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Fluid
Characterisation
Well
Reservoir
Reservoir
Flow
Description
Flow
Exploration
Appraisal
Extended
(EWT)
Production
WT
WFT
Small Volume
Large Volume
Well Flow
Reservoir Flow
Versus Depth
Formation
Boundaries
Fluid
Reservoir Description
Pressure, p
Well Performance
pr
pwf
Operating Point
Surface
Flow, qtest
PI
00
qtest
AOFP
Flow rate, q
Well
Productivity Index
PI
qtest
pr pwf
Bottom hole
Reservoir
pwf
pr
Pressure, p
pr
00
Flow rate, q
Reservoir Deliverability
t2
t3
4000
Pressure [psia]
t1
2000
t3> t2 > t1
Flow rate, q
Reservoir constrained
Complex boundaries
(e.g. channel sands)
Low permeability
20
Gas Rate
40
Production [MMscf/D]
THP [psia]
Pressure, p
pr
Reservoir Deliverability
Pressure, p
pi
t1
t2
t3
Pressure History
Flow rate, q
Depletion
Hopefully not seen in a
well test!
pi
7000
5000
Depletion
4000
Pressure (psia)
t3> t2 > t1
8000
6000
5000
3000
4000
2000
3000
6000
1000
2000
0
1000
-1000
0
22-Apr
23-Apr
24-Apr
25-Apr
Pressure, p
pi
p
Transient
p(t)
Steady state
q
0
q(t)
Rate
Pseudo-steady state
Time, t
10
100
Early Time
Near Well
Middle Time
Reservoir
Late Time
Boundaries
Storage
Skin
Fractures
Partial Completion
Homogeneous
2-Porosity
Multi-layer
No-Flow
Constant Pressure
10
Unit Slope
Depletion
Unit Slope
Well Storage
Slope
Linear Flow
Channel
0.1
0.01
Permeability thickness,
kh, and skin, S
0.1
10
100
Stabilisation
Infinite Acting
Radial Flow
1000
11
WFT
PT
Wellbore
Storage
Spherical
Reservoir
Boundaries
Radial
Horizontal/Fractured
Well
0.01
0.1
10
100 seconds
10
100 hours
1
10
100
days
12
Scale
(Mini-frac)
Volumes
x-factor
Times
x-factor
Wireline
While
Drilling
Pressure Test
Sampling
1-10 cc
5-50 cc
10-100 l
1-10000 m3
10000
106-109
1-5 min
1-15 min
1-5 hr
12hrs 12days
1-3
60
720-20000
Well Test
13
Scale
Radius of investigation:
k/ = 10 mD/cp
ct = 0.15x10-5 1/psi
While
Drilling
Flow Time
k t
ct
ri
(Mini-frac)
Wireline
Pressure Test
Sampling/
Mini DST
Well Test
5s
10 s
15 min
12 hr
Flow Volume
5 cc
10 cc
3000 cc
Shut Time
30 s
3 min
5 min
24 hr
p/t (psi/min)
0.18
0.003
0.06
0.018
Theoretical ri (ft)
17
23
300
15
250
h = 75 ft
14
kh=2.5 mDft
kh=6 mDft
kh=16 mDft
15
Time
Log-log Plot
Entire Test
Elapsed Time
Pressure
Derivative, p
Pressure
Derivative, p
Rate
Rate
Pressure
Pressure
Ideal Case
Time
Log-log Plot
Only Build-up
?
Elapsed Time
Deconvolution
Rate
0
tmax
Time
No Model
Rate
Pressure
Pressure
tmax
Time
17
tmax
Time
Time
tmax
Rate
Pressure
Rate
Rate
Pressure
tmax
Time
Iterations
18
Example
Pressure, psia
265
hrs
5150
48 hrs
48 hrs
4950
4750
20
10
0
40
80
120
Time [hr]
160
200
240
19
Example - DST
1E+11
Deconvolved Data
1E+10
1E+9
Build-up Data
48 hrs 265 hrs
1E+8
1E-3
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
Time (hrs)
20
Rates
qvt
Deconvolve
Diagnose
SPE 116575
Minimum
Tested
Volume
Model Select
Model
Catalogue
Simulate
Model
Parameters
Fit
Y
Done
Another
Model?
OK?
With Deconvolution
21
1000
Unit
Slope
(pss)
Deconvolved Data
pmax
100
10
STOIPtested
1
0.001
0.01
Build-up Data
(1 S w )
t max
q
ct
pmax
(1 S w )
t max
GIIPtested
q
'
ct
nm p max
0.1
10
100
t max
1000
Time (hrs)
SPE 116575
22
pi
Pressure, p
Transient
p(t)
Pseudo-steady state
End of Test
?
q(t)
0
Rate
Minimum
Time, t
Flow, q, Pressure, p, and Time, t
23
Example 1 - Gas
GIIPtested
(1 S w )
t max 2 p
q
'
ct
m p max z
GIIPtested
(1 0.15)
93.6 / 24 2 8135.32
40.4
6.625E 5
2.30 E8 0.032 1.247
3534MMscf
3.53bscf
Input:
Sw = 0.15
ct = 6.62E-5 1/psi
q = 40.4 MMscf/d
pbar = 8135.32 psia
bar = 0.032 cp
zbar = 1.247
25
Example 2 - Oil
STOIPtested
(1 S w )
t max
q
ct
pmax
Max
STOIPtested
(1 0.129)
304 / 24
2380
9.44 E 6
20.6
139,39,843stb 135MMstb
Min
STOIPtested
(1 0.129)
304 / 24
2380
9.44 E 6
63.1
44,053,261stb 44.1MMstb
Input:
Sw = 0.129
ct = 9.44E-6 1/psi
q = 2380 stb/d
tmax= 304 hrs
m(p)max = 20.6 63.1 psi
26
Example 3 - Gas
GIIPtested
GIIPtested
(1 S w )
t max 2 p
q
'
ct
m p max z
(1 0.1)
136 / 24
2 865.2
10.7
1.31E 3
2.37 E 5 0.0128 0.873
27,200MMscf
27.2bscf
Input:
Sw = 0.1
ct = 0.00131 1/psi
q = 10.7 MMscf/d
27
28
Example 4 - Oil
STOIPtested
(1 S w )
t max
q
ct
pmax
Max
STOIPtested
(1 0.15)
94 / 24
1220
1.5E 5
93.5
2,894,000stb 2.89MMstb
Input:
Min
STOIPtested
(1 0.15)
94 / 24
1220
1.5E 5
530
510,564stb 0.51MMstb
Sw = 0.15
ct = 1.5E-5 1/psi
q = 1220 stb/d
29
(1 S w )
t max
q
ct
pmax
(1 0.15)
60 / 24
5000
3E 6
105
33708571 stb
33 .7 MMstb
Design Input:
Input:
Sw = 0.15
ct = 1E-5 1/psi
q = 5000 stb/d
k = 90 mD
h=7m
= 0.11
rw = 0.3 ft
= 0.5 cp
pi = 5300 psia
tmax= 60 hrs
m(p)max = 105 psi
30
(1 S w )
t max
q
ct
pmax
(1 0.15)
60 / 24
5000
3E 6
683
5182138 stb
5.2 MMstb
Design Input:
Input:
Sw = 0.15
ct = 1E-5 1/psi
q = 5000 stb/d
k = 90 mD
h=7m
= 0.11
rw = 0.3 ft
= 0.5 cp
pi = 5300 psia
d1 = 500 ft
d2 = 1000 ft
tmax= 60 hrs
m(p)max = 683 psi
31
100
Unit Slope
PSS
10
pmax
pmax
pint
CRC
0.1
0.01
pint
32
33
CRC
12
y = -0.3612x + 11.852
2
R = 0.6994
10
8
y = -2.274Ln(x) + 11.743
R2 = 0.8496
6
4
2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
34
Rates
qvt
Deconvolve
Diagnose
SPE 122299
Model Select
Model
Catalogue
Simulate
Model
Parameters
Production
Forecast
Fit
Y
Done
Another
Model?
OK?
SPE 122299
35
10000
Knowing
STOIIP/GIIP
1000
Most likely
100
10
0.001
-1 unit slope
Best case
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
36
14
13
5000
12
11
10
Pressure (psia)
9
3000
8
7
2000
6
5
1000
4000
4
3
2
1
-1000
0
01-Jan
02-Jan
03-Jan
04-Jan
05-Jan
06-Jan
37
100000
Unit Slope
WBS
Unit Slope
PSS
10000
21 years
1000
2
?
100
1 year
Extrapolation
10
1
0.0000001
0.001
0.1
10
1000
38
Production Forecast
(pwf = 1500 psi)
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
50%
10
15
Time (years)
39
Pressure (psia)
5000
4000
3000
140
2000
1000
120
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
100
Time (days)
1.00E+09
80
60
40
1.00E+08
pi = 5495
20
pi = 5490
pi = 5486
0
5484
1.00E+07
5486
5488
5490
5492
5494
5496
5498
5500
5502
1.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
Elapsed Time
40
Pressure History
2930
250
2920
Pressure (psia)
2910
2900
150
2890
100
2880
2870
200
50
2860
2850
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
90 100 110 120 130
41
Observed
1E+8
Worst
Most
Likely
1E+7
1E+6
Best
1E+5
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
42
14
Best
Most likely
12
Worst
Actual
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Time (years)
0.8
43
250
4000
200
Pressure (psia)
3000
2000
150
1000
100
0
-1000
50
-2000
-3000
0
5000
0
9
44
Constrained
1E+9
Day 142
Day 379
Day 507
1E+8
1E+7
1E+6
0.1
10
100
Elapsed Time (hrs)
1000
10000
100000
45
250
Measured
200
50
0
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
46
Limitations
Deconvolution assumes single phase flow in the reservoir
and therefore cannot be used to predict e.g. water
breakthrough.
Deconvolution currently only works for single wells; i.e. it
does not take into account the influence of nearby
producers and injectors.
(These limitations do not prevent the use of deconvolution
but need to be considered when examining results).
47
Conclusions
With the availability of robust deconvolution, it is possible to
extract important information from well test data quickly and
easily prior to any further analysis or models.
Uncertainty in the deconvolution carries through to uncertainty
in results.
Summary
49
1000
100
Pressure [psi]
10
0.1
0.01
1E-3
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
1E+5
1E+6
Time [hr]
Compare files: Log-Log plot (dp and dp' normalized [psi] vs dt)
50
1E+12
1E+11
1E+10
1E+9
1E+8
1E+7
1E+6
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
1E+5
1E+6
Time [hr]
Compare files: Log-Log plot (dm(p) and dm(p)' normalized [psi2/cp] vs dt)
51