement
S t e e l cover i s everywhere 2 inches except f o r o u t s i d e s t e e l i n bottom
s l a b s where cover is 3 inches.
S t e e l Required by Combined Bending Moment and D i r e c t Force
Required a r e a determined as explained on pages 31 34 o f TR-42, "Single
c e l l Rectangular Conduits - C r i t e r i a and Procedures f o r S t r u c t u r a l Design."
17 of TR-42.
Preliminary Designs
T r i a l c o n c r e t e t h i c k n e s s e s a r e determined f o r v a r i o u s c r i t i c d dimens i o n s and p r e l i m i n a r y c o n c r e t e volumes a r e computed during t h e prelimina r y design phase of s t r u c t u r a l channel design. These q u a n t i t i e s may
b e increased during d e t a i l design i f computations f o r r e q u i r e d s t e e l
a r e a s and spacings i n d i c a t e t h i c k n e s s e s a r e inadequate. Assumptions,
c r i t e r i a , and procedures f o r t h e s e v e r a l channel t y p e s a r e discussed
below. Topics a p p l i c a b l e t o more t h a n one channel t y p e are presented
once when f i r s t encountered.
Type T1F
Preliminary design of t y p e T1F channels proceeds i n an o r d e r l y manner.
F i r s t , r e q u i r e d w a L l t h i c k n e s s a t t h e bottom o f t h e wall, TB, i s d e t e r mined. Then, t h e channel i s checked f o r f l o t a t i o n and f o o t i n g proj e c t i o n s , FPG, a r e provided i f required. F i n a l l y , t h e f l o o r s l a b
t h i c k n e s s is increased f o r s h e a r o r b e a r i n g i f necessary.
W a l l thicknesses.
The w a l l t h i c k n e s s a t t h e t o p of t h e w a l l , TT, i s
s e t a t 1 0 inches. The t h i c k n e s s a t t h e bottom o f t h e w a l l , TB, i s
s e l e c t e d a s t h e l a r g e s t t h i c k n e s s required by: s h e a r f o r l o a d condi,
and d i r e c t f o r c e f o r LC#l, shear f o r LC#2,
t i o n No. 1 ( L C # ~ )moment
o r moment and d i r e c t f o r c e f o r LC#2. I l l u s t r a t i v e cornputatations
f o r a p o s s i b l e c a s e of LC#1 follow.
GBUOY x HKL
Figure
5.
Thickness TB f o r
HWl.
Revised 7/77
IIwD = HKL - ~ 1 1 2
HBD = HI3 ~ 1 1 2
Then t h e shear, i n lbs per ft, a t D from face f o r case shown i s :
V = 31.2 x (HKD)2 + KO1 x GMOIST x HDIFF x (0.5 x H D D F + HVD)
+ 0.5 x K O ~x GBUOY x (mI2
- 62.4
m)
%, is
GSAT x DJl
PUP
62.4 x
(HWl
+~~/12)
PUP x wo
6.25 x HT x ('IT + TB).
where N =
This r a t i o must not be l e s s than t h e f l o t a t i o n safety f a c t o r , FIXATR.
The i n i t i a l value of TS i s TS = TB + 1 and t h e i n i t i a l value of FTG
FLOP-TR,
i s zero. If R < FLOATR, then FTG i s s e t at 1.0, i f again R
then FTG is incremented by 0.2 f t and another attempt i s made. This
process i s continued, i f necessary, u n t i l FTG = MAXFTG, then TS i s incremented by 1.0 inch u n t i l TS = TB + 10. If t h e f l o t a t i o n c r i t e r i a
i s s t i l l unsatisfied, t h e design i s abandoned, and a cancellation
message i s given.
Floor slab shear. Shear w i l l sometimes govern t h e required thickness
of t h e f l o o r slab. For load condition No. 1 t h e compressive w a l l
forces and t h e pressure on t h e footing projections a r e t h e only loads
producing shear i n the f l o o r slab. The uniform loading, i n psf, causing shear i s
The required floor s l a b thickness due t o shear i s obtained from an expression f o r shear s t r e s s a t D from t h e face of t h e w a l l , o r using
3.5 inches a s distance t o center of s t e e l
Figure 6.
> HWl.
Floor s l a b bearing. As explained a t t h e end of t h e section, "Detail Designs, Floor Slab Analysis," it i s sometimes necessary t o increase t h e
f l o o r s l a b thickness t o eliminate negative displacements under t h e center
of t h e f l o o r slab. The theory involved i s somewhat complex, i t s present a t i o n i s delayed u n t i l d e t a i l designs are discussed.
Revised 7/77
zLeQ2.2
HDIFF = HB
HS
HM
W
LC#1
i s used f o r i l l u s t r a t i o n .
Let, i n ft
ElWl
= HB + ~ ~ 1 1 2
= HKl + ~ ~ 1 1 2
= X + ~ ~ 1 +1 FTG
2
Then, i n psf
PFTG
= GMOIST x HDIFF + GSAT x HWl
PALLOW = 2000 + GMOIST x HDIFF + GBUOY x HW
PUP
=62.4xIN
PFTG x FTG
(12.5 x TS
PUP) x W
is
+ 0.5
x KO1 x GBUOY x
(HW)3/3.
z=
If Z
If Z
(M,
< ~ / 2 ,t h e
> ~ 1 2 ,t h e
- &)/m
E = w / ~- Z
m(1
+ 6 x IE~/W)
W
> PAL~W
ttftt ttttttt
PUP
VNE T
where Z
Figure
7.
>~
/ 2
> HWl.
If
Figure 8.
Now
D = TS 3.5
XD = X - ~ / 1 2
YD=w/2 - X D
Then, in psf
~1 = E
w (1
+ 6 x E/W)
then
-n
-6x
vl!nI'
~2 =-(I
and
So
VF
E/W)
(PFTG + 12.5 x TS
PUP
0 . 5 ( ~ 2+ PI?)) x FI'G
+ 3.5
and
TS = w 8 4 0 + 2.5
I f e i t h e r of these values exceeds t h e current TS, it i s increased
accordingly.
,,
s',l
;;( / I 'A-
Figure 9.
Ty-pe T3FV
P
MF'OUND
z v e r t i c a l displacement, i n ft
= i n t e r g r a n d a x bearing pressure, i n psf
= modulus of foundation, i n pcf
E q u t i n g 6 and $,
cancels out, and
P"
= pp
(-intergranular
bearing pressures
where WP
Qh
+ WP
= pavement
s l a b b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e a t shear j o i n t , i n p s f .
Qh + WP = P1
or, i n l b s per f t
= (P1
~Q/W
- WP)(~
C,
Wall base f l o t a t i o n .
R can not be l e s s than FLX)ATR. Thus a minimum value of FIG corresponding t o t h e current value of Ql may be obtained.
Base design. Base design of type T3FV i s t h e same as type T3F except
t h a t t h e appropriate shear, Ql o r 62, must be included a t t h e end of
t h e toe. Thus f o r IC#l, t h e expression f o r t h e sum of t h e v e r t i c a l
loads i s
Similarly, t h e expression f o r sheas i n t h e t o e s l a b at D from t h e face
of t h e support i s
VD
- 12.5
x TS) x XD
QJ
Figure 12.
IQJ-l
If QJ > 0, then
If Ql < 0, then
The l a r g e s t of t h e computed required thicknesses governs.
Delta Q. The computations indicated above, r e s u l t i n a new s e t of values
f o r IiTG, TS, and TP corresponding t o a p a r t i c u l a r s e t of vaJ-ues of Ql
and Q2. The d e l t a Q values a r e obtained as previously exp. .- r,.?d. For
~ # l
where
WP1 = 12.5 x TP
F U i s Pl f o r
- 62.4
x HWP
LC#1 including
+ QloldX
e f f e c t of Uold
S0
Similarly
Qnew = Wold
A
@a
1
( ~ 1 2- WE')
x
where
W E = 12.5 X TP
+ 62.4
P12 is Pl f o r LC@
then i f ( W P +~ 2 x A Q ~ / x P )
+2
x KC
- 62.4
(HW2
+ ~ ~ 1 1 2+) &201dh
including e f f e c t of
>0
however, i f (WE
Ty-pe T1S
The design of type T1S channels i s considerably more complex than any
of t h e previous channel types presented. One of t h e problems involves
t h e determination of t h e magnitude and d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e support provided the walls by t h e edge beams. S t r u t locations were selected a t
t
Figure 13.
t h e indicated quarter points of t h e longitudinal span between t r a n s verse channel j o i n t s f o r two reasons. The spacing is a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y
pleasing since t h e r e s u l t is equally spaced s t r u t s i n a long channel.
Such spacing causes a considerable reduction i n t h e maximum moments
and shears t h a t e x i s t i n t h e edge beams as cornpazed t o those t h a t would
e x i s t if t h e s t r u t s were placed a t t h e ends of t h e longitudinal s p m s .
The s t r u t s require p o s i t i v e connections t o t h e w a l l s t o prevent accidental dislodgement from t h e supporting'wall brackets and because often
t h e s t r u t force w i l l be d i r e c t tension r a t h e r than d i r e c t compression.
Figure 14.
l b s per ft
of edge beam
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
= displacement
i n ft
U
RX = T/U
or
- Y/U
RX=m-nY
where
m = T/U and n = 1 / ~
The frame constants, T, U, m, and n depend on t h e s t r u c t u r a l channel
dimensions and loading. They a r e r e a d i l y determined when needed.'
The e l a s t i c curve equation f o r t h e edge beam i s
EI- d 4~ =
or l e t t i n g
ax4
4p4
rn
- nY
~/EI
then
The general solution could be w r i t t e n and t h e constants of integrat i o n evaluated by applying various boundary conditions. This becomes
r a t h e r involved and prone t o e r r o r because of t h e i n t e r i o r l o c a t i o n of
the s t ru t s .
The above procedure can be avoided by u t i l i z i n g a method of solution
indicated on pages 15 - 17 of Timoshenkofs "Strength of Materials,
Psrt 11," f o r t h e somewhat similar problem shown i n Figure 17.
Figure 17.
Let
PZ
s i n BZ)
S(BZ) = e-Bz(cos BZ
s i n BZ)
@(Bz)= e-"(cos
@(Bz)
e-BZ cos
gz
~ ( B z=
) eWBZs i n PZ
Then s o l v e f o r $ and M, from t h e simultaneous equations
This expression f i n d s t h e d e f l e c t i o n s due t o symmetrical loads, RS, a c t i n g on a f i n i t e l e n g t h beam. To convert t o t h e edge beam problem n o t e
t h a t Y X ) ~ == O
~ , / o~r l e t
YX=YZ - Y o
where
E and of
The process of o b t a i n i n g t h e magnitude and d i s t r i b u t i o n of F
o b t a i n i n g t h e magnitude of RS proceeds by t r i a l as follows:
Let RXaver = m, t h a t is, assume YX,,,,
= 0
Then RS = EXaver x ~ / 2
Evaluate YX, due t o RS, a t a l a r g e number of p o i n t s
Compute new YXaver,
maver = m - nYXaver, and RS
Repeat t h i s process u n t i l RS i s e s s e n t i a l l y c o n s t a n t from one c y c l e
t o t h e next.
When c o n s t a n t RS i s obtained, compute FX corresponding t o each YX,
t h a t is,
FX = m nYX
.,
RX and RS values i s t o
Edge beam loading. The f i r s t s t e p i n
f t p e r ft r e s p e c t i v e l y .
e v a l u a t e U and n = 1 / ~ ,i n ft p e r
These values depend s o i e l y on t h e dimensions of t h e frame. U i s computed a s
1
FRAME
5FRClME
t3
Figure 18.
where
Next, T and m
P
T i s computed a s
F~
LC#= i s used f o r i l l u s t r a t i o n .
o f water i n t h e channel. Figure 19 i n d i c a t e s t h e v e r t i c a l f o r c e s i n volved. The s t r u t s have been removed, but t h e i r e f f e c t i v e weight i s
included i n t h e f o r c e WALL.
Figure 19.
> I-IW2.
This force, i n l b s p e r f t , i s
WALL = 150 x B x ST x S ~ / ( 1 4 4x C )
and here
PFTG
= GMOIST
x HDIFF
+ 150 x
(ET - TT) x ~ ~ / 1 4 4
+ 6.25 x HT x (TT + TB)
GSAT x m2
+ 12,5
x TS x W
62.4 x HT x B)/W
12.5 x TS
and i s
MFTG
= 0.5
+ TB/12)
MBP
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
NX = RC/W
Take NX, see page 32 of TR-42, as l a r g e r of
AGX = (NX
- 13600 x A C O M P ) / ~ ~ O
RY
= 1.07
- 0.32
x B/SB 5 1 . 0
AGY = (NY
- 13600 x ACOMP)/~~O
Let AG = ST x SB i n sq inches
I f AGX, o r AGY, o r both, a r e g r e a t e r than AG, t h e n ST, o r SB,
o r both a r e incremented accordingly and t h e cycle i s r e peated u n t i l both AGX and AGY a r e S AG.
Wge beam design. The thickness of t h e edge beam i s e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e
Pequirements f o r bending moment. This i s done on t h e assumption t h a t
web s t e e l f o r diagonal t e n s i o n w i l l be provided when necessary. It
should be noted t h a t t h e edge beam i s subjected t o unknown amounts of
t o r s i o n . Hence nominal closed s t i r r u p s (say #3 @ 1 2 ) should be provided
even when diagonal t e n s i o n web s t e e l is not required. Thicknesses r e quired f o r bending moment a r e determined a t t h e c e n t e r l i n e of t h e supp o r t s i n c e moments a t midspan are small by constructLon. A summation
Figure 22.
Edge beam s e c t i o n .
--
Figure 23.
and HW1
<
HT
> HWl,
Kl?B
< EB/12,
-~~/12.
s i t u a t i o n . For t h e s i t u a t i o n shown, VF is t h e s h e a r a t t h e f a c e , i n l b
l b s per f t
VF = WRT - 0.5 x KO1 x GMOIST x ( ~ ~ / 1- 2HTB)2
so, i n inches
TT = ( IVF1 )/840 + 2.5
This i s t h e t h i c k n e s s r e q u i r e d at t h e f a c e o f t h e edge beam. Thus TT,
p r o j e c t e d t o t h e t o p of t h e edge beam, could be taken somewhat s m a l l e r
when TB > TT. This refinement i s considered unwarrented s i n c e at t h i s
time t h e r e q u i r e d TB i s unknown.
RXlMm
Figure 24.
>
HWl.
+ 0.5
x K O ~x GBUOY x
(mI2- WRT
then
v/840
TB = TT
(T
TT) x HT/(HT
~112)
Moment a t bottom of w a 3 1 . -- Moment a t t h e bottom of t h e w a l l i s maximized by using t h e smallest w a l l r e a c t i o n a t t h e top, hence Figure 24
applies.
The moment expression f o r LC#1 f o r t h e s i t u a t i o n shown is t h e same as
f o r type T1F with t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e WRT term, t h u s
M = 10.4 x (HW1)3 4 . 5 x K O 1 x GMOIST x (KDIFF)~x (HDIFF/~ + HW1)
4 . 5 x K O 1 x GMOIST x HDIFF x ( H W L ) ~
4 . 5 x K O 1 x GBUOY x ( 1 1 ~ 1 ) ~ 1 3
- WRT x (ET ~ ~ / 2 4 )
-~
The d i r e c t compressive f o r c e i s WALL a s given under "Edge beam loading. " The equivalent moment, %, thus i s
Revised 7/77
D e t a i l Designs
With t h e exception of t h e s t e e l i n t h e edge beams of type T1S channels,
d e t a i l design i s concerned with t h e determination of requirements f o r
transverse s t e e l , not longitudinal s t e e l .
Each d e t a i l design begins with t h e s e t of trial dimensions obtained i n
t h e preliminary design. Thicknesses a r e incremented, and t h e design
recycled when necessary, whenever it i s determined compression s t e e l
would otherwise be required t o hold bending s t r e s s e s t o allowable working values. Required s t e e l azea and maximum allowable s t e e l spacing
a r e computed a t a l a r g e number of points in t h e channel cross section.
The points a r e s i m i l w l y located and numbered i n each s t r u c t u r a l channel
type so t h a t t h e r e is l i t t l e d i f f i c u l t y i n changing thought from one
type t o another. Schematic s t e e l layouts a r e shown f o r each type. The
a c t u a l s t e e l layout is selected by t h e designer once he knows t h e s t e e l
requirements a t t h e various points. The f l o o r s l a b s t e e l requirements
f o r type T1F and T1S channels are based on analysis of t h e f l o o r s l a b
a s a symmetrically loaded, f i n i t e l e n g t h beam on an e l a s t i c foundation.
This theory i s presented before discussing t h e d e t a i l design of t h e
four channel types.
Floor Slab Analysis
A means of determining t h e deflection, shear, and moment at any point,
A, i n t h e s l a b i s required. This may be done by s t a r t i n g with t h e
,
e l a s t i c curve equation
un
or letting
then
K
E
P
TS
Figure 25.
Z =0
MA
= $~ ( B ( -z z ) )
+ Q ( B ( L- J
J 5 Z 5 (L
- J)
When Z
When
J S Z S
(L-J)
Before terms
s h e a r , and moment due t o uniform l o a d i n g , q
f o r t h e uniform l o a d i n g s PB and PI? can be o b t a i n e d , s o l u t i o n s f o r u n i form l o a d s must b e e s t a b l i s h e d . These a r e o b t a i n e d by i n t e g r a t i n g t h e
corresponding e x p r e s s i o n s f o r a c o n c e n t r a t e d l o a d . Refer t o Timoshenko,
pages 6 and 7 f o r similar m a t e r i a l .
Deflection,
-
Without p r o o f :
F i g u r e 26.
Uniform l o a d i n g c a s e s , i n f i n i t e beams.
When A is t o l e f t of l o a d i n g , n o t i n g t h a t dN
qdX
similarly
When
YA
and
J
0
m(gx)ax
i.
Jg m
0
~ d =x
&
- @(PC) - ~(PJJ
When A i s t o be t h e r i g h t of l o a d i n g
Figure
When Z
YA
27.
Qo and Pb loadings,
i n f i n i t e beam.
2K
and M, a r e computed
t h e sum of t h e shears
l e n g t h beam, due t o
t h e various shears
~ ( B Z+
) +(B(L
MA=@
+ @(B{L -
+ '[O(BZ)
2
zljl
[$(B(z - J ) ) + @ ( B ( L -
-Z
E(p( Z
+ PB[~(~{z
4p2
J))
J)) +
y - m- J I )
+ 4p2
+~[-I(B{L
-J-~
- z)]
~ ( B ( L- J
S(B{L
f o r t h e dei n t h e beam.
5 J or
in f t lbs
z)g
- Z)
C=(BZ~
1 +) ( ( B { L
Figure 28.
Corrections f o r i n d i c a t e d t e n s i l e r e a c t i o n s .
Sometimes negative d e f l e c t i o n s , i n d i c a t i n g t e n s i l e r e a c t i v e p r e s s u r e s ,
a r e encountered. If t h i s occurs, t h e s o l u t i o n i s considered i n c o r r e c t
s i n c e t h i s t e c h n i c a l r e l e a s e i s meant f o r s t r u c t u r a l channels on y i e l d i n g foundations and t e n s i l e b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e s can not e x i s t with e a r t h
foundations. Negative d e f l e c t i o n s may occur a t e i t h e r t h e ends of t h e
beam o r a t and near t h e c e n t e r of t h e channel.
If negative d e f l e c t i o n s a r e encountered a t t h e ends of t h e beam, a
c o r r e c t s o l u t i o n i s obtained by m o d i o i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e l o a d i n g and
dimensions of t h e f i n i t e l e n g t h beam as i n d i c a t e d i n Figure 28. Assume
a s o l u t i o n i s attempted, t h e n l e t t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e end of t h e beam
t o t h e p o i n t of zero r e a c t i v e p r e s s u r e be ZPOS. I f ZPOS = 0, t h e s o l u t i o n i s c o r r e c t . I f 0 < ZPOS S J, add t h e c a n t i l e v e r s h e a r and moment,
QSUP and MSUP, t o t h e system. Change J t o J f , and L t o L f . Solve t h i s
W t o NWf , MW t o MYf, J t o
beam f o r a new ZPOS. If ZPOS > J, change I
0.0 and L t o L f . PJWf and MWf a r e t h e s t a t i c a l c a n t i l e v e r equivalents
of t h e f o r c e s and moments w i t h i n t h e d i s t a n c e ZPOS. Solve t h i s beam f o r
a new ZPOS. The next s o l u t i o n w i l l y i e l d another ZPOS, e t c . ZPOS values
so found, w i l l approach zero, t h a t is, t h e s e r i e s i s convergent and may
be stopped when d e s i r e d .
If negative d e f l e c t i o n s a r e encountered at and near t h e c e n t e r o f t h e
channel, a c o r r e c t s o l u t i o n can be obtained by i n c r e a s i n g t h e weight
and s t i f f n e s s of t h e f l o o r s l a b so t h a t negative displacements a r e
eliminated.* Therefore, when t h e a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e s t e n s i l e bearing p r e s s u r e s under t h e c e n t e r of t h e channel, t h e s l a b t h i c k n e s s i s incremented
and a new, smaller r e q u i r e d f o o t i n g width i s determined corresponding t o
t h e incremented s l a b thickness. The design i s t h e n recycled using t h e
new TS and FTG. This check and subsequent recycling, when necessary,
occur during preltminary design of type T1F and T1S channels. The 2roblem i s u s u a l l y only encountered w i t h r e l a t i v e l y wide channels.
a--
*An
---
a l t e r n a t e approach t o obtaining
s o l u t i o n f o r T1F and T1S f l o o r
s l a b s , when negative c e n t e r displacements a r e encountered, i s t o
r e v e r t t o " r i g i d body mechanics." That is, assume t h e f l o o r s l a b i s
a r i g i d beam subjected t o uniform d i s t r i b u t i o n of bearing pressure,
r a t h e r t h a n an e l a s t i c beam. This can be done by using a very low
value of MFOUND a s MFO'KND = 1. S t r u c t u r a l l y , t h e assumption of uniform b e a r i n g r e s u l t s i n l a r g e r c e n t e r moments t h a n any o t h e r adm i s s i b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n of bearing f o r t h e s e s l a b s . Some reasons why
" r i g i d body mechanics" i s o f t e n n o t t h e b e s t approach a r e :
a.
b.
It w i l l r e s u l t i n a g r e a t e r s t e e l requirement t h a n i s
r e q u i r e d by e l a s t i c theory.
c.
d.
then
vz
vl
v2
v3
+ v4
and, i n f t l b s p e r f t
MZ = vl x (HDIFF/~
+ Z HTW)
+ V2 x (z - m)/2
+(v3 + v4) x ( z - ~ ) / 3
a l s o , i n l b s per ft
NZ = 6.25 x Z x (TT
+ T)
7
\
Figur e 30.
HTB
HDIFF
> HTW.
0.5 x GMOIST x ~ 0 x1 ( H D I F F ) ~
IR
H2
= GMOIST
Ii3
~4
CB
Figure 31.
CF
+ WAIL
> m1.
Figure 32.
rype T3F
S t e e l a r e a s and spacings a r e determined f o r t h e t h i r t y p o i n t s defined
i n Figure33. A cut-off o r key w a l l is designed a t t h e end of t h e t o e
when necessary t o ensure adequate s t a b i l i t y a g a i n s t s l i d i n g of t h e r e t a i n i n g w a l l p o r t i o n of t h e channel. The design of stem w d l s t e e l i s
t h e same as type T1F channels.
Figure 33.
S l i d i n g s t a b i l i t y of base.
LC#2 produces c r i t i c a l conditions f o r s l i d ing of t h e r e t a i n i n g w a l l p o r t i o n s of t h e channel. Often t h e base develops adequate s l i d i n g r e s i s t a n c e without using a key wall. This check
i s made f i r s t . A f a c t o r of s a f e t y a g a i n s t s l i d i n g of 1.5 i s required.
The b a c k f i l l i s assumed capa,ble of developing passive l a t e r a l p r e s s u r e s ,
The l a t e r a l p r e s s u r e r a t i o i s KPASS. The c o e f f i c i e n t of f r i c t i o n between
concrete and s o i l i s CFSC. A waterstop between t h e pavement s l a b and t h e
base is assumed e f f e c t i v e a t t h e e l e v a t i o n of t h e bottom of t h e base s l a b ,
t h u s t h e horizontal. f o r c e due t o t h e water i n t h e channel, i n l b s p e r ft,
is
HIN = 0.5 x 62.4 x (HI? + ~ ~ 1 1 2 ) '
For t h e case shown by Figure 34, t h e maximum e x t e r n a l l a t e r a l forces,
i n l b s p e r ft, a r e
H1
= 0.5
~ ~ 1 1 2 )
H3
~4
+~
~ 1 1 2 ) ~
VNET x CFSC
m x x + 6.25 x m x (TT
PFTG x FTG + 12.5 x TS x W
62.4 x (IN2 + ~ ~ 1 1 x2 W)
VNET = 62.4 x
+ TB)
+ H2 + H3 + ~4+ VNEI' x
CFSC
If
H R / 2~ 1.5
the base does not require a key w a l l .
If
a key w a l l i s required. The depth of t h e key w a l l i s s e t i n i t i a l l y at
1.0 ft; it w i l l be incremented as necessary t o obtain an adequate
s l i d i n g safety f a c t o r . The key w a l l causes an a d d i t i o n a l l a t e r a l force,
i n l b s per f t , of
HKEY
= (KPASS
x GMOIST x HDIl?l?
GBUOY x (HW2 + ~ ~ 1 +1 0.5
2 x ZKEY)) x ZKEY
+ PASS x
H1
+ H2 + H3 + H4 + HKEY +
(VNET
+ VE) x
CFSS
+ VE) x
CFSS
+ HKEY)/~.~
The r e -
- 3.5)/FKEX
Base slab s t e e l .
Bearing pressures at t h e t o e and heel of the base
and P2, a r e computed as described under t h e preliminary design
slab,
of type T 3 F channels. A possible resultant pressure diagram f o r LC#2
for
Figure
33.
VI = 0.5 x
x (~12)
LC#2 i s
taken as
N S = H L + H ~ + H ~ + H ~ - H ~
When t h e load condition is IC#l o r i f t h e r e i s no key w a l l , t h e f r i c t i o n a l
force i s assumed uniformly distributed along t h e base. Hence t h e d i r e c t
force, with no key w a l l , i s
+ ~~/24)(~~/12)
Type T3FV
S t e e l areas and spacings a r e determined f o r t h e twenty eight points defined i n Figure 36. The design of t h e stem w a l l i s t h e same a s type
T1F channels. The remaining d e t a i l design must take account of t h e
shear transmitted between t h e r e t a i n i n g w a l l bases and t h e pavement
slab. If any thickness TB, TS, o r TP, is incremented during d e t a i l
w 4
Figure 36.
+~
~ / 1 2 ) ~
HI
H2
H3
Figure 37.
+~
+~
~ 1 1 2 )
~ 1 1 2 ) ~
~ ~ 1 1 2 ) ~
MS
. = (213 x Vl + 113 x V2 + V3 + & 2 ) ( ~ / 2 ) The expression f o r d i r e c t f o r c e on t h e s e c t i o n depends on whether t h e
j o i n t between t h e base s l a b and pavement s l a b requires t e n s i l e s t e e l
through it o r not. If tension s t e e l i s not required, a f r i c t i o n a l f o r c e
i s assumed uniformly d i s t r i b u t e d along t h e base. If tension s t e e l is
required, no f r i c t i o n a l force along t h e base i s assumed. Hence NS i s
either
+ ~4 - H ~ ) / w
NS = ( ~ / 2 ) ( ~+ 1H2 +
or
NS = HI. + H2 + H3 + ~4 - H5
Pavement s l a b s t e e l .
The pavement s l a b of t y p e T3FV channels i s subj e c t t o bending moment and t o s h e a r due t o t h e t r a n s f e r of j o i n t shears.
The pavement s l a b i s assumed t o a c t a s a uniformly loaded, simple span
between j o i n t s . The uniform loading i s 2 x
Thus a t X P / ~f o r
LC#~, t h e shear i s
IQ~/(XP).
vs
lwl -
(2
x IwI/(xp))(xp/4)
t h e moment i s
MS =
x (xP/~>
- 2x
IQJ /(xP)(xP/~)~/~
Figure 38.
Type TlS
S t e e l areas and spacings a r e determined f o r t h e twenty two points, on
t h e w a l l and f l o o r slab, defined i n Figure 39. S t e e l areas and r e quired perimeters a r e d s o determined f o r t h e eight points, on t h e edge
beam, defined i n Figure 40. Tension and/or compression s t e e l required
Figure 39.
Figure 40.
Wall s t e e l .
Design of w a l l s t e e l a t any one of t h e cross sections
l i s t e d above i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same as t h e design of type T1F walls
except t h a t t h e support provided t h e wall by the edge beam, a t t h e
p a r t i c u l a r cross section being investigated, i s included i n t h e comput a t i o n s f o r shear and moment. The d i r e c t compression force includes
t h e weights of t h e s t r u t s and edge beam as well a s t h e w a l l .
As previously noted, t h e sense of t h e edge beam loading may be e i t h e r
positive o r negative f o r e i t h e r LC#1 o r LC#2. Thus the sense of t h e
moment a t any distance, Z, below t h e top of t h e w a l l i s unpredictable.
Moment expressions a r e therefore written such t h a t positive moment indicates s t e e l required a t an even numbered point i n t h e w a l l while
negative moment indicates s t e e l at an odd numbered point. Thus i f
both LC#1 and LC# produced negative moments a t a p a r t i c u l a r Z value,
t h e l a r g e s t area and smallest spacing would be tabulated f o r t h e
corresponding odd numbered point.
Floor slab s t e e l .
The design of f l o o r slab s t e e l a t any cross-section
is e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same as t h e design of type T1F f l o o r slabs. It i s
only necessary t o modify t h e expressions f o r MM, NW, and HWAIL, see
page 42, t o include the e f f e c t s of edge beam loadings and weights.
Assume a positive edge beam loading, RXl, i n l b s per ft, i s added t o
+ 4~ ~ 1 2 i4s )added t o t h e
Figure 31. Then t h e term -RXl x (HT - ~ ~ 1 . 2
expression f o r MW and t h e term -RXl is added t o t h e expression f o r
HWALL. The value of RX1 i s t h a t a t t h e p a r t i c u l a r cross section under
4 4 a term accounting
investigation. The term 150(E!T - TT) x ~ ~ 1 1 plus
f o r s t r u t weight i s added t o t h e expression f o r NW. With these changes,
t h e analysis proceeds as described f o r type T1F channel f l o o r slabs.
Figure 41.
Flexural bond requirements a r e s a t i s f i e d by determining t h e s t e e l perimeter required a t t h e eight edge beam points. For any shear, V, i n l b s ,
t h e required perimeter, Co, i n inches, is taken as
The allowable bond s t r e s s f o r #7 bars i s used. Thus t h e computed p e r t meter i s conservative f o r all bars of equal o r smaller diameter than
#7
Edge beam s t i r r u p s .
When edge beam web s t e e l i s required f o r diagonal
tension, the maximum shear s t r e s s i s not allowed t o exceed 3 4 2 = 190 p s i .
EB may need t o be incremented, and ET recomputed, t o hold t h e shear s t r e s s
t o t h i s l i m i t . Maximum allowable spacing of t h e web s t e e l i s then the
smallest of:
S
= D/2
ACI
~206(a)
= A V / ( O . O Ox~ EB)
~
ACI
1206(b)
= 20000 x AV x D/VRP
ACI
1203
i n which
VRP =
v -
70 x EB x D
where
V
= s h e a r a t s e c t i o n under i n v e s t i g a t i o n , i n l b s p e r f t
VPR
s h e a r c a r r i e d by web s t e e l , i n l b s p e r f t
e f f e c t i v e depth, i n inches
AV
AV i s i n i t i a l l y s e t a t 0.22 sq i n f o r #3 s t i r r u p s . If S, f o r t h i s a r e a ,
i s l e s s t h a n 4 inches, t h e s t i r r u p s i z e i s increased t o #4, t h e spacing
i s recomputed, e t c . Although t h e maximum allowable spacing may be computed a t e i t h e r s e c t i o n s D d i s t a n c e from t h e f a c e s of t h e supports o r
t h e s e c t i o n a t t h e c e n t e r l i n e of t h e support, t h e spacing i s conservat i v e l y r e p o r t e d a s t h a t a t D from t h e faces.
The web s t e e l l a y o u t may be s e l e c t e d by c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a diagram
s i m i l a r t o t h a t of Figure 42. The o r d i n a t e s of t h e diagram a r e r e They may be assumed t o vary l i n e a r l y from zero
quired v a l u e s of AV/S.
t o a maximum over t h e supports. The o r d i n a t e a t D from t h e f a c e s of
t h e s t r u t i s obtained from t h e r e q u i r e d s t i r r u p s i z e and spacing computed above.
Nominal
#3@12
vary s i z e and
spacing as
desired
computed
size
vary s i z e and
spacing as
and
s ~ a c i n g desired
AV/S f o r computed
c/4
6
~ f o r~nominal
/ ~#W2
= 2(.0.11)/12
s i z e and spacing
-.
Nominal
= 0.0183
c/4
Computer Designs
Input
From one t o f o u r l i n e s of input d a t a a r e required f o r each design run.
A given computer job may include many design runs. A design run i s
made f o r a p a r t i c u l a r s e t of design c o n d i t i o n s and t a k e s one of two
he- f i r s t form c o n s i s t s of f o u r preliminary designs, one f o r
forms.
each channel type, p l u s an i n d i c a t i o n of t h e channel t y p e t h a t might
be s e l e c t e d f o r d e t a i l design on t h e b a s i s of l e a s t concrete volume.
The second form c o n s i s t s of t h e d e t a i l design of one of t h e f o u r chann e l types.
The
for
ary
run
B
Hw1
MAXFTG
CFSC
El?
HB
W2
JOINTS
CFSS
HWP
mom
DEFAULT 3
KO2
FLOATR
KPASS
Revised 7/77
Preliminary designs.
Preliminary design r e s u l t s m e l i s t e d i n t h e
o r d e r TlF, T3F, T3FV, and TlS, s e e Figure 43. Output v a l u e s c o n s i s t
of d i s t a n c e s , t h i c k n e s s e s , and c o n c r e t e volumes i n cubic yards p e r
l o n g i t u d i n a l f o o t of channel. The t h i c k n e s s e s and d i s t a n c e s , i n inches
and f e e t , may be i d e n t i f i e d by r e f e r e n c e t o v a r i o u s f i g u r e s :
f o r t y p e T1F s e e Figures 5 and 6
f o r t y p e T3F s e e Figures 5 , 7, and 9
f o r ty-pe T3FV s e e Figures 5, 7, and 9
f o r t y p e T1S s e e Figure 13.
The output f o r t h e d e t a i l design of any channel t y p e
D e t a i l Designs.
includes t h r e e segments: a r e p e a t of t h e preliminary design r e s u l t s ,
a s i m i l a r output g i v i n g f i n a l dimensions ( t h i s w i l l o f t e n b e i d e n t i c a l
t o t h e preliminary design v a l u e s ) , and a l i s t i n g of s t e e l requirements
g i v i n g r e q u i r e d a r e a and maximum allowable spacing i n sq. i n . p e r f t and
inches.
Type T1F. - See Figures 44 and 45 f o r o u t p ~ z texamples, s e e Figure 29 f o r
the s t e e l locations listed.
Type T3F. - See Figures
f o r the s t e e l locations
Figure 47, t h e r e q u i r e d
quired t h i c k n e s s of t h e
----------
0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35
FLOATR= 1.50
JOINTS= 40.00
MAXFTG= 12.00
CFSS= 0.55
T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ= 9.00
T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ=10.60
T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ=11.60
T R I A L VALUES
E l = 26.00
FTG PROJ=10.40
MD.
----------
DESIGN PARAMETERS
HWl:
0.0
KOl=
YWZ= 0.0
KOZr
HdP= 0.0
UPASS=
CFSC=
1.50
FLOATR=
JOINTS.
40.00
MAXFTGr 12.00
CFSS= 0.55
0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35
MFOUND= 1 0 0 0 0 0 .
GMOIST=
120.
GSAT=
140.
X = 12.00
TT= 10.00
XI
6.00
T l r 10.00
12.00
TT= 10.00
TT:
SR=
TYPE
T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ= 0.0
QUINT=
2.966
WANT=
3.294
QUANT=
3.186
T R I A L VALUES
1. 23.00
FTG PROJ= 0.0
QUANT=
2.285
T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ= 2.80
T R I A L VALUES
Figure 43.
Revised 7/77
MD.
0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35
FLOATRE 1 . 5 0
J O I N T S = 40.00
MAXFTGn 1 2 . 0 0
CFSS= 0.55
TT= 1 0 . 0 0
T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ= 0.0
QUAFIT=
2.966
D E T A I L DESIGN
FTG PROJ- 0.0
QUANT-
3.049
STEEL REQUIREMENTS
WALL
A( 1 ) =
A( 2 ) =
A( 3 ) =
A( 4 ) =
A( 5 ) =
A( 6 ) =
A( 7 ) =
A( 8 ) s
A( 9 ) =
A(10)=
BASE
A(11)
0.24
0.24
0.29
0.14
0.34
0.27
0.55
0.99
1.17
2.31
- A(16)
MD.
----------
DESIGN PARAMETERS
KOl=
H d l = 12.00
1.50
K02=
HW?=
KPASS=
HWP= 12.00
CFSC=
R= 24.00
HT= 16.00
H 4 = 15.00
1.50
FLOATR'
JOINTS= 40.00
MAXFTG- 12.00
CFSS=
0.55
0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35
MFOUNDz 1 0 0 0 0 0 .
GMOIST=
120.
GSAT=
140.
TT= 10.00
T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ=10.60
QUANT=
5.015
D E T A I L DESIGN
F T G PROJ=lO.60
QUINT=
5.015
STEEL REQUIREMENTS
WALL
A ( 1)=
4( 2)=
A( 3)=
A ( 4)=
A( 5 ) =
A( 6 ) =
A ( 71%
A( 8 ) =
A( 9 ) =
A(10)=
0.24
0.24
0.29
0.15
0.35
0.27
0.52
1.05
1.08
2.50
A(ll)=
A(12)=
A(13)=
A(14)=
A(15)=
A(16)=
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.84
0.40
BASE
F i g u r e 45.
Computer o u t p u t , t y p e TlF d e t a i l d e s i g n .
Revised 7 / 7 7
MD-
---------
DESIGN PARAMETERS
HW1= 0.0
KO13 0.80
HW2= 0.0
K 0 2 = 0.20
HWP= 0.0
KPASS= 1 . 2 5
CFSC= 0.35
B= 24.00
HT= 16.00
HB= 4.00
FLOATR= 1 . 5 0
J O I N T S = 40.00
MAXFTG- 1 2 . 0 0
CFSS= 0.55
MFOUND= 1 0 0 0 0 0 .
120.
GMOIST=
140.
GSAT=
X u 10.00
TT= 10.00
T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ= 4.60
QUANT=
3.092
QUANT-
3.265
D E T A I L DESIGN
FTG PROJ= 4.60
STEEL REQUIREMENTS
WALL
A( I ) =
A( 2 ) s
A( 3 ) =
A( 4 1 5
A( 5 ) =
A( G I =
A( 7 ) =
A( 8 ) s
A( 9)=
A(10)=
0.24
0.24
0.28
0.28
0.31
0.31
0.94
0.35
2.08
0.19
A
=
A(12)=
A(13)=
A(14)=
A(15)=
A(16)=
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.65
BASE
KEY lilALL
DEPTH= 2 .OO
THICK= 14.00
A(29)=
0.17
A(30)=
0.50
PAVEMENT SLAB
A(23)=
0.26
A(24)=
0.13
A(25)=
0.26
A(2G)=
0.13
A(27)=
0.26
A(28)=
0.13
Figure 46,
Cornp~t~er
output, t y p e lT3F d e t a i l design.
MD.
---------
24.00
16.00
15.00
DES 1 GN PARAMETERS
KOlm 0.80
HWl= 12.00
K O 2 1 0.20
HW2n 1. 5 0
KPASS- 1.25
HWPm 12.00
CFSC= 0.35
FLOATRE 1.50
JOINTS= 40.00
MAXFTGm 1 2 . 0 0
CFSS= 0.55
MFOUND= 1 0 0 0 0 0 .
GMOlST=
120.
GSATm
140.
10.00
10.00
NALL
A( 1 ) =
A( 2 ) s
0.24
0.24
0.77
0.38
0.77
0.38
0.77
0.38
T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ= 9.00
QUANTn
5.084
QUANTn
5.084
D E T A I L DESIGN
FTG PROJ= 9.00
----------
R = 24.00
HT= 16.00
HP= 15.00
O E S I G N PARAMETERS
H U J ~ = n.o
K O ~
HU?=
0.0
K02=
HWP= 0.0
KPASSZ
CFSC=
FLOATR=
1-50
JOINTS= 40.00
MAXFTGZ 12.00
CFSS=
0.55
=0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35
MFOUND=
GMOIST=
GSAT=
1ooooo.
QUINT=
3.186
QUANT=
3.186
120.
140.
D E S I G N O F S P E C I F I E D TYPE FOLLOWS
6.00
T T = 10.00
6.00
T T = 10.00
X=
X=
T R I A L VALUES
F T G PROJ= 4.40
D E T A I L DESIGN
F T G PROJ=
4-40
SHEAR CONNECTION
REOD T E N S I O N S T E E L AREA=
SHEAR FORCE FOR L C NO.l=
SHEAR FORCE FOR L C N 0 . 2 ~
PAVEMENT S L A B
A(23)=
0.26
A ( P + ) = n.13
A(25)=
0.42
A(26)=
0.78
A(27)=
0.71
A(2H)=
0.99
Figure 48.
Revised 7/77
Computer o u t p u t , t y p e T3FV d e t a i l d e s i g n .
----------
R = 24.00
HT= 16.00
HR= 15.00
FLOATRr 1.50
J O I N T S = 40.00
MAXFTG= 12.00
CFSS=
0.55
0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35
.5E
MFOUND= 1 0 0 0 0 0 .
120.
GMOISTZ
140.
GSAT=
3.00
TT= 10.00
3.00
TT= 10.00
X=
X=
- DETAIL
WANT=
5.208
QUANT=
5.208
DESIGN
FTG P R O J = l l . 6 0
STEEL REQUIREMENTS
WALL
A( 1)=
A( 2 ) =
A( 3 ) =
A ( 4)4( 5)=
A( 6 ) =
A( 7 ) =
A( 8 ) s
A(lO)=
0.24
0.24
0.29
0.15
0.35
0.27
0.52
1.05
1-08
2.50
A(11)=
A(12)=
A(13)=
A(14)=
A(15)=
A(16)=
0.24
0.24
0.32
0.40
1.74
1.14
A(17)=
A(18)=
A(19)A(20)=
A(21)4(22)=
0.48
0.53
0.48
0.24
0.48
0.24
A(
Y)=
BASE
SHEAR- COYNECTION
REP0 TENSION STEEL AREA=
SHEAR FORCE FOR LC N0.11
SHEAR FORCE FOR LC NO.2=
PAVEMENT SLAB
A ( 2 3 ) = 0.77
P ( 2 4 ) = 0.38
A ( 2 5 ) ~ 0.77
A(26)=
0.38
A ( 2 7 ) = 0.77
A(28)=
0.38
F i g u r e 49.
Computer o u t p u t , t y p e T3FV d e t a i l d e s i g n .
Revised 7 / 7 7
MD.
---------
DESIGN PARAMETERS
HW1= 0.0
KO10 0.80
HW2= 0.0
K02= 0.20
hWp= 0.0
KPASS= 1.25
CFSC- 0.35
B E 24.00
HT= 1 6 . 0 0
HB= 15.00
FLOATRE 1 . 5 0
J O I N T S = 40.00
MAXFTG- 1 2 . 0 0
CFSS= 0.55
MFOUNDm 1 0 0 0 0 0 .
GFlOISTn
120.
GSAT140.
SB= 1 2 . 0 0
TT= 10.00
T R I A L VALUES
ET= 23.00
FTG PROJ= 0.0
QUANTn
2.285
D E T A I L DESIGN
ET= 23.00
FTG PROJ- 0.0
QUANT-
2.285
STEEL REQUIREMENTS
A( 2 ) =
A( 3 ) =
A( 4 ) s
A( 5 ) s
A( 6 ) =
A( 7 1 =
A( 8 ) =
A( 9 ) =
A(10)=
BASE
A(11)
A(17)=
A(18)A(19)=
A(20)=
A(21)=
A(22)=
0.12
0.86
0.67
1.11
0.95
0.56
0.84
0.29
1.04
- A(1G)
0.31
1.04
0.42
0.16
0.39
0.16
DO NOT E X I S T S I f i C E FTG=O
S(17)=
S(18)
S(19).
S(20)=
S(21)=
S(22)=
18.00
~ 18.00
18.00
18.00
18.OC
18.00
STRUT STEEL
REQD TENSION STEEL AREA = 2.15
REQD CDL1PRES STEEL AREA = 2.15
EDGE BEAM STEEL
STIRRUPS REQUIRED, USE AT LEAST
NO. 3 AT 9.7 IN. CC
AT D DISTANCES FROM FACES OF STRUTS
P ( 1 ) s 1.75
A( 1 ) = 0.85
P ( 2 ) = 2.10
A( 2 ) = 1.02
P ( 3 1 1 3.56
A( 3 1 1 3.64
P ( 4 ) = 4.28
A( 4 ) s 4 . 4 1
P( 5 ) =
1.86
A( 5 ) = 0.72
P( 61..
2.23
A( 6 ) 0.86
P( 7 ) =
0.0
A( 7 ) s 3.54
P ( 8 ) n 0.0
A( 8 ) = 2.77
Figure 50.
MD.
---------
DESIGN PARAMETERS
KOl=
H W l p 12.00
HI.12= 1 . 5 0
KO21
HUP= 12.00
KPASS=
CFSC=
B= 24.00
HT= 1 6 . 0 0
HB= 1 5 . 0 0
FLOATR= 1.50
JOINTS= 40.00
!iAXFTG= 12.00
CFSS= 0 . 5 5
0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35
SB= 12.00
T T = 10.00
T R I A L VALUES
ET= 26.00
FTG PROJ-10.40
D E T A I L DESIGN
ET= 26.00
FTG PROJ-10.40
QUANT-
1.990
STEEL REQUIREMENTS
IJALL
A ( 1 ) = 0.26
A( 2 ) = 0.17
A( 3 ) = 0.32
A ( 4).
0.93
A( 5 ) .
0.38
A( 6 ) = 1 . 2 5
A( 7 ) ~0.44
A( 8 ) s 1.55
A( 9 ) = 0.50
A(lO)=
2.83
BASE
A(11)=
A(12)=
A(13)=
A(14)=
A(15)=
A(16)=
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
1.05
0.26
STRUT STEEL
HEQD TENSION STEEL AREA = 3.70
HEQD COMPRES STEEL AREA = 0.0
EDGE BEAM STEEL
STIRRUPS REQUIRED, USE AT LEAST
NO. 3 AT 6.6 IN. CC
AT D DISTANCES FROM FACES OF STRUTS
A( 115 1.18
P( 1 ) = 2.46
A( 2 ) s 0 . 0
P( 2 ) = 0 . 0
A( 3).
5.24
P( 3 ) =
5.38
A( 4 ) s 0 . 0
P( 4 ) = 0.0
A( 5 ) s 0.72
P( 5 ) 2.83
A( 6 ) = 0.0
P( 6 ) =
0.0
A( 71.1 0.0
P ( 7 1 1 0.0
A( 8 ) s 4 . 7 1
P( 8 ) =
0.0
Figure 51.