Name: Zain Saeed

Roll No: 8009

rd

Class: BS (H) 3 semester

Program: Botany (Evening)

How to create E-mail

account?
There are many websites offering to create free E-mail account for their users. I have selected to
create my E-mail account on gmail lets start
Step 1: Open the Gmail web site: To create your Gmail account you only need a web browser
and an internet connection. Go to http://gmail.google.com. You should now get to a page that
looks something like the one below

Click on the create an account for Gmail link in the screenshot and then proceed to the next step.

Step 2: Enter all the required information in the "Create an Account" online form :After you click
on the create an account link, you shall be shown the Create an Account form with several fields that need
your inputs. You now need to start filling the form. Once you have entered your first and last names, it is
time to choose a login name. This is important as your login name will decide the email address you will
get, and in case of a Gmail account, would be your-chosen-loginname@gmail.com. So be sure to pick a
login name, also called the username, with care.

Step 3: How to choose a login name or username for your email address: Choosing a login name is
part art and part common sense. And because it determines what your email address will be, we suggest
you spend a little time over it. Since, email addresses need to be unique which means no two people in the
world can have the same address, there is no guarantee that your preferred login name would be available.

The following are advice and suggestions on how to choose a login or username. First check if you can
get a login name of your name, first name, last name, as first name last name or the more popular, first
name last name (the period sign can be used in a login name). You can also try out first name last name.
Getting a Gmail email address of your name is indeed very fortunate because of the sheer number of
subscribers to the service. Your login name needs to be catchy and at the same time describe you so
people are able to recall it without much difficulty and associate it with you. The availability of a login or
user name can be verified by entering it first in the text field and hitting the check availability button.

Step 4: Choosing a password for your email Securing your Gmail email account with a strong password
is imperative. Think of the password as the key combination to your safe and you need to give the same
amount of importance. A combination of uppercase and lowercase letters with some digits thrown in
would be a strong enough password. on the right of the text fields in which you enter your password a sort
of meter would indicate the strength of the password. You need to enter the password twice and you can
leave the "Remember me on this computer" box unchecked.

Step 5: Protecting your Gmail account with a security question You now need to either select a
security question from the drop down list or enter one and you need to provide the answer. This
additional security helps in getting your email account password if you forget it.

Step 6: Word verification and confirmation After providing your secondary email address - you can
leave this blank, if you don't have one - and your location, you need to enter the characters that you see in
the picture above the field in your form. Why is this required? So that Gmail knows the inputs are from a
human being and not some automated program. Now that everything is set, you can go through the Terms
of Service and click on the "I accept. Create my account." button which will create your very own free
Gmail account! To access your Gmail account in future, you need to go to the web site

http://gmail.google.com using a web browser and enter your username (login name) and
password once again and you are on your way to your newly created google account.

Generations of Computers
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was
being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying
hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and
software, which together make up an entire computer system. There are totally five
computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussedin detail
along with their time period, characteristics. We've used approximate dates against
each generations which are normally accepted. Following are the main five
generations of computers

First Generation
The period of first generation was 1942-1954.
First generation of computer started with using vacuum tubes as the basic components for
memory and circuitry for CPU(Central Processing Unit). These tubes like electric bulbs
produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very
expensive and could be afforded only by very large organisations. In this generation mainly
batch processing operating system were used. In this generation Punched cards, Paper tape,
Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used. There were Machine code and electric wired
board languages used.

The main features of First Generation are:

Vacuum tube technology
Unreliable
Supported Machine language only
Very costly
Generate lot of heat
Slow Input/Output device
Huge size
Need of A.C.
Non portable
Consumed lot of electricity
Some computer of this generation were:
ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
IBM-701
IBM-650
Second Generation
The period of second generation was 1952-1964.

This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size,
more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vaccum tubes.In this
generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks
as secondary storage devices.
In this generation assembly language and high level programming language like FORTRAN,
COBOL were used.
There were Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system used.

The main features of Second Generation are:

Use of transistors
Reliable as compared to First generation computers
Smaller size as compared to First generation computers
Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers
Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation computers
Faster than first generation computers
Still very costly
A. C. needed
Support machine and assmebly languages
Some computer of this generation were:
IBM 1620
IBM 7094

 CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108
Third Generation
The period of third generation was 1964-1972.
The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of
transistors.A single I.C has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated
circuitry.The I.C was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size,
reliable and efficient. In this generation Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multiprogramming Operating System were used. High level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL,
PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.

The main features of Third Generation are:

IC used
More reliable
Smaller size
Generate less heat
Faster
Lesser maintenance
Still costly
A.C needed
Consumed lesser electricity
Support high level language
Some computer of this generation were:
IBM-360 series

 Honeywell-6000 series
PDP(Personal Data Processor)
IBM-370/168
TDC-316
Fourth Generation
The period of Fourth Generation was 1972-1990.
The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
circuits.VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their
associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth
generation. Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and
affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.
In this generation Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating System were used.
All the Higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE etc. were used in this generation.

The main features of Fourth Generation are:

VLSI technology used
Very cheap
Portable and reliable
Use of PC's
Very small size
Pipeline processing
No A.C. needed
Concept of internet was introduced

 Great developments in the fields of networks

Computers became easily available
Some computer of this generation were:
DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
CRAY-1(Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
Fifth Generation
The period of Fifth Generation is 1990-till date.
In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration)
technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic
components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means
and method of making computers think like human beings. All the Higher level languages like C
and C++, Java, .Net etc. are used in this generation.
AI includes:
Robotics
Neural networks
Game Playing
Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations.
Natural language understanding and generation.

The main features of Fifth Generation are:

ULSI technology
Development of true artificial intelligence
Development of Natural language processing
Advancement in Parallel Processing
Advancement in Superconductor technology
More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
Some computer types of this generation are:
Desktop
Laptop
NoteBook
UltraBook