mTuner 1 Chapters 9 and 10

1) What is a morpheme? It is the smallest meaningful unit of

language.
2) Suzy has just begun to produce full sentences. Suzy is likely to be
at least ___months old. 36. Explanation: Between 36-60 months
of age, infants begin to produce full sentences.
3) Items that are more readily available to memory are judged as
having occurred more frequently. This is called the ___.
Availability bias.
4) What is the speech style of patients diagnosed with Brocas
aphasia? They speak in short, staccato phrases that consist mostly
of content morphemes. Explanation: People with Brocas aphasia
understand language relatively well, although they have
increasing comprehension difficulty as grammatical structures
get more complex. But their real struggle is with speech
production: Typically, they speak in short, staccato phrases that
consist mostly of content morphemes (e.g., cat, dog).
5) Whereas ___ is generally assessed by tests of vocabulary, factual
information, and so on, ___ is generally assessed by tests that pose
novel, abstract problems that must be solved under time pressure.
Crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence. Explanation:
Crystallized intelligence involves the retention and utilization of
previously learned information. Fluid intelligence involves the
processing of novel information.
6) What is the main claim of prospect theory? That people choose to
take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when
evaluating potential gains.

7) Bobs mental age is 30. His IQ is 100. How old is Bob? 30.
Explanation: Age=(100 x Mental Age)/IQ
8) Why is h2 higher among wealthy kinds than among poor kinds?
Wealthy children have fairly similar environments.
9) A test taker is asked what 19 pairs of words have in common. For
example, the test taker is asked: In what way are an apple and a
pear alike? From which subtest of the WAIS-III was this test item
drawn from? Similarities.
10)
J.Philippe Rushton, a very controversial and disliked
psychologist, argued thatAsians are more intelligent than Whites
and that Whites are more intelligent than Blacks.
11)
Word fluency, perceptual speed, and verbal comprehension
are examples of what Thurstone would callprimary mental
abilities.
12)
According to ___, we make classify new objects by
comparing them to ___ member of a category. According to ___,
we classify new objects by comparing them to all category
members. Prototype theory, the most typical member, exemplar
theory.
13)
People seem to ignore information about base rates. This is
related to the representativeness heuristic. Explanation: People
seem to ignore information about base rates, or the existing
probability of an event, basing their judgements on similarities to
categories. Researchers call this the representativeness heuristicmaking a probability judgement by comparing an object or event
to a prototype of the object or event.
14)
Suzy is 24 months old. She speaks in two-word sentences
like, more milk and throw ball. Such sentences are referred to
as ___. Telegraphic speech. Explanation: Such sentences are

referred to as telegraphic speech because they are devoid of

function morphemes and consist mostly of content words.
15)
What is the function of content morphemes? Content
morphemes refer to things and events (e.g., cat,dog,take).
16)
The ___ refers to those environmental factors that are not
experienced by all relevant members of a household. Non-shared
environment.
17)
In regards to decision-making processes, the results of the
speed dating study discussed in lecture study provide further
evidence ofthe irrationality of human decision-making.
18)
Intelligence research is similar to personality research in that
both involvethe study of individual differences.
19)
According to Dr.Joordens, language allows us to not have
tore-discover the same thing over and over again. Explanation:
There is no doubt that this is an important feature of language.
20)
An algorithm is like ___, while a heuristic is like ___. A
formula, a rule of thumb.
21)
Genie was locked away as a young child, never being
exposed to the spoken word. As a consequence of this tragic
upbringing, Genie never learned to talk. This very sad story
provides evidence ofcritical period in language development.
Explanation: Is there a period of time when the brain is ready
to learn language? Yes, critical periods in language development
exist (perhaps between ages 3 and 9).
22)
Imagine waiting in line for 3 hours, paying $100 for a ticket
to the Led Zeppelin concert, and waking on the day of the outdoor
concert to find that its bitterly cold and rainy. If you go to the
concert, youll feel miserable. But you go anyway, reasoning that
the $100 you paid for the ticket and the time you spent in line will
have been wasted if you stay home. This is an example of

thesunk-cost fallacy. Explanation: This is a textbook example

of the sunk-cost fallacy.
23)
The average person today scores about 15 IQ points higher
than the average person did just 50 years ago. This phenomenon is
called ___. The Flynn Effect.
24)
When an adult uses baby talk to speak with their child, it
helps the child understand that the adult is speaking to them.
25)
In the search for specific mental abilities, the ___ involves
examining peoples responses on intelligence tests and then
looking to see what kinds of independent clusters form. Theorybased approach. Explanation: Although the data-based approach
is constrained in drawing its conclusions by the kinds of
intelligence tests that psychologist administer, the theory-based
approach requires ongoing theoretical developments to map
specific domains of intelligence.
26)
How many people in the general population have an IQ
between 85 and 115? 68%. Explanation: Intelligence is normally
distributed. By definition, IQ scores have a mean of 100 and a
standard deviation of 15.
27)
Sally has a perfectly average IQ. Sallys IQ is100.
28)
Billy is a child who has a rage to master the guitar. He is
passionately devoted to his music. Given what we know about
intelligence, what would you say about Billy? Billy may be gifted.
Explanation: Because gifted children tend to be single-gifted,
they also tend to be single-minded, displaying a rage to master
the domain in which they excel. As one expert noted, one
cannot tear these children away from activities in their area of
giftedness, whether they involve an instrument, a computer, a
sketch pad, or a math book. These childrencan focus so

intently on work in this domain that they lose sense of the outside
world.
29)
As siblings get older, their intelligence test scores become
___. More similar.
30)
Suppose you were asked to choose between a 10% chance of
gaining $500 and a 20% chance of gaining $2000 and you chose
the second option. With which theory of decision-making would
your behaviour be in accordance? Rational choice theory.
Explanation: The rational person would choose the second
alternative because the expected payoff is $400($2000 x 20%),
whereas the first offers an expected gain of only $50 ($500 x
10%).
31)
Suzys vocabulary spans more than 10,000 words. Suzy is
likely to be at least ___months old. 36 months old. Explanation:
Between 36 to 60 months of age, the vocabulary of infants grows
to more than 10,000 words.
32)
___ are the smallest units of sound that are recognizable as
speech rather than as random noise. Phonemes.
33)
The ability to generate solutions that other people do not is
calledcreative intelligence.
34)
School can help make people smarter and research shows that
children with late birthdays have: lower intelligence test scores.
35)
The correlation between intelligent test scores of biological
siblings is ___ the correlation between intelligence test scores of
parents and their biological children. About the same as.
36)
In the search for specific mental abilities, the ___ involves
examining peoples responses on intelligence tests and then
looking to see what kinds of independent clusters form. Databased approach. Explanation: The data-based approach is

constrained in drawing its conclusions by the kinds of

intelligence tests that psychologists administer.
37)
What rules are violated when we hear someone speaking with
an accent? Phonological rules. Explanation: Phonological rules
indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech
sounds. When speech sounds odd (or when someone can be
described as speaking with an accent, these rules have been
violated.
38)
___ is a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the
grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal
intelligence. Genetic dysphasia.
39)
According to ___, insights reflect a spontaneous restructuring
of a problem. Gestalt psychologists.
40)
In one study, participants classified prototypes faster when
the stimuli were presented to the right visual field. This means
thatthe left hemisphere received the input first. Explanation:
The brain is functionally contralateral.