MSC REM1

MSc REM
Reservoir Evaluation and Management
Radial Flow and

Well Testing Basics
Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing
SYZ
Introduction
Definition of well testing
Stabilised well test
Un-stabilised WT (transient test) - DST
DD test
falloff test
BU test
Why test a well?
Appraisal, production design
What do you need to know?
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Examples of transient test

q
P
DD
BU
t
Production well
-q
P
Fall-off
t
Injection well
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Drillstem
Casing
Testing
Tubing
Assembly
Testing Valve
(operated by
annulus pressure)
Packer
(set by weight on
string)
Pressure
Transducer
Downhole
Memory
Surface
Recording
Tailpipe
Figure 2.1.1
SYZ
Q
Surface Choke provides
Rate Control
Gas
Choke
Test Rate Limited by

Separator Capacity
Test
Separato
r
Oil
Orifice Plate
Flow Measurement
Well Test Surface Hardware
qo
Fig 2.1.1b
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Exploration Well Test Objectives

1. Determine the nature of the formation fluids
2. Measure the well productivity
3. Measure temperature and pressure
4. Obtain samples for lab analysis
5. Obtain information for reservoir description
(perm eability , heterogeneity)
6. Es timate completion efficiency
BUT
Safety is Paramount
From
EPR
Manual
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Dual Flow - Dual Shutin Test

Initial flow and shutin designed to establish
communication with the reservoir
Initial flow as short as possible
Major flow period long enough to give
sufficient depth of investigation
Oft en 6 - 12 hours is adequate
At least six hours of stable operation to
ensure reas onable estimate of productivity
and good samples
Multirate necess ary in gas wells
Major shutin 11 /2 - 2 times the duration of
the flow period
From
EPR
Manual
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Standard Drill-Stem-Test (DST)

Initial
Flow
Prod.
Rate
Initial
Shutin
Afterflow
Final Flow
Final
Shutin
Time
Initial Res. Pressure
BHP
Drawdown
Buildup
Time
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Methods of Gaining Information on

Reservoir Characteristics
A. Seismic and associated geological studies
B. Information obtained during the well drilling program
C. Wireline formation testing
1. Virgin Reservoir (Exploration and Appraisal Wells)
2. Produced Reservoir (New development wells)
D. Pressure - Flow testing of wells
1. Exploration and appraisal wells (DST)
2. Production or injection wells
E. Analysis of reservoir performance
- simulator history matching
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Principal Objectives of Well Testing

Determine the average permeability of the reservoir
Determine the near wellbore alteration i.e. the skin factor
Measure the reservoir pressure
Attempt to locate the position of boundaries / discontinuities
T yp e s o f P re ss u re Tr a n sie n t Te s t
P r e s su r e D r a w d o wn ( R e s e r vo i r L i m i t ) T e s t
P r e s su r e B u i l d u p o r Fa l l o f f Te s t
- D r i l l S t e m Te s t ( Do w n h o l e v a l v e )
- P r o d u c t i o n o r In j e c t i o n W e l l T e s t
In terf erence T es t
P u l s e T e s t - h o r i z o n t a l o r v e r t i ca l
10
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Initial
Flow
Prod.
Rate
Initial
Shutin
Afterflow
Final Flow
Final
Shutin
Time
BHP
Drawdown
Buildup
Time
11
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Appraisal Well Test Objectives

Reserve
Initial reservoir pressure - Pi
Flow capacity - kh
Depletion or boundary
Sampling - PVT analysis
GOR
Viscosity
Volume factor
12
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Well test operation

Gauge positioning
At mid-perf?
Below perf interval
(rathole)?
Above perf interval?
Number of gauges?
One, two or even three?
Production well
13
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Essentials to Achieve WT Objectives

Sound knowledge about WT
Theory and practice
WT design
Know what you are doing
WT analysis and interpretation
Software - PanSystem
Engineering experiences - Type curves
Integrated approach
14
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Well test
15
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CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
Inj. Well
Prod. Well
TYPICAL OIL PRODUCTION PROFILE

PLATEAU
OIL
PROD.
W.B.T.
RATE
For an Offshore
Field the Target
Plateau Rate is
Typically 10% of
Recoverable
Reserves p.a.
TIME
16
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Minimum Economic Rate for an Offshore Oil Well

. . . depends on the following factors:
Water Depth
Oil Price
Pipeline Tariff
Distance to Existing Facilities
Total Recoverable Reserves
. . . in the early days of the North Sea development a
figure of 5000 STB/d was often quoted (no longer
valid)
17
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GAS
WELL-HEAD
ps
OIL
WATER
S EP ARA TO R
(1
st
ST AG E)
p wf = Flowing Bottom-Hole Pressure

WELL
p r = Reservoir Pressure
p s = Separator Pressure
q
pr
pe
pi
p
RESERVOIR
p wf
Reservoir to Separator Flow System
18
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pr
IPR
VL
P
Bottom-Hole Pressure
Well Performance Diagram
pr pwf
pwf
ps
Drawdown
Total
p
Lift
Operating
Point
pwf p s
qs
Oil Production Rate
Match vertical lift performance (VLP) to inflow performance
relation (IPR) i.e. find qs from nodal analysis
Due to Gilbert
19
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Well measurements at
Exploration and Appraisal
Well testing
PI, kh, Pi,reserve,fluid sampling (O&W)
Logging (composite logs)
Layering, porosity, k, So, Sg, Sw, N:G
Coring
K, porosity, layering
Key measurement
K (core, logs, WT)
How?
20
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Darcys Law
L AMINAR SINGLE-PHASE FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM
FOR LINEAR HORIZONTAL FLOW
q
x
q
A
=u=
k dp
dx
DEFINITION OF THE PERMEABILITY OF A POROUS

MEDIUM
PERMEABILITY IS AN INTRINSIC ROCK PROPERTY
21
Fig 1.2.1
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Darcys Law
k dp
q
=u=
dx
A
. . . single-phase, linear
horizontal flow
Definition of the permeability of a porous medium

Permeability is an intrinsic rock property
q
A
u
p
x
k
22
in-situ volumetric flow-rate

cross-sectional area
superficial fluid velocity
fluid viscosity
pressure or potential
length
permeability
m3 /s
2
m
m/s
2
Ns/m
Pa
m
m2
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Forcheimer Equation
dp
= u + u
dr k
r
2
r
Reynold's Number for Porous Media

inertial term is important only if
u r
is comparable to
/k
u
k u
Re =
=
0.1
k
r
o n ly ev er t ru e n ea r t h e w e llb o re
ratio of inertial to viscous forces
23
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Darcy Units
q : cc/s
A : cm
: cp
x : cm
p : atm
k : Darcy
Oil Field Units
. . . practical unit of permeability : md
- the millidarcy
qs : bbl/day
A : ft2
: cp
p : psi
x : ft
k : md
10 3 k dp
11271
.
=
A
dx
qs B
B = Formation volume factor
24
1 md = 0.986923 *10
-15
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Laboratory Measurement of the Permeability of Core Plugs

Core Holder
Controlled
Measured
Flow
Cylindrical Core of
Cross-sectional Area
A
Transducer
k p1 p 2
L
25
i. e .
k=
qL
A p
Fig 1.3.1
SYZ
Precautions
Cores must be cleaned and dried
without causing any alteration
Faces must be cut without causing
damage
When fluid is air, corrections must be made
for gas slippage (Klinkenberg effect) and
change to liquid condition
Reservoir conditions of stress and

temperature
26
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Permeability of Unconsolidated Beds (Sand Packs)
Fixed Bed in Chemical Engineering

For Laminar Flow:
36 D v s2
3
k 1 (1 )
k1 = 150
Carman - Kozeny Equation

= void fraction
DVS = Volume - Surface Mean Particle Diameter
27
Fig 1.3.2
SYZ
Carman - Kozeny Equation

Basics for log k derivation and formation evaluation
36 D
k=
k1 1
3
2
vs
2
a f
k : permeability
k1 = 150 . . . Kozeny constant
: porosity
Dvs : Volume - Surface Mean Particle Diameter = 6(1 - )/a

a : specific surface area of bed (wetted surface / unit volume)
Shows importance of porosity and grain

size as determinants of permeability
28
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Pressure regimes in a petroleum reservoir
29
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Advances in well testing
qs B re
ln
Pe Pw =
2 kh rw
(SS)
qs B 1 4 A
ln
P Pw =
(SSS)
2
2 kh 2 C A rw
P(r , t ) or
30
PD (1, t D )
(USS, transient
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Construction of
A Single Uniform well Model
31
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Radial Flow Single Well Model
re
P RODU CING WEL L
RE GI O N O F AREA L
OBSERVATION WELL
RADI AL F LO W
Reservoir Pressure Distribution

q
ACCESSIBLE FROM
RFT DATA
pe
pe
WELL SHUT-IN
ACCESSIBLE
FROM PLT
wf
32
re
Fig 1.4.1
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Model Cylindrical Reservoir with Central Well

q
h
rw
re
Radial Flow
Situation
Fig 1.4.2
33
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Derivation of
Steady-State Solution:
qs B re
ln
Pe Pw =
2 kh rw
34
(SS)
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Steady-State Radial Incompressible Flow

q
ur
pe
ur
rw
q h
pe
r
re
rw
re
ur =
35
q
2r h
k dp
dr
Fig 1.4.3
SYZ
Steady-State Radial Darcy (Creeping) Flow
q sB
k dp
ur =
=
2 hr dr
Separating the Variables and Integrating:
q sB
2 kh
Dimensionless
Pressure
36
z z
re
rw
dr
=
r
Darcy's Law
pe
dp
pw
q sB
re
ln
pe pw =
2 kh
rw
pD
pe pw
re
=
= ln
= ln rDe
q sB
rw
2 kh
SYZ
Steady-State, Radial, Single-Phase Flow
P RE SS UR E PR OF IL E I N T HE VI CI NI TY OF A WE LL
6
5
p pw
pD =
qsBoo 4
2kh
3
p = ln rD
D
2
1
0
1
37
100
r /r w
200
300
400
Fig 1.4.5
SYZ
Well Productivity
Index Index, PI
Productivity
then
qs
J ss =
pe p w
No Skin
Since:
- Radial steady-state flow model
1127
.
10 3 2 kh
qsB =
pe p w
re
ln
rw
J sse
1127
.
103 2 kh
=
re
B ln
rw
g
Field
Units
bbl/day/psi
Hence well productivity index depends strongly on

Permeability- thickness product, kh
in-situ oil viscosity,
38
SYZ
Derivation of
Semi-Steady-State Solution:
qs B 1 4 A
ln
P Pw =
(SSS)
2
2 kh 2 C A rw
39
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Pressure in Reservoir
CL OS ED (N O F LO W)
O UT ER BO UN DA RY
WELL PRODUCED AT
CONSTAN T RATE
t
TRANSIENT
INFINITE-ACTING
PERIOD
SEMI -STEADY STAT E
rw
r
Transient Pressure Behaviour of a Single Well
at the Centre of a Closed Reservoir
40
re
Fig 1.5.1
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Semi-Steady-State (SSS) Flow
No Flow Across External Boundary

Slightly Compressible Flow
Oil Production at Central Well is
Sustained by Expansion of Fluid
in Place
ur =
ej
qr
2 hr
k dp
dr
ur
re
41
rw
Fig 1.5.10
SYZ
Mechanism of Semi-Steady-State Depletion
Closed System
qr
qr
rw
q r = cVr re
0
rw
42
Flow Distribution
qr
re
dp
dt
re
SYZ
qr
qr
rw
q r = cVr re
re
dp
dp
2
2
= c re r h
dt
dt
dp
2
q = c re h
dt
qr
re2 r 2
r2
=
= 1 2
2
q
re
re
Darcy's Law
qr
k dp
ur =
=
2 rh dr
43
qr
0
rw
re
SYZ
F
r I 2 rkh dp
=
q = q G1
J
H r K dr
FG1 r IJ dr = 2 kh dp
H r K r q
Hence on substitution:
2
e
which on separating the variables becomes:
2
e
Integration gives:
FG 1 r IJ dr = 2 kh dp
zH r K r q z
44
re
pe
rw
2
e
pw
SYZ
The analytical solution to this is:
q =
F
r
G ln
H r
2 kh
e
2
w
r
1
+
2 2 re2
p
b
IJ
K
pw
and the pressure at any radius r is given by the equivalent formula
2 kh
q=
r
r2
rw2
2 + 2
ln
rw 2 re
2 re
For re >> rw
pp g
b
FG
IJ
H
K
2 kh
q =
p p g
b
F
r
1I
G ln
J
H r 2K
w
45
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Straight Line Inflow Performance Relation (IPR)
qs = Jsss(pe pwf)
i.e.
p wf = p e
1
J sss
pe
pwf
slope
qs
. . . Definition of
P.I.
. . . equation of a
straight line
1
Jsss
IPR
qs
46
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Well Inflow Performance Diagram
pe pw
FBHP
pw
(psi)
(pe)1
DRAWDOWN
slope = -
1
J
(pe)2
(pe)3
IPR
VLP
Production Rate,
(STbbl/D)
qs
Relation Between Three Key Variables: qs, pw and pe
47
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Reserve from (R. Depletion)

Semi-Steady-State Solution:
qs B 1 4 A
ln
P Pw =
(SSS)
2
2 kh 2 C A rw
48
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Compressibility of a Liquid
1 V
c =
V p
Reservoir
Material
Balance
. . . fractional change in volume

per unit change in pressure
V = qdt = cVdp
Volume produced
in time interval dt
Expansion of the
Liquid in the reservoir
dp
q
q sB
=
=
dt
cV
c re2 h
. . . simplest possible form of the material balance equation
49
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Initial
Flow
Prod.
Rate
Initial
Shutin
Afterflow
Final Flow
Final
Shutin
Time
BHP
Drawdown
Buildup
Time
50
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Total System Compressibility

. . . a more sophisticated analysis shows that c should be replaced
by the total system compressibility ct where:
c t = c w S wc + 1 S wc c o + c f
c w . . . water compressibility
c o . . . oil compressibility
c f . . . formation (pore volume) compressibility

S wc . . . connate water saturation
1 Vp
cf =
Vp p
Definition of Rock
Compressibility
Allows for the presence of connate water and formation compaction

Latter term is significant in unconsolidated formations
51
SYZ
dp
q
q sB
=
=
2
dt
ctV
c t re h
V = re2h . . . Pore Volume (Large) ct
. . . Total compressibility (Small)
qs . .
. Oil production rate (constant)

pi
slope
m*
q sB
c t re2h
linear pressure decline

0
Primary Depletion of an Undersaturated Reservoir with

No Aquifer Support
52
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Well Productivity Index in a Bounded (Closed) Drainage Area
Jsss
qs
q
=
=
p pw
B p pw
The SSS well inflow equation is:
q=
g
3I
J
4K
2 kh p p w
F
r
G ln
H r
J SS S
hence
2 kh
=
3
r
B ln e
rw 4
FG
H
or in field units:
J SSS =
11271
.
10 3 2 kh
F
r
B G ln
H r
53
IJ
K
SYZ
IJ
K
Approaching to
Situations in Practice 1st Correction
54
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Generalised Form of the SSS Inflow Equation
Radial streamlines in a
circular drainage area
with a central well
Deviation from radial flow

in non-symmetric drainage
caused by well proximity
to a physical boundary
Fig 1.6.1
55
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Generalised Form of the SSS Inflow Equation

- note the longer length of flow paths and the bunching
of streamlines with a non-central well
- areal flow convergence effect
Dietz Shape Factors
The basic radial flow equation for SSS is:
q
p p w = 2 kh
FG ln r
H r
IJ
K
which can be written alternatively as:
q 1
re2
p pw =
ln 2 3 / 2
2 kh 2 rw e
The natural log term can be rearranged as:
56
SYZ
4r
4 e
where
2
e
3/ 2 2
w
4A
4A
=
=
2
56.32 rw
31.62 rw2
A = Area of drainage region

= 1.781 . . . exponential of Euler's constant
CA = Dietz shape factor
For a circular region with a central well
CA = 31.62
. . . the maximum value which CA can take

The generalised inflow equation takes the form:
p pw
57
q 1
4A
=
ln
2 kh 2
C A rw2
SYZ
SSS Well Productivity Index
JSSS
4 kh
=
4A
B ln
C A rw2
FG
H
IJ
K
For non-symmetric drainage areas and well locations
CA < 31.62
and the PI is smaller than that of a well in the centre of a circle
Dietz evaluated CA for a wide variety of shapes and well positions
e.g.
rectangle
CA = 4.514
Especially important in long narrow reservoirs e.g. channel sands

and when well is close to a fault
58
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Fig 1.6.2
Selection of Dietz Shape Factors
CA
27.6
tDAsss
0.2
CA
12.98
tDAsss
0.7
CA
30.88
tDAsss
0.1
CA
21.9
tDAsss
0.4
CA
4.51
tDAsss
0.6
1/3
7/8
CA
31.6
tDAsss
0.1
CA
0.098
tDAsss
0.9
CA
3.34
tDAsss
0.7
CA = 21.8 tDAsss = 0.3 CA = 10.8 tDAsss = 0.4 CA = 2.08 tDAsss = 1.7

1
7/8
2
7/8

1
1
4
1
4
59
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Approaching to
Situations in Practice 2nd Correction
60
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Near Wellbore Altered Zone

pe
ideal profile
pw
altered profile
ps
pwf
rw
rs
Fig 1.7.1
Formation damage
For a variety of reasons there is often an annular region of altered
permeability around the wellbore
Since most of the pressure drop in radial flow occurs within the region
from rw to 100r w near wellbore permeability alteration is very important
61
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Near Wellbore Altered Zone
ks
pe
Ideal Pressure Profile
Based on Homogeneous
Permeability, k
pw
ps
p wf
rw
rs
Actual Pressure Profile

Steepened by Reduced
Permeability, k s, in
Altered Zone
ks . . . Altered Zone Permeability

rs . . . Extent of Alteration
pwf . . . Actual Bottom-hole Pressure ps . . . Incremental Pressure Drop
62
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Possible Mechanisms of Formation Damage

Mud solids invasion and plugging
Clay swelling on contact with mud filtrate
Chemical precipitation or scaling . . . CaCO3 CaSO4 BaSO4
Wax or Asphaltene Deposition
Particle Tilting
Movement of sand fines toward the wellbore
Sand consolidation treatment
Formation compaction
"Special" Problems with Injection Wells
Plugging due to particulate matter in injection fluid
Clay alteration on contact with injected fluid e.g. sea water
63
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Skin Factor Concept

D UEtoTOvan
VA N EEverdingen
VE RD IN GE N AN Dand
H UR ST
Due
Hurst
SK IN
PRESSURE PROFILE
IN THE FORMATION
BASED ON UNALTERED
PERMEABILITY k
pw f
pw
ps
pw f
pw
ps
ps
q
2 kh
Incremental
skin
pressure
SKIN
PRESSURE
DROP drop
ps = INCREMENTAL
(POSITIVE FOR DAMAGE)
64
(Positive for Damage)

. . . Dimensionless Skin Factor
Fig 1.7.6
SYZ
Negative Skin Effect

. . . Due to Near Wellbore Permeability Improvement i.e. Stimulation
Possible
Actual
Profile
pwf
ps
pw
Region of
Increased
Permeability
S=
Homogeneous Medium
Prediction
ps
q
2 kh
. . . ps is a negative quantity
"Skin"
65
SYZ
Reasons for Negative Skin

Deliberate Well Stim ulation
acidising
hydraulic fracturing
High Shot Density Perforation
Thermal Fracturing of Injection W ells
Well Deviation
"Geoskin"
High Permeability
Lens Straddling
the Wellbore
66
Formation of
Permeability, k
SYZ
Hawkins Equation
Relates Skin Factor, S
to the Intrinsic
Properties of the
Altered Zone
rs
k
ks
rw
re
k = Bulk Formation Permeability

ks = Altered Zone Permeability
rs = Radius of Altered Zone
Fig 1.7.8
67
SYZ
Hawkins Equation
(Open-Hole)
ps = additional pressure drop over the altered zone
q
rs
q
rs
p s =
ln
ln
rw 2 kh
rw
2 k sh
Actual Pressure Drop
over Altered Zone
Pressure Drop that would

have occurred if the
Permeability was unaltered
LM F k 1I ln r OP
G
J
k
NH K r Q
L
F
I
k
r O
p
S=
= MG
1J ln P
q
Hk K r Q
N
2 kh
q
p s =
2 kh
68
SYZ
Addition of Incremental Skin Pressure Drop to

Homogeneous Radial Flow Prediction
Bulk Formation
Permeability, k
k s=
0
1
Damaged Zone
k
2
20
40
60
80
100
rD
69
SYZ
Generalised Inflow
And Productivity Equation
70
SYZ
Inflow Equations Including Skin Effect

Steady-State Radial Flow
pe p wf
q
=
2 kh
FG ln r
H r
I
+ SJ
K
. . . skin factor is added to pure radial flow term i.e. ln(re/rw)
p De
p e p wf
=
= ln rD e + S
q
2 kh
Steady-State Productivity Index
J SS =
qs
=
p e p wf
2 kh
r
B ln e + S
rw
FG
H
IJ
K
Skin is important if S is comparable to ln(re /rw ) which is

typically of the order of 7 - 8
Hence skin factors greater than about 3 are seriously reducing PI
71
SYZ
Semi-Steady-State (SSS) Radial Flow

. . . based on average pressure of the drainage area
p p wf
or
pD
q
=
2 kh
FG ln r
H r
3
+S
4
IJ
K
p p wf
3
=
= ln rDe + S
q
4
2 kh
SSS Productivity
Index
J SSS
72
qs
=
=
p p wf
F
BG
H
2 kh
re
3
+S
ln
rw 4
SYZ
IJ
K
Generalised Formulation
. . . using Dietz shape factor
Well Productivity Depends on:

1
SSS
PERMEABILITY - THICKNESS PRODUCT
2 k h
JSSS =
PI
1
ln 4 A 2
2
Ca rw
3
WELLBORE
DAMAGE
OIL
VISCOSITY
5
WELL
SPACING
73
4
DRAINAGE
AREA SHAPE
6
WELL
DIAMETER
SYZ
Skin Removal Workover
pr
pwf
High kh Well
(Tubing Control)
Low kh Well
(Formation Control)
VLP
IPR+S
qs
74
IPR-S
qs
qs
SYZ
Some Field examples

Situations in Practice Re-defined
75
SYZ
Formation Fines and Their Movement

Pore Blocking Mechanism
MOBILE OIL
Water-wet Fines are

Immobile when the
Water Phase is
Immobile
CONNATE
(IMMOBILE)
WATER
IMMOBILE
WATER WET
FINES
Water-wet Fines not Bridged

at Pore Restrictions are
Mobile when Both Oil and
Water are Flowing
Fig 1.7.11
76
SYZ
Pseudo-Skin Concept
Situations in Practice
77
SYZ
Deviation from Pure Radial Flow

Due to Limited Entry
Flow Occurs across

Bedding Planes Hence
Vertical Permeability
is Important
PARTIAL PENETRATION
V ERTICAL FLOW CONV ERGENC E

ADDITIONAL PRESSURE DROP
REQUIRED
PARTIAL COMP LETION
78
Fig 1.9.1
SYZ
Geometry of Limited Entry
hp
hs
hp
hp
h
hs
hs
Top or Bottom
h = Formation Height
hp = Perforated interval
hs = Height of a Symmetry
Element
79
General Position
Central
b=
hp
h
hD =
k hs
k v rw
Brons and Marting Parameters
SYZ
Limited Entry
Geometric
30
Brons
25
= 10000
and
Skin
Marting
Correlation
20
Sp
hD =
15
k h
k z rw
1000
100
10
b=
20
5
hp
h
5
0.1
b = Penetration Ratio
80
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Fig 1.9.3
SYZ
Brons and Marting Geometric or Pseudo Skin

Modified form of
the inflow equation:
This has the form
where
pe p wf
p
geom
s
pe p wf
q
=
2 kh
p e p wf = p e p wf
ideal
q
r
ln e
2 kh rw
q
Sp = pe p wf
=
2 kh
. . .
actual
FG ln r
H r
ideal
I
+S J
K
p
+ p geom
s
ideal pressure drop

for a full completion
q
re
ln
2 kh rw
Obtained from two-dimensional

calculations of the limited entry
including the effect of anisotropy
Main problem is allowing for the non-uniform flux distribution at the sandface
Brons and Marting approach is simply an intelligent method of correlating 2-D results
81
SYZ
Combined Effects of Partial Completion and a Thin Altered Zone
FORMATION
PRESSURE PROFILE
pD
Sa
Sp
Sd
NO DAMAGE
NO CONVERGENCE
FLOW
CONVERGENCE
ZONE
Superposition of Skin Effects

Due to Partial Completion
and Damage
CONVERGENCE WITH
NO DAMAGE
rD
82
Fig 1.9.4
SYZ
Flow
Convergence
into
Groups of
Perforations
Form of
Limited
Entry
Skin
Plugged
Perforation
Fig 1.9.5
83
SYZ
GAS
Water
and
Gas
OIL BEARING
RESERVOIR
Coning
HIGH GOR
WELL
WATER
Main Reason For

Deliberate Limited
Entry is to Avoid
HIGH WOR
Coning
WELL
OG C
WOC
Fig 1.10.1
84
SYZ
Partially Penetrating
Well
Fig 1.10.2
q
F or mation o f Wa ter Co ne
W h e n W e ll i s U n d e r l a i n
by Wat er
O OW C
85
Pressure Distribution in Oil Phase

is Little Affected by Presence of
Static Cone
SYZ
Negative-Skin Concept
86
SYZ
Deviated Wells
Sswp
15
o
30
-2
45o
-4
60
-6
=75
102
87
Due to
Cinco &
Miller
h
rw
103
104
Fig 1.11.1
SYZ
Deviated (Slant) Wells
Effect of Deviation i.e. Flow Divergence Expressed as Another

Component of the Skin Factor viz. S sw p
For a Completely Perforated Well:
S sw p
F
I
= G J
H 41K
0 < <75o
88
2 . 06
F
I
G
H 56 JK
1. 865
h
> 40
rw
F
h I
log G
H 100 r JK
w
Due to Cinco and Miller
SYZ
Combination of Deviated Well and Thin Damaged Zone
h
s
co
b=
S a = S d + S swp =
hp
h
S tr
b
h
cos
h
+ S swp
1
cos
i.e. b > 1
p s
where: S tr =
q
2 k
89
h
cos
F k 1I ln r
GH k JK r
Fig 1.11.2
SYZ
Effective Wellbore Radius Concept,

90
SYZ
Effective Well Radius

pe
ps
pwf
reff rw
re
rw , eff = rw e S
91
Fig 1.12.1
SYZ
pe
Effective
ps
Well Radius
S = ln rw ln rw ,eff
pwf
reff rw
re
re
p D = ln
+ S = ln
rw
rw ,eff
re
rw ,eff = rw e
or
S = ln
rw
rw ,eff
Alternative Way of Characterising Near Wellbore Alteration

Particulary Useful for Negative Skin Situations e.g. fractures
92
SYZ
Vertically Fractured Well
re
Double Wing Fracture
xf
Vertical Fracture of
Limited Radial Extent
h
xf
93
xf
= Fracture Half-Length
Fig 1.12.2
SYZ
Vertically Fractured Well
re
h
xf
xf
Vertical Fracture of Limited Radial Extent
xf . . . Fracture Half Length
Fracture Height Equal to Formation Thickness

Infinite Conductivity Fracture
For Steady-State Flow:
rw ,eff
xf
=
2
provided
re
>2
xf
Prats, M. SPEJ June 1961 p105
94
SYZ
Situations in Practice:
Heterogeneous Reservoir and fluid
95
SYZ
Stratified Reservoir
q = qi
Common Wellbore
Pressure, pw
Layer 1
pe
Layer 2
Layer 3
q1
q2 p
q3
S1
k1 h1
S2
k2 h2
S3
k3 h3
No Reservoir Communication
96
Fig 1.13.1
SYZ
Stratified Rese rvoir

Steady-State, Single-Phase Flow
Non-Communicating, Homogeneous Layers
Layer Skin Factors Zero
Common External Pressure, p e
q
q1
pe
q2
q3
97
Fig
1.13.1
pw
k2 h 2
pe
k3 h3
SYZ
Layered System Behaviour
2 k i h i
pe pw
qi =
re
ln
rw
Individual Layer Rate
Summation to give total flow:

N
qi = q =
i =1
2 k i h i
i =1
re
ln
rw
bp p g
e
since pe, pw, re and are common to all layers
98
SYZ
i. e . q =
2 kh
pe pw
re
ln
rw
where:
k=
k h
i
i =1
. . . .
Arithmetic
Average
Permeability
Since the pressure distribution is the same in all Layers there is no

tendency for crossflow and the result is also applicable to a Layered
system with communication
q1
L ayered System
pe
q2
q3
99
pw
k2 h2
k3 h3
pe
Fig
1.13.2
SYZ
Layered System
q = qi
Common Wellbore
Pressure, pw
Layer 1
pe
Layer 2
Layer 3
q1
q2 p
q3
S1
k1 h1
S2
k2 h2
S3
k3 h3
Reservoir Communication
100
Fig 1.13.2
SYZ
Quadratic IPR for an Oil Well Exhibiting Non-Darcy Flow
VLP
pe
pwf
pND = Bqs
slope = A
pwh
Well Performance Diagram
101
p ND
Operating
Point
IPR
qs
SYZ
Influence of Damaged Zone Including Non-Darcy Flow
Ideal Pressure Profile

(No damage or non-Darcy flow)
Pressure Profile in Damaged Region

with no non-Darcy flow
psD
Pressure Profile in Damaged Region
including non-Darcy effect
psND
ks
(unaltered formation
permeability)
Damaged
Region
rw
102
rs
SYZ

MSC REM1

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