Electric Car Use by Country 20150225005420

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Electric car use by country

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article describes the use, market penetration and

market share of new car sales of electric cars by country.
It also provides historical background, fleet size, existing
government incentives, and deployment details by country.
The article encompasses both low-speed neighborhood
electric vehicle (NEVs) and highway-capable all-electric
cars (BEVs). Several countries publish their statistics and
have purchase incentives schemes in place for the more
general category of plug-in electric cars (PEVs), which
includes also plug-in hybrids (PHEVs). Hybrid electric
vehicles (HEVs) are not included because they can not be
plugged and recharged from an off-vehicle electric energy
source.
The Nissan Leaf is the world's all-time best selling

highway-capable electric car, with global sales of
over 158,000 units up until December 2014.[1]
As of December 2014, more than 712,000 highway-capable plug-in electric passenger cars and utility vans
have been sold in the world, led by the United States with a stock of over 290,000 plug-in electric cars,
followed by Japan with about 105,000 units and China with over 81,000.[2] Due to its population size, Norway
is the country with the highest market penetration per capita in the world, also the country with the largest
plug-in electric segment market share of new car sales, and in March 2014 Norway became the first country
where over 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug-in electric vehicle.[3][4][5] Estonia, which has
the second largest EV market penetration per capita after Norway,[6] is the first country that completed the
deployment of an EV charging network with nationwide coverage, with fast chargers available along highways
at a minimum distance of between 40 to 60 km (25 to 37 mi).[7][8]
Contents
1 Global outlook
2 Australia
3 Belgium
4 Brazil
5 Canada
6 China
7 Chile
8 Colombia
9 Costa Rica
10 Croatia
11 Denmark
12 Estonia
13 Finland
14 France
15 Germany
16 Iceland
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17 India
18 Israel
19 Ireland
20 Japan
21 Mexico
22 Netherlands
23 New Zealand
24 Norway
25 Poland
26 Philippines
27 Portugal
28 South Africa
29 South Korea
30 Spain
31 Sweden
32 Switzerland
33 United Kingdom
34 United States
35 See also
36 References
37 External links
Global outlook
As of December 2014, over 712,000 highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars and light-utility vans have
been sold worldwide since 2003.[2] When sales are broken down by type of powertrain, all-electric cars have
oversold plug-in hybrids, with the pure electrics capturing 59% of global sales as of September 2014.[9] The
global stock of PEVs grew from 100,000 units on the road in 2011, to more than 180,000 units in 2012, to
405,000 at the end of 2013; and over 307,000 light-duty plug-ins were sold in 2014.[2][9][10] During 2012, sales
of pure electric cars were led by Japan with a 28% market share of global sales, followed by the United States
with a 26% share, China with 16%, France with 11%, and Norway with 7%. Plug-in hybrid sales in 2012 were
led by the United States with a 70% share of global sales, followed by Japan with a 12%, and the Netherlands
with 8%.[10]
The following table presents the top ranking countries according to market share of total new car sales in 2013
for each of the following plug-in electric-drive segments: all-electric (BEV), and plug-in hybrid (PHEV).
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Top 10 countries by market share of new car sales in 2013

by plug-in electric-drive segment(1)[11]
Ranking
1
2
Country
Norway
Netherlands
PEV
market Ranking
share(%)
6.10%
5.55%
Country
Norway
Netherlands
BEV
market Ranking
share(%)
Country
PHEV
market
share(%)
4.72%
5.75%
0.83%
Sweden
0.41%
Netherlands
Iceland
0.94%
France
0.79%
Japan
0.40%
Japan
0.91%
Estonia
0.73%
Norway
0.34%
France
0.83%
Iceland
0.69%
United
States
0.31%
Estonia
0.73%
Japan
0.51%
Iceland
0.25%
Sweden
0.71%
0.39%
Finland
0.13%
0.60%
Sweden
0.30%
United
Kingdom
0.05%
0.44%
Denmark
0.28%
France
0.05%
0.29%
10
0.28%
10
8
9
10
United
States
Switzerland
Denmark
Switzerland
United
States
Switzerland
0.05%
Note: (1) Market share of highway-capable plug-in electric-drive vehicles in the corresponding segment as percentage of total new
car sales in the country in 2013.
During the first half of 2014, five countries achieved plug-in electric car sales with a market share higher than
1% of new car sales, Norway (14,49%), the Netherlands (4,58%), Iceland (2,20%), Sweden (1,52%), and
Estonia (1,05%).[12] Also, several countries experienced a rapid growth of plug-in car sales during 2014. Sales
of all-electric cars in Norway between January and July 2014 were up 319.6% from a year earlier, and sales of
plug-in hybrids were up 782.5% year-on-year.[13] During the first six months of 2014 new energy vehicle sales
in China were up 220% year-on-year.[14][15] Registrations of plug-in super clean cars in Sweden from January
to August 2014 were up 211% year-on-year.[16] Registrations of all-electric cars in the UK from January to
were up 132.9% year-on-year, while plug-in hybrid registrations were up 261.4% from a year earlier.[17]
During the first seven months of 2014 the plug-in hybrid segment in the German market experienced a growth
of 454% year-over-year, and the all-electric segment grew 16%, for a combined growth of 51.8% from a year
earlier.[18]
As of December 2014, the United States has the largest fleet of highway legal plug-in electric vehicles in the
world, with over 295,00 units delivered since the market launch of the Tesla Roadster in 2008, including
passenger cars, utility vans and commercial trucks.[19] American sales represent 43.0% of global sales.[9] U.S.
sales are led by California with over 100,000 plug-in electric vehicles delivered between December 2010 and
August 2014, representing about 40% of all plug-in cars sold in the U.S.[20][21] As of August 2014, California
has more plug-in electric vehicles than any other country.[22][23] Japan ranks second with over 95,000
highway-capable plug-in electric cars sold since 2009, with 15.8% of global sales, and is followed by China
with more than 77,000 units sold since 2010 (12.8%). Over 163,000 plug-in electric vehicles (27.0%) have
been sold in the European market as of September 2014, with country sales by the Netherlands with 40,954
units registered (6.8%), France with 38,605 all-electric cars and light utility vans sold since 2010 (6.4%),
Norway with 37,824 plug-in electric vehicles registered (6.3%), Germany with 21,256 units registered (3.5%),
the UK with 17,456 units (2.9%) and Sweden with 6,771 (1.1%). The top ten markets list is completed by
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Canada in ninth place, with 9,200 units sold since 2011 (1.5%)[9]
Norway is the country with the highest market penetration per capita in the world, four plug-in electric
vehicles per 1,000 people in 2013.[3] Norway is also the country with the largest plug-in electric segment
market share of new car sales, 5.6% of new car sales in 2013,[4] and all-electric car sales jumped to a record
12.9% market share of new car sales during the first half of 2014.[13] Ranking second is the Netherlands, with
a market share of 5.34% in 2013.[24] In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over 1 in every
100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug-in electric.[5][25]
The following table presents plug-in electric vehicle stock, market penetration per capita and PEV market
share of new car sales in 2013 for the six countries with the largest plug-in electric-drive fleets as of December
2013.
Plug-in electric vehicle stock, market penetration per capita, and EV sales market share
in the top six countries by PEV stock as of December 2013[3]
Country
United
States
Japan[27]
[28][29][30]
China
Netherlands
France
Norway
PEV
fleet(1)
(Cum sales or
registrations)
172,000
74,124
38,592
28,673
28,560
20,486
Population[26]
as of December
2013
320,050,716
127,143,577
1,385,566,537
16,759,229
64,291,280
5,042,671
PEV
PEV market market
penetration share of
per
total
1,000 people new car
(Dec 2013)
sales
in 2013
0.53
0.58
0.03
1.71
0.44
4.04
Comments
0.62%
Sales between 2008 and

December 2013.
Includes only plug-in electric
passenger cars.
0.85%
Sales since July 2009 through

December 2013.
Kei cars not included for market
share estimate.
Includes plug-in electric cars and
all-electric utility vans.
0.08%
New energy vehicle sales between

2011 and 2013.
Includes a significant number of
all-electric buses.
5.37%
Registrations between 2009 and

December 2013.
Includes plug-in cars and
all-electric commercial vans.
0.65%

December 2013. Includes
only all-electric cars and 11,304
utility vans.
Market share is 0.49% if only
all-electric cars are considered.
5.60%

December 2013. Includes
only all-electric cars, vans and
over 1,500 heavy quadricycles.[31]
Note (1) Plug-in electric vehicle fleets include only highway-capable vehicles except where noted in comments. French and
Norwegian registrations do not include plug-in hybrids.
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Australia
In 2008 Australia started producing its first commercial all-electric vehicle. Originally called the Blade Runner,
its name was changed to Electron, and is already being exported to New Zealand with one purchased by the
Environment Minister Dr. Nick Smith.[32][33] The Electron is based on the Hyundai Getz chassis and has
proven popular with government car pools.[34]
In October 2008, Better Place announced plans to deploy charging network
to power electric cars in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane in partnership with
Australian power company AGL and finance group Macquarie Capital.[35]
The initial network deployment was planned to take place in Canberra in late
2011.[36] As of December 2011, 12 public charge spots (power outlets, not
battery swap stations) had been installed in Australia.[37] The roll out of the
Australian network was initially planned to begin 6 months to a year after the
roll out of the network in Denmark.[38] In December 2012, Renault
Two Mitsubishi i MiEVs in
announced that the launch of the Renault Fluence Z.E. was postponed
Sydney, Australia.
indefinitely following delays with the roll out of Australias electric vehicle
infrastructure. The electric car was scheduled to go on sale to the public from
a number of dealers across the country in the fourth quarter of 2012. Better Place explained that delays in the
deployments in Israel and Denmark are reflecting in the Australian roll out, which would take place between
12 to 18 months behind the other markets.[39] Better place have since gone bust with the only sign they ever
existed being a few lone silver posts standing in (mostly university) car parks. Chargepoint is now the only
major operator of a charging network still based and active in Australia.[40]
Beginning in mid-2009, twelve-month field trial was conducted with the Mitsubishi i-MiEV with potential
electric vehicle customers, such as local, state and federal government bodies, and major fleet operators.[41]
Leasing for fleet customers began in Australia in August 2010.[42][43] As of May 2011, a total of 110 i-MiEVs
had been leased to government and corporate fleets, while retail sales to the public began in August 2011. As
of September 2013, the Australian government does not offer any form of incentive or rebate scheme for the
purchase of fuel-efficient vehicles by its citizens.[44] As of December 2012, 125 i-MiEVs had been sold in the
country, 30 of which were sold by December 2011.[45]
A two-year fleet trial of 10 converted Ford Focus Electric cars, that also included 14 i-MiEVs and 3 Toyota
Prius PHEVs,[46] commenced in Western Australia in 2010.[47] In July 2011, Nissan Australia provided 16
Nissan Leaf vehicles, to be used by both personal and commercial users, for an electric vehicle trial in
Victoria.[48] A total of 19 Leafs were registered in 2011, while sales of the Nissan Leaf in Australia began in
June 201277 units were sold during 2012.[45][49] The Holden Volt, a plug-in hybrid model, was released onto
the Australian market by late 2012 and a total of 80 units were delivered during that year.[45]
A total of 258 plug-in electric cars were sold during 2012, with the i-MiEV as the top selling model, with 95
units sold.[50] Sales during 2013 totaled 304 units, up 20% from 2012. The Nissan Leaf was the top selling
plug-in car with 188 units followed by the Holden Volt with 101 units. The EV market share in 2013 was
0.036% of total new car sales in the country.[51][52] As of September 2013, the largest public charging
networks exist in the capital cities of Perth and Melbourne, with around 30 stations (7 kW AC) established in
both citiessmaller networks exist in other capital cities. An Australian standard for charging connectors does
not exist as of September 2013.[53]
As of January 2015, the Australian market consists of the following EV brands: Mitsubishi[54] (Outlander PHEV and I-MIEV - BEV), Nissan[55] (LEAF - BEV), Holden (Volt - PHEV), Porsche[56] (Panamera - PHEV
and Cayenne - PHEV), BMW[57] (i3 - BEV or Rex and i8 - PHEV) and Tesla[58] (Model S). Mitsubishi is no
longer importing the i-MiEV after slow sales due to the high price and due to competition from the more
successful Outlander PHEV for battery components. Sales during the first quarter of 2014 totaled 42 units,
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representing a 0.015% market share of new car sales,[59] and during the first half of 2014 sales reached 114
units.[60] Deliveries of the Tesla Model S in Australia began in late 2014.[61] Deliveries of the BMW i3 also
commenced at the end of 2014. Sales during 2014 totaled 1,181 units, up 288% from 2013.[62] The plug-in
electric segment reached a 0.11% market share of total new car sales in the country, up threefold from 0.036%
in 2013.[51][62] The surge in sales was due to the introduction of the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, which sold
895 units during 2014, and became Australia's top selling plug-in electric vehicle.[62] Cumulative sales in the
Australian market since 2010 reached over 1,900 units by the end of December 2014, up from 728 units in
2013.[45][51][62][63][64]
The following table presents registrations of highway-capable plug-in electric cars by year between 2010 and
December 2014:
Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric cars by model in Australia
between 2010 and December 2014
Model
Total
2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
20102014
Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV
895
895
Nissan Leaf
457
173
188
77
19
Mitsubishi i MiEV
252
15
95
30
112
Holden Volt
239
58
101
80
BMW i3
33
33
Tesla Model S
~22
~22
Tesla Roadster
11
257
55
112
Total registrations
1,909
1,181 304
Sources: [45][51][62][63][64]
Belgium
Sales of electric cars in the country rose from 97 units in 2009, to 116 in 2010, 425 in 2011, to 1,038
electric-drive vehicles by early October 2012. Of the latter, only 350 units were sold to individual customers.
The three top selling plug-electric cars sold in 2012 through September 2012 are the Opel Ampera with 155
units, the Peugeot iOn with 95, and the Renault Fluence Z.E. with 86 units.[65] The Nissan Leaf sold 57 units
during the first half of 2012,[66] and the Chevrolet Volt 24 units during the same period.[67]
The Belgian government established a personal income tax deduction of 30% of the purchase price including
VAT of a new electric vehicle, up to 9,510. Plug-in hybrids are not eligible.[68][69][70] This tax incentive will
end on December 31, 2012.[65] There is also available a tax deduction up to 40% for investments in external
recharging stations publicly accessible, to a maximum of 250.[68] The Wallonia regional government has an
additional 4,500 eco-bonus for cars registered before December 31, 2011.[71]
Brazil
A total of 117 electric drive vehicles were registered in Brazil in 2012, and 383 during the first ten months of
2013. These figures include both conventional hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in electric cars. Registrations
during 2013 represent a 0.01% market share of new cars sales in the country through October 2013.[72] As of
February 2013, there were only 70 electric cars registered in the country, of which, 68 are corporate cars,
including 9 Nissan Leafs that are being demonstrated as taxis in So Paulo.
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In May 2010 the government put on hold a new policy to promote the
introduction of electric cars, and a decision is still pending. Instead, plug-in
electric cars and hybrid electric vehicles are subject to high taxes. As of
February 2013 these included a 35% import tax, plus a 55% tax on
industrialized products (IPI) imported outside Mercosur and Mexico, 13%
contribution to social security (PIS/COFINS), and between 12 to 18% tax on
transit of goods and services (ICMS), depending on the state, adding up to
more than 120%. The tax burden results in an average final price of
R$200,000 (US$100,000) for an electric car, and up to R$120,000
(US$60,000) for a regular hybrid.[73][74] As of March 2014, the IPI for
imported hybrid and electric vehicles varies between 13% to 25%, but the
government is considering to exempt electric cars from IPI and reduce the
tax to hybrids to 2%, the same levy paid by small cars manufactured in
Brazil.[75]
Nissan Leaf operating as a taxi

at Santos Dumont airport as
part of a demonstrations
program in Rio de Janeiro.
In March 2013, the first two Leafs out of a fleet of 15, were deployed in Rio
de Janeiro to operate as taxis. This program is a partnership between the
government of Rio de Janeiro City, Nissan do Brasil (NBA) and Petrobras
Distribuidora. The first two electric taxis are available at the Santos Dumont
airport stand, and charging is provided in two Petrobras service stations at the
Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas and in the Barra da Tijuca neighborhood. The
program is part of the city's goal to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases
by 16% by 2016 compared to emission levels of 2005.[76]
Renault Zoe being tested as part
of Curitiba's municipal police
fleet.
In June 2013, Nissan and the government of the State of Rio de Janeiro
signed a memorandum of understanding to study the possibility of
manufacturing the Nissan Leaf in the state, and the entire infrastructure
necessary for running electric cars. The state government would provide
fiscal incentives during the investment phase, and the electric car will be exempted from import taxes.[77][78]
In May 2014 So Paulo city passed a municipal law to exempt plug-in
electric, hybrids and fuel cell vehicles from the city's driving restriction
scheme (Portuguese: rodzio veicular). Also owners of electric drive cars
with a purchase price up to R$150,000 (~ US$65,200) are entitled to a 50%
reimbursement of the annual car ownership tax (IPVA) for five years up to a
total of R$10,000 (~ US$4,300).[79]
In September 2014 the BMW i3 became the first plug-in electric car available
BMW i3 in Braslia.
in the country for retail customers. Due to the high import taxes, the i3
pricing starts at R$225,900 (US$98,500) for the all-electric model and at
R$235.950 (US$102,600) for the model with the range-extender. The i3 is available only in eight cities: So
Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, Brasilia, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Recife, and Joinville.[79][80]
According to Research and Markets, electric vehicles sales in the country are expected to reach 80,000 units
annually in 2020. The research firm forecasts that the Brazilian electric vehicle market will likely be
dominated by scooter and motorcycles.[81]
Canada
As of December 2014, over 10,000 highway-capable plug-in electric cars have been sold in Canada since
January 2011.[82] Canadian sales are evenly split between all-electric cars (50.8)% and plug-in hybrids
(49.2%).[83] The Chevrolet Volt, released in 2011, ranking as the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the
country, with cumulative sales of 3,952 units through December 2014, representing 37% of the plug-in
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segment sales.[83][84] Ranking second is the Nissan Leaf with 1,965 units, followed by the Tesla Model S with
about 1,580 units delivered as of December 2014.[83][85]
A total of 1,969 plug-in cars were sold in 2012, up from 521 in 2011. Sales climbed 57.7% in 2013 to 3,106
units, and in 2014 were up 63.0% from 2013 to 5,062 units, reaching cumulative sales of 10,658 plug-in cars
through December 2014. The market share of the plug-in electric car segment grew from 0.03% in 2011, to
0.12% in 2012, and reached 0.27% of new car sales in the country in 2014.[83]
British Columbia is the only place in the country where it is legal to drive a low-speed vehicle (LSV) electric
car on public roads, although it also requires low speed warning marking and flashing lights. Quebec is
allowing LSVs in a three-year pilot project. These cars will not be allowed on the highway, but will be allowed
on city streets.
In January 2009, Hydro-Qubec and Mitsubishi signed an
agreement to test 50 i-MiEV, the largest pilot test of
electric cars in Canada ever. The test's goal was to allow a
better understanding of winter usage of the technology.
BC-Hydro and Mitsubishi had previously tested a threevehicle fleet in British Columbia.[86] In October 2010,
Transport Canada and Mitsubishi Motor Sales of Canada
announced a partnership to test the Mitsubishi i-MiEV.
The Chevrolet Volt is the top selling plug-in electric
Transport Canadas ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles
vehicle in Canada. Shown here is a fleet of Volts at a
(eTV) Program tested two i-MiEVs in government
solar-powered charging station in Toronto.
facilities and in a variety of real-world conditions. This
program aim was to evaluate the i-MiEV road
performance and range.[87] Retail sales of the i-MiEV began in December 2011,[88][89]
The Nissan Leaf roll-out in Canada began with fleet customers on July 29, 2011,[90] and deliveries to
individuals began in late September 2011.[91][92] As of December 2011, the Leaf was sold only through 27
Leaf-certified dealers for the entire country, and sales are limited to customers who live within a 65 km
(40 mi) radius of one of those dealers.[93] Cumulative sales through December 2014 reached 1,965 units, and,
as of December 2014, the Leaf ranks as the top selling all-electric car in the country.[83][85]
Retail sales of the Tesla Model S began in 2012, with 95 cars delivered that year. A total of 638 units were sold
in 2013, and cumulative sales reached 1,580 units through December 2014, allowing the Model S to rank as
the second best selling all-electric car in the country.[83][94] During 2014 the BMW i3, Kia Soul EV, BMW i8
and Porsche 918 Spyder were introduced in the Canadian market.[83]
The following table presents registrations by year of all the highway-capable plug-in electric cars available in
Canada between 2011 and December 2014.
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Highway-capable plug-in electric car sales by model

in Canada between 2011 and December 2014
Model
Total
Sales
Sales
2014
2011-2014
Sales
2013
Sales
2012
Sales
2011
Chevrolet Volt[84]
3,952
1,521
931
1,225
275
Nissan Leaf[85]
1,965
1,085
470
240
170
Tesla Model S[83]
1,580
847
638
95
Smart electric drive[83]
811
561
222
28
Mitsubishi i MiEV[95]
496
109
168
196
Ford C-Max Energi[83]
471
272
199
Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid[96]
351
76
212
Ford Fusion Energi[83]
285
169
116
BMW i3[97]
227
227
Ford Focus Electric[83]
202
44
103
55
Fisker Karma[83]
100
26
67
Tesla Roadster[83]
53
Cadillac ELR[83]
48
44
Kia Soul EV[83]
39
39
Chevrolet Spark EV[83]
31
26
BMW i8[83]
28
28
Porsche 918 Spyder[83]
Toyota RAV4 EV[83]
Total PEV sales[83]
10,649
PEV market share of new car sales[83]
23
63
53
4
3
5,062
3,097
1,969
521
0.27% 0.18% 0.12% 0.03%
Advocacy and meetings

Canada's National Advanced Transportation Center, an electric vehicle advocacy group, will attempt in April
2014 to break the Guinness World Record for the largest electric-vehicle parade.[98]
Government incentives
Purchase incentives for new plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) were established in Ontario consisting of a rebate
between CA$5,000 (4 kWh battery) to CA$8,500 (17 kWh or more) (~US$5,050 to US$8,650), depending on
battery size, for purchasing or leasing a new PEV after July 1, 2010. The rebates will be available to the first
10,000 applicants who qualify.[99][100] The province also introduced green-coloured licence plates for
exclusive use of plug-in hybrids and battery electric vehicles.[99][101][102] These unique green vehicle plates
allow PEV owners to travel in the province's carpool lanes until 2015 regardless of the number of passengers
in the vehicle. Also, owners are eligible to use recharging stations at GO Transit and other provincially-owned
parking lots.[99][102]
Quebec began offering rebates of up to CA$8,500 (US$8,650) beginning on January 1, 2012, for the purchase
of new plug-in electric vehicles equipped with a minimum of 4 kWh battery, and new hybrid electric vehicles
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are eligible for a CA$1,000 rebate. All-electric vehicles with high-capacity

battery packs are eligible for the full CA$8,000 rebate, and incentives are
reduced for low-range electric cars and plug-in hybrids. Quebec's government
earmarked CA$50 million(US$52.3 million) for the program, and the
maximum rebate amount is slowly reduced every year until a maximum of
CA$3,000 in 2015, but the rebates will continue until the fund runs out.
There is also a ceiling for the maximum number of eligible vehicles: 10,000
for all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, and 5,000 for conventional
hybrids.[103][104]
Several electric cars charging in

downtown Toronto. From
farthest to closest, a Nissan
Leaf, a Smart ED, and a
Mitsubishi i MiEV.
The Government of British Columbia announced the LiveSmart BC program

which will start offering rebates of up to CA$5,000 per eligible clean energy
vehicle commencing on December 1, 2011. The incentives will be available
until March 31, 2013 or until available funding is depleted, whichever comes
first. Available funds are enough to provide incentives for approximately 1,370 vehicles. Battery electric
vehicles, fuel cell vehicles and plug-in hybrids with battery capacity of 15.0 kWh and above are eligible for a
CA$5,000 incentive. Also effective December 1, 2011, rebates of up to CA$500 per qualifying electric vehicle
charging equipment will be available to B.C. residents who have purchased a clean energy vehicle.[105][106]
China
The Chinese government adopted in 2009 a plan to leapfrog
current automotive technology, and seize the growing new
energy vehicle (NEV) market to become of the world leaders
in manufacturing of all-electric and hybrid vehicles. The
government's political support for the adoption of electric
vehicles has four goals, to create a world-leading industry that
would produce jobs and exports; energy security to reduce its
oil dependence which comes from the Middle East; to reduce
urban air pollution; and to reduce its carbon emissions.[111][112]
However, a study by Mckinsey found that even though local
air pollution would be reduced by replacing a gasoline car with
a similar-size electric car, it would reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by only 19%, as China uses coal for 75% of its
electricity production.[111]
In June 2012 the State Council of China published a plan to
develop the domestic energy-saving and new energy vehicle
Sales of new energy vehicles in China by year
industry. The plan set a sales target of 500,000 new energy
between 2011 and 2014.[107][108][109][110]
[113][114]
vehicles by 2015 and 5 million by 2020.
According a
report by Mckinsey, electric vehicle sales between January
2009 and June 2012 represented less than 0.01% of new car sales in China.[115] As sales have been much
lower than initially expected, and most of the deployed NEV stock has been purchased by the government for
public fleets, new monetary incentives were issued in 2014, and the national government set a sales target of
160,000 units for 2014.[116][117] Although the goal was not achieved, new energy vehicles sales in 2014 totaled
74,763 units, up 324% from 2013. The China Association of Automobile Manufacturers expects plug-in sales
in the Chinese market to double in 2015, reaching sales between 150,000 to 200,000 units.[118]
The Chinese government uses the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) to designate plug-in electric vehicles, and
only pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are subject to purchase incentives. Initially,
conventional hybrids were also included.[119] On June 1, 2010, the Chinese government announced a trial
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program to provide incentives for new energy vehicles of up to 60,000 yuan (~US$9,281 in June 2011) for
private purchase of new battery electric vehicles and 50,000 yuan (~US$7,634 in June 2011) for plug-in
hybrids in five cities.[120][121] The cities participating in the pilot program are Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hangzhou,
Hefei and Changchun. The subsidies are paid directly to automakers rather than consumers, but the
government expects that vehicle prices will be reduced accordingly. The amount of the subsidy will be reduced
once 50,000 units are sold.[120][121] Electricity utilities have been ordered to set up electric car charging
stations in Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin.[111][122] The government set the goal to raise the country's annual
production capacity to 500,000 plug-in hybrid or all-electric cars and buses by the end of 2011, up from 2,100
in 2008.[111]
BYD e6 all-electric taxi in

Shenzhen, China.
As intercity driving is rare in China, electric cars provide several practical

advantages because commutes are fairly short and at low speeds due to
traffic congestion. These particular local conditions make the range limitation
of all-electric cars less of a problem, especially as the latest Chinese models
have a top speed of 100 km/h (60 mph) and a range of 200 km (120 mi)
between charges.[111] As of May 2010, Chinese automakers have developed
at least 10 models of high-speed, all-electric cars with plans for volume
production.[123] The China Association of Automobile Manufacturers
expected that sales of electric and hybrid electric vehicles in China would
reach 60,000 to 80,000 units in 2014.[109]
A mid-September 2013 joint announcement by the National Development and Reform Commission and
finance, science, and industry ministries confirmed that the central government will provide a maximum of
US$9,800 toward the purchase of an all-electric passenger vehicle and up to US$81,600 for an electric bus.
The subsidies are part of the government's efforts to address China's problematic air pollution.[124]
Sales
As of December 2014, a total of 113,355 electric vehicles have been sold in
China since 2011, consisting of 76,606 all-electric vehicles, including buses,
and 45,048 plug-in hybrids.[107][108][109][110] Of these, a total of 81,701 units
are plug-in passenger cars, over 30,000 are pure electric buses and the
remaining new energy vehicles are heavy-duty trucks. This composition of
China's new energy vehicle stock makes the country the world's leader in the
heavy-duty plug-in electric segment.[2] According to the Minister of Science
and Technology, by mid-2013 more than 80% of the country's plug-in stock
All-electric buses account for a
was on duty in public fleet vehicles, used mainly in public transport, for both
significant share of the Chinese
bus and taxi services, and also in solid waste recollection services (sanitation
stock of new energy vehicles.
trucks).[112][125][126] The share of all-electric bus sales in the Chinese bus
Shown a BYD K9 bus in
market climbed from 2% in 2010 to 9.9% in 2012, and is expected to be
Shenzhen.
closed to 20% for 2013.[127] In terms of global cumulative sales of plug-in
passenger vehicles, China ranks third after the U.S. and Japan, with 11.5% of
the 712,000 light-duty highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles sold worldwide as of December 2014.[2]
JAC J3 iEV electric car
A total of 8,159 new energy vehicles were sold in China during 2011,
including passenger cars (61%) and buses (28%). Of these, 5,579 units were
all-electric vehicles and 2,580 plug-in hybrids.[107] Electric vehicle sales
represented 0.04% of total new car sales in 2011.[128] Sales of new energy
vehicles in 2012 reached 12,791 units, which includes 11,375 all-electric
vehicles and 1,416 plug-in hybrids.[108] New energy vehicle sales in 2012
represented 0.07% of the country's total new car sales.[129] During 2013 new
energy vehicle sales totaled 17,642 units, up 37.9% from 2012 and
representing 0.08% of the nearly 22 million new car sold in the country in
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2013. Deliveries included 14,604 pure electric vehicles and 3,038 plug-in hybrids.[109][130] In addition, a total
of 200,000 low-speed small electric cars were sold in 2013, most of which are powered by lead-acid batteries
and not accounted by the government as new energy vehicles due to safety and environmental concerns.[109]
New energy vehicle sales in China during 2014 totaled 74,763 units, consisting of 45,048 all-electric vehicles,
and 29,715 plug-in hybrids. Of these, 71% were passenger cars, 27% buses, and 1% trucks.[118] Pure electric
vehicle sales increased 210% from 2013 while plug-in hybrid sales grew 880% from the previous year.
Production of new energy vehicles in the country in 2014 reached 78,499 units, up 350% from 2013. The
plug-in electric segment market share reached 0.32% of the 23.5 million new car sales sold in 2014.[110]
The top selling new energy car in China between 2011 and 2013 was the Chery QQ3 EV city car, with 2,167
units sold in 2011, 3,129 in 2012, and 5,727 in 2013.[112] The JAC J3 EV ranked second in 2012 with 2,485
units sold, followed by the BYD e6 with 1,690 cars.[112] During 2013, the BYD e6 ranked second with 1,544
units sold, followed by the BAIC E150 EV with 1,466 units.[112]
The BYD Qin plug-in hybrid was launched in the country in December
2013.[131] The Qin replaced the BYD F3DM, the world's first mass-produced
plug-in hybrid automobile, launched in China in December 2008.[132][133][134]
In April 2014 Dongfeng Nissan announced that retail sales of the Chinese
manufactured version of the Nissan Leaf, the Venucia e30, were scheduled to
begin in September 2014.[135] The Venucia e30 sold 582 units in 2014.[118]
The BYD Qin, released in
The first Tesla Model S retail deliveries took place in Beijing on 22 April
[136]
December 2013, was the top
2014.
About 2,800 Model S sedans have been imported by mid
selling new energy vehicle in
September 2014, but only 432 had received the license plates.[137] According
China in 2014.[118]
to a Tesla spokesman, the major reasons for the discrepancy could be that
registration rules were holding deliveries in Shanghai, and Tesla only recently
was able to start delivering the electric cars to customers who bought them in Shanghai. Secondly, many
Chinese customers have delayed taking possession of their Model S car while waiting for the government to
add the Tesla to the list of electric vehicles exempt from its 8% to 10% purchase tax.[137][138]
The BYD Qin ranked as the top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2014, with 14,747 units sold during the
year, followed by the all-electrics Kandi EV with 14,398, Zotye Zhidou E20, with 7,341 units, and BAIC E150
EV with 5,234.[118][139] The following table presents annual sales of new energy passenger cars by model
between 2011 and December 2014.
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Sales of new energy cars in China by model

between 2011 and December 2014
Model
Model
Total
market
sales
2011-2014 share(1)
Total
Sales
2014[118]
[139][140]
Total
Total
Sales
Sales
[112][130]
2013
2012[112][141]
Total
Sales
2011[112]
[142][143]
BYD Qin
14,889
13.1%
14,747
Kandi EV
14,398
12.7%
14,398
Chery QQ3 EV
13,039
11.5%
2,016(2)
5,727
3,129
BAIC E150 EV
7,344
6.5%
5,234
1,466
644
Zotye Zhidou E20
7,341
6.5%
7,341
7,228(3)
6.4%
3,560
1,544
1,690
401
JAC J3/iEV
6,379
5.6%
1,000
1,309
2,485
1,585(4)
Tesla Model S
3,431
3.4%
3,431(5)
3,284(3)
2.9%
1,005
1,201
613
Geely-Kandi Panda EV
1,285
1.1%
Zotye TD100 EV
1,081
1.0%
236
845
SAIC Roewe E50
815
0.7%
168
409
238
Venucia e30
798
0.7%
582
216
Chery eQ
542
0.5%
542
Chery Riich M1 EV
413
0.4%
107
216
90
Zotye M300 EV
355
0.3%
220
134
Hafei Saibao EV
282
0.2%
281
Chang'an CX30 EV
217
0.2%
117
100
Zotye T200 EV
200
0.2%
Zotye 5008 EV
142
0.1%
Denza EV
132
0.1%
Shanghai-GM Springo
EV
80
0.07%
69
BAIC Senova EV
52
0.05%
52
Chevrolet Volt
0.002%
113,355(6)
74,763
BYD e6
BYD F3DM
Total NEV sales[107]

[108][109][110]
142
2,167
1,285
200
142
132
17,642
11
12,791
8,159
Notes: (1) Model market share as percentage of the 113,355 new electric vehicles sold between 2011 and 2014.
(2) Only includes sales between January and March 2014. (3) BYD e6 total includes 33 units sold in 2010. F3DM total includes 417
units sold in 2010 and 48 in 2009.[144][145]
(4) Combined sales for 2010 and 2011.[143] (5) Sales through November 2014.[146] (6) Total annual sales figures include all-electric
buses and trucks.
Chile
The Mitsubishi i-MiEV was launched in May 2011 at a price of CLP27,7 million (US$60,000). Initial
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availability was limited to 25 units.[147][148] The first public quick charging

station in the country was opened in April 2011 in preparation for the arrival
of the first i-MiEV electric cars.[149] As of August 2012, only 10 units have
been sold.[150]
Colombia
Mitsubishi i-MiEV in Chile
The first South American all-electric taxi fleet made up of BYD e6 was
launched at the beginning of 2013 in Bogot, the capital city of Colombia
after receiving operation approval by the Colombia Ministry of
Transportation without any bothering license plate restrictions, in an effort to improve the local air quality and
set an example to other cities in this green-energy chasing country.[151][152][153] In September 2013 a total of
45 e6 taxis of this pilot program were delivered. The e6 fleet are part of Colombias "BIOTAXIS Project."[154]
Another three BYD e6s were sent to Colceincias, Bogotas Tech, Science and Innovation Administration.[153]
All-electric cars and other green vehicles are exempted from import duties.[154]
Costa Rica
The first electric car to go on sale in the country was the REVAi, introduced in March 2009. The REVAi,
powered by leadacid batteries, sold 10 units during its first month in the market, 5 by corporate clients and 5
by individual customers.[155] The Mitsubishi i MiEV was launched in February 2011, with initial availability
limited to 25 to 50 units.[156][157][158] According to Mitsubishi, Costa Rica was selected at the first market
launch in the Americas due to its environmental record, despite the lack of government incentives for
purchasing electric cars.[158][159]
As of February 2012, a total of 61 electric cars have been registered in the country, with 31 purchased by
individual customers, and 30 sold to embassies, universities, and corporate clients. Lack of charging
infrastructure, there are no public charging stations in the country, and the need to introduce government
incentives to reduce purchase taxes, are cited as the main causes for the low volume sales. The only existing
fiscal incentive is the elimination of the consumption tax for electric vehicles implemented in 2006, while
conventional vehicles pay a 30% rate. A bill introduced in 2010 to reduce purchase and import duty taxes has
not move forward in the Legislative Assembly.[160] Since October 2012, electric cars are exempted from the
restrictions imposed by the road space rationing implemented by plate number to restrict access to downtown
San Jos, the country's capital.[161]
Nissan signed an agreement with the Costa Rican government in February 2012 to implement a pilot program
as part of the introduction of the Nissan Leaf in the country. A task force was created through the agreement
to assess the infrastructure requirements for the deployment of electric cars and the definition necessary
government incentives for consumers to purchase electric cars.[162] Nissan plans to start Leaf sales by late
2013.[161]
In January 2013 BYD Auto signed an agreement with the Costa Rican Ministry of Environment and Energy to
deploy 200 BYD e6 electric cars for use as "green taxis." The electric cars will be exempt from import duties
and the government has agreed to deploy charging stations in strategic locations in the city of San Jos.[163]
Retail sales of the BYD Qin plug-in hybrid began in Costa Rica in November.[164][165]
Croatia
A small city car called XD assembled by Croatian company DOK-ING.[166] The name XD comes from oddly
shaped rear lights ("X" shaped) and "D" beginning letter of the company's name. The XD can travel over
250 km on a single charge with Lithium-ion batteries. Car's base-cost will be only 10,000. Serial production is
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predicted to start mid-2012.
Denmark
Better Place partnered with Denmark's leading energy company, Dong Energy, in a 103 million (770 million
Danish Kroner) investment to introduce electric cars and infrastructure to Denmark. The country currently
generates 20% of its electric power from wind energy, but much of it is exported because there is currently no
way for utilities to store the excess power. With the Better Place model, Dong hopes to leverage the existing
electric grid and electric vehicle batteries to harness and store the abundance of wind-generated power and
distribute appropriately for transportation consumption.[167][168] The network commercial launch was
scheduled for late 2011.[36]
The first battery switch station in Denmark, out of 20 planned to be deployed across the country until March
2012 as part of the network of charging infrastructure, was unveiled in June 2011 at Gladsaxe, near
Copenhagen.[169] Sales of the Renault Fluence Z.E., the electric car selected for the network, began in late
2011, and 234 units have been sold in Denmark between 2012 and April 2013.[170] As of December 2012 there
were 17 battery swapping stations fully operational in the country enabling Danish customers to drive
anywhere across the country in an electric car.[171] On 26 May 2013, and following the decision of the Board
of Directors of Better Place's global company, Better Place Danmark A/S decided to begin bankruptcy
proceedings.[172][173]
A taxi demonstration project in Copenhagen, including three Fluences and a Nissan Leaf, began in May 2013
and is scheduled to run through the second quarter of 2015. The demonstration is support with a 12.5 million
kroner government grant.[174]
Estonia
As of December 2013, there were 757 all-electric cars registered in Estonia,
up from 619 pure electric cars registered through 2012.[6][175] With a total of
506 pure electric cars during 2012, Estonia ranked second after Norway in
terms of EV penetration of the total auto fleet, with 1 electric car for every
1,000 registered cars.[6] However, the market share of the all-electric car
segment dropped from 2.39% in 2012 to 0.69% in 2013, as registrations
decreased to 138 units in 2013.[175] The top selling electric car in 2013 was
the Nissan Leaf with 95 units sold.[175]
Two Mitsubishi i-MiEVs in

Estonia. The majority of
electric cars in Estonia are
i-MiEVs.
Estonia is the first country that completed the deployment of an EV charging

network with nationwide coverage, with fast chargers available along
highways at a minimum distance of between 40 to 60 km (25 to 37 mi).[7][8]
As of December 2012, the nationwide network consisted of 165 fast chargers
fully financed by the Estonian government, with an average separation on highways of 60 km (37 mi) with a
higher density on urban areas. These public fast chargers are dual units, with a 50 kW CHAdeMO port and a
22 kW AC plug.[176][177]
Carbon credits exchange
On March 3, 2011, the government of Estonia confirmed the sale to Mitsubishi Corporation of 10 million
carbon dioxide credits in exchange for 507 i-MiEV electric cars. The deal also included funding to build 250
fast charging stations in larger towns and main highways by 2013, and subsidies for the first 500 private buyers
of any electric car approved by the European Union.[178][179] The first 50 i-MiEVs were delivered in October
2011 and this official fleet was assigned for use by municipal social workers.[180][181] During the first round of
allocations of the electric cars, municipalities requested only 336 of the 507 i-MiEVs available. Several local
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authorities stated concerns about the electric car performance during harsh winter conditions, maintenance
costs and the i-MiEV' reliability on difficult countryside roads.[182][183]
Finland
Electric cars are also present in Finland, with companies such as Valmet Automotive (Fisker Karma and Garia
A/S electric golf cart production) and also agreement of Think City car production,[184] Fortum (concept cars
and infrastructure), Kabus (http://www.kabus.fi/etusivu/96-etusivu/2151-briefly-in-english) (hybrid buses; part
of Koiviston Auto Oy), BRP Finland (part of Bombardier Recreational Products), Lynx (snowmobile), Patria
(military vehicles), European Batteries (http://www.europeanbatteries.com/) (Li-ion battery plant in Varkaus),
Finnish Electric Vehicles (http://www.fevt.com/) (battery control systems), ABB, Efore (http://www.efore.com
/en_GB/), Vacon (electric motor technology production), Ensto (http://www.ensto.com/solutions/evcharging/)
(production of charging units), Elcat (electric vehicle production since the 1980s), production of electric car
accessories (http://www.acev.fi/), Suomen Shkauto Oy (http://www.yritysopas.com/tiedot
/Pori/Suomen_Sahkoauto_Oy/) (produces small electric cars), Oy AMC Motors Ltd.
(http://www.amcmotors.fi/) (produces and designs small electric cars), Raceabout[185] (specialist electric sport
car with very few sales), Gemoto skooters from Cabotec (http://www.cebotec.tawi.fi/), Resonate's Gemini and
Janus Scooters (http://www.resonate.fi/), Moto Bella Oy (http://www.motoitalia.fi/www/), Axcomotors
(http://www.axcomotors.com/), Randax (http://www.randax.fi/web/palvelut/), Visedo
(http://www.visedo.com/).
Research related to electric cars is in progress at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland and Tekes
(http://www.tekes.fi/en/community/Home/351/Home/473).
Electric Motor Show
Sharing knowledge is also in progress: in Helsinki the Electric Motor Show was held from 10 to 12 September
2010.[186] The show will feature only cars, motorcycles, scooters, mopeds and microcars and components for
them. Year 2010 is second year for Helsinki Electric motor show.The plan is to hold the show annually.
Infrastructure
Basic charging infrastructure is already available all over Finland, used for engine pre-warming in the cold
winters. Because of its climate cold winters and warm summers Finland is considered a convenient "test
laboratory" for electric cars and many companies have made field tests in Finland. It has been said in Autobild
08/09 magazine that Fortum is developing the high-speed charging system. With a new kind of three-phase
charging method electric cars can be charged in four minutes. A commercial product should be ready by 2011.
There are also mines and metal refineries for lithium alloy in Finland. At the moment there are several mining
projects under way such as the Keliber project.[187]
Support organizations
There are several electric car organisations in Finland, such as the Electric Vehicle Association of Finland
(http://www.sahkoajoneuvoyhdistys.fi/framesen.html) and Electric Vehicles Finland (http://www.evfelectric.fi/).
Electric Cars - Now!
There is also a non-commercial electric car conversion organisation called Electric Cars - Now![188] that
converts standard Toyota Corollas into Li-ion battery-powered electric cars. As of August 2009, more than
1,700 pre-orders for conversion Toyotas have been placed. The speciality in the Electric Cars - Now! project
is that it is an open source project: anyone can start similar production anywhere they want, the benefits for
the customer being open-source spare part coding and so on. The ideas and design are freely available from
the Electric Cars - Now! organisation.
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France
Since January 2010, a total of 43,605 highway-capable
all-electric vehicles have been registered in France through
December 2014, consisting of 27,816 passenger cars and
15,789 are electric utility vans.[189][190][191][192] Electric
car registrations increased from 184 units in 2010 to 2,630
in 2011.[193] Sales in 2012 increased 115% from 2011 to
5,663 cars,[194] allowing France to rank 4th among the top
selling EV countries, with an 11% market share of global
all-electric car sales in 2012.[10] Registrations reached
8,779 electric cars in 2013, up 55.0% from 2012,[195] and
the all-electric market share of total new car sales went up
to 0.49% from 0.3% in 2012.[194][196]
Registration of all-electric vehicles in France by type

of vehicle between 2010 and 2014.[189][190][191][192]
In addition, 5,175 electric utility vans were registered in

2013, up 42% from 2012,[195] and representing a market share of 1.4% of all new light commercial vehicles
sold in 2013.[196] Sales of electric passenger cars and utility vans totaled 13,954 units in 2013,[195] capturing a
combined market share of 0.65% of these two segments new car sales.[3] When accounting together sales of
pure electric cars and light utility vehicles, France was the leading European all-electric market in 2012 and
2013.[3][195][197]
A total of 15,045 all-electric cars and vans were registered in 2014, up 7.8%
from 2013. With 10,560 cars registered in 2014, up 20.3% from the previous
year, sales of all-electric vehicles passed the 10,000 unit milestone for the
first time.[192] This figure rises to 10,968 units if the BMW i3 with range
extender is accounted for.[199] All-electric utility vans continued to be a
significant share of the all-electric segment, with 4,485 units registered in
2014, but down 13.3% from 2013.[192] All-electric cars captured a 0.59%
The Bollor Bluecar, deployed
market share of the 1.7 million new car registered in France in 2014, while
for the Parisian Autolib'
light-duty electric vehicles reached a 1.22% market share of their segment.
carsharing program, led
Combined both segments represented a market share of 0.70% of new
highway-capable electric car
registrations in the country in 2014.[200] Light-duty all-electric vehicle sales
registrations in France in
achieved its best monthly volume on record ever in December 2014, with
2012.[198]
2,227 units registered, twice the volume registered the same month in
2013.[192] The slow down in sales that took place in the French EV market
during the first half of 2014, allowed Norway, with 18,649 new all-electric vehicles registered, to end 2014 as
the top selling European market in the all-electric segment, with France ranking second.[201][202]
In France plug-in hybrids or rechargeable hybrids are classified and accounted together with conventional
hybrid electric vehicles. Almost 1,500 plug-in hybrids were registered during 2012 and 2013.[203][204] Of these,
a total of 666 plug-in hybrids were registered during 2012. The segment sales were led by the Toyota Prius
PHV, with 413 registrations, followed by the Opel Ampera with 190.[203] During 2013 a total of 800 plug-in
hybrids were sold, up 20% from 2012, with the Prius PHEV continuing as the segment leader with 393 units,
followed by the Volvo V60 PHEV with 241 units and the Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid with 90 units.[204]
When plug-in hybrids sales in 2013 are accounted for, a total of 14,762 plug-in electric vehicles were
registered in France in 2013,[195][204] making the country to rank second in the plug-in European market after
the Netherlands, which sold 28,673 plug-in electric vehicles in 2013.[3] Plug-in hybrid car registrations totaled
1,519 units in 2014, almost doubling registrations from a year earlier.[205] Plug-in hybrid sales were driven by
the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, with 820 units registered in 2014, representing 54% of the segment
registrations in France that year.[206] Between 2012 and 2014, cumulative plug-in hybrid registrations reached
2,985 units, rising cumulative French registrations of plug-in electric vehicles since 2005 to 46,590 units,
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[202][203][204][205] just
ahead of the Netherlands (45,020),[207] and making France the European country where
there are more plug-in electric vehicles on the road.[202]
Electric car sales in the French market for 2011 were led by the Citron
C-Zero with 645 units followed by the Peugeot iOns with 639 vehicles, and
the Bollor Bluecar with 399 electric cars.[193] During 2012, all-electric car
registrations in France were led by the Bluecar with 1,543 units, the C-Zero
with 1,409, and the iOn with 1,335, together representing 76% of all electric
car sales that year.[198] The Renault Kangoo Z.E. was the top selling utility
electric vehicle with 2,869 units registered in 2012, representing a market
share of 82% of the segment.[197][208] The Renault Twizy electric quadricycle,
launched in March 2012, sold 2,232 units during 2012, surpassing the Bollor
Bluecar, the top selling highway-capable electric car, and ranked as the
second best selling plug-in electric vehicle after the Kangoo Z.E.[209]
The Renault Kangoo Z.E. is the

country's top selling all-electric
utility vehicle with over 10,000
units sold through 2014.[195]
The Renault Zoe led electric car

sales in France in 2013 and
2014, and became the country's
best selling all-electric car ever
with over 11,000 units.
[189][195]
During 2013, registrations of pure electric
cars were led by the Renault Zoe with 5,511
units representing 62.8% of total electric car
sales, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 1,438 units.[195] Registrations of
all-electric light utility vehicles were led by the Renault Kangoo Z.E. with
4,174 units, representing 80.7% of the segment sales.[195] During 2013
several electric cars from major manufacturers were launched in France.
Tesla Model S deliveries to retail customers began in September 2013,[211] the
BMW i3 was launched in October, and the Volkswagen e-Up! in
November.[189]
The Zoe continued leading all-electric vehicle registration in 2014, with 5,970
units registered, followed by the Kangoo Z.E. van with 2,657 registrations,
and the Nissan Leaf ranked next with 1,600 units.[189][200] As of December
2014, the Renault Zoe is the French leader in the all-electric vehicle segment with 11,529 units registered since
2012, followed by the Kangoo Z.E. utility van with 10,483 units registered since 2010, the Bollor Bluecar
with 3,770 units, and the Nissan Leaf with 3,645 units.[189][195][200][210][208] Most units of the Bluecar are in
operation for the Autolib' car sharing service in Paris, and similar schemes in Lyon and Bordeaux.[212]
[200][210][208]
The following table presents registrations of highway-capable electric vehicles by type and electric car
registrations by model between 2010 and December 2014.
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Registration of highway-capable all-electric vehicles by model

and total registrations by vehicle type in France
between January 2010 and December 2014[189]
Model
Market
Total
2014
2010-2014 share(1)
2013 2012 2011 2010
Renault Zoe
11,529
41.4%
5,970 5,511
Bollor Bluecar
3,770
13.6%
1,170
Nissan Leaf
3,645
13.1%
1,600 1,438
Peugeot iOn
2,419
8.7%
163
178
1,409 639
30
Citron C-Zero
2,241
8.1%
154
80
1,335 645
27
Smart electric drive
1,139
4.1%
509
478
66
52
Mia electric
843
3.0%
201
384
249
Renault Fluence Z.E.
727
2.6%
18
295
396
13
Tesla Model S[189][213]
363
1.3%
328
35
Volkswagen e-Up!
329
1.2%
265
64
BMW i3(2)
261
0.9%
193
68
Th!nk City
121
0.4%
110
11
Mitsubishi i MiEV
112
0.4%
42
Volkswagen e-Golf
89
0.3%
89
Kia Soul EV
63
0.2%
63
Mini E
50
0.2%
Tesla Roadster
31
0.1%
Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive
15
0.05%
Volkswagen Golf blue-e-motion
15
0.05%
Nissan e-NV200 pax van
12
0.04%
12
Ford Focus Electric
12
0.04%
BMW ActiveE
10
0.04%
Volvo C30 Electric
0.02%
Lumeneo Neoma
0.01%
658
38
48
1,543 399
524
24
83
34
50
1
10
11
15
15
4
10
6
3
Total registrations electric cars[189]
27,816
63.8% 10,560 8,779 5,663 2,630 184
Renault Kangoo Z.E.[195][200][210][208]
10,483
66.4%
2,657 4,174 2,869 768
Total registrations utility vans[190][191][192]
15,789
36.2%
4,485 5,175 3,651 1,682 796
Total registrations highway-capable BEVs
43,605
100% 15,045 13,954 9,314 4,312 980
15
Note: (1) By model, is the market share as percentage of the 27,816 electric cars and 15,789 vans registered between
2010 and 2014, and by type, the share of each type of vehicle (car or van) as percentage of the 43,605 electric
vehicles registered between 2010 and 2014.[189][190][191][192] (2) BMW i3 figures exclude units with REx option.
Until July 31, 2012, and under a Bonus-Malus system, a bonus was granted in France up to 5,000 for the
purchase of new cars with CO2 emissions of 60 gr/km or less that benefited all-electric cars and any plug-in
hybrid with such low emissions. Vehicles emitting up to 125 gr/km or less, such as hybrids and natural gas
25.2.2015 0:54
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vehicles, were granted up to 2,000.[70][214] The incentive could not exceed

20% of the sales price including VAT, with the cost of the battery added if it is
rented.[70]
Effective on August 1, 2012, the government increased the bonus for electric
cars up to 7,000 but capped at 30% of the vehicle price including VAT. The
price includes any battery leasing charges, and therefore, electric cars which
need a battery leasing contract also are eligible for the bonus. An electric car
sold for 23 333 including VAT is eligible for the maximum bonus of 7000
euros. The emission level for the maximum bonus was raised to 20 gr/km or
less. Cars with emission levels between 20 to 50 gr/km are eligible to a bonus
of up to 5,000.[215]
BMW i3 charging at an
Autolib' carsharing station in
Paris.
Germany
As of December 2014, there were over 25,000 plug-in
electric cars registered in Germany,[219][220] of which,
more than half (13,049) were registered during 2014.[219]
Most of the plug-in stock in Germany has been registered
by corporate customers. As of December 2013, only 3,098
(25.5%) units were registered by private individuals, and
car manufacturers and the automobile industry have
registered 3,981 cars (32.7%) for research, demonstration
and promotional purposes.[220] The official German
definition of electric vehicles changed at the beginning of
2013, before that, official statistics only registered
all-electric vehicles because plug-in hybrids were
accounted together with conventional hybrids. As a result,
the registrations figures for 2012 and older do not account
for total new plug-in electric car registrations.[221] As of
November 2014, the country has 4,800 public charging
stations.[222]
Annual registration of plug-in electric vehicles in

Germany by type of vehicle between 2010 and
2014.[216][217][218][219]
The fleet of electric car registered in the country increased

from 1,558 units in 2009 to 2,307 in 2010. The electric car stock in 2011 increased 96.8% from 2010 to 4,541
units registered, and up 56.7% from 2011 to 7,114 units in 2012, reaching 12,156 registered cars on 1 January
2014.[220] At the beginning of 2014 registrations of plug-in electric vehicles represented a 0.028% market
share of all passenger vehicles registered in Germany. Most of the plug-in stock in the country is registered by
corporate buyers.[220] During the first nine months of 2014, a total of 9,100 plug-in cars were registered,
consisting of 6,047 electric cars and 3,053 plug-in hybrids. The segment market share climbed to 0.4% of new
passenger car registrations.[223] As of September 2014, the all-electric segment grew 40% year-over-year,
while plug-in hybrids, including the BMW i3 REx, experienced a growth of 202%.[223]
During 2011, a total of 2,154 pure electric cars were registered in the country, up from 541 units in 2010.[216]
All-electric car sales for 2011 were led by the Mitsubishi i-MiEV family with 683 i-MiEVs, 208 Peugeot iOns
and 200 Citron C-Zeros, representing 50.6% of all electric car registrations in 2011.[216] Plug-in hybrid
registrations totaled 266 units in 2011, 241 Opel Amperas and 25 Chevrolet Volts, for a total of 2,420 plug-in
electric vehicles registered in 2011.[224]
A total of 2,956 all-electric vehicles were registered in Germany during 2012, a 37.2% increase over 2011.[217]
When 901 registered plug-in hybrids are accounted for, 2012 registrations climb to 3,857 units,[217][225] and
sales of plug-in electric car represented a 0.12% market share of new passenger vehicles sold in the country in
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As of December 2013, the

Smart electric drive led the
plug-in electric car segment in
Germany with 2,952 units
registered.[220]
2012.[226] Most sales in the country were made by corporate and fleet
customers and 1,493 all-electric vehicles were registered by the automobile
industry, as demonstration or research vehicles.[217] Registrations of plug-in
electric-drive vehicles were led by the Opel Ampera extended-range electric
car with 828 units, followed by the Smart electric drive with 734 units.
[225][227] In addition, a total of 2,413 Renault Twizys were sold during 2012,
making Germany the top selling European market for the electric
quadricycle.[209][228]
A total of 7,436 new plug-in electric cars

were registered in Germany in 2013,
consisting of 6,051 all-electric cars and
1,385 plug-in hybrids.[218] Total registrations
at the end of 2013 reached 12,156 units.[220] The Smart electric drive led new
plug-in car registrations in 2013 with 2,146 units, followed by Renault Zoe
with 1,019, the Nissan Leaf with 855 units, and the BMW i3 with
The BMW i3 led plug-in car
559.[230][231] During the first six months of 2014 registrations totaled 5,763
registrations in 2014.[229]
units,[232] with the BMW i3 as the segment leader with 1,378 units registered,
followed by the Volkswagen e-Up! with 884 and the Smart ED with
645.[233][234] The i3 ended 2014 as the top selling plug-in electric car with 2,233 units registered.[229]
Accounting for registrations of plug-in electric cars between January 2010 and June 2014, the leading model is
the Smart electric drive with 3,959 units, with a significant number in use by carsharing services, followed by
the BMW i3 with 1,937 units, Nissan Leaf with 1,693 units, Renault Zoe with 1,532, and Opel Ampera with
1,450 units.[216][217][224][225][230][231][233][234][235]
The following table presents registrations of the top selling highway-capable plug-in electric cars available for
retail customers by year between 2010 and June 2014.
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Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric cars by model

in Germany between 2010 and June 2014[216][217][224][225][230][231][233][234][235]
Model
Total
2Q
2013
2010-2014(1) 2014
2011
2010
734
328
106
451
828
241
3,959
BMW i3
1,937
Nissan Leaf
1,693
380
Renault Zoe
1,532
513 1,019
Opel Ampera
1,450
46
335
Volkswagen e-Up!
1,034
884
150
Citron C-Zero
950
17
276
454
200
Mitsubishi i MiEV
910
56
89
71
683
11
Tesla Model S
637
446
191
Peugeot iOn
520
48
263
208
507
507
Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid
316
243
73
Renault Fluence Z.E.
273
60
Volkswagen e-Golf
231
231
Tesla Roadster
190
67
100
23
BMW ActiveE
124
11
113
Chevrolet Volt
73
25
23
25
Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid
63
51
12
BMW i8
55
55
Ford Focus Electric
51
16
Fisker Karma
50
Tazzari Zero
50
Volvo C30 Electric
21
Total and registrations by year[216][217][218][220][221]
17,919(2)
645 2,146
2012
1,378 559
855
213
35
50
50
12
5,763 7,436 2,956(2) 2,154(2) 541(2)
Notes: (1) CYTD: current year-to-date sales through June 2014. (2) The official KBA registration numbers only
registered all-electric vehicles before 2013 (plug-in hybrids were accounted together with conventional hybrids).
As a result, these figures do not include plug-in hybrids, and the cumulative total does not reflect actual all new
plug-in electric car registrations before 2013.[221]
In May 2010, under its National Plattform for Electric Mobility, Chancellor Angela Merkel set the goal to
bring 1 million electric vehicles on German roads by 2020.[236][237] However, the government also announced
that it will not provide subsidies to the sales of plug-in electric cars but instead it will only fund research in the
area of electric mobility.[236] Electric vehicles and plug-ins in Germany are exempt from the annual circulation
tax for a period of five years from the date of their first registration.[70][238]
The private use of a company car is treated as taxable income in Germany and measured at a flat monthly rate
of 1% of the vehicle's gross list price. So plug-in electric cars have been at a disadvantage since their price tag
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can be as much as double that of a car using a conventional internal

combustion engine due to the high cost of the battery. In June 2013 German
legislators approved a law that ends the tax disadvantage for corporate
plug-in electric cars. The law, backdated to 1 January 2013, allows private
users to offset the list price with 500 per unit of battery size, expressed in
kilowatt hours (kWh). The maximum offset was set at 10,000 corresponding
to a 20 kWh battery. the amount one can offset will sink annually by 50 per
kilowatt hour.[239]
In August 2014, the federal government announced its plan to introduce
non-monetary incentives through new legislation to be effective by 1
February 2015. The proposed user benefits include measures to privilege
battery-powered cars, fuel cell vehicles and some plug-in hybrids, just like
Norway does, by granting local governments the authority to allow these
vehicles into bus lanes, and to offer free parking and reserved parking spaces
in locations with charging points.[240][241] Not all plug-in hybrids will qualify
Chancellor Angela Merkel

announced her goal to bring 1
million electric vehicles on
German roads at the 2010
Electromobility Summit in
Berlin.
for the benefits, only those with CO2 emissions of no more than 50 g/km or an all-electric range of over 30 km
(19 mi) are eligible.[242] The range criteria will rise to 40 km (25 mi) starting in 2018.[243]
According to the fourth progress report of the German National Platform for Electric Mobility, only about
24,000 plug-in electric cars are on German roads by the end of November 2014, well behind the target of
100,000 unit goal set for 2014. As a result, Chancellor Angela Merkel recognized in December 2014 that the
government has to provide more incentives to meet the goal of having 1 million electric cars on the countrys
roads by 2020. Among others, the federal government is considering to offer a tax break for zero-emission
company cars, more subsidies to expand charging infrastructure, particularly to deploy more public fast
chargers, and more public funding for research and development of the next generation of rechargeable
batteries.[222][244]
Iceland
2012 - New beginning; A group in Iceland was planning to convert all vehicles in the country to electric by
2012, the first to do so.[186][245] As of 2012 this has not happened.
During 2013 a total of 72 plug-in electric cars were sold in Iceland representing a 0.94% market share of new
car sales during the year. The Nissan Leaf led sales with 29 units sold in 2013, followed by the Mitsubishi
i-MiEV and Prius PHEV with 13 registrations each, Tesla Model S with 8, Chevrolet Volt 4, Citroen C-Zero 3
and Opel Ampera 2 units.[246]
India
In India, Mahindra Reva e2o electric car was introduced on March 2013. It operates on lithium ion battery
with 100 km range for 4 hours of charging. In addition to this, there are several other companies involved in
making electric bikes (http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-biking-and-motoring-top-5electric-bikes-manufacturers-in-india/20130509.htm%20electric%20bikes#1) like Hero
(http://www.heroelectric.in/) and Ampere (http://www.ampvl.com/india/index.html).
The Indian government admitted that it has not implemented schemes/policy initiatives to encourage the
adoption of electric vehicles. This information was given on December 2, 2014 by Minister of State in the
Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises G. M. Siddeshwara in a written reply to Lok Sabha
question.
The Minister said in his reply that a Scheme for Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric and Hybrid
Vehicles In India, under the National Electric Mobility Mission 2020 has been proposed. The scheme
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envisages to encourage progressive induction of reliable, affordable and efficient electric and hybrid vehicles
(xEV) in the country that meet consumer performance and price expectations, through Government-Industry
collaboration for promotion and development of indigenous manufacturing capabilities, required infrastructure,
consumer awareness and technology; thereby helping India to emerge as a leader in the xEV Two Wheeler and
Four Wheeler market in the world by 2020. The Mission aims at providing a clean transportation system to the
people that is not dependent on gasoline based fossil fuel, he said.
But the Minister also admitted that the scheme is only on paper no policy initiative has been undertaken to
encourage Electric Vehicles in India.[247]
Israel
Israel was the first nation in the world that partnered with Better Place to
have an electric car infrastructure.Shai Agassi, former CEO of Better Place
claimed that in Israel by 2016, plus or minus a year, more than 50% of cars
sold will be electric.[250] Better place reached agreements with RenaultNissan and the Israeli government to begin the first phases of the companys
efforts to deploy the worlds first integrated electric car network. Israel was
considered a viable site for this innovative endeavor due to the countrys
relatively small size and the fact that approximately 90% of the nations car
owners drive less than 40 mi (60 km) a day.[251] Israel enacted policies to
create a tax differential between zero-emission vehicles and traditional cars,
to accelerate the transition to electric cars.[252]
Parade of Renault Fluence Z.E.

electric cars enabled with
battery swapping technology to
commemorate the first
deliveries to Better Place
employees in Israel in January
2012.[248][249]
Better Place designed an infrastructure

consisting of 500,000 charging stations and
almost 200 battery-exchange stations. In
December 2008, Better Place revealed its
first plug-in parking lot in Tel Aviv. Additionally, in May 2009, the company
unveiled its patented battery swap system, which is designed for drivers
taking longer road trips who lack the time needed to recharge their own
battery.[253] The first battery-swapping station in Israel, in Kiryat Ekron, near
Better Place's battery switching
Rehovot, was deployed in March 2011. The station was the first of
station in Israel
approximately 40 planned stations to begin operating in the near term. The
battery exchange process took five minutes.[254] The company also erected
over 1,000 functional charging spots for the cars.[254] Orders for the Renault Fluence ZE, the car selected for
the Better Place network, began in July 2011.[255]
The first deliveries of the Renault Fluence Z.E. took place on the 22nd of January 2012 and around 100
electric cars were allocated among Better Place employees.[248][249] Retail customer deliveries began in the
second quarter of 2012.[256] As of mid September 2012, there were 21 operational battery-swap stations open
to the public in Israel.[257] In October 2012, Better Place signed a deal with Elco to supply 125 Renault
Fluence ZEs through 2012 and 2013.[258] As of December 2012, a total of 518 cars had been sold in the
country,[259] and during the first four months of 2013, 422 units were sold, bringing the total to 940.[260]
Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel in May 2013. The company's financial difficulties were caused by
the high investment required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure, about US$850 million in
private capital, and a market penetration significantly lower than originally predicted by Shai Agassi.[261][262]
Under Better Place's business model, the company owns the Fluence Z.E. batteries, so the court liquidator will
have to decide what to do with customers who do not have ownership of the battery and risk being left with a
useless car.[263]
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Ireland
In November 2008, the Department of Transport announced the Electric Transport Plan which calls for 10%
of all vehicles to be electric by 2020. Government officials reached agreements with French car maker Renault
and its Japanese partner Nissan to boost the use of electric cars. Eamon Ryan Ireland's former Minister for
Communications, Energy and Natural Resources repeatedly emphasised the importance of the electric car
within the Irish context. The Electricity Supply Board has actively supported this call and sees electric vehicles
as a key part of its strategy with regard to wind power in the Republic of Ireland. Sustainable Energy Ireland
(SEI) is currently looking at a number of pilot projects. More information on incentives was expected to come
to light in the 2010 Irish Budget.
Japan
As of December 2014, the stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in
Japan is the second largest in the world after the United States, with about
105,000 plug-in electric vehicles sold in the country since 2009.[2] During
2012, global sales of pure electric cars were led by Japan with a 28% market
share of total sales, followed by the United States with a 26% share. Japan
ranked second after the U.S. in terms of its share of plug-in hybrid sales in
2012, with a 12% of global sales.[10] A total of 30.587 highway-capable
plug-in electric vehicles were sold in Japan in 2013.[2] In 2014 the segment
sales remained flat with 30,390 units sold, and a market share of 1.06% of
total new car sales in the country (kei cars not included).[2]
Nissan Leaf taxi at the

Kumamoto Prefecture. As of
December 2014, the Leaf is the
top selling plug-in electric
vehicle in Japan with 48,641
units.[264]
The Japanese electric vehicle charging infrastructure climbed from only 60

public charging stations in early 2010,[265] to 1,381 public quick-charge
stations as of December 2012, representing the largest deployment of fast
chargers in the world. The number of non-domestic slow charger points
increased to around 300 units.[10] Japan also is the country with the highest ratio of quick charging points to
electric vehicles (EVSE/EV), with a ratio of 0.030 as of December 2012. The Japanese government has set up
a target to deploy 2 million slow chargers and 5,000 fast charging points by 2020.[10]
Introduction and sales
The first electric car available in the Japanese market was the Mitsubishi i MiEV, launched for fleet customers
in Japan in late July 2009.[265][266] Retail sales to the public began in April 2010.[267][268][269] Cumulative sales
since July 2009 reached 10,423 i-MiEVs through December 2014.[270][29] Sales of the Mitsubishi Minicab
MiEV electric van began in December 2011, and a total of 5,560 units have been sold through December
2014.[270] A truck version of the Minicab MiEV was launched in January 2013,[271] with sales of 731 units
through December 2014.[270] Mitsubishi also launched in January 2013 a plug-in hybrid version of the
Outlander, called the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, becoming the first SUV plug-in hybrid in the world's
market.[272] The Outlander P-HEV sold 9,608 units during 2013, ranking as the second top selling plug-in
electric car in Japan after the Nissan Leaf.[27][273] Again in 2014, the Outlander plug-in hybrid ranked as the
second best selling plug-in car in Japan, with 10,064 units sold.[270][274] Sales of the Outlander P-HEV totaled
19,674 units through December 2014.[270] As of December 2014, Mitsubishi has sold 36,386 light-duty plug-in
electric vehicles in Japan since July 2009.[270][29]
Sales of the Nissan Leaf began on December 22, 2010, when the first 10 Leaf were delivered at the Kanagawa
Prefecture.[275][276] Sales of the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid began in January 2012, and a total of 19,100 units
have been sold through September 2014.[277] The Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid is available in Japan, and as
of December 2013, ranks as the third best selling plug-in hybrid in the domestic market.[278] Retail deliveries
of the Tesla Model S began in Japan in September 2014.[279]
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Sales of the plug-in electric drive segment in 2013 were led by the Nissan Leaf with 13,021 units sold, up from
11,115 in 2012.[28] The Leaf continued as the market leader in 2014 with 14,177 units sold, followed by the
Outlander P-HEV with 10,064 units, together representing about 80% of the plug-in segment sales in Japan in
2014.[270][274][280] As of December 2014, the Leaf continues as the top selling plug-in electric car in the
country since 2011, with 48,641 Leafs sold since December 2010.[264]
The following table presents sales for the top selling highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles since July 2009
through December 2014, totaling sales of over 104,500 plug-in electric vehicles, of which about 63% are
all-electric vehicles.[264][270][277][29][281]
Top selling highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles
available in the Japanese market between 2009 and 2014
Model
Type
of PEV
Market
launch
December
2010
Sales
Comments
48,641 Sales through December 2014.[264]
Nissan Leaf
Electric car
Mitsubishi Outlander
P-HEV
Plug-in hybrid
SUV
January 2013 19,672 Sales through December 2014.[270]
Toyota Prius PHV
Plug-in hybrid
January 2012 19,100 Sales through September 2014.[277]
Mitsubishi i-MiEV
Electric car
July 2009
10,423
Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV
All-electric van
December
2011
5,560 Sales through December 2014.[270]
Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV

truck
All-electric truck
BMW i3
Electric car
January 2013
731
2014
+ 400
Sales through December

2014.[270][29]
Sales through December 2014.[270]

Sales between April and August
2014.[281]
Note: The Nissan e-NV200, Tesla Model S and Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid are also available in Japan, but sales figures are not
available.
In May 2009 the Japanese Diet passed the "Green Vehicle Purchasing
Promotion Measure" that went into effect on June 19, 2009, but retroactive
to April 10, 2009.[282] The program established tax deductions and
exemptions for environmentally friendly and fuel efficient vehicles, according
to a set of stipulated environmental performance criteria, and the
requirements are applied equally to both foreign and domestically produced
vehicles. The program provided purchasing subsidies for two type of cases,
consumers purchasing a new passenger car without trade-in
(non-replacement program), and for those consumers buying a new car
trading a used car registered 13 years ago or earlier (scrappage program).
Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV in

Japan.
[282][283]
Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles without scrapping a used car are 100,000 yen
(~US$1,100) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 50,000 yen (~US$550) for the purchase of a mini
or kei vehicle. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses meeting the stipulated fuel efficiency and emission
criteria vary between 200,000 yen (~US$2,100) to 900,000 yen (~US$9,600).[282][284][285]
Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles in the case of owners scrapping a 13 year or
older vehicle are 250,000 yen (~US$2,700) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 125,000 yen
25.2.2015 0:54
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(~US$1,300) for the purchase of a mini or kei vehicle. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses meeting the
stipulated fuel efficiency and emission criteria vary between 400,000 yen (~US$4,300) to 1,800,000 yen
(~US$19,000).[282][284][285]
All incentives for new purchases with or without trading were applicable in Japan's fiscal year 2009, from
April 1, 2009 through March 31, 2010.[284][285]
Mexico
In October 2009 Nissan reached an agreement with the local government of Mexico City, by which 500 Leafs
would be delivered by 2011 for use of government and corporate fleets. In exchange, recharging infrastructure
was to be deployed by the city government, and an exemption from the ownership tax is being pursued.
[286][287] The city government of Mexico D.F. also reached an agreement with Nissan in November 2010 in
order for the first 100 Leafs to be introduced in the country to operate as part of the capital's taxi fleet.[288][289]
The first Leafs destined for the taxi fleet were delivered by late September 2011,[290][291] allowing the country
to become the first Latin American market where the Leaf is available.[292]
As of February 2013, there were in the country about 70 Leafs deployed as taxis, 50 in Aguascalientes and 20
in Mexico City.[293] The Aguascalientes program began in May 2012, and its implementation included the
deployment of a garage with 58 charging points, the largest of its kind in the world.[294] Carrot Mexico, a
carsharing company operating in Mexico City, acquired 3 Leafs which are available to their 1,600
customers.[295] As of October 2012, there were no government fiscal incentives available to lower the
purchase price of electric cars, neither preferential electricity rates for electric car owners. However, electric
cars are exempted from the road space rationing implemented by plate number to restrict access to Mexico
City to improve its air quality.[294]
Retail sales of the Nissan Leaf began in June 2014, with availability initially limited to Mexico City.[296]
Deliveries to retail customers began in August 2014.[297] The BMW i3 and i8 are also available in the country.
Retail deliveries of the i3 began in Mexico City in late September 2014.[298][299]
Netherlands
As of December 2014, a total of 45,020 highway legal
plug-in electric vehicles were registered in the
Netherlands, consisting of 36,937 range-extended or
plug-in hybrids, 6,825 pure electric cars, and 1,258
all-electric light utility vans. When buses, trucks,
motorcycles, quadricycles and tricycles are accounted for,
the Dutch plug-in electric-drive fleet climbs to 46,111
units.[207] The country's electric vehicle stock reaches
73,574 units when mopeds (3,441), electric bicycles
(23,850), and microcars (172) are accounted for.[207]
The Netherlands is among the country's with the highest
EV market penetration in the world. Registrations of
plug-in electric car represented a 0.57% share of total new
car registrations in the country during 2011 and 2012,
ahead of other European countries with a larger car
market, such as Germany, France, and the U.K.[302] During
2013 plug-in electric passenger car registrations totaled
22,415 units, climbing 338% from 2012, the highest rate of
growth of any country in the world in 2013.[3][301] The
Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric

vehicles in the Netherlands between 2010 and 2014.
Plug-in hybrids have an 85.5% market share of the
Dutch plug-in passenger car segment, the largest
market share of any country in the world.[300][301]
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segment market share surged almost ten times from 2012 to 5.34% new car sales in the country during that
year,[24] the world's second highest in 2013 after Norway (5.6%).[3] The rapid growth of segment during 2013,
allowed the Netherlands to reach a market penetration for plug-in vehicles of around 1.71 vehicles per 1,000
people, second only to Norway (4.04).[3]
A total of 5,093 plug-in electric cars were registered in the Netherlands during 2012.[303][304] Sales of plug-in
hybrid cars took the lead over all-electric cars during 2012. The Opel Ampera was the best selling plug-in
electric car with 2,696 units sold in 2012, with the Prius Plug-in Hybrid ranking second, with 1,184 units,
followed by the Chevrolet Volt with 306 units. Adding 140 Fisker Karmas sold during 2012, the plug-in hybrid
segment led the Dutch market with 4,326 units sold during 2012, representing 84.9% of all plug-in electric car
sales in the country during this year.[303][304] The Nissan Leaf was the top selling all-electric car in the country
in 2012 with 265 units sold, and a total of 559 units since their introduction in the country by mid-2011.
[303][304]
As of December 2014 the

Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is
the top selling plug-in electric
vehicle in the Netherlands, with
15,725 units sold.[300]
In November 2013, a total of 2,736 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs were sold,

making the plug-in hybrid the top selling new car in the country that month,
representing a market share of 6.8% of all the new cars sold.[305][306] Again in
December 2013, the Outlander P-HEV ranked as the top selling new car in
the country with 4,976 units, representing a 12.6% market share of new car
sales, contributing to a world record plug-in vehicle market share of 23.8% of
new car sales.[307][308] The Netherlands is the second country, after Norway,
where plug-in electric cars have topped the monthly ranking of new car sales.
[305][306][308] The strong increase of plug-in car sales during the last months of
2013 was due to the end of the total exemption of the registration fee for
corporate cars, which is valid for 5 years. From January 1, 2014, all-electric
vehicles pay a 4% registration fee and plug-in hybrids a 7% fee.[309]
The dominance of plug-in hybrids in the Netherlands is reflected by the fact that four out of the top five
registered plug-in electric models are plug-in hybrids. As of September 2014, Dutch plug-in passenger car
registrations are led by the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (14,567), followed by the Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid
(8,941), Opel Ampera (4,970 units), and the Prius PHV (3,978).[300] Ranking fifth is the Tesla Model S
all-electric sedan (2,150), which in December 2013 passed the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid (1,066).[300][301]
A total of 34,362 plug-in hybrids out of 40,111 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in the
Netherlands as of 30 September 2014, representing 83.9% of the country's highway legal plug-in electric drive
stock.[300]
The following table presents registrations by year for the top selling plug-in electric cars by year since 2009
through June 2014.
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Registration of plug-in electric cars by model in the Netherlands

between 2009 and June 2014[301][304][310][311][312][313][314]
Model
Total
Market
2Q
share
registrations[310]
2014
2009-2014(1) 2009-2014(1)
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
Mitsubishi
Outlander P-HEV
13,129
35.2%
5,090
8,038
Volvo V60
Plug-in Hybrid
8,231
22.1%
1,948
6,260
23
Opel Ampera
4,942[310]
13.2%
2,218
2,696
Toyota Prius
PHV
3,923
10.5%
32
2,707
1,184
Tesla Model S
1,761[310]
4.7%
568
1,192
Nissan
Leaf[313][314]
1,280
3.4%
259
462
265
294
1,060[310]
2.8%
745
306
649[310]
1.7%
85
547
Volkswagen
e-Up![315][316]
618
1.7%
30
588
BMW i3[314]
582
1.6%
330
252
Smart electric
drive[316][317]
378[310]
1.1%
21
53
55
267
Peugeot iOn
266
0.7%
14
170
82
Porsche
Panamera S
E-Hybrid[315][316]
220
0.6%
161
59
Fisker Karma[317]
188
0.5%
48
140
Citron C-Zero
166
0.4%
29
110
27
Renault Fluence
Z.E.
134
0.4%
13
115
Mitsubishi
i-MiEV
131
0.4%
52
13
61
Th!nk City[317]
118
0.3%
65
13
26
49
24
Tesla
Roadster[317]
101
0.3%
26
43
27
Porsche 918
Spyder
0.1%
BMW i8
0.003%
McLaren P1[316]
0.003%
1
23,285
5,116
819
81
28
Chevrolet Volt
Renault Zoe
Total annual registrations (plug-in hybrids and

all-electric passenger cars)(2)
8,540
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Cumulative PEVs registrations (plug-in passenger 38,048

[301] 6,258[301] 1,141[301] 395[318] 68[319]
[310] 29,342
cars and utility vans)
Notes: (1) CYTD through June 2014. Market share as percentage of the 37,307 plug-in electric vehicles registered in the
Netherlands at the end of June 2014,
consisting of all-electric cars and plug-in hybrids (all-electric utility vans not included).[310] (2) Total sales for models shown in this
table.
Considering the potential of plug-in electric vehicles in the country, the Dutch
government set s target of 15,000 electric vehicles on the roads in 2015,
200,000 vehicles in 2020 and 1 million vehicles in 2025.[301][320] Instead of
direct purchase subsidies for electric vehicles in the Netherlands, the
government established total exemption of the registration fee and road taxes,
which translated in savings of approximately 5,324 for private car owners
over four years,[321][322] and 19,000 for corporate owners over five
years.[323] Other vehicles including hybrid electric vehicles were also exempt
from these taxes if they emit less than 95 g/km for diesel-powered vehicles,
or less than 110 g/km for gasoline-powered vehicles.[321] The exemption from
the registration tax ended, and from January 1, 2014, all-electric vehicles pay
a 4% registration fee and plug-in hybrids a 7% fee.[309]
The Tesla Model S, released in

the Dutch market in September
2013, is the country's top
selling all-electric car.
Buyers also have access to parking spaces in Amsterdam reserved for battery electric vehicles, so they avoid
the current wait for a parking place in Amsterdam, which can reach up to 10 years in some parts of the
city.[324] Free charging is also offered in public parking spaces.[325] Other factors contributing to the rapid
adoption of plug-in electric vehicles are the relative small size of the country, which reduces range anxiety (the
Netherlands stretches about 100 mi (160 km) east to west); a long tradition of environmental activism; high
gasoline prices (US$8.50 per gallon as of January 2013), which make the cost of running a car on electricity
five times cheaper; and also some EV leasing programs provide free or discounted gasoline-powered vehicles
for those who want to take a vacation driving long distances. With all of these incentives and tax breaks,
plug-in electric cars have similar driving costs than conventional cars.[325] Initially, sales of plug-in electric car
were lower than expected, and during 2012 the segment captured a market share of less than 1% of new car
sales in the country.[325] As a result of the end of the total exemption of the registration fee, the segment sales
peak at the end of 2013,[326] and plug-in electric car sales reached a market share of 5.34% of new car sales in
2013.[24]
New Zealand
As of November 2012, there were only around 60 electric cars registered in
the country.[327] Between January and March 2009 the Mitsubishi i-MiEV
was brought to New Zealand as part of an electric vehicle trial, during which
the i-MiEV travelled the entire country, testing infrastructure and
demonstrating the vehicle to the public.[328] As of March 2011 there were 8
i-MiEVs in use in Wellington, as a field trial sponsored by the Wellington City
Council, New Zealand Post, Meridian Energy, The Wellington Company and
Mitsubishi Motors. Sales to the public began in July 2011 in limited
numbers.[329] Sales of the Nissan Leaf began in July 2012.[330]
An electric car charging station

in Wellington, New Zealand
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in New Zealand between 2011 and July 2014[331]
Model
Total
2014
2013 2012 2011
20112014 CYTD
Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV
129
129
N/A N/A N/A
Nissan Leaf
27
22
Holden Volt
Mitsubishi i-MiEV
17
Total registrations
182
158
10
N/A
N/A N/A
Note: CYTD sales through July 2014.
Norway
As of December 2014, a total of 43,442 plug-in electric
vehicles were registered in Norway.[333] The country's
plug-in electric drive stock consist of 35,781 all-electric
passenger and light-duty vehicles and 2,043 plug-in
hybrids.[333] As of December 2014, plug-in car
registrations included about 6,449 used imports from
neighboring countries, of which, 2,086 were imported in
2013 and 3,063 in 2014.[332][334] Out of the total
all-electric tock, over 1,400 units are quadricycles, such as
the Kewet/Buddy and the REVAi.[31] Norway's fleet of
electric cars is one of the cleanest in the world because
almost 100% of the electricity generated in the country
comes from hydropower.[335]
Registration of all-electric vehicles in Norway by
In March 2014, Norway became the first country where

year between 2004 and 2014.[4][332]
over one in every 100 registered passenger cars is plug-in
electric,[5] out of a fleet of over 2.52 million registered
passenger cars.[336][337] Also, due to its population size, Norway is the country with the largest EV ownership
per capita in the world, with Oslo recognized as the EV capital of the world.[338][339][340] Norway reached in
2013 a market penetration of four plug-in electric vehicles per 1,000 people in 2013, nine times higher than the
U.S., the world's largest plug-in electric car market.[3] The Norwegian plug-in electric vehicle market share of
new car sales is the highest in the world, the EV segment share rose from 1.6% in 2011, to 3.1% in 2012,[341]
and reached 5.6% of new car sales in 2013.[4] Only the Netherlands, with 5.34% in 2013, has achieved a
similar market share for the plug-in electric drive segment.[24] The Norwegian all-electric segment increased its
market share of new car sales to 12.8% during the first nine months of 2014.[342]
Also, Norway was the first country in the world to have electric cars topping the new car sales monthly
ranking. The Tesla Model S has been the top selling new car three times, twice in 2013, first in September and
again in December,[343][344] and one more time in March 2014.[345] The Nissan Leaf has topped the monthly
new car sales ranking twice, first in October 2013 and again in January 2014.[346][347][348] Both the Nissan
Leaf and the Tesla Model S were listed among the Norwegian top 20 best selling new cars in 2013, with the
Leaf ranking third with 4,604 units and a 3.2% market share; and the Model S ranking 20th with a 1.4%
market share of new car sales in 2013.[349] In March 2014 the Tesla Model S also broke the 28 year-old record
for monthly sales of a single model regardless of its power source, with 1,493 units sold, surpassing the Ford
Sierra, which sold 1,454 units in May 1986.[345][350]
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Several electric cars at a free

parking and charging station in
Oslo, Norway. The country has
the largest electric car
ownership per capita in the
world.[338] From farthest to
closest, a Th!nk City, a REVAi,
and a Tesla Roadster.
The Parliament of Norway set the goal to reach 50,000 zero emission
vehicles by 2018. Among the existing incentives, all-electric cars are exempt
in Norway from all non-recurring vehicle fees, including purchase taxes,
which are extremely high for ordinary cars, and 25% VAT on purchase,
together making electric car purchase price competitive with conventional
cars.[351] As an example, by early 2013 the price of the top selling Nissan
Leaf is 240,690 krone (around US$42,500) while the purchase price of the
1.3-lt Volkswagen Golf is 238,000 Krone (about US$42,000).[335] Electric
vehicles are also exempt from the annual road tax, all public parking fees,
and toll payments (including domestic ferries), as well as being able to use
bus lanes. These incentives are in effect until 2018 or until the 50,000 EV
target is achieved.[339] At the pace of sales reached during 2014, the target of
50,000 EVs registered could be met by April or May 2015.[352][353]
Sales of plug-in hybrids have had a much

smaller market penetration than pure
electric car sales. Until June 2013, plug-in hybrids were not eligible for the
same tax exemptions and other government incentives enacted for electric
cars. In addition, PHEVs had been more expensive than equivalent gasoline
and diesel-powered cars because they paid a higher weight tax due to the
additional weight of the battery pack and the accompanying electric
components.[351][354][355] Because the Norwegian tax system levies higher
taxes to heavier vehicles, plug-in hybrids were more expensive than similar
conventional cars due to the extra weight of the battery pack and its
additional electric components. However, in June 2013 the government
approved a tax reduction for plug-in hybrids effective on July 1, 2013, that is
expected to improve PHEV sales as the existing weight allowance for
conventional hybrids and plug-in hybrids of 10% was increased to 15% for
PHEVs.[355][356]
Electric cars have access to bus

lanes in Norway. Shown a
Nissan Leaf, the top selling
plug-in electric car in the
country.
Sales
Plug-in electric vehicle registrations totaled 10,769 units in 2013, of which used imports represented 20%. This
total includes 387 plug-in hybrids and 355 all-electric light commercial vans, together representing 6.9% of
total 2013 registrations, and reflecting the continued dominance of pure electric vehicles in the Norwegian
market.[4] The plug-in electric drive segment in Norway grew 129% from 2012 to 2013, achieving one of the
highest EV rates of growth in the world, second only to the Netherlands (338%).[3]
A total of 23,390 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2014, consisting of 18,094 new
all-electric cars, 3,063 used imported all-electric cars, 1,678 new plug-in hybrid cars and 555 new all-electric
vans.[332] Combined sales of new and used plug-in electric vehicles captured a 13.84% market share of total
passenger car registrations in 2014.[2] Sales of the new all-electric car segment reached a market share of
12.5%.[357] New all-electric passenger car registrations were up 129.5% from 2013, and the plug-in hybrid
segment grew 411.6% from a year earlier.[332] Norway ended 2014 as the top selling European country in the
light-duty all-electric market segment, with 18,649 passenger cars and utility vans registered, surpassing
France (15,046), Germany (8,804) and the UK (7,730).[358]
During 2013, the Leaf continued as the top selling plug-in electric car, with 4,604 new units sold during the
year, which represent 58.4% of plug-in electric car sales in 2013. The Tesla Model S ranked second with 1,986
units (25.2% share), followed by the Volkswagen e-Up! with 580 units (7.4% share).[359] Since September
2011, a total of 7,275 new Leaf cars have been sold in the country through December 2013.[359][360]
Accounting for used Leafs imported from neighboring countries, of which, 1,608 units were registered during
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2013, a total of 9,080 Leafs have been registered in Norway through

December 2013,[361] representing 9.4% of the 96,847 Leafs sold globally
through December 2013.[362]
Retail deliveries of the Tesla Model S began in August 2013,[363] with 186
units delivered to retail customers.[364][365] During its first full month in the
market, the Model S was the top selling car in Norway during September
The first European deliveries of
2013 with 616 units delivered, representing a market share of 5.1% of all the
the Tesla Model S took place at
new cars sold in the country, and becoming the first electric car to top the
Tesla's store in Oslo in August
new car sales ranking in any country ever.[366][343][367] In October 2013, and
2013.
for a second month in a row, an electric car, the Nissan Leaf, was the best
selling car in the country. The Leaf sold 716 units, representing a 5.6% of
[346][347]
new car sales that month.
In December 2013 the Model S, with 553 units sold and a 4.9% market
share, was the top selling new car in the country for the second time in the year.[344] As of 31 December 2013,
a total of 1,986 new Model S cars have been sold,[359] allowing Norway to become the Model S largest
overseas market.[368]
In January 2014, the Leaf topped for a second time the ranking of top selling
new cars in Norway, with 650 units sold, representing a 5.7% of new car sales
that month.[348] The Model S topped the monthly sales ranking for a third
time in March 2014, with 1,493 units sold, capturing a 10.8% market share of
new car sales that month, and contributing to a record market share for the
all-electric car segment of 20.3% of total new car sales.[5][337][345] A total of
The prefix "EL" is added to the
2,056 Model S cars were sold during the first quarter of 2014, making the
license plates of electric cars in
Model S the best selling new car in Norway during 2014 (CYTD), capturing a
Norway to control the
5.6% market share of new car sales, and 38.8% of the new plug-in electric
[5][337][345]
privileges electric vehicles are
car segment during this period.
A new record market share of the
entitled to. Shown a BMW i3.
plug-in electric vehicle segment was achieved in January, with 1,895 new
all-electric cars registered reaching an 18.0% market share, plus 326 new
plug-in hybrids reaching a 3.1% share, for a combined market share of 21.1% of total new car registrations
that month.[369][370]
During the first half of 2014, the Model S, with 3,136 units sold, ranked as the second best selling new car in
Norway with a market share of 4.3% of new car sales,[371] and also was the top selling plug-in electric car,
with a 33.5% share of the all-electric segment sales.[13] The Leaf, with 2,665 units, ranked fourth among the
top selling new cars, capturing a 3.7% market share of new car sales,[371] and listed as the second top selling
plug-in car after the Model S, with a share of 28.5% of the all-electric segment sales.[13] The other top selling
plug-in cars were the Volkswagen e-Up! with 1,551 units and 16.6% share of the all-electric segment; the
BMW i3 with 1,159 units, including sales of the variant with the range-extender (REx) option, and captured a
12.4% share of the all-electric segment; and the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV with 818 units, and a 95.6%
share of the plug-in hybrid segment sales.[13] The recently released Volkswagen e-Golf was the top selling
plug-in electric car in July 2014 with 391 units sold and representing 34.4% of the Golf nameplate sales
(1,136), which was country's top selling new car that month.[372][373]
As of July 2014, a total of 10,253 new Leafs have been sold in the country since September 2011,[359][360][372]
and registrations totaled 13,245 new and used imported units, allowing the Leaf to rank as the country's top
selling electric car ever, and representing 39.3% of the country's plug-in electric drive registered fleet.[361] The
Tesla Model S, released in August 2013, ranks second with cumulative sales of 5,231 units up until July 2014,
15.5% of the segment registered fleet.[359][372]
The following table presents registrations of the top selling plug-in electric cars and utility vans by model per
year since 2008 through March 2014. Figures for the total number of registered by year accounts for PEVs
registered since the late 1990s through March 2014.
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Registration of top selling plug-in electric vehicles by model in Norway

between 2008 and March 2014[4][5][341][345][359][361][374][375]
Model
Market 1 Q
Total
2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008
registrations(1) share(2) 2014
Nissan Leaf
11,139
41.4% 2,059 6,212 2,487 381
Tesla Model S
4,043
15.0% 2,057 1,986
Mitsubishi i-MiEV
2,322
8.6%
146
455
Volkswagen e-Up!
1,299
4.8%
719
580
Th!nk City
1,121
4.2%
Peugeot iOn
1,107
4.1%
Citron C-Zero
1,104
4.1%
Kewet/Buddy
1,013
3.8%
BMW i3
697
3.5%
646
439
1.6%
439
Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid
371
1.4%
16
REVAi
299
1.1%
Opel Ampera
247
0.9%
Total registered[5]
(as of March 2014)
26,886
671 1,050
12
22
133
23
425
442
217
123
214
557
210
15
24
125
331
183
233 161 209
51
184
171
NA
12
93
94
NA
NA
141
94.6% 6,517 10,769 4,700 2,243 733 454 567
Notes: (1) Total registrations include new car sales and used imports from neighboring countries.
(2) Market share as percentage of the 26,886 plug-in electric vehicles registered in Norway as of March 2014,
including new plug-in electric car sales, used imports, plug-in hybrids, quadricycles and utility vans.
Poland
Poland is developing charging station infrastructure in Gdask, Katowice,
Krakw, Mielec and Warsaw. Funds for the project come from the European
Union. The biggest organization in Poland in the area of electric vehicles is
Klaster Green Stream.[377]
The Polish company 3xE - samochody elektryczne (3xE - electric cars) offer
electric vehicle conversions of small city cars such as the Smart ForTwo,
Citron C1, Fiat Panda, Peugeot 107, Audi A2. The converted cars have a
range of about 100 km (60 mi), using lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4)
batteries and brushless DC electric motors, and the conversion can cost less
than 12,000.[378]
A Mitsubishi i-MiEV charging

at an e+ charging station. e+ is
a Polish provider of electric
cars and infrastructure.[376]
Philippines
The first electric car in the country was launched at Silliman University by Insular Technologies in August
2007.[379][380] In some major urban cities in the Philippines like Makati, E-Jeepneys or Electric Jeepneys are
used as well as Electrical Tricycles (Rickshaws). Eagle G-Car a Philippine all-electric car was made available
for purchase in the Philippines as low as $3,000-$6,000), the car is made out of fiber glass.[381] While
E-Jeepneys are expected to be available in many other cities in the Philippines and hope to be revolutionize
and made into an icon of the Philippines, it is a venture of Renewable Independent Power Producer Inc.,
which sprang from Greenpeace and other groups, and Solarco, which in turn is a part of GRIPP.[382]
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Portugal
Portugal reached agreements with French car maker Renault and its Japanese
partner Nissan to boost the use of electric cars by creating a national
recharging network. The aim was to make Portugal one of the first countries
to offer drivers nationwide charging stations.[383] As of May 2010, there are
only about a dozen recharging stations in the country, but the government
expects to deploy 320 before the end of 2010 and 1,300 by the end of
2011.[384] The government established a subsidy of 5,000 for the first 5,000
new electric cars sold in the country. In addition, there was a 1,500
incentive if the consumer turned in a used car at least 10-year old as part of
the down payment for the new electric car.[384] Electric cars were also
exempt from the registration tax.[70] These incentives were discontinued at
the end of 2011 due to the financial crisis of the country.[385]
BMW i3 charging in Coimbra,

Portugal
On December 22, 2010, Nissan delivered in Lisbon the first nine Leafs to its commercial customer the
MOBI.E consortium, and another unit to the Portuguese government as a loan for trial purposes. Deliveries for
individual customers began in early 2011.[386][387] Since 2010 a total of 283 electric cars and utility vans have
been sold in the country through October 2012, with the Nissan Leaf as the best selling EV with 121 units.[388]
Sales decreased significantly during 2012, with only 44 units sold between January and July due to the end of
fiscal incentives.[389]
South Africa
GridCars is a Pretoria based company promoting Commuter Cars, their launch vehicle is based on the TREV
from Australia. The concept behind the electric car is to build ultra-light EVs, placing less demand on battery
requirements, and making the vehicle more affordable.[390] The Joule, designed by Cape Town-based Optimal
Energy,[391] made its debut at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, has a maximum driving range of 300 km (190 mi).
The Juoule accommodates two large-cell lithium ion battery packs.[392]
The first series production electric car available for retail sales in the country was the Nissan Leaf, introduced
in October 2013. BMW South Africa has plans to introduce the BMW i3 and BMW i8. The country does not
have government incentives or subsidies to promote electric cars.[393]
South Korea
All electric cars sold in South Korea are domestically manufactured by local brands.

in South Korea between 2012 and 2013[394]
Total
Sales
20122013
Sales
2013
Sales
2012
Kia Ray EV
929
398
531
Samsung SM3 Z.E.
294
277
17
Chevrolet Spark EV
40
40
1,263
715
Model
Total registrations
548
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Spain
In May 2011 the Spanish government approved a 72 million
(US$103 million) fund for year 2011 to promote electric vehicles. The
incentives include direct subsidies for the acquisition of new electric cars for
up to 25% of the purchase price, before tax, to a maximum of 6,000 per
vehicle (US$8,600), and 25% of the gross purchase price of other electric
vehicles such as buses and vans, with a maximum of 15,000 or 30,000,
depending on the range and type of vehicle.[395] Several regional government
grant incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles including electric
and hybrid vehicles. In Aragn, Asturias, Baleares, Madrid, Navarra,
Valencia, Castilla-La Mancha, Murcia, Castilla y Len electric vehicles are
eligible to a 6,000 tax incentive and hybrids to 2,000.[70]
A Nissan Leaf at Barcelona's

first public charging station.
Retail sales of the Mitsubishi i-MiEV began in December 2010 .[396][397] A total of 233 i-MiEV family electric
cars were sold during 2011, representing 58% of all electric vehicles sold in Spain that year.[398] The Nissan
Leaf was released in Barcelona in September 2011, followed by Madrid in October 2011.[399][400] A total of
137 Leafs were sold through September 2012.[398][401]
A total of 401 electric cars and utility vehicles were sold in Spain during 2011, led by the Peugeot iOn with
125 units, followed by 85 Citron C-Zeros and 59 Nissan Leafs.[402] During the first half of 2012 a total of 209
electric cars were sold, representing a market share of 0.05% of new car sales.[403] During 2012 plug-in
electric car sales totaled 484 units and 176 electric utility vans were sold, for a total of 660 highway-capable
plug-in vehicles registered in 2012. In addition, 943 Renault Twizy quadricycles were sold in the country,
making the Twizy the top selling plug-in electric vehicle, followed by the Renault Kangoo Z.E. with 176 units,
and the Nissan Leaf with 154 units.[404] The market penetration of highway-capable plug-in electric cars
climbed to 0.07% of total new car sales in the country, up from 0.05% in 2011.[405]
Sweden
As of December 2014, a total of 8,076 plug-in electric
vehicles have been registered in Sweden since 2011,
consisting of 7,311 plug-in cars and 765 all-electric utility
vans.[406][407][408][409] As of November 2014, the top
selling plug-in electric car is the Mitsubishi Outlander
P-HEV with 2,385 units registered, followed by the Volvo
V60 PHEV with 1,388 units and the Toyota Prius PHV
with 1,085. Plug-in hybrids represent 71% of the Swedish
plug-in electric car registered stock.[406][409] The top
selling all-electric car is the Nissan Leaf with 884 units
registered.[406][409] The Renault Kangoo Z.E. is the leader
in the plug-in commercial utility segment with 718 units
sold through December 2014.[406][409] The market share of
plug-in electric vehicles climbed from 0.57% in 2013 to
1.53% of new car sales in the country in 2014.[407][409]
During 2014 registrations of new super clean cars were up
201% from 2013, while registrations of new passenger cars
increased 12.7%.[409]
Plug-in electric vehicle registrations in Sweden by

year between 2011 and 2014.[406][407][408][409]
In September 2011 the Swedish government approved a 200 million kr program, effective starting in January
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2012, to provide a subsidy of 40,000 kr per car for the purchase of 5,000 electric cars and other "super green
cars" with ultra-low carbon emissions, defined as those with emissions below 50 grams of carbon dioxide
(CO2) per km.[410] There is also an exemption from the annual circulation tax for the first five years from the
date of their first registration that benefits owners of electric vehicles with an energy consumption of 37 kWh
per 100 km or less, and hybrid vehicles with CO2 emissions of 120 g/km or less. In addition, for both electric
and hybrid vehicles, the taxable value of the car for the purposes of calculating the benefit in kind of a
company car under personal income tax is reduced by 40% compared with the corresponding or comparable
gasoline or diesel-powered car. The reduction of the taxable value has a cap of 16,000 kr per year.[321]
By July 2014 the program run out of funds as a total of 5,028 new "super clean cars" had been registered in
the country since January 2012.[411][412] BIL Sweden, the national association for the automobile industry,
requested the government an additional 100 million kr to cover the subsidy for another 2,500 registrations of
new super clean cars between August and December 2014.[412][413] In December 2014 the Riksdagen, the
Swedish parliament, approved an appropriation of 215 million kr to finance the super clean car subsidies in
2015. The appropriation for 2015, according to the parliamentary decision and subsequent government
decision, will be also be used for the retroactive payment of the super green cars registered in 2014 that did
not receive the subsidy.[408]
Registrations
A total of 178 all-electric cars were registered in Sweden in 2011, and registrations of plug-in electric vehicles
climbed to 928 units in 2012, led by the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid with 499 units, followed by the Nissan
Leaf with 129 units, and the third place was shared by the Volvo C30 Electric and the Opel Ampera with 88
units each.[406] Electric-drive cars reached a market share of 0.33% in 2012. In addition, 265 Renault Kangoo
Z.E. utility vans were sold in 2012.[406] During 2013 a total of 1,545 plug-in electric cars were registered in the
country out of 269,363 new passenger cars sold, representing a market share of 0.57%.[407] With 1,113 units
registered in 2013, plug-in hybrids represented 72.0% of total plug-in electric car registrations. This number
includes 10 BMW i3s sold with the range extender option, which in Sweden are classified as plug-in
hybrids.[407] The top selling plug-in cars during 2013 were the Volvo V60 PHEV with 601 units, the Prius PHV
with 376 and the Nissan Leaf with 317.[407]
Plug-in electric car sales during 2014 grew significantly. Registrations of super clean cars increased five-fold in
July 2014 driven by the end of the quota of 5,000 new cars eligible for the super clean car subsidy.[411][412] A
total of 4,656 plug-in super clean passenger cars were registered in 2014, representing a 1.53% market share of
new passenger cars registered in the country in 2014. Registrations of super clean cars were up 201% from
2013, while registrations of new passenger cars increased 12.7%.[408][409] Super clean cars represented 8.8% of
alternative fuel cars sold during 2014.[409] The top selling plug-in electric cars in 2014 were the Mitsubishi
Outlander P-HEV with 2,289 units, Volvo V60 PHEV with 745, and the Nissan Leaf with 438 units. The top
selling all-electric utility van was the Kangoo Z.E. with 242 units out of a total of 282 electric vans
registered.[409]
The following table presents registrations of highway-capable plug-in electric cars by model between January
2011 and December 2014.
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in Sweden between 2011 and 2014[406][407][409]
Total
Registered
Market
share(1)
2014
2013
2,385
32.5%
2,289
96
Volvo V60 PHEV
1,388
18.9%
745
601
42
Toyota Prius PHV
1,085
14.8%
210
376
499
Nissan Leaf
884
12.0%
438
317
129
Tesla Model S
265
3.6%
265
Volkswagen e-Up!
239
3.3%
199
40
Total
221
3.0%
210
11
REx
142
1.9%
132
10
BEV
79
1.1%
78
Renault Zoe
204
2.8%
204
Volvo C30 Electric
198
2.7%
16
46
88
Opel Ampera
131
1.8%
22
21
88
Mitsubishi i MiEV
98
1.3%
12
71
Citron C-Zero
71
1.0%
29
31
Chevrolet Volt
40
0.5%
33
Peugeot iOn
39
0.5%
Fisker Karma
21
0.3%
19;
Volkswagen e-Golf
17
0.2%
17
Audi A3 e-tron
14
0.2%
14
Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid
12
0.16%
10
Ford Focus Electric
0.08%
BMW i8
0.08%
Saab 9-3 ePower
0.05%
Porsche 918 Spyder
0.05%
0.03%
Kia Soul EV
0.03%
7,342(2)
100%
4,670(2)
Model
BMW i3
Total registrations
2012
1,547(2)
928
2011
48
28
181
Notes: (1) Market share as percentage of the 7,342 plug-in electric cars registered in Sweden between January 2011 and December
2014.
The number of super clean cars during the same period is 7,311 units. (2) According to the official Swedish definition of super clean
cars
(CO2 emissions of up to 50 g/km), the Fisker Karma and two Porsche plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder
are
not classified as super clean cars, instead they are accounted as conventional hybrids. As a result, the total of super clean cars
registered in
2014 is 4,656 units while total plug-in electric car registrations is 4,670 units. Super clean car registrations in 2013 include 3 fuel
cell vehicles.[408]
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Switzerland
Deliveries of the Mitsubishi i MiEV began in 2011, and a total of 430 units have been registered in Switzerland
through September 2012, including 219 i MiEVs, 110 C-Zeros, and 101 iOns.[414] The Nissan Leaf was
launched in November 2011,[415][416] and a total of 86 Leafs have been sold through September 2012.[414] The
Swiss government does not have any subsidies or incentives for purchasing plug-in electric vehicles.[417]
United Kingdom
More than 24,500 plug-in electric vehicles have been
registered in the UK up until December 2014, including
all-electric cars, commercial vans and plug-in hybrids,[422]
of which, more than half (14,598) were registered in
2014.[421] This figure includes 1,467 registered electric
cars and vans which were not eligible for the Plug-in
Grant.[422] Registrations between 2006 and December
2010 totaled 1,096 electric vehicles,[423] with the G-Wiz, a
heavy quadricycle, listed as the top-selling EV for several
years.[424] Electric car sales grew from 138 units in 2010
to 1,082 units during 2011.[418][425]
During 2012, a total of 2,254 plug-in electric cars were
Registration of plug-in electric vehicles in the UK
registered in the UK, of which, 1,262 were pure electrics,
between 2011 and 2014.[418][419][420][421]
and sales were led by the Nissan Leaf with 699 units,
followed by the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid and the
Vauxhall Ampera, with 470 and 455 units sold, respectively, in 2012.[420][426][427] In addition, 279 Renault
Kangoo Z.E. electric vans and 252 Renault Twizy electric quadricycles were sold through September
2012.[428] Vehicles eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant accounted for 0.1% of total new car sales in 2012, with
pure electric cars representing only 0.06%.[429]
During 2013, a total of 3,586 plug-in electric cars were registered, up 59.0% from 2012.[421][430] Of these,
2,512 were pure electric cars, up 99.0% from 2012, and 1,074 plug-in hybrids, up 8.1% from 2012.[421] Plug-in
car sales represented a 0.16% market share of total new cars sales in the UK in 2013.[430] The top selling
plug-in electric car during 2013 was the Nissan Leaf, with 1,812 units sold,[431] and the Prius PHV ended 2013
as the top selling plug-in hybrid with 509 units sold, up 8.5% from 2012.[430]
The Nissan Leaf is the top

selling plug-in electric car in
the UK with about 7,200 units
sold through December
2014.[431][432][433]
The British market experienced a surge of plug-in car sales during 2014,
driven by the introduction of several new models.[432][434][435] Plug-in electric
car registrations in the UK quadruple from 3,586 in 2013 to 14,498 units in
2014.[432] Registrations during 2014 consisted of 6,697 pure electrics and
7,821 plug-in hybrids. Total registrations in 2014 were up 305% from 2013,
with all-electric cars growing 167% while plug-in hybrid registrations were up
628% from a year earlier.[421] The plug-in electric car segment captured a
0.59% market share of new car sales in 2014, up from 0.16% in
2013.[421][431] In November 2014, with 646 all-electric cars and 1,225 plug-in
hybrids registered, the segment's market share passed 1% of monthly new car
sales for the first time in the UK.[436][437] Again in January 2015, the
segment's market share was over 1% of new car sales with 1,715 plug-in
electric cars registered that month.[438][439]
Nissan Leaf sales in September 2014 achieved a record of 851 units, up from 332 units the same month in
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2013, representing not only the best monthly sales ever in the UK, but also the largest volume of Nissan Leafs
ever sold in one month in a European country. The previous European record was achieved by Norway in
March 2013 with 703 Leafs sold in that month.[435][440] Sales of recently introduced BMW i3 and i8 models
exceeded 1,600 units during 2014.[441] The Outlander P-HEV was among the new models with a significant
effect in the market, released in April 2014, it captured a 35.8% market share of total plug-in sales during the
first half of 2014.[442] The Mitsubishi plug-in hybrid became the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in July 2014
and captured 43% of all applications to the Plug-in Car Grants scheme that month.[443] The Outlander P-HEV
ended 2014 as the top selling plug-in electric car in the UK that year with 5,370 units sold.[444][445] Nissan Leaf
sales also experienced a significant growth in 2014, with 4,051 units sold, up 124% from the 1,812 units sold in
2013.[432] As of December 2014, the Leaf continues as the top selling plug-in electric car in the UK with
cumulative sales of 7,197 units since its introduction in March 2011.[431][432][433]
The following table presents registrations of the top selling highway-capable plug-in electric cars by model
between 2010 and December 2014.
Registration of top selling highway-capable electric cars by model

in the UK between 2010 and December 2014[418][419][426][430][432][446][447][448][449]
Model
Total
Market
Sales
share(1)
20102014(2)
Sales
2014
Sales Sales Sales Sales

2013 2012 2011 2010
4,051
1,812 699
Nissan Leaf
7,197
31.9%
5,370
23.8% 5,370[445]
Renault Zoe
1,394
5.6%
Toyota Prius PHV
1,255
5.6%
276(2)
509
470
Vauxhall Ampera
1,039
4.6%
405(2)
175
455
BMW i3
1,029
4.6%
874(2)
155
Tesla Model S
474
2.1%
474(2)
Peugeot iOn
401
1.8%
NA
26(3)
251
124
Mitsubishi i MiEV
260
1.2%
NA
1(3)
107
125
Citron C-Zero
201
0.9%
NA
45(3)
110
46
Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid
141
0.6%
141(2)
BMW i8
107
0.5%
107(2)
22,536
100%
14,518
Total registrations[418][419][421][423][451]
635
1,016[450] 378
27
3,586 2,254 1,082 138
Notes: NA: not available. (1) Market share as percentage of the 22,536 highway-capable electric cars registered in the UK
since 2010 through December 2014. (2) CYTD through September 2014. (3) CYTD through June 2013.
The Plug-in Car Grant program started on 1 January 2011 and is available across the U.K. The programme
reduces the up-front cost of eligible cars by providing a 25% grant towards the cost of new plug-in cars capped
at GB5,000 (US$7,800).[452][453][454] From 1 April 2015, the purchase price cap will be raised to cover up to
35% discount of the vehicles recommended retail price, up to the already existing GB5,000 limit. This
change means electric cars priced under GB20,000, such as the Renault Zoe, will be able to take advantage
of most or all of the 5,000 discount.[455] Both private and business fleet buyers are eligible for this grant,
which is received at the point of purchase and the subsidy is claimed back by the manufacturer afterwards.
[452][453] The government announced in April 2014 that funding for the full grant of up to GB5,000 will
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remain in place until either 50,000 grants have been issued or 2017,
whichever is first.[455][456]
The Plug-In Car Grant was extended to include vans since February 2012.
Van buyers can receive 20% - up to GB8,000 - off the cost of a plug-in van.
To be eligible for the scheme, vans have to meet performance criteria to
ensure safety, range, and ultra-low tailpipe emissions. Consumers, both
business and private can receive the discount at the point of purchase.[457]
In February 2015 the government announced that to take account of rapidly
developing technology, and the growing range of ULEVs on the British
market, the criteria for the Plug-in Car Grant will be updated and from April
2015, eligible ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEVs) must meet criteria in one
The REVAi/G-Wiz i electric car

charging at an on-street station
in London.
of three categories depending on emission levels (CO2 emissions bands between 50 to 75g/km) and
zero-emission-capable mileage (minimum of 10 mi (16 km)), with a technology neutral approach, which means
that hydrogen fuel cell cars are also be eligible for the grant.[453][455]
As of January 2015, the cumulative number of eligible registered plug-in electric vehicles totaled over 25,000
units since the launch of the programme.[456] Of these, a total of 21,680 were eligible cars registered since
January 2011.[438] As of 30 June 2014, a total of 637 claims have been made through the Plug-in Van grant
scheme since February 2012.[434] As of December 2014, there had been 1,467 electric cars and vans registered
that were not eligible for the Plug-in Grant scheme.[422]
As of February 2015, the following 26 cars are eligible for the grant: Audi A3 e-tron, BMW i3, BMW i8, BYD
e6, Chevrolet Volt, Citroen C-Zero, Ford Focus Electric, Kia Soul EV, Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive,
Mercedes-Benz S500 Plug-in Hybrid, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Nissan e-NV200
5-seater Combi, Nissan Leaf, Peugeot iOn, Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid, Renault Fluence Z.E., Renault Zoe,
Smart Fortwo electric drive, Tesla Model S, Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Vauxhall Ampera, Volkswagen
e-Golf, Volkswagen e-Up!, Volkswagen Golf GTE, and Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid.[458] The Tesla Roadster was
not included in the government's list of eligible vehicles for the plug-in electric car grant. Tesla Motors stated
that the company applied for the scheme, but did not complete its application.[459]
As of February 2015 the following 9 vans are eligible for the grant: BD Otomotive eTraffic, BD Otomotiv
eDucato, Citron Berlingo, Mercedes-Benz Vito E-Cell, Mitsubishi Outlander GX3h 4Work, Nissan e-NV200,
Peugeot ePartner, Renault Kangoo Z.E., and Smith Electric Edison.[458]
All-electric vehicles (BEVs) and eligible plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) qualify for a 100% discount
from the London congestion charge. A plug-in electric drive vehicle qualifies if the vehicle is registered with
the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) and has a fuel type of 'electric', or alternatively, if the
vehicle is a 'plug-in hybrid' and is on the Government's list of PHEVs eligible for the OLEV grant.[460] As of
February 2015, approved PHEVs include all extended-range cars such as the BMW i3 with range extender
and Vauxhall Ampera, and plug-in hybrids that emit 75g/km or less of CO2 and that meet the Euro 5 standard
for air quality, such as the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, BMW i8, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, and Toyota Prius
Plug-in Hybrid.[461]
Plugged-in Places
On 19 November 2009, Andrew Adonis, the Secretary of State for Transport, announced a scheme called
"Plugged-in-Places", making available 30 million to be shared between three and six cities to investigate
further the viability of providing power supply for electric vehicles, and encouraging local government and
business to participate and bid for funds.[462] Current bids from areas to be included in the "Plugged in Places"
scheme include; London, Milton Keynes and North East England.[463]
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The Government is supporting the Plugged-In Places programme to install vehicle recharging points across
the UK. The scheme offers match-funding to consortia of businesses and public sector partners to support the
installation of electric vehicle recharging infrastructure in lead places across the UK.[464] There are eight
Plugged-In Places: East of England;[465] Greater Manchester; London;[466] Midlands;[467] Milton Keynes;[468]
North East;[469] Northern Ireland;[470] and Scotland. The Government also published an Infrastructure Strategy
in June 2011.[471]
United States
As of December 2014, the United States has the largest
fleet of plug-in electric vehicles in the world, with 291,322
highway-capable plug-in electric cars sold since the
market launch of the Tesla Roadster in 2008.[2] California
is the largest regional market with 102,440 units sold
through August 2014, representing about 40% of all
plug-in cars sold in the country at that time.[21] Nationwide
plug-in car sales climbed from 17,800 units in 2011 to
The Nissan Leaf electric car (left) and the Chevrolet
53,200 during 2012, and reached 97,100 units delivered in
Volt plug-in hybrid (right) were the first two series
2013, up 83% from the previous year.[472] During 2014
production plug-in electric vehicles introduced by
plug-in electric car sales totaled 118,682 units, up 22.2%
major automakers in the U.S.
from 2013.[473] The market share of plug-in electric
passenger cars increased from 0.14% of new car sales in
2011 to 0.37% in 2012, 0.62% in 2013, and reached 0.72% of new car sales during 2014.[473][474][475]
U.S. plug-in electric vehicle cumulative sales by

month by type of powertrain from December 2010 up
to December 2014.[476][477] Cumulative plug-in
electric car sales since 2008 reached the 250,000 unit
milestone in August 2014.[20]
As of December 2014, there are 23 highway-capable

plug-in cars available in the American market for retail
sales from 12 car manufacturers,[478][479] plus several
models of electric motorcycles, utility vans and
neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs). As of December
2014, plug-in electric car sales are led by the Chevrolet
Volt plug-in hybrid with 73,357 units sold, followed by the
Nissan Leaf electric car with 73,322 units. Both plug-in
cars were released in December 2010.[480] Launched in
the U.S. market in February 2012, the Prius PHV ranks as
the third top selling plug-in electric car with 38,102 units,
followed by the Tesla Model S, launched in June 2012,
with about 37,100 units sold through December 2014.[473]
[481][482]
During 2013 sales were led by the Chevrolet Volt with

23,094 units, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 22,610
cars, and the Tesla Model S with around 18,000 units.
[481][483] In 2014 the Leaf took the lead, with 30,200 units
sold, with the Volt ranking second with 18,805, followed by the Model S with about 16,550 units, the Prius
PHEV with 13,264, and the Fusion Energi with 11,550 units.[473] October 2013 achieved the best-ever market
share for plug-in vehicles at 0.85% of new car sales.[484] May 2014 achieved the best monthly PEV sales
volume on record ever, with over 12,000 units delivered, representing a market share of 0.78% of new car
sales.[485][486]
California, the largest United States car market, is also the leading PEV market in the country with about 40%
of all new plug-in electric vehicles sold nationwide during 2011 and 2012, while the state represents about
10% of all new car sales in the country.[487] As of August 2014, and with 102,440 units sold, California still
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accounts for 40% of total plug-in electric car sales in the U.S.[21] From January to May 2013, 52% of
American plug-in electric car registrations were concentrated in five metropolitan areas: San Francisco
(19.5%), Los Angeles (15.4%), Seattle (8.0%), New York (4.6%) and Atlanta (4.4%).[488][489] From January to
July 2013, the three cities with the highest all-electric car registrations were all located in California, Atherton
and Los Altos in the Silicon Valley, followed by Santa Monica, located in Los Angeles County.[490][491] As of
March 2013, the United States had 5,678 charging stations led by California with 1,207 stations (21.3%),
Texas with 432 stations (7.6%) and Florida with 352 (6.2%).[492] In terms of public charging points, there were
19,472 public outlets available across the country by the end of December 2013, led by California with 5,176
charging points (26.6%), followed by Texas with 1,599 (8.2%), and Washington state with 1,325 (6.8%).[493]
As of October 2013, there were 378 DC quick charging stations across the country.[494]
Sales of series production PEVs during its first years in the U.S. market have
been lower than the initial expectations.[496][497][498][499] However, according
to the U.S. Department of Energy, combined sales of plug-in hybrids and
battery electric cars are climbing more rapidly and outselling by more than
double sales of hybrid-electric vehicles over their respective 24 month
introductory periods, as shown in the graph at the right.[495] As of December
2014, plug-in electric car sales continue to outpace hybrids in market
acceptance, with plug-in vehicles having sold at more than two times the rate
of hybrids in the first four years of their introduction.[500] Over 286,000
plug-ins have been sold since December 2010 compared with just over
113,000 hybrids sold between 1999 and 2003.[476][500][501]
Cumulative sales of new PEVs

are doing better than sales of
HEVs in the United States over
their respective 24 month
introductory periods.[495]
In 2012, and as sales fell short of projections, Pike Research projected that
annual sales of plug-in electric vehicles in the U.S. will reach 400,073 units in
2020, with California as the state with the highest PEV sales over the
remainder of this decade, with nearly 25% of all PEVs sold in the United
States between 2012 and 2020. In terms of market share, California will be
followed by New York, Florida, Texas, and Washington, but Hawaii is expected by 2020 to have the highest
penetration rate of PEVs as a percentage of all light duty vehicle sales. California is predicted to have four of
the top ten metropolitan areas for PEV sales: Los AngelesLong Beach, San Francisco Bay Area, Silicon
Valley, and Greater Sacramento.[502][503][504] According to forecasts made by Pike Research in January 2013,
the United States will continue to be the largest market for PEVs in 2020, but the European market is
anticipated to have a higher market penetration (4.0% market share) due to its higher gasoline prices and
supportive government policies, while Japan is expected to become the largest market for hybrid electric
vehicles.[505][506]
In a separate analysis published in September 2013, Navigant Research forecasts that overall sales of plug-in
electric vehicles will grow at a compound annual growth rate of 18.6% between 2013 and 2022, and PEVs will
represent a 2.4% market share of total new vehicle sales in the United States in 2022. According to the
projections, Hawaii will have the highest concentration of plug-in electric vehicle sales in the country, with
10.1% of total Hawaiian new light-duty vehicle sales in 2022; followed by Northern California with 9.7%,
California as a whole will be 6.0%, and Oregon with 5.8%.[507] Hawaii has a high potential for mass adoption
of plug-in electric vehicles due to the limited driving range imposed by the island geographies, and its high fuel
costs, with gasoline prices ranging between US$4.25 and US$5.00 a gallon (as of September 2013).[508][509]
The following table presents cumulative sales for the best selling highway-capable plug-in electric with over
1,000 units delivered and available for retail sales between 1996 and December 2014.
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Top selling highway-capable plug-in electric cars

available for retail sales or leasing in the U.S. between 1996 and December 2014
Model
Type
of PEV
Market
launch
Chevrolet Volt
Plug-in
hybrid
December
2010
Nissan Leaf
Electric
car
Toyota Prius
PHV
Sales/leases
Comments
73,357
The Volt is the top selling plug-in electric car in the

United States.
December
2010
72,322
The Leaf is the top selling all-electric car in the

United States.
Plug-in
hybrid
February
2012
38,102
Sales through December 2014.[474][510][511]
Tesla Model S
Electric
car
June 2012
About
37,105
Ford C-Max
Energi
Plug-in
hybrid
October
2012
17,961
Ford Fusion
Energi
Plug-in
hybrid
February
2013
17,639
Sales through December 2014.[473][512]
BMW i3
Electric
car
May 2014
6,092
Ford Focus
Electric
Electric
car
December
2011
4,395
Sales through December 2014.[473][474][511][513]
Smart electric
drive
Electric
car
January
2011
4,044
Sales through December 2014, of both second and

third generation models.[473][474][511][514]
Toyota RAV4
EV
(2nd gen)
Electric
car
September
2012
2,472
Fiat 500e
Electric
car
July 2013
About
2,148
Mitsubishi i
Electric
car
December
2011
1,893
Tesla Roadster
Electric
car
March 2008
About
1,800
Almost 2,500 units sold worldwide by December

2012, exact U.S. sales not available.[516][517][518]
Production ended in January 2012 and not available
for sale in the U.S. since December 2011.[519]
Chevrolet
Spark EV
Electric
car
June 2013
1,684
1,635
Sales through December 2013.[511][520][521][522]

Production was suspended in November 2012 due to
financial difficulties.[523]
Fisker Automotive filed for bankruptcy in November
2013.[524]
Fisker Karma
Plug-in
hybrid
November
2011
Toyota RAV4
EV
(1st gen)
Electric
car
1997
1,484
Units leased from 1997 to 2003.

As of mid-2012, there were almost 500 units still in
use.[525]
Cadillac ELR
Electric
car
December
2013
1,316
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General
Motors EV1
Electric
car
1996
1,117
Units leased from 1996 to 2003. All cars were

repossessed and most were crushed.[526]
About 40 units were delivered to museums and
educational institutes with their electric
powertrains deactivated. The only intact EV1 was
donated to the Smithsonian Institution.[527]
Honda Fit EV
Electric
car
July 2012
1,069
The Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, and later the American Clean Energy and Security Act
of 2009 (ACES) granted tax credits for new qualified plug-in electric vehicles.[528] The American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) also authorized federal tax credits for converted plug-ins, though the
credit is lower than for new PEVs.[529]
The federal tax credit for new plug-in electric vehicles is worth $2,500 plus
$417 for each kilowatt-hour of battery capacity over 5 kWh, and the portion
of the credit determined by battery capacity cannot exceed $5,000.
Therefore, the total amount of the credit allowed for a new PEV is
$7,500.[528] Several states have established incentives and tax exemptions for
BEVs and PHEV, and other non-monetary incentives.
Two separate initiatives are being pursued in 2011 to transform the tax credit
President Barack Obama behind
into a cash rebate worth up to $7,500. The initiatives by Senator Debbie
the wheel of a new Chevrolet
Stabenow and the Obama Administration seek to make new qualifying
Volt during his tour of the
plug-in electric cars more accessible to buyers by making the incentive more
General Motors Auto Plant in
effective. The rebate will be available at the point of sale allowing consumers
Hamtramck, Michigan
to avoid a wait of up to a year to apply the tax credit against income tax
returns.[530][531][532] Another change to the rules governing the tax credit was
introduced by Senator Carl Levin and Representative Sander Levin who are proposing to raise the existing cap
on the number of plug-in vehicles eligible for the tax credit. The proposal raises that limit from the existing
200,000 PEVs per manufacturer to 500,000 units.[530]
The U.S. government also has pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants to support the development of
next-generation electric cars and batteries, and US$115 million for the installation of electric vehicle charging
infrastructure in 16 different metropolitan areas around the country. President Barack Obama also set the goal
of bringing 1 million plug-in electric vehicles on the road by 2015.[533][534] However, considering the actual
slow rate of PEV sales, as of mid-2012 several industry observers have concluded that this goal is
unattainable.[535][536][537]
CARB ZEV mandate
Since the late 1980s, electric vehicles have been promoted in the US through the use of tax credits. Electric
cars are the most common form of what is defined by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) as zero
emission vehicle (ZEV) passenger automobiles, because they produce no emissions while being driven. The
CARB had set progressive quotas for sales of ZEVs, but most were withdrawn after lobbying and a lawsuit by
auto manufacturers complaining that EVs were economically infeasible due to an obvious lack of consumer
demand. Many of the factors that hindered the widespread production of electric cars during the late 1990s
and 2000s are discussed in the documentary film Who Killed the Electric Car?.[538]
The California program was designed by CARB to reduce air pollution and not specifically to promote electric
vehicles. Under pressure from various manufactures, CARB replaced the zero emissions requirement with a
combined requirement of a very small number of ZEVs to promote research and development, and a much
25.2.2015 0:54
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larger number of partial zero-emissions vehicles (PZEVs), an administrative

designation for a super ultra low emissions vehicle (SULEV), which emits
about 10% of the pollution of ordinary low emissions vehicles and are also
certified for zero evaporative emissions. While effective in reaching the air
pollution goals projected for the zero emissions requirement, the market
effect was to permit the major manufacturers to quickly terminate their
electric car programs and crush the vehicles.[538]
See also
Battery electric vehicle
The General Motors EV1 was

one of the first PEVs
introduced in 1996 as a result
of CARB's zero-emissions
vehicle mandate.
Electric car
Electric vehicle
Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
Neighborhood electric vehicle
Plug-in electric vehicle
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176. ^ Laurent J. Masson (2013-02-22). "Estonia Vies for EV Leadership in Europe" (http://www.plugincars.com
/estonia-another-ev-leader-northern-europe-126505.html). PluginCars.com. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
177. ^ Adam Vaughan (2013-02-20). "Estonia launches national electric car charging network"
(http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/feb/20/estonia-electric-car-charging-network). The Guardian.
178. ^ Tammik, Ott (2011-03-03). "State Buys 507 Electric Cars, Builds Charging Network" (http://news.err.ee
/economy/4c2c81b0-37e8-4ea3-9970-498c3c658070). ERR.
179. ^ "Estonia will promote the use of electric cars under a Green Investment Scheme" (http://www.valitsus.ee
/en/news/press-releases/28702/estonia-will-promote-the-use-of-electric-cars-under-a-green-investment-scheme).
Estonian government. 2011-03-03.
180. ^ "Mitsubishi begins delivery of the largest order of i-MiEVs to date; 50 of 507 to Estonian government"
(http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/10/mmc-20111024.html). Green Car Congress. 2011-10-24. Retrieved
2011-10-26.
181. ^ Ingrid Teesalu (2011-10-14). "One in Four Electric Cars Still Unclaimed" (http://news.err.ee/Environment
/828e2683-4ddd-47aa-9c97-b23e491e8224). Estonian Public Broadcasting News. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
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182. ^ Ingrid Teesalu (2011-08-16). "Municipalities Skeptical About Acquiring Electric Cars" (http://news.err.ee
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2011-10-27.
183. ^ Ingrid Teesalu (2011-09-05). "Municipalities Show Lukewarm Interest in Electric Cars" (http://news.err.ee
/environment/9b7ec4e0-eb2c-4396-b4e9-4cae8ad48183). Estonian Public Broadcasting News. Retrieved
2011-10-27.
184. ^ "Valmet Automotive to start production of Think electric car" (http://www.metso.com
/News/Newsdocuments.nsf/web3newsdoc
/17AF45F5B0D76F0FC225761F004B99E6?OpenDocument&ch=ChMetsoWebEng&). Metso. 2009-08-27.
185. ^ http://www.raceabout.fi/era/index.php?page=team
186. ^ a b "Electric Motor Show" (http://www.finnexpo.fi/exhibition.asp?Id=1837&code_language=en) (in English,
available in Finnish). The Finnish Fair Corporation. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
187. ^ "Spodumene / Lithium carbonate in Finland" (http://www.keliber.fi/?p=briefly). Keliber Resources Ltd.
188. ^ "Electric Cars - Now!" (http://www.sahkoautot.fi/eng) (in English, available in Finnish and Swedish). Shkautot
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189. ^ a
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Automobile Propre. "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures lectriques en France"
[Sales figures & electric car registrations in France] (http://www.automobile-propre.com/dossiers/voitureselectriques/chiffres-vente-immatriculations-france/) (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 2015-02-01. See
"Ventes de voitures lectriques en 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010" It shows all electric car registrations
between 2010 and 2014.
190. ^ a
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Justin Aschard (2012-11-07). "Novembre 2012 - Ventes de vhicules lectriques (CCFA)" [November
2012 - Sales of electric vehicles (CCFA)] (http://www.france-mobilite-electrique.org/novembre2012,4064.html?lang=fr) (in French). France Mobilit lectrique. Retrieved 2013-02-16.See table Bilan annuel
des ventes de vhicules lectriques (Annual sales of electric vehicles) for detailed sales by category during 2010
and 2011: a total of 184 electric cars and 796 electric utility vans were registered in 2010, and 2,630 electric
cars and 1,682 all-electric utility vehicles were registered in 2011.
191. ^ a
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France Mobilit lectrique - AVERE France (2013-01-07). "Bilan des Immatriculations pour l'Anne
2012" [Record Registrations for 2012] (http://www.france-mobilite-electrique.org/bilan-des-immatriculationspour-l-annee-2012,4147.html?lang=fr) (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2013-02-16. A total of 5,663 electric cars
and 3,651 electric vans were registered in France in 2012.
192. ^ a
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AVERE-France (2015-01-05). "Le march du vhicule lectrique maintient sa progression en 2014"
[The electric vehicle market continues to grow in 2014] (http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article

/?article_id=5954) (in French). AVERE France. Retrieved 2015-02-02. A total of 10,560 electric cars were
registered in 2014, up from 8,779 in 2013. A total of 4,485 all-electric utility vehicles were registered in 2014,
down from 5,175 in 2013.
193. ^ a b Laurent Meillaud (2012-01-14). "2630 voitures lectriques immatricules en 2011" [2630 electric cars
registered in 2011] (http://www.autodeclics.com/voiture_bio/38315le_marche_s_est_accelere_en_fin_d_annee.html) (in French). MSN France. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
194. ^ a b Yoann Nussbaumer (2013-01-16). "+115% pour les ventes de voitures lectriques en France pour 2012"
[Electric car sales in France increased 115% in 2011] (http://www.automobile-propre.com/215-pour-les-ventesde-voitures-electriques-en-france-pour-2012/) (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
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195. ^ a
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AVERE-France (2014-01-08). "Baromtre Avere-France des ventes de vhicules lectriques et
hybrides - bilan 2013" [Barometer Avere-France sales of electric and hybrid vehicles - report 2013]
(http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=5211&from_espace_adherent=0) (in French). France
Mobilit lectrique - AVERE France. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
196. ^ a b Mark Kane (2014-01-15). "Sales of Battery Electric Cars In France Rose By 50% in 2013"
(http://insideevs.com/sales-of-battery-electric-cars-in-france-rose-by-50-in-2013-year-on-year/). InsideEVs.com.
197. ^ a b "2012, une anne record pour les vhicules lectriques" [2012 a record year for electric vehicles]
(http://www.atlante.fr/2012-une-annee-record-pour-les-vehicules-electriques-en-france/) (in French). Atlante &
Cie. 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2015-02-04.
198. ^ a b Michal Torregrossa (2013-01-09). "Voitures lectriques Le bilan des immatriculations 2012 en France"
[Electric Cars - The balance of registrations in France 2012] (http://www.avem.fr/actualite-voitures-electriquesle-bilan-des-immatriculations-2012-en-france-3770.html) (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Vhicule
Electrique Mditerranen (AVEM). Retrieved 2013-02-16.
199. ^ Philippe Schwoerer (2015-01-09). "Quel march esprer en 2015 pour le vhicule lectrique ?" [What the
market expects in 2015 for the electric vehicle] (http://www.avem.fr/actualite-quel-marche-esperer-en-2015pour-le-vehicule-electrique-5498.html) (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Vhicule Electrique
Mditerranen (AVEM). Retrieved 2015-02-01. The BMW i3 with range extender is often excluded of the count
of all-electric cars because in France it is classified and accounted together with conventional hybrids.
200. ^ a
bcde
Automobile Propre. "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations dutilitaires lectriques en France" [Sales
figures & electric utility van registrations in France] (http://www.automobile-propre.com/dossiers/utilitaireselectriques/ventes-utilitaires-electriques-france/) (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 2015-02-02. See
"Ventes dutilitaires lectriques en 2014" for all-electric utility van registrations in 2014. Light-duty electric
vehicles reached a 1.22% market share of new van sales in the country in 2014.
201. ^ Zachary Shahan (2014-08-07). "Europe Electric Car Sales Up 77% In 2014" (http://evobsession.com/europeelectric-car-sales-77-2014/). EV Obsesion. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
202. ^ a
bc
France Mobilit lectrique - AVERE France (2015-01-30). "Immatriculations de vhicules lectriques en
Europe : +60% en 2014 !" [Registrations of electric vehicles in Europe: +60% in 2014!] (http://www.averefrance.org/Site/Article/?article_id=5985&from_espace_adherent=0) (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2015-02-02.
203. ^ a
bc
Michal Torregrossa (2013-01-15). "Voitures hybrides Le bilan des immatriculations 2012 en France"
[Hybrid Cars - The balance of 2012 registrations in France] (http://www.avem.fr/actualite-voitures-hybridesle-bilan-des-immatriculations-2012-en-france-3789.html) (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Vhicule
204. ^ a
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Michal Torregrossa (2014-01-19). "Hybride rechargeable Le march franais stagne en 2013"
[Rechargeable hybrids - The French market stagnated in 2013] (http://www.avem.fr/actualite-hybriderechargeable-le-marche-francais-stagne-en-2013-4713.html) (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Vhicule
205. ^ a b AVERE-France (2015-01-08). "Hybride : un march en recul en 2014, l'hybride essence tient le coup"
[Hybrid: a declining market in 2014, the gasoline-electric hybrid holds up] (http://www.avere-france.org
/Site/Article/?article_id=5961&from_espace_adherent=0) (in French). France Mobilit lectrique - AVERE
France. Retrieved 2015-02-02. A total of 1,519 plug-in hybrids were registered in France in 2014.
206. ^ Philippe Schwoerer (2015-01-16). "Mitsubishi mise et gagne sur lhybride rechargeable" [Mitsubishi bets and
wins with its plug-in hybrid] (http://www.avem.fr/actualite-mitsubishi-mise-et-gagne-sur-l-hybride-rechargeable5508.html) (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Vhicule Electrique Mditerranen (AVEM). Retrieved
2015-02-02.
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207. ^ a
bc
Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2015). "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer - Aantal
geregistreerde elektrische voertuigen in Nederland - Top 5 geregistreerde modellen plug-in hybride elektrische
voertuigen (31-12-2014) - Top 6 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische voertuigen (31-12-2014)" [Figures
electric transport - Number of registered electric vehicles in Netherlands, Top 5 registered plug-in electric hybrid
vehicle models (12-31-2014) and Top 6 registered all-electric vehicle models (12-31-2014)] (http://www.rvo.nl
/onderwerpen/duurzaam-ondernemen/energie-en-milieu-innovaties/elektrisch-rijden/stand-van-zaken/cijfers) (in
Dutch). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). Retrieved 2015-01-27. See under the heading
"31-12-2014" for total registrations figures at the end of December 2014.
208. ^ a
bcd
Joseph Beretta (2013-01-09). "Les ventes de voitures lectriques et hybrides dcollent enfin" [Sales of
electric and hybrid cars finally take off] (http://www.economiematin.fr/news-ventes-voitures-electriqueshybrides-2012) (in French). conomie matin. Retrieved 2015-02-04. A total of 2,869 Kangoo Z.E. electric vans
were registered in France in 2012.
209. ^ a b Renault (2013-01-18). "Ventes Mensuelles" [Monthly Sales] (http://www.renault.com/fr/finance/chiffrescles/pages/ventes-mensuelles.aspx) (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 2013-01-18. Click on "Ventes mensuelles
(dcembre 2012) (xls, 294 Ko)" to download the file, and open the tab TWIZY.
210. ^ a
bc
Justin Aschard (2012-11-30). "Inmatriculations VP et VUL France fin Oct. 2012 (2010-2012)"
[Registrations of passenger cars and utility vehicles in France through October 2012 (2010-2012)]
(http://www.france-mobilite-electrique.org/IMG/pdf/12_FRANCE.pdf) (in French). France Mobilit lectrique.
Retrieved 2012-12-13. 14 Kangoo ZEs were registered in 2010 and 768 in 2011.
211. ^ Michal Torregrossa (2013-09-28). "Tesla Premires livraisons franaises pour le Model S" [Tesla - First
deliveries of the French Model S] (http://www.avem.fr/actualite-tesla-premieres-livraisons-francaises-pour-lemodel-s-4433.html) (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Vhicule Electrique Mditerranen (AVEM).
212. ^ Michal Torregrossa (2013-10-19). "Paris Autolib passe le seuil des 3 millions de locations" [Paris Autolib' passes the threshold of 3 million rentals] (http://www.avem.fr/actualite-paris-autolib-passe-le-seuil-des-3millions-de-locations-4493.html) (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Vhicule Electrique Mditerranen
(AVEM). Retrieved 2013-10-21.
213. ^ Michal Torregrossa (2014-01-15). "Tesla Model S - Plus de 22.000 ventes dans le monde en 2013" [Tesla
Model S - More than 22,000 sales worldwide in 2013] (http://www.avem.fr/actualite-tesla-model-s-plusde-22-000-ventes-dans-le-monde-en-2013-4703.html) (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Vhicule
Electrique Mditerranen (AVEM). Retrieved 2014-01-18. A total of 35 Model S cars were registered in France
in 2013.
214. ^ "50,000 Electric Vehicles: France Commits to Infrastructure & Production" (http://abccarbon.com/50000electric-vehicles-france-commits-to-infrastructure-production/). ABC Carbon. 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
215. ^ Yoann Nussbaumer (2012-08-10). "France: Consumer bonuses for electric and hybrid cars"
(http://en.automobile-propre.com/france-consumer-bonuses-for-electric-and-hybrid-cars/). Automobile Propre.
216. ^ a
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Autobild (2012-01-12). "2011 Full Year Best-Selling Electric Cars in Germany in 2011"
(http://www.best-selling-cars.com/germany/2011-full-year-best-selling-electric-cars-in-germany-in-2011/).
BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31. Cumulative number of registered electric cars was 4,541 as of
January 1, 2012. All-electric car and van registrations in 2010 totaled 541 units and 2,154 in 2011..
217. ^ a
bcdefg
Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2013-01-31). "Neuzulassungen E-Mobilitt 2012-Kaum Zuwachs
wegen Twizy" [Registrations E-mobility - Low growth due to Twizy] (http://www.autobild.de/artikel

/neuzulassungen-e-mobilitaet-2012-3793952.html). Auto Bild (in German). Retrieved 2013-02-14. A total of 2,956
all-electric cars were registered in Germany during 2012.
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218. ^ a
bc
Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA). "Monatliche Neuzulassungen - Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember
2013" [Monthly registrations - New registrations Barometer in December 2013] (http://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik

/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2013/201312GV1monatlich
/201312_n_barometer_teil2_tabelle.html?nn=791842) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2014-09-06. A total of 1,385
plug-in hybrids and 6,051 all-electric cars were registered during 2013.
219. ^ a
bc
Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2015). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2014" [New
Registrations Barometer December 2014] (http://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen

/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2014/201412GV1monatlich/201412_n_barometer_teil2_tabelle.html?nn=653844) (in
German). KBA. Retrieved 2015-01-27. A total of 13,049 plug-in electric cars registered in Germany during
2014, consisting of 8,522 all-electric cars and 4,527 plug-in hybrids.
220. ^ a
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Henk Bekker (2014-03-29). "2014 Germany: Total Number of Electric Cars" (http://www.best-
selling-cars.com/germany/2014-germany-total-number-electric-cars/). BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved

2014-08-23. Cumulative number of registered electric cars was 12,156 as of January 1, 2014.
221. ^ a
bc
Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA). "Monatliche Neuzulassungen - Neuzulassungsbarometer im Juni 2014"
[Monthly registrations - New registrations Barometer in June 2014] (http://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge

/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2014/201406GV1monatlich
/201406_n_barometer_teil2_tabelle.html) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2014-09-06. A total of 1,575 plug-in
hybrids and 4,188 electric cars were registered during the first six months of 2014.
222. ^ a b Brian Parkin and Dorothee Tschampa (2014-12-02). "Merkel Backs Incentives in Push for a Million Electric
Cars" (http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-12-02/merkel-backs-incentives-in-1-million-electric-cars-push).
Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2014-12-07.
223. ^ a b Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (October 2014). "Monatliche Neuzulassungen - Neuzulassungsbarometer im
September 2014" [Monthly registrations - New registrations Barometer in September 2014] (http://www.kba.de
/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2014/201409GV1monatlich
/201409_n_barometer_teil2_tabelle.html?nn=653844) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2014-10-09. A total of 9,100
plug-in electric vehicles were registered during the first nine months of 2014 consisting of 3,053 plug-in hybrids
and 6,047 electric cars .
224. ^ a
bc
Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember 2011 nach
Segmenten und Modellreihen" [New registrations of passenger cars in December 2011 by segment and model
lines] (http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/fileserver/vogelonline/issues/kfz/sonst/2011/3699.pdf) (in German). KBA.
Retrieved 2012-10-15.A total of 241 Amperas and 25 Volts were sold through December 2011.
225. ^ a
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Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2013). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember
2012 nach Marken und Modellreihen" [New registrations of passenger cars in December 2012 by make and model
series] (http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/fileserver/vogelonline/issues/kfz/sonst/2012/4378.pdf) (in German).
KBA. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
226. ^ Hans Hvard Kvisle (2013-02-12). "Europeisk salg av elbiler 2012" [European sales of electric cars in 2012]
(http://www.elbil.no/elbiler/920-europeisk-salg-av-elbiler-2012) (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian
Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2013-06-30.
227. ^ BestSellingCars.com (2013-05-03). "2012 (Full Year) Germany: Best-Selling Electric Car Models"
(http://www.best-selling-cars.com/germany/2012-full-year-germany-best-selling-electric-car-models/).
BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
228. ^ Mat Gasnier (2012-09-27). "Europe: Renault Twizy sales update" (http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2012/09
/27/europe-renault-twizy-sales-update/). Best Selling Car Blog. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
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229. ^ a b Mark Kane (2015-01-26). "Electric Car Sales In Germany Hit New High In December 2014"
(https://insideevs.com/electric-car-sales-germany-hit-new-high-december-2014/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved
2015-01-31.
230. ^ a
bc
Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2014). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember
2013 nach Segmenten und Modellreihen" [New registrations of passenger cars in December 2013 by segment and
model series] (http://files.vogel.de/vogelonline/vogelonline/issues/kfz/sonst/2013/4963.pdf) (in German). KBA.
231. ^ a
bc
Jose Pontes (2014-01-20). "Germany December 2013" (http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2014/01/germany-
december-2013.html). EVSales.com. Retrieved 2014-01-25.

232. ^ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA). "Monatliche Neuzulassungen - Neuzulassungsbarometer im Juni 2014"
[Monthly registrations - New registrations Barometer in June 2014] (http://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge
/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2014/201406GV1monatlich
/201406_n_barometer_teil2_tabelle.html) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2014-08-24. A total of 1,575 plug-in
hybrids and 4,188 electric cars were registered during the first six months of 2014.
233. ^ a
bc
Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (July 2014). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Juni 2014 nach
Segmenten und Modellreihen" [New registrations of passenger cars in June 2014 by make and model series]
(http://www.kba.de/SharedDocs/Publikationen/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/FZ/2014_monatlich
/FZ11/fz11_2014_06_pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
234. ^ a
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Jose Pontes (2014-07-14). "Germany June 2014" (http://ev-sales.blogspot.com.br/2014/07/germany-
june-2014.html). EVSales.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

235. ^ a b Justin Aschard (2012-11-30). "Inmatriculations VP et VUL Allemagne fin Oct. (2010-2012) 2012"
[Registrations of passenger cars and utility vehicles in Germany through October 2012 (2010-2012)]
(http://www.france-mobilite-electrique.org/IMG/pdf/12_ALLEMAGNE.pdf) (in French). France Mobilit
lectrique. Retrieved 2013-02-16.Full 2010 and 2011 sales by model.
236. ^ a b John Blau (2010-05-03). "Berlin plugs in electric mobility strategy" (http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article
/0,,5533192,00.html). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
237. ^ Barbara Praetorius (2011). "E-Mobility in Germany: A research agenda for studying the diffusion of innovative
mobility concepts" (http://proceedings.eceee.org/papers/proceedings2011/4-174_Praetorius.pdf?returnurl=http
%3A%2F%2Fproceedings.eceee.org%2Fvisabstrakt.php%3Fevent%3D1%26doc%3D4-174-11). ECEEE.
238. ^ ACEA (February 2010). "Policy support for electrically chargeable vehicles" (http://www.raivereniging.nl
/dossiers/elektrische-voertuigen.aspx). rai vereniging (RAI Association - Dutch Association of Bicycle and
Automobile Industry). Retrieved 2010-05-26. Click under "Overzicht stimuleringsprogrammas elektrische
voertuigen (Overview incentive programs electric vehicles) to download the report in pdf format (website in
Dutch).
239. ^ "Germany ends tax disadvantage for corporate electric cars" (http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06
/07/germany-electricvehicles-tax-idUSL5N0EJ1Y320130607). Reuters. 2013-06-07. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
240. ^ Staff (2014-08-04). "Frderung von Elektroautos kommt ins Rollen" [Promotion of electric cars gets rolling]
(http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/neuwagen/handel/articles/454644/?cmp=nl-125). KFZ-betrieb (in German).
241. ^ Faye Sunderland (2014-08-15). "Germany plans new EV incentives to spur uptake"
(http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2014/08/15/germany-plans-new-ev-incentives-to-spuruptake/). The Green Car Website UK. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
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242. ^ Stefan Nicola (2014-09-24). "Germany Proposes Free Parking to Spur Electric-Car Sales"
(http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-09-24/germany-proposes-free-parking-to-spur-electric-car-sales).
Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
243. ^ Daniel Tost (2014-09-25). "Berlin approves new incentives for electric car drivers" (http://www.euractiv.com
/sections/transport/berlin-approves-new-incentives-electric-car-drivers-308700). EurActiv.com. Retrieved
2014-09-25.
244. ^ Sabine Kinkartz (2014-12-03). "The future is electric - or is it?" (http://www.dw.de/the-future-is-electric-or-isit/a-18108847). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2014-12-07.
245. ^ http://www.icelandnewsonline.net/2009/12/13/interivew-northern-lights-md-talks-to-iceland-news-abouticelands-future-with-the-electric-car-1/
246. ^ Mark Kane (2014-01-02). "Iceland Ends 2013 With Near 1% EV Market Share; Tesla Model S Tops EV Sales
Chart in December" (http://insideevs.com/iceland-ends-2013-with-near-1-ev-market-share-tesla-model-s-topsev-sales-chart-in-december/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
247. ^ Motown, India (2 December 2014). "No policy initiative to encourage electric vehicle makers, admits Indian
Govt" (http://www.motownindia.com/Bureau/Corporate-News/726/No-policy-initiative-to-encourage-electricvehicle-makers-admits-Govt-Motown-India-Bureau#.VIABB9KUePo). Motown India. Retrieved 2 December
2014.
248. ^ a b Elad Benari and Yoni Kempinski (2012-01-23). "Better Place's Electric Cars Hit the Roads"
(http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/151996). Retrieved 2012-03-21.
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" i-MiEV201412 " [Mitsubishi i-MiEV production and
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Japanese). Electric Vehicle News. 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2015-02-18..
271. ^ Mark Kane (2013-06-10). "Mitsubishis Pure Electric Vehicle Sales Tumbling in Japan as Outlander PHEV
Dominates" (http://insideevs.com/mitsubishis-pure-electric-vehicle-sales-tumbling-in-japan-as-outlanderphev-dominates/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
272. ^ Jay Cole (2013-01-24). "Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV On Sale In Japan Today, Extended Promotional Video
Released" (http://insideevs.com/mitsubishi-outlander-phev-on-sale-in-japan-today-extended-promotional-videoreleased/). Inside EVs. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
273. ^ Jose Pontes (2014-01-30). "Japan December 2013" (http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2014/01/japan-december2013.html). EV Sales. Retrieved 2014-02-21. Excludes sales of Nissan NMC units (45), which is a low-speed
neighborhood vehicle.
274. ^ a b Jose Pontes (2015-01-30). "Japan December 2014" (http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2015/01/japandecember-2014.html). EVSales.com. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
275. ^ "Nissan delivers first Leaf in Japan" (http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2010/12/22/nissandelivers-first-leaf-in-japan/). The Green Car Website. 2010-12-22. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
276. ^ "Nissan delivers first LEAF cars in Japan" (http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/94510/20101222/nissan-leaf-japankanagawa-prefectural-government.htm). International Business Times. 2010-12-22. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
277. ^ a
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"Toyota Is Global Hybrid Leader With Sales Of 7 Million" (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases
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278. ^ Naoki Watanabe (2014-02-12). "Plug-in hybrids quickly becoming Japan's favorite way to drive green"
(http://asia.nikkei.com/print/article/16829). Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2014-02-19.
279. ^ Takashi Mochizuki (2014-09-08). "Teslas Musk, in Tokyo, Says Heart of Model S Is Japanese"
(http://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2014/09/08/teslas-musk-in-tokyo-says-heart-of-model-s-is-japanese/). The
Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2014-09-08.
280. ^ Mark Kane (2015-02-09). "Nissan LEAF Sales In Japan Up 9% To 14,000 In 2014" (http://insideevs.com
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units were sold in Japan during 2014.
281. ^ a b Hiromi Sato (2014-09-16). "Big Subsidies for Foreign Electric Cars in Japan" (http://business.nikkeibp.co.jp
/article/eng/20140916/271299/). Nikkei Business. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
282. ^ a
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"Fact Sheet - Japanese Government Incentives for the Purchase of Environmentally Friendly Vehicles"
(http://jama.org/pdf/FactSheet10-2009-09-24.pdf). Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association. Retrieved

2010-12-24.
283. ^ "The Motor Industry of Japan 2010" (http://www.jama-english.jp/publications/MIJ2010.pdf). Japan Automobile
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284. ^ a
bc
"Japan's measures to withstand impact of global crisis on its automotive industry - JAMA shares at the 4th
Indonesia International Automotive Conference" (http://www.jama-english.jp/asia/news/2009/vol36/index.html).

News from JAMA Asia (Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association) (36). September 2009. Retrieved
2010-06-06.
285. ^ a
bc
"Sales Promotion Scheme and 2009 Vehicle Sales Forecasts - Japan: Rebate for purchase or replacement
with eco-friendly vehicles" (http://www.marklines.com/en/rinji/outlookfor2009_sales_en.jsp#japan).

Marklines.com. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
286. ^ "Nissan alista puntos de recarga del Leaf" (http://www.cnnexpansion.com/negocios/2010/06/02/nissan-alistapuntos-de-recarga-del-leaf) (in Spanish). CNN Expansion. 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
287. ^ "Nissan aims to bring electric car to Mexico City in 2011" (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/nissan-aims-tobring-electric-car-to-mexico-city-in-2011-2009-10-28). Market Watch. 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
288. ^ "Con 100 autos elctricos arranca nuevo programa de 'taxis verdes' " [The new 'green taxis' program starts with
100 electric cars] (http://mexico.cnn.com/planetacnn/2010/11/23/con-100-autos-electricos-arranca-nuevoprograma-de-taxis-verdes). CNN en Espaol (in Spanish). 2010-11-23. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
289. ^ Eric Loveday (2010-12-02). "Report: Nissan Leaf to taxi into Mexico in mid-201" (http://green.autoblog.com
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290. ^ "Nissan entreg los primeros LEAF en Mxico" (http://autos.univision.com/nissan/noticias/article/2011-09-28
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291. ^ Nissan (2011-09-26). "Nissan delivers three of 100 Leaf taxis to government of Mexico City"
(http://green.autoblog.com/2011/10/06/nissan-delivers-3-of-100-leaf-taxis-to-government-of-mexicocity/#continued). AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2011-10-06. See details in Press Release.
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293. ^ Philippe Crowe (2013-02-14). "Mexicos Leaf Taxi Pilot Program Well Received" (http://www.hybridcars.com
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295. ^ Erick Ramrez (2013-03-10). "Carrot acelerar el paso en tres urbes del pas" [Carrot will increase the pace in
three cities] (http://eleconomista.com.mx/industrias/2013/03/10/carrot-acelerara-paso-tres-urbes-pais). El
Economista (in Spanish). Retrieved 2013-05-14.
296. ^ Mike Millikin (2014-06-06). "Nissan launches LEAF sales in Mexico; first company to sell a 100% electric
vehicle there" (http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/06/2014060-leaf.html). Green Car Congress. Retrieved
2014-06-08.
297. ^ Jay Cole (2014-08-09). "Nissan Uniquely Delivers First LEAF In Mexico video" (http://insideevs.com/nissanuniquely-delivers-first-leaf-in-mexico-video/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
298. ^ "BMW Group Mxico entrega el primer BMW i3 en el pas" [BMW Group Mexico delivers the first BMW i3 in
the country] (https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/mexico/pressDetail.html?title=bmw-group-m%C3%A9xicoentrega-el-primer-bmw-i3-en-el-pa%C3%ADs&outputChannelId=30&id=T0194118ES&
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299. ^ Owner receives the first 2015 BMW i3 in Mexico (2014-10-03). "Propietario recibe el primer BMW i3 2015 en
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300. ^ a
bcde
Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (October 2014). "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer - Aantal
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Dutch). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). Retrieved 2014-10-15. See under the heading
"30-09-2014" for total registrations figures at the end of September 2014.
301. ^ a
bcdefgh
Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2014). "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer -
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(31-12-2013)" [Figures electric transport - Number of registered electric vehicles in Netherlands and Top 5
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/2013_cijfers%20elektrisch%20vervoer%20tm%20december%202013.pdf) (in Dutch). RVO (Dutch National
Office for Enterprising). Retrieved 2014-09-17. See under the heading "31-12-2013" for total registrations
figures at the end of December 2013.
302. ^ Mark Rowney, Will Straw (2013-04-15). "Leading the Charge - Can Britain Develop a Global Advantage in
Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicles" (http://www.ippr.org/images/media/files/publication/2013/04/leadingthe-charge_ULEVs_Apr2013_10620.pdf). Institute for Public Policy Research. Retrieved 2013-04-21. pp.20
303. ^ a
bc
RAI. "Verkoopstatistieken -nieuwverkoop personenautos" [Sales Statistics - New passenger car sales]
(http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt-informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken.aspx) (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging.

Retrieved 2013-02-02. Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2011 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos
201112") and 2012 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201212").
304. ^ a
bcd
The Royal Dutch Touring Club ANWB (2013-01-18). "Best verkochte elektrische auto's 2012 Opel
Ampera verkooptopper" [Best selling electric cars in 2012- Opel Ampera top selling] (http://www.anwb.nl
/auto/nieuws/2013/januari/opel-ampera-verkooptopper-2012) (in Dutch). ANWB. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
305. ^ a b Automotive Industry Data (AID) (2013-12-17). "Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV top seller"
(http://www.eagleaid.com/AID-Newsletter-preorder-1323i-Mitsubishi-Outlander-PHEV-top-seller.htm). AID.
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306. ^ a b Mat Gasnier (2013-12-04). "Netherlands November 2013: Mitsubishi Outlander shoots up to pole position!"
(http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/12/04/netherlands-november-2013-mitsubishi-outlander-shoots-up-topole-position/). Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
307. ^ Jose Pontes (2014-01-04). "Netherlands December 2013" (http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2014/01
/netherlands-december-2013.html). EV Sales. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
308. ^ a b Mat Gasnier (2013-12-04). "Netherlands November 2013: Mitsubishi Outlander shoots up to pole position!"
(http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2014/01/03/netherlands-december-2013-mitsubishi-outlander-at-12-7-share-volvov40-and-v60-on-podium/). Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
309. ^ a b Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (NOS) (2013-12-24). "Forse toename elektrische auto's" [Major increase in
electric car sales] (http://nos.nl/artikel/590251-forse-toename-elektrische-autos.html). NOS (in Dutch). Retrieved
2013-12-26.
310. ^ a
bcdefghi
Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (July 2014). "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer - Aantal
vehicle models (06-30-2014) and Top 5 registered all-electric vehicle models (06-30-2014)] (http://www.bovag.nl
/data/sitemanagement/media/2014_cijfers%20elektrisch%20vervoer%20tm%20juni%202014.pdf) (in Dutch).
RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). Retrieved 2014-09-17. See under the heading "30-06-2014" for
total registrations at the end of June 2014.
311. ^ RAI (January 2014). "Verkoopstatistieken - nieuwverkoop personenautos" [Sales Statistics - New passenger car
sales] (http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt-informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken.aspx) (in Dutch). RAI
Vereniging. Retrieved 2014-01-25. Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2011 (http://www.raivereniging.nl
/markt%20informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken/verkoopstatistieken%202011.aspx) ("Download
nieuwverkoop personenautos 201112"), in 2012 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201212"), 2013
("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201311").
312. ^ RAI (January 2012). "Verkoopstatistieken 2011 - nieuwverkoop personenautos" [Sales Statistics 2011 - New
passenger car sales] (http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt%20informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken
/verkoopstatistieken%202011.aspx) (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Retrieved 2014-01-23. Download pdf file for
detailed sales in 2011 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201112").
313. ^ a b RAI (2014-01-24). "Verkoopstatistieken - nieuwverkoop personenautos" [Sales Statistics - New passenger
car sales] (http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt-informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken.aspx) (in Dutch). RAI
Vereniging. Retrieved 2014-01-25. Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2012 ("Download nieuwverkoop
personenautos 201212"), and 2013 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201312").
314. ^ a
bc
RAI (2014-08-16). "Actuele verkoopcijfers" [Current sales] (http://www.raivereniging.nl/artikel
/marktinformatie/actuele-verkoopcijfers/verkoopstatistieken.html) (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Retrieved

2014-08-07. Download the pdf file for detailed sales by model during 2013 ("nieuwverkoop personenautos
201312 (http://www.raivereniging.nl/ecm/?id=workspace://SpacesStore/24f3bb17-5142-47a9-9c9beab97acd52e4)") and the first half of 2014: "nieuwverkoop personenautos 201406 (http://www.raivereniging.nl
/ecm/?id=workspace://SpacesStore/a3cef457-9318-41b6-bd4a-ff43c9412bf5)".
315. ^ a b Enrique Garca (2014-01-02). "Las matriculaciones de hbridos y elctricos alcanzan ritmos histricos en
Holanda" [Electric and hybrid car registrations reached historical records in the Netherlands]
(http://es.autoblog.com/2014/01/02/las-matriculaciones-de-hibridos-y-electricos-alcanzan-ritmos-his/) (in
Spanish). AutoBlog en Espaol. Retrieved 2014-09-08. A total of 588 VW e-Up!s and 59 Porsche Panamera
Plug-in Hybrids were sold in 2013.
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316. ^ a
bcd
Staff (2014-07-03). "Verkoop Opel Ampera en Chevrolet Volt ingestort" [Opel Ampera and Chevrolet
Volt sales collapsed] (http://www.groen7.nl/verkoop-opel-ampera-en-chevrolet-volt-ingestort/) (in Dutch). Groen7.

Retrieved 2014-09-08. Click on the link at the bottom of the article "Get the data" to download the file
"data-0TdA9 (1).csv" with monthly sales by model. During the first half of 2014 a total of 1 McLaren P1, 21
Smart EDs, 30 VW e-Up!s and 161 Porsche Panamera Plug-in Hybrids were sold.
317. ^ a
bcd
Staff (2014-01-07). "Verkoopcijfers stekkerautos 2013: de eindsprint" [Sales of plug-in cars in 2013: the
final sprint] (http://www.groen7.nl/verkoopcijfers-stekkerautos-2013-de-eindsprint/) (in Dutch). Groen7. Retrieved

2014-03-03. Click on the image at the bottom of the article for the full list of plug cars sold between 2011 and
2013 (http://www.groen7.nl/verkoopcijfers-stekkerautos-2013-de-eindsprint/verkoopcijfers-stekkerautos-2013/).
318. ^ ECN Policy Studies and NL Agency (2012-07-23). "Elektrisch vervoer in Nederland in internationaal
perspectief - Benchmark elektrisch rijden 2012" [Electric transport in the Netherlands in international perspective
- Benchmark electric vehicles in 2012] (http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/rapporten/2012/07
/23/elektrisch-vervoer-in-nederland-in-internationaal-perspectief.html) (in Dutch). Rijksoverheid voor Nederland
(The Netherlands Government). Retrieved 2012-10-30. Download the pdf file "benchmark-elektrisch-rijden" See Chapter 5, Table 4, pp. 19
319. ^ BOVAG-RAI (2012-10-15). "Mobiliteit in Cijfers - Autos 2010/2011" [Mobility in Figures - Cars 2010/2011]
(http://www.bovagrai.info/auto/2010/images/micauto2010.pdf) (in Dutch). BOVAG-RAI Foundation. Retrieved
2012-10-30. See table 2.8: "Personenautoregistraties (verkopen) naar brandstof" (New Passenger Car
Registrations by Type of Fuel Used), pp. 23 for the number of all-electric cars registered between 2007 and
2009. Other years show figures mixed with hybrid electric vehicles.
320. ^ Sander van der Kuip (November 2011). "The potential of electric vehicles amongst Dutch lease drivers"
(http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=121053). Tilburg University. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
321. ^ a
bc
"Overview of Purchase and Tax Incentives for Electric Vehicles in the EU" (http://www.acea.be/images
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322. ^ "Leaf prijzen" (http://www.nissan.nl/NL/nl/inside-nissan/innovation-and-technology/leaf_prijzen.html) (in Dutch).
Nissan Netherlands. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
323. ^ Sam Abuelsamid (2010-05-17). "Nissan announces European prices for Leaf, under 30,000 after incentives"
(http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/17/nissan-announces-european-prices-for-leaf-under-30-000-after-i/).
AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
324. ^ Graeme Roberts (2010-05-17). "UK: Nissan Leaf costlier in Europe even with incentives" (http://www.justauto.com/news/nissan-leaf-costlier-in-europe-even-with-incentives_id104404.aspx?lk=dm). Just-Auto. Retrieved
2010-05-17.
325. ^ a
bc
Elisabeth Rosenthal (2013-02-09). "Plugging In, Dutch Put Electric Cars to the Test"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/world/europe/dutch-put-electric-cars-to-the-test.html). The New York Times.

326. ^ Jeroen de Boer (2014-02-14). "Topjaar verkoop hybride autos, maar 2014 wordt minder" [Peak annual sales of
hybrid cars, but 2014 will be lower] (http://www.z24.nl/ondernemen/topjaar-verkoop-hybride-autos-maar-2014wordt-minder-427872). Z24 (in Dutch). Retrieved 2014-03-02.
327. ^ Amy Jackman (2012-11-21). "Alternative energy expo comes to Wellington" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominionpost/news/local-papers/hutt-news/7979411/Alternative-energy-expo-comes-to-Wellington). The Hutt News.
328. ^ "Mitsubishi and Meridian launch electric car trial" (http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.nz/microsite/imiev_v01
/news_10.asp), Mitsubishi Motors NZ press release, February 10, 2009
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329. ^ "Mitsubishi First To Launch Electric Cars To Kiwis" (http://www.voxy.co.nz/business/mitsubishi-first-launchelectric-cars-kiwis/5/86561). Voxy.com.nz. 2011-03-29. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
330. ^ Karen Joy Provo (2012-05-21). "Zero Emission Nissan LEAF Priced to deliver Zero Emission Leadership"
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10,639 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2013, consisting of: 7,885 new electric cars, 2,086
used imported all-electric cars, 328 new plug-in hybrid cars and 340 new all-electric vans. A total of 23,390
plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2014, consisting of: 18,094 new electric cars, 3,063 used
imported all-electric cars, 1,678 new plug-in hybrid cars and 555 new all-electric vans.
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Norwegian). Grnn bil. April 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-06.See graph sales per year and per quarter: Utvikling
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sales by county.
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380. ^ "2007 Electric Car News" (http://electricandhybridcars.com/index.php/pages/2007electriccarnews.html).
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385. ^ "Fim dos incentivos aos carros elctricos" [End of fiscal incentives for electric cars]
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386. ^ "Electric Leaf makes European debut in Portugal" (http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php
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2010-12-23.
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388. ^ Justin Aschard (2012-11-30). "Inmatriculations VP et VUL Portugal fin Oct. 2012 (2010-2012)" [Registrations
of passenger cars and utility vehicles in Portugal through October 2012 (2010-2012)] (http://www.france-mobiliteelectrique.org/IMG/pdf/12_PORTUGAL.pdf) (in French). France Mobilit lectrique. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
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389. ^ Sara Piteira Mota (2012-10-23). "S se venderam 44 carros elctricos em Portugal com o fim do incentivo"
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Economico. Retrieved 2013-06-23. Sales reported are through July 2012.
390. ^ "GridCars: Africa's first electric commuter car" (http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/gridcars-electricvehicle-project-hopes-for-transport-revolution-2010-05-28). www.engineeringnews.co.za. 2010-05-28. Retrieved
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391. ^ "Electric Car Manufacturer" (http://www.optimalenergy.co.za). Optimal Energy. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
392. ^ "The Joule: Africa's first all-electric car" (http://www.southafrica.info/business/trends/newbusiness/joule061008.htm). SouthAfrica.info. 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
393. ^ Ing Lamprecht (2013-10-16). "SA's first electric car goes on sale" (http://www.moneyweb.co.za/moneywebsouth-africa/sas-first-electric-car-goes-on-sale?sn=2009%20Detail). Money Web. Retrieved 2013-10-27.
394. ^ Pontes, Jose. "South Korea Full Year 2013" (http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2014/05/south-korea-full-year2013.html). EV Sales. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
395. ^ "Government of Spain approves subsidies for purchase of electric vehicles" (http://www.greencarcongress.com
/2011/05/spain-20110510.html#more). Green Car Congress. 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
396. ^ "El Mitsubishi i-MiEV ya se vende en Espaa" (http://motor.es.msn.com/coches/articulo.aspx?cpdocumentid=155851214) (in Spanish). MSN Espaol. 2011-01-14. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
397. ^ "Mitsubishi i-MiEV" (http://www.km77.com/00/mitsubishi/imiev/2009/t01.asp) (in Spanish). km77.com.
2011-01-04. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
398. ^ a b "Ventas en Espaa de coches hbridos y elctricos en 2011" [Hybrid and electric car sales in Spain in 2011]
(http://www.motorpasionfuturo.com/coches-electricos/ventas-en-espana-de-coches-hibridos-y-electricos-en-2011)
(in Spanish). Motor Pasin Futuro. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-05-13. A total of 401 electric cars and utility
vehicles were sold in Spain during 2011.
399. ^ Nico Esteban (2011-09-27). "Primeras entregas del Nissan Leaf en Barcelona" (http://www.motor.es/noticias
/nissan-leaf-entregas-barcelona.php) (in Spanish). Motor.es. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
400. ^ Nissan Press Release (2011-10-25). "Primeras entregas del Nissan LEAF a clientes de Madrid"
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401. ^ Asociacin Nacional de Importadores de Automviles, Camiones, Autobuses y Motocicletas (ANIACAM)
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ANIACAM. Retrieved 2012-10-06.Download the file DossierAutomviles_septiembre12.xls with current month
and cumulative sales for 2012.
402. ^ "Ventas en Espaa de coches hbridos y elctricos en 2011" [Hybrid and electric car sales in Spain in 2011]
(http://www.motorpasionfuturo.com/coches-electricos/ventas-en-espana-de-coches-hibridos-y-electricos-en-2011)
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403. ^ Hans Hvard Kvisle (2012-08-14). "Internasjonale salgstall for elbil" [International sales for EVs]
(http://www.elbil.no/elbiler/734-internasjonale-salgstall-for-elbil) (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian
Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2012-10-24.
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sales in Spain: letter of recommendation] (http://www.tecmovia.com/2013/01/25/ventas-de-coches-electricosen-espana-2012-testimoniales/) (in Spanish). TecMovia. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
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405. ^ Motorpasin Futuro (2013-01-12). "Ventas en Espaa de coches elctricos en 2012" [Electric car sales in Spain
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(in Spanish). Motorpasin Futuro. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
406. ^ a
bcdefgh
"2012 (Full Year) Sweden: Best-Selling Electric Cars & Plug-In Hybrid Models" (http://www.best-
selling-cars.com/hybrid/2012-full-year-sweden-best-selling-electric-cars-plug-in-hybrid-models/).
BestSellingCars.com. 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
407. ^ a
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Bil Sweden (2014-01-02). "Nyregistreringar december 2013 prel" [New registrations in December
2013 prel] (http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering_per_manad_2013/nyregistreringar-december2013-prel) (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2014-01-03. Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2013
prel.pdf" see table "NYREGISTRERADE SUPERMILJBILAR DECEMBER 2013" with summary of PEV sales
by model for 2013 and 2012.
408. ^ a
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Bil Sweden (2015-10-02). "Urstark bilmarknad under 2014" [Exceptionally strong car market in 2014]
(http://www.bilsweden.se/publikationer/pressmeddelanden/urstark-bilmarknad-under-2014) (in Swedish). Bil

Sweden. Retrieved 2015-02-22. A total of 4,656 super clean cars and 282 all-electric vans were registered in
Sweden in 2014. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up to 50 g/km (two Porsche
plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder are not accounted as super clean cars, instead
they are accounted with conventional hybrids). In 2011 there were 181 plug-in electric vehicles registered, 928
in 2012, 1,546 in 2013 and 4,656 super clean cars were registered during 2014. Since the introduction of the
super clean car rebate in January 2012 until December 2014, a total of 7,130 super clean cars have been
registered.
409. ^ a
bcdefghijk
Bil Sweden (2015-01-02). "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" [New registrations in
December 2014 (preliminar)] (http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering_per_manad_2014

/nyregistreringar-december-2014-(prel)) (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2015-01-03. Download file
"Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" see tables: "Nyregistrerade supermiljbilar december 2014" with
summary of plug-in passenger car registrations by model for 2013 (revised) and 2014; table "Nyregistrerade
eldrivna ltta lastbilar (hgst 3,5 ton) per modell:" for plug-in utility vans registrations for the same two years;
and table "Nyregistrerade miljbilar per typ jan-dec 2014" for the distribution of registrations by alternative
fuels. A total of 303,866 new passenger vehicles were registered in 2014, and a total of 4,656 super clean cars,
resulting in a PEV market share of 1.53% of new car sales.
410. ^ Desk, Lifestyle (2011-09-08). "Sweden Follows Suit with Electric Car Subsidy" (http://theglobalherald.com
/sweden-follows-suit-with-electric-car-subsidy/24444/). The Global Herald. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
411. ^ a b Bil Sweden (2014-08-01). "Fjrde hgsta julisiffran ngonsin fr nya bilar" [Fourth highest July sales figure
ever for new cars] (http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/nyregistreringar_per_manad_1/nyregistreringar2014/nyregistreringar-juli-2014) (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2014-09-01. A total of 5,209 super clean
cars have been registered in Sweden since 2011. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up
to 50 g/km (two Porsche plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder are not accounted as
super clean cars, instead they are accounted with conventional hybrids). In 2011 there were 181 super clean
vehicles registered, 928 in 2012, 1,546 in 2013 and 2,554 were registered during the first seven months of
2014.
412. ^ a
bc
Lasse Swrd (2014-08-01). "Supermiljbilspremien r slut" [Super car rebate ends] (http://www.dn.se
/ekonomi/supermiljobilspremien-ar-slut/). Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 2014-09-01.

413. ^ "Fjrde hgsta julisiffran ngonsin fr nya bilar" [Fourth highest July sales figure ever for new cars]
(http://avenytv.se.hemsida.eu/bilsweden/index.php/statistik/157-fjarde-hogsta-julisiffran-nagonsin-for-nya-bilar) (in
Swedish). Joomla. August 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-01.
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414. ^ a b Vereinigung Scheweizer Automobil-Importeure (2012-10-15). "Personenwagen nach Modellen Modellstatistik Personenwagen 2012/2011" [Passenger cars by model - Statistic by model cars in 2012/211]
(http://auto-suisse.ch/Personenwagen_nach_Modellen.html) (in German). Auto Schweiz. Retrieved
2012-10-17.Download files ModellePW2012.xls and ModellePWQuartal2011.xls.
415. ^ Shelley DeBere (2011-11-09). "European Investment Bank invests in Nissan's LEAF car"
(http://www.themanufacturer.com/uk/content/12747/European_Investment_Bank_invests_in_Nissan's_LEAF_car).
The Manufacturer. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
416. ^ "Nissan Leaf: Marktstart mit Elektromobilitts-Paket" (http://www.newsroom.nissan-europe.com/ch/dech/Media/Media.aspx?mediaid=83218) (in German). Nissan News Releases. 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
417. ^ Eric Loveday (2010-11-08). "Nissan Leaf slapped with $51K price tag in Switzerland"
(http://green.autoblog.com/2010/11/08/nissan-leaf-slapped-with-51k-price-tag-in-switzerland/). AutoblogGreen.
418. ^ a
bcd
Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2012-01-06). "December 2011 EV and AFV
registrations" (http://www.smmt.co.uk/2012/01/december-2011-%E2%80%93-ev-and-afv-registrations/). SMMT.

Retrieved 2012-01-14. A total of 1,082 electric vehicles were registered in the UK in 2011.
419. ^ a
bc
Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2013-01-07). "December 2012 EV and AFV
registrations" (http://www.smmt.co.uk/2013/01/december-2012-%E2%80%93-ev-and-afv-registrations/). SMMT.

420. ^ a b Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2014-01-07). "December 2013 EV registrations"
(http://www.smmt.co.uk/2014/01/december-2013-ev-registrations/). SMT. Retrieved 2014-01-12. A total of 2,254
plug-in electric cars were registered in 2013.
421. ^ a
bcdefg
Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2015-01-07). "December 2014 EV
registrations" (http://www.smmt.co.uk/2015/01/december-2014-ev-registrations/). SMT. Retrieved 2015-01-08. A

total of 14,598 plug-in electric cars were registered during 2014, consisting of 6,697 pure electrics and 7,821
plug-in hybrids, up from 3,586 plug-in electric cars were registered in 2013. A total of 2,476,435 new cars were
registered in 2014.
422. ^ a
bc
Ben Lane (2015-01-12). "UK electric fleet passes 24,500 mark" (http://www.nextgreencar.com/news/6910
/UK-electric-fleet-passes-24500-mark). UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2015-01-19.

423. ^ a b Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (April 2011). "Motor Industry Facts 2011"
(http://www.smmt.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/Motor-Industry-Facts-2011.pdf). SMMT. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
Download the pdf report. Data available by year in Table: AFV Registrations, pp.15. Data shows all type of
EVs, including quadricycles. A total of 1,096 electric vehicles were registered in the UK between 2006 and
December 2010
424. ^ Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield (2013-08-30). "TLC needed: Can cars like the G-Wiz still have a purpose in life?"
(http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2013/08/30/tlc-needed-can-cars-like-the-g-wiz-still-have-apurpose-in-life/). The Green Car Website. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
425. ^ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT). "Motor Industry Facts 2012" (http://www.smmt.co.uk
/wp-content/uploads/SMMT_FACTS_2012_WEBv.pdf?9b6f83). SMMT. Retrieved 2013-10-10. Download the
pdf report. Data available by year in Table: Alternatively-fuelled vehicle registrations by fuel type, pp.24. Data
shows highway-capable EVs.
426. ^ a b Jon LeSage (2013-01-08). "Toyota Prius Plug-In wins 2012 sales battle in UK" (http://green.autoblog.com
/2013/01/08/toyota-prius-plug-in-wins-2012-sales-battle-in-uk/). AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2013-02-10.A total of
470 Prius PHV were sold in 2012.
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427. ^ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2013). "New Car CO2 Report 2013"
(http://www.smmt.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/SMMT-New-Car-CO2-Report-2013-web.pdf). SMMT. Retrieved
2013-03-17. See Table 5: New car CO2 emissions and registrations by fuel type (pp.8) SMMT reports 1,262
electric cars, 522 range extenders and 470 plug-in hybrids for a total of 2,254 PEVs sold in 2012.
428. ^ Richard Bremner (2012-11-06). "Twizy sells well, but EV sales disappoint Renault" (http://www.autocar.co.uk
/car-news/green-cars/twizy-sells-well-ev-sales-disappoint-renault). AutoCar.com. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
429. ^ Duncan Kay, Nikolas Hill and Dan Newman (Ricardo-AEA) (April 2013). "Powering Ahead - The future of
low-carbon cars and fuels" (http://www.racfoundation.org/assets/rac_foundation/content/downloadables
/powering_ahead-kay_et_al-apr2013.pdf). RAC Foundation. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
430. ^ a
bcd
Faye Sunderland (2014-01-07). "Plug-in car sales boom on back of recovering car market"
(http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2014/01/07/plug-in-car-sales-boom-on-back-of-recoverycar-market/). The Green Car Website. Retrieved 2014-01-12. 509 Prius PHVs were sold 2013.
431. ^ a
bcd
Fleet News (2014-01-23). "Nissan set a new UK sales record in 2013" (http://www.fleetnews.co.uk
/news/2014/1/23/nissan-set-a-new-uk-sales-record-in-2013/49402/). Fleet News. Retrieved 2014-01-24. 1,812

Leafs were sold during 2013.
432. ^ a
bcdef
Will Nichols (2015-01-08). "Electric car sales quadruple during 2014" (http://www.businessgreen.com
/bg/analysis/2389124/electric-car-sales-quadruple-during-2014). Business Green. Retrieved 2015-01-08. A total

of 4,051 Leafs were sold in 2014.
433. ^ a b Mat Gasnier (2013-02-01). "UK Full Year 2012: Now with Top 350 All-models ranking!"
(http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/02/01/uk-full-year-2012-now-with-top-350-all-models-ranking/). Best Selling
Cars Blog. Retrieved 2013-02-16. A total of 635 Leafs were sold in 2011 and 699 in 2012.
434. ^ a b Ben Lane (2014-08-06). "UK electric fleet passes 13,000 mark" (http://www.nextgreencar.com/news/6733
/UK-electric-fleet-passes-13000-mark). UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2014-08-19.
435. ^ a b Will Nichols (2014-10-07). "UK electric car sales surge in 2014" (http://www.theguardian.com/environment
/2014/oct/07/uk-electric-car-sales-surge-in-2014). The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
436. ^ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2014-12-04). "November 2014 EV registrations"
(http://www.smmt.co.uk/2014/12/november-2014-ev-registrations/). SMMT. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
437. ^ Mark Kane (2014-12-08). "Plug-In Electric Car Sales UK At 1% Of Market In November" (http://insideevs.com
/plug-in-electric-car-sales-uk-at-1-of-market-in-november/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
438. ^ a b Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2015-02-05). "January 2015 EV registrations"
(http://www.smmt.co.uk/2015/02/january-2015-ev-registrations/). SMT. Retrieved 2015-02-14. A total of 21,680
eligible plug-in electric cars have been 21,680 since the launch of the Plug-In Car Grant in January 2011. A
total of 512 pure electrics and 1,203 plug-in hybrids were registered in January 2015; and 1,708 eligible cars
were granted the benefit in that month..
439. ^ Mark Kane (2015-02-13). "UK Plug-in Electric Car Sales Begin 2015 At Over 1% Market Share"
(http://insideevs.com/uk-plug-in-electric-car-sales-begin-2015-at-over-1-market-share/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved
2015-02-16.
440. ^ "September serves up record sales for Nissan LEAF" (http://www.newsroom.nissan-europe.com/uk/engb/Media/Media.aspx?mediaid=125153) (Press release). UK: Nissan GB. 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
441. ^ "BMW Group UK reports record sales in 2014" (https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/united-kingdom
/pressDetail.html?title=bmw-group-uk-reports-record-sales-in-2014&outputChannelId=8&id=T0199644EN_GB&
left_menu_item=node__804) (Press release). BMW Group PressClub United Kingdom. 2015-01-07. Retrieved
2015-01-08.
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442. ^ Alex Grant (2014-07-08). "Japanese manufacturers lead growing UK electric and hybrid vehicle sales"
(http://fleetworld.co.uk/news/2014/Jul/Japanese-manufacturers-lead-growing-UK-electric-and-hybrid-vehiclesales/0434015288). Fleet World. Retrieved 2014-08-17.
443. ^ Faye Sunderland (2014-08-06). "Mitsubishi Outlander plug-in hybrid tops UK electric car sales"
(http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2014/08/06/mitsubishi-outlander-plug-in-hybrid-tops-ukelectric-car-sales/). UK: The Green Car Website. Retrieved 2014-08-17.
444. ^ "Confident Mitsubishi UK Builds On Strong 2014 Sales With New Five-Year Warranty" (http://www.mitsubishimatters.co.uk/2015/01/07/confident-mitsubishi-uk-builds-strong-2014-sales-new-five-year-warranty/) (Press
release). London: Mitsubishi Motors UK. 2015-01-07. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
445. ^ a b Graeme Roberts (2015-01-13). "Netherlands: Mitsubishi boosts European sales 28% in 2014"
(http://www.just-auto.com/news/mitsubishi-boosts-european-sales-28-in-2014_id154537.aspx). Just Auto.
446. ^ Eric Loveday (2014-12-13). "Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales UK YTD Model By Model" (http://insideevs.com
/plug-electric-vehicle-sales-uk-ytd-model-model/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2015-01-08.
447. ^ Jay Nagley (2013-09-16). "Price cut to jolt Vauxhall Ampera sales" (http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news
/motoring/price-cut-jolt-vauxhall-ampera-sales). Autocar. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
448. ^ Jose Pontes (2013-10-09). "UK June 2013" (http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2013/10/uk-june-2013.html). EV
Sales. Retrieved 2013-10-10. 295 Prius PHVs were sold during the first half of 2013.
449. ^ Ben Lane (2015-02-10). "Nissan LEAF most popular EV in UK" (http://www.nextgreencar.com/news/6969
/nissan-leaf-most-popular-ev-in-uk). UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2015-02-14. A total of 1,039 Vauxhall
Amperas, 1,029 UK BMW i3s (454 all-electric and 575 with range-extender option) and 474 Tesla Model S
sedans have been registered since their introduction up until September 2014.
450. ^ Renault UK (2015-01-08). "ZOE Remains a Winner at What Car? Awards" (http://www.westovergroup.co.uk
/renault/news/westover-renault-zoe-what-car-award/). Westover Group. Retrieved 2015-01-31.
451. ^ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2013-07-04). "June 2013 EV and AFV registrations"
(http://www.smmt.co.uk/2013/07/jun-2013-%E2%80%93-ev-registrations/). SMMT. Retrieved 2013-10-14. A
total of 1,049 pure electric cars and 511 plug-in hybrids were registered during the first half of 2013.
452. ^ a b "UK Government Announces 5,000 Grants Towards Purchase of Electric Drive Vehicles and First
"Plugged-in Places" " (http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/02/uk-ev-20100226.html). Green Car Congress.
2010-02-26. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
453. ^ a
bc
"Plug-in car grant eligibility guidance" (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/plug-in-car-grant/plug-
in-car-grant-vehicles). Department for Transport. February 2015. Retrieved 2015-02-16.

454. ^ Paul Hudson (2010-02-28). "5,000 grant to buy plug-in electric cars" (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring
/green-motoring/7316351/5000-grant-to-buy-plug-in-electric-cars.html). London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved
2010-04-23.
455. ^ a
bc
Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield (2015-02-13). "UK Government Announces Changes to Plug-in Car Incentives,
Introduces Banding Based on ZEV Capabilities" (https://transportevolved.com/2015/02/13/uk-governmentannounces-changes-plug-car-incentives-introduces-banding-based-zev-capabilities/). Transport Evolved. Retrieved

2015-02-16.
456. ^ a b Department for Transport, Office for Low Emission Vehicles and Baroness Krame (2015-02-13). "Take-up of
plug-in car grant continues to rise - Number of ultra-low emission vehicles breaks 25,000 barrier."
(https://www.gov.uk/government/news/take-up-of-plug-in-car-grant-continues-to-rise). UK Government. Retrieved
2015-02-14.
457. ^ Department for Transport (DfT) (2014-11-18). "Plug-in car and van grants" (https://www.gov.uk/plug-in-carvan-grants/overview). DfT. Retrieved 2015-01-08.
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458. ^ a b UK Government (2015-02-06). "Plug-in car and van grants - 3. Eligibility" (https://www.gov.uk/plug-in-carvan-grants/eligibility). UK Government. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
459. ^ "Why is the Tesla Roadster not on the government's electric car grant list?" (http://www.guardian.co.uk
/environment/blog/2010/dec/14/tesla-roadster-electric-car-list). The Guardian. 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
460. ^ Transport for London (February 2015). "Discounts and exemptions - Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED)"
(http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-charge/discounts-and-exemptions?intcmp=4368). Transport for
London. Retrieved 2015-02-15. Click on "Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED)" for details.
461. ^ Go Ultra Low (February 2015). "Vehicle technologies - Plug-in hybrids" (https://www.goultralow.com/whatare-go-ultra-low-cars/types-of-vehicles/plug-in-hybrid/). Go Ultra Low. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
462. ^ "Thousands of electric car charging points due" (http://www.which.co.uk/news/2009/11/thousands-of-electriccar-charging-points-due-189176). Which?. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
463. ^ http://www.hybridandelectriccars.co.uk/news/468985/pluggedin_places.html
464. ^ "Recharging infrastructure" (http://www.dft.gov.uk/topics/sustainable/olev/recharging-electric-vehicles/).
Department for Transport. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
465. ^ [1] (http://www.sourceeast.net/)
466. ^ [2] (https://www.sourcelondon.net/)
467. ^ the (http://www.cenex.co.uk/programmes/plugged-in-places)
468. ^ [3] (http://chargemasterplc.com/charging-schemes/milton-keynes/)
469. ^ [4] (http://www.chargeyourcar.org.uk/indexx3.php)
470. ^ [5] (http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/ecar)
471. ^ Making the Connection: the Plug-In Vehicle Infrastructure Strategy (http://www.dft.gov.uk/publications/plugin-vehicle-infrastructure-strategy)
472. ^ Stacy C. Davis, Susan W. Diegel, and Robert G. Boundy (July 2014). "Transportation Energy Data Book
Edition 33" (http://cta.ornl.gov/data/tedb33/Edition33_Full_Doc.pdf). Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 2014-09-02. See Table 6.5: Hybrid and Plug-in Vehicle Sales,
1999-2013, pp. 6-9.
473. ^ a
bcdefghijklmno
Jeff Cobb (2015-01-06). "December 2014 Dashboard" (http://www.hybridcars.com
/december-2014-dashboard/). HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2015-01-06. A total of

118,682 plug-in electric cars were sold in 2014, consisting of 63,325 all-electric cars and 55,357 plug-in
hybrids. See sections: "December 2014 Plug-in Hybrid Car Sales Numbers" and "December 2014 Battery
Electric Car Sales Numbers"
474. ^ a
bcdefg
Jeff Cobb (2013-01-08). "December 2012 Dashboard" (http://www.hybridcars.com/december-
2012-dashboard). HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2013-02-27. See the section: December
2012 Plug-in Electric Car Sales Numbers. A total of 53,172 plug-in electric vehicles were sold during 2012.
Sales of the Fisker Karma, Coda and Wheego are not included, as these carmakers does not report monthly
sales on a regular basis.
475. ^ Jeff Cobb (2014-01-06). "December 2013 Dashboard" (http://www.hybridcars.com/december2013-dashboard/). HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
476. ^ a b Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA) (January 2014). "Electric drive vehicle sales figures
(U.S. Market) - EV sales" (http://electricdrive.org/index.php?ht=d%2Fsp%2Fi%2F20952%2Fpid%2F20952).
EDTA. Retrieved 2015-01-18. Between December 2010 and December 2014, a total of 286,390 plug-in electric
cars have been sold in the U.S.
477. ^ HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. "HybridCars Dashboard" (http://www.hybridcars.com/marketdashboard/). HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-01-11.
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478. ^ a b Jeff Cobb (2014-12-03). "November 2014 Dashboard" (http://www.hybridcars.com/november2014-dashboard/). HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2014-12-03. A total of 107,396 plug-in
electric cars were sold between January and November 2014, consisting of 55,906 all-electric cars and 51,490
plug-in hybrids. See sections: "November 2014 Plug-in Hybrid Car Sales Numbers" and "November 2014
Battery Electric Car Sales Numbers"
479. ^ Mark Glover (2014-08-09). "Electric-vehicle charging stations sprouting all over California"
(http://www.sacbee.com/2014/08/09/6614146/electric-vehicle-charging-stations.html). Sacramento Bee. Retrieved
2014-08-10.
480. ^ a
bc
Jeff Cobb (2015-01-28). "This Month America Will Be 30-Percent of the Way To Obamas 1-Million
Plug-in Goal" (http://www.hybridcars.com/this-month-america-will-be-30-percent-of-the-way-to-obamas-1-millionplug-in-goal/). HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-02-08. As of December 2014, a total of 73,357 Chevrolet Volts
and 72,322 Nissan Leafs have been sold in the U.S. since December 2010.
481. ^ a
bc
Mark Rogowsky (2014-01-16). "Tesla Sales Blow Past Competitors, But With Success Comes Scrutiny"
(http://www.forbes.com/sites/markrogowsky/2014/01/16/tesla-sales-blow-past-competitors-but-with-successcomes-scrutiny/). Forbes. Retrieved 2014-01-17. Almost 18,000 Model S cars were sold in the U.S. in 2013.
482. ^ a b Domenick Yoney (2013-02-20). "Tesla delivered 2,650 Model S EVs last year, Musk confident of profit in
Q1 and beyond" (http://green.autoblog.com/2013/02/20/tesla-delivered-2-650-model-s-evs-last-yearmusk-confident-of-p/). Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2014-01-04. Around 2,650 Model S cars were delivered by
Tesla during 2012, mostly in the U.S. with limited numbers delivered in Canada.
483. ^ David Shepardson (2014-01-03). "2013 electric vehicle sales jump 84%" (http://www.detroitnews.com/article
/20140103/AUTO01/301030070/1121/AUTO01/EVs-sales-jump-in-2013). The Detroit News. Retrieved
2014-01-04.
484. ^ Jeff Cobb (2013-11-04). "October 2013 Dashboard" (http://www.hybridcars.com/october-2013-dashboard/).
HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2013-11-09. See the section: October 2013 Plug-in Electric
Car Sales Numbers: A total of 77,965 plug-in electric cars were sold in the U.S. between January and October
2013, of which, 10,191 were delibered in October.
485. ^ Jeff Cobb (2014-06-04). "May 2014 Dashboard" (http://www.hybridcars.com/may-2014-dashboard/).
HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2014-06-04. A total of 43,144 plug-in electric cars were
sold during the first five months of 2014, consisting of 20,256 all-electric cars and 22,618 plug-in hybrids. See
sections: "May 2014 Battery Electric Car Sales Numbers" and "May 2014 Plug-In Hybrid Car Sales Numbers"
486. ^ Jay Cole (2014-06-04). "Electric Vehicle Sales In The US Hit All-Time High In May" (http://insideevs.com
/electric-vehicle-sales-for-the-us-hit-all-time-high-in-may/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
487. ^ California Energy Commission (2013-03-01). "California Energy Commission awards $4.5M to ARB for more
clean vehicle rebates" (http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/03/cec-20130301.html). Green Car Congress.
488. ^ David C. Smith (2013-08-07). "Scrappage Rate Hits Historic High, Bodes Well for Future"
(http://wardsauto.com/sales-amp-marketing/scrappage-rate-hits-historic-high-bodes-well-future). Wards Auto.
489. ^ Gene Balk (2013-08-20). "Seattle among cities that dominate U.S. electric vehicle sales"
(http://blogs.seattletimes.com/fyi-guy/2013/08/20/seattle-among-cities-that-dominate-u-s-electric-vehicle-sales/).
The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
490. ^ Greg Asciutto (2013-09-25). "Santa Monica a top city for electric vehicles" (http://smdp.com/santa-monicaa-top-city-for-electric-vehicles/127380). Santa Monica Daily Press. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
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491. ^ Jaclyn Trop (2013-09-20). "Santa Monica Bets on Electric Cars, but Consumers Are Slow to Switch"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/21/business/santa-monica-bets-on-electric-cars-but-consumers-are-slowto-switch.html?hp&_r=2&). The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
492. ^ Danny King (2013-04-10). "US public charging stations increase by 9% in first quarter"
(http://green.autoblog.com/2013/04/10/us-public-charging-stations-increase-by-9-in-first-quarter/). Autoblog
Green. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
493. ^ U.S. Department of Energy (2013-12-25). "Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State"
(http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/stations_counts.html). Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC). Retrieved
2013-12-31. The AFDC counts electric charging units or points, or EVSE, as one for each outlet available, and
does not include residential electric charging infrastructure.
494. ^ Antony Ingram (2013-10-26). "Where Are Electric-Car Charging Stations? Infographic Shows It All"
(http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1087971_where-are-electric-car-charging-stations-infographic-shows-it-all).
495. ^ a b U.S. Department of Energy (January 2013). "EV Everywhere Grand Challenge Blueprint"
(http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/electric_vehicles/pdfs/eveverywhere_blueprint.pdf). Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy(EERE), US DoE. Retrieved 2013-02-24. See pp. 5.
496. ^ Bill Vlasic and Matthew L. Wald (2012-06-11). "Shaky Battery Maker Claims an Advance"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/business/energy-environment/a123-us-backed-battery-maker-claimsbreakthrough.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles). The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
497. ^ Sharyl Attkisson (2012-06-02). "Electric vehicles fall drastically short of Obama's 1 million goal"
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External links
Driving Electrification - A Global Comparison of Fiscal Incentive Policy for Electric Vehicles
(http://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_EV-fiscal-incentives_20140506.pdf),
International Council on Clean Transportation, May 2014
Global EV Outlook 2013 - Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020 (http://www.iea.org
/publications/globalevoutlook_2013.pdf), International Energy Agency (IEA), April 2013
Hybrid and Electric Vehicles - The Electric Drive Gains Traction (http://www.ieahev.org/assets/1/7/IAHEV_Annual_Report_May_2013_3MB.pdf) (See section C, overview by country), IA-HEV,
International Energy Agency, May 2013
Plug-In Electric Vehicles: A Case Study of Seven Markets (http://www.its.ucdavis.edu/research
/publications/publication-detail/?pub_id=2369) (Norway, Netherlands, California, United States, France,
Japan, and Germany), UC Davis, October 2014.
Shade's of Green - Electric Car's Carbon Emissions Around the Globe (http://shrinkthatfootprint.com
/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Shades-of-Green-Full-Report.pdf), Shrink that Footprint, February 2013.
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