..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 1

The subject of physiology.

Biological features of living
organism. Systemic approach to
investigation
of
living
organisms
properties
and
functions:
principles
of
correlation,
regulation,
selfregulation.
The
Functional
system
maintaining the optimal for
metabolism level of Blood Gases
in the organism. How is selfregulation
of
respiration
performed?
Describe the structure of the
pituitary gland. Which hormones

are produced by the anterior

pituitary lobe? Which hormones
are accumulated in the posterior
pituitary lobe?
Head of teaching program for
General Medicine Faculty,
provided bilingually, professor
Glazachev O.S.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 2
Electrogenesis
in
excitable
tissues. Methods for membrane

potentials registration. Action

potential: the phases and its
ionic mechanisms. The "All or
none" law. Types of stimulation
for
excitable
tissues.
Correlation between threshold
and excitability. The excitability
change and its origin during
excitation process.
How does respiratory system
function
under
hypobaric
condition?
Describe
mechanisms of acclimatization
to altitude. What are effects of
increased barometric pressure?
Name the hormones produced by
the adrenal medulla. The

physiologica1
roles
of
adrenaline and noradrenaline.
How is the hormone production
in
the
adrenal
medulla
controlled?
Head of teaching program for
General Medicine Faculty,
provided bilingually, professor
Glazachev O.S.


..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 3
Characteristics of excitability for
nerves and muscles. Conduction
mechanism of excitement in
nervous fibers. The laws of
excitation propagation along
nerve fibers and nerves.

Experiment of Gasser-Erlanger.
Classification of nervous fibers
according to the conduction
rate.
The definition of external
respiration. Significance of
negative intrapleural pressure.
What is the composition of
inhaled, exhaled and alveolar
air? Why they are different?
The structure of the thyroid
gland. What hormones does the
thyroid gland produce? How is
the production of iodinecontaining thyroid hormones
controlled? The basic actions of
thyroid hormones.

Head of teaching program for

General Medicine Faculty,
provided bilingually, professor
Glazachev O.S.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 4
Mechanism
of
excitement
conduction
in
synapses.
Properties
of
synapse
functioning. Lability and its
characteristics.
Types
of
mediators.
Excitatory
and
inhibitory synapses.

The nature of respiration. The

mechanisms
of
external
inspiration and expiration.
Significance
of
negative
intrapleural
pressure.
The
Donders model illustration of
respiration. The composition of
inhaled, exhaled and alveolar
air.
The pancreatic cells serving the
endocrine
function.
What
hormones are produced in the
pancreas and their physiological
effects. The functional system
maintaining the optimal for
metabolism blood glucose level

Head of teaching program for

General Medicine Faculty,
provided bilingually, professor
Glazachev O.S.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 5
Types of muscular contraction.
Components of a single
muscular
contraction.
Conditions of stepwise and
tetanic
contraction.
Correspondence
between
lability,
optimum
and
pessimum.
Peculiarity
of
confluencing contraction in the
human body.

The mechanisms of external

respiration. List and describe
the phases of the respiratory
cycle. Lung volumes. Describe
methods for their determination.
Spyrography.
Outline the structure of the
adrenal
glands.
Hormones
produced by the adrenal cortex.
Physiological
effects
of
glucocorticoids
and
mineralocorticoids.
Head of teaching program for
General Medicine Faculty,
provided bilingually, professor
Glazachev O.S.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 6
Peculiarities of smooth muscles
contraction:
automaticity,
plastic
tone
and
others.
Significance of these properties
to functioning of internal
organs. Why do excitable
tissues obey the "All or none"
law?
What is the physical basis for gas
diffusion throughout the whole
process
of
respiration?

Mechanisms
of
alveolarcapillary diffusion in the lungs.
System
organization
of
emotional reactions. Biological
role of emotions, mechanisms
and theories. Emotional stress:
sensitivity and resistance to it.
Prophylaxis of emotional stress.
Head of teaching program for
General Medicine Faculty,
provided bilingually, professor
Glazachev O.S.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 45
The structural and physiological
peculiarities
of
the

parasympathetic division of the

ANS: nerve centres, efferent
nerves, physiological effects.
The mechanism of gas transport
by the blood. Oxygen transport
by the blood in different forms.
The curve of Oxyhaemoglobin
dissociation. CO2 transport
mechanisms.
The central arhitectonic of a
behavioral act on the basis of
the theory of functional systems
of P.K. Anokhin and its main
stages (useful adapting result,
afferent synthesis, bringing
solution, efferent synthesis,
acceptor of the action result).

Autonomic
and
endocrine
arrangement of the behavioral
act.
Head of teaching program for
General Medicine Faculty,
provided bilingually, professor
Glazachev O.S.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 8
Principles of somatic and
visceral functions regulation.

Differences and biological

significance of neural and
humoral
regulation,
their
morphological and functional
features. Hormonal regulation
and its role in a whole
organism.
Gas blood transport. How is
carbon dioxide transported in
the blood? What is the role f
carbonic anhydrase in 2
transport?
The functional structure and
constituents of an analyzer.
Pavlov's theory of analyzers.
Define the concepts of

sensory organ, analyzer, sensory

system, and sensation.
Head of teaching program for
General Medicine Faculty,
provided bilingually, professor
Glazachev O.S.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 9
Outline the functions of the
autonomic nervous system. The
principal
differences
(in
structure and functions) in
comparison
with
somatic
nervous system. Methods of
investigation.

Neuronal
regulation
of
respiration. Which neurons is
the respiratory centre composed
of and where is it located? What
are the levels of regulation of
the respiratory centre activity?
Describe the receptor and its
function.
Receptors
classifications.
The
physiological properties of
receptors.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 10
The structural and physiological
peculiarities of the sympathetic
division of the ANS: nerve
centres,
efferent
nerves,
physiological effects.
How can the humoral regulation
of the respiratory centre be
proved?
What
r
the
mechanisms of the 2
influence on the activity of the
respiratory centre neurons?

Describe the Fredericqs crosscirculation in dogs experiment.

The skin receptors: tactile,
pressure, warm, cold, and pain.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket 11
The structural and physiological
peculiarities
of
the
parasympathetic division of the
ANS: nerve centres, efferent
nerves, physiological effects.
Neural and humoral adjustments
of respiration. The organization
of respiratory center. Classify
and describe physiologically
normal and clinically important
various respiratory patterns.
The
taste
and
olfactory
analyzers.
Comparative
analisys.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.



..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 12
Describe the peculiarities of the
efferent part of sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisions of
ANS reflex arc. Identify the

nerves by which their axons

leave the central nervous system.
Describe the methods of
calorimetry. Direct calorimetry.
Indirect
calorimetry
with
complete
gas
analysis.
Respiratory
quotient.
The
respiratory
quotient
during
muscular work.
Physiological
functions
of
erythrocytes. Haemoglobin and
its role. The physiological
functions
of
leucocytes.
Leucocytes formula and its
clinical significance.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 13
The sympathetic nervous system.
Characterise the sympathetic
capacities for preparation for
flight or fight Adapting and
trophic functions of the
sympathetic nervous system.
Orbelis experiment.
The concepts of assimilation and
dissimilation. Nitrogen balance.
Positive and negative nitrogen
balance. The basal metabolic

rate and the conditions to

estimate it. Factors that
influence the basal metabolic
rate.
The concept of haemostasis.
Mechanisms of vascular platelet
haemostasis,
physiological
functions of thrombocytes
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 14

Humoral regulation. How are all

humoral
factors
can
be
classified?
The
functional
significance
of
endocrine
glands. The basic properties of
hormones.
Define the concept of total
metabolism. Define the concept
of working surplus. Energy
expenditure under various kinds
of labour. Nutrition and its role
in replenishing the energy and
substances losses. Assimilation
of nutrients. The principles of
compiling diet.

The physiology of the mid-brain.

What are the roles of the
anterior
and
posterior
quadrigeminal bodies? Position
finding
reflexes.
Decerebrational rigidity: the
origin and symptoms.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 15
Hormones classification. The
mechanism of hormones action
on the target-cells. What
physiological role do the

hormones play in the human

body? How is the activity of the
endocrine glands regulated?
The fate of hormones in the
body.
The constancy of internal milieu
body temperature as necessary
condition of metabolism. The
functional system determining
the
constancy
of
body
temperature. Analysis of its
central
and
peripheral
components.
Neurophysiology of pain. Draw
the
functional
system
determining optirnal organs and
tissues
body
functioning

including pain sensation. The

nociceptive and antinociceptive
systems.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 16
How are the endocrine glands of
the human organism classified?
Types of endocrine glands.

Methods
of
functional
evaluation of the endocrine
glands.
The
functional
system
determining the constancy of
body
temperature
Heat
production. Metabolism as
heat source. The role of internal
organs and tissues in heat
production. Regulation of this
process.
How is the nerve center defined
and what is its role? The basic
principles of nerve centers
functioning. The principles of
excitations propagation in the
CNS.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 17
The system and pulmonary
circulation. The main and
accessory mechanisms of the
blood
flow.
External
manifestations of the cardiac
activity. Name the cardiac
valves and describe their
functions and mechanisms.
Properties of cardiac muscle.
The
functional
system
determining the constancy of

body temperature Heat release.

Forms and ways of heat release
and regulation of this process.
The role of sweat glands in
thermoregulation processes.
The physiology and the structure
of the diencephalon. What is the
role of the thalamus? What
structures belong to the basal
nuclei and what are their roles?
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 18
What are the properties of the
myocardium? Specificity of the
myocardial refractory period
and cardiac muscle contraction.
The extrasystole, its types and
causes.
Describe the methods of
calorimetry. Direct calorimetry.
Indirect
calorimetry
with
complete
gas
analysis.
Respiratory
quotient.
The

respiratory quotient during

muscular work.
Muscles
tone
regulatory
mechanisms.
Functions
of
cerebellum in posture and
muscular tone regulation. What
motor disorders are observed in
cerebellar lesions?

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 19

The conducting system of the

heart, its composition and
physiological significance. The
test demonstrating cardiac
automaticity. The origin and
gradient
of
the
heart
automaticity.
The temperature scheme of
human body and its daily
fluctuations.
Thermometry.
Thermoregulation under high
and
low
environmental
temperature. and
hyperthermia.
The physiology of CNS. The
reflex
arcs
and
their
components.
Classification.

Name
the
types
of
unconditioned
reflexes.
Unconditioned
reflexes
in
human, their classification and
methods to evaluate.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 20
The phases of the cardiac cycle.
What is the significance of

cardiac diastole, systole and

pause? Name the features of
ventricular systole and diastole.
The intracardiac pressure during
different phases of cardiac
cycle.
Digestion. Functions of the
digestive tract. Methods to
study
digestive
processes:
classification
and
clinical
significance.
Classification and characteristic
of methods to study CNS
functions. The physiological
origin
of
electroencephalogramme,
EcoG. Name and describe

major EEG rhythms. The role

and clinical implementation of
EEG. Evoked potentials.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 21
Name the laws of cardiac
activity.
Frank-Starlings
mechanism
and
its
significance.
The
functional
system
determining the optimal for
metabolism nutrients' level in
the body. What components has
the alimentary centre and what

is
its
function?
The
physiological mechanisms of
hunger.
What
are
the
physiological mechanisms of
appetite and satiety?
The origin and classification of
inhibition
in
the
CNS.
Historical background, synaptic
basis and mechanisms of
inhibition in CNS. Experiment
of
Sechenov's
inhibition.
Inhibition
mechanisms:
hyperpolarization,
long
depolarization,
postsynaptic,
presynaptic
and
pessimal.
Reciprocal, antidromal and
reticular inhibition.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.


..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 22
Innervation of the heart.
Intracardiac neuronal structures
and their significance. How is
the cardiac activity influenced
by the vagus and sympathetic
nerves?

The
functional
system
determining the optimal for
metabolism nutrients' level in
the body. Its external and
internal regulatory mechanisms.
The functional structure of the
visual analyzer. Draw the light
waves passes through the optic
eyeball system. Structure of the
retina.
Electroretinogramme.
Accommodation
and
its
mechanisms.
Refraction
abnormalities
and
their
rrection.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

,

..


EXAMINATION ON COURSE
OF NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 23
What is afferent nd efferent
innervation of the heart? How is
reflex control of the cardiac
activity
accomplished?
Describe the influence of the
cerebral cortex on the cardiac
activity.
The physiological nature of
absorption.
Protein,
carbohydrates
and
lipid

absorption mechanisms in the

digestive tract.
Inhibition of conditioned reflex:
classification and biological
role. What are the orientation
reflexes? What are their
features? Instincts, examples of
instincts. What is defined as the
dynamic stereotype?
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket 24
Humoral regulation of th
cardiac
activity.
Cardiostimulating
and
cardioinhibiting hormonal and
nonhormonal factors.
Oral digestion. How the salivary
glands are classified according
to their size and function? What
enzymes does the saliva
contain? The mechanisms of
salivation and its regulation.
The mechanisms of coagulation
haemostasis.
The
anticoagulation
mechanism.

Anticoagulants. Regulation of
blood clotting.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 25
Electrical events in the heart.
The Electrocardiogramme and
the meaning of its waves and
intervals. Basic principles of the
method.
Clinical
implementation
of
ECG.
Vectorelectrocardioraphy.

Digestion in the stomach and its

regulation. What glands are
there in the gastric mucosa?
What are the methods to
evaluate gastric secretion? Food
evacuation from the stomach.
The physiology of the medulla
oblongata. What reflex centres
are present in the medulla
oblongata? Name the features
of the reticular formation
neurons.
What
is
its
physiological role?
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 26
Acoustic manifestations of the
cardiac activity. What are the
mechanisms and location of the
apex
beat?
The
phonocardiogram
and
the
meaning of its oscillations.
Origine of the hearts tones.
Clinical implementation of
PhCG.
Enzymes of the gastric juice.
How do nutrient components

affect gastric secretion? The

phases of gastric secretion.
What kind of motility occurs in
the stomach?
The physiology of vision. The
roles of rods and cones in
vision. Describe the mechanism
of light sensation. Binocular
vision. The theory of colour
vision.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket 27
Stroke volume and cardiac
output, their measurements and
physiological norms. Basic
principles
of
the
echocardioraphy.
Small intestine and its role in
digestion. Regulation of its
secretory
and
motor
activity.What enzymes does the
intestinal juice contain? How
r
cavital
and
parietal
digestion defined?
How is the higher nervous
activity
understood?
The
definition of conditioned reflex.

Classification of conditioned
reflexes. Describe the major
differences
between,
and
mechanisms f conditioned and
unconditioned reflexes.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 28

What are the main and accessory

mechanisms of the blood flow?
List the types of blood vessels.
Their
classification
and
functions. Define the blood
turnover time. What is the
difference between the volume
and linear blood flow rate?
Liver and its role in digestion,
Regulation of bile production
and bile cretion, What is the
role of bile in digestion? How
do vesical and hepatic bile
differ? Methods for clinical
investigation.

The functioning and structure of

the acoustic analyzer. The
vestibular analyzer.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 29
Laws of vascular blood flow.
The relationship between flow
rate, pressure, and resistance in
the vascular system. The
Poiseuille-Hagen formula for
flow in blood vessels.

Pancreas and its role in

digestion.
Regulation
of
pancreas juice production and
excretion. What are the phases
of pancreatic secretion? How
can pancreatic activity be
tested?
System
organization
of
emotional reactions. Biological
role of emotions, mechanisms
and theories. Emotional stress:
sensitivity and resistance to it.
Prophylaxis of emotional stress.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 30
The blood pressure and its main
determining factors. Definitions
of systolic, diastolic, pulse and
mean arterial blood pressure,
their meaning. Blood pressures
waves of the 1-st, 2-nd and 3-rd
orders. Outline the technique of
measuring the human arterial
pressure.

Large intestine and its role in

digestion. Regulation of its
secretory and motor activity.
Act of defecation.
The basis of blood-grouping.
The rhesus (Rh) factor and
rhesus conflict. Blood-typing
and transfusion of blood.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 31
The microcirculation. Name the
constituent vessels of the
microcirculatory
bed.
The

anatomy and function of

capillaries.
Physiological
significance.
Kidneys s the basic executive
mechanism of the functional
system determining the osmotic
pressure of blood optimal for
the body metabolism. Nephron
and its function.
The physiology of spinal cord.
What is the physiological role
of the anterior and posterior
spinal roots? Regulation of
muscular tone at the level of
spinal cord. What reflex centres
are located in the spinal cord?

Role of - and -motoneurons.

The origin of spinal shock.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 32
Describe the venous blood flow.
Determinants of the venous
return. What organs and vessels
serve as blood reservoirs? Their

significance. The lymphatic

system, the structure of
lymphatic
capillaries.
The
Composition and properties of
the lymph.
The physiological mechanism of
urine formation: ultrafiltration.
Regulation
of
glomerular
ultrafiltration. Examination of
filtrations intensity.
The central arhitectonic of a
behavioral act on the basis of
the theory of functional systems
of P.K. Anokhin and its main
stages (useful adapting result,
afferent synthesis, bringing
solution, efferent synthesis,

acceptor of the action result).

Autonomic
and
endocrine
arrangement of the behavioral
act.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 33
The mechanisms of blood
redistribution in the vascular
system. What are the features of
the pulmonary, muscles and
cerebral circulation?
Non-excretory
functions
of
kidneys:
participation
in
determining the acid - base

status of blood; maintaining of

the blood pressure; participation
in haemopoiesis. The urine
excretion (micturition) and its
regulation.
Neurophysiology of pain. Draw
the
functional
system
determining optimal organs and
tissues
body
functioning
including pain sensation. The
nociceptive and antinociceptive
systems.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 34
Vascular tone adjustments. The
peculiarities of blood vessels
innervation. What are the
vasoconstrictor and vasodilator
nerves?
The reabsorptive process in
nephron: the obligatory and
optional reabsorption in the
convoluted
tubules
and
collecting duct. Regulation of
reabsorption.

Motivation (drive) and memory

as components of afferent
synthesis. Types of motivation.
Mechanisms of long-term and
short-term memory. Learning
and memory.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.


..

,

..

EXAMINATION ON COURSE
OF NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 35
The
functional
system
maintaining the optimal for
metabolism
arterial
blood

pressure level. The vasomotor

center, its location, structure,
and function. What factors
influence the neurons of the
vasomotor centre?
The physiological mechanism of
urine formation: reabsorbtion
and secretion process. Neural
and humoral regulation of urine
formation.
Types of the higher nervous
activity. The Pavlovian types of
the higher nervous activity in
animals. Methods for HNA
types determination. The types
of the higher nervous activity in
humans.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 36
Humoral regulation of vascular
tone.
List
the
principal
vasoregulatory factors secreted
by endothelial cells, and
describe the function of each of
them. The principal hormones
that affect blood pressure.

Nephron as the functional unit of

kidneys. Peculiarities of the
renal blood The countercurrent
multiplication mechanism of
Henle's loop. Its physiological
significance.
System organization of sex
functions. Sex hormones and
their functions. Regulatory
mechanisms of sex functions.
Interrelation of social and
biological functions in sexual
behavior.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 37
The
functional
system
maintaining the optimal for
metabolism
arterial
blood
pressure
level:
principal
characteristics
and
their
dynamic while blood pressure
rising or falling.
Clinical methods of examination
of kidneys and urine analysis
Methods to determine the
glomerular
filtration
rate,

reabsorption, and secretion in

humans.
Regulation of tone of skeletal
muscles by spinal cord. Role of
proprioreceptors: the intrafusal
muscular fibers (spindles) and
the Golgi's tendon organs. Role
of - and -motoneurons.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket 38
Outline the neural mechanisms
of blood pressure and heart rate
control, including the receptors,
afferent and efferent pathways,
central integrating mechanisms,
and
effector
mechanisms
involved. Reflexogenic zones of
the aortic arch and carotid sinus
and specify their function.
The composition of blood.
Physiological functions of the
blood. The functional system
maintaining the constancy of
circulating blood mass.The

proteins of blood plasma and

their functions.
Describe the receptor and its
function.
Receptors
classifications.
The
physiological properties of
receptors.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 39
Classification and possibilities of
methods to examine the
vascular
tone.
Reography,
sphygmography.

The osmotic pressure of bld.

The
functional
system
maintaining the constancy of
the osmotic pressure of blood.
Humoral adjustments of the
osmotic pressure.
Rhythms
of
physiological
processes. Work physiology.
Basics of social physiology.
Influence of ecological factors
on humans social and psycho physiological activity.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 40
The
functional
system
maintaining the level optimal
for metabolism of arterial blood
pressure.
What
are
the
mechanisms of cardiovascular
functional adjustment during
physical activity?
The acid-base status () of
blood. Draw the functional

system
maintaining
the
constancy of blood pH value.
Physiology of sleep. Biological
significance and structure of
sleep.
Modern
theories
concerning the sleep nature and
sleep
mechanisms.
Sleeptherapy.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 41
The
functional
system
maintaining the optimal for

metabolism
arterial
blood
pressure
level:
principal
characteristics and their dynamic
while blood pressure rising or
falling.
Non-excretory
functions
of
kidneys:
participation
in
determining the acid - base status
of blood; maintaining of the
blood pressure; participation in
haemopoiesis.
The
urine
excretion (micturition) and its
regulation.
Types of the higher nervous
activity. The Pavlovian types of
the higher nervous activity in
animals. Methods for HNA types

determination. The types of the

higher nervous activity in
humans.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.



..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 42
Humoral regulation of vascular
tone. List the principal
vasoregulatory factors secreted
by endothelial cells, and
describe the function of each of

them. The principal hormones

that affect blood pressure.
The composition of blood.
Physiological functions of the
blood. The functional system
maintaining the constancy of
circulating
blood
mass.The
proteins of blood plasma and
their functions.
Neurophysiology of pain. Draw
the
functional
system
determining optimal organs and
tissues
body
functioning
including pain sensation. The
nociceptive and antinociceptive
systems.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 43
The microcirculation. Name the
constituent vessels of the
microcirculatory
bed.
The
anatomy and function of
capillaries.
Physiological
significance.
The basis of blood-grouping.
The rhesus (Rh) factor and
rhesus conflict. Blood-typing and
transfusion of blood.

System
organization
of
emotional reactions. Biological
role of emotions, mechanisms
and theories. Emotional stress:
sensitivity and resistance to it.
Prophylaxis of emotional stress.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 44

Electrical events in the heart.

The Electrocardiogramme and
the meaning of its waves and
intervals. Basic principles of the
method. Clinical implementation
of
ECG.
Vectorelectrocardioraphy.
The reabsorptive process in
nephron: the obligatory and
optional reabsorption in the
convoluted
tubules
and
collecting duct. Regulation of
reabsorption.
The physiology of the medulla
oblongata. What reflex centres
are present in the medulla
oblongata? Name the features of

the reticular formation neurons.

What is its physiological role?
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 46
Hormones classification. The
mechanism of hormones action
on the target-cells. What
physiological role do the
hormones play in the human
body? How is the activity of the
endocrine glands regulated? The
fate of hormones in the body.

Pancreas and its role in

digestion. Regulation of pancreas
juice production and excretion.
What are the phases of
pancreatic secretion? How can
pancreatic activity be tested?
Neurophysiology of pain. Draw
the
functional
system
determining optirnal organs and
tissues
body
functioning
including pain sensation. The
nociceptive and antinociceptive
systems.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 47
How are the endocrine glands of
the human organism classified?
Types of endocrine glands.
Methods of functional evaluation
of the endocrine glands.
The
functional
system
determining the constancy of
body
temperature
Heat
production. Metabolism as heat
source. The role of internal
organs and tissues in heat

production. Regulation of this

process.
How is the nerve center defined
and what is its role? The basic
principles of nerve centers
functioning. The principles of
excitations propagation in the
CNS.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 48
The conducting system of the
heart, its composition and
physiological significance. The

test
demonstrating
cardiac
automaticity. The origin and
gradient
of
the
heart
automaticity.
Liver and its role in digestion,
Regulation of bile production
and bile cretion, What is the
role of bile in digestion? How do
vesical and hepatic bile differ?
Methods
for
clinical
investigation.
The physiology of CNS. The
reflex arcs and their components.
Classification. Name the types of
unconditioned
reflexes.
Unconditioned
reflexes
in

human, their classification and

methods to evaluate.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.


..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 49
The phases of the cardiac cycle.
What is the significance of
cardiac diastole, systole and
pause? Name the features of
ventricular systole and diastole.

The intracardiac pressure during

different phases of cardiac cycle.
Kidneys s the basic executive
mechanism of the functional
system determining the osmotic
pressure of blood optimal for the
body metabolism. Nephron and
its function.
Classification and characteristic
of methods to study CNS
functions. The physiological
origin
of
electroencephalogramme, EcoG.
Name and describe major EEG
rhythms. The role and clinical
implementation of EEG. Evoked
potentials.

Head of the chair of normal

physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 50
Electrical events in the heart.
The Electrocardiogramme and
the meaning of its waves and
intervals. Basic principles of the
method.
Clinical
implementation
of
ECG.
Vectorelectrocardioraphy.
Digestion in the stomach and its
regulation. What glands are
there in the gastric mucosa?
What are the methods to

evaluate gastric secretion? Food

evacuation from the stomach.
The physiology of vision. The
roles of rods and cones in vision.
Describe the mechanism of light
sensation. Binocular vision. The
theory of colour vision.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.

..

EXAMINATION ON THE
COURSE OF NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket 51

The
functional
system
maintaining the optimal for
metabolism
arterial
blood
pressure
level:
principal
characteristics and their dynamic
while blood pressure rising or
falling.
Clinical methods of examination
of kidneys and urine analysis
Methods to determine the
glomerular
filtration
rate,
reabsorption, and secretion in
humans.
Regulation of tone of skeletal
muscles by spinal cord. Role of
proprioreceptors: the intrafusal

muscular fibers (spindles) and

the Golgi's tendon organs. Role
of - and -motoneurons.
Head of the chair of normal
physiology
Prof. Sudakov K.V.