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NEBOSH
International
Technical
Certificate in
Oil and Gas
Operational
Safety

RRC Training

Element 5
Logistics and Transport
Operations
Marine Transport
Land Transport

RRC Training

Marine Transport

Marine Transport

Hazards of Vessels and Working Over Water

Oil/LNG Transfer operations

Extreme environmental conditions

Personnel Transfer Operations

Accelerated wear and corrosion

Drilling rig hazards

Collisions with other vessels and structures

Lone working and diving operations

Intrinsic hazards of substances and potential for

fire/explosion

Falls overboard
Piracy

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RRC Training

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Marine Transport
Marine Transport
Loading and Unloading of Vessels at Marine Terminals
Cargo tank vents fit with flame arresters
Ships must be securely moored
Loading arms can be fitted with emergency release
Responsible persons at terminal and on tanker to
agree a loading/offloading plan (checklists help
here)
Tank inspection/verification/cleanliness (tanker operations)
Precautions against vapour ingress
- All ships openings to tank deck must remain closed
- Ventilation system adjustment/disconnection

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Clearly distinguish liquid loading/unloading lines and

vapour emission control lines (wrong connections!)
Inspection of hoses for defects before use
- Should also have periodic pressure test
- Divers to inspect underwater hoses

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Marine Transport
Adjustable hose and loading arm position (rise and fall of
ship on tides)
Take account of wind loading on loading arms/connections

Marine Transport
Co-ordinate activities (adjacent berths)
Prevent tugs, helicopters, etc. from approaching too
close during operations (or suspend if they must)

Monitor weather and for leaks during operation

Formal agreement between vessel master and terminal

authority on readiness to load/unload cargo

Precautions against electrical/static discharges

- Earth bonding of ship to terminal is often ineffective
- Insulating connection flanges (ship to terminal)
- Inerting, flow rate control, etc.

Ship and terminal must monitor operation and

communicate throughout

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RRC Training

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Marine Transport
Control of Marine Operations, Certification of Vessels,
Inspections and Approvals
System of flagging
Vessels must be registered to a country and abide by its
maritime regulations derived from IMO (International
Maritime Organisation)
This usually means a system of certification/approval and
inspection

RRC Training

Marine Transport
Typical Certification / approval requirements cover:
Safety design/construction
Oil pollution prevention (MARPOL convention
requirements)
Loadline (Plimsoll Line)
Tonnage
Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) Safety (if
applicable)
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Marine Transport

Marine Transport

Shipboard safety management

Role and Responsibilities of Marine Co-ordinators

Class conformity (issued by Classification Societies)

Co-ordinates all activities related to vessel:

- arrival
- mooring
- cargo loading/unloading
- departure

Certain on-board equipment (e.g. lifting equipment)

Master and crew competency and fitness
Also insurance certificates
Inspection (to maintain class certification)
- routine annual surveys
- 5-yearly special survey
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Liaise with other functions, e.g. when vessels require

annual / special independent inspections

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Marine Transport

Marine Transport
Deck Crew

Role and Responsibilities of Master (Captain) of Vessel

Ultimate responsibility (not delegable) for :
- Seaworthiness and safety of the vessel, crew
and cargo
- Safe navigation of the vessel
- Keeping accurate records of all incidents
- Cooperation with investigators
Has authority to do whatever is needed to
maintain compliance
Practical performance of duties often delegated, e.g.
piloting ship
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Rank

Responsibilities

First Officer

Vessel maintenance, supervision and training of

deck crew, and anything to do with the cargo

Second Officer Vessel navigation and assisting Chief Officer

Third Officer

Safety and in charge of safety equipment

Deck cadet

Usually a trainee officer

Able Seaman

Duties of watchman and maintaining safe heading

at the helm (as directed)

Ordinary
Seaman

General duties include painting, cleaning and

helping with cargo operations

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Marine Transport

Marine Transport

Engineering Crew
Rank

Responsibilities

Chief Engineer

supervising engine room operations

and other engineering equipment

Lower ranking
engineers (2nd, 3rd, etc)

Maintenance

Personnel Transfers and Boarding Arrangements

Typical methods:
Helicopter
Transfer basket (with crane)

Stewards Crew
Rank

Responsibilities

Chief Steward

all food and cleaning services,

Cooks and stewards

Support Chief steward in the galley and

mess

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RRC Training

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Marine Transport

Marine Transport
Vessel/Terminal Security

Gangways, bridges and accommodation

ladders

Terrorist and pirate threat

Rope ladder

Personnel transfers restricted to authorised

personnel only
3 Levels of security (levels 1 3)

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RRC Training

Marine Transport

Marine Transport

Port facility security plan (PFSP) will have measures to:

Personnel Protective Equipment Suitability

Prevent unauthorised access to the port

Typical protection on board will include:

Allow shore leave, crew rotation and visitors on board

Typically by use of, e.g.
Visitor badge system
Security officers
Information request (ship, crew, cargo) by port terminals
prior to port entry
Prior formal agreement of security protocol for transfers
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Safety footwear (usually boots)

Overalls (nomex fire retardant)
Specialist gloves (rigger, welders, chemical)
Safety eyewear (welding, goggles, etc.)
Hearing protection (esp. engine rooms)
Fall restraint and/or fall arrest equipment
Respiratory protective equipment (RPE)
Anti-static or spark-proof clothing / zips, etc.
Specialist equipment (lifejackets, etc.)

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Marine Transport
Diver Operations

Marine Transport
Risks to divers include:
Becoming trapped

Diving types:

Problems with BA

Surface diving using air-fed hoses fed from

a surface vessel

SCUBA

Hybrid systems mobile/portable surface

supplied diving

Collisions

Inspection by ROV

The effects of extreme environment or ocean

conditions

Developing illness during the dive:

Blackouts, decompression sickness, etc.
Miscommunications (leading to errors)

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RRC Training

Marine Transport

Marine Transport

Diving operation management:

Planning covers:
1

Compliance

Planning

Execution

Measuring and improving

Agreeing communications, roles, responsibilities and

job scope
Identifying likely hazards (use of HAZID, FMEA)
Assessing the risks (stage 1 conducted on-shore)
Identifying required competence
Check of equipment condition
Emergency response
Management of change

Look at planning and execution in more detail .

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Marine Transport

Land Transport

Execution

UN Classification of Dangerous Substances

Site rules must be followed/developed

Risk assessment (stage 2 specific on-site; stage 3
toolbox talks)
Safety briefings (inductions, expectations, etc.)
Use of formal permit-to-work/permit-to-dive system

Dangerous goods
Substances (and articles containing them) that have been
tested and assessed against agreed criteria and found to be
potentially dangerous (hazardous) when carried.
Placed in recognised UN class depending on properties.

Measuring and improving

Review of operation and incidents lessons learned

Assigned a UN number, description and packing group

This whole process is called classification.

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RRC Training

UN Classes

Land Transport

Petrol

Basic UN rules for road transportation of dangerous goods

cover:
General provisions definitions, general training, safety
obligations, appointment of safety advisors and security
Classification rules/criteria (allocation of UN class, number,
description and packing group based on its properties)
Dangerous goods list a very large lookup table and the
heart of the document

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Land Transport
Land Transport

Consignment procedures
Marking and labelling of packages

Example of a UK HazChem label on a petrol tanker

Marking and placarding of vehicles and tanks

Documentation
Construction and testing of packaging, tanks, etc.
Conditions of carriage, loading, unloading and handling
Vehicle crew, equipment, operation and documentation
Hazard symbol (Flammable Liquid Class 3)

Construction and approval of vehicles (e.g. road tankers)

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Land Transport

Land Transport
Driver Training

Protection of Plant Against Vehicles Striking Plant

Positioning - tank isolated from tanker off-loading point
Barriers, e.g. Armco (dont use bund wall as barrier!)
Protect bund walls with own barriers in high collision risk
areas

E.g. for road tanker drivers, covers specific issues

(theoretical and practical aspects):
Vehicle behaviour (e.g. load movement / surge)
Specific vehicle requirements
Filling and discharge
Specific rules (approval certificates, marking,
placarding, etc.)
Must sit externally assessed exam for the classes of goods
to be carried
Receive certificate of competence (must be renewed at
specific intervals)

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Land Transport

Land Transport

Loading and Unloading Arrangements

Tanker drivers carry instructions in writing about
emergency action TREMCard

Strict operational procedures and correct markings to be

in place to prevent substances being unloaded from
tankers into the wrong tanks

Driver and recipient of materials should have written

procedures for safe loading and unloading

Different substance tanks should have different hose

couplings

Fire extinguishers to be carried on all vehicles

All tanks to have adequate capacity to prevent overfilling

and leaks

Earth connections to be used for loading and unloading

flammable or explosive materials
Eliminate all other ignition sources from vicinity
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RRC Training

Land Transport
Traffic Management

Land Transport
Make traffic routes wide enough for vehicles or use oneway systems

On site principles for traffic management include:

Indicate and enforce speed limits
Minimise bends/junctions, steep gradients and need for
reversing

Protect vulnerable plant with barriers

Segregate vehicles and pedestrians designate crossings

and walkways

Ensure adequate room for off-loading (demountable tanks)

Use clear traffic signs

Have dedicated tanker off-loading points with emergency

facilities and environmental protection

Ensure all areas are well lit during hours of darkness

Have security controlled access with signing-in procedure

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Land Transport

Land Transport
Rail

Routes
Rail transport involves tank cars and tank containers
Plan routes to minimise threats to
security
Change routes to avoid repetition
and familiarity

Rail risks are similar to those from road transport and

requirements very similar
Rail has greater restrictions than road especially if
carriage through long tunnels is necessary

Be able to detect if vehicle ever

goes off route (for whatever reason)
use vehicle tracking systems

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RRC Training

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