Beam

(A Flexural Member)

Beams are structural elements carrying transverse external loads that cause bending
moment shear force and in some cases torsion across their length.
Concrete is strong in compression and very weak in tension. So a reinforced concrete
beam is designed in such a way that failure takes place by yielding of steel and
subsequent crushing of concrete.
Types of Beams:
Basically beams are classified as Rectangular beam (Singly Reinforced
Rectangular beam & Doubly Reinforced Rectangular beam), T-Beam, L-Beam.
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam:
When the moment in beam is less than the limiting moment the beam is designed as
Singly reinforced rectangular beam where the reinforcement is designed only for the
tension area.

0.0035
Xu max
Deff

0.87 fy
+ 0.002
Es

Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam:

When the moment in the beam exceeds the limiting moment and the depth of the
beam is restricted the beam is designed as a Doubly Reinforced Beam where the
reinforcement is designed for both tension and compression.

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0.0035

B
d

Deff

0.00351
Xu
max

Xu max
Deff

0.87 fy
+ 0.002
Es

T- Beam & L- Beam

In R.C.C construction, floor slabs and beams are cast together and thus form a
monolithic construction. In such construction a portion of slab acts with the beam
and beam behaves as a T- Beam or L Beam.

0.0035
df
Xu max

Deff

0.87 fy
+ 0.002
Es

Objective of Beam design:

1. To transmit the load to the column below.
2. To ensure the component is safe in flexure, shear and torsion
3. To ensure the safety of component against deflection, Slenderness limit, crack
width, anchorage etc.
Scope of the Beam design:
1. Design of beam is limited to beams in normal condition. Special designs for
earthquake etc are not considered.
2. Design for deep beams is not possible.
3. T- Beam and L- Beam design is taken care only in the interactive more. When
the values are directly taken from STAAD all the beams are designed as
rectangular beams.

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Design of Rectangular Beam IS 456:2000

Step1: Input details
Basic Details
Input Details
Width of Beam (B)
Overall Depth (D)
Span of Beam (Span)
Momemt in Beam (Mu)
Shear at Critical section (Vu)
Torsion (Tu)

Units
mm
mm
m
KN-m
KN
KN

Optional Details
Input Details
Concrete Grade (fck)
Steel Grade (fy)
Nominal Cover (ncover)
Side Cover (scover)
Diameter of Tension rod (tendia)
Dia of Compression rod (compdia)
Diameter of strriup (strdia)
Size of aggregate
Hours for Fire resistance

Units
M20 , M25 , M30
Fe 415,Fe 500,Fe250
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
No

Default Value
M20
Fe 415
30 mm
20 mm
16 mm
16 mm
8 mm
20 mm
1

Step 2: Calculate effective depth (Deff) as per IS 456:2000 Clause 23.0 page 36
effcover=ncover+strdia+0.5*max(tendia,compdia)
Deff = D-effcover
Step3: Check torsion
As per IS 456:2000 Clause 41.4 in pg 75 for Reinforcement in members subjected to
torsion if Torsion Tu is present it should be converted to equivalent moment and
equivalent torsion.
If Tu>0
Calculate Moment due to torsion (Mt)

Mt =

Deff
)
B
1.7

Tu (1 +

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Calculate Equivalent Moment(Me1,Me2) and Equivalent Shear(Ve)

If Mu < Mt
Me1= Mt+Mu
Else
Me2 = Mt-Mu
Shear due to Torsion Vt = 1.6 * (
Equivalent Shear Ve=Vu+Vt
Assume :
Mu = Me1
Vu = Ve

Tu
)
B

For programming considerations

---- (i)

Step 4: Check for Depth

The provided depth of beam shall be check against the calculated depth which is
calculated from IS 456:2000 Annex-G , Clause G.1.1.c of pg-96
R = 0.36 *

Xu max
Xu max
* fck
* 1 0.42 *
Deff
Deff

Mu=R*B*Deff2
Therefore

Deff Calc =

Mu
R*B

if Deff > Deff calc

- Safe

else increase D

Check:::: For Deep Beam

As per IS 456:2000 Clause 29.1.a A beam shall be deemed to be a deep beam when
the ratio of effective span to overall depth is less than certain constants as follows.

Span 2.0 > SimplySupportedBeam

<
D
2.5 > ContinuousBeam
Step 5: Calculate Area of Tension Steel
Calculate Limiting moment using the formula from IS 456:2000 Annex-G , Clause
G.1.1.c of page 96

Mu lim = 0.36 *

Xu max
Xu max
* B * Deff 2 * fck
* 1 0.42 *
Deff
Deff

if Mu < Mu lim

(Design as singly reinforced rectangular section)

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fck
1.15 * Mu
* B * Deff *
Ast = 0.5 0.25
2
fy
fck * B * Deff

else if Mu > Mu lim (IS 456:2000, Annex-G, Clause-G-1.2 of page-96)

1.15 * Mu lim
Ast1 = 0.5 0.25
fck * B * Deff 2

Mu Mu lim
Ast 2 =
0.87 * fy * ( Deff d ' )

* B * Deff * fck

fy

Ast = Ast1+Ast2
Step 6: Calculate Compression Reinforcement as per IS 456:2000, Annex-G, ClauseG-1.2 of page-96
Xumax= K * Deff
Where,

0.53 for Fe 250

K = 0.48 for Fe 415

0.46 for Fe 500

( Xu max d ')
Esc = 0.0035 *
Xu max

d=ratio of top cover to Deff

Calculate fsc
Based on the Table A of Pg-6 in SP 16
Fe 415
Strain(Es)
Stress(fsc)
0.00144
288.7
0.00163
306.7
0.00192
324.8
0.00241
342.8
0.00276
351.8
0.0038
360.9

Stress level
0.8(0.87*fy)
0.85(0.87*fy)
0.9(0.87*fy)
0.95(0.87*fy)
0.975(0.87*fy)
1.0(0.87*fy)

Fe 500
Strain(Es)
Stress(fsc)
0.00174
347.8
0.00195
369.6
0.00226
391.3
0.00277
413
0.00312
423.9
0.00417
434.8

For values of Strain (Esc) below 0.00109 in Fe250 and 0.00144 in Fe 415 and
0.00174 in Fe 500 Stress (fsc) is calculated as

fsc = Esc 2 105

for Fe 250 if Es >= 0.00109 fsc is calculated as fsc=1.0*0.87*fy or fsc=217.5
fsc values for the corresponding stress is calculated by interpolation.

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Eg: Fe 415 & Es =0.00253

Therefore fsc =

(351.8 342.8)
(0.00253 0.00241)
342.8 +
(0.00276 0.00241)

fsc = 345.9 N/mm2

Area of Compression reinforcement (Asc) as per IS 456:2000 Annex G-1.2 of pg 96

Asc =

Mu Mu lim
fsc (Deff d ')

Step 7 : Additional Reinforcement due to Torsion

If Me2 >0
Calculate Aste and Asce
If Me2 < Mulim

1.15 * Me2
Ast e = 0.5 0.25
fck * B * Deff 2

fck
* B * Deff *

fy

else if Me > Mu lim

1.15 * Mu lim
Ast e1 = 0.5 0.25
fck * B * Deff 2

Me Mu lim
Ast e 2 =
0.87 * fy * ( Deff d ' )

* B * Deff * fck

fy

Aste = Aste1+Aste2
Additional are for torsion in compression reinforcement.

Asce =

Me2 Mu lim
fsc (Deff d ')

Where fsc is design stress in compression reinf which is calculated as in Step 6

Step 8: Calculation of number of rods.

Ast + Ast e
Area of Compression Steel (Asc) = Asc + Asce
Area of Tension Steel (Ast) =

ast1 =

3.143 * tendia 2
4

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No of rod in Tension side ------

Ast
ast1

numten=

Check for Minimum steel & Maximum steel

Calculate Astmax, Astmin as per step 9
Ast = max (Ast, Astmin)
If(Ast>Astmax) ---- Unsafe (increase B,D)

asc1 =

3.143 * compdia 2
4

No of rod in Compression side ------

numcomp=

Asc
asc1

Check for Minimum steel & Maximum steel

Calculate Ascmax, Ascmin as per step 9
Asc = max (Asc, Ascmin)
If(Asc>Ascmax) ---- Unsafe (increase B,D)
Check::: Minimum spacing between bars as per IS 456:2000 Clause 26.3.2 of pg.45
Spacing>=max(dia of larger bar,max size of aggregate+5mm)
If two rows of rods are placed
Min vertical distance >= max(15mm,dia of larger bar,

2
x size of aggregate)
3

Step 9: Calculate Minimum/Maximum Steel required

As per IS 456:2000,Clause 26.5.1.1.a of page 46 minimum reinforcement is given by

Ast min =

0.85 * B * Deff
fy

As per IS 456:2000, Clause 26.5.1.1.b and 26.5.1.2 of page 46 maximum

reinforcement is given by

Ast max = 0.04 * B * Deff

Check:::Side face reinforcement as per IS 456:2000 Clause 26.5.1.3 pg-47
If D>750 mm Reinforcement shall be provided at 2 side faces
Area of Side face reinforcement Astsf=

0.1
B X (D-Df)
100

Step 10: Design for Shear

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Calculate Nominal shear stress Tv by IS 456:2000 Annex B-5.1 pg 83

Tv =

Vu
B * Deff

Calculate design shear strength

Percentage of steel in beam Pt =

Constant

Ast provided 100

B Deff

0.8 fck
6.89 Pt

Therefore Shear strength of concrete(Tc) from SP 24 :1983, Section 39.2 is given by

Tc =

0.85 0.8 fck (1 + 5 ) 1

6

Calculate maximum allowable shear stress in concrete (Tcmax) IS 456:2000 Table 24

Pg 85
Concrete Grade
Tc max

M15
2.5

M20
2.8

M25
3.1

M30
3.5

M35
3.7

>= M40
4

if Tv>Tcmax ---Redesign (Increase B,D)

else
if (Tv<Tc)
Provide minimum shear reinforcement as per IS 456:2000 clause 26.5.1.6

Sv min
Else

Stirdia 2
0.87 fy
4

=
0.4 B

Nooflegs

Design Shear reinforcement as per IS 456:2000 clause 40.4.a of pg-73

Stirdia 2
Nooflegs
0.87 fy
4

Sv =
(Tv Tc ) B
Check for minimum spacing

Sv = min(Sv, Svmin )

Check for maximum spacing as per IS 456:2000 clause 26.5.1.5 in page 47

Sv = min (Sv,0.75 Deff ,300 )

if Tu>0

Tve =

Ve
B * Deff

(since in our case Ve=Vu --Use the Equation Tv =

Vu
)
B * Deff

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Calculate
If

Vus (Tv Tc ) B Deff

=
d
Deff

Vu
> 0 Find Spacing Sv
d

Else provide minimum reinforcement

Calculation of Sv
Calculate b1,d1
Bardia=max(tendia,compdia)

b1 = B 2 Side cov er 2 Stirdia bardia

Bardia
d1 = Deff cov er Stirdia
2

Area of transverse reinforcement Asv is given by IS 456:2000 Cl 41.4.3 of pg-75

Asv =

Tu Sv
Vu Sv
+
b1d1 (0.87 fy ) 2.5d1 (0.87 fy )

(since we assumed Vu=Ve) we should take Vu as Vu-Vt

Therefore Spacing Sv is calculated as

Sv=min(Sv1,Sv2)
Where

3.1416 Stirdia 2
NoofLegs
4
Sv1 =
Tu
Vu
+
b1 d1 (0.87 fy ) 2.5d1 (0.87 fy )
Also calculate Tve =

Vu
B Deff

3.1416 Stirdia 2
0.87 fy
NoofLegs
4
Sv 2 =
(Tv Tc ) B
Sv=min(Sv1,Sv2)
Check for minimum spacing as per IS 456:2000 pg 48

Sv!> min ( x1,0.25( x1 + y1),300 )

Calculate minimum spacing.

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Minimum Spacing of shear reinf

Sv min

3.1416 Stirdia 2
0.87 fy
NoofLegs
4
=
0.4 B

SvProvided = min(Sv,Svmin)
Maximum Spacing of shear reinf Svmax = min(0.75Deff,300)
Svprovided = min(Svprovided,Svmax)
Step 11: Check for deflection
As per IS 456:2000 And Clause 23.2.1 in Pg:37 The vertical deflection limit may
generally be assumed to be satisfied provided that the Span/Depth ratios are not
greater than the values obtained by

Span
= m1 m2 m3 m 4
Depth
Where
Determine m1

7 > Cantilever

m1 = 20 > SimplySupported
26 > Continuous

Determine m2
If(Span >10m) multiply the resulting value with m2 which is given by (ref IS
456:2000 23.2.1.bpage 37)

m2 =

10
Span

Determine m3
Depending on the area and stress in tension reinforcement the value is multiplied by
m3 which is obtained by (Ref IS 456:2000 23.2.1.c page 37)
The values from the chart (IS 456:2000 Fig:4 Modification factor for tension
reinforcement of pg 36) is converted into table
(ref : Unnikrishna Pillai, S., and Devdas Menon, Reinforced Concrete Design, Tata
McgGaw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 1998)

fs

Pt

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120

145

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.78
1.6
1.5
1.41
1.34
1.3
1.23
1.2
1.18
1.15
1.13
1.11

0
0.12
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.4
0.48
0.5
0.6
0.68
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.95
1.79
1.7
1.57
1.42
1.33
1.26
1.21
1.17
1.12
1.1
1.06
1.04
1.02
1

190

240

2
2
2
2
1.89
1.68
1.57
1.53
1.43
1.38
1.29
1.2
1.12
1.08
1.03
0.99
0.97
0.94
0.91
0.9
0.89
0.88

2
2
1.68
1.58
1.47
1.34
1.25
1.23
1.17
1.12
1.06
0.99
0.95
0.92
0.88
0.85
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.8
0.79
0.78

290
2
1.55
1.4
1.3
1.23
1.13
1.05
1.04
0.98
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.81
0.78
0.75
0.72
0.71
0.7
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.67

and the corresponding equation in derived using excel

The equations are as below

120

P t Range
0 to 0.68
0.68 to 3

Equation
y =2
y = -0.1339x5 + 1.3407x4 - 5.2337x3 + 10.049x2 - 9.8276x + 5.404

145

0 to 0.48
0.48 to 3

y =2
y = 0.0922x4 - 0.774x3 + 2.4181x2 - 3.5061x + 3.1916

190

0 to 0.25
0.25 to 3

y =2
y = -0.0681x5 + 0.6541x4 - 2.4282x3 + 4.4178x2 - 4.1861x + 2.8002

240

0 to 0.12
0.12 to 2.4
2.4 to 3

y =2
y = 0.0812x6 - 0.8612x5 + 3.6243x4 - 7.7173x3 + 8.8436x2 - 5.471x + 2.5117
y = -7E-13x3 + 6E-12x2 - 0.05x + 0.93

290

0 to 2.4
2.4 to 3

y = 0.066x6 - 0.6865x5 + 2.8245x4 - 5.8708x3 + 6.5763x2 - 4.0317x + 1.9829

y = 0.2083x3 - 1.625x2 + 4.1667x - 2.83

fs value

Where y = Modification factor (m3)

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x = % Tension reinforcement corresponding to Stress of service (fs) in

N/mm2

fs = 0.58 fy

Ast required
Ast provided

Determine m4
Likewise Depending on the area of compression reinforcement the value is multiplied
by m4 which is obtained by (Ref IS 456:2000 23.2.1.d page 37)
The values from the chart (IS 456:2000 Fig:5 Modification factor for compression
reinforcement of page 39) is converted into table
(ref : Unnikrishna Pillai, S., and Devdas Menon, Reinforced Concrete Design, Tata
McgGaw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 1998)
And the graph is redrawn as below.
Modification factor for compression
reinforcement
2

Modification Factor

The values are tabulated as below

Pc
M4
0
1
0.25
1.08
0.5
1.14
0.75
1.2
1
1.25
1.25
1.29
1.5
1.33
1.75
1.36
2
1.39
2.25
1.42
2.5
1.45
2.75
1.48
3
1.5

y = -0.0338x + 0.2608x + 1.0137

2
R = 0.9975

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

m4
Poly. (m4)

% Compression Reinf.

and the Equation thus obtained is

y = - 0.0338 x2 + 0.2608 x + 1.0137
Where,
Y= Modification Factor m4
X= % Compression reinforcement
Therefore
Allowable deflection = m1Xm2Xm3Xm4
Actual deflection is calculated as Span/ Depth
If Deflectionactual < Deflectionallowable --Safe
Else Redesign by increasing the sizes

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Also Check The actual deflection according to code IS 456:200 Annex-C

Short term deflection as per C-2.1

a=

M max
* K * L2
E * I eff

where Ieff is given as per IS 456:2000 Annex C-2.1

Ir

I eff =
1.2 * (
also

M r z x B
) * * 1 *
M
d d Bf

I r I eff I gr

for continuous beams the deflection calculation is done with the modified value of
Ieff which is as

X1 + X 2
Xe = k1 *
+ (1 k1) * X 0
2

Deflection due to Shrinkage is calculated as per Annex C-3.1

a cs = k 3 *

k 4 * E cs
* L2
D

Deflection due to creep as per C-4.1

Calculation similar to Short term deflection except E ce =

Ec
1+

Where =1.6
Total deflection = sum of deflection due to short term, shrinkage, creep
Step 12: Check for Cover
The cover provided for the beams should be checked for the minimum requirements
according to IS 456:2000
Nominal Cover for Durability Requirement
(Table 16 & Clause 26.4.2 as per IS456:2000)
Exposure
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Condition
Nominal
20
30
45
Cover (mm)

Very Severe

Extreme

50

75

Nominal Cover for Fire Resistance

(Table 16 A & Clause 21.4 , Cl 26.4.3 and Fig-1 as Per IS 456:2000)

Hour Rating
Cover for (Simply
Supported)
Cover for

0.5

1.5

20

20

20

40

60

70

20

20

20

30

40

50

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Continuous
Step 13: Check for Slenderness Limit
Slenderness limits for beams to ensure lateral stability is checked as per IS
456:2000 clause 23.3 in page 39
For Simply supported or Continuous beams

250 B 2

Clear distance between lateral restrains <= min 60 B,

Deff

For Cantilever beams

100 B 2

Clear distance between free end and lateral restraint <= min 25 B,
Deff

Step 14: Check for Crack Width

Cracking of concrete should not adversely affect the appearance or durability of the
structure. Hence crack width is also checked for the member.
Permissible crack width: ( IS 456:200, clause 35.3.2, PNO :67)
a) 0.3 mm Mild
b) 0.2 mm - Moderate
c) 0.1 mm - Severe
Note: The design crack width is calculated at the mid point of Tension face.
Design Crack width (Wcr): (IS 456:200, Annex F, PNO: 95)
1. Permissible stress in concrete in bending compression
as

cbc =

2. Modular ratio

( cbc )

is

given

fck
3

m=

280
3cbc

3. Find depth of neutral axis (x) using the formula:

bx2 = m Ast (Deff - x)

bx 3
2
+ mAst (Deff x )
3
m(Deff x )
5. Tensile stress in reinforcement fs =
Ix
fs ( D x)
6. Strain 1 =
Es( Deff x)
b( D x)( D x)
7. Average steel strain m = 1
3Es Ast ( Deff x)
4. Moment of inertia of cracking section

Ix =

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 m is calculated based on the assumption that both concrete and steel are fully
elastic in tension and in compression. Es = 2*105 N/mm2 and Ec = 5000fck
8. Design surface crack width

Wcr =

3a cr m
2(a cr C min )
1+
( D x)

Where,
Cmin is the minimum cover to the longitudinal bar.
acr is the distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest
longitudinal bar.
Note: For the Beams when there are
odd no of bars acr = Cmin

SpacingB / wBars
even no of bars a cr = C min +

If Wcr < Permissible crack width ---Safe

Else Revise the depth.
Step 15: Calculate Development Length (Ld)
Development length of bars is calculated as per IS 456:2000 clause 26.2.1 of Pg.42

Ld =

0.87 fy Bardia
4 Tbd T1 T2

Where
Design Bond stress (Tbd) is determined from table in IS 456:2000, Cl-26.2.1.1,pg 43
Tbd for plain bars in Tension
Grade of
M20
Concrete
Tbd (N/mm2)
1.2

M25

M30

M35

1.4

1.5

1.7

M40 and
Above
1.9

For deformed bars conforming to IS 1786 these values shall be increased by 60%
therefore Tbd is multiplied with T1
Where T1=1.6
For bars in Compression, the values of bond stress for bars in tension shall be
increased by 25 percent
therefore Tbd is multiplied with T2
Where T2=1.25
Curtailment of tension reinforcement in flexural member is calculated as in IS
456:2000 Clause 26.2.3 in page 44
End Anchorage La>max(Deff,12*bardia)
Lap lenth is calculated as per IS 456:2000 Cl-26.2.5.1 in pg 45

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max(30 * bardia,2 * Ld ) > Tension

max(24 * bardia, Ld ) > Compression

Lap length >=

Notations:
Symbols
Ast
Asc
Asv
acr
B
Bardia
Cmin
compdia
D
Deff
effcover
Ec
Es
Esc
fck
fs
fsc
fy
Ix
T
La
Ld
Mu
Mt
Me1
Me2
Mulim
m
ncover
Scover
Span
pt
strdia

Description
Area of tension steel
Area of compression steel
Area of transverse reinforcement
Distance from the point considered to
nearest longitudinal bar
Breadth of Beam
Maximum diameter of bar
Minimum cover to longitudinal bar
Diameter of Compression rod
Overall depth of beam
Effective depth
Effective cover
Elastic modulus of concrete
Modulus of elasticity of steel
Strain
Compressive strength of concrete
Tensile stress in the reinforcement
Design stress in compression
reinforcement
Characteristic strength of steel
Moment of inertia of cracked section
Constant or factor
End anchorage length
Development length
Bending moment in beam
Torsion moment
Equivalent moment due to torsion
Equivalent negative moment due to
torsion
Limiting moment
Modular ratio
Nominal cover
Side cover to reinforcement
Span
Percentage of steel
Diameter od strriup

Units
mm2
mm2
mm2
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
KN/mm2
KN/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
mm3
--m
m
KNm
KNm
KNm
KNm
KNm
--mm
m
---

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Sv
tendia
Tu
Vu
Tc
Tcmax
Tv
Tbd
Ve
Wcr
x

cbc

mm
mm
KN
KN
KN/mm2
KN/mm2

Spacing of bars
Diameter of Tension rod
Torsion
Shear force at critical section
Shear stress in concrete
Maximum allowable shear stress in
concrete
Nominal shear stress
Design bond stress
Equivalent shear force
Design crack width

KN/mm2
KN/mm2
KN
mm
mm

Depth of neutral axis

Ratio
Permissible stress in concrete in bending
compression
Average steel strain at the level
considered
Strain at the level considered calculated
ignoring the stiffening of the concrete in
tension zone

--KN/mm2
mm
mm

References:
1. Varghese P.C., Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete Second edition,
Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd., New Delhi-110001,2002.
2. Unnikrishna Pillai, S., and Devdas Menon, Reinforced Concrete Design, Tata
McgGaw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 1998.
3. Punmia B.C., Reinforced Concrete Structures Volume I, Standard
Publishers Distributors , New Delhi, 1988.
4. Indian standard, Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice IS
456:2000, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

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