Selecting your population and samples

o sample
part of population, data is collected.
The recipient of the experimental treatment in experimental design or the
individuals to be observed in a non-experimental design
o Types of sampling
Probability - equal presentation/ chances in the population.
Simple random technique
o Used a single/identical group.
o Fish bowl technique
Stratified random sampling
o You will first going to create a sub population from the
whole population before doing randomization.
o One population, you divide it.
Cluster random sampling
o You will first create a sub area in a population before doing
the randomization. In one population, you make it smaller
Systematic random sampling
o choosing a sample every nth name in the population.
o Multiple of 100 names
o Sampling frame list of names appearing as your
population
Non-probability sampling you are not choosing by chance.
Accidental/ convenience sampling
o Base on the accessibility/availability of your sample.
o Kung sino pinakamalapit syo, yun ang kukunin mo.
Purposive/judgmental sampling
o base on the common knowledge or popular knowledge.
Snow-ball sampling
o get sampling base on last referral
Quota Sampling
o Setting criteria and getting samples fitting the criteria
Conducting pilot studies
Collecting data
o types :
questionnaires use of pen and paper method
dichotomous divided into two. Eg. true orfalse. Yes or no
rating scale poor 1, good 2, better 3, best 4
multiple choice
Interview use of oral method of collection of data. Use of active listening
Structured with checklist, formal talk, list of question
Unstructured informal talk, no pattern, anything goes
records pre existing data
observation use of ocular method using your senses
participant observation
non-participant observation

Problems :
o Hawthornes effects
The data you get from your sample is not accurate.
The sample has a problem
Solution : double blind research they should not
be conscious that they are being studied
o Halo effect
The researcher has a problem.
He is manipulating the data collection.
It is affected by special feelings/treatment between
the researcher and the sample.

Analysis of Data
o part of research when the researcher is forming a body of knowledge out of data
collected for the purpose of affirming or denying your hypothesis
o Methods
Nominal method
get data by means of categories.
eg. male, female, income
Ordinal method base on rank eg. mild, moderate, severe
Interval
base on the distance between 2 numerical values
eg. BP 150/100 120/80, wt, circumference, ht
ratio 3:10 children are malnourish
Interpretation of Data
o 2 Methods
quantitative method base on numerical or graphical standards
qualitative method use of narrative words
Communicating your conclusion
o Explaining the results of your work to the public
o Conclusion final answer to your research
o Recommendation suggestion to others
o Dissemination of Information
Methods :
thesis/book written form
symposia/symposium oral presentation
publish a lot will be able to read your research