APPLIED

THERMAL
ENGINEERING
Prof. K. K.SHARMA
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Internal combustion
engine

Prof. K. K. Sharma

CLASSIFICATION OF I.C.
ENGINE
a) According to number of stroke
1.

Two stroke engine

2.

Four stroke engine

b) According to cycle of combustion

1.

Otto cycle engine

2.

Diesel cycle engine

3.

Dual cycle engine

Prof. K. K. Sharma

CLASSIFICATION OF I.C.
ENGINE
c) According to fuel used
1. Petrol engine
2. Gas engine
3. Diesel engine
d) According to method of ignition
1. S.I. engine
2. C.I. engine
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Classification of I.C. engine

e) According cooling system
1. Air cooled engine

2.Water cooled engine

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Classification of i.C. Engine

f) According to speed of engine
1. Low speed engine
2. Medium speed engine
3. High speed engine

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Classification of I.C. engine

g) According to arrangement of cylinder
1. Horizontal engine
2. Vertical engine

3. V-type engine

4. Radial engine

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Classification of I.C. engine

h) According to number of cylinder
1.

Single cylinder engine

2. Multicylinder engine

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Classification of I.C. engine

I) According to their use
1.

Stationary engine

2.

Marine engine

3.

Automobile engine

4.

Aero engine
Prof. K. K. Sharma

CONSTRUCTION OF I.C.
ENGINE

A. Parts common to both Petrol and Diesel

engine:
1.Cylinder,

2.Cylinder head,

3. Piston,

4.Piston rings,

5.Gudgeon pin,

6.Connecting rod,

7.Crankshaft,
9.Engine bearing,

8.Crank,
10.Crank case.

11.Flywheel,

12.Governor,

13. Valves and valve operating mechanism.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

B. Parts for Petrol engines only:

1. Spark plug,

2. Carburetor,
C. Parts for Diesel engine only :
1. Fuel pump,

2. Injector.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

PARTS OF
I.C.
ENGINE
Cylinder

Piston
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Cylinder
It is heart of the engine, in which the piston
reciprocates (moves to and fro) in order to develop
power. It is made of C.I.

Piston
It is reciprocating member of an I.C. engine.
Main function is to transmit the force exerted by the
burning of charge to the connecting rod. The piston
are generally made of aluminum alloys which are light
in weight.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

PARTS OF I.C. ENGINE

Piston
Ring

Piston

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Piston Ring

Generally, there are two sets of rings mounted for

the piston.
The function of the upper rings is to provide air tight
seal to prevent leakage of the burnt gases into the
lower portion.
Similarly, the function of the lower rings is to
provide effective seal to prevent leakage of the oil
into the engine cylinder

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Fuel
Injector

Cylinder Head

Cylinder
Head

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Cylinder Head

It is fitted on one end of the cylinder, while

other end is open to crank case.

The cylinder head contains inlet and exit

valves for admitting fresh charge and
exhausting the burnt gases

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Connecting Rod

Gudgeon
Pin

Connecting
Rod

CrankShaft
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Connecting Rod

It is a link between the

piston and crankshaft.
whose main function is
to transmit force from
the piston to the
crankshaft.
Moreover, it converts
reciprocating motion of
the piston into circular
motion of the crankshaft.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Gudgeon Pin

Gudgeon Pin

Gudgeon pin is used to connect piston and

Prof. K. K. Sharma
connecting rod

Crank & Crank Shaft

Crank-Shaft

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Crank shaft

It is considered as the backbone of an I.C.

engine.
The power developed by the engine is
transmitted outside by this shaft.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Valves

Inlet valve
Exhaust valve

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Valves Inlet valve

Exhaust valve
Inlet Cam
& Valve

Exhaust Cam
& Valve

Spring

Inlet
Passage

Exhaust
Passage
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Valves
Two types of valves are
used in I.C engine :1) Inlet valve :- This
valve is used to admit
charge into cylinders.
2) Outlet valve :- This
valve is used to remove
exhaust gases from the
cylinder.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Flywheel

CrankShaft

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Flywheel
It is a big wheel, mounted on the crankshaft.
It is done by storing excess energy during
power stroke, which is returned during other
stroke.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

PARTS FOR PETROL ENGINES ONLY

Carburetor

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Carburetor

Main function of carburetor is to supply

limited quantity of fuel to engine

Prof. K. K. Sharma

PARTS FOR PETROL ENGINES ONLY

Spark plug

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Spark plug
It

is provided on
petrol engine.
Main function is
ignite
air
fuel
mixture
by
producing spark at
the
end
of
compression stroke
Prof. K. K. Sharma

PARTS FOR DIESEL ENGINES ONLY

Fuel Injector

Nozzle tip with

several small
holes for fuel
spray

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Fuel Injector
It

is provided on Diesel
Engine.

Its

function is to inject
diesel at the end of
compression stroke at
very high pressure

Prof. K. K. Sharma

PARTS FOR DIESEL ENGINES ONLY

Fuel Pump
It

is used in diesel engine

It

forces the fuel at high pressure

through fuel injector in to the

cylinder at the end of compression
stroke.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

I . C. engine
terminology

Prof. K. K. Sharma

1.Bore

The inside
diameter of the
cylinder is called
bore.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

2. Top dead centre (TDC)

The

top

most

position

of

piston

towards the cylinder

head is called top
dead centre.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

3. Bottom dead centre (BDC)

The Lowest position

of piston towards the

crank case is called

bottom dead centre.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

4. Stroke
The maximum
distance travel by
the piston during
its motion from
TDC to BDC is
called stroke.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

5. Clearance Volume
The

volume
contained in the
cylinder above the
top of the piston,
when the piston is at
top dead centre, is
called the clearance
volume.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Four Stroke petrol Engine

(S.I. Engine)
The four strokes of a internal combustion engine are:
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust

Each stroke = 180 of

crankshaft revolution.
Each

cycle

requires

two

revolutions of the crankshaft (720

rotation),

and one revolution of

the camshaft to complete (360
rotation).

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Intake Stroke
First Stroke
The piston moves down the
cylinder from TDC (Top Dead
Center) to BDC (Bottom Dead
Center).
This movement of piston causes
low air pressure in the cylinder
(vacuum)
Mixture of Air and Fuel in the
ratio of 14.7 : 1 (air : fuel) is drawn
into the cylinder.
Intake valve stays open and the
Exhaust valve stays closed during
this stroke.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Compression stroke
Second stroke
The piston moves from BDC to TDC
Intake and exhaust valves stay closed
Air and fuel mixture is compressed
8:1 to 12:1
The pressure in the cylinder is raised

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Power stroke
Third stroke
At the end of compression
stroke the sparkplug fires, igniting
the air/fuel mixture.
Both the valves stay closed
in this stroke.
The expanding gases from
the combustion in the cylinder
(with no escape) push the piston
down.
The piston travels from TDC
to BDC.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Exhaust stroke
Fourth and last stroke
The momentum created
by the Counter-weights on
the crank shaft, move the
piston from BDC to TDC.
The
exhaust
valve
opens and the burned gases
escape into the exhaust
system.

Intake valve remains closed.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Four strokes
All four strokes :-

1.Suction

2.Compression
3.Power
4.Exhaust
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Four Stroke Diesel Engine

(C.I. Engine)
The only difference
between diesel engine and a
four-stroke gasoline engine
is:

No sparkplug on Diesel
engine.
Has a higher compression
ratio(14:1 to 25:1)
Better fuel mileage.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Diesel Engine
Intake Stroke:
Piston moves from
TDC to BDC creating
vacuum in the cylinder
Intake valve opens
allowing only air to enter
the cylinder and exhaust
valve remains closed
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Diesel Engine
Compression Stroke
Both valves stay closed

Piston moves from

BDC to TDC , compressing
air to 22:1
Compressing the air
to this extent increases the
temperature inside the
cylinder to above 1000
degree F.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Diesel Engine

Power Stroke

Both valves stay closed

When the piston is at the
end of compression stroke(TDC)
the injector sprays a mist of
diesel fuel into the cylinder.
When hot air mixes with
diesel fuel an explosion takes
place in the cylinder.
Expanding gases push the
piston from TDC to BDC

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Diesel Engine
Exhaust Stroke
Piston moves from
BDC to TDC
Exhaust
valve
opens and the exhaust
gases escape
Intake valve remains
closed
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Diesel Engine Operation

Stroke 1
(intake)
only air
enters
cylinder.

Stroke 3
(power)

diesel is
injected, high
air temperature
ignites diesel.

Stroke 2
(compression)
air is
compressed to
high extent,
raising its
temperature.

Stroke 4
(exhaust) burnt

gases are expelled

from the engine.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Diesel Engine
Four Strokes of Diesel Engine

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Sr.
no.

PETROL ENGINE
(S.I. ENGINE)

DIESEL ENGINE
(C.I. ENGINE)

01

Based on Otto cycle

Based on diesel cycle

02

Petrol used as fuel.

Diesel used as fuel .

03

For ignition Spark plug

is required.

Spark plug is not

required.

04

In these engine, air

fuel mixture is sucked
during suction stroke.

In these engine, only

air is sucked during
suction stroke.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Sr.
no.

PETROL ENGINE
(S.I. ENGINE)

DIESEL ENGINE
(C.I. ENGINE)

05

Compression ratio is low

(about 6 to 12)

Compression ratio is high

(about 14 to 22)

06
07

Light in weight.

Heavier in weight.

Due to light in weight threes

engines can rotate at high
speed.
The operation of these
engine is silent

Due to heavy in weight

threes engines can not
rotate at high speed
The operation of these
engine is noisy.

Initial cost is low.

Initial cost is high.

These engines are used in

light duty vehicle like
motor cycle, scooters,

These engines are used

heavy duty vehicle like
buses, trucks etc.

08
09
10

Prof. K. K. Sharma

SR.
NO.
01

02

TWO STROKE
ENGINE
The cycle is completed in
two stroke of piston or
one revolution of crank
shaft.
One power stroke is
obtained in each
revolution of crank shaft.

FOUR STROKE
ENGINE
The cycle is completed in
four stroke of piston or
two revolution of crank
shaft.
One power stroke is
obtained in every two
revolution of crank shaft

03

2- stroke engine have port 4- stroke engine have valve

mechanism.
mechanism.

04

The piston head has

crown shape.

The piston head is flat.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

SR.
NO.

TWO STROKE
ENGINE

FOUR STROKE
ENGINE

05

Engine is lighter.

Engine is heavier.

06

Construction is
simple.

Construction is
complicated.

07

Initial cost is less.

Initial cost is high.

08

Efficiency is low

Efficiency is high.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

AIR STANDARD CYCLE

The

operating cycle of an internal

combustion engine can be broken down into
a sequence of separate processes: intake,
compression & combustion, expansion, and
exhaust.
Why it is necessary to break the operating
cycle of I.C. Engine?
During every engine cycle, the medium
changes sometimes it is a mixture of fuel
and air or products of combustion, the
specific heats and other properties of the
medium change with temperature and
Prof. K. K. Sharma
composition.

AIR STANDARD CYCLE

In an air standard
cycles, a certain mass of
air
operates
in
a
complete thermodynamic
cycle, where heat is
added or rejected with
external heat reservoirs
and all the process in the
cycle is reversible.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

ASSUMPTION IN AIR STANDARD CYCLE

1. The working fluid is air, which continuously
circulates in a closed loop and always behaves as
an ideal gas.
2.

3.

4.

All the processes that make up the cycle are

internally reversible.

The combustion process is replaced by a heataddition process from an external source.

The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection
process that restores the working fluid to its initial
state.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

DEMERITS OF AIR STANDARD

CYCLE
The basic problem in the air-cycle analysis
is that it is based on highly simplified
approximations.

This is why the results obtained from such

analysis are much greater than the actual
performance.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

RESAONS FOR DEMERITS OF

AIR STANDARD CYCLE
This is mainly due to the following reasons:
1.

Non-instantaneous burning of the fuel.

2.

Non-instantaneous operation of the valves.

3.

Over simplifications in using the values of

the properties of the working fluids.

4.

Incomplete combustion of the fuel.

5. Assuming constant specific heat of the

working fluid.

6.

Assuming the working fluid to be only air.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

FUEL AIR CYCLE

The theoretical cycle based on the
actual properties of the cylinder
contents is called the fuel air cycle.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

FUEL AIR CYCLE ASSUMPTIONS

No chemical changes in either fuel or air prior
to combustion.

No Heat exchange between the gases and

cylinder walls.

The process is frictionless and adiabatic.

Charge
combustion.

is in chemical equilibrium after

Combustion process is instantaneous.

Fuel is completely vaporized and perfectly

mixed with the air (for SI only).

Prof. K. K. Sharma

FUEL AIR CYCLE

The Fuel-Air cycle takes into account the following:

1. The actual composition of the cylinder gases

(air + fuel + water vapor + residual gases).

2. The variation of the specific heat of these

gases with temperature.

3. The incomplete mixing (in-homogeneous) of

fuel and air at higher temperatures (@ above
1600oK).

4. The variations in the number of molecules

present in the cylinder as the temperature and
pressure change.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

PARAMETERS FOR ANALYSIS OF

FUEL AIR CYCLE
1-

The actual composition of the cylinder

contents.

2-

The variation in the specific heat of the

gases in the cylinder.

3-

The dissociation effect.

4-

The variation in the number of moles

present in the cylinder as the pressure
and temperature change.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

1- Composition of the cylinder contents.(Gases)

The air fuel Ratio changes during the
engine operation.
This Change affects the composition of
gases before and after combustion.

Particularly the % of CO2, CO & Water

Vapor

Prof. K. K. Sharma

2- Variation in the Specific Heat

Specific heat increases with the increase
in temperature except for monatomic
gases.(inert gases)
Therefore the value of also changes
with temperature
Its Value decreases with increase in
temperature.

Prof. K. K. Sharma

3- Dissociation Effect.
Dissociation is defined as the disintegration
of combustion products (burnt gases) at high
temperatures.
This can be considered as reverse process
to combustion.

During combustion heat is released but in

dissociation heat is absorbed.
The dissociation mainly is of CO2 into CO
and O2 :
2CO + O2 + Heat 2CO2
There is also a very little dissociation of H2O :
2H2 + O2 + Heat 2H2O Prof. K. K. Sharma

3- Dissociation Effect.
The effect of dissociation
on combustion temp. is
as shown in figure
The dotted line represents
the maximum combustion
temperature attained
with no dissociation, and
the full line is with
dissociation.
Dissociation reduces the
maximum temperature by
Prof. K. K. Sharma
about 300oC.

Effect of operating variable on Cycle

1)

Compression
Ratio:-

The Fuel air cycle

efficiency
increases
with compression ratio
in the same manner as
air standard efficiency.
As there is more
scope for expansion of
work.
Prof. K. K. Sharma

Effect of operating variable on Cycle

1)

Fuel air Ratio:a) Effect on Thermal Efficiency

Prof. K. K. Sharma

Effect of operating variable on Cycle

1)

Fuel air Ratio:b) Effect on Maximum Power Output

Prof. K. K. Sharma