Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
Darling, J.N. Ding. It isnt the healthful labor of the youth. Illustration. August 17, 1907. CDROM. The Editorial Cartoons of J.N. Ding Darling.
Our teacher had the entire collection of Ding Darling cartoons on CD-ROM. This
cartoon from 1907 said that child labor was only profiting the employers wages not the
childrens. We used this cartoon to help us show that their were others who were on
Lewis Hines side, against child labor.
Darling, J.N. Ding. No savage, no beast. Illustration. August 11, 1923. CD-ROM. The
Editorial Cartoons of J.N. Ding Darling.
cartoon from 1923 said No savage, no beast, ever got its food and clothes by working
the life out of children. The cartoon shows a very small child trying to pull several large
men in a wagon. This cartoon showed us that the employers had no right to work those
children like that.
Darling, J.N. Ding. No use paying the doctors. Illustration. July 28, 1923. CD-ROM. The
Editorial Cartoons of J.N. Ding Darling.
cartoon from 1923 showed a scale. One side of the scale said Too much rich food and
not enough work. On the other side it said Not enough food and too much work. The
cartoon helped us get an idea of what kinds of issues there were with child labor.
Darling, J.N. Ding. Probably nobody would object to the child labor. Illustration. September
16, 1924. CD-ROM. The Editorial Cartoons of J.N. Ding Darling.
cartoon from 1924 showed employers being very unreasonable to the children. The
caption for the cartoon said Probably nobody would object to the child labor
constitutional amendment -- if it were not for a few cranks and officious job holders who
will make a nuisance out of it. We used this cartoon to help us understand just how mean
and unreasonable employers could be to the children.
Darling, J.N. Ding. Uncle Samuel: say, lend a hand, cant ye! Illustration. March 27, 1908.
CD-ROM. The Editorial Cartoons of J.N. Ding Darling.
Our teacher has the entire collection of Ding Darling cartoons on CD-ROM. This
cartoon from 1908 is of legislation on top of children and Uncle Sam asking Congress to
help. We used this cartoon to help us better understand the reaction people, like Ding,
had against Congress for not taking a stand against child labor.
Darling, J.N. Ding. Why not take some of the surplus. Illustration. September 15, 1923. CDROM. The Editorial Cartoons of J.N. Ding Darling.
cartoon from 1923 showed lots of men sitting around while a young child holds a large
bucket and feeds the cow labeled U.S. Industries. The caption for the cartoon was Why
not take some of the surplus help from the other end of the cow and let the kid go to
school? This cartoon helped support the issue that child labor was bad and helped build
my argument against child labor.
(4974) IWW, Lawrence Strike, Illustrations, Child Labor, 1912. Reuther Library. Accessed
February 10, 2015. http://reuther.wayne.edu/node/8212.
This website helped us understand the reactions of the public after Lewis Hine showed
them the living and working conditions of the child laborers. The source gave us a picture
of a poster that told the public that the employers took away the childrens happiness
because the employers would not let them play and have fun. We used this picture on the
Legacy page of our website.
Hine, Lewis. Some Doffer Boys. Macon, Ga., 01/1909. Photograph. January 1909. National
Archives. Accessed December 16, 2014. http://blogs.archives.gov/unwrittenrecord/files/2014/05/102-LH-523.jpg?file=2014/05/102-LH-523.jpg.
This photograph helped us understand what conditions children worked in and how they
were treated. We used this picture throughout our website especially in our
Photography page.
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916 (1916). Our Documents. Accessed February 10, 2015.
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=59.
This website had lots of information on the Keating-Owen Act of 1916 plus a picture of
the actual document. We used some of the information and the picture on our KeatingOwen Act of 1916 page.
Lewis Hine and American Progressive Social Reform. Alumni. Accessed February 10, 2015.
http://tigger.uic.edu/~pbhales/fasi/hine%20sequence.html.
This website gave us powerful pictures of working children. The pictures showed us what
types of horrible, dangerous jobs the children were forced to do. We used some of these
pictures on our Child Labor Laws page of our website.
Name Recognition. Business North Carolina, March 2014. Accessed November 18, 2014.
http://go.galegroup.com/.
This database helped inform us that Lewis Hine started to work for the National Child
Labor Committee in 1908. This source also showed us photographs taken by Hine. We
used this information in our Lewis Hine, Career and Accomplishments page and on
the timeline.
Teaching with Documents: Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor.
archives.gov. Accessed January 9, 2015. http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hinephotos/.
This website told us how life was after the Civil War and how the Industrial Revolution
was the main cause of child labor. National Archives also had pictures that Lewis Hine
took of children working in harsh environments. This source helped us understand when
child labor really started and the pictures helped us understand what conditions children
worked in. These pictures also helped give us a general idea of what photographs to put
in our Photography page of our website.
Secondary Sources
American History Play: Stolen Childhoods. Junior Scholastic, February 27, 2012. Accessed
February 25, 2015. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?
sgHitCountType=None&sort=DASORT&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=50521bur&tabID=T003&searchId=
R7&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm
&currentPosition=5&contentSet=GALE%7CA282514279&&docId=GALE|
A282514279&docType=GALE&role=ITOF.
This online database, GALE, had a short summary of Lewis Wickes Hines life and
accomplishments. This source also gave us information on what sort of restrictions were
put on child labor. We used the information in this magazine in the Career and
Accomplishments page of our website.
Anglers, Autumn. Voices of a Vanished Amoskeag. American Heritage, October/November
1978, 14-25.
This American Heritage magazine had lots of quotes from mill workers. One quote from
William Moul, a weaver, was It seemed like you were locked in when the Amoskeag
owned the mills. Another quote was from Thomas Smith who was a dyer. He said, All
the cotton seeds that came out of the cotton would drop down under the pickers, and we
would have to go under there and get all those seeds. This magazine helped us add some
quotes to our website such as the Keating-Owen Act of 1916 page.
Berger, Joseph. Minimum Age and a Minimum Wage. New York Times Upfront, October 7,
2013, 16. Accessed February 25, 2015. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?
This magazine article from GALE tells the life of Furman Owen, a child laborer. This
database had lots of interesting facts such as this one, In the first decades of the 20th
century, almost 2 million children in the U.S. under 15 worked in coal mines, glass and
garment factories, canneries, and on farms. We used this magazines facts in various
places in our website.
Britannica School, s.v. Labor and Industrial Law, accessed October 28,
2014,http://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/275343#.
This online database had lots of useful information on the development of child labor
laws. This source told us how long the children could work and when the number of
hours children could work lowered. We used this information on the Child Labor Laws
section of our website.
Britannica School, s.v. Lewis W. Hine, accessed October 28,
2014,http://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/311691.
This website provided us with Lewis Hines background and a basic overview of his
accomplishments as a photographer. We used this source to help us understand Lewis
Hine better and what he has done for child labor laws. We included this information on
our Career and Accomplishments sub-page of the Lewis Hine page on our website.
Child Labor in America 1908-1912. The History Place. Last modified 2015. Accessed
February 10, 2015. http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/index.html#field.
This website helped us see the living and working conditions of child laborers. We used a
lot of these images on our site, especially on our Photography and Home page.
Child Labor in U.S. History. Child Labor Public Education Project. Accessed December 3,
2014. https://www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/us_history.html.
This website gave us a basic outlook of the most important events during the child labor
law movement. In 1904 the Child Labor Law Committee regulated the federal law for
minimum wage. We used this source to give us an understanding of the biggest events
during this time period. We also used this source to put information on our Child Labor
Laws page of our website.
Child Labor Timeline. SIRS. Last modified 2014. Accessed November 4, 2014.
http://sks.sirs.com/.
This database had useful information that we used to better understand child labor laws.
This source had a timeline of the most recent child labor events in the United States. The
most interesting event was The American Federation of Labor (AFL) passes a resolution
at its first national convention calling on states to ban children under the age of 14 from
working- 1881. We used this information to help us better understand the laws and how
child labor affects our lives today. We used this database under our Timeline section on
our website.
Child Labour. International Labour Organization. Last modified 2015. Accessed February 11,
2015. http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/child-labour/lang--en/index.htm.
This website gave us a lot of interesting facts about child labor today. We used a lot of
this information on our Child Labor Today page of our website.
Children at Work. The Goldfinch, February 1989, 7-8.
This 1989 magazine, The Goldfinch, had a depressing poem called Nursery Rhymes
that was about ten children dying because they were forced to work in bad conditions.
The article had information about the working and living conditions of the children. It
also gave many examples of what jobs the children worked, like Iowa children selling
newspapers on the streets of Des Moine or children working endless hours in Iowa farms.
The magazine also told us about some of the laws passed against child labor such as the
Factory Act of 1902 and the Keating-Owen Act. We used this source in the Factory Act
of 1902 page and the Keating-Owen Act of 1916 page.
Conlin, Joseph R. The American Past: A Survey of American History. 4th ed. Fort Worth [u.a.]:
Harcourt Press, 1993.
This book created a better understanding of the issues the government faced when they
tried to create laws against child labor. This source told us that the legislative branch had
disagreements with the executive branch; one wanted to pass laws against child labor and
the other was doubtful. We used this information on our Child Labor Laws page of our
website.
Cowan, Mary Morton. Seeing Is Believing. Cobblestone, April 2011, 15. Accessed February
25, 2015. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DASORT&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=50521bur&tabID=T003&searchId=
This magazine from GALE had lots of information on Lewis Hine, child labor, and the
National Child Labor Committee. There was a quote by Lewis Hine in this article that
said A picture can tell a powerful story. We used this quote in the Photography page
of our website.
Foner, Eric, and John A. Garraty. Child Labor. In The Readers Companion to American
History. N.p.: n.p., 1991. Accessed November 4, 2014. http://sks.sirs.com/.
This online database provided us with more information about the regulations of child
labor that were being created in the mid-nineteenth century. Some of the regulations dealt
with minimum wage and minimum school days. This source helped us better develop our
Child Labor Laws page on our website.
Gallery: Telegraph Snapshots. PBS American Experience. Last modified November 30, 2004.
Accessed February 25, 2015. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/cable/gallery/g_05.html.
This website had a picture of a small group of messenger boys standing outside an
Indianapolis telegraph office in 1908. At the time, there was no minimum age for
messengers. The photo was taken by Lewis Hine. We used this website to be able to see
some of the photographs Lewis Hine took.
Gallery: Telegraph Snapshots. PBS American Experience. Last modified November 30, 2004.
Accessed February 25, 2015. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/cable/gallery/g_06.html.
This website had a photo of a big group of messenger boys in 1909. Two of the boys were
playing poker for money in Hartford, Connecticut. Lewis Hine took this photographs. We
used this website to get a better understanding on just how desperate the workers were to
earn money.
giCentre. Last modified 2015. Accessed February 14, 2015.
http://www.gicentre.net/geomap/using/.
This website showed us lots of pictures of the world. The pictures helped us understand
exactly where child labor has ended and where it still is going on. Because the maps
helped us, we decided to put a map on our Child Labor Today page. We used a picture
from this website on our Legacy page for a button going to the Child Labor Today
page.
Hartley, William Harrison, and William Shafer Vincent. American Civics. Freedom education,
Annotated teachers ed. Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1992.
This book was very helpful for us to better understand the minimum wage issue. This
source told us about Congress trying to set laws on minimum wage, but the issue was that
minimum wage was not stated in the Constitution, so no one would follow the law. We
used this information in our Child Labor Laws page of our website.
History, Method, Representation. ZETEO The Journal of Interdisciplinary Writing. Last

modified November 19, 2013. Accessed February 13, 2015.
http://zeteojournal.com/2013/11/19/photo-elicitation-and-lewis-hine/.
This website gave us very useful information. The information led us to a better
understanding of Lewis Hine and his photographs. This website also gave us a picture of
Lewis Hine, which we used for our Lewis Hine page buttons.
Home Icon. UX Repo. Accessed February 15, 2015. http://uxrepo.com/icon/home-bydripicons.
This website gave us a picture of a home icon. We used the picture as a button to go to
the Home page of our website.
The Industrial Revolution. Learn 360. Last modified 2000. Accessed February 25, 2015.
http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?
lid=13864298&SearchText=child+labor&ID=132265.
This video from Learn 360 was very useful. It had lots of information on the Industrial
Revolution, which caused the numbers of child laborers to increase. This video clip
helped us understand how the changes during that time period, the Industrial Revolution,
affected the children and how they were forced to work.
Iowa Public Television. Kids at Work. Iowa Pathways. Last modified 2014. Accessed February
14, 2015. http://www.iptv.org/iowapathways/mypath.cfm?ounid=ob_000030.
This website helped us get an idea of what it was like to be a child working for a very
minimal wage. This source told us about lots of dangerous jobs the children had to do and
how much money they received for doing them. We used these facts on our Child Labor
Laws page where we have information on a lot of dangerous jobs and why it is so good
that there are laws protecting children now.
Labor Struggle. Learn 360. Last modified 2005. Accessed February 25, 2015.
http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?
This video clip had lots of information on our topic. It talked about children having no
minimum wages and what kind of jobs the women and children had to do. The video also
showed us the strikes that were going on throughout the United States. We gained more
knowledge on the horrible conditions the children had to live through. This video talked a
lot about a labor war, employers against laborers. Unfortunately, the employers won. We
used this video to review what we already knew about child labor and to add a little more
to it, like the labor war.
Lewis Hine. Mornings on Maple Street. Accessed February 10, 2015.
http://www.morningsonmaplestreet.com/hinebio.html.
This website told us lots of information about Lewis Hines death and gave us some
useful pictures. One picture was of a newspaper clipping about Hines death. Other
pictures were of Lewis Hine sitting and of him holding a camera. We used the newspaper
clipping on our Final Resting Place and the other two pictures on the Lewis Hine and
Photography page.
Lewis Hine Photographies at Fundacion Mapfre Recoletos. Sightseeing in Madrid. Last
modified 2009. Accessed February 10, 2015. http://www.sightseeingmadrid.com/pst_hine-mapfre-2012.php?page=2500.
This website told us a brief summary of Lewis Hines life. There were also two
photographs -- taken by Hine -- of child laborers. We used one of the pictures on the
Final Resting Place of our website.
Lewis Wickes Hine. Find a Grave. Accessed February 10, 2015.
http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=484.
This website told us a quick summary of Lewis Hines life and showed us a picture of
him, a child laborer, and Lewis Hines grave. We used the Lewis Hine picture on our
activity that is linked to the Home page of our website. We also used the picture of
Lewis Hines grave in our Final Resting Place sub-page.
Lewis Wickes Hine and the Lewis Hine Awards. National Child Labor Committee. Accessed
November 25, 2014. http://www.nationalchildlabor.org.
This website provided us with information on the Lewis Hine Awards. It also told us
about some of the challenges Lewis Hine faced while taking photos of the children. We
used this information in the Legacy page of our website.
Life at the Beginning of the 20th Century. Learn 360. Last modified 2004. Accessed February
25, 2015. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?
This video from Learn 360 had information on the lives of the poor and the lives of the
rich. The poor families were often the ones who had to work long, hard hours without
much pay. The video also showed us the working conditions of the working children.
This source helped us better understand how the lives of the poor differed from the lives
of the rich during the 20th century.
Little Williess Sewing Buttons. The Goldfinch, February 1989, 21-23.
This 1989 magazine, The Goldfinch, had a picture of lots of children who sewed buttons.
There was a poem by Terry Ofner in this article about a whole family who worked hard
sewing buttons but never got paid. There was an interesting fact that I found; nearly 700
children joined the Juvenile Button Sewers and Carriers Union of Muscatine, Iowa,
when it was formed in 1911. The article had lots of information on a lot of long tasks the
boys and girls had to preform. There were very bad conditions the children had to work
in, some had to dip their hands in poisoned water. We used this magazine information in
various places in our website such as the Factory Act of 1902 page.
Lockett, Terry E. Remembering Lewis Hine. The Humanist. Accessed February 4, 2015.
http://thehumanist.com/magazine/september-october-2011/features/remembering-lewishine.
This website gave us information on Lewis Hine and events throughout his life. We used
this information to help our understanding on Hine and his accomplishments.
Lorbiecki, Theresa. Child Labor Still Exists. Smithsonian, November 2006, 11. Accessed
This magazine from GALE has information on child labor today. One interesting fact we
found was that the International Labor Organization, an agency of the United Nations,
estimates that 218 million children between ages 5 and 17 work, and that 126 million toil
in hazardous jobs in mining, manufacturing, construction and agriculture. We used this
information in our Child Labor Today page.
Lusted, Marcia Amidon. The power of pictures: how Lewis Hine changed childrens lives.
Appleseeds, November 11, 2011. Accessed October 28, 2014. http://go.galegroup.com/.
This database helped us better understand the background of Lewis Hine and why he quit
his teaching job to photograph child laborers. This source also told us lots of information
on his great dedication and his legacy that still stands strong today. We used all of the
information in this sources on our Lewis Hine and Legacy page. I also used some of
the information about his dedication on an activity that is located on the Home page.
Mullenbach, Cheryl. The Industrial Revolution for Kids the People and Technology That
Changed the World. Chicago, United States of America: Chicago Review Press, Inc.,
2014.
This book told us that child labor had gotten worse around the Industrial Revolution
because lots of jobs were open and employers wanted to spend less money on workers.
We used this source to understand how child labor started and why. We also put this
information in our Child Labor page.
Interview by the author. Gowrie, IA. February 27, 2015.
We interviewed Cheryl Mullenbach because she wrote a book called The Industrial
Revolution for Kids. She gave us lots of useful information on our topic of Lewis Hine
and child labor. She told us about the conditions the children worked in. She said that
workers in cotton factories often got cotton particles built up in their lungs and could die.
We put this interview on the Interview page of our website.
National Child Labor Committee. Alaska Business Monthly, April 2011, 25. Accessed
This magazine from GALE had information on Frances Macon who was a Lewis Hine
Award honoree. Macon spent 40 years serving his community and at-risk children. We
used this database to get an idea of who received the Lewis Hine Award and why.
National Child Labor Committee Awards. Professional Services Close-Up, June 5, 2011.
Accessed February 25, 2015. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?
A258201180&docType=GALE&role=PPBE.
This magazine from GALE had information on some of the Lewis Hine Awards
honorees. It also had information on how to get the award, which is by having a positive
impact on the welfare of children and youth. We used this information on the Lewis
Hine Awards subpage of the Legacy page.
National Industrial Recovery Act. Milestone Documents. Last modified 2015. Accessed
February 10, 2015. https://www.milestonedocuments.com/documents/view/nationalindustrial-recovery-act.
This website gave us information on some main child labor laws. The source also gave us
a picture that we used for our child labor button and on our Child Labor Laws pages.
Parliament of Victoria. Accessed February 10, 2015.
http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/vufind/Record/46078.
This website had facts about the Factory Act in Australia and a picture of the document.
This source showed us that child labor was not just in the United States. We used the
picture on our Child Labor Laws page and the information on our Factory Act of
1902 page.
Peg Busick, Founder and Board Member, Honored with Prestigious Lewis Hine Award.
Childrens Center. Accessed February 10, 2015.
http://www.thechildrenscenter.org/2014/02/peg-busick-founder-and-board-memberhonored-with-prestigious-lewis-hine-award/.
This website was very useful in the way of getting some information on the Lewis Hine
Awards. This source also gave us a picture of people who accepted the award. We used
this information and image on our Lewis Hine Award sub page -- main page was
Legacy.
Research? Kodokan Boston. Last modified January 10, 2015. Accessed February 15, 2015.
http://kodokanboston.org/category/research/.
This website had some information on what research was. The source also provided us
with a picture that said research. We used the picture as a button that goes to the
Research page of our website.
Scholastic. Kids at Work: Lewis Hine and the Crusade against Child Labor. Teacher: Where
Teacher Come First. Last modified 2015. Accessed February 10, 2015.
http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/book/kids-work-0#cart/cleanup.
This website gave us information about the book Kids at Work: Lewis Hine and the
Crusade Against Child Labor. This website also provided us with a picture of the book.
We used the image on our Lewis Hine page as a button going to the Hines Books
page.
Timeline. Iowa Pathways. Accessed November 11, 2014.
http://www.iptv.org/iowapathways/timeline.cfm.
This website helped us find out what else was going on at that time, 1914-1945, and also
helped us find the cause of child labor. We used this website to get information for our
Timeline page of our website.
Timeline. openclipart. Accessed February 15, 2015.
https://openclipart.org/detail/193015/timeline-by-dear_theophilus-193015.
This website had clipart of timelines. We used one as a button that goes to the Timeline
page of our website.
U.S. Child Labor, Dorsey Dixon, Babies in the Mill, Newport. Video file, 3:12. YouTube.
Posted December 25, 2007. Accessed February 14, 2015. http://youtu.be/xNeBgpuNMSI.
This video from YouTube was a song that was sung by Dorsey Dixon. The song was
about children working in mills. It gave a good overview of the childrens lives while
having to work. We put this video on our Home page.
Windows on Another Time. American Heritage, March 1988, 48-49.

This American Heritage magazine had information on working children with a picture of
them. One of the pictures is a group of boys, some of them smoking, who worked in Ayer
textile mills at Lawrence, Massachusetts. Lewis Hine took the picture of the boys. The
article in this magazine also talked about Lewis Hines photography skills. We used this
magazine to see what pictures Lewis Hine took and how he affected their lives.

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History, Method, Representation. ZETEO The Journal of Interdisciplinary Writing. Last

Windows on Another Time. American Heritage, March 1988, 48-49.

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