CH 32 A

FE1001 Physics I
NTU - College of Engineering
ELECTROMAGNETISM
31. Alternating Current
32. Electromagnetic Waves
37. Relativity
38. Photons, Electrons, and
Atoms
39. The Wave Nature of
Particles
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
FE1001 Physics I
NTU - College of Engineering
ELECTROMAGNETISM
40. Quantum Mechanics
41. Atomic Structure
42. Molecules and
Condensed Matter
43. Nuclear Physics
44. Particle Physics and
Cosmology
Chapter Objectives
Maxwells equations for understanding

electromagnetic waves
Properties of sinusoidal electromagnetic waves
Types of electromagnetic waves
Chapter Outline
1. Maxwells Equations and Electromagnetic Waves

2. Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of
Light
3. Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves
4. Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic
Waves
5. Standing Electromagnetic Waves
6. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
32.1 Maxwells Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
An electromagnetic wave is an electromagnetic

disturbance, consisting of time-varying electric and
magnetic fields, that can propagate through space
from one region to another, even when there is no
matter in the intervening region.
Such a disturbance will have the properties of a
wave.
The basic principles of electromagnetism can be
expressed in terms of the four equations that we
now call Maxwells equations.
Because the electric and magnetic disturbances

spread or radiate away from the source, the name
electromagnetic radiation is used
interchangeably with the phrase electromagnetic
waves.
Electromagnetic waves can be used for longdistance communication via devices such as a
radio transmitter.
Fig. 32.2 shows electric field lines of a point charge
oscillating in simple harmonic motion.
Fig. 32.2
32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light
A plane wave is a wave in which at any instant the

electric and magnetic fields are uniform over any
plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
Fig. 32.3 shows an electromagnetic wave front.
Fig. 32.3
To satisfy Maxwells first and second equations, the

electric and magnetic fields must be perpendicular
to the direction of propagation; that is, the wave
must be transverse.
Fig. 32.4 shows the Gaussian surface for a plane
electromagnetic wave.
Fig. 32.4
The wave must be consistent with Faradays law,

where the wave speed c and the magnitudes of the
perpendicular vectors E and B are related as in
Eq. (32.4):
Fig. 32.5 shows the application of Faradays law to

a plane wave.
Fig. 32.5
The wave must also be consistent with Amperes

law where B, c, and E are related as in Eq. (32.8):
The basis of the plane wave obeying Maxwells

equations is Eq. (32.9):
Fig. 32.6 shows the application of Amperes law to

a plane wave.
Fig. 32.6
Electromagnetic waves have the property of

polarization.
A wave in which E is always parallel to a certain
axis is said to be linearly polarized along that axis.
An alternative derivation of Eq. (32.9) for the speed
of electromagnetic waves includes the derivation of
the wave equation.
Fig. 32.7 shows how Faradays law is also applied
in this alternative method.
Fig. 32.7
Fig. 32.8 shows how

Amperes law is also
applied in this
alternative method.
Fig. 32.8
32.3 Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves
In a sinusoidal electromagnetic wave, E and B at

any point in space are sinusoidal functions of time,
and at any instant of time the spatial variation of the
fields is also sinusoidal.
Waves passing through a small area at a
sufficiently great distance from a source can be
treated as plane waves (Fig. 32.9).
Fig. 32.9
Fig. 32.10 shows a linearly polarized sinusoidal

electromagnetic wave traveling in the +x-direction,
where the electric and magnetic fields oscillate in
phase.
Fig. 32.10
We can describe electromagnetic waves by means

of wave functions.
Eq. (32.17) shows in vector form the wave function
for a sinusoidal electromagnetic wave propagating
in +x-direction:
Together with Eq. (32.4), we now get
Fig. 32.11 shows the electric and magnetic fields of

a wave traveling in the negative x-direction.
Note that as with the wave traveling in the +xdirection, at any point the sinusoidal oscillations of
the E and B fields are in phase.
Fig. 32.11
Example 32.1 Fields of a laser beam
A carbon dioxide laser emits a sinusoidal

electromagnetic wave that travels in vacuum in the
negative x-direction. The wavelength is 10.6 m and
the E field is parallel to the z-axis, with maximum
magnitude of 1.5 MV/m. Write vector equations for E
and B as functions of time and position.
Example 32.1 (SOLN)
Identify and Set Up

Eqs. (32.19) describe a wave traveling in the negative
x-direction with E along the y-axis that is, a wave
that is linearly polarized along the y-axis. By contrast,
the wave in this example is linearly polarized along
the z-axis. At points where E is in the positive zdirection, B must be in the positive y-direction for the
vector product E B to be in the negative x-direction
(the direction of propagation). Fig. 32.12 shows a
wave that satisfies these requirements.
Example 32.1 (SOLN)
Fig. 32.12
Example 32.1 (SOLN)
Execute
A possible pair of wave functions that describe the
wave shown in Fig. 32.12 are
E ( x, t ) kE
max cos(kx t )
B( x, t ) jBmax cos(kx t )
The plus sign in the arguments of the cosine

functions indicates that the wave is propagating in the
negative x-direction, as it should. Faradays law
requires that Emax = cBmax [Eq. (32.18)], so
Emax 1.5 106V / m
Bmax
5.0 103T
c
3.0 108 m / s
To check unit consistency, note that 1 V = 1 Wb/s and

1 Wb/m2 = 1 T.
Example 32.1 (SOLN)
We have = 10.6 x 10-6 m, so the wave number and

angular frequency are
k 2 / (2 rad ) /(10.6 106 m) 5.93 105 rad / m
ck (3.00 108 m / s)(5.93 105 rad / m)

1.78 1014 rad / s
Substituting these values into the above wave

functions, we get
E ( x, t ) k(1.5 106V / m) cos[(1.78 1014 rad / s)t
(5.93 105 rad / m) x]

B( x, t ) j (5.0 103T ) cos[(1.78 1014 rad / s)t
(5.93 105 rad / m) x]
Example 32.1 (SOLN)
With these equations we can find the fields in the

laser beam at any particular position and time by
substituting specific values of x and t.
Example 32.1 (SOLN)
Evaluate
As we expect, the magnitude Bmax in teslas is much
smaller than the magnitude Emax in volts per meter.
To check the directions of E and B, note that E B
is in the direction of k j i. This is as it should be for
a wave that propagates in the negative x-direction.
Example 32.1 (SOLN)
Evaluate
Our expressions for E ( x, t ) and B( x, t ) are not the
only possible solutions. We could always add a phase
to the arguments of the cosine function, so that kx +
t would become kx + t + . To determine the value
of we would need to know E and B either as
functions of x at a given time t or as functions of t at a
given coordinate x. However, the statement of the
problem doesnt include this information.
Other than traveling in a vacuum, electromagnetic

waves can also travel in matter, including
nonconducting materials such as dielectrics.
The wave speed in a dielectric is given by:
Example 32.2 Electromagnetic waves in different materials
a) While visiting a jewelry store one evening, you hold

a diamond up to the light of a street lamp. The heated
sodium vapor in the street lamp emits yellow light with
a frequency of 5.09 x 1014 Hz. Find the wavelength in
vacuum, the speed of wave propagation in diamond,
and the wavelength in diamond. At this frequency,
diamond has properties K = 5.84 and Km = 1.00.
Example 32.2 Electromagnetic waves in different materials
b) A radio wave with a frequency of 90.0 MHz (in the

FM radio broadcast band) passes from vacuum into
an insulating ferrite (a ferromagnetic material used in
computer cables to suppress radio interference). Find
the wavelength in vacuum, the speed of wave
propagation in the ferrite, and the wavelength in the
ferrite. At this frequency, the ferrite has properties K =
10.0 and Km = 1000.
Example 32.2 (SOLN)
Identify and Set Up

In each case we find the wavelength in vacuum using
c = f. The wave speed v is given in terms of c, the
dielectric constant K, and the relative permeability Km
by Eq. (32.21). Once we know the value of v, we use
v = f to find the wavelength in the material in the
question.
Example 32.2 (SOLN)
Execute
a) The wavelength in vacuum of the sodium light is
c 3.00 108 m / s
vacuum
5.89 107 m 589nm
f 5.09 1014 Hz
The wave speed in diamond is

vdiamond
c
3.00 108 m / s
1.24 108 m / s
KK m
(5.84)(1.00)
This is about two-fifths of the speed in vacuum. The

wavelength is proportional to the wave speed and so
is reduced by the same factor:
8
vdiamond 1.24 10 m / s
diamond
f
5.09 1014 Hz
2.44 107 m 244nm
Example 32.2 (SOLN)
Execute
b) Following the same steps as in part (a), we find
that the wavelength in vacuum of the radio wave is
c 3.00 108 m / s
vacuum
3.33m
6
f
90.0 10 Hz
The wave speed in the ferrite is

v ferrite
c
3.00 108 m / s
3.00 106 m / s
KK m
(10.0)(1000)
This is only 1% of the speed of light in a vacuum, so

the wavelength is likewise 1% as large as the
wavelength in vacuum:
9
ferrite
v ferrite
3.00 10 m / s
90.0 106 Hz
3.33 102 m 3.33cm
Example 32.2 (SOLN)
Evaluate
The speed of light in transparent materials like
diamond is typically between c and several percent of
c. As our results in part (b) show, the speed of
electromagnetic waves in dense materials like ferrite
can be far slower than in vacuum.

CH 32 A

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FE1001 Physics I

NTU - College of Engineering

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

NTU - College of Engineering

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

Maxwells equations for understanding

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

1. Maxwells Equations and Electromagnetic Waves

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.1 Maxwells Equations and Electromagnetic Waves

An electromagnetic wave is an electromagnetic

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.1 Maxwells Equations and Electromagnetic Waves

Because the electric and magnetic disturbances

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.1 Maxwells Equations and Electromagnetic Waves

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light

A plane wave is a wave in which at any instant the

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.1 Maxwells Equations and Electromagnetic Waves

To satisfy Maxwells first and second equations, the

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.1 Maxwells Equations and Electromagnetic Waves

The wave must be consistent with Faradays law,

Fig. 32.5 shows the application of Faradays law to

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light

The wave must also be consistent with Amperes

The basis of the plane wave obeying Maxwells

Fig. 32.6 shows the application of Amperes law to

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light

Electromagnetic waves have the property of

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

32. Electromagnetic Waves

32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light

Fig. 32.8 shows how

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd