Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Ing. Carlos Andrs Ramos, MSc, PhD. Universidad Rovira i Virgilli (Espaa)
Ing. Edinson Franco, MSc, PhD. Universidad del Valle
Directores
Mayo, 2010
Contenido
Introduccin
Problema de investigacin
Modelos elctricos de los sistemas fotovoltaicos (FV)
Propuesta de modelo analtico para un arreglo FV en
serie
Sistemas de bsqueda de punto de mxima potencia
(MPPT)
Trabajo por realizar
Introduccin
Datos Generales:
Ing. Electrnico Universidad del Valle (2008)
Estudiante de Doctorado en ingeniera de 2 semestre (Etapa
de fundamentacin)
Introduccin
Desde hace algunos aos el inters en los sistemas de produccin
de energa alternativa y de uso racional de la misma ha ido
aumentando por los graves efectos que tienen en la naturaleza los
mtodos de generacin de energa convencionales.
La generacin de energa elctrica a partir del sol ha ganado
popularidad en los ltimos aos, hecho que se refleja en el gran
aumento en el nmero de publicaciones desde los noventas hasta
ahora [1] y en la predicciones hechas por la International Energy
Agency, quienes vislumbran que para el 2050 ms del 40% de la
energa ser obtenida del sol, el viento y de la tierra (energa
geotrmica) [2].
[1]
[2]
T. Esram and P. L. Chapman, "Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques," Energy Conversion, IEEE
Transactions on, vol. 22, pp. 439-449, 2007.
R. Faranda, et al., "MPPT techniques for PV Systems: Energetic and cost comparison," in Power and Energy Society General Meeting Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008 IEEE, 2008, pp. 1-6.
Introduccin
Tomado de [1]
[1]
[2]
Tomado de [2]
T. Esram and P. L. Chapman, "Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques," Energy Conversion, IEEE
Transactions on, vol. 22, pp. 439-449, 2007.
R. Faranda, et al., "MPPT techniques for PV Systems: Energetic and cost comparison," in Power and Energy Society General Meeting Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008 IEEE, 2008, pp. 1-6.
Introduccin
Principales ventajas de la energa solar:
Es inagotable
Es limpia
Es gratis
Puede coexistir junto con otras fuentes de energa
Vida til de mayor a 20 aos
Introduccin
Principales desventajas de la energa solar:
Baja eficiencia en la conversin a energa
elctrica (9-16%)
La energa producida depende de las condiciones
climticas
La curva caracterstica es no lineal y pueden
existir uno o varios puntos de mxima potencia
(control y electrnica de potencia)
Problema de investigacin
Iph =
Iph =
Iph =
Iph =
Iph =
Iph =
Ipv (A)
0
-5
10
Vpv (V)
15
20
25
0
1
2
3
4
5
Problema de investigacin
80
70
60
Ipv (A)
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
15
Vpv (V)
20
(Iph=0)
(Iph=1)
(Iph=2)
(Iph=3)
(Iph=4)
(Iph=5)
Problema de investigacin
Dificultades para el rastreo del MPP
global:
Las causas de las sombras parciales
sobre el arreglo FV son muy variadas
(objetos vecinos, el clima, nubes, hojas de
rboles, etc.).
Los modelos del fenmeno de sombreado
parcial necesitan datos de radiacin sobre
rea del sistema FV.
Encontrar un mximo global de una
funcin con mltiples mximos es difcil.
Problema de investigacin
Ipv
4.5
4
Ipv (A)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Vpv (v)
70
80
90
100
110
Problema de investigacin
160
140
120
Ppv (W)
100
80
60
40
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Vpv (V)
70
80
90
100
110
Tomado de [3]
[3]
T. Shimizu, et al., "Generation control circuit for photovoltaic modules," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 16, pp. 293-300,
2001.
Tomado de [4]
[4]
A. Kajihara and A. T. Harakawa, "Model of photovoltaic cell circuits under partial shading," in Industrial Technology, 2005. ICIT 2005. IEEE
International Conference on, 2005, pp. 866-870.
Tomado de [5]
[5]
G. Walker, "Evaluating MPPT converter topologies using a matlab PV model," Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Australia,
vol. 21, pp. 49-55, 2001.
Tomado de [6]
[6]
R. Ramaprabha and B. L. Mathur, "MATLAB Based Modelling to Study the Influence of Shading on Series Connected SPVA," in Emerging
Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICETET), 2009 2nd International Conference on, 2009, pp. 30-34.
[3]
T. Shimizu, et al., "Generation control circuit for photovoltaic modules," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 16, pp. 293-300,
2001.
Donde:
Id A(e
Ipv
Vd
B
1)
Vpv IpvRs
Vpv IpvRs
Aexp
1 Iph
Rh
B
x exp x f ( x)
Si se aplica la funcin de LambertW a ambos lados:
LambertW x exp x LambertW f ( x)
Finalmente se obtiene:
x LambertW f (x)
Donde:
Iph: Corriente fotovoltaica
Rs: Resistencia en serie
Rh: Resistencia en paralelo
A: Corriente de saturacin inversa
B: Voltaje trmico
Vpv=0
k=1
Ipv Iphk
NO
5
Calcular voltajes individuales (diodos de bypass no activos)
Rh
Rh
Ipv Iphk A IpvRh Rs Iphk ARh
Vk BLambertW
A exp
B
Calculo de Vk
Iph = 0
Iph = 1
activo
?
Iph = 2
Iph = 3
Iph = 4
Iph = 5
NO
Ipv (A)
NO
SI
Calculo de Vpv
k = k+1
2
k>n
SI
Calcular Potencia
Ppv = Vpv.Ipv
0
-5
Calculo de Ppv
5
Termiar
Simulacin
SI
FIN
10
Vpv (V)
15
20
25
k=1;
Iphk = [0 1 3 4 5 6];
%Grafica caractersticas Vpv Vs Ipv Individuales
for x = 0: 0.01: max(Iphk)
for y = 1: length(Iphk)
if x<=Iphk(y)
[Vx(y,k) Px(y,k)]=calcVpvkPpvk(x,Iphk(y),0.006,10^4);
end
end
k=k+1;
end
Algoritmo Propuesto
200
150
100
50
-50
3
Ipv [A]
[8]
V. Salas, et al., "Review of the maximum power point tracking algorithms for stand-alone photovoltaic systems," Solar Energy Materials and
Solar Cells, vol. 90, pp. 1555-1578, 2006.
Bibliografia
[1] T. Esram and P. L. Chapman, "Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point
Tracking Techniques," Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 22, pp. 439-449, 2007.
[2] R. Faranda, et al., "MPPT techniques for PV Systems: Energetic and cost comparison," in
Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in
the 21st Century, 2008 IEEE, 2008, pp. 1-6.
[3] T. Shimizu, et al., "Generation control circuit for photovoltaic modules," Power Electronics, IEEE
Transactions on, vol. 16, pp. 293-300, 2001.
[4] A. Kajihara and A. T. Harakawa, "Model of photovoltaic cell circuits under partial shading," in
Industrial Technology, 2005. ICIT 2005. IEEE International Conference on, 2005, pp. 866-870.
[5] G. Walker, "Evaluating MPPT converter topologies using a matlab PV model," Journal of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Australia, vol. 21, pp. 49-55, 2001.
Bibliografia
[6] R. Ramaprabha and B. L. Mathur, "MATLAB Based Modelling to Study the Influence of Shading
on Series Connected SPVA," in Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICETET),
2009 2nd International Conference on, 2009, pp. 30-34.
[7] G. Petrone, et al., "Analytical model of mismatched photovoltaic fields by means of Lambert Wfunction," Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 91, pp. 1652-1657, 2007.
[8] V. Salas, et al., "Review of the maximum power point tracking algorithms for stand-alone
photovoltaic systems," Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 90, pp. 1555-1578, 2006.