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Objectives
Students should be able to explain global and local (Indonesian)
ocean circulation pattern as well as its forcing factor
Ocean Circulation
Why It is Important
Driving Factors
In shallow water (coastal
area)
tides the most
important
bottom friction
bathymetry
fresh water discharges
from rivers
Ocean Circulation
Magnitudes of Ocean
Currents
1 sv = 1,000,000 m3/s
Ocean Circulation
Atmospheric Processes
Winds flow from higher to lower
atmospheric pressure
air pressure is the weight of the air
from Earths surface to the top of the
atmosphere and equals 1.04kg/cm2
(standard air pressure, one
atmosphere) at sea level
change in pressure across a horizontal
distance is a pressure gradient
greater the difference in pressure and
the shorter the distance between
them, the steeper the pressure
gradient and the stronger the wind
Atmospheric Processes
Global wind pattern is
controlled by the density of
atmosphere
Density is a function of
temperature, pressure and
moisture content
Atmospheric Processes
Maximum Solar Heating at the
equator (over 400 Watts per
square meter) and minimum
at the poles (less than 200
Watts per square meter)
At the equator, sunlight strikes
the earth at a nearly
perpendicular angle.
Atmospheric Processes
Uneven solar heat
distribution
Because air at the
equator is warmer than
air at the poles, it is less
dense
Because air at the
equator is less dense, it
rises while cold, dense
air at the poles sinks
Atmospheric Processes
Uneven solar heat distribution
three circulation cells form
between the equator and each
pole
air sinks at both 30 latitude and
the poles; rises at about 60
latitude, moves north and south
due to the Coriolis effect, flow on a
sphere curves: to the right in the
northern hemisphere and to the
left in the southern hemisphere.
Atmospheric Processes
Atmospheric Processes
Gyre
Western boundary
currents -These are
narrow, deep, fast
currents found at the
western boundaries of
ocean basins
the Gulf Stream
Gyre
Eastern boundary
currents These currents
are cold, shallow and
broad, and their
boundaries are not well
defined
the Canary Current
the Benguela Current
the California Current
the West Australian
Current
the Peru Current
Monsoon
Monsoons are patterns
of wind circulation
that change with the
season
Areas with monsoons
generally have dry
winters and wet
summers
In Indonesia
(particularly western
part), monsoon creates
dry and wet (rainy)
season
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
20 Jun
20 Sep
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Mar
21 Dec
Mar-Sep
Mar-Sep
Sep - Mar
Downwelling
Upwelling
Indonesian Throughflow
Very important in world
climates
Due to difference of Sea Surface
Topography at Pacific and
Indian Oceans
Global exchange of water and
heat between the Pacific and
Indian Oceans
Influences the climate conditions
in eastern Indonesia and western
Australia
El Nio
Under Normal Conditions
Easterly trade winds cause
surface waters to pile up in the
west
Thermocline is deep in the west
and shallow in the east
Proximity of thermocline near
the surface in the east enhances
coastal upwelling effects and
thus biological productivity
El Nio
El Nio Conditions
Easterly trade winds are
weakening
Thermocline is shallower in the
west and deeper in the east
compare to normal condition
Sea level at western Pacific
drops, upwelling occurs
El Nio
Under Normal Conditions
Satellite derived estimates of Sea
Surface Temperature during
normal (1996), El Nio
Conditions (1997), and Sea
Surface Temperature Anomaly
during El Nio compare to
normal condition
El Nio
Indonesia
Peru