Activity 1.1.

3 Scientific and Engineering Notation

Introduction
In electronics, we frequently work with very small and very large numbers. For example, the
propagation delay (i.e., the time it takes for the output to change after the input has changed)
for a standard digital logic gate is 0.0000000095 seconds. Moreover, the clock speed of a
typical personal computer is 2400000000 Hz. Working with numbers of this magnitude, both
large and small, can be cumbersome and prone to error. For this reason we use a power-often notation. With a power-of-ten notation, any number, no matter how large or small, can be
expressed as a decimal number multiplied by a power-of-ten.
Scientific and engineering notations are the two most common forms of power-of-ten
notation. In the field of electronics, engineering notation is the preferred notation because of
the direct mapping between its powers and the International System of Units (the
International System of Units is abbreviated SI from the French Systme International
d'Units). The SI system is the modern form of the metric system. It is the world's most widely
used system of units for science and engineering.
In this activity you will learn how to express numbers in scientific and engineering notation as
well as the appropriate SI prefix.

Procedure
1. Express each of the following numbers in scientific notation.
a.

0.00000000356

=_3.56 x10-9_________________

b.

934,000,000

=_9.34 x 108____________

c.

847

=_8.47x 102______________

d.

0.00092

=_9.2 x 104_________________

e.

3,510,000

=_______3.51 x 106___________

2. Express each of the following numbers in engineering notation.

a.

0.00000000356

=_3.56 x 109_________________

b.

934,000,000

=_934 x 106_________________

c.

847

=_.847 x 103_________________

d.

0.00092

=_92 x 10-3_________________

e.

3,510,000

=_3.15 x 106_________________

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Digital Electronics Activity 1.1.3 Scientific and Engineering Notation Page 1

3. Express each of the following numbers using the appropriate SI prefix.

Dont forget to retain the units.
a.

0.000047 F

=_47 micro farads_________________

b.

17500000 Hz

=_17.5 MHz________________

c.

0.0000000157 A

=_15.7 nA_________________

d.

6800000

=_6.8 MOhms_______________

e.

0.00425 V

=_4.25 mV_______________

4. Convert the following numbers into the SI prefix shown.

a.

6800 pF

=___.006800________F

b.

2.7 M

=____2700________k

c.

4.24 GHz

=___4240000________MHz

d.

25.67 F

=___25670000_______mF

e.

0.0127 nSec

=______.0000127_____pSec

Conclusion
1. Why is it important to use a power-of-ten notation (i.e., scientific or engineering) when
expressing very large or very small numbers?
With a power-of-ten notation, any number can be expressed as a decimal number
multiplied by a power-of-ten.

2. In engineering in general, and in electronics specifically, why do we use engineering

notation rather than scientific notation?
It make the numbers compact and easier to work out.

3. The SI prefix for 10-15 is femto and is abbreviated f. We do not use this prefix in
electronics. Why?
They do not use it because f can be used for frequceny also.

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