Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Table of Contents
Introduction
Manuscript Formatting
Basics
Specifics
Tables
Figures
Appendices
Mechanics
Expressing Numbers
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Contractions
Capitalisation
Hyphenation
Referencing
Plagiarism
Turnit-in
An Overview of APA Referencing
In-text Referencing
Signal Phrases
Types of In-text Referencing
Short Direct Quotes
Long Direct Quotes
Paraphrases
Formatting In-text Citations
Secondary Citations
Multiple References to the Same Source
Unknown Author
Two or More Works in the Same Citation
Authors With the Same Surname
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year
Sources Without Page Numbers
Adding or Omitting Words in Quotations
Quoting Poetry
Quoting Drama
In-text Citations Using MS Word
Footnotes
Formatting End-text Citations
End-text Citations Using MS Word
End-text Referencing of Various Sources from the Internet
How to Format an End-text Reference for Something You
Found on a Website When Information is Missing
End-text Referencing of Poems
Sample Reference List
Other Points to Consider
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Introduction
The aim of this style guide is to help you maintain consistency and
accuracy in the presentation and layout of your paper. Each referencing
style tends to have its own editorial style. This means that when you
choose to reference your paper in a particular style you should also
observe the editorial conventions of that style like:
construction of tables
headings
citation of references
presentation of statistics
This guide outlines and explains features of the APA style and is formatted
accordingly. The instructions are based on MS Word Office 2007.
Manuscript Formatting
Basics
A manuscript formatted in APA style should:
Specifics
It should also:
have a title page that includes (a) your name; (b) your teachers
name; (c) your class / course e.g. Year 11D IB A1 English; (d) title /
question of essay
centred
Level Format
1
Centred, Bold, Mixed Case Heading
2
Left-aligned, Bold, Mixed Case Heading
3
Indented, bold, lowercase heading will full stop.
Additionally, in an extended essay, the page following the title page is the
abstract which has a centred heading, Abstract, at the top of the page.
The first line of this text is not indented. It should have a header and page
number.
Tables
Tables are often required to present data. Guidelines for including a
table into an APA formatted manuscript:
Head the table with an Arabic numeral e.g. Table 1, Table 2, Table 3
etc. Align this flush left.
If the table or its data are from another source, cite the source
Table 1
Dogs Scoring Above Average on Intelligence by Breed and Gender
Breed
Male
Female
%
Dachshund
123
234
17.6
Terrier
456
567
31.1
Siberian Husky*
789
891
51.3
Totals (N = 3060)
1368
1692
Note. Average score = 150. No animals were harmed during testing.
*Three huskies (one male, two female) escaped before testing was
completed and are therefore included in the table.
Figures
Guidelines for including a figure (graph, photograph etc.) into an
APA formatted manuscript:
Label the figures with an Arabic numeral and provide a brief but
explanatory title
The label and the title appear on the same line below the visual
display, flush-left.
If the figure or its data are from another source, cite the source or
copyright owner beneath the figure (highlight figure Insert
Caption Below insert label, title and source details).
Appendices
Appendices allow you to include detailed or supplemental
information in your paper that would be distracting or interrupt the flow of
the writing. Examples of items you might have in an appendix include
mathematical proofs, lists of words, the questionnaire used in the
research, a detailed description of an apparatus used in the research etc.
Guidelines for including an appendix in an APA formatted
manuscript:
Head the page Appendix with only the first letter capitalised.
Explain the information in the appendix after citing it. When the
reader returns to the text of your paper, they will need to have the
significance of what they just turned to the appendix to read
explained to them.
Remember, the appendix comes after the reference list at the end of
your paper.
Mechanics
Expressing Numbers
The general rule of thumb is that numerals (10, 11, 12) are used for
10 and over; words for under 10.
Adding extra potassium to the fertilizer mix resulted in
higher yields in nine of the 10 tomato plants.
percent
of
survey
respondents
expressed
1
0
3 hr 30 min
An abbreviated term must be spelt out in full the first time it is used
followed by the abbreviation in parentheses.
A 2009 UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees) report advised that ...
After that, use the acronym on its own.
This policy was clearly contrary to the UNHCR mandate.
Abbreviati
Meaning
Abbreviation
Meaning
on
hr
hour(s)
etc.
et cetera = and so
min
s
g
kg
t
mL
L
ML
minute(s)
second(s)
gram(s)
kilogram(s)
tonne
millilitre(s)
litre(s)
megalitre(s)
e.g.
i.e.
cf.
vs.
C
p.m.
a.m.
c.
mm
millimetre(s)
et al.
cm
centimetre(s)
ibid.
forth
for example
that is
compare with
versus
degrees Celsius
post meridiem
ante meridiem
circa (Latin = about,
approximately)
et alii (Latin = and
others). Used in
references.
ibidem (Latin = in
the same place book
etc.).
Refers the reader to
the preceding
footnote.
m
metre
op cit.
km
kilometre
viz.
Contractions
Do not use contractions in your EE
Do not NOT dont
Would have NOT wouldve
Capitalisation
Capital letters are required for
all major words in a book, journal or article title when they appear
within a paper
Hyphenation
Hyphenate
when the prefix can create4 a word with a different meaning (e.g.
re-cover the book, re-lease the office)
to make sure compound adjectives are not misread (e.g. thrillseeking teenagers)
to allow fact-checking
to avoid plagiarism
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is considered a serious academic offence. It occurs when
someone
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your work and that you have properly, and in a scholarly manner,
acknowledged your sources). Suspected malpractice will be investigated
and if confirmed, a grade may not be awarded making you ineligible for a
diploma. Furthermore, an IB Diploma may be withdrawn at any time if
malpractice is subsequently established. Severe penalties apply at
university level if a student commits academic malpractice. If you act with
academic integrity by correctly and consistently acknowledging your
sources you will avoid punishment. Remember, you are encouraged and
expected to use the ideas and even the words of others. The key to
academic honesty is knowing when and how to acknowledge this by citing
them.
Turnit-in
QASMT uses the internet-based plagiarism-detection service, Turnitin. Students submit their work electronically to Turnit-in as well as in hard
copy to their teacher. Turnit-in cross references the submissions against
millions of journals, periodicals, books and archived student submissions,
as well as billions of web pages. A report is then generated that
determines the extent and source of plagiaised material. Turnit-in makes it
very difficult, if not impossible, for plagiarists to evade detection.
An Overview of APA Referencing
There are a number of different ways format your citations and
reference list.
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styles. By developing proficiency in one style, you will find it quite easy to
adapt to any other style when you go to university. APA is relatively simple
to use especially if you use MS Words referencing tool (References
choose Style : APA Manage Sources) which does much of the hard work
for you.
Whilst this document covers the basics of APA referencing, more
detailed information can be found online. These two sites are particularly
helpful and were used extensively in the preparation of this document:
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/index.aspx
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/
The key feature of APA is parenthetical citation.
when you want to refer to the works of another author you do so in the
body of your text, not in a footnote or endnote. You do this by including
the
authors
surname
and
the
year
of
publication
in
brackets
(parentheses). For a direct quotation also include the page number. The
full bibliographic details of all sources cited are listed alphabetically at the
back of the paper in the reference list.
In-text Referencing
Signal Phrases
Typically the quotation is introduced with a signal phrase that
includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in
parentheses e.g.
1
7
1
8
1
9
3. Paraphrases
are not placed in quotation marks since the words are not exact
quotes
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Table 1
Formatting In-text Citations
Type of Citation
First citation
where author is
named in signal
phrase
Subsequent
citation where
author is named in
signal phrase
Parenthetical
format, first citation
in text where author
is not named in
signal phrase
Walker (2007)
stated ...
Walker and Allen
(2004) found ...
Bradley, Ramirez,
and Soo (1999)
concluded ...
Bradley, Ramirez,
Soo, and Walsh
(2006) determined ...
Walker, Allen,
Bradley, Ramirez,
and Soo(2008)
argued ...
Wasserstein et al.
(2005) found ...
National Institute of
Mental Health (NIMH,
2003) stated ...
Walker (2007)
concluded ...
Walker and Allen
(2004) believe ...
Bradley et al. (1999)
showed ...
(Walker, 2007)
(Bradley et al.,
2006)
(Walker et al.,
2008)
Wasserstein et al.
(2005) believe ...
NIMH (2003)
argued ...
(Wasserstein et al.,
2005)
(National Institute of
Mental Health [NIMH],
2003)
(Wasserstein et al.,
2005)
(NIMH, 2003)
University of
Pittsburgh (2005)
University of
Pittsburgh (2005)
(University of
Pittsburgh, 2005)
(University of
Pittsburgh, 2005)
Parenthetical
format,
subsequent
citations where
author is not
named in signal
phrase
(Walker, 2007)
1
authors
found ...
warned ...
Adapted from: American Psychological Association. (2011). Citing References In Text. Retrieved June 3, 2011, from APA Style : Basics of
APA Style Tutorial: http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/index.htm
Note: In et al., et should not be followed by a full stop.
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Secondary Citations
A secondary citation occurs when you use material you found cited
in another source. Here you are required to acknowledge both the
primary and secondary source of information. To do this, name the
primary source in the signal phrase then insert the words "as cited in"
before the secondary source in the parenthetical citation.
According to Avery (2009, as cited in Evans, 2011, p.14)...
or
Averys (2009) study (as cited in Evans, 2011, p.14) found
that ...
or
This belief has been confirmed (Avery, 2009, as cited in
Evans, 2011, p.14) ...
You do not need to source the primary or original work cited (e.g. Avery,
2009) but the secondary source (e.g. Evans, 2011) needs to appear in
your list of references.
Multiple References to the Same Source
If you refer to one source multiple times in the same paragraph you
include the authors surname and the date in the first citation only. All
subsequent citations in that paragraph need mention only the authors
surname.
Unknown Author
If the source does not have an author, cite the source by its title in
the signal phrase or use the first word or two from the title in the
2
3
2
4
or
Some argue that deliberate plagiarism is more easily
detectable in the digital age (Hall & Smith, 2009, para. 5).
Note: Never use the page numbers from print-outs of web pages.
Adding or Omitting Words in Quotations
If you add words to a quotation, use squared brackets.
Johnson (2004) says that developing proficiency in the
mechanics of referencing is one of the most useful skills a
secondary student can learn [in preparation for tertiary
studies] (p. 243).
If you delete words from a quotation, use ellipsis marks, which are three
full stops, preceded and followed by a space.
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Johnson (2004) says that developing proficiency in ...
referencing is one of the most useful skills a secondary
student can learn (p. 243).
Quoting Poetry
Quotations of poetry are not cited by page number.
Where the
poem has a number of parts cite by part and line numbers separated by a
full stop.
When Homers Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his
men mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil
(10.209-210).
For poems that are not divided into parts, use line numbers. For a first
reference, use the word lines e.g. (lines 5-8).
in Just-
and
whistles
Most poems have marked line numbers; where none are provided, count
the lines yourself and cite as directed above.
Note: You must indicate breaks between lines when quoting poems
or plays in verse. With a short direct quote i.e. one incorporated into your
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text and not set off as a block quote, indicate breaks between lines of
verse with a slash ( / ). Insert one typed space before and after slashes
indicating line breaks.
When quoting three or more lines of poetry as they appear in the
original source format it as you would any long quote i.e. begin it on a
new line, indent it, double line space it, and omit the quotation marks.
The reference comes immediately after the last poem line. If the spacing
of words or lines in the original source is unusual, you should represent
the originals spacing as precisely as you can in your essay. The authors
style is sacred.
E. E. Cummings use of inventive compound words and unusual
spacing is illustrated in his poem in Just-:
the queer
old balloonman
far
and
whistles
wee
Quoting Drama
When citing plays, cite by division (act, scene) and line. This means
that the cited part can be located in any edition of the work. Use Arabic
numbers, and separate the numbers with full-stops. A citation for Act IV,
scene 2, lines 148-149 from a Shakespeare play would look something like
this:
2
7
Make the footnote brief. Try to limit your comments to one small
paragraph.
2
8
Footnotes have a hanging indent which means that the first line
of the footnote is on the left-hand margin and any subsequent
line is indented.
Begin the list of references on a new page separate from the text
of the essay.
Head the page References with only the first letter capitalised.
All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your paper.
2
9
The reference list comes before the appendix at the end of your
paper.
Ensure that each source cited in the paper appears in the Current
List (References Manage Sources) since this is the list MS Word
will publish as your reference list.
Use the Copy button to transfer any sources from the Master List
to the Current List and use the Delete button to delete any
sources from the Current List that you didnt cite. Note: Beware
of deleting any source from the Master List because it will be
permanently deleted.
Highlight the list, then click and drag the First Line Indent marker
on the ruler at the top of your page to indent the first line of each
entry in the reference list.
3
0
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Table 2
How to Format an End-text Reference
Whats
Solution
missing?
Nothing; Ive got n/a
al the pieces
Author is missing Substitute title
for the author
Date is missing
Use n.d. for no
date
Title is missing
Describe the
document inside
square brackets
Author and date
Combine author
are both missing and date
methods
Author and title
Combine author
are both missing and title methods
Date and title are Combine date
both missing
and title methods
(n.d.).
Retrieved from
[Description of
document].
Author, A.
(date).
Retrieved from
(n.d.).
[Description of
document].
Retrieved from
http://URL
http://URL
Retrieved from
http://URL
Author, date, and
Combine all three
(n.d.).
title are all missing methods
http://URL
Note: The basic reference template is made up of four pieces: author, date, title (with format in square brackets if
necessary), and source (the URL). When one or more of these pieces is missing, use the method shown above to adapt the
template. In-text citations use the pieces from Position A and Position B (usually the author and date, but if theres no author,
then the title and date).
Reproduced with permission from Copyright 2010 the American Psychological Association.
32
Sydney:
ABC Books.
If the poem was found on the Internet, then use the source type
Document From Web Site. Type the poems title in the Name of Web
Page field and the web sites name (e.g. PoemHunter.com) into the
Name of Web Site field. You will have to unitalicise the poems title and
place it in single inverted commas and italicize the web sites title. It
should look like this:
Thomas, D. Lie Still, Sleep Becalmed.
Retrieved August 8,
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Sample Reference List
References
Allott, A., & Mindord, D. (2010). Biology : Course Companion.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
American Psychological Association. (2011). APA Style.
Retrieved May 22, 2011, from Basics of APA Style Tutorial:
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx
Graham-Rowe, D. (2011, May 28). Mind Readers. New Scientist ,
pp. 40-43.
Kulkarni, S. S., & Li, N. N. (2008). Membrane Distillation [eJournal]. Retrieved June 3, 2011, from Access Science:
http://www.accessscience.com.ezproxy.slq.qld.gov.au/content.aspx?
searchStr=osmosis&id=414210
Lee, C. (2011). How Do You Cite an E-Book? [Blog]. Retrieved
June 6, 2011, from APA Style Blog:http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/
Purdue University. (2011). In-Text Citations: Author/Authors.
Retrieved May 22, 2011, from Purdue Online Writing Lab:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
San Francisco State University. (n.d.). First Year Experience
Class. Retrieved October 1, 2010, from Cornell Note Taking System:
http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~voltaire/fye/cornellsystem.pdf
Science Extended Essay Guide. (2009, January 31). Retrieved
March 13, 2011, from Georgetown District High School :
http://georgetowndistricthighschool.com/ibsite/pdf/current/Extended
%20Essay/Science_EE_Guide.pdf
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Other Points to Consider
Save electronic copies of all work on your IT device and keep hard
copies until you leave the academy. Make a backup copy also to a
removable drive.
Remember that the IBDP is a two year programme and all work from
both years is important to keep until you have obtained your final IB
Diploma results.