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INDICE.. (1)
EVAPOTRANSPIRACIN REAL Y
POTENCIAL.(2)
INTRODUCCIN..(2)
UNIVERSIDAD
NACIONAL PEDRO
RUIZ GALLO
DEFINICIN(2)
DEFINICIN DE
TERMINOS.(2)
FACTORES QUE AFECTAN LA
EVAPOTRASPIRACIN.(3)
CURSO:
HIDRAULICA
APLIACADA
TEMA:
EVAPOTRANSPIRA
CIN REAL Y
POTENCIAL
DOCENTE
MSc. JOS ARBUL
RAMOS.
ALUMNOS:
AREBALO
MONTENEGRO
HERNAN
CARLOS
CALLACA
JONATHAN
QUEVEDO
GARCA
NIKKA
APLICACIN DE LA
EVAPOTRASPIRACIN..(3)
METODOS PARA EL CLCULO
DE ETo...
(3)
MTODO DE
PENMAN(4)
MTODO DE
THORNTHWAITE(5)
MTODO DE BLANEYCLIDDLE(6)
MTODO DE
TURC(7)
MTODO DE
CHRISTIANSEN.(7)
MTODO DE
HARGREAVES(8)
ULTIMOS
METODOS(9)
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
REAL AND POTENTIAL
INDEX
1.- INTRODUCTION
pg. 1
The efficient use of water resources in agroecosystems of the world has become
increasingly important due to the rapid
decrease of water resources , industrial
development and population growth ,
drought conditions and degradation of soil
quality surface water in many regions. In
many cases , evapotranspiration ( ET ),
which is the sum of transpiration through
the stomata of the plant and soil
evaporation , plants and the surface of
open water, may be the most important
component of the hydrological cycle .
Improved for accurate quantification of ET
in a field techniques, watershed and
regional level are needed to improve the
efficient use of water resources and
sustainable productivity in the agricultural
ecosystem and protect the environment and
water quality . A significant proportion of
total precipitation that falls on the surface of
the land is returned to the atmosphere by
ET . As a global average, 60 % of the
annual precipitation falling on the land is
returned to the atmosphere by ET .
(http://watercenter.unl.edu/downloads/R
esearchInBrief/IrmakSuatET.pdf)
2. DEFINITION
Evaporation is the primary process of the
transfer of water in the hydrological cycle.
The water is transformed into steam and
transported to the .The atmosphere
evaporation more transpiration of a plant
surface with unlimited supply of water is
known as the potential evaporation or
potential evapotranspiration (PE ) and is
the maximum rate due to weather
conditions. This PE is the maximum value
of the actual evaporation (
PE =
Et
Evapotranspiration ( ET
Combining two separate processes
by which water is lost by a part of
the soil surface by evaporation and
on the other side of harvest is
known as transpiration (ET )
.Evaporation and transpiration
occur simultaneously and there is
no easy way to distinguish between
the two processes .
(http://www.engr.scu.edu/~emaurer/class
es/ceng140_watres/handouts/FAO_56_E
vapotranspiration.pdf)
reference crop
evapotranspiration (ETo )
It is denoted as ETo . The
reference surface is a crop of grass
hypothetical reference with specific
characteristics. The use of other
denominations as potential ET is
strongly discouraged due to
ambiguities in their definitions.The
only factors affecting ETo are
climatic parameters . Consequently,
ETo is a climatic parameter and can
be calculated from meteorological
data . ETo expresses the
evaporating power of the
atmosphere at a specific place and
time of year and does not take into
account the characteristics of crops
and soil factors . The method of
FAO Penman - Monteith is
recommended as the only method
for determining ETo .
Et ):
unlimited.
Et ) is the amount
3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Perspiration
Is the vaporization of liquid water
contained in plant tissues and the
removal of vapor into the
atmosphere .
actual evaporation (
Evaporation
pg. 2
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION CROP
CONDITIONS UNDER NO
STANDARD ( ETC AJ)
Is evapotranspiration crop
management and environmental
conditions which differ from the
standard conditions. When the
cultivation of crops in the fields ,
evapotranspiration of true culture
may deviate from ETc due to nonoptimal , such as the presence of
pests and diseases , soil salinity ,
low soil fertility , water shortages or
flooding conditions. This can result
in poor plant growth, low plant
density and can reduce
evapotranspiration rate below ETc.
(http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/water/fa
o56/fao56.pdf)
(http://www.engr.scu.edu/~emaurer/class
es/ceng140_watres/handouts/FAO_56_E
vapotranspiration.pdf)
5. APPLICATIONS
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Determine the area that can be
irrigated with a given volume of
water available.
Develop conceptual crop irrigation
schedules .
estimate the volumes of water that
are necessary to assist the crops ,
if rain is insufficient.
Determine in large areas or basins ,
water volumes required drain .
To select the most suitable crops in
rainfed areas .
Calculate the additional irrigation
depth necessary to prevent
problems of salinization of soils.
(https://www.idwr.idaho.gov/GeographicI
nfo/Landsat/PDFs/mapping_et_using_m
etric.pdf)
6. - METHODS FOR
CALCULATING THE ETo
A large number of evapotranspiration
formulas developed from 1942-2005 to
calculate water use crops that begin with
the development of the formula Blaney Criddle and ending with the Penman Monteith equation that became the
American Society of Civil Engineers
( ASCE) standardized reference ET
equation .
pg. 3
air temperature in C,
r av
is the bulk
ea
rs
(http://www.journalofserviceclimatology.
org/articles/2011/Sammis.A.11working2A.pdf)
A.-PENMAN METHOD
THE
PENMAN-MONTEITH
EQUATION
Various derivations of the Penman equation
included a bulk surface resistance term
(Penman, 1953; Covey, 1959; Rijtema,
1965; and Monteith, 1965). The resulting
equation is now called the PenmanMonteith
equation,
which
may be
expressed for daily values as
[9]
where
zw
is
the
wind
speed
z om
is the
z r is
measurement height in m,
z ov
[8]
where
CP
-1
kg C ],
0
s
ea
FAO-56 PENMAN-MONTEITH
EQUATION
they derived the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith
equation using the fixed bulk surface
resistance (70 s m-1) and the vapor
aerodynamic resistance simplified to an
pg. 4
inverse
function
of
wind
speed
r av =208/U z as
(http://pluto2000.com/onlinethornthwaite
reference.pdf)
FORMULA THORNTHWAITE
[13]
T
where
B. METHOD THORNTHWAITE
The Thornthwaite method was developed
from data of precipitation and runoff in
several drainage basins. The result is
basically an empirical relationship between
potential evapotranspiration and mean air
temperature . Despite the obvious simplicity
and inherent limitations of the method ,
does surprisingly well. It is not necessarily
the most accurate method , nor has the
strong theoretical base. Rather, these
distinctions probably belong to one of the
methods of steam flow and heat balance .
Among the most obvious shortcomings of
the empirical relationship of Thornthwaite is
the inherent assumption that there is a high
correlation between average temperature
and some of the other relevant documents
such as radiation , humidity , and wind
parameters.
The empirical formula of Thornthwaite can
be used for any location where the daily
maximum and minimum temperatures are
recorded . It is this simple universal
applicability rather than any pretense of
exceptional precision , which has led to
widespread use of this method.
where:
e T = unadjusted potential
evapotranspiration , in centimeters , of a
month of 30 days;
T = mean monthly air temperature , in
degrees Celsius ;
I = heat index ; and
= cubic function R
To estimate potential evapotranspiration by
this method , the average monthly
temperature at the site and the latitude of
the place must be known.
RESOLUTION PROCESS
STEP -1 : calculate the monthly heat index .
Thornthwaite (1948 ) gives a table of
monthly values of heat indexes for the
monthly average temperature. The sum of
the 12 monthly values gives the heat index
(see table ) . Otherwise you can solve the
monthly heat index "i" from the monthly
temperature ( C ) by the following formula
i=
1.514
[]
T
5
I = i
-3 STEP : The next step is to determine the
adjusted monthly values of potential
pg. 5
ETo=16
10 T
I
( )
EToN
d
12
ETo=
30
-5 STEP : You can also adjust the monthly
potential evapotranspiration values not
adjusted for possible sunshine, in units of
30 days of 12 hours each.
(http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839m/report.
pdf)
Where:
coefficient kc is a monthly growth stage of
the crop and climate kt is a coefficient
related to the average monthly air
temperature (t ) :
Where:
kt = 0.0173t - 0,314 , with a minimum
value of 0.300 .
pg. 6
http://www.journalofserviceclimatology.o
rg/articles/2011/Sammis.A.11working2A.pdf
Where:
D. METHOD TURC
An empirical method was developed to
estimate evapotranspiration Turc regionally.
Two equations were developed ; one for
annual use and the other for calculating the
evapotranspiration by a period of ten days .
These equations require measurements of
temperature, precipitation , radiation and an
estimate of crop yields .
http://www.ewra.net/ew/pdf/EW_2008_21
-22_02.pdf
FORMULA TURC
ANNUAL EQUATION
Where:
Where:
t = mean annual air
temperature in degrees C
http://www.usask.ca/hydrology/papers/M
artin_Gray_.pdf
E.-METHOD E. CHRISTIANSEN
At present, a large number of countries, are
not lysimeter for measuring
evapotranspiration due to the high costs of
implementation and operation they imply .
In these cases the estimation of PET should
be performed by empirical methodologies
that a large number of authors have
proposed from about 60 years ago and
today are being used . From the first
definition , the concept of
evapotranspiration has always been linked
to a mathematical expression comprising
different weather variables involved in the
process. Methods for estimating PET can
be classified according to the climatological
information required to use their respective
equation.
MONTHLY EQUATION :
pg. 7
RTT :
extraterrestrial radiation is
Equation
CTT
C HT
default
H 0=0.60 ;
option
coefficient
of
sunshine
C ST
,
default
TC
is
the
T 0 =20 C ;
option
average
monthly
air
temperature expressed in C
CWT wind
coefficient
is
default option
calculated
S=
S 0=0.80
default
option
is
the
W Z =W h (z /h)
C E=0.970+0.30 ( E/ E0 )
default
option
E0=305 m ;
pg. 8
Ra : Extraterrestrial Radiation
(mm / day)
F. METHOD HARGREAVES
Hargreaves, using data from grass
lysimeter evapotranspiration accuracy over
a period of eight years , seen through
regressions that 94 % of the variance in
measured ET can be explained by the
average temperature and radiation global
solar , Rs . As a result , in 1975 , published
an equation for predicting ETo based only
on these two parameters
T max
T min , Ra is calculated
and
G.-LAST METHODS
METHOD OF RADIATION
This method considers the radiation
reaches the earth as the greatest
contribution or influence factor for
evapotranspiration . FAO recommends :
ET 0=c(WR S )
Where::
FORMULA HARGREAVES
Finally conditions for plants and requires
measurements of temperature and solar
radiation , is as follows :
0.5
0.50n
R a
N
RS = 0.25+
pg. 9
C = Adjustment factor
graphically made in W
http://www.wseas.us/elibrary/transactions/environment/200
9/31-286.pdf
FORMULA MAKKINK
This is another simplified formula combining
the original Penman equation ; does not
take into account the aerodynamic
component and replaced the net balance of
solar radiation with incoming shortwave
radiation ( Rs) . The equation is
http://www.ewra.net/ew/pdf/EW_2
008_21-22_02.pdf
0.61
R s
+
ET 0=
0.12
Where::
pg. 10