1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Phaseshiftkeying
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Phaseshiftkeying(PSK)isadigitalmodulationschemethatconveysdatabychanging,ormodulating,
thephaseofareferencesignal(thecarrierwave).
Anydigitalmodulationschemeusesafinitenumberofdistinctsignalstorepresentdigitaldata.PSK
usesafinitenumberofphases,eachassignedauniquepatternofbinarydigits.Usually,eachphase
encodesanequalnumberofbits.Eachpatternofbitsformsthesymbolthatisrepresentedbythe
particularphase.Thedemodulator,whichisdesignedspecificallyforthesymbolsetusedbythe
modulator,determinesthephaseofthereceivedsignalandmapsitbacktothesymbolitrepresents,thus
recoveringtheoriginaldata.Thisrequiresthereceivertobeabletocomparethephaseofthereceived
signaltoareferencesignalsuchasystemistermedcoherent(andreferredtoasCPSK).
Alternatively,insteadofoperatingwithrespecttoaconstantreferencewave,thebroadcastcanoperate
withrespecttoitself.Changesinphaseofasinglebroadcastwaveformcanbeconsideredthesignificant
items.Inthissystem,thedemodulatordeterminesthechangesinthephaseofthereceivedsignalrather
thanthephase(relativetoareferencewave)itself.Sincethisschemedependsonthedifferencebetween
successivephases,itistermeddifferentialphaseshiftkeying(DPSK).DPSKcanbesignificantly
simplertoimplementthanordinaryPSKsincethereisnoneedforthedemodulatortohaveacopyofthe
referencesignaltodeterminetheexactphaseofthereceivedsignal(itisanoncoherentscheme).In
exchange,itproducesmoreerroneousdemodulation.

Contents
1Introduction
1.1Definitions
2Applications
3Binaryphaseshiftkeying(BPSK)
3.1Implementation
3.2Biterrorrate
4Quadraturephaseshiftkeying(QPSK)
4.1Implementation
4.2Biterrorrate
4.3Variants
4.3.1OffsetQPSK(OQPSK)
4.3.2/4QPSK
4.3.3SOQPSK
4.3.4DPQPSK
5HigherorderPSK
5.1Biterrorrate
6Differentialphaseshiftkeying(DPSK)
6.1Differentialencoding
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

1/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

6.2Demodulation
6.3Example:DifferentiallyencodedBPSK
7Channelcapacity
8Seealso
9Notes
10References

Introduction
Therearethreemajorclassesofdigitalmodulationtechniquesusedfortransmissionofdigitally
representeddata:
Amplitudeshiftkeying(ASK)
Frequencyshiftkeying(FSK)
Phaseshiftkeying(PSK)
Allconveydatabychangingsomeaspectofabasesignal,thecarrierwave(usuallyasinusoid),in
responsetoadatasignal.InthecaseofPSK,thephaseischangedtorepresentthedatasignal.Thereare
twofundamentalwaysofutilizingthephaseofasignalinthisway:
Byviewingthephaseitselfasconveyingtheinformation,inwhichcasethedemodulatormust
haveareferencesignaltocomparethereceivedsignal'sphaseagainstor
Byviewingthechangeinthephaseasconveyinginformationdifferentialschemes,someof
whichdonotneedareferencecarrier(toacertainextent).
AconvenientmethodtorepresentPSKschemesisonaconstellationdiagram.Thisshowsthepointsin
thecomplexplanewhere,inthiscontext,therealandimaginaryaxesaretermedtheinphaseand
quadratureaxesrespectivelyduetotheir90separation.Sucharepresentationonperpendicularaxes
lendsitselftostraightforwardimplementation.Theamplitudeofeachpointalongtheinphaseaxisis
usedtomodulateacosine(orsine)waveandtheamplitudealongthequadratureaxistomodulateasine
(orcosine)wave.Byconvention,inphasemodulatescosineandquadraturemodulatessine.
InPSK,theconstellationpointschosenareusuallypositionedwithuniformangularspacingarounda
circle.Thisgivesmaximumphaseseparationbetweenadjacentpointsandthusthebestimmunityto
corruption.Theyarepositionedonacirclesothattheycanallbetransmittedwiththesameenergy.In
thisway,themoduliofthecomplexnumberstheyrepresentwillbethesameandthussowillthe
amplitudesneededforthecosineandsinewaves.Twocommonexamplesare"binaryphaseshift
keying"(BPSK)whichusestwophases,and"quadraturephaseshiftkeying"(QPSK)whichusesfour
phases,althoughanynumberofphasesmaybeused.Sincethedatatobeconveyedareusuallybinary,
thePSKschemeisusuallydesignedwiththenumberofconstellationpointsbeingapowerof2.

Definitions
Fordeterminingerrorratesmathematically,somedefinitionswillbeneeded:
=Energyperbit
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

2/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

=Energypersymbol=

withnbitspersymbol

=Bitduration
=Symbolduration
=Noisepowerspectraldensity(W/Hz)
=Probabilityofbiterror
=Probabilityofsymbolerror
willgivetheprobabilitythatasinglesampletakenfromarandomprocesswithzeromeanand
unitvarianceGaussianprobabilitydensityfunctionwillbegreaterorequalto .Itisascaledformof
thecomplementaryGaussianerrorfunction:
.
TheerrorratesquotedherearethoseinadditivewhiteGaussiannoise(AWGN).Theseerrorratesare
lowerthanthosecomputedinfadingchannels,hence,areagoodtheoreticalbenchmarktocomparewith.

Applications
OwingtoPSK'ssimplicity,particularlywhencomparedwithitscompetitorquadratureamplitude
modulation,itiswidelyusedinexistingtechnologies.
ThewirelessLANstandard,IEEE802.11b1999,[1][2]usesavarietyofdifferentPSKsdependingonthe
dataraterequired.Atthebasicrateof1Mbit/s,itusesDBPSK(differentialBPSK).Toprovidethe
extendedrateof2Mbit/s,DQPSKisused.Inreaching5.5Mbit/sandthefullrateof11Mbit/s,QPSKis
employed,buthastobecoupledwithcomplementarycodekeying.ThehigherspeedwirelessLAN
standard,IEEE802.11g2003,[1][3]haseightdatarates:6,9,12,18,24,36,48and54Mbit/s.The6and
9Mbit/smodesuseOFDMmodulationwhereeachsubcarrierisBPSKmodulated.The12and18
Mbit/smodesuseOFDMwithQPSK.ThefastestfourmodesuseOFDMwithformsofquadrature
amplitudemodulation.
BecauseofitssimplicityBPSKisappropriateforlowcostpassivetransmitters,andisusedinRFID
standardssuchasISO/IEC14443whichhasbeenadoptedforbiometricpassports,creditcardssuchas
AmericanExpress'sExpressPay,andmanyotherapplications.[4]
Bluetooth2willuse
DQPSKatitslowerrate(2Mbit/s)and8DPSKatitshigherrate(3Mbit/s)
whenthelinkbetweenthetwodevicesissufficientlyrobust.Bluetooth1modulateswithGaussian
minimumshiftkeying,abinaryscheme,soeithermodulationchoiceinversion2willyieldahigher
datarate.Asimilartechnology,IEEE802.15.4(thewirelessstandardusedbyZigBee)alsorelieson
PSK.IEEE802.15.4allowstheuseoftwofrequencybands:868915MHzusingBPSKandat2.4GHz
usingOQPSK.
Notablyabsentfromthesevariousschemesis8PSK.Thisisbecauseitserrorrateperformanceisclose
tothatof16QAMitisonlyabout0.5dBbetterbutitsdatarateisonlythreequartersthatof16
QAM.Thus8PSKisoftenomittedfromstandardsand,asseenabove,schemestendto'jump'from
QPSKto16QAM(8QAMispossiblebutdifficulttoimplement).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

3/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

IncludedamongtheexceptionsisHughesNetsatelliteISP.Forexample,themodelHN7000Smodem
(onKUbandsatcom)uses8PSKmodulation.

Binaryphaseshiftkeying(BPSK)
BPSK(alsosometimescalledPRK,phasereversalkeying,or2PSK)
isthesimplestformofphaseshiftkeying(PSK).Itusestwophases
whichareseparatedby180andsocanalsobetermed2PSK.It
doesnotparticularlymatterexactlywheretheconstellationpoints
arepositioned,andinthisfiguretheyareshownontherealaxis,at
0and180.ThismodulationisthemostrobustofallthePSKs
sinceittakesthehighestlevelofnoiseordistortiontomakethe
demodulatorreachanincorrectdecision.Itis,however,onlyableto
modulateat1bit/symbol(asseeninthefigure)andsoisunsuitable
forhighdatarateapplications.
Inthepresenceofanarbitraryphaseshiftintroducedbythe
communicationschannel,thedemodulatorisunabletotellwhich
constellationpointiswhich.Asaresult,thedataisoften
differentiallyencodedpriortomodulation.

Constellationdiagramexamplefor
BPSK.

BPSKisfunctionallyequivalentto2QAMmodulation.

Implementation
ThegeneralformforBPSKfollowstheequation:

Thisyieldstwophases,0and.Inthespecificform,binarydataisoftenconveyedwiththefollowing
signals:
forbinary"0"
forbinary"1"
wherefcisthefrequencyofthecarrierwave.
Hence,thesignalspacecanberepresentedbythesinglebasisfunction

where1isrepresentedby

and0isrepresentedby

.Thisassignmentis,of

course,arbitrary.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

4/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thisuseofthisbasisfunctionisshownattheendofthenextsectioninasignaltimingdiagram.The
topmostsignalisaBPSKmodulatedcosinewavethattheBPSKmodulatorwouldproduce.Thebit
streamthatcausesthisoutputisshownabovethesignal(theotherpartsofthisfigurearerelevantonlyto
QPSK).

Biterrorrate
Thebiterrorrate(BER)ofBPSKinAWGNcanbecalculatedas:[5]
or
Sincethereisonlyonebitpersymbol,thisisalsothesymbolerrorrate.

Quadraturephaseshiftkeying(QPSK)
SometimesthisisknownasquadriphasePSK,4PSK,or4QAM.
(AlthoughtherootconceptsofQPSKand4QAMaredifferent,the
resultingmodulatedradiowavesareexactlythesame.)QPSKuses
fourpointsontheconstellationdiagram,equispacedaroundacircle.
Withfourphases,QPSKcanencodetwobitspersymbol,shownin
thediagramwithGraycodingtominimizethebiterrorrate(BER)
sometimesmisperceivedastwicetheBERofBPSK.
ThemathematicalanalysisshowsthatQPSKcanbeusedeitherto
doublethedataratecomparedwithaBPSKsystemwhile
maintainingthesamebandwidthofthesignal,ortomaintainthe
datarateofBPSKbuthalvingthebandwidthneeded.Inthislatter
case,theBERofQPSKisexactlythesameastheBERofBPSK
anddecidingdifferentlyisacommonconfusionwhenconsidering
ordescribingQPSK.Thetransmittedcarriercanundergonumbers
ofphasechanges.

ConstellationdiagramforQPSK
withGraycoding.Eachadjacent
symbolonlydiffersbyonebit.

GiventhatradiocommunicationchannelsareallocatedbyagenciessuchastheFederalCommunication
Commissiongivingaprescribed(maximum)bandwidth,theadvantageofQPSKoverBPSKbecomes
evident:QPSKtransmitstwicethedatarateinagivenbandwidthcomparedtoBPSKatthesameBER.
TheengineeringpenaltythatispaidisthatQPSKtransmittersandreceiversaremorecomplicatedthan
theonesforBPSK.However,withmodernelectronicstechnology,thepenaltyincostisverymoderate.
AswithBPSK,therearephaseambiguityproblemsatthereceivingend,anddifferentiallyencoded
QPSKisoftenusedinpractice.

Implementation
TheimplementationofQPSKismoregeneralthanthatofBPSKandalsoindicatestheimplementation
ofhigherorderPSK.Writingthesymbolsintheconstellationdiagramintermsofthesineandcosine
wavesusedtotransmitthem:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

5/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thisyieldsthefourphases/4,3/4,5/4and7/4asneeded.
Thisresultsinatwodimensionalsignalspacewithunitbasisfunctions

Thefirstbasisfunctionisusedastheinphasecomponentofthesignalandthesecondasthequadrature
componentofthesignal.
Hence,thesignalconstellationconsistsofthesignalspace4points

Thefactorsof1/2indicatethatthetotalpowerissplitequallybetweenthetwocarriers.
ComparingthesebasisfunctionswiththatforBPSKshowsclearlyhowQPSKcanbeviewedastwo
independentBPSKsignals.NotethatthesignalspacepointsforBPSKdonotneedtosplitthesymbol
(bit)energyoverthetwocarriersintheschemeshownintheBPSKconstellationdiagram.
QPSKsystemscanbeimplementedinanumberofways.Anillustrationofthemajorcomponentsofthe
transmitterandreceiverstructureareshownbelow.

ConceptualtransmitterstructureforQPSK.Thebinarydatastreamissplitintotheinphaseand
quadraturephasecomponents.Thesearethenseparatelymodulatedontotwoorthogonalbasisfunctions.
Inthisimplementation,twosinusoidsareused.Afterwards,thetwosignalsaresuperimposed,andthe
resultingsignalistheQPSKsignal.Notetheuseofpolarnonreturntozeroencoding.Theseencoders
canbeplacedbeforeforbinarydatasource,buthavebeenplacedaftertoillustratetheconceptual
differencebetweendigitalandanalogsignalsinvolvedwithdigitalmodulation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

6/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ReceiverstructureforQPSK.Thematchedfilterscanbereplacedwithcorrelators.Eachdetectiondevice
usesareferencethresholdvaluetodeterminewhethera1or0isdetected.

Biterrorrate
AlthoughQPSKcanbeviewedasaquaternarymodulation,itiseasiertoseeitastwoindependently
modulatedquadraturecarriers.Withthisinterpretation,theeven(orodd)bitsareusedtomodulatethe
inphasecomponentofthecarrier,whiletheodd(oreven)bitsareusedtomodulatethequadrature
phasecomponentofthecarrier.BPSKisusedonbothcarriersandtheycanbeindependently
demodulated.
Asaresult,theprobabilityofbiterrorforQPSKisthesameasforBPSK:

However,inordertoachievethesamebiterrorprobabilityasBPSK,QPSKusestwicethepower(since
twobitsaretransmittedsimultaneously).
Thesymbolerrorrateisgivenby:

Ifthesignaltonoiseratioishigh(asisnecessaryforpracticalQPSKsystems)theprobabilityofsymbol
errormaybeapproximated:

Themodulatedsignalisshownbelowforashortsegmentofarandombinarydatastream.Thetwo
carrierwavesareacosinewaveandasinewave,asindicatedbythesignalspaceanalysisabove.Here,
theoddnumberedbitshavebeenassignedtotheinphasecomponentandtheevennumberedbitstothe
quadraturecomponent(takingthefirstbitasnumber1).Thetotalsignalthesumofthetwo
componentsisshownatthebottom.JumpsinphasecanbeseenasthePSKchangesthephaseon
eachcomponentatthestartofeachbitperiod.Thetopmostwaveformalonematchesthedescription
givenforBPSKabove.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

7/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TimingdiagramforQPSK.Thebinarydatastreamisshownbeneaththetimeaxis.Thetwosignal
componentswiththeirbitassignmentsareshownatthetop,andthetotalcombinedsignalatthebottom.
Notetheabruptchangesinphaseatsomeofthebitperiodboundaries.

Thebinarydatathatisconveyedbythiswaveformis:11000110.
Theoddbits,highlightedhere,contributetotheinphasecomponent:11000110
Theevenbits,highlightedhere,contributetothequadraturephasecomponent:11000110

Variants
OffsetQPSK(OQPSK)
Offsetquadraturephaseshiftkeying(OQPSK)isavariantof
phaseshiftkeyingmodulationusing4differentvaluesofthe
phasetotransmit.ItissometimescalledStaggeredquadrature
phaseshiftkeying(SQPSK).
Takingfourvaluesofthephase(twobits)atatimetoconstructa
QPSKsymbolcanallowthephaseofthesignaltojumpbyas
muchas180atatime.Whenthesignalislowpassfiltered(as
istypicalinatransmitter),thesephaseshiftsresultinlarge
amplitudefluctuations,anundesirablequalityincommunication
systems.Byoffsettingthetimingoftheoddandevenbitsbyone
bitperiod,orhalfasymbolperiod,theinphaseandquadrature
componentswillneverchangeatthesametime.Inthe
constellationdiagramshownontheright,itcanbeseenthatthis
willlimitthephaseshifttonomorethan90atatime.This
yieldsmuchloweramplitudefluctuationsthannonoffsetQPSK
andissometimespreferredinpractice.

Signaldoesn'tcrosszero,because
onlyonebitofthesymbolischanged
atatime

ThepictureontherightshowsthedifferenceinthebehaviorofthephasebetweenordinaryQPSKand
OQPSK.Itcanbeseenthatinthefirstplotthephasecanchangeby180atonce,whileinOQPSKthe
changesarenevergreaterthan90.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

8/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Themodulatedsignalisshownbelowforashortsegmentofarandombinarydatastream.Notethehalf
symbolperiodoffsetbetweenthetwocomponentwaves.Thesuddenphaseshiftsoccurabouttwiceas
oftenasforQPSK(sincethesignalsnolongerchangetogether),buttheyarelesssevere.Inotherwords,
themagnitudeofjumpsissmallerinOQPSKwhencomparedtoQPSK.

Differenceofthephasebetween
QPSKandOQPSK

TimingdiagramforoffsetQPSK.Thebinarydatastreamisshownbeneaththetimeaxis.Thetwo
signalcomponentswiththeirbitassignmentsareshownthetopandthetotal,combinedsignalatthe
bottom.Notethehalfperiodoffsetbetweenthetwosignalcomponents.

/4QPSK
ThisvariantofQPSKusestwoidenticalconstellationswhicharerotatedby45(
radians,hencethe
name)withrespecttooneanother.Usually,eithertheevenoroddsymbolsareusedtoselectpointsfrom
oneoftheconstellationsandtheothersymbolsselectpointsfromtheotherconstellation.Thisalso
reducesthephaseshiftsfromamaximumof180,butonlytoamaximumof135andsotheamplitude
fluctuationsof
QPSKarebetweenOQPSKandnonoffsetQPSK.
Onepropertythismodulationschemepossessesisthatifthemodulatedsignalisrepresentedinthe
complexdomain,itdoesnothaveanypathsthroughtheorigin.Inotherwords,thesignaldoesnotpass
throughtheorigin.Thislowersthedynamicalrangeoffluctuationsinthesignalwhichisdesirablewhen
engineeringcommunicationssignals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

9/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Ontheotherhand,
QPSKlendsitselftoeasydemodulationandhasbeenadoptedforusein,for
example,TDMAcellulartelephonesystems.
Themodulatedsignalisshownbelowforashortsegmentofarandombinarydatastream.The
constructionisthesameasaboveforordinaryQPSK.Successivesymbolsaretakenfromthetwo
constellationsshowninthediagram.Thus,thefirstsymbol(11)istakenfromthe'blue'constellation
andthesecondsymbol(00)istakenfromthe'green'constellation.Notethatmagnitudesofthetwo
componentwaveschangeastheyswitchbetweenconstellations,butthetotalsignal'smagnituderemains
constant(constantenvelope).Thephaseshiftsarebetweenthoseofthetwoprevioustimingdiagrams.

Dualconstellationdiagramfor/4
QPSK.Thisshowsthetwoseparate
constellationswithidenticalGray
codingbutrotatedby45with
respecttoeachother.

Timingdiagramfor/4QPSK.Thebinarydatastreamisshownbeneaththetimeaxis.Thetwosignal
componentswiththeirbitassignmentsareshownthetopandthetotal,combinedsignalatthebottom.
Notethatsuccessivesymbolsaretakenalternatelyfromthetwoconstellations,startingwiththe'blue'
one.

SOQPSK

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

10/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThelicensefreeshapedoffsetQPSK(SOQPSK)isinteroperablewithFeherpatentedQPSK
(FQPSK),inthesensethatanintegrateanddumpoffsetQPSKdetectorproducesthesameoutputno
matterwhichkindoftransmitterisused.[6]
ThesemodulationscarefullyshapetheIandQwaveformssuchthattheychangeverysmoothly,andthe
signalstaysconstantamplitudeevenduringsignaltransitions.(Ratherthantravelinginstantlyfromone
symboltoanother,orevenlinearly,ittravelssmoothlyaroundtheconstantamplitudecirclefromone
symboltothenext.)
ThestandarddescriptionofSOQPSKTGinvolvesternarysymbols.
DPQPSK
Dualpolarizationquadraturephaseshiftkeying(DPQPSK)ordualpolarizationQPSKinvolves
thepolarizationmultiplexingoftwodifferentQPSKsignals,thusimprovingthespectralefficiencybya
factorof2.Thisisacosteffectivealternative,toutilizing16PSKinsteadofQPSKtodoublethe
spectralefficiency.

HigherorderPSK
AnynumberofphasesmaybeusedtoconstructaPSKconstellation
but8PSKisusuallythehighestorderPSKconstellationdeployed.
Withmorethan8phases,theerrorratebecomestoohighandthere
arebetter,thoughmorecomplex,modulationsavailablesuchas
quadratureamplitudemodulation(QAM).Althoughanynumberof
phasesmaybeused,thefactthattheconstellationmustusuallydeal
withbinarydatameansthatthenumberofsymbolsisusuallya
powerof2toallowanintegernumberofbitspersymbol.

Biterrorrate
Forthegeneral PSKthereisnosimpleexpressionforthe
symbolerrorprobabilityif
.Unfortunately,itcanonlybe
obtainedfrom:

Constellationdiagramfor8PSK
withGraycoding.

where
,
,
,
and
and

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

arejointlyGaussianrandomvariables.

11/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thismaybeapproximatedforhigh
by:

andhigh

.
Thebiterrorprobabilityfor PSKcanonlybe
determinedexactlyoncethebitmappingisknown.
However,whenGraycodingisused,themostprobable
errorfromonesymboltothenextproducesonlya
singlebiterrorand
BiterrorratecurvesforBPSK,QPSK,8PSK
and16PSK,AWGNchannel.

(UsingGraycodingallowsustoapproximatetheLee
distanceoftheerrorsastheHammingdistanceoftheerrorsinthedecodedbitstream,whichiseasierto
implementinhardware.)
ThegraphontheleftcomparesthebiterrorratesofBPSK,QPSK(whicharethesame,asnotedabove),
8PSKand16PSK.Itisseenthathigherordermodulationsexhibithighererrorratesinexchange
howevertheydeliverahigherrawdatarate.
Boundsontheerrorratesofvariousdigitalmodulationschemescanbecomputedwithapplicationofthe
unionboundtothesignalconstellation.

Differentialphaseshiftkeying(DPSK)
Differentialencoding
Differentialphaseshiftkeying(DPSK)isacommonformofphasemodulationthatconveysdataby
changingthephaseofthecarrierwave.AsmentionedforBPSKandQPSKthereisanambiguityof
phaseiftheconstellationisrotatedbysomeeffectinthecommunicationschannelthroughwhichthe
signalpasses.Thisproblemcanbeovercomebyusingthedatatochangeratherthansetthephase.
Forexample,indifferentiallyencodedBPSKabinary'1'maybetransmittedbyadding180tothe
currentphaseandabinary'0'byadding0tothecurrentphase.AnothervariantofDPSKisSymmetric
DifferentialPhaseShiftkeying,SDPSK,whereencodingwouldbe+90fora'1'and90fora'0'.
IndifferentiallyencodedQPSK(DQPSK),thephaseshiftsare0,90,180,90correspondingtodata
'00','01','11','10'.Thiskindofencodingmaybedemodulatedinthesamewayasfornondifferential
PSKbutthephaseambiguitiescanbeignored.Thus,eachreceivedsymbolisdemodulatedtooneofthe
pointsintheconstellationandacomparatorthencomputesthedifferenceinphasebetweenthis
receivedsignalandtheprecedingone.Thedifferenceencodesthedataasdescribedabove.Symmetric
DifferentialQuadraturePhaseShiftKeying(SDQPSK)islikeDQPSK,butencodingissymmetric,
usingphaseshiftvaluesof135,45,+45and+135.
ThemodulatedsignalisshownbelowforbothDBPSKandDQPSKasdescribedabove.Inthefigure,it
isassumedthatthesignalstartswithzerophase,andsothereisaphaseshiftinbothsignalsat
.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

12/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TimingdiagramforDBPSKandDQPSK.ThebinarydatastreamisabovetheDBPSKsignal.The
individualbitsoftheDBPSKsignalaregroupedintopairsfortheDQPSKsignal,whichonlychanges
everyTs=2Tb.

Analysisshowsthatdifferentialencodingapproximatelydoublestheerrorratecomparedtoordinary
PSKbutthismaybeovercomebyonlyasmallincreasein
.Furthermore,thisanalysis(andthe
graphicalresultsbelow)arebasedonasysteminwhichtheonlycorruptionisadditivewhiteGaussian
noise(AWGN).However,therewillalsobeaphysicalchannelbetweenthetransmitterandreceiverin
thecommunicationsystem.Thischannelwill,ingeneral,introduceanunknownphaseshifttothePSK
signalinthesecasesthedifferentialschemescanyieldabettererrorratethantheordinaryschemes
whichrelyonprecisephaseinformation.

Demodulation
Forasignalthathasbeendifferentiallyencoded,there
isanobviousalternativemethodofdemodulation.
Insteadofdemodulatingasusualandignoringcarrier
phaseambiguity,thephasebetweentwosuccessive
receivedsymbolsiscomparedandusedtodetermine
whatthedatamusthavebeen.Whendifferential
encodingisusedinthismanner,theschemeisknown
asdifferentialphaseshiftkeying(DPSK).Notethatthis
issubtlydifferentfromjustdifferentiallyencodedPSK
since,uponreception,thereceivedsymbolsarenot
decodedonebyonetoconstellationpointsbutare
insteadcompareddirectlytooneanother.
Callthereceivedsymbolinthe thtimeslot andletit
havephase .Assumewithoutlossofgeneralitythat
thephaseofthecarrierwaveiszero.Denotethe
AWGNtermas .Then

BERcomparisonbetweenDBPSK,DQPSKand
theirnondifferentialformsusinggraycoding
andoperatinginwhitenoise.

.
thsymbolandthe thsymbolisthephasedifferencebetween and
Thedecisionvariableforthe
.Thatis,if isprojectedonto
,thedecisionistakenonthephaseoftheresultantcomplex
number:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

13/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

wheresuperscript*denotescomplexconjugation.Intheabsenceofnoise,thephaseofthisis
,thephaseshiftbetweenthetworeceivedsignalswhichcanbeusedtodeterminethedata
transmitted.
TheprobabilityoferrorforDPSKisdifficulttocalculateingeneral,but,inthecaseofDBPSKitis:

which,whennumericallyevaluated,isonlyslightlyworsethanordinaryBPSK,particularlyathigher
values.
UsingDPSKavoidstheneedforpossiblycomplexcarrierrecoveryschemestoprovideanaccurate
phaseestimateandcanbeanattractivealternativetoordinaryPSK.
Inopticalcommunications,thedatacanbemodulatedontothephaseofalaserinadifferentialway.The
modulationisalaserwhichemitsacontinuouswave,andaMachZehndermodulatorwhichreceives
electricalbinarydata.ForthecaseofBPSKforexample,thelasertransmitsthefieldunchangedfor
binary'1',andwithreversepolarityfor'0'.Thedemodulatorconsistsofadelaylineinterferometerwhich
delaysonebit,sotwobitscanbecomparedatonetime.Infurtherprocessing,aphotodiodeisusedto
transformtheopticalfieldintoanelectriccurrent,sotheinformationischangedbackintoitsoriginal
state.
ThebiterrorratesofDBPSKandDQPSKarecomparedtotheirnondifferentialcounterpartsinthe
graphtotheright.ThelossforusingDBPSKissmallenoughcomparedtothecomplexityreductionthat
itisoftenusedincommunicationssystemsthatwouldotherwiseuseBPSK.ForDQPSKthough,the
lossinperformancecomparedtoordinaryQPSKislargerandthesystemdesignermustbalancethis
againstthereductionincomplexity.

Example:DifferentiallyencodedBPSK

Differentialencoding/decodingsystemdiagram.

Atthe
timeslotcallthebittobemodulated ,thedifferentiallyencodedbit andtheresulting
modulatedsignal
.Assumethattheconstellationdiagrampositionsthesymbolsat1(whichis
BPSK).Thedifferentialencoderproduces:

where indicatesbinaryormodulo2addition.
So onlychangesstate(frombinary'0'tobinary'1'orfrombinary'1'tobinary'0')if isabinary'1'.
Otherwiseitremainsinitspreviousstate.ThisisthedescriptionofdifferentiallyencodedBPSKgiven
above.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

14/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thereceivedsignalisdemodulatedtoyield
encodingprocedureandproduces:

1andthenthedifferentialdecoderreversesthe

sincebinarysubtractionisthesameasbinaryaddition.
Therefore,
if and
differand
if
theyarethesame.Hence,ifboth and
are
inverted, willstillbedecodedcorrectly.Thus,the
180phaseambiguitydoesnotmatter.
DifferentialschemesforotherPSKmodulationsmaybe
devisedalongsimilarlines.ThewaveformsforDPSK
arethesameasfordifferentiallyencodedPSKgiven
abovesincetheonlychangebetweenthetwoschemes
isatthereceiver.
TheBERcurveforthisexampleiscomparedto
ordinaryBPSKontheright.Asmentionedabove,
BERcomparisonbetweenBPSKand
whilsttheerrorrateisapproximatelydoubled,the
differentiallyencodedBPSKwithgraycoding
increaseneededin
toovercomethisissmall.
operatinginwhitenoise.
Theincreasein
requiredtoovercome
differentialmodulationincodedsystems,however,is
largertypicallyabout3dB.Theperformancedegradationisaresultofnoncoherenttransmissionin
thiscaseitreferstothefactthattrackingofthephaseiscompletelyignored.

Channelcapacity
LikeallMarymodulationschemeswithM=2b
symbols,whengivenexclusiveaccesstoafixed
bandwidth,thechannelcapacityofanyphaseshift
keyingmodulationschemerisestoamaximumofb
bitspersymbolasthesignaltonoiseratioincreases.

Seealso
Differentialcoding
Modulationforanoverviewofall
modulationschemes
Phasemodulation(PM)theanalogue
equivalentofPSK

Givenafixedbandwidth,channelcapacityvs.SNR
forsomecommonmodulationschemes

Polarmodulation
PSK31
PSK63
Binaryoffsetcarriermodulation

Notes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

15/16

1/23/2015

PhaseshiftkeyingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

1. ^abIEEEStd802.111999:WirelessLANMediumAccessControl(MAC)andPhysicalLayer(PHY)
Specifications(http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.111999.pdf)theoverarchingIEEE
802.11specification.
2. ^IEEEStd802.11b1999(R2003)(http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11b1999.pdf)the
IEEE802.11bspecification.
3. ^IEEEStd802.11g2003(http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11g2003.pdf)theIEEE
802.11gspecification.
4. ^UnderstandingtheRequirementsofISO/IEC14443forTypeBProximityContactlessIdentificationCards
(http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc2056.pdf),ApplicationNote,Rev.2056BRFID
11/05,2005,ATMEL
5. ^CommunicationsSystems,H.Stern&S.Mahmoud,PearsonPrenticeHall,2004,p283
6. ^TomNelson,ErikPerrins,andMichaelRice."CommondetectorsforTier1modulations"
(http://people.eecs.ku.edu/~esp/publications/c2005ItcCommon.pdf).T.Nelson,E.Perrins,M.Rice.
"CommondetectorsforshapedoffsetQPSK(SOQPSK)andFeherpatentedQPSK(FQPSK)"
(http://www.researchgate.net/publication/4213516_Common_detectors_for_shaped_offset_QPSK_(SOQPSK)_
and_Feherpatented_QPSK_(FQPSK))Nelson,T.Perrins,E.Rice,M.(2005)."Commondetectorsfor
shapedoffsetQPSK(SOQPSK)andFeherpatentedQPSK(FQPSK)".GLOBECOM'05.IEEEGlobal
TelecommunicationsConference,2005.pp.5pp.doi:10.1109/GLOCOM.2005.1578470
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FGLOCOM.2005.1578470).ISBN0780394143.ISBN0780394143

References
Thenotationandtheoreticalresultsinthisarticlearebasedonmaterialpresentedinthefollowing
sources:
Proakis,JohnG.(1995).DigitalCommunications.Singapore:McGrawHill.ISBN007113814
5.
Couch,LeonW.II(1997).DigitalandAnalogCommunications.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:
PrenticeHall.ISBN0130812234.
Haykin,Simon(1988).DigitalCommunications.Toronto,Canada:JohnWiley&Sons.ISBN0
471629472.
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaseshift_keying&oldid=642980956"
Categories: Quantizedradiomodulationmodes Datatransmission
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon18January2015,at00:31.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionalterms
mayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
registeredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseshift_keying

16/16