sat us history

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Mayflower
Compact

This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared
that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all
members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.

William
Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped
colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Pilgrims and
Puritans
contrasted

The Pilgrims were separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatist groups were
illegal in England, so the Pilgrims fled to America and settled in Plymouth. The Puritans were non-separatists who
wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area
from the King of England.

Massachusetts
Bay Colony

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony
established political freedom and a representative government.

Cambridge
Agreement

1629 - The Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company agreed to emigrate to New England on the
condition that they would have control of the government of the colony.

Puritan
migration

Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the
Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population.

Church of
England

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry
divorce his wife

John
Winthrop

John Winthrop immigrated from the Mass. Bay Colony in the 1630's to become the first governor and to led a religious
experiment. He once said, "we shall be a city on a hill."

Separatists

Pilgrims that started out in Holland in the 1620's who traveled over the Atlantic Ocean on the Mayflower. These were
the purest, most extreme Pilgrims existing, claiming that they were too strong to be discouraged by minor problems as
others were.

Congregational
Church

A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was
based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves

Contrast
Puritan
colonies with
others

Puritan colonies were self-governed, with each town having its own government which led the people in strict
accordance with Puritan beliefs. Only those members of the congregation who had achieved grace and were full
church members (called the "elect," or "saints") could vote and hold public office. Other colonies had different styles of
government and were more open to different beliefs.

Anne
Hutchinson

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was
forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in
1639.

Roger
Williams

A dissenter, Roger Williams clashed with Massachusetts Puritans over the issue of separation of church and state.
After being banished from Massachusetts in 1636, he traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island,
which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants.

Half-way
covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet
converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular
members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Thomas
Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the
governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on
government.

Fundamental
Orders of
Connecticut

This document was the first written constitution in the American colonies. It was prepared as the covenant for the new
Puritan community in Connecticut, established in the 1630s. This document described a system of government for the
new community.

Saybrook
Platform

organized town churches into county associations that sent delegates to annual assembly which governed the colony
of Connecticut

Leif Ericsson

late 900's early 1000's son of Eric the Red; sailed to North America in about 1000 and explored what is today know as
Newfoundland

Bartholomew
Dias

Dias was an early Portuguese explorer who traveled down the coast of Africa in search of a water route to Asia. He
managed to round the southern tip of Africa in 1488, now the Cape of Good Hope.

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Amerigo
Vespucci

italian cartographer that sailed under the Spanish flag repeated Columbus' initial attemp to sail west to Asia; he
explored the coast of Africa thinking that it was Asia; he made his next voyage commissioned by Portugal and sailed
along the coast of S America concluding that it could not be Asia; his discoveries were published and the new continent
was named after him

Ponce de Leon

Spanish explorer who led the first expedition to Florida.

Vasco Nunez
de Balboa

Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama

Hernando
Cortez

A brash and determined Spanish adventurer, Hernando Cortez crossed the Hispaniola to mainland Mexico with six
hundred men, seventeen horses and ten canons. Within three years, Cortez had taken captive the Aztec emperor
Montezuma, conquered the rich Aztec empire and found Mexico City as the capital of New Spain. (p.508-510)

Ferdinand
Magellan

Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became
empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing
the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Francisco
Pizzaro

He was from Portugal he went to Peru in 1532; he crushed Incas; took lot of money

Hernando de
Soto

1539-1542 Explored Gulf coast from Florida to Mississippi River.

Giovanni de
Verrazano

1524 Explored coast from Carolina to Nova Scotia, entered New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay.

Francisco
Vasquez de
Coronado

1540-1542 Discovered the Grand Canyon of Arizona, the Panhandle areas Texas and Kansas

Jacques
Carter

1534 Explored the St. Lawrence Gulf and River to Montreal

Samuel de
Champlain

up St. Lawrence, discovered Indians, established fur trade with the Indians.

Pere
Marquette &
Louis Joliet

France 1673 Explored Mackinac Strait, Lake Michigan, Green Bay, Wisconsin River, and Mississippi River to the
Aransas River

Robert, Sieur
de LaSalle

France 1682 Went from Great lakes to the Miss. River and down to its mouth.

John Cabot

England 1497, 1498 Sailed along the coast from Newfound to Maine, sailed from Newfoundland to Cheseapeake

Sebastian
Cabot

England 1498 Explored NE Coast

Sir Francis
Drake

England 1509 Second circumnavigation of the worlds

Henry
Hudson

Netherlands 1609-1611 Explored the Hudson River and the Hudson bay

New England
Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between
colonies.

King Philip's
War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as
King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local
Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for
expansion.

Dominion of
New England

1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and
Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and
drove out Governor Andros

Sir Edmund
Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return
to England

Joint Stock
Company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives
some share of the company's profits and debts.

Virginia
colony

This colony got a charter, or right to organize a settlement in 1606. Jamestown was the first town in this new colony.

Headright
system

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured
servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

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John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the
difficult first winter.

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John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow
tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

House of
Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative
colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

Bacon's
Rebellion

an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in
which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a
protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley.

Culperer's
Rebellion

Led by Culperer, the Alpemark colony rebelled against its English governor, Thomas Miller. The rebellion was crushed,
but Culperer was acquitted.

Georgia

Founded in 1733 at Savannah by James Ogelithorpe for human rehabilitation, initially proprietary.

James
Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia

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Carolinas

1665 - Charles II granted this land to pay off a debt to some supporters. They instituted headrights and a representative
government to attract colonists. The southern region of the Carolinas grew rich off its ties to the sugar islands, while the
poorer northern region was composed mainly of farmers. The conflicts between the regions eventually led to the colony
being split into North and South Carolina.

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John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the
consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life,
liberty and property.

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Charleston

1690 - The first permanent settlement in the Carolinas, named in honor of King Charles II. Much of the population were
Huguenot (French Protestant) refugees.

Staple crops
in the South

Tobacco was grown in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. Rice was grown in South Carolina and Georgia. Indigo
was grown in South Carolina.

Pennsylvania

in 1681, Charles II awarded the land of PA to William Penn, in order to pay off a debt to his father. He established
Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers

Liberal land
laws in
Pennsylvania

William Penn allowed anyone to emigrate to Pennsylvania, in order to provide a haven for persecuted religions.

Holy
experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for
all.

New York

Founded in 1624 at Albany and New Amsterdam by the Dutch, taken by Duke of York.

Peter
Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English
on Sept. 8, 1664.

Crops in
Middle
Colonies

The middle colonies produced staple crops, primarily grain and corn.

New York
and
Philadelphia
as urban
centers

New York became an important urban center due to its harbor and rivers, which made it an important center for trade.
Piladelphia was a center for trade and crafts, and attracted a large number of immigrants, so that by 1720 it had a
population of 10,000. It was the capital of Pennsylvania from 1683-1799. As urban centers, both cities played a major
role in American Independence.

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John
Bartram

an early American botanist and horticulturalist. Carolus Linnaeus said he was the "greatest natural botanist in the
world."

Great
Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches
were established.

Jonathan
Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (17031758)

George
Whitefield

succeeded John Wesley as leader of Calvinist Methodists in Oxford, England, major force in revivalism in England and
America, journey to colonies sparked Great Awakening

William
Tennant

A strong Presbyterian minister and leader during the Great Awakening. Founded a college for the training of
Presbyterian ministers in 1726.

Gilbert
Tennant

An American Presbyterian minister who delivered a sermon in 1740, "The Dangers of Unconverted Ministry", in which
he criticized conservative ministers who opposed the fervor of the Great Awakening. This resulted in a schism in the
Presbyterian church in 1741, between the "Old Lights, and the "New Lights" (Led by Tennant).

Lord
Baltimore

1634- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman
Catholics.

Maryland Act
of Toleration

1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large
Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.

Mercantilism

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold
and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Navigation
Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively
to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Admiralty
Courts

British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the
British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by
judges without a jury.

Triangular
Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe,
and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

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Molasses Act

A British law passed in 1733 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into
colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and
smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.

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Woolens Act

Law allowed no finished fur products to be made in America. (bad)

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Currency Act

restricted colonists from printing their own currency and instead using "hard" currency (gold and silver)

Poor
Richard's
Almanac

1732-1758 containing many sayings called from thinkers of the ages emphasizing such home spun virtues as thrift
industry morality and common sense Frankin wrote it

Phillis
Wheatley

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)

Ann
Bradstreet

A Puritan and the first colonial poet to be published. The main subjects of her poetry were family, home, and religion.

Petition of
Right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine
right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land

Habeaus
Corpus Act

: Latin meaning: "to have a body" gave every prisoner the right to obtain and writ or document ordering that the prisoner
be brought before a judge to specify the changes against the prisoner.

Board of
Trade

commissioned by King William III of England to supervise commerce, recommend appointments of colonial officials,
and review colonial laws to see that none interfered with trade or conflicted with the laws of England

Robert
Walpole

Prime minister of Great Britain in the first half of the 1700s. His position towards the colonies was salutary neglect.

Salutary
Neglect

british colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by
royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

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Town
meetings

A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in
New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass
laws.

Zenger trial

This 1735 trial of a New York newspaper editor for criticising a British-appointed governor. It resulted in a not guilty
verdict, since the articles were based on fact, not slander. This acquittal was the first important victory for freedom of the
press in the colonies. Andrew Hamilton, a well-known Philadelphia lawyer, represented the defendant at no charge.

Difference
between
French and
British
colonization

The British settled mainly along the coast, where they started farms, towns, and governments. As a general rule, whole
families emigrated. The British colonies had little interaction with the local Indians (aside from occasional fighting).
The French colonized the interior, where they controlled the fur trade. Most of the French immigrants were single men,
and there were few towns and only loose governmental authority. The French lived closely with the Indians, trading with
them for furs and sometimes taking Indian wives.

Queen
Anne's War

The second of the four wars known generally as the French and Indian Wars, it arose out of issues left unresolved by
King Williams' War (1689-1697) and was part of a larger European conflict known as the War of the Spanish
Succession. Britain, allied with the Netherlands, defeated France and Spain to gain territory in Canada, even though the
British had suffered defeats in most of their military operations in North America.

Peace of
Utrecht

Ended Queen Anne's War. Undermined France's power in North America by giving Britain the Hudson Bay,
Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia.

War of
Jenkin's Ear

It began because of Spanish atrocities to British merchants in the West Indies

King
George's
War

1744 and 1748. England and Spain were in conflict with French. New England captured French Bastion at Louisburg on
Cape Brenton Island. Had to abandon it once peace treaty ended conflict.

French and
Indian War

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated
French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change
attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

Albany Plan
of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes;
the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

General
Braddock

British commander in the French and Indian War. He was killed in the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

Fort
Duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on
French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

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Wolfe

British Commander General ________and his soldiers won the deciding battle of the french and indian war by scaling
the cliffs that surrounded Quebec, Canada.

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Montcalm

Military officer at Quebec City.

Treaty of
Paris, 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of
Mississippi to Spain

Pontiac's
Rebellion

a 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area

Writs of
Assistance

It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason.
Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens.

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James Otis

A colonial lawyer who defended (usually for free) colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling. Argued against
the writs of assistance and the Stamp Act.

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Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They
made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians.
Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

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Grenville

Britich treasurer, wanted to inforce Navigation Laws, said if the laws were ignored the colonist's trial would be in
England without their peirs (ignored rights of Englishmen)

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Sugar Act

Law passed in 1764 that modified the 1733 Molasses Act thus reducing the amount of taxes collected on molasses and
sugar, but increasing the measures to enforce the Act

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Nonimportation

the act of not importing or using certain goods

Stamp Act

March 22, 1765 - British legislation passed as part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue measures which required that
all legal or official documents used in the colonies, such as wills, deeds and contracts, had to be written on special,
stamped British paper. It was so unpopular in the colonies that it caused riots, and most of the stamped paper sent to
the colonies from Britain was burned by angry mobs. Because of this opposition, and the decline in British imports
caused by the non- importation movement, London merchants convinced Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.

Virginia
Resolves

In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly
worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, these
resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.

Stamp Act
Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It
adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of
colonial unity and organized resistance.

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Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies
(1736-1799)

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Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act.
They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the
Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote
opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

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Internal taxes

Taxes which arose out of activities that occurred "internally" within the colonies. The Stamp Act was considered an
internal tax, because it taxed the colonists on legal transactions they undertook locally. Many colonists and
Englishmen felt that Parliament did not have the authority to levy internal taxes on the colonies.

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External taxes

Taxes arose out of activities that originated outside of the colonies, such as cusotms duties. The Sugar Act was
considered an external tax, because it only operated on goods imported into the colonies from overseas. Many
colonists who objected to Parliament's "internal" taxes on the colonies felt that Parliament had the authority to levy
external taxes on imported goods.

Declaratory
Act

Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the
colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament,
however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies.

Quartering
Act

March 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Townshend
Acts

A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

John
Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in
Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the
colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign
the Declaration of Independence.

Massachusetts
Circular Letter

A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to
import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was
followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not
rescind the circular letters dissolved.

The
Association

A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This
included non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written
constitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Those who
violated The Association in America were tarred and feathered

Boston
Massacre

a riot in Boston (March 5, 1770) arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in
the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed several persons.

Crispus
Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

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Carolina
Regulators

Western frontiersmen who in 1768 rebelled in protest against the high taxes imposed by the Eastern colonial
government of North Carolina, and whose organization was crushed by military force by Governor Tryon in 1771. In
South Carolina, groups of vigilantes who organized to fignt outlaw bands along the Western frontier in 1767-1769,
and who disbanded when regular courts were established in those areas.

Battle of the
Alamance

May 1771 - An army recruited by the North Carolina government put down the rebellion of the Carolina Regulators at
Alamance Creek. The leaders of the Regulators were executed.

Gaspee incident

A schooner was beached in Providence, RI, This upset Americans because it was one of the last of the customs
racketeering ships. It was burned down by local inhabitants. It greatly angered the British and showed how militant
the colonials were becoming.

Governor
Thomas
Hutchinson

Governor of Massachusets; hates and is afraid of The Sons of Liberty; allows the militarty to maintain a strong
presence in Boston

Committees of
Correspondence

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New
England and throughout the colonies

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Lord North

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along
with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong.
He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

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Tea Act

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Boston Tea
Party

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor
and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

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Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed
down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter
soilders in their own homes.

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Quebec Act

designed to facilitate the incorporation of French Canadians into British America; Colonists feared a precedent had
been established in the nonrepresentative government in Quebec; they resented the expansion of Quebec's territory,
which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763; they were offended by the Crown's recognition of
Catholicism, since most Americans were Protestants

First
Continental
Congress

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress
endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III,
conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and
unfair judicial system.

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Suffolk Resolves

declared colonial resistance to Coercive acts and announced preparations for a military defense against British
tyranny. Most famous of many meetings vigorously protesting the Intolerable Acts enacted by the British Parliament
the same year. Decided they would boycott British goods, ignore punitive measures, support colonial government,
and urge colonies to raise militias.

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Galloway Plan

1774 proposed the formation of a colonial union under a royally appointed president-general and popularly elected
council. this colonial union would be able to pass laws subject to the approval of the the president-general and
parliament. this plan was rejected by the continental congress

Lexington and
Concord

first "battles"; meant to get suppies from militia, but shots exchanged between minutemen and the british as the
british continued to concord; Americans ambushed british, killing 300

Valley Forge

Washington retreated to this place in Pennsylvania for the winter after the Battle of Trenton

Second
Continental
Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the
army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Battle of Bunker
Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also
not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker
Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

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Olive
Branch
Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it
addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was
rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with
the colonies.

Common
Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to
break away from Britain

Second
Treatise on
Government

a work written by John Locke before the Glorious Revolution that was read as justification for it. Locke described the
relationship of a king and his people as a bilateral contract. If the king broke the contract, the people, by whom Locke
meant the privileged and the powerful, had the right to depose him. The Glorious Revolution established a framework of
government by and for the governemed that seemed to bear ou the arguments of this book

Richard
Henry Lee

Member of the Second Continental Congress who urged Congress to support independence; signer of the Declaration of
Independence.

Edmund
Burke

A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on The
Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited
priveledges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament and
predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny.

George
Rogers
Clark

Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779., secured the
Northwest Territory for America

Benedict
Arnold

He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the
Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental
in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went
heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the
British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history.

Robert
Morris

A financer of the revolution. First Treasurer of the U.S. Signed the Constitution and the Dec. of Indep.

John Paul
Jones

Patriot naval leader who commanded the American ship Bonhomme Richard, which defeated the British ship Serapis in
1779.

French
Alliance of
1778

France aided the U.S. in the American Revolution, and the U.S. agreed to aid France if the need ever arose. Although
France could have used American aid during the French Revolution, the U.S. didn't do anything to help. The U.S. didn't
fulfill their part of the agreement until World War I.

Battle at
Saratoga

battle that colonist won that proved to the French that they were ready for their alliance, morale boost

Yorktown,
Cornwallis

Because of their lack of success in suppressing the Revolution in the nothern colonies, in early 1780 the British switched
their strategy and undertook a series of campaigns through the southern colonies. This strategy was equally
unsuccessful, and the British decided to return to their main headquarters in New York City. While marching from
Virginia to New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His
troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by DeGrasse, blocked their escape. After a
series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in
the Revolutionary War.

Treaty of
Paris, 1783

1783 Februrary 3; American delegates Franklin, Adams, John Jays; they were instructed to follow the lead of France;
John Jay makes side treaty with England; Independence of the US End of Loyalist persecution; colonies still had to repay
its debt to England

Virginia
Statute of
Religious
Freedom

When: January 16, 1786 Where: Virginia Significance: Written by Thomas Jefferson and passed by the Virginia General
Assembly. It was a principle of the separation of church and state, and an example of the first amendment, freedom of
religion.

Newburgh
Conspiracy

The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in Newburgh, New York to address
Congress about their pay. Unfortunately, the American government had little money after the Revolutionary War. They
also considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government, but the plotting ceased when George
Washington refused to support the plan.

202. Articles of
Confederation:
powers,
weaknesses,
successes

The Articles of Confederation delegated most of the powers (the power to tax, to regulate trade, and to draft troops) to
the individual states, but left the federal government power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money. The Articles'
weakness was that they gave the federal government so little power that it couldn't keep the country united. The
Articles' only major success was that they settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. The Articles
were abandoned for the Constitution.

Preamble of
Constitution

"We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic
tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to
ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."

155.

Logrolling

Mutual aid and vote trading among legislators

156.

Riders

amendments to bills, often in the form of appropriations, that sometimes have nothing to do with the intent of the bill
itself and many times are considered to be pork barrel legislation

157.

Quorum

The minimum number of members who must be present to permit a legislative body to take official action

Amendment
process

An amendment to the Constitution may be proposed if 2/3 of the members of Congress or 2/3 of state legislatures vote
for it. The amendment may then be added to the Constitution by a 3/4 vote of state legislatures, or special state
conventions elected for that purpose.

Supremacy
Clause

Article VI of the Constitution, which declares the Constitution, all federal laws passed pursuant to its provisions, and
all federal treaties, to be the "supreme law of the land," which override any state laws or state constitutional
provisions to the contrary.

Ratification

9 out of 13

checks and
balances

Each of the three branches of government "checks" (ie, blocks) the power of the other two, so no one branch can
become too powerful. The president (executive) can veto laws passed by Congress (legislative), and also chooses the
judges in the Supreme Court (judiciary). Congress can overturn a presidential veto if 2/3 of the members vote to do so.
The Supreme Court can declare laws passed by Congress and the president unconstitutional, and hence invalid.

Land
Ordinance of
1785

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging
to the U.S.

Northwest
Ordinance of
1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for
self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Jay-Gardoqui
Treaty

This treaty between the U.S. and Spain would have given the U.S. special privileges at Spanish ports in exchange for
giving Spain exclusive rights to the Mississippi River. The U.S. needed access to the Mississippi more than they
needed privileged trade with Spain, so this treaty was never signed.

Shay's
Rebellion

a rebellion by debtor farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays, against
Boston creditors. it began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite and
contributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

Annapolis
Convention

Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in
September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation

Constitutional
Convention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead
designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.

The Spirit of
Laws

is a treatise on political theory first published anonymously by Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in 1748;
He felt that seperation of powers was best

Thomas
Hobbes

Leading secular exponent of absolutism and unlimited sovereignty of the state. Absolutism produced civil peace and
rule of law. Tyranny is better than chaos. Claimed life was, "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

Great
Compromise

the agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two
senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population).

Virginia Plan

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress
based on their population

New Jersey
Plan

Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a
conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states,
who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.

153.

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159.

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172.

Connecticut
Plan

The Connecticut Plan called for a two-house Congress in which both types of representation would be applied, and is
also known as the Compromise Plan.

North-South
Compromise

The North was given full federal protection of trade and commerce. The South was given permanent relief from export
taxes and a guarantee that the importation of slaves would not be halted for at least 20 years, plus the national capitol
was placed in the South. Slaves were also deemed to be counted as 3/5 of a person when determining the state
population, thus giving the Southern states a greater number of representatives in the House.

The
Federalist
#10

This essay from the Federalist Papers proposed setting up a republic to solve the problems of a large democracy
(anarchy, rise of factions which disregard public good).

Judiciary Act
1789

Created the federal court system, allowed president to create federal courts and to appoint judges

177.

Tariff of 1789

designed to protect domestic manufacturing, discouraged competition from abroad, compelled foreign competitors to
raise prices. provided gov with revenue

178.

Excise taxes

Taxes placed on manufactured products. The excise tax on whiskey helped raise revenue for Hamilton's program

179.

Elastic Clause

(Necessary and Proper Clause, Implied Clause), the part of the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws
"necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers

Whiskey
Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were
killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by
Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react
swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of
Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Washington's
Farewell
Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political
parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Federalists

believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and loose interpretation of the Constitution

Democratic
Republicans

believed in a weak central government, state and individual rights, and strict interpretation of the Constitution

Alien and
Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the
Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the
Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed
for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to
publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the
XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was
an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10
convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of
federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Virginia and
Kentucky
Resolutions

These documents drafted by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated
the U.S. Constitution. These resolutions affirmed the principle of states' rights

12th
amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same
party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and
second-place becoming vice-president.

Gilbert Stuart

United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington (1755-1828)

Charles
Wilson Peale

He was one of the outstanding painters of the early American republic, and he painted more than a thousand portraits,
mostly of American Revolution leaders. He founded the nation's first museum and first art school. His 1772 portrait of
George Washington is recognized as the first authentic likeness of Washington. He continued to add paintings of
national leaders like John Adams (1791-1794), Alexander Hamilton (1791), and James Madison (1792). His likenesses
were realistic, accurate in detail, and sensitive to the sitter's personality.

Genet

french ambassador to recruit americans for the war; kicked out by Washington which angered the French

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190.

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but
instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

191.

Rule of 1756

A British proclamation that said that neutral countries could not trade with both of two warring nations; they had to
chose sides and only trade with one of the nations. This justified Britain's seizure of neutral American ships during
the war between Britain and France in the early 1800s.

192.

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that
Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their
troops from the Ohio Valley

Pickney's
Treaty

granted us right to navigate the mississippi and deposite goods at new orleans

James
Wilkinson

Wilkinson had been an officer in the Continental Army, and later held several positions relating to the Army, such as
secretary of the board of war and clothier general to the army. He was one of the Commissioners appointed to receive
the Purchase Louisiana from the French, and served as Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. He informed Pres.
Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana, and was the primary witness against Burr at his treason trial,
even though Wilkinson was himself implicated in the plot.

Anthony
Wayne

A General, nicknamed "Mad Anthony". Beat Northwest Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794.
Left British made arms on the fields of battle. After that the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 led to the Indians ceding their
claims to a vast tract in the Ohio Country.

Treaty of
Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen
Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added
size and very fertile land to America.

Barbary Wars

- The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars) were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in
North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in
the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage
from their rulers.

Rutgers v.
Washington

In 1783, the New York State Legislature passed the Trespass Act, which allowed land owners whose property had
been occupied by the British during the Revolution to sue for damages. Rutgers sued in the Mayor's Court over the
seizure of her brewery, and the Mayor, James Duane, declared the Act void because it conflicted with a provision of the
Treaty of Paris. It was the first time a U.S. court had declared a law unconstitutional, and was an important precedent
for the later U.S. Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison.

Trevett v.
Weaden

1786-87 . Acts passed by the Rhode Island Legislature imposed heavy fines on those who refused to accept the state's
depreciated currency at face value. Weeden was acquitted on the grounds that the acts were unconstitutional.

Treaty of
Ghent

1814 - armistice, acknowledge a draw in war of 1812.

American
system

program proposed by Henry Clay and others to foster national economic growth and interdependence among the
geographical sections. It included a protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements.

changes in
land prices in
early 1800s

The Land Acts of 1800 and 1820, and the Preemptive Acts of the 1830s and 1840s lowered the price of land and made
it easier for prospective settlers to acquire it. This encouraged people to move west.

Changes and
improvements
in
transportation
and its effect

These included canals in the Great Lakes region, toll roads, steamboats, and clipper ships. The result was faster trade
and easier access to the western frontier. It aided the growth of the nation.

Gallatin

Albert Gallatin was a Swiss immigrant who was a financial genius and served as U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from
1801 - 1814 under Presidents Jefferson and Madison. He advocated free trade and opposed the Federalists' economic
policies. Gallatin was a member of the U.S. delegation that negotiated the Treaty of Ghent, and later served as
Ambassador to France and to Britain.

Justice Samuel
Chase

A Federalist judge appointed by Washington to the Supreme Court. Chase had been a Revolutionary War hero, and
was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson disagreed with his rulings and had him impeached for
publicly criticizing the Jefferson administration to the Maryland grand jury. Chase was acquited by the Senate, and
the impeachment failed. (This is the only attempt in history to impeach a U.S. Supreme Court Justice.)

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Barbary War

Jefferson response to pirate attacks on USA trading ships on north african coast, after failing to achieve most military
objectives administration sighned 1805 treaty ending war

Treaty of
Sam
Ildefonso

1800 - In this treaty, Spain gave the Louisiana territory back to France (France had lost it to Spain in the Seven Years
War).

Louisiana
Purchase

1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million.
Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both
were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for
his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World
colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose
construction to justify the purchase.

Toussaint
L'Overture

1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions.
The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged
him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.

Burr
expedition,
treason trial

After the duel, Burr fled New York and joined a group of mercenaries in the southern Louisiana territory region. The
U.S. arrested them as they moved towards Mexico. Burr claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico, but the U.S.
believed that they were actually trying to get Mexican aid to start a secession movement in the territories. Burr was tried
for treason, and although Jefferson advocated Burr's punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted Burr.

Lewis and
Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific.
They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

212.

Zebulon Pike

Explored the upper Mississippi River, the Arkansas River and parts of present day Colorado and New Mexico from
1805-1807. In Nov. 1806, Pike viewed a mountain peak rising above the Colorado plains. Continuing southward, Pile
entered into Spanish territory and Spanish troops soon arrested pike and his men. When he was let go, he managed to
hid a map in the barrel of his gun.

213.

Major Long

Major Long explored the middle of the Louisiana Purchase region (Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado) and concluded that it
was a worthless "Great American Desert."

Orders in
council

beginning in 1806, edicts placed by the London government that closed the European ports under French control to
foreign shipping, including America, unless the vessels first stopped at a British port

Impressment

British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in
order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not
British.

ChesapeakeLeopard
affair

1807 - British tried to look for deserters in Chesapeake, then fired on it. U.S. respond by expelling all British ships from
its ports until an apology.

Embargo of
1807

Laws meant to punish British for the attacks and impressionism of American soldiers and to ensure punishment for
those who atempted to defy the embargo. Was eventually repealed as it hurt the economy by severely damaging
American exportation of goods -an alternative to war; prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign
port in hopes o fstopping Britain from violating rights; backfired and brought economic harship to U.S.; repealed in
1809

Nonintercourse
act

passed in 1809, allowed Americans to trade with all nations except britian and France

Erskine
agreement

1809 - The U.S. offered to cease all trade with France and resume trade with Britain if the British would stop the
impressment of American sailors. The British did not agree to this, so this proposal never went into effect.

Macon's Bill
No.2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral
trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with
France, but not Britain.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite
the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison
at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of
the Thames in 1813.

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War Hawks

Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to aquire Britain's northwest posts (and also
Florida or even Canada) and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack
the Americans on the frontier. In Congress, the War Hawks were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

War of 1812
events

Oliver Perry led a 1813 naval victory against the British on Lake Erie. Washington D.C. was captured and burned by
the British in 1814. The Battle of New Orleans was a great victory for the U.S. in January, 1815, but it took place two
weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war

Hartford
Convention

December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction,
and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to
nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The
Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.

225.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the
war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

226.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often
cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Convention of
1818

Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between
Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country
for ten years.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with
mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Adams Onis
Treaty

Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

Monroe
Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or
in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Chief Justice
John Marshall

Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and established
judiciary as a branch of government equal to legislative and executive; established judicial review, which allows
Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional

Tallmadge
Amendment

In 1819, Representative Tallmadge proposed an amendment to the bill for Missouri's admission to the Union, which
the House passed but the Senate blocked. The amendment would have prohibited the further introduction of slaves
into Missouri and would have mandated the emancipation of slaves' offspring born after the state was admitted. In
1821, Congress reached a compromise for Missouri's admission known as the Missouri Compromise.

Thomas
Amendment

bill that would have admitted Missouri as a slave state but forbid slavery north of the 3630" latitude in the Louisiana
Purchase region; never activated

234.

Samuel Slater

He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. He made our first cotton
spinning machine.

235.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (17651815)

236.

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Interchangeable
parts

1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical
and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a
single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a
replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S.
government.

238.

Lowell

revolutionized textile industry, made successful factory in MA

239.

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of
the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for
a strong union.

240.

National Road

First national road building project funded by Congress.

241.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the
modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern
manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

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Election of
1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and
Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his
followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Panama
Conference

Summoned by the Venezuelan revolutionary leader, Simon Bolivar, in 1826 to discuss commercial treaties, adopt a code
of international law, and arrive at a common Latin American policy toward Spain. Two delegates were sent by the
U.S., but were delayed so long that when they got there the meeting was over. They were uncomfortable about black
and whites mixing at the meeting. Showed the good relations between U.S. and South America.

Tariff of
Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but
harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated
state's rights.

Age of the
Common man

Jackson's presidency was the called the Age of the Common Man. He felt that government should be run by common
people - a democracy based on self-sufficient middle class with ideas formed by liberal education and a free press. All
white men could now vote, and the increased voting rights allowed Jackson to be elected.

Jacksonian
Democracy

this term describes the spirit of the age led by Andrew Jackson. During this period, more offices became elective, voter
restrictions were reduced or eliminated, and popular participation in politics increased. The Democratic Part, led by
Jackson appealed to the new body of voters by stressing the belief in rotation in office, economy in government,
governmental response to popular demands and decentralization of power.

Worchester v.
Georgia

supreme court ruled that georgia law could not be enforced in the cherokee nation

Cherokee
Nation v.
Georgia

1831 - The Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could
be regulated by the federal government. From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the
federal government.

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National
Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had
opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs,
and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Election of
1832

Jackson v Clay, Jackson wins. Political parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who the
nominee is. First time a third party was in an election, Anti-Masonic party.

Jackson's
removal of
deposits,
Roger B.
Taney, pet
bank, LocoFocos

Angry because Biddle used bank funds to support anti-Jacksonian candidates, Jackson removed federal deposits from
the bank in 1833, firing the secretaries of treasury who wouldn't comply, and was charged with abuse of power. Roger
B. Taney was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and helped Jackson crush the Bank of the U.S. Pet banks were state
banks into which Jackson deposited federal funds in 1833, after he vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the U.S.,
so called because people thought they were chosen on political grounds. Loco Focos (1835) were Democrats who
wanted reform and opposed tariffs, banks, monopolies, and other places of special privilege.

Webster
Hayne debate

Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of
nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty
and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"

Peggy Eaton
Affair

Social scandal (1829-1831) - John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and
there were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet members
snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the
cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had
other problems with Jackson.

Nullification
crisis

Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested
compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate

Compromise
tariff of 1833

It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of
1816 This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Force Bill

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and
1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would
not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the
Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

257.

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper
money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in
specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837
followed.

258.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the
Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands.
Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks
collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went
bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

259.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct
communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that
mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part
of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social
constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Ralph Waldo
Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement,
self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Henry David
Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in
Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him
Mexican War.

262.

Brigham Young

The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect
and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state.

263.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George
Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in
operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief
that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

264.

Oneida

The Perfectionist Utopian movement began in New York. People lived in a commune and shared everything, even
marriages. Today, the town is known for manufacturing silverware.

265.

New Harmony

This was a society that focused on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed
because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.q

266.

Shakers

A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could
only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist.

267.

Lyceum movement

Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education. Associations were formed in nearly
every state to give lectures, concerts, debates, scientific demonstrations, and entertainment. This movement was
directly responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning.

268.

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

National Trade
Union

Unions formed by groups of skilled craftsmen.

Commonwealth v.
Hunt

court decided that unions were not conspiracies and it gave workers the right to protest and strike against
companies

271.

Oberlin College

already considered crazy for educating blacks, this school in Ohio began educating women in 1837; (see the
section on Finney for more info)

272.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and
set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.

Irish, German
Immigration

Irish: arriving in immense waves in the 1800's, they were extremely poor peasants who later became the
manpower for canal and railroad construction. German: also came because of economic distress, German
immigration had a large impact on America, shaping many of its morals. Both groups of immigrants were heavy
drinkers and supplied the labor force for the early industrial era.

Elizabeth Cady
Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other
feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848.
Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

260.

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274.

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276.

277.

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281.

282.

283.

284.

285.

286.

287.

288.

289.

290.

291.

292.

Seneca Falls

The site of the women's rights convention that met in July in 1848. They met in the Wesleyan Chapel, and 300 men and
women attended. At the convention, they vote in the Seneca Falls Declaration, which was signed by 32 men.

Cult of true
womanhood

While many women were in favor of the women's movement, some were not. Some of these believed in preserving the
values of "______________": piety, domesticity, purity and submissiveness. These opponents of the women's
movement referred to their ideas as the "____________________________."

Marbury v.
Madison

established concept of judicial review, first time supreme court declared something 'unconstitutional'

Fletcher v.
Peck

1810 - A state had tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Court ruled
that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant wass a legal contract, it could
not be repealed, even if corruption was involved.

Dartmouth
College v.
Woodward

This 1819 Marshall Court U.S. Supreme Court decisions to interpret the contracts clause in Article I, Section 10 of the
Constitution. The case arose from a dispute in New Hampshire over the state's attempt to take over Dartmouth College.
By construing the Contract Clause as a means of protecting corporate charters from state interventions, Marshall derived
a significant constitutional limitation on state authority.

McCulloch
v. Maryland

Congress has implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, and state action may not impede valid
constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government

Cohens v.
Virginia

Cohens found guilty of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall asserted
right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions.

Gibbons v.
Ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge
Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the
control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

Horace
Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most
influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and
a host of reforms.

Stephen
Austin

Austin, Texas was named after him; he was the man the brought the first Americans into Texas because he was granted
permission by the Mexicans

Battle of
Alamo

200 texans trapped at Alamo in san Antonio by Santa ana's army. Santa ana wipes all of the Texans out after a 13 day
siege

Battle of San
Jacinto

(1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas

Sam
Houston

United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part
of the United States (1793-1863)

Rio Grande,
Nueces
River,
disputed
territory

Texas claimed its southern border was the Rio Grande; Mexico wanted the border drawn at the Nueces River, about 100
miles noth of the Rio Gannde. U.S. and Mexico agreed not to send troops into the disputed territory between the two
rivers, but President Polk later reneged on the agreement.

General
Zachary
Taylor

Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk's orders, he took the Army into the
disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grnade Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River.
When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, Taylor's forces engaged in is a series of engagements that led to the
Mexican War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero.

Mexican
War

War declared in 1846 after Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande into Texas. Was ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo which gave the U.S. Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million to Mexico

General
Winfield
Scott

United States Army lieutenant general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. He was responsible for defeating Santa
Anna. He also conceived the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan.

Mexican
Cession

Some of Mexico's territory was added to the U.S. after the Mexican War: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada
& Colorado. (Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago)

293.

294.

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297.

298.

299.

300.

301.

302.

303.

304.

305.

306.

307.

308.

309.

310.

WebsterAshburton
Treaty

1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states.

John Jacob
Astor

Created one of the largest fur businesses, the American Fur Company. He bought skins from western fur traders and
trappers who became known as montain men. Astoria was named after him.

Oregon
Fever

1842 - Many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers were dissatisfied with their lives and began moving up
the Oregon trail to the Willamette Valley. This free land was widely publicized.

Oregon
Territory

territory of Oregon, Washington, and portions of what became British Columbia, Canada; land claimed by both U.S. and
Britain and held jointly under the Convention of 1818

Wilmot
Proviso

Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory.
A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would
be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became
known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.

Gasden
Purchase

land is the southern part of New Mexico and Arizona (south of Gilla River) $10,000,000 was cost. Named for
ambassador to Mexico who made the deal. Bought for a future railroad location (flat land) that would go west to
California

Factory
Girls

Lowell opened a chaperoned boarding house for the girls who worked in his factory. He hired girls because they could do
the job as well as men (in textiles, sometimes better), and he didn't have to pay them as much. He hired only unmarried
women because they needed the money and would not be distracted from their work by domestic duties.

Elias Howe

United States inventor who built early sewing machines and won suits for patent infringement against other
manufacturers (including Isaac M. Singer) (1819-1867)

Clipper
ships

Second quarter of 1800s. Long, narrow, wooden ships with tall masts and enormous sails. Unequalled in speed and
were used for trade, especially for transporting perishable products from distant countries like China and between the
eastern and western United States.

Cyrus Field

American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a message
to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa.

Samuel F.B.
Morse

Invented a faster way to communicate, a telegraph which sent message from one machine to another along a wire.

Walker
Tariff

The 1846 Walker tariff was a Democratic bill that reversed the high rates of tariffs imposed by the Whig-backed "Black
Tariff" of 1842 under the tenth president, John Tyler. It was one of the lowest tariffs in American history and primarily
supported by Southern Democrats who had little industry in their districts. The act is named after Robert J. Walker, a
Mississippi politician who served as Secretary of the Treasury under president James K. Polk. The tariff's reductions
(35% to 25%) coincided with Britain's repeal of the Corn Laws earlier that year, leading to a decline in protection in both
and an increase in trade.

Independent
Treasury
System

The act removed the federal government from involvement with the nation's banking system by establishing federal
depositories for public funds instead of keeping the money in national, state, or private banks. This was the system the
government adopted until the federal reserve act of 1910.

American
Colonization
Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these
such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

William
Lloyd
Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper
"The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Nat Turner

Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the
largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one
could question slavery (gag rule)

Tredegar
Iron Works

the most important single manufacturing enterprise in the old south. it used mostly slave labor to produce cannon, shot,
and shell, axes, saws, bridge materials, boilers, and steam engines, including locomotives

Mountain
Whites in
the South

Rednecks. Usually poor, aspired to be successful enough to own slaves. Hated Blacks and rich Whites. Made up much of
the Confederate Army, fighting primarily for sectionalism and states' rights.

311.

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315.

316.

317.

318.

319.

320.

321.

322.

323.

324.

325.

326.

327.

328.

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the
Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James
Hammond declared, "You daren't make war against cotton! ...Cotton is king!".

Free soil
party

Ardent antislavery men in the North, distrusting both Cass and Taylor, organized the Free soil party. they came out
foursquare for the wilmot proviso and against slavery in the territories. Going beyond other antislavery groups, they
broadened their appeal by advocating federal aid for internal improvements.

John Sutter

A German immigrant who was instrumental in the early settlement of Califonria by Americans, he had originally
obtained his lands in Northern California through a Mexican grant. Gold was discovered by workmen excavating to
build a sawmill on his land in the Sacramento Valley in 1848, touching off the California gold rush.

Compromise
of 1850

Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free
state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

Fugitive Slave
Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North
was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at
eliminating the underground railroad.

Thirty six
thirty line

According to the Missouri Compromise (1820), slavery was forbidden in the Louisiana territory north of the 3630' N
latitude. This was nullified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Bleeding
Kansas

: was a sequence of violent events involving Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffians" elements that took place in
Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri between roughly 1854 and 1858
attempting to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state.

Pottawatomie
Massacre

When John Brown (abolitionist) and followers murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in Kansas then mutilated their bodies to
scare other slave supporters and to keep slavery supporters from moving into Kansas.

New England
Emigrant Aid
Company

Antislavery organization in the North that sent out thousands of pioneers to the Kansas-Nebraska territory to thwart
the Southerners and abolitionize the West.

SummerBrooks affair

1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas
and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his
cane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the first Republican martyr.

Lecompton
Constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas,
making Kansas an eventual free state.

Dred Scott
decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory
made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue
in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Chief Justice
Roger B.
Taney

supported states' rights against powers of the national government

Freeport
Doctrine

During the 2nd Lincoln-Douglas debates for a senate seat in Freeport Illinois. Douglas said that slavery could be
prevented by any territory by the passing of laws against slavery.

Panic of 1857

A notable sudden collapse in the economy caused by over speculation in railroads and lands, false banking practices,
and a break in the flow of European capital to American investments as a result of the Crimean War. Since it did not
effect the South as bad as the North, they gained a sense of superiority.

The
impending
crisis of the
South

A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave
owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North
to find a publisher that would publish his book.

Crittenden
Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in
the territories south of the 3630' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the
owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

South
advantage in
Civil War

Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, and could export cotton for money. They were fighting a
defensive war and only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best military leaders,
and most of the existing military equipment and supplies.

North
advantage in
Civil War

Larger numbers of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to
create munitions and supplies, which eventually outstripped the South's initial material advantage.

Fort Sumter

Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union,
and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson
concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two
forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on
April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12,
1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war
on the Confederacy the next day.

Monitor and
Merrimac

During McClellan's Peninsular Campaign, the North's blockade strategy was placed in jeopardy by the Confederate
ironclad ship the Merrimac (a former Union ship, rebuilt and named the Virginia) that could attack and ship the
Union's wooden ships almost at will; the Union got an ironclad of its own, the Monitor, which fought a five-hour duel
with the southern ironclad near Hampton Roads, Va; Monitor stopped the Merrimac from seriously challenging the
naval blockade

Union
generals

Grant, McClellan, Sherman, Meade

Emancipation
Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Trent affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A
Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered
their release

10 percent
plan

It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in
the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by
emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln)

Wade Davis
Manifesto

1864 - Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to
weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by
vetoing.

Black codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Andrew
Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans
who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal
by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Freedman's
Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy
blacks and helped them get jobs.

Civil Rights
Act 1866

provided guarantees for African-American voting rights in the South

13th
amendment

This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United
States.

14th
amendment

This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless
of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels.

15th
amendment

citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Tenure of
Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to
prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

345.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

346.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political
advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states;

329.

330.

331.

332.

333.

334.

335.

336.

337.
338.

339.

340.

341.

342.

343.

344.

Purchase of
Alaska

In December, 1866, the U.S. offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was eager to give it up, as the fur resources
had been exhausted, and, expecting friction with Great Britain, they preferred to see defenseless Alaska in U.S. hands.
Called "Seward's Folly" and "Seward's Icebox", the purchase was made in 1867 for $7,200,000 and gave the U.S.
Alaska's resources of fish, timber, oil and gold.

William
Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he
expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

Compromise
of 1877

Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden
(Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South.

350.

sharecropping

system of farming in which a farmer tends some portion of a planter's land and receives a share of the crop at harvest
time as payment

351.

Hiram Revels

African American minister who was elected to serve in the Senate; one of the first blacks to serve in the Senate

Prigg v.
Pennsylvania

1842 - A slave had escaped from Maryland to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured him and returned him to
his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws. The Supreme Court ruled it
was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus
weakening the fugitive slave laws.

Greenbacks

Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because the back side was
printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold, but $300 million were issued anyway. Farmers hit by the
depression wanted to inflate the notes to cover losses, but Grant vetoed an inflation bill and greenbacks were added to
permanent circulation. In 1879 the federal government finally made greenbacks redeemable for gold.

Species
Resumption
Act

1879 - Congress said that greenbacks were redeemable for gold, but no one wanted to redeem them for face gold value.
Because paper money was much more convenient than gold, they remained in circulation.

GreenbacksLabor Party

Founded in 1878, the party was primarily composed of prairie farmers who went into debt during the Panic of 1873.
The Party fought for increased monetary circulation through issuance of paper currency and bimetallism (using both
gold and silver as legal tender), supported inflationary programs in the belief that they would benefit debtors, and
sought benefits for labor such as shorter working hours and a national labor bureau. They had the support of several
labor groups and they wanted the government to print more greenbacks.

Pendleton
Civil Service
Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute
to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

357.

Stalwarts

Republicans fighting for civil service reform during Garfield's term; they supported Cleveland.

358.

Half-breeds

Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem
to be dedicated members of either party. Between stalwarts and Mugwumps were the Halfbreeds, who were less
patronage-oriented than the Stalwarts, but not as reform-minded as the Mugwumps.

359.

Mugwumps

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of
their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

McKinley
Tariff

- set the average ad valorem tariff rate for imports to the United States at 50%, and protected agriculture. Its chief
proponent was Congressman and future President McKinley. In return for its passage, the Sherman Silver Purchase
Act was given Republican support. It raised the prices in the US under Benjamin Harrison and hurt the common folk,
which may have cost him his presidency in the next elections

Credit
Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved
in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Robber
Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low
wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it.
Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

John
Rockefeller

Creator of the Standard Oil Company who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust
agreements that in other words made an amazing monopoly.

Horizontal
consolidation

A form of monopoly that occurs when one person or company gains control of one aspect of an entire industry or
manufacturing process, such as a monopoly on auto assembly lines or on coal mining, for example.

347.

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349.

352.

353.

354.

355.

356.

360.

361.

362.

363.

364.

Andrew
Carnegie

Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical
integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Henry Clay
Frick

was Carnegie's supplier of coke to fuel his steel mills as well as his right hand man. He was very anti-union.
He was in charge of the mills when the Homestead Strike occurred. His decision to use strike breakers ignited the
riot, and helped stain the image of unions.

Vertical
consolidation

bringing together the various stages of production, from acquiring the raw materials to the sale of the finished
product

Charles
Schwab

Founder and president of the U.S. Steel Corporation. First president of the American Iron and Steel Institute in 1901,
he was also involved in the stock market.

Alexander
Graham Bell

inventor of telephone

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement and the Hull House. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace
Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Chinese
Exclusion law

Chinese Exclusion Law 1882 - Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. and forbid further immigration of Chinese.
Supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to Chinese immagrants who would work for less
pay.

Frank Lloyd
Wright

Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with
its surroundings rather than following classical designs.

Chautauqua
movement

One of the first adult education programs. Started in 1874 as a summer training program for Sunday School teachers,
it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious
and secular education though lectures and classes.

374.

Morril Act

1862 - Set aside public land in each state to be used for building colleges.

375.

Hatch Act

Federal statute barring federal employees from active participation in certain kinds of politics and protecting them
from being fired on partisan grounds.

376.

Glided Age

Term used to describe a time of both tremendous wealth and poverty in the late 1800's

Susan B.
Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the
National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Mississippi
Plan

Adopted by MS in 1875 and later by other southern states. The southern democrats wanted to undermine blacks, who
were now forming middle classes while the white former slave owners had lost all of their power during
Reconstruction and they wanted it back. They did so by starting in Vicksburg. The Democrats went in and through
intimidation and political corruption, and, with help from the Red Shirts, strong armed the Republicans out of office.
The Delta was the last place to fall to the Democrats.

Slaughterhouse
Cases

the 5th and 14th amendments do not guarantee federal protection of individual rights of all citizens of the United
States against discrimination by their own state governments; made a distinction between state citizenship and
national citizenship

Civil Rights Act

of 1875

Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public
transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Civil Rights
cases

were a group of five similar cases consolidated into one issue for the United States Supreme Court to review. The
decision held that Congress lacked the constitutional authority under the enforcement provisions of the Fourteenth
Amendment to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations, rather than state and local
government

Booker T.
Washington

Black leader who promoted economic independence and a slow transition for blacks into free society

The Atlanta
Compromise

A speech by Booker T. Washington, where he stated that blacks were willing to cooperate and submit to segregation
as long as they were given the oppurtunity to grow economically.

W.E.B. Dubois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped
create NAACP in 1910

Plessy V.
Ferguson

court upheld segregation it ruled separate but equal facilities did not violate the fourteenth ammendment.

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Williams v.
Mississippi

1898 - The Mississippi supreme court ruled that poll taxes and literacy tests, which took away blacks' right to vote (a
practice known as "disenfranchisement"), were legal.

Grandfather
clause

Said that a citizen could vote only if his grandfather had been able to vote. At the time, the grandfathers of black men
in the South had been slaves with no right to vote. Another method for disenfranchising blacks.

Niagra
movement

Led by W.E.B. Du Bois, that focused on equal rights and education of African American youth. Rejecting the
gradualist approach of Booker T. Washington, members kept alive a program of militant action and claimed for
African Americans all the rights afforded to other Americans. It spawned later civil rights movements.

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land in the west to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The
settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

Granger
Movement

1867 - Nation Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the
political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported
relief for debtors. Although technically not a political party, local granges led to the creation of a number of political
parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party.

Joseph Glidden

Invented barbed wire. This allowed a farmer to protect his land and his crops so that wild herds would not trample
the property. They can fence in the property more cheaply, and the production of barbed wire went up dramatically in
1874.

Indian
Appropriations
Act

1851 - The U.S. government reorganized Indian land and moved the Indians onto reservations.

Battle of the
Little Big Horn

Custer's Last Stand;an armed engagement between a Lakota-Northern Cheyenne combined force and the 7th Cavalry
of the United States Army. decisive native american victory

Battle of
Wounded Knee

US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

A century of
dishonor

Written by Helen Hunt Jackson, it detailed the injustices made to Native Americans during US expansion

Dawes
Severalty Act

Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted,
uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

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Frontier Thesis

The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American socity more
democratic; emphasized cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy.

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Crime of 1873

The Fourth Coinage Act was enacted by the United States Congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and demonetized silver. U.S. set the specie standard in gold and not silver, upsetting miners who referred to it as a crime

Bland-Allison
Act

1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several
government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4
million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

Sherman Silver
Purchase Act

(BH) 1890 , In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay
those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that
could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878. Repealed by President Cleveland to protect gold reserves.

Free Silver

Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan

Depression of
1893

lasted 4 years. due to over building and speculation, labor disoders, and ongoing agricultural depression. also, free
silver agitation damaged American credit abroad. 8,000 businesses collapsed in 6 months

Coxey's army

unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey marched from ohio to wahsington to draw attention to the plight of workers
and to ask for goverment relief

Farmer's
Alliance

Movement which focused on cooperation between farmers. They all agreed to sell crops at the same high prices to
eliminate competition. Not successful. A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad
freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

Ocala Demands

Platform for economic and political reform adopted by the People's party Met in Ocala, Florida List of
complains and demands they had It was by the Farmers' Association

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Populist
Party

In 1892, the Democrats nominated conservative Grover Cleveland while Republicans went with unpopular Harrison, but
the splash was made by a new third party: the People's Party (aka Populist Party). The Populists, made up mainly of the
Farmers' Alliance (and other groups), demanded free and unlimited coinage of silver at, a graduated income tax, and
government ownership of the telephone, telegraph, and railroadsall to combat injustice. They also wanted direct
elections of U.S. Senators, a one-term limit on the presidency, and the use of the initiative and referendum to allow
citizens to propose and review legislationall in the true spirit of Democracy.

Tom
Watson

A leader of the Populist Party in the South.

James B.
Weaver

He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

Ben Tillman

A senator from South Carolina, he compared Cleveland's betrayal of the Democratic party to Judas' betrayal of Jesus.

Cross of
Gold

William Jennings Bryan's famous speech that criticized the monetary policy of the government for being too hard on the
farmer; said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on this

Election of
1896

William McKinley-Republican, North, industry and high tariffs. Williams Bryan-Democrat, West and South, farmers
and low tariffs. The main issues were the coinage of silver and protective tariffs.

Gold
Standard
Act

Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the
government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in
circulation.

Legal
Tender
cases

1870, 1871 - A series of cases that challenged whether the paper "greenbacks" issued during the Civil War constituted
legal tender, i.e., whether they were valid currency. The Supreme Court declared that greenbacks were not legal tender
and their issuance had bee unconstitutional.

Wabash v.
Illinois

Supreme court ruling that states could not regulate interstate commerce

E.C. Knight
Company
Case

1895 - The Supreme Court ruled that since the Knight Company's monopoly over the production of sugar had no direct
effect on commerce, the company couldn't be controlled by the government. It also ruled that mining and manufacturing
weren't affected by interstate commerce laws and were beyond the regulatory power of Congress. It gave E. C. Knight a
legal monopoly because it did not affect trade.

In Re Debs

Supreme Court approved use of court injunctions against strikes which gave employers a very powerful weapon to break
unions; Debs later turned to the American Socialist Party in 1900

Maine
explodes

On February 15, 1898 American warship Maine is destroyed by an explosion from a mine in Bay of Havana near Cuba.
US blames Spain for the incident and goes to war with the country.

Commodore
Dewey

Commodore or George Dewey was an admiral of the United States Navy, where he was best known for his victory at the
Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. He also was the only person in the history of the United States
to attain the rank of 'Admiral of the Navy'

Manila Bay

Site of first major battle of Spanish-American War. Dewey defeated Spanish.

Queen
Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Annexation
of Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed
so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898

Rough
Riders

volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Treaty of
Paris 1898

(WMc) , The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on
October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the
treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

Walter Reed

United States physician who proved that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes (1851-1902)

Teller
Amendment

This Amendment was drafter by Henry M. Teller which declared that the US had no desire for control in Cuba & pledged
the US would leave the island alone.

Platt
Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

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Open Door
Policy

A letter sent by John Hay to China, urging them to keep an open door in China permitting any nation to trade in the
spheres of others.

Election of
1900

Republican, William McKinley defeated Democrat, Williams Bryan. The issue was imperialism.

ClaytonBulwer
Treaty

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal
across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

Hay
Pauncefote
Treaty

permission granted by Panama for the US to dig a canal ; permitted by the British in order to make friends with US in
hope of future support against Germany ; negociated under Roosevelt ; greatly facilitated trade

Hay Herran
Treaty

1903, aborted agreement between the United States and Colombia providing for U.S. control of the prospective Panama
Canal Panama Canal, waterway across the Isthmus of Panama, connecting the Atlantic (by way of the Caribbean Sea)
and Pacific oceans, built by the United States (1904-14) on territory leased from the republic of Panama . ..... Click the
link for more information. and for U.S. acquisition of a canal zone. It was signed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
and Colombian foreign minister Toms Herrn on Jan. 22, 1903. The treaty stipulated that the New Panama Canal
Company, which held an option on the canal route, might sell its properties to the United States; that Colombia lease a
strip of land across the Isthmus of Panama to the United States for construction of a canal; and that the United States
pay Colombia $10 million and, after nine years, an annuity of $250,000.

Hay Bunau
Varilla
Treaty

1903 agreement between panama and us that gave us a 99 year lease to build a canal on a ten mile ide strip of land across
panama isthmas

Panama
Revolution

The Isthmus of Panama had been part of Columbia. U.S. tried to negotiate with Columbia to build the Panama Canal.
Columbia refused, so U.S. encouraged Panama to revolt. Example of Big Stick diplomacy.

Panama
Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the
sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on
Jan 1, 2000 (746)

Roosevelt
Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic
interests in South And Central America by using military force

Russo
Japanese
War

Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear
advantage on land. At sea Japan had a clear advantage, destroying the entire Russian navy. Both sent reps to
Portsmouth, NH where TR mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the nobel peace prize for his efforts, the
1st pres. to do so. Japan gained recognition of its supremacy in Korea, the transfer of Russian interests in Manchuria,
and cessions of the southern half of Sakhalin Island, north of Hokkaido.

Gentleman's
Agreement

an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose
restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.

Root
Takahira
Agreement

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to
uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Lansing
Ishii
Agreement

Lessened the tension in the feuds between the U.S. and Japan by recognizing Japan's sphere of influence in China in
exchange for Japan's continued recognition of the Open Door policy in China.

Muckrakers

This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big
business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.

Margaret
Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New
York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S.
and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Initiative,
referendum,
recall

Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the
people for approval/veto. Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. These all
made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make
government more efficient and scientific.

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17th
amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their
election by state legislatures.

18th
amendment

Ban on sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages. Repealed by 21st amendment

19th
amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Charles
Evans
Hughes

Started government regulation of public utilities. He was Secretary of State under Harding and later became Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court. He was the Republican candidate in 1916, and lost to Wilson by less that 1% of the vote.

Triangle
Shirtwaist
Company

In 1911 the tragic fire killed 146 people, mostly women because the owner kept the stairway doors locked to prevent theft,
following stricter building acts and factory codes, and worker insurance

Anti-Saloon
League

U.S. organization working for prohibition of the sale of alcoholic liquors. Founded in 1893 as the Ohio Anti-Saloon
League at Oberlin, Ohio, by representatives of temperance societies and evangelical Protestant churches, it came to wield
great political influence.

Forest
Reserve Act

1891 authorized president to set aside land to be protected as national parks ;; some 40 million acres of forest rescued

Anthracite
Coal Strike

1902 United Mine Workers of America strike in eastern Pennsylvania which threatened to cause an energy crisis.
Roosevelt had no authority in the matter, but summoned representatives of both sides to a White House meeting. The
president proposed arbitration; the miners accepted the proposal, but the owners declined. Then Roosevelt angrily
threatened to send in federal soldiers to take over the mines. After issuing this threat, he turned to J.P. Morgan and
secured his services to act as a go-between with the mine operators.

Elkins Act

(1903) Outlawed the use of rebates by railroad officials or shippers so that prices for the common people weren't unfairly
raised. Strengthened ICC

Hepburn
Act

This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on
shipping goods.

Mann Elkins
Act

(WT) 1910, gave right to prevent new rates if challenged in courts, communication now regulate directly by the Interstate
Commerce Commission

Trustbuster

TR, a moderate (R) is seen as someone who topples trusts & monopolies, yet this reputation is largely overrated

Meat
Inspection
Act

Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for
human consumption.

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the
1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Pure Food
and Drug
Act

Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to
ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Panic of
1907

a serious recession, proved the govt. still had little control over the industrial economy. Conservatives blamed Roosevelt's
mad economic policies for the disaster, and the president disagreed, but acted quickly to reassure business leaders that he
wouldn't interfere with their private recovery efforts.

Election of
1908

Republican William Howard Taft vs Democratic William Jennings Bryan. Tafft won becuase he was good friend and
Secretary of War under Roosevelt. Tafft was Roosevelt's successor

Robert
LaFollete

Wisconsin was called the "Laboratory of Democracy" because many of the reform ideas of the Progressive era came out of
Wisconsin, specifically from Robert M. LaFollette.

Regulatory
Commisions

Formed to set safety standards and to enforce fair practices of business competition for the sake of the U.S. public.

Payne
Aldrich
Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson
N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff)
and conservatives (high tariff).

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Ballinger
Pinchot
Controversy

Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's
conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that
Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided
the Republican Party.

Rule of
Reason

under the Sherman Act, contracts or conspiracies are illegal only if they constitute an unreasonable restraint of trade or
attempt to monopolize. If an agreement promotes competition, it may be legal. If it suppresses or destroys competition, it
is unreasonable and illegal.

Dollar
Diplomacy

Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by gaurenteeing
loans to foreign countries

Manchurian
Railroad
Scheme

The U.S. planned to build a railroad to transport American products into China. It would have allowed the U.S. to corner
the China market.

Bull Moose
Party

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or
Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow
Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

New
Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business
competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore
competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a
planned one.

New
Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Nationalism called for a national
approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and
society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted "good" trusts; and exalted the expert and the
executive. Additionally, it encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor.

Federal
Reserve Act

This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal reserve Board. It
was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role
in the American economy today.

Underwood
Simmons
Tariff

1914, lowered tariff, substantially reduced import fees. Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was
implemented with the 16th amendment.

Federal
Trade
Commission

A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy.

Clayton
Antitrust
Act

An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in
which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers
responsible for antitrust violations. Benefitting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade
and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property.

Federal
Highways
Act

Passed by Wilson, it provided federal money to build roads. It helped to provide competition to the railroads' monopoly
on public transportation.

Adamson
Act

1916; established an 8-hour work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce, with 1 1/2 time for overtime

Smith Lever
Act

1917-Established the U.S.'s first Food Administration with the authority to fix food prices, license distributors,
coordinate purchases, oversee exports, act against hoarding and profiteering, and encourage farmers to grow more
crops.

Smith
Hughes Act

Provided money for vocational and teacher and agricultural training - scholorships

Jones Act

Act that replaced the Foraker Act. It gave Puerto Ricans full citizenship, as well as a government that was similar to a
state government.

Mexican
Revolution

>Diaz was president for more than 30 years >Madero wins over Diaz in 1910 election (democrat) >Huerta seizes control
in 1913, killing Madero >Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta as a leader

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Sick Man of
Europe

the ottoman empire was referred to the sick man of europe. Europe was waiting for it to die (fall) so it could colonize

Triple
Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Triple
Alliance

Alliance between Germany, Italy, Austria Hungary

Lend Lease
Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Lusitania

Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. 139 American killed. Forced Germany to stop submarine warfare.

Arabic
Pledge

Germany promised that it would warn non-military ships thirty minutes before it sank them.

Sussex
Pledge

after French ship Sussex was sunk, Germany promised not to sink anymore merchant ships without warning; this kept
the U.S. out of the war for a little while longer

Zimmerman
Note

Written by Arthur Zimmerman, a german foreign secretary. In this note he had secretly proposed a German- Mexican
alliance. He tempted Mexico with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted on
March 1, 1917 by the U.S. government. This was a major factor that led us into WWI.

March
Revolution

As a result of this revolution the Romanov dynasty was removed from power after 300 years of autocratic rule and
replaced with the provisional government led by Alexander Kerenski

Bolshevik
Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible
by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the
conditions of everyday life.

Espionage
Act

This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of
aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to
remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Sedition Act

1918 2) made it illegal to try to prevent the sale of war bonds or to speak negatively about the government/the flag/the
military/the constitution (basic denial of freedom of speech!).

Selective
Service

law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft.

Paris Peace
Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war,
such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of
Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

Fourteen
points

the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for selfdetermination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations

Henry Cabot
Lodge

Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who
was being threatened.

Red Scare

Most intense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing
communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort
to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their
senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis.
"Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.

Charles
Forbes

Harding's Secretary of Veterans Affairs who sold supplies from veterans hospitals to companies in exchange for bribes.
Also gave private businesses government contracts for bribes.

Harry
Daugherty

Attorney General under Harding who sold illegal liquor licenses and pardons under Harding

Teapot
Dome
Scandal

Harding's Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall, secretly allowed private interest to lease lands containing U.S. Navy oil
reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California

Harry
Sinclair

American oil industrialist; Sent to prison for using oil supplies at Teapot Dome

Secretary of
Treasury
Mellon

An American financier, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Harding in 1921 and served under
Coolidge and Hoover. While he was in office, the government reduced the WW I debt by $9 billion and Congress cut
income tax rates substantially. He is often called the greatest Secretary of the Treasury after Hamilton.

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Volstead Act

The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess
any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of
intoxicating liquors

503.

Al Capone

United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion (1899-1947)

Immigration
Acts

1921 - First legislation passed which restricted the number of immigrants. Quota was 357,800, which let in only 2% of
the number of people of that nationality that were allowed in in 1890. 1924 - Limited the number of immigrants to
150,000 per year.

Sacco and
Venzetti

Nicola Sacco was a shoe-factory worker and Bartholomew Vanzetti was a fish peddler. They were both convicted of
murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard in 1921. They were supported by Liberals and Radicals. The case
lasted 6 years and resulted in execution based on weak evidence. Mainly because Americans were zenophobic (afraid of
foreigners).

506.

Scopes trial

Substitute Teacher Scopes mentioned evolution in class, WJ Bryan prosecuted him, Clarence Darrow defended him.
Happened in Dayton, TN Bryan admitted on the stand that bible needed interpretation, not taken literally. "Boosterism"
city leaders publicity stunts to get attention

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Model T

first affordable car built by Henry Ford; sturdy, reliable, inexpensive, only came in black. made in assembly line.

The Jazz
Singer

1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new
"liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of
changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now
had more freedom.

Harlem
Renaissance

a flowering of African American culture in the 1920s; instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being
an African American.

Marcus
Garvey

Many poor urban African Americans turned to this powerful leader in the 1920s. He founded the UNIA (Universal
Negro Improvement Association), urged black economic cooperation and helped African Americans start businesses.
He supported "back-to-Africa" movement.

Washington
Disarmament
Conference

An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership
of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy,
and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets

Five Powers
Treaty

Five Powers Treaty: Signed as part of the Washington Naval Conference, U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy
set a ten year suspension of construction of large ships and set quotas for the number of ships each country could build.

Four Powers
Treaty

between Britain, Japan, France and the United States- replaced the 20-year old Anglo-Japanese Treaty and preserved
the status quo (territory) in the Pacific

Nine Powers
Treaty

Reaffirmed the Open Door Policy in China.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to
England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Kellog Briand
Pact

International agreement not to use war as an instrument of national policy.

Fordney
McCumber
Tariff

raiised taxes on U.S import to 60% especially in the chemical and metals industries

Hawley
Smoot Tariff

reduced flow of goods into united states and prevented other countries from earning american currency to buy american
goods

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Reconstruction
Finance
Corporation

RFC was an independant agency of the United States government. It granted over 2 billion dollars to the local and
state governments. It was charted under the Herbert Hoover administration.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses
in cash

Hoover
Moratorium

June 30, 1931 - Acting on President Hoover's advice, the Allies suspended Germany's reparation payments for one
year.

Hoover
Stimson
Doctrine

1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion
of Manchuria

Good Neighbor
Policy

1932-FDR didnt think that USA had right to intervene in Latin America's affairs. Pulled out troops from Dom
Repub,Haiti, worked out agreement w/Panama., FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America
by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Twentieth
Amendment

shortened the time between the election and inauguration day, also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed
the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and
representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.

21st
amendment

1933; prohibition repealed officially

Emergency
Banking Relief
Act

Recovery: (EBRA) March 9, 1933; closed insolvent banks, reorganized strong banks, aided banks overall; 5000
banks inspected and reopened; examiners inspected banks; gave president power to regulate transactions in credit,
currency, gold, silver, and foreign exchange

Glass Steagall
Act

established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were
designed to control speculation.; were both reactions of the U.S. government to cope with the economic problems
which followed the Stock Market Crash of 1929.

Gold Clause Act

It voided any clause in past or future contracts requiring payment in gold. It was enacted to help enforce 1933
legislation discontinuing the gold standard and outlawing circulation of gold coin.

National
Industry
Recovery Act

Sought to help business, raise prices, control production, and put people back to work. This act established the
National Recovery Administration (NRA), with the power to set fair competition codes in all industries

National
Industry
Recovery
Administration

Founded in 1933 to carry out the plans of the National Industry Recovery Act to fight depression. It established code
authorities for each branch of industry or buisness. The code authorities set the lowest prices that could be charged,
the lowest wages that could be paid, and the standards of quality that must be observed.

National
Recovery
Administration

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed
industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by
setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

Agricultural
Adjustment Act

Recovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise
value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs
Butler on January 6, 1936

Civilian
Conservation
Corps

Relief: (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural
camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil
erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks

Federal
Emergency
Relief
Administration

Relief: 1932; (FERA) response to Federal Emergency Relief Act; headed by Harry Hopkins; fought adult
unemployment, gave money away, short term solution to unemployment; gave state/localities $3.1 billion;
20,000,000 got work; lasted from May 1933 to December 1935

Civil Works
Administration

November 9, 1933- Harry L. Hopkins was put in charge of the organization. The CWA created construction jobs,
mainly improving or constructing buildings and bridges. In just one year, the CWA cost the government over $1
Billion and was cancelled. So much was spent on this administration because it hired 4 million people and was
mostly concerned with paying high wages.

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Public Works
Administration

Relief: June 1933; created by NIRA; spent $3.3 billion on public projects; provided the unemployed with work in
public works; Recovery: contributed to a revival of the American industry; increased purchasing power and and
improed public welfare; from July 1933 to March 1939 it took on 34,000 different public works projects; included
airports, electricity-generating dams, major warships for navies, and bridges; spent over $6 billion dollars total

Works
Progress
Administration

May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided
jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and
roads, and as well operated a large arts project.

Federal
Housing
Authorities

Established by FDR during the depression in order to provide low-cost housing coupled with sanitary condition for
the poor

Securities and
Exchange
Commission

Government agency having primary responsibility for enforcing the Federal securities laws and regulating the
securities industry. It protected investors, listened to complaints, issued licenses and penalized fraud.

Tennessee
Valley
Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power,
low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Indian
Reorganization
Act

Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of
the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in
which Indians could manage their own affairs.

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to
organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted
activity in support of their demands.

National Labor
Relations
Board

An agency of the federal government that has oversight responsibility for enforcing laws pertaining to
union/management relations

Fair Labor
Standards Act

June 25, 1938- United States federal law that applies to employees engaged in and producing goods for interstate
commerce. The FLSA established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs,
and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor," a term defined in the statute. The FLSA is
administered by the Wage & Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor.

Revenue Act

1935; raised taxes on the wealthy and corporations

Second New
Deal

Jan 1935-Sept1935- Reorganized fed program for jobless relief. Assistance to rural poor,Supp for org labor, social
welfare benefits for elder, stricker business reg, heavier taxes on wealthy.

Social Security
Act

August 14, 1935- The Social Security Act was drafted by President Roosevelt's committee on economic security, under
Edwin Witte. The Act provided benefits to retirees and the unemployed, and a lump-sum benefit at death. Payments to
retirees were financed by a payroll tax on current workers' wages, half directly as a payroll tax and half paid by the
employer.

Court packing
plan

1) R wanted to increase the size of the Supreme Court from 2) Sent bill to congress in '37: if a justice served for 10
years and didn't retire at 70, then the president could appoint another judge; passing of the bill would have allowed
Roosevelt to appoint 6 new judged immediately => R's first serious mistake => Supreme court backing down on some
of R's legislation

Robinson
Patman Act

1937 - Amended federal anti-trust laws so as to outlaw "price discrimination," whereby companies create a
monopolistic network of related suppliers and vendors who give each other more favorable prices than they do others.

Montevideo
Conference

A treaty signed at Montevideo, Uruguay on December 26, 1933, at the Seventh International Conference of American
States that set out the definition, rights and duties of statehood. At this conference, United States President Franklin
D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull declared the so-called Good Neighbor Policy, which opposed U.S.
armed intervention in inter-American affairs. This was a FDR's diplomatic attempt to reverse the perception of
"Yankee imperialism," brought about by policies instituted (largely) by his uncle, President Theodore Roosevelt. The
convention was signed by 19 states, 3 with reservations

Lima
Conference

1938 - Last of the Pan-American conferences held before the outbreak of World War II. Issued the Declaration of
Lima asserting the unity of the Latin American nations and their determination to resist al forms of foreign
agression.

Nye Committee

In 1934 Senator Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota held hearings to investigate the country's involvement on WW1; this
committee documented the huge profits that arms factories had made during the war

Merchants of
Death

Liberal isolationists' term for companies which manufactured armaments. They felt that the companies were
undermining national interests by assisting agressor nations.

Spanish Civil
War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected.
General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms
and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Panay Incident

The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This
greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan
apologized.

Quarantine
Speech

_, In this speech Franklin D. Roosevelt compared Fascist aggression to a contagious disease, saying democracies
must unite to quarantine aggressor nations, esp. japan.

Munich
Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in
exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Nonagression
pact

Germany (Hitler) and Russia (Stalin) agree not to declare war on each other.

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Cash and carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could
buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

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Smith Act

Required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens in the U.S. and made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent
overthrow of the U.S. government.

Committee to
Defend
America by
Aiding the
Allies

1940 - Formed by isolationists who believed that the U.S. could avoid going to war by giving aid in the form of
supplies and money to the Allies, who would fight the war for us.

Lend Lease

A program under which the United States supplied U.K, USSR, China, France, and other allied nations with vast
amounts of war meterial between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, Military bases in New
Foundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies. It began in March 1941, nine months before the Japanese attack
on Pearl Harbor. It was abruptly stopped by the Americans immediately after V-J day.

Atlantic
Charter

FDR and Chuchill meeting that stated that condemned aggression, affirmed national self-determination, and
endorsed the principles of collective security and disarmament.

War
Production
Board

Created in 1942, this organization oversaw the production of planes, tanks, artillery pieces, and munitions needed for
entering WWII

War Labor
Board

(WLB) settled disputes between business and labor without strikes so that production would not be interrupted and
morale would be high

Office of Price
Administration

WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

General
Douglas
MacArthur

He was one of the most-known American military leaders of WW2(He liberated the Phillipines and made the
Japanese surrender at Tokyo in 1945, also he drove back North Korean invaders during the Korean War)

Casablanca
conference

Jan. 14-23, 1943 - FDR and Chruchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success
of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion
into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's
unconditional surrender to end the war.

Cairo
Conference

A war time conference held at Cairo, Egypt that was attended by FDR, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-shek. It addressed
the Allied position against Japan during WWII and made decisions about postwar Asia.

Tehran
Conference

December, 1943, a meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts
against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after
the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace

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Island
hopping

the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island
from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.

Battle of the
Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border.
In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile
"bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy
losses.

Yalta
Conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in
return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the RussoJapanese War

Potsdam
Conference

Brought forward many differences over east Europe; postwar conference in July of 1945; Stalin would not allow any type
of freely elected government in east European countries; Roosevelt had died and was succeeded by Harry Truman, who
demanded free elections.

Charles de
Gaulle

French Colonel, later General, who escaped France with troops and money to continue the fight with the Nazis.

Iron Curtain
speech

Given by the former Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill, in Missouri, in which he talks about the dangers of
communism engulfing Europe.

Nuremburg
trials

Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with
crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes

Containment

George F. Kennan, Policy that required the United States to try and keep communism from spreading around the world

Truman
Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or
totalitarian ideology

Marshall
Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western
and Southern Europe.

North
Atlantic
Treaty
Organization

In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact. In 1955, the
Soviet Union countered NATO with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within
its own sphere of influence.

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Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR,
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

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SEATO

Alliance formed to oppose Communism in Southeast Asia

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CENTO

(the Central Treaty Org.)Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, G.B., and U.S. intended to prevent Soviet Union from expanding
at the expense of its southern neighbors.

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ANZUS

Pact Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the US, Signed in 1951, providing for their mutual defense against
armed attack in the Pacific region.

Truman
MacArthur
Controversy

Truman removed MacArthur from command in Korea as punishment for MacArthur's public criticism of the U.S.
government's handling of the war. Intended to confirm the American tradition of civilian control over the military, but
Truman's decision was widely criticized.

Bricker
Amendment

Proposal that international agreements negotiated by the executive branch would become law if and only if they were
approved by Congress and didn't conflict with state laws. Isolationist measure, didn't pass.

Suez Crisis

when President Nasser of Egypt announced his intention to build a damn in the Suez to provide power and irrigation to
Egypt, the United States offered its financial support, withdrawing it when Nasser spoke with the Communists on the
subject. Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez canal, which was previously owned by British and French
stockholders. This hurt Europe by crippling their oil supply, most of which came from the Persian Gulf. The French and
British retaliated by striking Egypt, confident that the United States would supply them with the oil they needed while
they foughtwith the Middle East. President Eisenhower refused to do so, forcing the allies to withdraw their troops. As a
result, U.N. troops acted for the first time to maintain peace and order in the world. Soviets tried to interfere. Eisenhown
put the Strategic Air Command on alert.

Eisenhower
Doctrine

Aid countries against communism and use force against apparent or imminent danger against U.S.

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Castro's
Revolution

1959 - A band of insurgents led by Fidel Castro succeeded in overthrowing the corrupt government of Juan Baptista, and
Cuba became Communist.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the
southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy
took full responsibility for the failure.

Alliance for
Progress

Kennedy's Marshall Plan for Latin America to establish democratic governments, land reform, economic and social
planning; US pledges $20 billion contribution; money wasn't used the way it was intended

Cuban
Missile
Crisis

In October 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union came close to nuclear war when President Kennedy insisted that
Nikita Khrushchev remove the 42 missiles he had secretly deployed in Cuba. The Soviets eventually did so, nuclear war
was averted, and the crisisended.

ICBM

Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles, long-range nuclear missiles capable of being fired at targets on the other side of the
globe. The reason behind the Cuban Missile Crisis -- Russia was threatening the U.S. by building launch sites for
ICBM's in Cuba.

Revenue Act
of 1942

raised corporation taxes and required nearly all Americans to pay income taxes.

G.I. Bill of
Rights

Also known as Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 gave money to veternas to study in colleges, universities, gave
medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business

Employment
Act of 1946

Enacted by Truman, it committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of
Economic Advisors to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and
purchasing power

Dixiecrats

Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

Strom
Thurmond

He was an American politician who served as governor of South Carolina and as a United States Senator. He also ran
for the presidency of the United States in 1948 under the segregationist States Rights Democratic Party banner.

Fair Deal

A deal that created projects to create jobs, build public housing, and end racial discrimination. South Democrats and
Republicans worked together to stop his projects.

Joseph
McCarthy

a Republican United States senator from Wisconsin, was one of the most controversial figures in American politics. He
gained worldwide attention in the early 1950's by charging that Communists had infiltrated the government. McCarthy
conducted several public investigations of Communist influence on U.S. foreign policy. Some people praised him as a
patriot, but others condemned him for publicly accusing people of disloyalty without sufficient evidence. He did not
succeed in identifying any Communists employed by the government. His widely scattered charges gave rise to a new
word, McCarthyism.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case
was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

22nd
amendment

Limited any President after Harry Truman to 2 terms; Ratified by the required 3/4 of the states by Feb. 1951

McCarran
Walter
Immigration
Act

1952 - Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952, it kept limited immigration based on ethnicity, but made allowances
in the quotas for persons displaced by WWII and allowed increased immigration of European refugees. Tried to keep
people from Communist countries from coming to the U.S. People suspected of being Communists could be refused entry
or deported.

Interstate
Highways
Act

1944 - Began federal funding for an interstate highway system.

Landrum
Griffin Act

1959 - Specially tailored to make labor officials responsible for the union's financial affairs, to prevent bully-boy tactics,
ensure democratic voting practices within unions, outlaw secondary boycotts, and restrict picketing.

AFL-CIO
merger

In 1955 at a New York City Convention, these two once-rival organizations decided to put aside their differences and
unite. Had a total membership of over 15 million.

National
Defense
Education
Act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It
allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

Fair
Employment
Practices
Committee

(FEPC) aimed at insuring morale and maximum use of labor force by preventing employer discrimination against
workers because of race or religion. The efforts of this committee laid the foundation for the Civil Rights movement of
the 1950's.

Detroit race
riots

June 25, 1943 - Outright racial war broke out between Blacks and Whites and the government did not send help.

Desegregation
of Armed
Forces

1948 In July, Truman issued an executive order establishing a policy of racial equality in the Armed Forces "be put into
effect as rapidly as possible." He also created a committee to ensure its implementation.

Korean War

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the
United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea. (p. 836)

Brown v.
Board of
Education of
Topeka

In a 9-0 vote, the separate but equal doctrine was abandoned when it was decided that the education system was not
equal.

Thurgood
Marshall

first black justice in S.C.

Little Rock,
Arkansas
crisis

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock
Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Civil Rights
Act 1957

Was intended to protect the right of AA's to vote. The act brought the power of the federal government into the civil
rights debate. The act created a civil rights division within the Department of Justice and gave it the authority to seek
court injunctions against anyone interfering with the right to vote. Also created the US commission on Civil Rights to
investigate allegations of denial of voting rights.

Civil Rights
Act 1960

It gave the Federal Courts the power to register Black voters and provided for voting referees who served wherever there
was racial discrimination in voting, making sure Whites did not try to stop Blacks from voting.

Southern
Christian
Leadership
Conference

An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that
stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.

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NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and
discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare
grandfather clause unconstitutional

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Urban League

Network of churches and clubs that set up employment agencies and relief efforts to help African Americans get settled
and find work in the cities

Congress of
Racial
Equality

CORE was a civil rights organization. They were famous for freedom rides which drew attention to Southern barbarity,
leading to the passing of civil rights legislation.

Student
Nonviolent
Coordinating
Committee

Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack
on segregation and other forms of racism.

Adam Clayton
Powell

Flamboyant Congressman from Harlem and chairman of the House and Labor Committee, he was elected to the House
of Representatives in 1968, but removed from office for alleged misuse of funds.

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s,
became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power
movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

Black
Panthers

Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society and
were militant, self-styled revolutionaries for Black Power.

Angela Davis

Black Communist college professor affiliated with the Black Panthers, she was accused of having been involved in a
murderous jail-break attempt by that organization.

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24th
amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

Robert
Weaver

first African American to serve in a cabinet; served as secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development
under Johnson

Civil Rights
Act 1964

Was the most comprehensive civil rights law Congress had ever enacted. It gave the federal government broad power to
prevent racial discrimination in a number of areas. The law made segregation illegal in most places of public
accommodation and it gave citizens of all races and nationalities equal access to such facilities as restaurants, parks,
libraries, and theaters. The law gave the attorney general more power to bring lawsuits to force school desegregation and
it required private employers to end discrimination in the workplace. It also established the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission as a permanent agency in the federal government. This commission monitors the ban on job
discrimination by race, religion, gender, and national origin.

Voting
Rights Act
1965

stop voting discrimination in the south - Suspended literacy tests, empowered federal officials to register voters,
prohibited states from changing voting procedures without federal permission.

Civil Rights
Act 1968

prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing

Ho Chi
Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded
attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Dien Bien
Phu

In 1954, Vietminh rebels besieged a French garrison at Dien Bien Phu, deep in the interior of northern Vietnam. In May,
after the United States refused to intervene, Dien Bien Phu fell to the communists.

Geneva
Conference
1954

a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.
It produced a set of treaties known as the Geneva Accords

Domino
Theory

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under
Communist control

Tet
Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet),
which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but
Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Kent State

an Ohio University where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4,1970,
wounding nine and killing four

Jackson
State

Black Mississippi College, anti war demonstrators seize womens dorm, unprovoked state police open fire, kill 2 (innocent
& unarmed, wound 12)

Daniel
Ellsberg

a former American military analyst employed by the RAND Corporation who precipitated a national political controversy
in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of government decision-making about the
Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers.

Pentagon
Papers

7,000-page top-secret United States government report about the history of the Government's internal planning and
policy concerning the Vietnam War. The documents became famous when State Department officer Daniel Ellsberg gave
them to the The New York Times to publish in early 1971. Loss of government credibility.

Senator
Fullbright

Anti-Vietnam War Senator from Arkansas, he was head of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. In 1966 and
1967, he held a series of hearings to air anti-war sentiments.

Paris
Accord 1973

January 7, 1973 - U.S. signed a peace treaty with North Vietnam and began withdrawing troops. On April 25, 1975,
South Vietnam was taken over by North Vietnam, in violation of the treaty.

Miranda v.
Arizona

1964 - Miranda held that a person arrested for a crime must be advised of his right to remain silent and to have an
attorney before being questioned by the police

Escobedo v.
Illnois

Escobedo held that an accused can reassert these rights at any time, even if he had previously agreed to talk to the police.

Baker v.
Carr

1962 The Supreme Court declared that the principle of "one person, one vote" must be following at both state and national
levels. The decision required that districts be redrawn so the each representative represented the same number of people.

Gideon v.
Wainwright

The Supreme Court held that all defendants in serious criminal cases are entitled to legal counsel, so the state must
appoint a free attorney to represent defendants who are too poor to afford one.

648.

Silent Spring

An American marine biologist wrote in 1962 about her suspicion that the pesticide DDT, by entering the food chain and
eventually concentrating in higher animals, caused reproductive dysfunctions. In 1973, DDT was banned in the U.S.
except for use in extreme health emergencies.

649.

New Frontier

The "new" liberal and civil rights ideas advocated by Kennedy, in contrast to Eisenhower's conservative view.

Trade
Expansion
Act

October, 1962 - The Act gave the President the power to reduce tariffs in order to promote trade. Kennedy could lower
some tariffs by as much as 50%, and, in some cases, he could eliminate them.

Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty

A treaty signed by the Soviet Union and the United States, and roughly 100 other countries, that ended the testing of
nuclear weapons in the atmosphere.

United
Nations in
the Congo

1960 A Black uprising against the Belgian colonial government in the Congo became increasingly violent with White
settlers being raped and butchered. The U.N. sent in troops to try to prevent civil war.

Salvador
Allende

Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military
attack. (p. 856)

Panama
Canal
Treaties

Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of
Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

Flower
Children

Hippies who were unified by their rejection of traditional values and assumptions of Western society.

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed
many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Office of
Economic
Opportunity

oversaw many programs dealing w/ improving life in inner cities (ex: Job Corps: education and job training program
for at-risk youth), Set guidelines for equal hiring and education practices (started "quotas")

War on
Poverty

Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity
oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start.

Medicare

a federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Democratic
party riot,
Chicago

August, 1968 - With national media coverage, thousands of anti-war protestors, Blacks and Democratic supporters were
clubbed by Major Daley's police.

The
Feminine
Mystique

written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American
women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their
full human capacities

National
Organization
for Women

Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay
for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the
Constitution.

Equal Rights
Amendment

Supported by the National Organization for Women, this amendment would prevent all gender-based discrimination
practices. However, it never passed the ratification process.

Revenue
Sharing

Giving money back to the state and local government with no strings attached

665.

Watergate

1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the
Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the
scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down

666.

Plumbers

Name given to the special investigations committee established along with CREEP in 1971. Its job was to stop the
leaking of confidential information to the public and press.

SALT I
Agreement

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks by Nixon and Brezhnev in Moscow in May, 1972. Limited Anti-Ballistic Missiles to
two major departments and 200 missiles.

Detente

relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

650.

651.

652.

653.

654.

655.

656.

657.

658.

659.
660.

661.

662.

663.

664.

667.

668.

War Powers
Act

Notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops; had to gain congress' approval to stay longer than 90 days;
designed to curtail President's power

Shuttle
Diplomacy

In the 1970s, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger began an intensive campaign in which he moved back and forth from
Israel to Egypt to Syria to try to reach a peace settlement

25th
amendment

clarifies an ambiguous provision of the Constitution regarding succession to the Presidency, and establishes procedures
both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President as well as responding to Presidential disabilities.

26th
amendment

lowered the voting age to 18

Chicanos

Name given to Mexican-Americans, who in 1970, were the majority of migrant farm labor in the U.S.

American
Indian
Movement

an Indian activist organization in the United States. AIM burst onto the international scene with its seizure of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters in Washington, D.C., in 1972 and the 1973 standoff at Wounded Knee, South
Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. In the decades since AIM's founding, the group has led protests
advocating Indigenous American interests, inspired cultural renewal, monitored police activities and coordinated
employment programs in cities and in rural reservation communities across the United States.

Arab oil
embargo

After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the SixDay War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis

Organization
of Petroleum
Exporting
Countries

an economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its
members produce and sell to other nations.

Balance of
Trade

1973 - U.S. tried to balance its trade to make American goods cost less for foreigners, in order to encourage them to buy
more American products. Resulted in a devalued dollar.

Alaska
pipeline

Built in 1975 along the pipeline to Valdez, it was an above-ground pipe 4 feet in diameter used to pump oil from the vast
oil fields of northern Alaska to the tanker station in Valdez Bay where the oil was put aboard ships for transport to
refineries in the continental U.S.

679.

Stagflation

During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual
economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth.

680.

SALT II

Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the
U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not
passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.

Camp David
Accords

agreement calling for Israel to return all land in the Sinai in exchange for Egyptian recognition of Israel's sovereignty.
Egyptian Sadat agreed and was labeled a traitor

Palestinian
Liberation
Front

Led by Arafat, it was organized to liberate Palestine from Israelis in the late '70's and early '80's. Its guerrilla warfare
and terrorist tactics were not effective.

Afghanistan,
1979

The Soviet Union sent troops into neighboring Afghanistan to support its Communist government against guerrilla
attacks by fundamentalist Muslims.

Olympics
1980

The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. About 64 other
nations withdrew for this and other reasons.

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal
policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government
and stimulate economic growth.

Supply side
economics

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and
invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the
government.

Sandra Day
O'Connor

(b. 1930) Arizona state senator from 1969 to 1974, appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979. Reagan appointed
her to the U.S. Supreme Court, making her the first female Justice of the Supreme Court.

Mapp v. Ohio

1961, a landmark case in the area of U.S. criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that
evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures" may
not be used in criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well as federal courts.

669.

670.

671.

672.

673.
674.

675.

676.

677.

678.

681.

682.

683.

684.

685.

686.

687.

688.

689.

Engel v. Vitale

1962, banned formal prayer in schools, government would not make any religion the 'official' religion.

690.

Wesberry v. Sanders

1964, One person, one vote (in redistricting for federal elections, each congressional district was to be
approximately the same) In Georgia, the 5th district had 3 to 4 times more people than did the other
districts.

691.

Reynolds v. Sims

1964, said that state legislative districts not based on the one man on vote formula violated 14th
ammenedment

Bakke v. Board of Regents,

University of California at
Davis

Barred colleges from admitting students solely on the basis of race, but allowed them to include race
along with other considerations when deciding which students to admit.

Roe v. Wade

'73 Supreme ct decision that stuck down 46 state laws restricting women's access to abortion
(highlighted divisions within women's mvmt

692.

693.