Analysis of knowledge (strategy formation):

The objective of the analysis of knowledge is to state conditions that are individually
necessary and jointly sufficient for propositional knowledge. Propositional knowledge
should be distinguished from knowledge of acquaintance, as obtains when Susan
knows Alyssa. The relation between propositional knowledge and the knowledge at
issue in other knowledge locutions in English, such as knowledge-where (Susan knows
where she is) and especially knowledge-how (Susan knows how to ride a bicycle) is
subject to some debate. The propositional knowledge that is the analysandum of the
analysis of knowledge literature is paradigmatically expressed in English by sentences
of the form S knows that p, where S refers to the knowing subject, and p to the
proposition that is known. A proposed analysis consists of a statement of the following
form: S knows that p if and only if j, where j indicates the analysans: paradigmatically, a
list of conditions that are individually necessary and jointly sufficient for S to have
knowledge that p.
Knowledge absence: (U)
They are 6 main factors of knowledge absence:
Technology, alliance, labor, competition, regulation, funding.
How do firms create value & raise productivity?
These firms create value imagination colliding with knowledge absence ans there is no
casual explanation of creativity and this is how it works: knowledge absence,
imagination is equal to value added.
Imagination:
It comes into picture when the data does not drive the solution, imagination where
calculation fails, complements our reasoning and imagination acts on U to produce
value V.

What U does knowledge address?

It is a multiple types of knowledge and uncertainty, explicit / tacit - know about / know
how, DIKW, techne, phronesis, metis, [(Ka. Kb) (experience)] K, [hypothesis test]
(scientific finding). Basic types of knowledge absence are: ignorance, indeterminacy,
incommensurability
Strategy:
Judgment drives the strategists imaginative responses to the three types of knowledge
absence that arise in business: ignorance, incommensurability, and indeterminacy. It
selects the knowledge presences

data,
meaning, and
skilled practice

-used to frame the opportunity space. Most strategy texts do not venture beyond
rational decision-making and presume the data to be computed are readily available. At
worst they allow for some degree of ignorance and presume it can be dealt with by
some research, such as market research or systematic product or process
development. They deny the place of judgment in the strategic work process. This
achieves three things. First, those using the tools are reassured that strategic work calls
for the application of judgment, which they intuit correctly is strategys defining
characteristic. Second, the nature and scope of the judgment required is radically
narrowed and made attachable to the firms context. Third, the strategic tool provides a
language the participants in the strategy process can use to describe and debate the
judgment to be applied. Leaving judgment out of the picture, as most strategy texts do,
puts discussion of these three issues beyond the strategic process, and so provides the
people engaged with no means to deal with the uncertainties that can only be resolved
by the exercise of their judgment.

The trilogy of data, meaning, and (skilled) practice (DMP) are three types of knowing
(knowledge presence) that complement the three types of knowledge absence. Data
relate most closely to ignorance, as meaning does to indeterminacy. But practice relates
to incommensurability, or rather, to be able to practice in a skilled way is to be able to
deal with the incommensurability of what is known as data or meaning. This follows
because practice is never one -dimensional, multiple issues are always present in the
situations specifics. Practice is never the simple implementation or enactment of a
logical idea. An explanation includes initial conditions and ceteris paribus clauses. The
TIG welder does not do good work by slavishly following a one-dimensional formula.